the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Except for Plutonium, their half life is in the order of several minutes, to seconds.
There is a theory in physics that says that after a number of elements with short half lives, there will be others with longer half lives.
These are generally known as Islands of stability.
These elements are expected to have isotopes with half lives in the range of several minutes.
The hypothesis is that the atomic nucleus is built up in "shells" in a manner similar to the structure of the much larger electron shells in atoms.
In both cases, shells are just groups of quantum energy levels that are relatively close to each other.
Energy levels from quantum states in two different shells will be separated by a relatively large energy gap.
So when the number of neutrons and protons completely fills the energy levels of a given shell in the nucleus, the binding energy per nucleon will reach a local maximum and thus that particular configuration will have a longer lifetime than nearby isotopes that do not possess filled shells.
A filled shell would have "magic numbers" of neutrons and protons.
One possible magic number of neutrons for spherical nuclei is 184, and some possible matching proton numbers are 114, 120 and 126 – which would mean that the most stable spherical isotopes would be flerovium-298, unbinilium-304 and unbihexium-310.
Of particular note is Ubh-310, which would be "doubly magic" (both its proton number of 126 and neutron number of 184 are thought to be magic) and thus the most likely to have a very long half-life. (
The next lighter doubly magic spherical nucleus is lead-208, the heaviest stable nucleus and most stable heavy metal.)
Hassium-270 is now believed to be a doubly magic deformed nucleus, with deformed magic numbers 108 and 162.
However, it has a half-life of only 3.6 seconds.
Isotopes have been produced with enough protons to plant them upon an island of stability but with too few neutrons to even place them upon the island's outer "shores".
It is possible that these elements possess unusual chemical properties and, if they have isotopes with adequate lifespans, would be available for various practical applications (such as particle accelerator targets and as neutron sources as well).
Bordj Bou Arréridj is a province in east Algeria.
It is about 200 km away from the capital Algiers.
The capital is Bordj Bou Arreridj.
Aïn Taghrout
Bir Kasd Ali
Bordj Bou Arréridj (District-municipality)
Bordj Ghedir
Bordj Zemmoura
Djaâfra
El Hamadia
Medjana
Boumerdès is a province of northern Algeria.
The capital is the coastal city of Boumerdès.
The Province has 9 districts and 32 communes or municipalities.
Baghlia
Bordj Ménaïl
Boudouaou
Boumerdès
Dellys
Isser
Khemis El Khechna
Naciria
Thénia
El Taref is a province of Algeria.
El Kala is a port town in this province.
El Taref is the capital city.
There is also El Kala National Park.
Ben M'Hidi
Besbes
Bouhadjar
Boutheldja
Dréan
El Kala
Tindouf, also written Tinduf, is the westernmost province of Algeria.
There are 58,193 people.
Tindouf has many resources including iron ore.
The province has one district, Tindouf.
There are two towns: Tindouf and Oum El Assel.
Tissemsilt is a province of Algeria.
The capital is Tissemsilt.
Théniet El Haâd National Park is there.
The province has 8 districts and 22 communes or municipalities.
Ammari
Bordj Bou Naâma
Bordj Emir Abdelkader
Khémisti
Lardjem
Lazharia
Théniet El Had
Tissemsilt
El Oued is a Saharan province of Algeria.
The capital is El Oued.
The province has 12 districts and 30 communes or municipalities.
Bayadha
Debila
Djamaâ
El Meghaier
Guemar
Hassi Khelifa
Magrane
Mih Ouensa
Reguiba
Robbah
Taleb Larbi
Khenchela Province is a province of Algeria.
The capital is Khenchela.
The province has 8 districts and 21 communes or municipalities.
Khenchela, as a district and capital
Aïn Touila,  northeastern of capital
Babar,  south of capital
Bouhmama,  west of capital
Chechar,  south of capital
El Hamma,  west of capital
Kaïs,  west of capital
Ouled Rechache, 22 km east of capital
Souk Ahras is a province in Algeria.
The capital is Souk Ahras.
It is on the border between Algeria and Tunisia.
The province has 10 districts and 26 communes or municipalities.
Bir Bouhouche
Haddada
M'Daourouch
Mechroha
Merahna
Ouled Driss
Oum El Adhaïm
Sedrata
Souk Ahras
Taoura
Tipaza or Tipasa is a province on the coast of Algeria.
The capital is Tipasa.
It is 50 km west of the capital of Algeria.
The province has 10 districts and 28 communes or municipalities.
Ahmer El Aïn
Bou Ismaïl
Cherchell
Damous
Fouka
Gouraya
Hadjout
Koléa
Mila is a province of Algeria.
The capital is Mila.
The province has 13 districts and 32 communes or municipalities.
Aïn Beida Harriche
Bouhatem
Chelghoum Laïd
Ferdjioua
Grarem Gouga
Oued Endja
Rouached
Sidi Merouane
Tadjenanet
Tassadane Haddada
Teleghma
Terrai Bainem
Macquarie Island is a large island in the Southern Ocean.
It is about  south east of Tasmania, and about half way between Australia and Antarctica.
The island became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992.
Macquarie Island is about  long and  wide.
It was first discovered in July 1810, by Captain Hasselburgh, who was searching for places to hunt whales and seals.
No people live there now.
The only way to get to the island is by sea and there are no harbors to dock a ship.
The island was formed by two tectonic plates meeting and forcing each other upwards.
It is the only place on Earth where rocks from the Earth's mantle,  below the ocean floor, are being pushed up above sea level.
Confirmation is in this reference under section "Criterion (viii)".
Many birds and animals use Macquarie Island to breed.
About 3.5 million seabirds and 80,000 elephant seals come to the island every year.
Four types of penguins live on the island.
There are about 850,000 royal penguins, 200,000 king penguins, 10,000 gentoo penguins, and rockhopper penguins with numbers thought to be between 20,000 and 1,000,000.
In 1977 Macquarie Island became a Biosphere Reserve.
Protected areas of Tasmania
Aïn Defla is a province in northern Algeria.
It is southwest of Algiers, the capital.
Towns in Ain Delfa include Miliana, Hammam Righa, and Aïn Torki.
Aïn Defla
Bathia
Bordj El Amir Khaled
Boumedfaâ
Djendel
Djelida
El Abadia
El Amra
El Attaf
Hammam Righa
Khemis
Miliana
Rouina
Naâma is a province of Algeria.
The capital is the town of Naâma.
There is an airport in Mécheria.
The province has 7 districts and 12 communes or municipalities.
Aïn Séfra
Asla
Mécheria
Mekmen Ben Amar
Moghrar
Naâma
Sfissifa
Aïn Témouchent is a province in northwestern Algeria.
The capital is Aïn Témouchent.
Aïn Kihel
Aïn Larbaâ
Aïn Témouchent
Béni Saf
El Amria
El Malah
Hammam Bou Hadjar
Oulhassa Gheraba
Matilde Camus (26 September 1919 – 28 April 2012) was a Spanish poet who also wrote non-fiction.
She was born in Santander, Cantabria.
Voces ("Voices", 1969).
Vuelo de estrellas ("Stars flight", 1969).
Manantial de amor ("Love Spring", 1972)..
Bestiario poético ("Poetic book of animals", 1973).
Templo del Alba ("Temple of Dawn", 1974).
Siempre amor ("Forever Love", 1976).
Cancionero de Liébana ("Collection of verse of Liebana", 1977).
Corcel en el tiempo ("Steed of the time", 1979).
Perfiles ("Profiles", 1980).
He seguido tus huellas ("I have followed your footprints", 1981).
Testigo de tu marcha ("Witness of your departure", 1981).
Testimonio ("Testimony", 1982).
La preocupación de Miguel Ángel ("The concern of Miguel Ángel", 1982).
Tierra de palabras ("Land of words", 1983).
Coral montesino ("Chorale of Monte", 1983).
Raíz del recuerdo ("Root of remembrance", 1984).
Cristales como enigmas ("Glasses as enigma", 1985).
Sin teclado de fiebre ("Without a fever keyboard", 1986).
Santander en mi sentir ("Santander in my heart", 1989).
Sin alcanzar la luz ("Without reaching the Light", 1989).
El color de mi cristal ("The colour of my glasses", 1990).
Tierra de mi Cantabria ("Cantabria, my land", 1991).
Amor dorado ("Golden Love", 1993).
Ronda de azules ("Blue avenue", 1994).
Vuelo de la mente ("Mind flight", 1995).
Reflexiones a medianoche ("Midnight thoughts", 1996).
Mundo interior ("Inner World", 1997).
Fuerza creativa ("Creative strength", 1998).
Clamor del pensamiento ("Clamour of thought", 1999).
Cancionero multicolor ("Multicolour collection of verses", 1999).
La estrellita Giroldina ("Giroldina the star", 1999).
Prisma de emociones ("Prism of emotions", 2000).
Motivos alicantinos ("Motif from Alicante").
"Matilde Camus Official Website"
Ghardaïa is a province in eastern Algeria.
The capital is Ghardaïa.
The M'Zab Valley, located there, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The province has 9 districts and 13 communes or municipalities.
Métlili
El Ménia
Bounoura
Ghardaïa
Dhayat Ben Dhahoua
Zelfana
Bérianne
El Guerara
Albert Camus (7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960), French philosopher and writer
Matilde Camus (26 September 1919 – 28 April 2012), Spanish poet and writer
Relizane is a province of Algeria.
Ain Tarik
Ammi Moussa
Djidiouia
El H'Madna
El Matmar
Mazouna
Oued Rhiou
Relizane
Sidi M'Hamed Ben Ali
Yellel
Zemmoura
Irish Standard Time
Romance Standard Time (Microsoft Windows Control panel)
Democratic Republic of the Congo:
Bandundu
Bas-Congo
As standard time (Northern Hemisphere winter)
Norway, including:
Spain - except Canary Islands
As standard time (Southern Hemisphere winter)
Portugal - except Azores
Spain - Canary Islands only
United Kingdom (GMT / BST)
cs:Časové pásmo#UTC+1 A, SEČ (Středoevropský čas), CET (Central European Time)
Wāli or vali is a title used during the Arab Empire and Ottoman Empire.
It means governor.
It is still used in some countries with Arabic culture.
In Algeria, a wāli is the "governor" of each of the 48 provinces.
They are chosen by the president.
Shark Bay is a large bay on the west coast of Western Australia.
It is about  north of Perth.
In 1991, the bay, its islands, and the land around it were added to UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites.
Shark Bay has three important features to protect.
It has the largest seagrass beds in the world.
These are home to about 10% of the world's dugongs.
And at one end of the bay are stromatolites, which are the oldest form of life on the Earth.
The protected area covers .
The area protected by the World Heritage Site is made up of different areas.
About 70% of the site is marine environment protected by national parks and reserves, and includes  of coastline.
About 20% was used for farming, but half of this area has been taken over by the government and is now conservation area.
About 6% is in national parks and reserves.
Parks and reserves
Bernier Island
Dirk Hartog Island National Park
Dorre Island
Charlie Island
Faure Island Sanctuary
Francois Peron National Park
Friday Island
Hamelin Pool Marine Nature Reserve
Hamelin Pool/East Faure Island High-Low Water Mark
Koks Island
Monkey Mia
Shark Bay Marine Park
Shell Beach Conservation Park
Small Islands
Zuytdorp Nature Reserve
Shark Bay website
The People's Municipal Assembly is the political group that rules the provinces of Algeria.
The people are picked for five years.
This assembly further elects a president, the president of the People's Provincial Assembly.
Government of Algeria
Numidia (202 BC – 46 BC) was an ancient Berber kingdom.
It was in modern-day Algeria and a smaller part of western Tunisia in North Africa.
It was the first major state in the history of Algeria and the Berber world.
The Rustamid (or Rustumid, Rostemid) ruled part of North Africa in the from the 700's to 909.
It was a Muslim theocracy.
The capital was Tahert.
It was in present-day Algeria.
The group had a Persian origin.
No one knows how big their land was but it went as far east as Jabal Nafusa in Libya.
Rustamid Imams
Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rustam ibn Bahram (776-784)
Abd al-Wahhab ibn Abd ar-Rahman (784-832)
Aflah ibn Abd al-Wahhab (832-871)
Abu Bakr ibn Aflah (871)
Muhammad Abul-Yaqzan ibn Aflah (871-894)
Yusuf Abu Hatim ibn Muhammad Abil-Yaqzan (894-897)
Yaqub ibn Aflah (897-901)
Yusuf Abu Hatim ibn Muhammad Abil-Yaqzan, again (901-906)
Yaqzan ibn Muhammad Abil-Yaqzan (906-909)
Former theocracies
The Zirid dynasty were a Berber group.
They were from what is now modern Algeria.
The capital was Kairouan.
Zirid rulers
Abul-Futuh Sayf ad-Dawla Bologhine Ibn Ziri (973-983)
Abul-Fat'h al-Mansur ibn Buluggin (983-995)
Abu Qatada Nasir ad-Dawla Badis ibn Mansur (995-1016)
Sharaf ad-Dawla al-Muizz ibn Badis (1016–1062) declared independence from the Fatimids 1048, changed capital to Mahdia in 1057 after Kairouan was lost to the Banu Hilal.
Abu Tahir Tamim ibn al-Muizz (1062–1108); changed the khutba to refer to the Abbasid Caliph in 1087, marking a final break with the Fatimids.
Yahya ibn Tamim (1108–1131)
Ali ibn Yahya (1115–1121)
Abul-Hasan al-Hasan ibn Ali (1121–1152)
973 establishments
1152 disestablishments
Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Wiltshire, England.
Stonehenge and Avebury are groups of large stones called megaliths.
Both  sites are circles of stones which are placed in a pattern.
In each, the placement of the stones and spaces between them may have astronomical meaning.
Avebury is  to the north of Stonehenge.
It is Europe's largest prehistoric stone circle.
It has about 100 megaliths.
EnglishHeritage.org,  Stonehenge
SacredDestinations.com, Stonehenge
The Hammadids were a Berber group.
It was in what is now north-eastern modern Algeria.
It existed from about 1008 to 1152.
They were destroyed by the Almohads.
The capital was first Qalaat Beni Hammad.
In 1090 the capital was changed to Béjaïa.
Hammad ibn Buluggin, 1014–1028
al-Qaid ibn Hammad, 1028–1045
Muhsin ibn Qaid, 1045–1046
Buluggin ibn Muhammad ibn Hammad, 1046–1062
an-Nasir ibn Alnas ibn Hammad, 1062–1088
al-Mansur ibn Nasir, 1088–1104
Badis ibn Mansur, 1104
Abd al-Aziz ibn Mansur, 1104–1121
Yahya ibn Abd al-Aziz, 1121–1152
1014 establishments
The French colonial Empire (French: Empire colonial français) was land controlled by the French from the 16th century to the late 1960s.
In the 17th and 18th centuries France gained and lost large territories in North America and India.
Like the other empires of the time, was powered by slaves captured from Africa.
The Haitian Revolution, when many of these slaves in the colony of Saint Domingue fought and defeated the French, caused major changes in the empire.
Sometimes, people say there was a first and a second French colonial empire.
The "First French Colonial Empire" was from the French colonization of the Americas to the Napoleonic Wars.
The "Second French Colonial Empire" is the French colonies in Africa.
From the 16th to the 17th centuries, the First French colonial empire had a total area of over 10,000,000 square kilometres (3,900,000 sq mi), at its peak in 1680.
At the time, it was the second-largest empire in the world, behind the Spanish Empire.
In terms of land area, the Second French colonial empire extended to over 13,500,000 square kilometres (5,200,000 sq mi) at its peak in 1936.
It was also the second largest in the world at the time, at 10% of the world's land area.
The total land area of the first and second French colonial empire combined reached 24,000,000 square kilometres (9,300,000 sq mi).
France began to establish colonies in North America, the Caribbean and India in the 17th century, but lost most of them after losing in the Seven Years' War.
The North American colonies were lost to Britain and Spain.
Spain returned Louisiana (New France) to France in 1800.
Then, France sold it to the United States in 1803.
France rebuilt a new empire mostly after 1850, mostly in Africa, but also in Indochina and in the South Pacific.
It started to trade with the countries by supplying raw materials and purchasing manufactured items.
Rebuilding an empire improved French reputation as an international power by spreading the French language and the Catholic religion.
It also provided more men to fight in the World Wars.
A major goal was the  "The Civilizing Mission" (French: Mission civilisatrice). '
Civilizing' the populations of Africa by spreading language and religion was used to explain how the French colonial project worked.
France sent small numbers of settlers to its empire, with the notable exception of Algeria, where the French settlers took power while being a minority.
The dinar is the money of Algeria.
100 santeem make 1 dinar.
The name "dinar" comes from the Roman denarius.
Algeria started using the dinar on 1 April 1964.
Bank notes are issued by the Central Bank of Algeria.
The symbol for the Dinar is DA; the Arabic symbol is (د.
ج).
In 1964, the Algerian Dinar replaced the Algerian Franc.
Banknotes were distributed in 5, 10, and 100 Dinar denominations.
Coins were also issued in 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, and 1 santeem denominations.
Central Atlas Tamazight, also known as Central Morocco Tamazight   is a Berber language.
It is of the Afro-Asiatic language family.
it is spoken by 3 to 5 million people in Central Morocco, and by smaller communities in France and elsewhere.
It is an official language of Morocco.
Central Atlas Tamazight is one of the four most-spoken Berber languages.
The other ones are Kabyle, Shilha, and Riff.
The  was a silver mine in the city of Ōda, Shimane Prefecture.
It was the largest silver mine in Japanese history.
Iwami Ginzan was active for almost four hundred years.
It was discovered in 1526 and closed in 1923.
Today the mine has become an open-air museum.
It was named a World Heritage Site in 2007.
Mine history
Kamiya Jutei, a Japanese merchant, started the mine in 1526.
By the early 1600s the mine was producing approximately 38 tons of silver a year.
That was one third of the world's production at that time.
Warlords fought over the mine until the Tokugawa Shogunate took control of it in 1600 after the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600.
Yamabuki Castle was built in the center of the complex.
The mine produced less in the nineteenth century as it had trouble competing with other mines.
It closed in 1923.
Position in the economy
Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine was very important in East Asian trade because silver was the main currency.
The silver mined at Iwami Ginzan was very high quality.
From 17th century, coins made of the silver from the mine were not only one of the basic currencies in Japan but also used in the trade with China, Portugal and the Netherlands.
The Japanese Government named the mining town as a Special Preservation District for Groups of Historic Buildings in 1969.
The government also applied for it to become a World Heritage Site.
The application succeeded in July 2007, although the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOSMOS) did not find any "outstanding universal value" of the site.
Lyman, Benjamin Smith. (
1879).
Geological Survey of Japan: Reports of Progress for 1878 and 1879.
Tookei: Public Works Department.
OCLC: 13342563
Iwami-Ginzan Silver Mine site
Article in UNESCO
Japan Mint, World Heritage Coin Set
is the UNESCO World Heritage Site in Nikkō in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan.
The site covers 103 buildings or structures and the natural area around them.
Two Shinto shrines  and one Buddhist temple are included in the site.
The area of Nikko has been a Shinto forest since pre-historic times.
It has had Buddhist temples since the 9th century.
Thousands of Japanese cedars were planted in the early 17th century
In 1871, the Shinto areas and Buddhist areas were separated.
Three sites were identified -- two Shinto shrine complexes and one Buddhist temple complex.
At the , 23 structures are included in the World Heritage site.
All are registered "Important Cultural Properties".
At the , many buildings are named as part of the World Heritage site.
Some are registered "National Treasures of Japan" and 37 are "Important Cultural Properties"
At the , many buildings were mentioned in the World Heritage Site nomination process.
There are 37 "Important Cultural Properties".
One sub-temple complex made up of the Honden and Haiden of the Taiyuin Mausoleum is a registered "National Treasure of Japan".
Many gates and buildings at Nikkō have very detailed carvings.
The use of color is based on records dating back to 1753.
The very precise descriptions of the architectural structures
The Wet Tropics of Queensland is a UNESCO World Heritage Site which has the oldest continuously surviving tropical rainforests on Earth.
The forests date from the Mesozoic era when the climate of Australia (and the world) was much more tropical than today.
Originally, the rain forest area covered a much wider area than today.
Today it is just a narrow strip along the east coast of Queensland.
It starts just north of Townsville and continues to just south of Cooktown, a distance of about .
The wet tropics cover an area of  in 730 separate blocks of land.
It includes 41 national parks covering.
About 80% of the site is tropical rainforest.
It is interesting because it is very old forest, and is a living record of 415 million years of evolution, going back to Pangea and Gondwana.
All of Australia's marsupials, and many of its other animals, evolved in tropical rainforests, and many of their closest surviving ancestors still live in the Wet Tropics of Queensland.
The Last Temptation of Christ is a 1988 American drama movie.
It is based on the 1953 novel of the same name.
Martin Scorsese directed the movie.
It stars Willem Dafoe as Jesus, Harvey Keitel as Judas and Barbara Hershey as Mary Magdalene.
This movie was highly controversial on multiple levels: certain countries went as far as banning it.
Furthermore, certain video stores, such as Blockbuster, would not carry the movie or make it available for rental due to the controversy.
This movie was released on August 12, 1988.
The national flag of the Andorra was adopted in 1866.
The flag is a vertical tricolour of blue, yellow, and red.
The Coat of arms of Andorra is in the centre.
The three vertical bars look of equal width but the centre yellow bar is slightly wider than the other two.
The ratio of bar widths is 8:9:8.
The motto in the coat of arms in the middle stripe Virtus Unita Fortior means "Strength United is Stronger".
is a list of items made by the Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs.
These are places and things that are especially important to the Japanese people.
Types of Cultural Properties
Japan's government made a Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties a  to protect its culture.
It chooses important items and names them as Cultural Properties The law sets rules about changing, repairing, or exporting these items.
There is also , which sets a lower level of protection and support for  Registered Cultural Properties than for Designated Cultural Properties.
There are different levels of designation.
Designation can be at a ,  or  level.
Designations of a different level can coexist.
For example, Sankei-en, a traditional Japanese-style garden in Naka Ward, Yokohama, owns both city designated and nationally designated Important Cultural Properties.
Some Important Cultural Properties of Japan
The coat of arms of Andorra has been used for centuries.
Below the shield arms is Andorra's national motto  (Latin for ).
The coat of arms also appears on the Flag of Andorra.
"El Gran Carlemany" is the national anthem of Andorra.
It means "The Great Charlemagne".
Enric Marfany Bons wrote the song.
Joan Benlloch i Vivó composed the music.
It started to be used in 1921.
Catalan lyrics
El gran Carlemany, mon Pare
I del cel vida em donà
de Meritxell, la gran Mare,
entre dos nacions neutral
Sols resto lúnica filla
de l’imperi Carlemany.
Creient i lluire onze segles,
Siguin els furs mos tutors
I mos Prínceps defensors!
The great Charlemagne, my Father,
liberated me from the Saracens,
And from heaven he gave me life
of Meritxell the great Mother.
I was born a Princess, a Maiden
neutral between two nations.
I am the only remaining daughter
of the Carolingian empire.
Believing and free for eleven centuries,
believing and free I will be.
The laws of the land be my tutors,
and my Princes defenders!
And my Princes defenders!
Something of, or related to Andorra, such as a person from Andorra, or of Andorran descent
Andorran cuisine
A person from Andorra, Teruel, in Spain
Spaniards, or Spanish people, are a predominantly Romance-speaking ethnic group native to Spain.
Latin America has the largest population of people of Spain descent, people with full or partial (Mestizo) ancestry.
Born in Barcelona, he became a priest in 1974.
On 19 March 2010, he became an archbishop.
People from Barcelona
Nemesi Marquès Oste (born 17 May 1935) is the personal representative to Andorra of the Bishop of Urgell.
He is a Roman Catholic priest.
Andorran people
Governors-general
Saltaire is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the City of Bradford, West Yorkshire, England.
The site is a complete and well-preserved industrial village of the second half of the 19th century.
It has textile mills, public buildings and workers' housing.
Construction of Saltaire was started in 1851 by Sir Titus Salt.
The name of the village is a combination of the founder's last name and the name of the Aire River which runs through it.
Salt owned several textile mills Yorkshire.
In 1853, he moved his businesses and his workers to Saltaire.
In 1933, the village was sold the Bradford Property Trust.
The mill closed down in 1986.
Saltaire Village website
Christian Frémont (23 April 1942 - 3 August 2014) was the chief of staff of Nicolas Sarkozy.
He was the French Representative to Andorra from 24 September 2008 to 15 May 2012.
Antoni Martí Petit (born November 10, 1963) is an Andorran architect and politician.
Andorra: Tax, foreign investment in the heart of early parliamentary  Pisqa, 3 April 2011 He was the Prime Minister from 11 May 2011 to 16 May 2019.
Prime Ministers of Andorra
A Paréage is an agreement between two rulers who were equal.
It was used in Medieval France.
The most famous paréage was in 1278.
It created Andorra.
The Crown of Aragon was a joining of multiple titles and states in the hands of the King of the Crown of Aragon.
In the 14th and 15th the land of Aragon covered most of present-day France and Spain.
The political center was at Barcelona.
This is a list of countries of the world sorted by their gross domestic product (GDP).
GDP is the worth of all goods and services made in a country in a year.
PPP is for purchasing power parity.
Purchasing power parity means how much money would be needed to buy the same item in two different countries.
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha is a British Overseas Territory.
It is in the South Atlantic Ocean and is made up of the island of Saint Helena, Ascension Island and the island group called Tristan da Cunha.
In total, there are eight islands and the main is St Helena with a total area for the territory of .
It was known as Saint Helena and Dependencies until 1 September 2009.
At that time a new constitution gave an equal status to all the islands in the territory.
Portuguese discovery
Going to India, in May 1501, the Portuguese admiral João da Nova saw the Ascension island in the South Atlantic.
On his return journey, Nova is said to have discovered the South Atlantic island of St Helena on 21 May 1502, the feast day of Helena of Constantinople.
Another Portuguese, Tristan da Cunha () discovered a group of islands in 1506 and gave its name to the principal island of the group () but it was soon changed to Tristan da Cunha.
The Portuguese found that nobody was living in the St Helena island, with forests and fresh water.
They built a timber chapel in the valley where later Jamestown was built.
Though they formed no permanent settlement, the island became very important for ships coming from Asia and going back to Europe.
English and British colonisation
The Netherlands took St Helena from 1645 to 1659.
The first governor, Captain John Dutton, arrived in 1659, and it is from this date that St Helena claims to be Britain’s second oldest (remaining) colony (after Bermuda).
In 1922, the Ascension then was attached as a dependency followed by the Tristan da Cunha Island 12 January 1938 .
In 1961, a volcanic eruption on Tristan da Cunha forced authorities to evacuate the entire population of the island to the United Kingdom.
The people of Tristan da Cunha could not return to the island until 1963.
There is a huge distance between the northern and the southern points of the territory.
The northern-most island, Ascension, is at latitude  of the equator and the southern-most island, Gough Island is at .
Between St Helena and Tristan da Cunha is the Tropic of Capricorn.
The distance between the northern tip of Ascension Island and the southern tip of Gough Island is .
The whole territory lies in the Western Hemisphere and has the same time zone: Greenwich Mean Time.
Daylight saving time is not observed.
Saint Helena Island
Ascension Island at  to the north-west
the Tristan da Cunha archipelago at  to the south, with six islands:
Tristan da Cunha Island
Nightingale Islands
Nightingale Island
Stoltenhoff Island
Gough
Ascension has a warm, arid climate, but it is more moderated (and arid near the sea) in St Helena; Tristan da Cunha is much cooler.
The highest point of the territory is Queen Mary's Peak on the island of Tristan da Cunha, with an elevation of  above sea level.
Administratively, the territory is divided into the same three parts as the territory's geography, namely Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.
Each is governed by a council.
The Governor of the territory is the representative of the British monarch across the territory and presides over the St Helena Legislative Council, while he or she is represented by an Administrator on Ascension Island and an Administrator on Tristan da Cunha that preside over these two areas' Island Councils.
With a population of 6,567 inhabitants in the census of 1998 (estimated to be 7,754 in 2013), the territory appears as one of the least populated British territory.
The largest city of the territory is the capital, Jamestown, with a population of 1,000 in 2009.
The islands had a very simple economy the mid-1960s, mainly based on the culture of New Zealand flax, a plant of the genus Phormium, that was used to produce fibers and ropes.
Agriculture is now mainly for food, except for a bit of coffee.
St Helena Government
Ascension Government
Tristan da Cunha Government
Canillo is one of the seven parishes of Andorra.
The town of Canillo is the religious centre of Andorra because here is the Mare de Déu de Meritxell ("Our Lady of Meritxell") Basilica.
Our Lady of Meritxell is the patron saint of Andorra.
The highest mountain in the parish is Pic de l'Estanyó () with an elevation of  above sea level; it is on the border with the Ordino parish.
The main river in Canillo is the Valira d'Orient, also known as Valira d’Encamp.
The largest lake of Andorra, Estany de Juclà ("Juclar lake"), is in the Canillo parish; it has an area of .
The parish had a population, in 2015,  of 4,124 inhabitants, for a population density of  persons/km².
The new Our Lady of Meritxell Basilica in Meritxell.
Sant Joan de Caselles church.
It is similar to the church in Mérens-les-Vals, Ariège, France.
Valley of the Incles river with the Estany de Juclà ("Juclar lake"), the largest lake of Andorra.
Soldeu-El Tarter ski resort, part of the Grandvalira ski resort.
Encamp is one of the seven parishes of Andorra.
It is in the east central part of the country.
Encamp is also the name of the main town of the parish.
The highest mountain in the parish is Pic del Pessons () with an elevation of  above sea level.
The main river in Encamp is the Valira d'Orient.
The parish had a population, in 2015,  of 12,212 inhabitants, for a population density of  persons/km².
Sant Romà de Vila church in Vila
Sant Romà de les Bons church in Les Bons
Museu Nacional de l’Automòbil d’Andorra, a automobile museum in Encamp
Santa Eulàlia d'Encamp church in Encamp
Grandvalira ski resort
Escaldes-Engordany is one of the seven parishes of Andorra.
Escaldes-Engordany is also the name of the main town of the parish.
The Escaldes-Engordany parish was created in 1978 with part of the territory of the Andorra la Vella parish with two urban areas: Escaldes and Engordany.
With time, these two towns were combined to form the present capital of the parish.
The Escaldes-Engordany parish is in the southeast of the country and borders with the Encamp parish to the north, with the Sant Julià de Lòria parish to the southwest, with the Andorra la Vella parish to the west and the La Massana parish to the northwest.
Spain is to the east and south of the parish.
The highest mountain in the parish is Tossa Plana () with an elevation of  above sea level.
It is in the southeast of the parish, on the border with Spain.
The main rivers in Escaldes-Engordany are the Valira del Nord and the Valira d'Orient; they form the Gran Valira after their confluence in Escaldes-Engordany.
Other river is the Madriu.
The parish had a population, in 2015,  of 14,367 inhabitants, for a population density of  persons/km².
Escaldes-Engordany, the main urban area of the parish; it is formed by:
Les Escaldes, or just Escaldes, at an altitude of .
The name Les Escaldes comes from the presence of numerous hot springs, which produce highly sulphurous and nitrogenous waters at temperatures between .
The hot springs were known by the Romans who used them for medical purposes, and now are used in "Caldea", a spa.
Engordany, at an altitude of  on the right side of the Valira d'Orient river, on the foot of the Pic de Padern mountain ( high).
Els Vilars d'Engordany, to the north of Engordany.
Here is the Sant Romà dels Vilars chapel of the X century, at an altitude of  on the foot of the Pic de Padern mountain.
Engolasters at about  to the east of Andorra la Vella, at an altitude of .
Sant Romà dels Vilars church in Els Vilars d'Engordany
Sant Miquel d'Engolasters church in Engolasters
Pont d'Engordany, a bridge built in 1785
Pont dels Escalls, a bridge
Caldea, a spa in Les Escaldes
La Massana (originally La Maçana) is one of the seven parishes of Andorra.
La Massana is also the name of the main town of the parish.
The name Massana derives from the Latin name mattianam for a variety of apple.
The town of La Massana has an average elevation of  above sea level.
Coma Pedrosa (),  high, the highest mountain of the country; it is in the northwest of the parish near the borders with France and Spain.
Roca Entravessada,  high
Pic de Medacorba,  high
Pic de Sanfonts,  high
The main river in the parish is the Valira del Nord (or Valira d'Ordino) river, one of the two branches that form the Valira river.
There are several small lakes in the parish; the main lakes are Estanys Forcats, Estany de Les Truites and Estany Negre.
The parish had a population, in 2015, of 10,359 inhabitants, for a population density of  persons/km².
In winter, the main activities are skiing, snowboarding, and ski ski biking.
The main ski resort, Vallnord, includes the Arinsal and Pal sectors.
In summer, the main activities are hiking, climbing, mountain biking and canyoning.
Sant Ermengol de l'Aldosa church in Aldosa
Sant Climent de Pal church in Pal
Pont de Sant Antoni de la Grella, a bridge also called Pont de Sispony
Museu Casa Rull, a museum of Ethnology in Sispony
Vallnord, a ski/snowboard resort in the Pyrenees mountains
Ordino is one of the parishes of Andorra.
It is the most northern parish of the country.
Ordino is also the name of the main town of the parish.
In the parish is the Parc Natural de Sorteny ("Sorteny Natural Park"), the largest nature area of Andorra.
Ordino is known for the several places where the iron ore was melted between the XVII and the XIX centuries.
Besides being the industrial centre of Andorra, Ordino is considered the cultural centre of Andorra.
Here Antoni Fiter i Rossell wrote the Manual Digest (1748), called the "Bible of Andorra," which tells the history, the government and the Andorran customs.
The town of Ordino, the capital of the parish, is at  above sea level.
Most of the parish is in the valley of the Valira del Nord (or Valira d'Ordino) river, in the northwest of the country.
Pic de l'Estanyó,  high
Pic de la Serrera,  high
Pic de Font Blanca,  high
The town of Ordino is on the slopes of the Pic de Casamanya (or just Casamanya); it is  high.
The parish had a population, in 2015 of 4,687 inhabitants, for a population density of  persons/km².
Auditori Nacional d'Andorra ("National Auditorium of Andorra")
Museu Postal d'Andorral ("Postal Museum of Andorra")
Museu de la Miniatura ("Miniature Museum")
Sant Martí de la Cortinada, a Romanesque church in La Cortinada, north of Ordino.
Valle de Sorteny Natural Park, the largest natural park in Andorra.
Vallnord, a ski/snowboard resort in the Pyrenees mountains; the Arcalís sector is in the Ordino parish.
Sant Julià de Lòria is one of the parishes of Andorra.
It is the most southern parish of the country.
Sant Julià de Lòria is also the name of the main town of the parish.
The University of Andorra is in the parish.
The parish has an altitude of ; the town of Sant Julià de Lòria is at  high, the lowest settlement in Andorra.
The Valira river (or Gran Valira), the biggest river in the country, flows through the parish.
The highest mountain in the parish is Pic Negre Norte () with an elevation of  above sea level; it is on the border with the Escaldes-Engordany parish.
The parish had a population, in 2015 of 9,379 inhabitants, for a population density of  persons/km².
Església de Sant Serni de Nagol  is a church built in the 11th century.
Església de Sant Miquel de Fontaneda is a church in Fontaneda, built in the 11-12th century.
Santuari de la Mar de Déu de Canòlic ("Mother of God of Canòlic Sanctuary"); the Mother of God of Canòlic is the patron saint of the Sant Julià de Lòria parish.
La Rabassa, a cross-country skiing station; here there is also a park, Naturlandia.
Museu del Tabac ("Tobacco Museum"), an old tobacco factory that is now a museum.
Coma Pedrosa is the highest mountain in Andorra.
It is popular with mountain climbers.
The nearest town is Arinsal, La Massana.
Our Lady of Meritxell  is the patron saint of Andorra.
It is a Roman Catholic statue showing the Virgin Mary.
The original statue is from the late 12th century.
But the chapel it was in burned down on September 8 and 9, 1972.
A copy was made in 1976 by Ricardo Bofill.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a serious, painful, and chronic (long-lasting) disease.
It is an autoimmune disease - a disease where the body's immune system attacks healthy cells.
When a person has RA, their immune system attacks the joints and the tissues around the joints in the body.
This causes different problems, like:
The capsules around the joints get swollen
The body makes too much synovial fluid (the special fluid that is supposed to cushion the joints)
Tough fibrous tissue builds up in the synovium area (which is also supposed to help cushion the joints)
Eventually, RA can destroy a person's articular cartilage.
Normally, articular (having to do with the joints) cartilage covers the end of bones where they come together to form joints.
This keeps the bones from rubbing against each other.
If the articular cartilage has been destroyed by RA, the bones will rub against each other, which is very painful.
No one knows what causes RA, but some theories are that it has to do with hormones, environment, infection and genes.
There is no cure, but doctors have determined ways to help slow down and reduce the impact of the disease.
Women are two to three times as likely as men to get rheumatoid arthritis.
Most cases of RA occur in people between the ages of 25 and 55.
Swelling, stiffness, and pain around affected joints
A feeling of discomfort and tiredness
inflamed blood vessels
neck pain
The World Heritage Committee is the group which decides on the places to be listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
It makes sure that the agreements in World Heritage Convention are followed.
It also decides how the money in the World Heritage Fund is spent.
The committee has 21 members who are elected from the 188 countries that have agreed to the World Heritage Convention.
According to the World Heritage Convention, committee members are elected for six years, however many of the representatives choose to be on the committee for only four years.
This gives more countries a chance to take part.
At the 15th General Assembly (2005) all the committee members agreed to serve for only four years.
The World Heritage Committee meets many times a year to discuss the management of existing World Heritage Sites, and to look at possible new sites.
A special meeting, known as the World Heritage Committee Session, takes place each year where sites are added (inscribed) to the World Heritage List.
The annual session takes place in cities all over the world.
With the exception of meetings held in Paris, where the UNESCO headquarter office is located, only countries who are members of the World Heritage Committee have the right to hold a Session.
The cities are decided by the Committee.
UNESCO World Heritage portal — Official website
The World Heritage List — Official searchable list of all Inscribed Properties
UNESCO Conventions
The Willandra Lakes Region is a World Heritage Site that covers 2,400 square kilometres in south-western New South Wales, Australia.
It includes important natural and cultural features.
The lakes were formed about two million years ago, but are now dry.
The Australian Aborigines camped around the lakes, especially in the sand dunes on the lake shores for at least 50,000 years.
These dunes are crescent shaped, and are called lunettes.
The world's oldest cremation, of an woman more than 40,000 years ago, was found in a lunette at Lake Mungo.
As well as Lake Mungo, there is also Lake Mulurulu which was the last lake to hold water, the Prungle lakes which have been dry for more than 20,000 years, and Lake Chibnalwood which has a 30 metre high lunette, one of the biggest in the world.
2003 - Journey of Man
World heritage listing for Willandra Lakes
In Christianity, Sloth is about a person not wanting to work, because of lack of motivation.
The person will be physically inactive and neglect what God has said.
Very often, this will lead to resources being wasted.
As an example, sloth is about a person not helping those in need, even though they would be able to.
Sloth is one of the seven capital sins, which are also called seven deadly sins.
For Protestants, Diligence (or hard work) is one of the ways to please God.
Max Weber (1864-1920) treats this in his work The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.
In his work "Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht", Immanuel Kant stated that of the capital sins sloth, cowardice and falsehood, the first one is the most despicable.
However, he also sees this as a measure of self-protection of the individual, as long phases of hard work will lead a person to become tired, and to make short pauses between intervals of work.
Without these pauses, the restles malice that is in the world would do a far greater amount of damage.
In 1846, Louis Blanc wrote about the right to work.
There was a financial crisis at the time, and many people were unemployed.
The crisis led to the French Revolution of 1848.
In 1880, the Socialist Paul Lafargue  published an essay called The Right to be Lazy, where he explains that the worker should have a right to be lazy.
Ponte Buggianese is an Italian town in the province of Pistoia, Tuscany.
About 8,876 people lived there as of 2011.
The Hardy Boys are two American fictional teenage brothers and the main characters in a series of mystery books for children and teens launched in 1927.
Edward Stratemeyer, the founder of the book-packaging Stratemeyer Syndicate, created the concept, but the books were written by several ghostwriters over the years under the pseudonym Franklin W. Dixon.
The series overview is simple.
Frank and Joe Hardy are two high school boys in their late teens.
They live in the fictional city of Bayport with their famous private detective father Fenton Hardy.
The boys sometimes help their father with his cases, but, at other times, they find and solve their own.
The boys have enough money to pursue a WWE Tag Team Championship and are the current holders of the prestigious award.
Joe and Scott are renowned for not only there flamboyant appearances, but acrobatic manoeuvres
In 1959, the books were revised to eliminate  objectionable material, and rewritten in a simpler style.
New series were launched in 1987, 1997, and 2005.
The original Hardy Boys Mystery Stories series ended in 2005.
Some stories were adapted for television programs.
Critics have offered many explanations for the Hardy Boys popularity including escapism, homosociality, and the triumph of good over evil.
The Hardy Boys are fictional teenage brothers and amateur detectives.
They live in the fictional city of Bayport on the Atlantic Coast with their father, internationally famous private detective Fenton Hardy.
The boys are in their late teens, have their own car, and are in the same grade in high school.
Friends Chet Morton and Biff Hooper sometimes help the Hardys solve their cases.
The boys have enough money to travel around the United States and even the world in pursuit of cases.
Frank and Joe are very much alike, but "Frank was the thinker while Joe was more impulsive, and perhaps a little more athletic."
Edward Stratemeyer, founder of the Stratemeyer Syndicate, came up with the idea of mystery-solving brothers in 1926.
Publishers Grosset & Dunlap approved the idea, and the name "The Hardy Boys" was chosen for the series.
The books were written under the pseudonym Franklin W. Dixon, by ghostwriters who signed away their rights to authorship, pseudonyms, and future royalties.
The first three books were published in 1927, and were an instant success.
By mid-1929, over 115,000 books had been sold.
The Stratemeyer Syndicate received all royalties, and their offices handled all correspondence.
Public and school libraries agreed to keep the ghostwriters' names secret.
Evolution of the series
The earliest books are known for their atmosphere, detail, and clear writing style.
Between 1938 to 1942 futuristic gadgetry and exotic locations were introduced to the series.
The world in these early books is a dark  and "divided place".
Police and authority figures usually come off poorly; the rich are portrayed as greedy and selfish; and racial stereotypes abound.
Parents complained and a revision project was undertaken in 1959.
Texts were streamlined; stereotypes eliminated; plots were rewritten, lurid elements deleted, chapters per book were reduced, slang and difficult words were deleted, and the writing style was tightened.
The revised versions focused on non-stop action rather than atmosphere and suspense, and were meant for a younger audience with short attention spans.
Commentators thought the originals had been "gutted".
Thereafter, the books became more respectful of law and authority.
Villains no longer smoked or drank, and scenes involving guns and shoot-outs were removed.
The boys, too, become more respectful of rules and law: they drove within the speed limit, for example, even in pursuit of a villain.
The Hardys became upscale and lost touch with the typical boy who bought their books.
They became "members and agents of the adult ruling class, acting on behalf of that ruling class."
New series were launched in the last decades of the 20th century: the Hardy Boys Casefiles in 1987 and the Clues Brothers in 1997.
The boys have distinct personalities and carry guns in the Casefiles series.
The long-running Hardy Boys Mystery Stories series ended in 2005, and was replaced with The Hardy Boys: Undercover Brothers.
In these books, the boys take turns narrating their adventures, and are given their cases by a secret group called American Teens Against Crime (ATAC).
The Hardys were also featured in a  graphic novel series (2005), and a chapter book series for early readers called The Hardy Boys: Secret Files (2010).
The Hardy Boys have been called "a cultural touchstone all over the world".
The books have been translated into over 25 languages.
The books have been continuously in print since 1927.
The series was an instant success: by mid-1929 over 115,000 books had been sold, and as of 2008 the books were selling over a million copies a year.
The first Hardy Boys book, The Tower Treasure, sells over 100,000 copies a year.
Worldwide, over 70 million copies of Hardy Books have been sold.
The longest-running series of books to feature the Hardy Boys is the Hardy Boys Mystery Stories, sometimes also called the Hardy Boys Mysteries.
The series ran from 1927 to 2005 and comprises 190 books.
Some consider only the first 58 volumes of this series to be part of the Hardy Boys canon.