the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
WrestleMania XXX was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event made by WWE.
It was held on April 6, 2014 at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana.
It was the thirtieth WrestleMania event held by the WWE.
The main event saw Daniel Bryan defeat both Randy Orton and Batista in a triple threat match to win the WWE World Heavyweight Championship.
Wrestlemania XXX also saw Brock Lesnar defeat The Undertaker and breaking his 21 year undefeated streak at WrestleMania.
At the Royal Rumble on January 26, 2014, Batista was the winner of the 30-man Royal Rumble match and secured his spot to headline WrestleMania XXX against whomever the champion is after the Elimination Chamber.
On February 24, Brock Lesnar returned along with Paul Heyman and showed up to Raw.
They complained about not being in the title match at WrestleMania.
To appease them, Triple H handed them a contract which gave Lesnar a match with anybody at WrestleMania as long as it wasn't Orton or Batista.
Lesnar and Heyman didn't like this open challenge and tried to leave because they thought that nobody would be would not be a big enough challenge.
Before they could leave, The Undertaker returned and stared Lesnar down.
Undertaker looked at the WrestleMania sign and Lesnar signed the contract.
Lesnar poked the pen against against Undertaker's chest for him to sign and Undertaker stabbed the pen through Lesnar's hand as well as chokeslamming Lesnar through the table afterwards.
1The other competitors in the match were: Aksana, Alicia Fox, Brie Bella, Cameron, Emma, Eva Marie, Layla, Naomi, Natalya, Nikki Bella, Rosa Mendes, Summer Rae and Tamina Snuka.
Battle royal
2014 in professional wrestling
2014 in American television
Saint Finbarr (550-623) was an Irish bishop of Cork.
The Church of Ireland cathedral in Cork is named after him.
Catholic encyclopaedia entry for Finbarr
550 births
623 deaths
The Steel Dragon 2000 is a steel roller coaster at Nagashima Spa Land amusement park in Mie Prefecture, Japan.
It is the longest roller coaster in the world.
Steel Dragon 2000 is the tallest coaster to use a traditional chain lift.
Because of the length of the lift hill, two chains are used—one for the bottom half and one for the top half.
A single chain would have been too long, heavy and very slow, at least twice the weight of a single train.
Special brakes allow two trains to be on the lift at the same time.
The building of Steel Dragon 2000 required much more steel than other coasters for earthquake protection.
This put the cost of the coaster at over $50 million.
A short ton is a unit of measurement that is equal to 2000 lbs. (
pounds).
Often, the short ton is used to measure objects that have a very large weight.
This is because using smaller units would be difficult.
Idempotence is a property that an operation in mathematics or computer science may have.
It roughly means that the operation can be carried out again and again without changing the result.
The meaning is different if we are talking about different kinds of operations.
It can also be used to describe elements than an operation can take:
For a unary operation (or function), that we label f, we say that f is idempotent if for any x in the domain of f it is true that: f(f(x)) = f(x).
For example, the absolute value: abs(abs(x)) = abs(x).
We say that an element c in the domain of f is an idempotent element if f(f(c)) = f(c).
This means that f is idempotent if every element of its domain is an idempotent element.
For a binary operation, that we label *, we say that * is idempotent if for any x which the binary operation can take the following is true: x * x = x.
We say that an element c which * can take is an idempotent element for * if c * c = c. For example, the number 1 is an idempotent element for multiplication because 1 times 1 is 1.
Examples in the real world
If a call button inside an elevator is pressed then the elevator will go to the floor that is on the button.
If it is pressed again then it will do the same thing.
This means that the operation of pressing a button to make the elevator change floors is an idempotent operation.
If we mix two pots which have the same liquid in them into a new pot then we will have the same liquid in that pot.
If we only care about what kind of liquid is in the pot (not how much) then mixing liquids is an idempotent binary operation.
The face of a clock looks the same if 12 hours have passed.
So for the operation of "letting time pass on a clock" we see that letting 12 hours pass is an idempotent element (this is also true for all multiples of 12 like 24, 36, 48, ...).
Saint David's Day is the feast (celebration) day of Saint David.
He is the patron saint of Wales.
His feast day falls on the 1st of March each year.
The day is celebrated by the people of Wales and people of Welsh background throughout the world.
The first day of March was chosen in memory of the death of Saint David.
It is believed that he died on that day in 589.
The date was declared a national day of celebration within Wales in the 18th century.
Everyone in the National Assembly for Wales voted to make St. David's Day a public holiday in 2000.
A poll conducted for Saint David's Day in 2006 found that 87% of people in Wales wanted it to be a bank holiday, with 65% prepared to sacrifice a different bank holiday to ensure this.
A petition in 2007 to make St. David's Day a bank holiday was rejected by the office of the British Prime Minister, Tony Blair.
Parades are held in Wales on St. David's Day.
The largest parade is held in Cardiff.
It is formally attended by either the British Monarch or the Prince of Wales.
Parades are a mixture of folklore and military parade.
On 1 March 2010, the seventh National St. David's Day Parade took place in Cardiff city centre.
Celebrations included concerts, a parade and a food festival featuring all Welsh produce.
Joseph Michael "Dusty" Hill (May 19, 1949 – July 28, 2021) was an American musician and singer for in the rock band ZZ Top.
He had also made many voice guest appearance such as in King of the Hill and has been in movies such as Back to the Future III.
Hill was born on May 19, 1949 in Dallas, Texas.
He studied at Woodrow Wilson High School.
In 2002, Hill married Charleen McCrory.
Hill died in his sleep on July 28, 2021 in Houston, Texas at the age of 72.
Before his death, he suffered a hip injury.
William Frederick "Billy" Gibbons (born December 16, 1949) is an American musician, actor, and car customizer.
He is known for being in the rock band ZZ Top.
Gibbons was born on December 16, 1949 in Houston, Texas.
He has been married to Gilligan Stillwater since 2005.
ZZ Top's First Album (January 16, 1971)
Rio Grande Mud (April 4, 1972)
Tres Hombres (July 26, 1973)
Fandango! (
April 18, 1975)
Tejas (November 29, 1976)
Deguello (November 8, 1979)
El Loco (July 20, 1981)
Eliminator (March 23, 1983)
Afterburner (October 28, 1985)
Recycler (October 16, 1990)
Antenna (January 18, 1994)
Rhythmeen (September 17, 1996)
XXX (September 28, 1999)
Mescalero (September 9, 2003)
La Futura (September 11, 2012)
Official Billy Gibbons website
ZZ Top Official website
Cawl  is a Welsh dish.
It was traditionally eaten during the winter months in the south-west of Wales.
Today the word is often used to refer to a dish containing lamb and leeks, but historically it was made with either salted bacon or beef, potatoes, carrots and other vegetables.
Cawl is widely considered to be the national dish of Wales.
The meat in the dish was normally cut into medium-sized pieces and boiled with the vegetables in water.
The stock was thickened with either oatmeal or flour.
It was then served, without the meat or vegetables, as a first course.
The vegetables and slices of the meat would then be served as a second course.
Cawl served as a single course is today the most popular way to serve the dish.
Cawl is similar to lobsgows, cawl's north Wales equivalent.
Lobsgows differs in that the meat and vegetables are cut into smaller pieces.
The stock is not thickened.
"Cawl cennin", or leek cawl, can be made without meat but using meat stock.
These are served separately on a plate.
The dish was traditionally cooked in an iron pot or cauldron over the fire.
It was eaten with wooden spoons.
The word cawl in Welsh is first recorded in the 14th century, and is thought to come from the Latin , meaning the stalk of a plant, a cabbage stalk or a cabbage.
In Welsh,   ("make a cawl of [something]") means to mess something up.
BBC Mid Wales article and recipe for Cawl Cennin
Recipe for Cawl Cymreig
Gerald Hatten "Jerry" Buss (January 27, 1933 – February 18, 2013) was an American businessman, poker player, real estate investor, and chemist.
Buss was the owner of the basketball team the Los Angeles Lakers from 1979 until his death in 2013.
Buss was born on January 27, 1933 in Salt Lake City, Utah.
He studied at the University of Wyoming and at the University of Southern California.
Buss was married to JoAnn Mueller until they divorced.
Then he was married to Karen Buss until his death in 2013.
Buss died on February 18, 2013 from cancer and kidney failure in Los Angeles, California, aged 80.
Jerry Buss Hendon Mob tournament results
Jerry Buss on The Internet Movie Database
Casper Journal profile
William Edward "Will" Fichtner, Jr. (born November 27, 1956) is an American actor.
He was known for his roles in Prison Break, Armageddon, Heat, The Perfect Storm, and in The Dark Knight.
Fichtner was born on November 27, 1956 in Mitchel Air Force Base, New York.
He was raised in Cheektowaga, New York.
Fichtner studied at Maryvale High School, at the Farmingdale State College and at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts.
He was married to Betsy Aidem until they divorced in 1998.
He has been married to Kymberly Kalil since 1998.
William Fichtner at the official Contact movie website
Random Roles at the Onion A.V. Club
Fichtner Firsthand  Yahoo Group
Sometimes, temperature increases with altitude.
In a mountainous region, cold and dense air slides down the mountain slopes into the valley by the earth's gravity as Katabatic wind.
It causes the temperature in the valley to be lowered.
This is called inversion of temperature or inversion temperature.
The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India.
The total number of members are 250.
Twelve of the members are nominated by the President of India for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services.
The rest of the house is elected by the state and territorial legislatures.
Members sit for six-year terms, with one third of the members retiring every two years.
The elections of the members of the Rajya Sabha (Except those
Greta Scacchi (born 18 February 1960) is an Italian-Australian actress.
She acts mostly in movies, although sometimes in television programs.
She starred in lots of movies, which include White Mischief and Presumed Innocent.
She has acted in many other movies as well.
Scacchi was born Greta Scacchi in Milan to an English mother and Italian father.
Since 1995, she is an Australian citizen, and is still an Italian citizen.
Draco is a genus of agamid lizards that are sometimes called the flying dragons.
The ribs and their connecting membrane can be extended to create a kind of wing.
The hindlimbs are flattened and wing-like in cross-section, and a small set of flaps on the neck serve as a horizontal stabilizers.
They live in forests, and eat insects.
They cannot fly, but often get lift as they glide.
Glides as long as 60 m have been recorded, over which the animal loses only 10 m in height.
They are quite small.
One species is only about 20 cm long.
The only time a flying lizard comes to the ground is when a female is ready to lay her eggs.
She descends the tree she is on and makes a nest hole by forcing her head into the soil.
She then lays 2–5 eggs before filling the hole.
She guards the eggs for approximately 24 hours, but then leaves and has nothing more to do with her offspring.
Iris Shun-Ru Chang (March 28, 1968 – November 9, 2004) was an American writer and journalist.
She wrote several best-selling books.
Her books included Thread of the Silkworm, The Rape of Nanking and The Chinese of America.
She was born in Princeton, New Jersey.
She was raised in Illinois.
Chang spent her last years living in San Jose, California.
On November 9, 2004, Chang committed suicide.
Journalists from Illinois
Bullying UK, also known as Bullying Online, is a national charity in the United Kingdom.
The purpose of the organization is to give advice about a range of problems including cyberbullying.
Bullying Online was established in 1999.
It was renamed Bullying UK in 2007.
It merged with a larger organization in 2011.
Bullying UK website
Bullying UK, part of Family Lives (1077722) at CharityCommission.gov.uk
Margaret Sullavan (May 16 1909-January 1 1960) was an American actress.
She who acted mostly on the stage, but she was also in sixteen movies.
She began her career in 1929.
Four years later, she began her movie career with Only Yesterday.
Mostly however, the actress preferred stage work.
Margaret was born in Norfolk, Virginia.
She died in near New Haven, Connecticut from an accidental barbiturate overdose on January 1, 1960.
BeatBullying (BB) is a national charity in the United Kingdom.
The purpose of BB is to help people to understand, recognise, and say no to bullying.
This is done by giving them the tools to change their lives and the lives of other people.
BeatBullying website
BeatBullying (1097631) at CharityCommission.gov.uk
Hexaplex erythrostomus are found from the West Coast of the United States to Peru.
Merle D., Garrigues B. & Pointier J.-P. (2011) Fossil and Recent Muricidae of the world.
Part Muricinae.
Hackenheim: Conchbooks.
648 pp.
Other web
Biodiversity Heritage Library: Bibliography for "Hexaplex erythrostomus"
ZipcodeZoo.com: Hexaplex erythrostomus
List of programmes currently aired
A League of Their Own ♦
A Town Called Eureka ♦
Bondi Vet
Caprica ♦
Crash Test Dummies
Don't Stop Me Now ♦
Football's Next Star
Fringe ♥ ♦
Futurama ♥ ♠
Glee ♥ ♦ (Series 3 onwards)
Glenn Martin, DDS ♦
House of Anubis (Reruns of Season 1; Season 2 on Nickelodeon from April 16, 2012.)
Hawaii Five-0 ♠
House (Series 5 onwards) ♦
Law & Order ♥
Lie to Me ♦
Lost (Series 3-6) ♦
Modern Family ♦ ♥
Mount Pleasant ♥ ♦
NCIS: Los Angeles ♦
Nip/Tuck (series 1-3) ♦
Oops TV
Pineapple Dance Studios
Raising Hope ♥
Road Wars
Ross Kemp in Afghanistan ♦
Ross Kemp on Gangs ♦
Stargate Atlantis ♦
Stargate SG-1 ♠
Stargate Universe ♦
The Dresden Files
The Glee Project
The Middle ♥
The Simpsons ♦ ♠
Thorne ♦
Trollied
UK Border Force ♦
Wall of Fame ♦
WWE Experience ♦
WWE Superstars ♦
♠ - re-runs
♥ - future series has been commissioned
List of programmes formerly aired
2000 Malibu Road
24 (now on Sky Atlantic)
3rd Rock from the Sun (now on Syfy)
A Country Practice
All*Star Cup (transferred to ITV in 2006)
America's Dumbest Criminals (now on CBS Reality)
Andromeda (now on Syfy)
Angela and Friends
Angel (now on Syfy)
Are You Smarter Than a 10 Year Old? (
now on Challenge)
At Home With the Hattons
Badger or Bust
Batman (now on ITV4)
Big Ron Manager
Blam!!!
Blockbusters (1994 and 2000-01 versions)
Boiled Egg and Soldiers
Bones (now on Sky Living)
Boston Legal (now on Sky Living and CBS Drama)
Brainiac's Test Tube Baby
Brainiac: History Abuse
Brainiac: Science Abuse (now on Pick TV)
British Tribes
Buffy the Vampire Slayer (now on Fox and Syfy)
Car 54, Where Are You
Chris Evans Breakfast Show
Cirque de Celebrité
Cold Case (now on Universal Channel)
Cops (now on Fox and CBS Reality)
Coppers
Cosby
Criminal Minds (now on Sky Living)
Cruise with Stelios
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (now on Sky Living)
CSI: Miami (now on Sky Living)
Dawson's Creek (now on Sony TV)
Dead Like Me (now on Syfy)
Deadly Ernest Horror Show
Delfy and His Friends
Dexter (now on Fox)
Dirty Money (now on Challenge)
Dr. Phil (now on CBS Reality)
Dragon Booster
Dynamo Duck
Dynasty (now on CBS Drama)
E Street (now on Sky Living)
Ed vs. Spencer
Eight is Enough
Entertainment Tonight UK
ER (now on Sky Atlantic)
Falcon Crest (now on CBS Drama)
Family Guy (now on Fox and BBC Three)
Fear Factor (both American and British versions)
Football Icon
Football Years
Forever Knight
Friends (now on Comedy Central)
Games World
Gamezville
Gladiators (2008 UK TV series) (now on Challenge)
Grease: the School Musical
Green Acres (now on Sky Living)
Grey's Anatomy (now on Sky Living and Really)
Hairspray: The School Musical
Hart To Hart
Hey Dad..!
Highlander: The Animated Series
Hill Street Blues (now on More4)
Is Harry on the Boat?
King of the Hill (now on Fox and 4Music)
Kirsty's Home Videos
Knights and Warriors
Kong: The Animated Series (now on Pop)
Kung Fu (now on CBS Action)
Kung Fu: The Legend Continues (now on CBS Action)
Laverne & Shirley (now on Sky Living)
Little House on the Prairie (now on Sky Living)
Liza & Huey's Pet Nation
Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman (now on Sky Living)
Malo Korrigan
Mama's Family (now on Sky Living)
Malcolm in the Middle (now on 5*)
Married... With Children
M*A*S*H (now on Comedy Central Extra)
Mega Babies
Mighty Morphin' Power Rangers (now on Nickelodeon)
Models Inc.
Mr. Personality
Must Be the Music
My Three Sons
Orson and Olivia
Parker Lewis Can't Lose
Police Stop!
Porno Valley
Prison Break (now on Sky Atlantic)
Project Catwalk
Quantum Leap (now on Syfy and ITV4)
Reds in Europe
Rescue Me (now on Quest)
Roughnecks: Starship Troopers Chronicles
Ryan's Hope
Sally Jessy Raphaël (now on ITV2)
Scrubs (now on Comedy Central)
Shadow Raiders
Skellig
Sky By Day
Sky One Undun
Sky Star Search
Sky Trax
Skyways
Something Is Out There
South Park (now on Comedy Central)
Space Island One
Space Precinct
St Elsewhere
Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (now on Sky Atlantic)
Star Trek: Enterprise (now on Sky Atlantic and Pick TV)
Star Trek: The Next Generation (now on Sky Atlantic)
Star Trek: The Original Series (now on Syfy and Sky Atlantic)
Star Trek: Voyager (now on Sky Atlantic)
Stargate: Infinity
Stingray (and the other TV series)
Summer Uncovered
Superboy
Superhuman Samurai Syber Squad
Tattooed Teenage Alien Fighters from Beverly Hills
Teech
Terry Pratchett's The Colour of Magic
The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet
The Betty White Show
The DJ Kat Show
The Jerry Springer Show (now on Sky Livingit)
The Megan Mullally Show
The Munsters
The Oprah Winfrey Show (now on Diva TV)
The PJs
The Pop Years
The Price is Right (now on Challenge)
The Rachael Ray Show
The Secret Video Show
The Sharon Osbourne Show
The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour
The Steve Wilkos Show (now on Sky Livingit)
The Strangerers
The Sun Military Awards
The Tenth Kingdom
The X-Files (now on Sky Atlantic)
There's Something About Miriam
Through the Keyhole (previously shown on ITV, later moved to BBC)
Time Gentlemen Please (now on Comedy Central Extra)
V: The Final Battle
VR.5
Vroom Vroom
Walker, Texas Ranger (now on CBS Action)
Weeds (now on Sky Atlantic)
What about Mimi? (
now on Pop Girl)
What's Happening!!
What's Happening Now!!
WWE After Burn (now on Sky Sports 3)
WWE Bottom Line (now on Sky Sports 3)
WWE SmackDown! (
now on Sky Sports 3)
WWF Jakked/Metal
WWF LiveWire
WWF Mania
WWF Shotgun Saturday Night
WWF Superstars of Wrestling
WWF Wrestling Challenge
now on Nicktoons)
5D's (only aired the first 14 episodes, now on CITV)
Christian television shows
Lists of television series by network
Joaquín Cordero Aurrecoechea (August 16, 1922 – February 19, 2013) was a Mexican actor.
He was mostly known for being in many Mexican telenovelas.
He was in about 100 television shows and over 50 movies.
Cordero was born on August 16, 1922 in Puebla, Mexico.
He was married to Alma Guzman until her death in 2012.
Cordero was in ill health shortly after his wife died.
In January 2013, Cordero went to the hospital because he had pneumonia.
On February 19, 2013, Cordero died in his sleep in his home in Mexico City, Mexico from heart failure, aged 90.
Patricia Rooney Mara (born April 17, 1985) is an American actress.
She has acted in movies, including A Nightmare on Elm Street (the remake of the 1984 horror movie) and The Social Network.
Mara played Lisbeth Salander, the title character for the 2011 remake movie The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo.
She was nominated for an Academy Award for her performance.
In 2013, she starred in the movie Side Effects.
Mara is also known for her charity work.
She oversees the charity Uweza Foundation, which supports programs for children and families in the Kibera slum in Nairobi, Kenya.
Her sister is Kate Mara.
Florence Annie Bridgwood (also known as Florence Lawrence; January 2 1886-December 28 1938) was a Canadian actress.
She acted in silent movies and on stage.
She acted in almost three hundred movies.
She was very involved in stage and Broadway plays.
She was born in 1886 near Hamilton, Ontario.
Her death happened in Hollywood, California almost three days after Christmas 1938.
She poisoned herself using ant paste.
Her age was fifty-two when she died.
The exosphere is a thin, atmosphere-like volume surrounding a planet or natural satellite.
Its molecules are gravitationally bound to that body.
The density is so low that the molecules are essentially collisionless.
In the case of bodies with substantial atmospheres, such as Earth's atmosphere, the exosphere is the uppermost layer,
The lightest atmospheric gases such as hydrogen and helium exist throughout the exosphere.
Heavier ones like carbon dioxide and atomic oxygen are near the base.
There are two borders to the exosphere; the lower boundary and the upper boundary.
The lower boundary is about 500-800 km (300-500 miles) above the surface and is called the exobase.
It is also called the thermopause because it is in between the exosphere and the thermosphere.
The molecules are moving very fast, so the temperature in this zone is thought to be thousands of degrees celsius.
Elspeth Jean Gray, Baroness Rix (Elspet Jean MacGregor, April 12, 1929 – February 18, 2013) was a Scottish actress and activist.
She played Mrs. Palmer in Solo and as Lady Collingford in Catweazel.
Gray was born on April 12, 1929 in Inverness, Inverness-shire, Scotland.
She was married to Brian Rix from 1949 until her death in 2013.
Gray died on February 18, 2013 from unknown causes, aged 83.
William Watts "Buck" Biggers (June 2, 1927 – February 10, 2013) was an American novelist, composer, and co-creator of the Underdog.
His first book was The Man Inside.
Biggers was born on June 2, 1927 in Atlanta, Georgia.
He studied at the North Georgia Military College.
Watts was married to Gracie Biggers from 1950 until her death in 1990.
Biggers died on February 10, 2013 in his home in Plymouth, Massachusetts from a heart attack, aged 85.
Biggers on the 2007 Underdog movie
Boston Globe: Positive People Day
Harris Literary Agency Biggers profile
Phyllis Hyman (July 6, 1949 – June 30, 1995) was an American actress and singer.
She performed pop and R&B music.
She starred in the movie School Daze (1988).
Her music was mainly melancholy from 1984 and afterwards.
She killed herself with drugs and pentobarbital in her apartment in New York City on June 30, 1995.
Three years after her death, a record, Forever with You, was released with other songs she had recorded before her death.
Stephen Collins Foster (July 4, 1826 - January 13, 1864) was an American composer.
He was the first American composer to be paid for his music.
He was born in Lawrenceville, Pennsylvania which is now part of Pittsburgh.
His parents were wealthy.
His most well-known and successful song is  "Oh!
Susanna" which was first performed in the Eagle Ice Cream Saloon in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1847.
Foster married Jane Denny MacDowell in July 1850, They had one daughter named Marion.
The marriage was troubled and the couple separated.
Foster moved to New York City to do professional songwriting.
He died in New York City on January 13, 1864 at the age of 37.
Foster wrote mainly in three musical genres: plantation songs ("Oh!
Susanna", "Camptown Races"), parlor songs ("Jeannie with the Light Brown Hair", "Beautiful Dreamer") and Civil War songs ("We Are Coming, Father Abraham").
Stephen Collins Foster was born on July 4, 1826 to William Barclay Foster (September 7, 1779 - July 27, 1855) and Elisa Clayland [Tomlinson] Foster (January 1788 - January 1855).
Stephen Collins was born in his father's home, "The White Cottage", at Lawrenceville, Pennsylvania near Pittsburgh.
He was baptized on April 22, 1827 in Trinity Episcopal Church, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
He was the youngest of the Foster children, and was named for Stephen Collins, a child friend of the family who died at age 12, and for William Collins, a family friend and well known attorney.
The Fosters were married on November 14, 1807 in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.
William Barclay Foster was a leader on the western frontier of Pennsylvania.
He had settled near Pittsburgh.
The Fosters had several children: Charlotte Susanna (1809), Ann Eliza (1812), Henry Baldwin (1816), Henrietta Angelica (1818), Dunning McNair (1821), Morrison (1823), and Stephen Collins (1826).
A son was born in 1829, but died in 1830.
William Barclay Foster had sired an illegitimate son before his marriage.
This boy was raised in the Foster family.
The Fosters lived in an elegant cottage high on a hillside above the Allegheny River in Lawrenceville, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh planned and developed by William Barclay Foster.
Stephen's great-grandfather, Alexander Foster, migrated from Londonderry, Northern Ireland to the American colonies in 1725.
He settled in Little Britain Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.
His son, James Foster, married Ann Barclay and moved to Virginia.
Their son, James, Jr. served in the American Revolution, and sired Stephen's father William Barclay Foster in 1779.
After the Revolution, many of the Scots-Irish families of Virginia (including the Fosters) migrated to western Pennsylvania.
William Barclay Foster settled near Pittsburgh.
He was a merchant who sometimes traveled as far away as Louisiana.
He returned to Pittsburgh via New York City or Philadelphia after buying supplies for his Pittsburgh store.
He met his wife, Eliza Clayland Tomlinson, in Philadelphia.
She was a Scots-Irish aristocrat of Wilmington, Delaware.
The couple were married in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, and traveled 300 miles overland to Pittsburgh.
The couple were among the social elite of the frontier and associated with the best families.
Boyhood and youth
William Barclay Foster had serious financial troubles.
In 1827, The White Cottage and other Foster properties were seized by the government when Foster failed to pay the mortgages.
Stephen thereafter was moved about, sometimes living with relatives.
His mother remembered him later in her life as a boy marching about with a feather in his cap and pounding on a drum while whistling "Auld Lang Syne".
She noted that there was something "original" about the boy.
Stephen's eldest sister died in October 1829.
The morbid sorrow that afflicted the Foster family at this time probably marked Stephen's view of dead young women for the rest of his life.
Beautiful dead young women appear in some of his best songs including "Little Annie", "Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair" and "Beautiful Dreamer".
Stephen was five when he attended an "infant school".
In 1833 he went to the Alleghany Academy, a school for the social elite founded by the Presbyterian clergyman Rev. Joseph Stockton.
In 1834, Stephen went to a black church with Olivia Pise, a mulatto servant.
In 1836, the family left The White Cottage for ever and moved to Allegheny City when Stephen's father was appointed Collector of the Pennsylvania Canal.
Family legends say Stephen played harmonies on a guitar at age two, and played a flageolet with perfection in a music store at age seven.
At age nine, he sang and performed with other boys in their own neighborhood theatrical productions.
African melodies were popular and Stephen sung these tunes with gusto.
Minstrel songs
The creation of the American minstrel show is credited to Thomas Dartmouth "Daddy" Rice, an actor whose performance of the song "Jump Jim Crow" in the dress of an aged African American created an overnight sensation in Pittsburgh.
The tune was written down and given a piano accompaniment by W. C. Peters, a music shop owner in Pittsburgh.
For many years, minstrels performed with circuses and traveling zoos.
In the 1830s, they organized themselves into quartets, bands, and other ensembles and performed in theatres and other halls.
One Nelson Kneass performed as a minstrel, but disbanded his group in Pittsburgh about 1845.
He opened a hall with a stage at one end, and served refreshments for the price of a ticket.
Prizes were offered for the best riddles, etc.
and a silver cup for the best African song.
Foster was living in Cinncinati in 1846 and 1847, but his brother Morrison wrote him asking for a song.
Stephen sent him "Way Down South, Where the Cane Grows".
The song did not win the contest but set Foster on the road to minstrel songwriting.
Foster wrote 28 songs for the minstrel stage.
They differ substantially in subject matter and musical style from his household  songs.
They are written in a negro dialect and their accompaniments suggest banjo-picking.
Their musical style is sourced to African American music and the traditional and folk music of British Americans.
Many of these songs were written for minstrel groups of the period such as the Sable Harmonists and the Christy Minstrels.
A typical minstrel song by Foster is set for solo voice with a four or five part chorus in the refrain and a short instrumental section intended for a dance on the stage.
The best of these songs are "Oh!
Susanna" (1848), "Nelly Bly" (1849), "Camptown Races" (1850), "Massa's in de Cold Ground" (1852), "Old Folks at Home" (1860), and "Old Black Joe" (1860).
Foster married Jane Denny McDowell (1829 - 1903) on July 22, 1850 in Trinity Episcopal Church, Pittsburgh.
She was the daughter of Andrew N. McDowell, a Pittsburgh physician, and Jane Denny Porter.
The attraction between Foster and McDowell remains a mystery: Jane was on the edge of the Foster circle of friends, and had no special musical talents or interests.
She may have broken an engagement to another man to marry Foster.
The couple's only child Marion, a daughter, was born on April 18, 1850.
The marriage was troubled for unknown reasons, and the couple lived apart.
They had separated for the first time by the spring of 1853.
Jane took Marion to Lewistown, Pennsylvania, where her mother and sister lived.
Stephen went to New York City to pursue songwriting.
The couple reunited within a year, but separated again and again.
Jane and Marion returned to Pennsylvania by July 1861 after a stay in New York with Stephen.
He was having money troubles, and his alcoholism was worsening.
Jane moved to Greensburg, Pennsylvania, where she worked as a telegraph operator for the Pennsylvania Railroad.
Her daughter was probably left with relatives elsewhere.
Jane visited Stephen in New York City in September 1861, and several times thereafter.
At an unknown date after Stephen's death in 1864, Jane married Matthew D. Wiley, a baggage handler and express agent.
She worked as a telegraph operator at the Pennsylvania Railroad's Allegheny depot.
She supported several relatives including her daughter, her mother, and her grandchildren.
She died in 1903 of burns suffered when a spark set her clothing on fire while she dozed near a fireplace.
By that date, she and her daughter had received more than $4,100 in royalties from Stephen's songs.
She is buried in the Allegheny Cemetery.
Marion Foster (1850 - 1935) married William Welsh and had three children.
After living in St. Louis and Chicago, she moved in 1914 to a mansion (as caretaker) on the site of her grandparents' home in Lawrenceville.
She was poor, gave piano lessons into her seventies, and battled the government unsuccessfully for repossession of a piece of land once belonging to her grandfather.
In July 1863, the people of the United States saw the worst riots in the nation's history.
In New York City, rioters protested America's first draft.
They believed this draft was unfair.
It weighed heavily against the poor and allowed the rich to buy their way out.
Rioters destroyed several buildings, including the Colored Orphan Asylum, and lynched blacks from lamp posts.
Between 105 and 128 people died during the four days of rioting.
His best days as a songwriter were over.
His audience had divided itself along political, economic, and racial lines.
On Saturday 9 January 1864, Foster felt sick and went to bed early.
He was staying in a poor but decent hotel on the Bowery.
On Sunday morning, he spoke to a maid at his door, then turned and fell, breaking a piece of crockery that gashed his neck.
His comrade George Cooper (who lived only four blocks away) was sent for.
He found Foster naked in a pool of blood.
The songwriter whispered, "I'm done for" and asked for a drink.
A doctor arrived and the gash was sewn up.
Foster was dressed, and taken to a ward for the poor at Bellevue Hospital.
He was entered in the register as a "laborer".
He was uncomfortable and did not like the food.
On 13 January, he was eating soup when he seamingly fainted and passed away.
In his pocket was found a few coins and a scrap of paper reading, "Dear friends and gentle hearts".
It was probably a combination of alcoholism, poor diet, and loss of blood, a heart attack, or a stroke.
Jane Foster and Stephen's brothers Henry and Morrison claimed the body and took it Pennsylvania for burial.
The funeral service was held in Trinity Episcopal Church, Pittsburgh, on 21 January.
Foster's coffin was met at the Allegheny Cemetery by a brass band playing his tunes.
He was buried near his father and mother.
His death was not recorded in most newspapers.
The New York Post however compared his melodies to those of Donizetti.
The Round Table wrote that Foster was "an amateur writer" barely familiar with the rules of musical composition.
The Table did praise his pathos and humor though.
Many songs were promoted after Foster's death as his very last songs. "
The Voices That are Gone" (published in 1865) and "Kiss Me Mother Ere I Die" (1869) are probably, indeed, his last works.
In August 1864, a Prussian-born engineer bought The White Cottage and tore it down.
Kim Myung-sun(; Hanja: , 20 January 1896 - 22 June 1951) was a Korean writer and poet.
She was a journalist, novelist, a femenist activist, and a movie actor.
Her nickname was Tansil(), Mangyangcho () and real name was Tansil.
Kim Myong-sun
잊혀진 작고문인을 다시 보다 중앙일보 2009.01.14
성의 갈등과 상실을 민족사랑으로 승화시킨 여류문인
The 'Modern' Japanese (and Korean) Taisho Woman
Abellana was born in Manila, Philippines.
She is the daughter of the former 80s heartthrob Rey 'PJ' Abellana and Rea Reyes.
Her grandmother is Delia Razon.
Filipino television actors
Elizabeth Hartman (December 2, 1943 - June 10, 1987) was an American actress who mostly did movies.
She starred in the movie A Patch of Blue with Shelley Winters and Sidney Poitier and received a Golden Globe Award for that role.
Hartman was born in Youngstown, Ohio.
Hartman had depression.
On June 10, 1987, she jumped from the 5th floor of her apartment building in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
The jump ended her life at age 43.
The South Bank is an area of London on the south bank of the River Thames.
The South Bank is the home of the Royal Festival Hall, the Queen Elizabeth Hall, the Hayward Gallery, the BFI cinemas including the BFI IMAX and the National Theatre.
The nearest tube and train station is Waterloo Station.
Royal Festival Hall
South Bank Centre
When two people go out together because they are or want to be in a romantic relationship, this is often called dating.
When someone goes on a date, they try to do things that both people will like doing: go to see a movie, eat in a restaurant, drink in a pub, bar or café.
Dating can be done with both new people and people one already is in a relationship with.
A first date lets people decide whether they are interested in that person, while dates after that are done to try and build the relationship.
There are commercial services to help people find people that they might want to go on a date with: dating services or introduction services.
On the Internet, there are dating sites that allow people to find people who they might want to date.
There are some online communities that oppose dating, such as MGTOW.
When someone gives up on dating, it is sometimes called the black pill.
In biology, detritus is non-living particules of organic origin.
Typically, it includes the bodies or fragments of dead organisms as well as faecal material.
Detritus is typically colonized by communities of fungi and microorganisms which act to decompose (break down) the material.
In terrestrial ecosystems, leaf litter and other organic matter gets mixed with soil.
The result is called humus.
Detritus of aquatic ecosystems is organic material suspended in water, which is sometimes referred to as marine snow.
Marine snow is the basis of much life on the ocean floor.
It is the food of animals which operate as 'filter-feeders'.
Grindr is a piece of social networking software for smartphones.
It is built for gay and bisexual men to chat with other men in their area.
It is used to find people for sex or to go on a date.
Irene Maud Lentz (December 8, 1901 – November 15, 1962)  was an American costume designer.
She made costumes for many movie stars.
She designed costumes for actresses like Hedy Lamarr, Ingrid Bergman and Marlene Dietrich in the 1930s and the 1940s.
People from Montana
, also known as Dragon Warrior outside of Japan before 2005, is a role-playing video game series.
Dragon Quest is divided into two series: Dragon Quest and Dragon Quest Monsters.
In the first, the main characters are human.
In the second, the main characters are monsters.
The series was created by Yuji Horii, and published by Square Enix (formely Enix).
Its first title was released in 1986 in Japan on the Famicom (known as Nintendo Entertainment System in America), and as of February 2013, ten main games were released.
Dragon Quest 10 is an online game.
Besides these, there are many spin-off games and related products (manga, anime, Drama CDs and et cetera).
The series is the most popular in Japan, though it is not as popular as the Final Fantasy series in America and Europe.
The series has sold 5,900 million copies globally.
The Indian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus) is one of three subspecies of the Asian elephant.
It comes from mainland Asia.
Since 1986,  E. maximus indicus has been listed as endangered by IUCN.
The population has declined by at least 50% over the last 60–75 years.
The subspecies is also threatened by habitat loss, degradation and herds being split apart into smaller groups.
It is recognized as the National animal of India.
A garrotte is a weapon, usually a handheld length of chain, rope, scarf, wire or fishing line used to strangle a person.
Garotte is normal British English spelling, with single 'r' as an alternate.
Garrote with a single 't' is US English spelling.
A Spanish version is garrote vil.
Assassination weapon
The garrote has been used for centuries for silent assassination.
It was widely used in 17th and 18th century India by the Thuggee cult.
A garrote can be made out of many materials, including slik scarves, ropes, cable ties, fishing lines, nylon, and even guitar strings, telephone cord and piano wire.
The Indian version of the garrote often had a knot at the center to crush the larynx while applying pressure to the victim's back, usually by means of a foot or knee.
A stick may be used to tighten the garrotte (the Spanish word actually refers to the stick itself).
In Spanish, the term may also refer to a rope and stick used to constrict a limb as a torture device.
Since World War II the garrotte has been regularly used as a weapon by soldiers as a silent means of eliminating (taking out) sentries and other enemy personnel.
Instruction in the use of garrottes is in the training of many elite military units and special forces.
A typical military garrote consists of two wooden handles attached to a length of flexible wire; the wire is looped over a sentry's head and pulled taut in one motion.
Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion used a particular type of double-loop garrotte (referred to as la loupe), where a double coil of rope or cord is dropped around a victim's neck and then pulled taut.
Even if the victim pulls on one of the coils, he only succeeds in tightening the other.
Execution device
The garrote was the main device used for capital punishment in Spain for hundreds of years.
Originally, it was an execution where the convict was killed by hitting him with a club (garrote in Spanish).
This later developed into a strangulation device, where the condemned was tied to a wooden stake, with a loop of rope placed around his neck.
A wooden stick was placed in the loop, and by rotating the stick, the rope was tightened until the condemned person was strangled to death.
As time went on, the execution method was modified in the form of a wooden chair to which the condemned was bound, while the executioner tightened a metal band around his/her neck with a crank or a wheel until asphyxiation of the condemned person was accomplished.
Other versions of this device incorporated a fixed metal blade or spike directed at the spinal cord to cause the breaking of the neck.
Such a device can be seen in the James Bond film The World Is Not Enough, the Coppola classic The Godfather, and the Banderas/Jolie film, Original Sin.
The spiked version, called the Catalan garrotte, was used as late as 1940.
American authorities kept the garrotte for a time in the Philippines after that Spanish colony was captured in 1898.
Its use was abolished in 1902 (Act No.
451, passed 2 September 1902).
American military authorities in Puerto Rico used the garrotte to execute at least five convicted murderers in 1900.
In a report to Congress, the American military governor said "that execution by the garrotte is far less inhumane and revolting than execution by hanging".
However, the method was replaced by hanging.
Since 1929, capital punishment has not existed under Puerto Rican law.
In the Ottoman Empire, execution by strangulation was reserved for very high officials and members of the ruling family.
The garrotte () is known to have been used in the first century BC in Rome.
It is referred to in accounts of the Second Catiline Conspiracy, where conspirators were strangled with a laqueus.
The implement is shown in some early reliefs, e.g., Répertoire de Reliefs grecs et romains, tome I, p. 341 (1919).
It was also used in the Middle Ages in Spain and Portugal.
It was employed during the conquista of the Americas, notably in the execution of the Inca emperor Atahualpa.
During the Peninsular War of 1808–1814, French forces regularly used the garrotte to execute Spanish guerrilleros, priests, and other opponents to Napoleonic rule.
Around 1810 the earliest known metallic garrotte appeared in Spain, and on 28 April 1828, the garrotte was declared the sole method of executing civilians in that country.
In May 1897, the last public garrotting in Spain was performed in Barcelona.
In 1935 in Spain the legislature adopted a law prohibiting any member of the armed forces from being a Freemason.
As a result of this edict, 80 Freemasons were garrotted to death in Málaga.
This was one of the many issues that led to unrest that became the Spanish Civil War.
The last civilian executions in Spain by garrotting were in March 1974.
Two men both convicted of killing police officers: they were the last state-sanctioned garrotings in Spain.
In Spain, the garrote was abolished in 1978 along with the death penalty after adoption of a new constitution.
Samaná English is a variety of the English language.
It is spoken by about 8,000 people in the Samaná Peninsula, Dominican Republic.
The speakers of Samaná English are the descendants of African American slaves freed from the United States.
They migrated to the Samaná region beginning in 1824.
Today, they are the largest group of English-speakers in the Dominican Republic.
The language is often described by linguists as either a Creole language or a dialect of English.
It is closely related to other Creole languages of the Caribbean, especially Turks and Caicos and Bahamian Creole.
Ethnologue report for English; Samaná English is described under the heading "Dominican Republic"
Disability bullying is a pattern of behavior.
It is about an imbalance of social, physical or other power involving a person or group who has a disability.
Disability bullying can become a type of hate crime or hate speech.
It is a kind of abuse.
Stranglation is death by compressing the neck until the supply of oxygen is cut off.
The process is called strangling.
The brain needs a constant supply of oxygen.
Strangling leads first to unconsciousness, then to death.
Fatal strangling may occurs in accidents, and other causes of violence.
Strangling does not have to be fatal; limited or interrupted strangling is practised in erotic asphyxiation, in the so-called "choking game".
Strangling is a technique in many combat sports and self-defence systems.
It is a method of winning a judo bout.
Usually the opponent submits; if not, he is "strangled out", that is, the hold is continued until he passes out and is then immediately released.
Shime-waza, the judo term for this technique, has scored 97 times in World Judo events.
No fatalities have resulted from it.
There have been some deaths of suspects in police custody, where officers have used a "choke hold".
Investigation suggested that this was because the officers' training had not been so adequate as the training of top-class judo players.
Hanging—Suspension from a cord wound around the neck
Ligature strangulation—Strangulation without suspension using some form of cord-like object called a garrotte
Manual strangulation—Strangulation using the fingers or other extremity
School bullying is a pattern of behavior during the ages when children and young people are in school.
It is about an imbalance of social, physical or other power involving a person or group.
”Bullying Widespread in U.S. Schools, Study Finds” at nichd.nih.gov
Sir Noël Peirce Coward (16 December 1899 – 26 March 1973) was a British playwright, composer, producer, actor and singer.
He was born in Teddington, Middlesex.
He was a closeted homosexual.
He died of heart failure in Jamaica.
Rosalina is a character from the Mario video game series.
She is the third major female character after Princess Peach and Princess Daisy.
In the Mario games, she watches over the Comet Observatory.
The Comet Observatory is an area in space that orbits the Mushroom Kingdom every 100 years.
Rosalina first appears in Super Mario Galaxy.
There, she acts as an ally to Mario.
After Bowser attacks the Comet Observatory, she gives Mario the task of getting back the observatory's Power and Grand Stars.
She also gives Mario a creature named Luma to help him in his adventure.
In the sequel, Super Mario Galaxy 2, a figure like her named the "Cosmic Guide" appears in the game when Mario dies multiple times in a level.
Rosalina herself appears during the credits.
Rosalina makes her first playable appearance in Mario Kart Wii.<ref>Official Game Bio: "Making her debut on the track, Rosalina shows her experience of space travel translates well to rocketing round the race course.
With a friendly Luma by her side, Rosalina is right at home on the track!".
Nintendo.</ref> She is an unlockable character.
Rosalina later appears in Mario Kart 7.
There, she is again an unlockable character.
She also has her own track called Rosalina's Ice World.
Rosalina appears in Super Mario 3D World, where is she an unlockable character.
She can use the spin attack move that Mario can use in Super Mario Galaxy.
Rosalina will appear as a playable character in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U''.
She will fight with a Luma.
Rosalina on Super Mario Wiki
We Are Young is a song by the American band Fun from their album Some Nights.
It was released as the first single from the album on 20 September 2011.
The song was covered on Glee on the episode "Hold On to Sixteen", aired in December 2011.
It won the Grammy Award for Song of the Year at the 2013 Grammy Awards.
Vicky Cristina Barcelona is a 2008 Spanish-American romantic comedy-drama movie.
It was written and directed by Woody Allen.
It is set in the Spanish cities Barcelona and Oviedo.
It is about two American women in their twenties who meet an artist, Juan, whilst spending a summer in Spain.