the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The Spenserian stanza is a fixed verse form invented by Edmund Spenser for his epic poem The Faerie Queene.
Each stanza contains nine lines in total.
The first eight lines are in iambic pentameter, that is consist of ten syllables, followed by a single alexandrine line in iambic hexameter, that is are made up of twelve syllables.
The rhyme scheme of these lines is "a-b-a-b-b-c-b-c-c."
Many poets used the stanza after Spenser, for example Lord Byron (Chlide Harold's Pilgrimage), Percy Bysshe Shelley (Adonais), John Keats (The Eve of St. Agnes) and Alfred Tennyson (The Lotos-Eaters).
Spenserian stanza remained a typical English form and it was never much popular outside England.
Only few poets employed it in Central Europe, for example Juliusz Słowacki, Jan Kasprowicz and Jaroslav Vrchlický.
Biotti is an Italian surname.
Notable people with the surname include:
Carlo Biotti, Italian jurist
Chris Biotti, ice hockey player
The African fish eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer) or the African sea eagle is a large species of eagle.
It is found throughout sub-Saharan Africa where there are large bodies of open water with plenty of fish.
It is the national bird of Zimbabwe, Zambia and South Sudan.
This species looks a bit like the bald eagle.
They are related, but live on different continents.
The bald eagle lives in North America.
Caracol TV Official Site
Caracol TV International
GOL Caracol
http://www.wgentv.com/
https://www.jumptv.com/es/channel/caracoltv/
Fatima Naoot (Arabic: فاطمة ناعوت ) (born September 18, 1964) is an Egyptian writer and poet.
In January 2016, the Egyptian government sentenced Naoot to jail for 3 years after she wrote on Facebook about killing sheep for the Eid holiday.
Naoot wrote several books of poetry and a book of poetry analysis.
She also translated collections of poems from English into Arabic.
Insulting religion
Fatima Naoot always seeks for freedom without any authority even if this authority will belong to any religion.
In October she published a post on Facebook was describing "the Eid Al-Adha’s tradition of slaughtering sheep as the “greatest massacre committed by human beings.”
Then one candidate from parliament said that "Her aim is to insult Islam".
Thus she wrote through Ahram Online report "that humans justified their lust for killing and enjoying the smell of cooking game by attempting to bestow a divine meaning to their actions.”
And because of the law that added in 1982 a legislation which stated that there is from six months to five years and fines of LE500 to LE1000 for anyone who uses religion to promote, through speech, writing, or any other medium, extremist ideas with the aim of spreading discord or to belittle one of the monotheistic religions or their different sects, or to harm national unity.
she put in jail for 3 years and fined 20.000 LE.
Although she said in front of the court that "she did not aim to insult Islam, but she just explained her point of view.
Naoot said through Middle east online "I’m not sad about the sentencing as I don’t care about going to jail.
I’m sad that the efforts of reformists have been wasted,”.
As a result, THE ARAB NETWORK FOR HUMAN RIGHTS INFORMATION issued a statement which is "“the recent surge in the prosecution of opinion makers comes in conjunction with a fierce security campaign launched by security bodies against freedom of opinion and expression, with the aim of narrowing the overall climate of freedom of opinion and expression.
Such a matter, in turn, makes Egypt one of the most Arab countries that show hostility to freedom of expression as well as press freedom, especially that about 59 journalists have remained in prison so far.”
Fatma is not a political figure, she is an Egyptian writer, poet, translator and journalist who always says her point of view.
Fatima Naoot (Fāṭimah Nāʻūt) on WorldCat
Sierra de Guadarrama National Park () is a national park in Spain.
The park is one of the biggest national parks in Spain.
Only four national parks are bigger.
Guadarrama National Park has eleven different types of places for plants and animals to live (ecologies).
More than 1,280 species of animals live in the park.
Thirteen of them are endangered.
There are more than 1,500 types of plants that come from the area.
There are more than 30 types of vegetation.
Shita-kiri Suzume (which means The Tongue-Cut Sparrow) is a Japanese folk legend.
It is told by many parents to their children.
The story is about being kind and helping someone who is hurt.
It is also about being mean and greedy.
Shita-kiri Suzume is the story of an old man and an old woman who find a sparrow.
The old man takes care of the sparrow and gives it food.
The old woman treats the sparrow badly and cuts out the sparrow's tongue.
After the sparrow flies away, the old man goes to find it in the mountains.
When he does, the sparrows give him a choice between two baskets to take home.
The basket he picks is filled with many good things.
The old woman sees the good things and goes to the sparrows to get a basket for herself.
She is greedy and mean when she talks to the sparrows, but they still give her a basket.
She is not patient and opens the basket before she gets home.
It is filled with bad and scary things.
Lester D. Menke (December 16, 1918 – March 5, 2016) was an American politician.
He was born in O'Brien County, Iowa.
He was a state Representative from the Iowa's 5th and 7th Districts.
He served in the Iowa House of Representatives from 1973 to 1985.
He served as Speaker pro Tempore from 1981 to 1985.
Menke died in Des Moines, Iowa on March 5, 2016 from dementia.
Iowa General Assembly - Lester Menke  official government website
Lester Menke Obituary Des Moines Register
Michael White (16 January 1936 – 7 March 2016) was a Scottish movie and theatre producer.
White won two Tony Awards in 1971 and in 1973.
White was known for his works in The Rocky Horror Picture Show and Monty Python and the Holy Grail.
White died on 7 March 2016 in Ojai, California.
White was aged 80.
Jean-Bernard Raimond (6 February 1926 – 7 March 2016) was a French politician.
He served as Foreign Minister during the government of Jacques Chirac.
Raimond was born in Paris.
He served from 1986 to 1988.
He was the French ambassador to a number of states from the 1970s to the 1990s.
He also served as a deputy in the French National Assembly from 1993 to 2002.
Raimond died in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France on 7 March 2016.
Donald Wayne Riegle, Jr. (born February 4, 1938) is an American politician.
He served for five terms as a Representative from 1967 through 1976.
He served for three terms as a Senator in the U.S. Congress from 1976 through 1995.
is a Japanese video game composer, sound designer, guitarist, and producer.
He is best known for composing music for the Silent Hill video game series and Silent Hill movies.
He has also composed music for many other Konami games.
Yamaoka studied product design and interior design at Tokyo Art College.
He said that he first wanted to follow a career in design.
He first joined Konami on September 21, 1993.
On December 2, 2009, he announced that he was leaving Konami after 16 years with the company.
He joined Grasshopper Manufacture on February 3, 2010.
Breakwater, a barrier on a coast to protect a harbour from ocean currents and waves
Defensive wall, built to protect against an attack
Blood–brain barrier, a separation of circulating blood and the brain extracellular fluid
Barrier reef, a type of coral reef running along a coast
Belize Barrier Reef, off the coast of Belize
Great Barrier Reef, off the coast of Queensland in north-east Australia
Southern American English (aka Southern U.S. English or Southern drawl) is a group of American English dialects used in the Southern United States.
Southern English is usually used in Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, Georgia and parts of Florida.
Modern day Southern English dialects have been used in states including Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, southern Iowa, south central Indiana, southern Ohio and Kansas.
In Southern English, people use terms like ain't, you was, been (rather than have been) and that there.
New York City English (also called New York English) is a regional dialect of American English.
It is spoken by many people in New York City and the New York metropolitan area.
The dialect is known through its use in media.
It is most often used in New York City itself and its nearby suburbs.
However, it is used all across the metropolitan area.
The dialect is known for dropping the "r" in some words.
For example, the word cart in New York sounds similar to cot or caught.
Some New York area people say tawk for talk.
There are many well known people and fictional characters who speak New York English.
They include Archie Bunker, Bugs Bunny, Fran Drescher and Marisa Tomei.
This has happened 183 times over the last 83 million years, averaging about two or three times per million years.
These periods are called chrons.
There is no pattern to these changes, which seem to take place at random.
Chrons last from between 0.1 and 1million years (see diagram) with an average of 450,000 years.
Most reversals take between 1,000 and 10,000 years to happen.
The latest one, the Brunhes–Matuyama reversal, occurred 780,000 years ago; and may have happened very quickly, within a human lifetime.
A brief complete reversal, known as the Laschamp event, occurred only 41,000 years ago during the last glacial period.
That reversal lasted only about 440 years with the actual change of polarity lasting around 250 years.
During this change the strength of the magnetic field weakened to 5% of its present strength.
Records of the past
The past record of geomagnetic reversals was first noticed by observing the magnetic stripe reversals on the ocean floor.
This soon led to the development of the theory of plate tectonics.
The relatively constant rate at which the sea floor spreads causes "stripes" in the basalt.
From these past magnetic fields polarity can be inferred.
Data is got by towing a magnetometer along the sea floor.
No existing unsubducted sea floor is more than about 180 million years old, so other methods are used for detecting older reversals.
Most sedimentary rocks have tiny amounts of iron rich minerals.
Their orientation reflects the magnetic field when they formed.
The rocks keep that record unless they get changed by some later process.
Superchrons
A superchron is a polarity interval lasting at least 10million years.
There are two well-established superchrons, the Cretaceous Normal and the Kiaman.
The Cretaceous Normal (also called the Cretaceous Superchron or C34) lasted for almost 40million years.
Between the Cretaceous Normal and the present, the frequency has generally increased slowly.
The Kiaman Reverse Superchron lasted from the late Carboniferous to the late Permian.
That is more than 50million years, from 312 to 262 million years ago (mya).
The magnetic field had reversed polarity.
The name "Kiaman" derives from the Australian village of Kiama, where some of the first geological evidence of the superchron was found in 1925.
The magnetic field of the Earth, and of other planets that have magnetic fields, is caused by dynamo action of molten iron in the planetary core.
This convection (movement) generates electric currents which in turn give rise to magnetic fields.
In simulations of planetary dynamos, reversals occur from the underlying dynamics.
For example, Gary Glatzmaier and collaborator Paul Roberts of UCLA ran a numerical model of the coupling between electromagnetism and fluid dynamics in the Earth's interior.
Their simulation reproduced key features of the magnetic field over more than 40,000 years of simulated time and the computer-generated field reversed itself.
Global field reversals at irregular intervals have also been observed in a laboratory liquid metal experiment VKS2.
Effects on life
As far as we know, there is no effect on life.
Studies have been done to see if reversals relate in any way to extinction events.
Statistical analysis shows no evidence for a correlation between reversals and extinctions.
A chron is a general term in Earth science.
It means a period of time, usually less than a million years.
Economic deficit is a status of financial health in which expenditures exceed revenue (more money being spent than coming in).
The term "budget deficit" is most commonly used to refer to government spending rather than business or individual spending.
When referring to accrued federal government deficits, the term "national debt” is used.
Root, a part of a plant
Nth root, a number such that if N copies of a number are multiplied together, gives the original number
Square root, a root of power 2
Root of a function (zero of a function), an input value that produces an output of zero
A user account in many operating systems (especially Unix) which has full permissions over the system
Ancestry.
In mathematics, a root of a function f is a number x that turns the value of f to 0:
The fundamental theorem of algebra says every polynomial with complex coefficients has at least one (complex) root.
Using the fundamental theorem of algebra and the polynomial remainder theorem together shows that every complex polynomial of degree n has exactly n complex roots, and some of them may be equal.
In mathematics, de Moivre's formula or de Moivre's theorem is an equation named after Abraham de Moivre.
It states that for any real number x and integer n,
The formulation of De Moivre's formula for any complex numbers  (with modulus  and angle ) is as follows:
Here,  is Euler's number, and  is often called the polar form of the complex number .
The formula is very important because it connects complex numbers and trigonometry.
It can be proved using the trigonometry form of complex numbers by mathematical induction, with the help of some trigonometrical identities.
It can also be proved using Euler's formula as well.
By using this formula, any equation of the form , where w is complex, can be solved.
The Curtiss F6C Hawk is an american fighter.
It's a biplane aircraft made in wood and metal.
Is was used by US Navy between 1925 and 1932.
The Airbus Helicopters H175 is a European helicopter built by Airbus Helicopters, subsidiary of Airbus Group.
It made first flight in 2009 as Eurocopter EC-175.
The Sikorsky R-4 is the first military helicopter built in USA.
It flown during World War II and beginning of Korea War.
Some were used by US Navy, US Coast Guard and Fleet Air Arm.
Ilyushin Il-86 (Илью́шин Ил-86; NATO reporting name: Camber) is a Soviet civilian aircraft.
It was the first wide-body aircraft built in USSR.
Some are used by Russian Air Force as a transport aircraft.
This is the basis of development of the military aircraft Ilyushin Il-80.
Jonathan James "Jon" English (26 March 1949 – 9 March 2016) was an English-born Australian singer, songwriter, musician and actor.
He was an early member of the band Sebastian Hardie.
He played the role of Judas Iscariot in the Australian production of the stage musical Jesus Christ Superstar in 1972.
He also performed in Gilbert and Sullivan's operettas The Pirates of Penzance, The Mikado and H.M.S. Pinafore from 1984.
He also acted in a number of television series.
As a solo singer, his best known songs were "Turn the Page", "Hollywood Seven", "Words are Not Enough", "Six Ribbons" and "Hot Town".
English was born in Hampstead, London.
He moved to Sydney as a child in 1961.
He was a fan of the Parramatta Eels.
English died from an aortic aneurysm caused by surgery problems on 9 March 2016 in Newcastle, New South Wales.
Oprichnina (опричнина) is a state policy used by Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible between 1565 and 1572.
The origin of its name is old Russian опричь, what means 'apart', 'except', or 'special'.
Oprichnina included secret police, mass repressions, public executions, and confiscation (taking somebody's property) of land from the boyars.
It was created because Ivan didn't trust the boyars (Russian feudal aristocrats) anymore.
The Beechcraft King Air is a twin-engines aircraft designed and built in USA.
It built in two majors series: King Air 90 and King Air 100.
It used as light business aircraft and light transport aircraft.
Beechcraft King Air are known in the US Army as U-21 Ute, for light transport duties.
In US Navy it known as T-44 Pegasus, a trainer.
Airbus Helicopters is a French and German company that designs and produces civilians and militaries helicopters.
The headquarters is in Marignane, France.
Factories are in France, Germany, and for some helicopters in the United States.
The company was previously named Eurocopter.
The name change was made 1 January 2014.
It's a part of the Airbus company.
Je suis Charlie (French for "I am Charlie") is a French slogan.
It appeared at the moment of the Charlie Hebdo shooting in Paris.
Very quickly it became known all over the world.
These three words were never translated and used as French language.
It was created by French artist Joachim Roncin.
The British Aircraft Corporation Jet Provost is a British military aircraft.
It's a single-turbojet aircraft.
It was used by nine foreign countries as a trainer.
British Aircraft Corporation Strikemaster is a modern variant for light attack duties.
Danville is a small town in the U.S. state of New Hampshire.
New Hampshire is in New England which is in the northeastern part of the United States.
Danville is in the Southeast part of New Hampshire and is in Rockingham County.
Danville has Sandown to its West, Hampstead to its South, Kingston to its East, and Fremont to its North.
It is in the Timberlane Regional School District, which consists of Atkinson, Plaistow, Sandown and Danville.
It has a public elementary school named Danville Elementary School.
Danville Elementary School has preschool to 5th grades.
Town of Danville official website
A mass grave is a grave where many bodies are buried together, without coffins.
Mass graves are usually created when a large number of people die or are killed.
For example, in the past, they have been used when many people die at once from disease, a natural disaster, or genocide.
Different people have come up with different meanings for the phrase "mass grave."
Mass graves have been defined as:
Graves where two; three; six; or "a large" number of bodies are buried together
Graves where bodies were buried with no respect for each individual person
Graves where bodies are buried very closely together, packed tightly, without the dignity of a regular burial
Group graves of people who were killed or executed without a trial, or without doing anything wrong
For centuries, people around the world have used mass graves when many people died at once from epidemics of diseases.
The goal of this type of mass grave is not to disrespect the bodies of the dead.
The goal is to prevent disease from spreading from the dead to the living.
Also, if too many people have died, it may be impossible to bury them all separately.
For example, during outbreaks of the bubonic plague ("The Black Death") in Europe, people were terrified of catching this disease from dead bodies.
Often they buried plague victims in mass graves.
Daniel Defoe, who lived during the Great Plague of London in 1655-1666, wrote about one mass grave:
More recently, victims of natural disasters have been buried in mass graves.
Like with mass graves for disease victims, mass graves for disaster victims are not meant to disrespect the dead.
In disasters where many people die, it may not be possible to bury each person one by one.
For example, after 2010 Haiti earthquake, there were tens of thousands of bodies in the Haitian capital city of Port-au-Prince.
In the first nine days after the earthquake, about 90,000 people were buried in mass graves, using bulldozers.
There were so many bodies that there was no room, and not enough workers, to bury them one by one.
One Haitian man, who helped bury 2,500 people in three mass graves, said: "You have to understand that it's completely un-Haitian to dump bodies like this.
We have extreme respect for the dead.
And these people deserve a decent burial."
Later, he and other volunteers put up crosses to mark the graves, put holy water on the graves, and had a priest say prayers for the dead.
Like at the mass graves for the plague victims, they were still trying to honor the dead, even though they had to bury them in mass graves.
Some areas in Japan also had to use mass graves after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.
In Japan, most people are cremated after they die.
However, there were too many victims, and not enough kerosene to cremate them or dry ice to keep the bodies from decomposing.
In one town, cremating all the town's victims would have taken 100 days.
Because of this, some towns had to use mass graves to bury the dead.
Murder and genocide
Throughout history, people and governments that have murdered many people have buried them in mass graves.
Unlike mass graves for victims of disease or disasters, this type of mass grave is often meant to disrespect the bodies of the dead after they are murdered.
Mass graves have been found from many of the international wars and civil wars in modern history.
During World War I, on July 19, 1916, about 2,300 British and Australian soldiers were killed in a battle with the German Army.
In 2008, about 250 of their bodies were found in mass graves, where the Germans had buried them.
During The Holocaust, Nazi Germany killed six million Jewish people and millions of other people.
Nobody knows exactly how many of these people are buried in mass graves.
However, here are some examples of mass graves from Nazi murders:
At the Babi Yar massacre in Ukraine, Nazi soldiers killed 33,771 Jewish people in two days, and buried them in a mass grave.
At the Rumbula massacre in Latvia, Nazis killed about 25,000 Jews in two days, and buried them in mass graves
At some of the Nazi concentration camps, like Buchenwald and Treblinka, the Nazis buried thousands of people in mass graves
At the Nazis' death camps, they cremated the people they killed and dumped their ashes together.
For example, at Treblinka, a layer of human ashes 20 feet deep covered parts of the ground.
At Auschwitz's death camp, people's ashes were thrown into fields, swamps, and ponds.
These areas might be thought of as mass graves too.
Soldiers' graves
During World War II, German soldiers who died when Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union were buried in mass graves in Eastern Europe.
In 2013, the German War Graves Commission moved 70,000 soldiers from mass graves to a cemetery in Russia.
This was the 82nd cemetery the Commission had built to re-bury soldiers buried in mass graves.
All together, the 82 cemeteries hold more than 800,000 German soldiers.
The Commission says there are at least 250,000 more German soldiers buried in mass graves throughout Eastern Europe.
The Soviet Union also used mass graves during World War II.
For example, in the Piskaryovskoye Memorial Cemetery, they buried almost 500,000 civilians and soldiers in 186 mass graves.
These people had died or been killed during the Siege of Leningrad.
The Soviet Union
In the Soviet Union, as many as 20 million people may have died or been murdered while Joseph Stalin ruled the government.
Most of them were Soviet civilians.
Many were buried in mass graves.
Bykivnia (between 100,000 and 225,000 people are buried here)
Kurapaty (between 30,000 and 250,000 people)
Butovo (over 20,000 people)
Communarka (about 10,000 people)
Sandarmokh (over 9,000 people)
Early on in the Korean War, South Korea killed at least 100,000 people who had been put in prison for their political beliefs.
They buried many of these people in mass graves.
In 2007, the South Korean Truth and Reconciliation Committee found four mass graves, with more than 400 people in them.
The Committee estimates that there are about 150 mass graves in South Korea.
During the Vietnam War, in the Huế Massacre, the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army murdered between 2,800 and 6,000 civilians and prisoners of war.
They buried the bodies in dozens of mass graves.
Genocide in Cambodia
From 1975 to 1979, the Khmer Rouge, ruled by Pol Pot, controlled Cambodia.
The Khmer Rouge committed a genocide against the Cambodian people.
Historians and scientists say that there are at least 20,000 mass grave sites in the country, holding at least 1,386,734 victims of execution.
Other wars
During the Bosnian War (1992-1995), the Bosnian Serb Army killed more than 8,000 Bosnian Muslims in the Srebrenica genocide.
They buried them in mass graves.
In 2003, mass grave specialists found a mass grave that was "as big as a tennis court."
It included victims of the Srebrenica genocide.
By 2006, 42 mass graves had been found around Srebrenica, and specialists think there are at least 22 more.
Another 2,070 victims have been found in the graves.
During the Kosovo War (1998-1999), Serbian soldiers committed many war crimes against the Albanian people.
As of 2010, six mass graves had been found in Serbia with Albanian victims inside.
The largest had between 705 and 1,000 bodies in it.
CNN recently wrote that the terrorist group Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) killed more than 130 men, women, and children who refused to join ISIS.
They buried their bodies in mass graves.
1990s crimes
Frederick Walter Stephen "Fred" West (29 September 1941 – 1 January 1995) was an English serial killer.
West was born in Much Marcle, Herefordshire.
His convictions included sexual assault and theft.
Between 1967 and 1987, West – alone and later with his second wife, serial killer Rosemary West – tortured and raped young women and girls, murdering at least 12, including their own family members.
Fred killed at least two people before collaborating with Rose, while Rose murdered Fred's stepdaughter (his first wife's biological daughter) when he was in prison for theft.
Most of the murders occurred between May 1973 and August 1979, in their homes at 25 Midland Road and 25 Cromwell Street in Gloucester.
Many bodies were buried at or near these homes and sometimes even in the walls of their home.
The couple were apprehended and charged in 1994.
Fred West hanged himself in his prison cell before going to trial.
Rose West was imprisoned for life, in November 1995, found guilty on 10+ counts of murder.
Their house at Cromwell Street was demolished in 1996 and the space converted into a landscaped footpath.
Twenty One Pilots (often written as twenty one pilots or TØP) is an American band from Columbus, Ohio.
The band was formed in 2009.
Its members are Tyler Joseph and Josh Dun.
They put out two albums that they released themselves, Twenty One Pilots in 2009 and Regional at Best in 2011, before being signed by Fueled by Ramen in 2012.
Their first album through a record label, Vessel, was released with Fueled by Ramen in 2013.
Their next album, Blurryface, was released on May 15, 2015 through the same label.
There was also rumors of a new album release with an email to their fans that had a GIF of a horse galloping through an eye that had the caption, "ARE YOU STILL SLEEPING?"
Leading to many theories that their year-long hiatus had ended.
The theories were right, and the band released two songs not too long after, coming from the studio album going by the name Trench, which has a yellow theme, and was released on the 5th of October, 2018.
They released a single named "Level of Concern" on April 9, 2020.
They released four singles which are named "Shy Away", "Choker", "Saturday" and "The Outside".
in 2021, and also an album, named Scaled and Icy on May 21 in that same year.
Ratified on January 17, 1919 and went into effect a year later, the Eighteenth Amendment (Amendment XVIII) of the United States Constitution banned the making, transporting, and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States.
The Volstead Act was passed by Congress to enforce the Eighteenth Amendment.
It did not prohibit the drinking of alcohol however.
It started the period in American history called the Prohibition Era.
This was a period of mass civil disobedience to the law.
Those who could afford the higher prices of smuggled liquor went to illegal bars called speakeasies.
Working class people tended to drink moonshine and so-called bathtub gin at home.
The Eighteenth Amendment proved to be a major failure.
Americans started drinking more than before and it caused crime to rise significantly.
The Eighteenth Amendment was later repealed by the Twenty-first Amendment.
It remains the only amendment to be repealed by another amendment to the Constitution.
The first clause, section one, says the law was to go into effect one year from its ratification.
It was passed by Congress on December 18, 1917.
The thirty-sixth state (required number for passage) to ratify the amendment did so 394 days later on January 16, 1919.
The forty-seventh state to ratify the amendment was New Jersey on March 9, 1922.
Rhode Island was the only state to reject ratification of the 18th Amendment.
The second clause gave the federal and state governments concurrent powers to enforce the amendment.
Congress passed the national Prohibition Enforcement Act, also known as the Volstead Act.
The act defined any beverage containing more than one-half of one percent an intoxicating beverage.
It gave the Internal Revenue Service the power to enforce the law.
The third clause gave seven years as the time period for the states to ratify the amendment.
This is the first amendment to have a limit on the time in which it was to be ratified.
If it was not ratified by the required number of states in that time period, the amendment would not go into effect.
Article Five of the United States Constitution requires an amendment be passed by three-quarters of the states. (
36 out of the 48 states at that time.)
During the 1820s intense religious and social movements spread across the country calling alcohol and drunkenness a "national curse."
They were called temperance movements.
The first state to have a temperance law was Massachusetts who in 1838 enacted a law prohibiting the sale of liquor in less than  quantities.
In 1846, Maine passed the first state prohibition law.
It was repealed two years later, still, other states also passed similar laws.
After the American Civil War, immigrants, mainly from Ireland, Germany, Italy and other parts of Europe, crowded major cities by the millions.
Many of these men worked hard and drank just as hard.
Beer became a favorite drink and many German-Americans who knew how to brew beer began producing it in large quantities.
By the 1870s, many wives and mothers who were completely dependant on their men, began to protest having their lives ruined by alcohol.
They were joined by a number of clergymen.
They organized as the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and became a powerful force for change.
They were joined by women such as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
prominent in the suffrage movement (women's right to vote).
The temperance movement was able to put political pressure on politicians that many were afraid of.
The WCTU began calling for a nation-wide ban on alcoholic drink.
At first, most Senators were against the idea.
But they also did not want to be seen as voting against it.
For this reason they imposed a deadline for ratification of seven years.
Many hoped it would not be ratified.
But the plan did not work since it was ratified just over a year after its passage.
Results of prohibition
Gustav Boess, Mayor of Berlin visited New York City in late 1929.
He asked the Mayor of New York City, Jimmy Walker, when prohibition was supposed to go into effect.
At that time, prohibition had already been the law of the land for over nine years.
That the German mayor even had to ask shows how well the Eighteenth Amendment had been working.
In fact, it was not working very well at all.
Those who supported prohibition expected the sales of household goods and clothing to go up dramatically.
Many expected real estate and rents to rise as bars closed and neighborhoods were cleaned up.
Many producers of soft drinks, juices and chewing gum expected sales to go up as Americans had to find new ways of entertaining themselves.
Instead, the unintended consequences proved to be a decline in amusement and entertainment industries across the country.
Restaurants failed, as they could no longer make a profit without legal liquor sales.
Theater revenues declined rather than increase, and few of the other economic benefits that had been predicted came to pass.
Prohibition proved to be largely negative for the economy.
Jobs in breweries, distilleries and bars were lost by the thousands.
Truckers, waiters, barrel makers and many other related workers had large numbers of jobs lost.
Perhaps the largest unintended consequence was the loss to the government in tax revenues.
The state of New York lost almost 75 percent of its revenue.
The federal government lost over $11 million in tax revenues while the cost to enforce it was over $300 million.
Loopholes
The prohibition laws had many loopholes (ways to get around the law) that were quickly taken advantage of.
The biggest loophole was that neither the Eighteenth Amendment nor the Volstead Act made it illegal to drink or be drunk in public.
Farmers who grew fruit quickly learned to sell their harvests in dehydrated bricks.
The warning label included instructions on how to easily turn the bricks into alcoholic drinks.
Pharmacists were allowed to prescribe whiskey for any number of ailments from anxiety to the flu.
As bootleggers learned of this, the number of pharmacies tripled in places like New York state.
Tools and ingredients to make alcohol at home were sold in hardware and grocery stores.
Books on how to make liquor were also legal.
Drinking under prohibition did not stop, it simply went underground.
In New York City alone there were thousands of speakeasy clubs.
The mob made millions in illegal sales of alcohol on the black market.
Most Americans simply ignored the law.
The agents who enforced prohibition laws were poorly paid and were easily bribed.
Gangsters made money and became powerful under prohibition.
They even cooperated with one another in setting prices.
Organized crime gained a national foothold due to prohibition.
One of the better known gangsters was Al Capone.
When Capone arrived in Chicago in 1920 he immediately saw the opportunities that prohibition offered.
He organized illegal bootlegging on an international scale.
He even controlled the distribution of his alcohol.
He hired his own delivery trucks, salespeople, and his own heavily armed guards to protect his investments.
Capone was making over $100 million a year.
He had no trouble bribing all the politicians and law enforcement members in his district.
Effects of the 18th Amendment
Significance of the 18th and 19th amendments
New Hampshire counties
The Messerschmitt Me 163 is a German military aircraft used during World War II.
It was a rocket-powered aircraft.
It was designed by Lippisch.
The plane weighed 4200 pounds when it was empty and almost 10,000 pounds when it was full.
It could fly 560 miles per hour.
During the last part of World War II, Messerchmitts fought B-17 bombers over Germany.
About 18 B-17s were shot down and about 10 Messerschmitts were shot down.
The Mil Mi-8 is one of the most famous helicopters built in USSR during the Cold War.
It is used for transport and attack by more than 50 countries in the world.
It's the basis of Mil Mi-14 and Mil Mi-17 helicopters.
The yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis) is an arboreal and nocturnal gliding possum.
It lives in the native eucalypt forests right down eastern Australia, from northern Queensland to Victoria.
In North Queensland, the sub-species lives at over 700 m above sea level.
There are 13 different populations in three places where this glider lives in North Queensland.
One population lives on Mount Windsor Tableland, another on Mount Carbine Tableland, and the third lives in a linear habitat from Atherton to Kirrama on the Atherton Tableland.
These three populations together have about 6000 individual gliders.
With their habitat in danger, the yellow-bellied glider is classified as uncommon to rare and is named vulnerable to the tropics.
This species is more widespread in southern Queensland, NSW and Victoria.
The yellow-bellied glider is gregarious and spends the day in a leaf-lined tree hole, which is usually shared with other members of the same family.
It is also one of the most vocal possum gliders.
It has a distinctive growling call that it uses as means of communication.
A recording of the distinctive call can be heard at
Ratified on August 18, 1920, Nineteenth Amendment (Amendment XIX) to the United States Constitution granted American women the right to vote.
The amendment marked the end of a long struggle for women in the United States that began in the mid-nineteenth century.
The movement, called women's suffrage, marked a radical change in how women were viewed in America.
When the Constitution was written, it was accepted that a woman did not have a separate legal identity from her husband.
Women's suffrage challenged that concept.
The Nineteenth Amendment overturned an earlier decision by the United States Supreme Court in Minor v. Happersett.
The Court held that the right to vote, guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to all citizens of the United States, did not apply to women.
Women were citizens, but did not have the right to vote.
The Nineteenth Amendment was first introduced in Congress in 1878 by Senator Aaron A. Sargent.
The bill calling for the amendment was introduced unsuccessfully every year for the next 40 years.
Finally, in 1919, Congress approved the amendment and submitted it to the states for ratification.
A year later Tennessee gave the final vote needed to add the amendment to the Constitution.
In Colonial America, women had fixed gender roles they learned from their mothers.
Growing up, a woman was legally subordinate to her father.
When she was married she became a feme covert (French: a married woman).
Her property and her legal status transferred to her husband.
The intent of this protected-class status was to protect women from the evils men dealt with including politics.
In addition, the custom was also used to ban women from professional jobs, higher education, voting, serving on juries and testifying in court.
Single women were limited to the jobs of teaching and nursing.
In 1848, the women's suffrage movement began on a national level.
A convention in Seneca Falls, New York was organized by abolitionists Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott that also demanded a woman's right to vote.
Susan B. Anthony, along with other activists, joined Mott and Stanton in forming organizations that demanded the right to vote.
Many of the early orgainzers never lived to see the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment some 70 years later.
Leser v. Garnett
When the Nineteenth Amendment became law, it guaranteed the right to vote could not be denied on account of sex.
However, it was not the same as women being allowed to vote.
The Supreme Court case of Leser v. Garnett (1922), while not intended to do so, established this right.
The plaintiffs challenged the Nineteenth Amendment as being unconstitutional.
They argued first, that the amendment was invalid because it increased the electorate without the state of Maryland's consent.
They argued secondly that ratification was based on several states that denied women the right to vote in their state constitutions and therefore their legislatures did not have the right to ratify the amendment.
The third argument was that the last two states to ratify the amendment, Tennessee and West Virginia, violated their own rules of procedure.
In a unanimous decision, the court rejected all three arguments.
The first argument is invalid because wording was almost the same as the Fifteenth Amendment.
Each used the same method of adoption so one cannot be valid and the other invalid.
The second argument, that certain state legislatures did not have the power to ratify based on their own constitutions, is rejected because they were ratifying an amendment to the federal Constitution, and so is a federal function.
The Court ruled the third argument a moot point because two other states after Tennessee and West Virginia (Connecticut and Vermont) who followed their own procedures would have been enough to ratify the amendment.
But in addressing the substance of the argument, the Court went on to point out that the Secretaries of State of Tennessee and West Virginia each accepted the ratification by the legislatures making the ratification by those two states valid.
The Nineteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote but Lesser made it certain the right could be used even in states where the state constitution did not allow it.
19th Amendment: How far have women in politics come since 1920?
The Power of the 19th Amendment, Then and Now
Sir Kenneth Hugo Adam (born Klaus Hugo Adam; 5 February 1921 – 10 March 2016) was a German-born British movie production designer.
Adam was best known for his set designs for the James Bond movies of the 1960s and 1970s, as well as for Dr. Strangelove.
He won two Academy Awards (1975, 1994) and two BAFTA Awards (1964, 1965).
Ken Adam at BFI Screenonline
Ken Adam at Web of Stories
Imperial War Museum Interview from 1997
Imperial War Museum Interview from 2009
Lloyd Stowell Shapley (June 2, 1923 – March 12, 2016) was an American mathematician and economist.
He was known for his work on mathematical economics and especially game theory.
Since the work of von Neumann and Morgenstern in 1940s, Shapley has been thought by many experts as the very creator of game theory.
With Alvin E. Roth, Shapley won the 2012 Nobel Prize in Economics "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design".
In recent years, he worked at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Shapley was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Shapley died on March 12, 2016 in Tucson, Arizona from complications of a broken hip.
Raymond "Ray" Griff (April 22, 1940 – March 9, 2016) was a Canadian country music singer-songwriter.
He was from Vancouver, British Columbia.
Griff began songwriting in the early 1960s.
Griff moved to Nashville in 1964 to pursue his music career full-time.
His first records as a singer were released in the late 1960s.
Griff had his first hit, "Patches", a remake of the Clarence Carter soul hit in 1970 which peaked at No.
26 in Billboard.
Griff recorded for the small country label Royal American and later moved on to Dot Records without much success.
His stint at Capitol Records from 1975-1979 was more successful, racking up eight more country top 40 hits, the most successful being 1976's "If I Let Her Come In" which peaked at No.
Griff died in Canada from pneumonia after going through surgery on March 9, 2016.
Naná Vasconcelos (2 August 1944 – 9 March 2016) was a Brazilian percussionist, vocalist and berimbau player.
He was known for his work as a solo artist on over two dozen albums, He worked with Pat Metheny, Don Cherry, Egberto Gismonti, Gato Barbieri and Milton Nascimento.
He was born in Recife, Brazil.
Vasconcelos died in Recife, Brazil from lung cancer on 9 March 2016.
Richard Davalos (November 5, 1930 – March 8, 2016) was an American actor.
He was known for his roles as Aaon Tusk in East of Eden and as Blind Dick in Cool Hand Luke.
Davalos died on March 8, 2016 at a hospital in Burbank, California.
Article Seven of the United States Constitution explains what needs to happen for the Constitution to be approved.
It says that nine states need to ratify the Constitution before it takes effect.
To ratify the Constitution, a special group in each state called a Convention would have to approve the Constitution.
Before the United States Constitution was passed, the United States had another constitution called the Articles of Confederation.
These Articles made the United States into a confederation.
The legislature of the confederation government was called the Congress of the Confederation.
After a few years, the Founding Fathers decided the United States needed a new constitution and a new form of government.
They formed a group called the Constitutional Convention to write a new constitution.
The group finished its final version of the Constitution on September 17, 1787.
Three days later, the Convention gave its suggested Constitution to the Congress of the Confederation to get its support.
The Congress debated a lot about the Constitution.
Members of Congress did not agree on whether Congress should support the new Constitution or not.
On September 28, the Congress came to a compromise.
They decided just to give the states the Constitution and let them vote on it.
Congress would not suggest that the states pass the Constitution, or that they not pass it.
This way, the decision would truly be up to the states; no state would be affected by Congress's opinion.
In 1787 and 1788, there were debates across the United States about the suggested new Constitution.
Each state's Convention would have to vote on the Constitution.
For a state to ratify the Constitution, more than half of the members of its Convention would have to vote for the Constitution.
On December 7, 1787, Delaware became the first state to ratify the suggested Constitution.
All 30 of the members of its Convention voted for the Constitution.
On June 21, 1788, New Hampshire became the ninth state to approve the Constitution.
Now that nine states had ratified the Constitution, it became the highest and most important law of the United States.
The United States would have a new form of government, based on the ideas set out in the Constitution.
Four states are still left
However, four states still had not approved the Constitution.
These states were Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island.
If they did not approve the Constitution, they would not be a part of the new government of the United States.
The Congress of the Confederation decided that the United States would start using the new Constitution on March 4, 1789.
Before that day, Virginia and New York ratified the Constitution.
However, when the first United States Congress gathered on March 4 to form the new government, North Carolina and Rhode Island still had not approved the Constitution.
After the new Congress added the Bill of Rights to the Constitution, though, North Carolina and Rhode Island ratified the Constitution.
Order of approval
Interactive website about the ratification of the Constitution (from TeachingAmericanHistory.org)
Roberto Alfredo Perfumo (3 October 1942 – 10 March 2016) was an Argentine footballer and sports commentator.
He was nicknamed El Mariscal.
He was thought as one of the best Argentine defenders ever.
Perfumo played for Racing, River Plate and Brazilian team Cruzeiro.
With the national team, he played the 1966 and 1974 World Cups.
Aldo Ferrer (April 15, 1927 – March 8, 2016) was an Argentine economist and policy maker.
Ferrer was one of the leading figures of economic nationalism in Argentina.
He served as Minister of Economy from 1970 through 1971.
He later served as an ambassador to France from Argentine.
He served as ambassador from 2011 through 2013.
Ferrer died in Buenos Aires on March 8, 2016.
Article Six of the United States Constitution says that the Constitution, and any laws or treaties the United States might make, will be the most important laws in the United States.
It also says that the United States will pay debts from before the Constitution was written.
Finally, it says that members of the United States government have to swear that they will obey the Constitution.
However, they will never have to swear that they follow a certain religion.
Before the United States Constitution was written, the United States had another constitution called the Articles of Confederation.
The Articles made the states into a Confederation.
The first part of Article Six says that the United States will still honor and pay all of its debts from before the Constitution was written.
The Article says that "these debts are as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as [they were] under the Confederation [governed by the Articles of Confederation]."
The second clause of Article Six is often called the "Supremacy Clause."
It says that these things are the "supreme" laws in the United States  the most powerful and most important laws in the country:
Laws made by the United States government
Treaties made by the United States government
State courts have to follow them
States' constitutions are not as powerful as the United States Constitution