the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Transmissions were adopted.
Along with throttle controls, these allowed the vehicles to travel at a number of speeds depending on conditions.
Coachwork era
From about 1920 to 1930, car manufacturers began creating a closed body on the vehicle.
This protected the driver and passengers from the weather.
Vehicles began using curved glass and the new enclosed bodies gave a sense of privacy.
Heaters were added for comfort.
Many of the features of modern cars came from this period.
These include four-wheel drive, front-wheel drive, and hybrid electric vehicles.
Safety glass protected those inside the car from sharp glass in cases of an accident.
By the end of the 1920s cars were becoming faster and were showing a level of style and beauty.
Classic era
The classic era began about 1930 during the Great Depression and ended just before World War II.
The Great Depression was a time when many in the United States were just trying to survive.
But it is also the era of some of the most significant improvements to the automobile.
Cars took on a great deal of style and sophistication.
They became works of art in many cases.
Many new features were introduced during this era including the automatic transmission, the V-8, the V-12 and the V-16 engines.
The gearshift lever moved to the steering column, hydraulic brakes were introduced for faster stopping and cars got trunks to carry luggage and cargo.
The car industry changed during the 1930s.
It saw the rise of the Big Three automakers.
These were General Motors, Ford Motor Company and Chrysler.
They were able to successfully design and sell cars during the Great Depression when fewer people could afford a new car.
Integration period
In 1949, the automobile industry finally got back on its feet after World War II.
This same year General Motors, Cadillac and Oldsmobile introduced the integrated one-piece automobile body.
The process joined all the different parts of the body into one body shell.
Cars produced during this period concentrated on safety.
Cars were big during this time.
But in the late 1960s carmakers tried to market much smaller cars.
The attempts by General Motors, Chrysler and Ford were all marketing failures.
Instead, what sold was the performance car.
Cars like the Ford Mustang and the Plymouth Barracuda were very successful.
During the late 1950s, many smaller countries began producing cars.
Both India and Iran were making cars from about 1959.
The first Indian car design from 1950 was very similar to the Opel Kapitän.
The first Iranian cars were very similar to several American cars.
Both were designed in the United Kingdom.
This period started about 1968 and continues to today.
Body styles changed dramatically.
The three most popular are the hatchback, the Minivan and the Sport utility vehicle (SUV).
Starting in the Integration period, car manufacturers began designing cars for men while others are designed to attract women.
The body shapes, colors and other cues are designed to appeal to a particular sex.
Today, women tend to prefer crossovers more than men.
Examples are the Kia Sportage and the Honda CR-V. Men seem to prefer powerful cars like the Chevrolet Camaro and the GMC Sierra pickup truck.
In car colors, men seem to prefer brighter colors while more women seem to prefer traditional neutral colors.
Joseph Cugnot Steam Engine 4; YouTube
Invention of the Automobile documentary clip: YouTube
History of transport
The arrondissement of Rethel is an arrondissement of France in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region.
Its capital is the city of Rethel.
It is found in the southwest of the department with an area of , the second smallest arrondissement of the department.
It has 37,142 inhabitants and a density of  inhabitants/km².
When the Ardennes department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Rethel was part of that original department.
The arrondissement of Rethel is bordered to the north by the arrondissement of Charleville-Mézières, to the east by the arrondissement of Vouziers, to the south by the Marne department and to the west by the Aisne department.
The cantons in the arrondissement of Rethel are (with their INSEE codes):
The arrondissement of Rethel has 101 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes):
Acy-Romance (08001)
Aire (08004)
Alincourt (08005)
Amagne (08008)
Ambly-Fleury (08010)
Annelles (08014)
Arnicourt (08021)
Asfeld (08024)
Auboncourt-Vauzelles (08027)
Aussonce (08032)
Avançon (08038)
Avaux (08039)
Balham (08044)
Banogne-Recouvrance (08046)
Barby (08048)
Bergnicourt (08060)
Bertoncourt (08062)
Biermes (08064)
Bignicourt (08066)
Blanzy-la-Salonnaise (08070)
Brienne-sur-Aisne (08084)
Chappes (08102)
Le Châtelet-sur-Retourne (08111)
Chaumont-Porcien (08113)
Chesnois-Auboncourt (08117)
Château-Porcien (08107)
Condé-lès-Herpy (08126)
Corny-Machéroménil (08132)
Coucy (08133)
Doumely-Bégny (08143)
Doux (08144)
Draize (08146)
Écly (08150)
Faissault (08163)
Faux (08165)
Fraillicourt (08178)
Givron (08192)
Gomont (08195)
Grandchamp (08196)
Hagnicourt (08205)
Hannogne-Saint-Rémy (08210)
Hauteville (08219)
Herpy-l'Arlésienne (08225)
Houdilcourt (08229)
Inaumont (08234)
Juniville (08239)
Justine-Herbigny (08240)
L'Écaille (08148)
La Neuville-en-Tourne-à-Fuy (08320)
La Neuville-lès-Wasigny (08323)
La Romagne (08369)
Le Thour (08451)
Lucquy (08262)
Mesmont (08288)
Mont-Laurent (08306)
Montmeillant (08307)
Ménil-Annelles (08286)
Ménil-Lépinois (08287)
Nanteuil-sur-Aisne (08313)
Neuflize (08314)
Neuvizy (08324)
Novion-Porcien (08329)
Novy-Chevrières (08330)
Perthes (08339)
Poilcourt-Sydney (08340)
Puiseux (08348)
Remaucourt (08356)
Renneville (08360)
Rethel (08362)
Rocquigny (08366)
Roizy (08368)
Rubigny (08372)
Saint-Fergeux (08380)
Saint-Germainmont (08381)
Saint-Jean-aux-Bois (08382)
Saint-Loup-en-Champagne (08386)
Saint-Quentin-le-Petit (08396)
Saint-Remy-le-Petit (08397)
Saulces-Monclin (08402)
Sault-Saint-Remy (08404)
Sault-lès-Rethel (08403)
Seraincourt (08413)
Sery (08415)
Seuil (08416)
Son (08426)
Sorbon (08427)
Sorcy-Bauthémont (08428)
Sévigny-Waleppe (08418)
Tagnon (08435)
Taizy (08438)
Thugny-Trugny (08452)
Vaux-Montreuil (08467)
Vaux-lès-Rubigny (08465)
Viel-Saint-Remy (08472)
Vieux-lès-Asfeld (08473)
Ville-sur-Retourne (08484)
Villers-devant-le-Thour (08476)
Villers-le-Tourneur (08479)
Wagnon (08496)
Wasigny (08499)
Wignicourt (08500)
The arrondissement of Sedan is an arrondissement of France in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region.
Its capital is the city of Sedan.
It is the most eastern of the arrondissements of the department and has an area of , the smallest arrondissement of the department.
It has 59,584 inhabitants and a density of  inhabitants/km².
When the Ardennes department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Sedan was part of that original department.
On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of Sedan was eliminated but in 1942 it was made again an arrondissement.
The arrondissement of Sedan is bordered to the north by Belgium (Luxembourg province), to the east by the Meuse department, to the south by the arrondissement of Vouziers and to the west by the arrondissement of Charleville-Mézières.
There are 5 cantons in the arrondissement of Sedan; they are (with their INSEE codes):
Vouziers (0819) (partly)
The arrondissement of Sedan has 73 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes):
Angecourt (08013)
Artaise-le-Vivier (08023)
Auflance (08029)
Autrecourt-et-Pourron (08034)
Balan (08043)
Bazeilles (08053)
Beaumont-en-Argonne (08055)
La Besace (08063)
Bièvres (08065)
Blagny (08067)
Brévilly (08083)
Bulson (08088)
Carignan (08090)
La Chapelle (08101)
Cheveuges (08119)
Chémery-Chéhéry (08115)
Daigny (08136)
Les Deux-Villes (08138)
Donchery (08142)
Douzy (08145)
Escombres-et-le-Chesnois (08153)
Euilly-et-Lombut (08159)
La Ferté-sur-Chiers (08168)
Fleigneux (08170)
Floing (08174)
Francheval (08179)
Fromy (08184)
Givonne (08191)
Glaire (08194)
Haraucourt (08211)
Herbeuval (08223)
Illy (08232)
Linay (08255)
Létanne (08252)
Maisoncelle-et-Villers (08268)
Malandry (08269)
Margny (08275)
Margut (08276)
Matton-et-Clémency (08281)
Messincourt (08289)
Mogues (08291)
Moiry (08293)
La Moncelle (08294)
Le Mont-Dieu (08300)
Mouzon (08311)
La Neuville-à-Maire (08317)
Noyers-Pont-Maugis (08331)
Osnes (08336)
Pouru-Saint-Remy (08343)
Pouru-aux-Bois (08342)
Puilly-et-Charbeaux (08347)
Pure (08349)
Raucourt-et-Flaba (08354)
Remilly-Aillicourt (08357)
Sachy (08375)
Sailly (08376)
Saint-Aignan (08377)
Saint-Menges (08391)
Sapogne-sur-Marche (08399)
Sedan (08409)
Signy-Montlibert (08421)
Stonne (08430)
Thelonne (08445)
Tremblois-lès-Carignan (08459)
Tétaigne (08444)
Vaux-lès-Mouzon (08466)
Villers-devant-Mouzon (08477)
Villers-sur-Bar (08481)
Villy (08485)
Vrigne-aux-Bois (08491)
Wadelincourt (08494)
Williers (08501)
Yoncq (08502)
Antero Tarquínio de Quental was born on 18 April 1842 in Ponta Delgada in the islands of Azores.
He was a son of Fernando de Quental, a former soldier, and his wife Ana Guilhermina da Maia.
He studied at the University of Coimbra and soon became a leader of his fellow students.
He protested against the shape of Portuguese poetry of the time.
During his stay at the university he wrote Raios de Extincta Luz (Rays of Vanishing Light) and Primaveras Românticas (Romantic Springtimes).
Antero de Quental's most famous work however is Odes Modernas, published in 1865.
He wrote in the first place sonnets.
They were translated into English in 1922 by Sylvanus Griswold Morley as Sonnets and poems of Anthero de Quental.
He wrote essays, too, for example Bom Senso e Bom Gosto (Good Sense and Good Taste).
Sonnets and poems of Anthero de Quental.
translated by S. Griswold Morley, University of California Press, Berkeley 1922.
A selection of Antero de Quental's poems at Projecto Vercial.
Os sonetos completos de Antero de Quental at Wikisource.
The arrondissement of Vouziers is an arrondissement of France in the Ardennes department in the Grand Est region.
Its capital is the city of Vouziers.
It is found in the southeast of the department with an area of , the second largest arrondissement of the department, but the one with fewest people living in it with 22,050 inhabitants and a density of  inhabitants/km².
When the Ardennes department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Vouziers was part of that original department.
The arrondissement of Vouziers is bordered to the northwest by the arrondissement of Charleville-Mézières, to the north by the arrondissement of Sedan, to the east by the Meuse department, to the south by the Marne department and to west by the arrondissement of Rethel.
There are only two cantons in the arrondissement of Vouziers:
The arrondissement of Vouziers has 118 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes):ː
Alland'Huy-et-Sausseuil (08006)
Apremont (08017)
Ardeuil-et-Montfauxelles (08018)
Attigny (08025)
Aure (08031)
Authe (08033)
Autruche (08035)
Autry (08036)
Bairon-et-ses-Environs (08116)
Ballay (08045)
Bar-lès-Buzancy (08049)
Bayonville (08052)
Beffu-et-le-Morthomme (08056)
Belleville-et-Châtillon-sur-Bar (08057)
Belval-Bois-des-Dames (08059)
La Berlière (08061)
Bouconville (08074)
Boult-aux-Bois (08075)
Bourcq (08077)
Brécy-Brières (08082)
Brieulles-sur-Bar (08085)
Briquenay (08086)
Buzancy (08089)
Cauroy (08092)
Challerange (08097)
Champigneulle (08098)
Charbogne (08103)
Chardeny (08104)
Chatel-Chéhéry (08109)
Chevières (08120)
Chuffilly-Roche (08123)
Condé-lès-Autry (08128)
Contreuve (08130)
Cornay (08131)
Coulommes-et-Marqueny (08134)
La Croix-aux-Bois (08135)
Dricourt (08147)
Écordal (08151)
Exermont (08161)
Falaise (08164)
Fléville (08171)
Fossé (08176)
Germont (08186)
Givry (08193)
Les Grandes-Armoises (08019)
Grandham (08197)
Grandpré (08198)
Grivy-Loisy (08200)
Guincourt (08204)
Harricourt (08215)
Hauviné (08220)
Imécourt (08233)
Jonval (08238)
Lametz (08244)
Lançon (08245)
Landres-et-Saint-Georges (08246)
Leffincourt (08250)
Liry (08256)
Longwé (08259)
Machault (08264)
Manre (08271)
Marcq (08274)
Marquigny (08278)
Mars-sous-Bourcq (08279)
Marvaux-Vieux (08280)
Mont-Saint-Martin (08308)
Mont-Saint-Remy (08309)
Montcheutin (08296)
Montgon (08301)
Monthois (08303)
Mouron (08310)
Neuville-Day (08321)
Noirval (08325)
Nouart (08326)
Oches (08332)
Olizy-Primat (08333)
Pauvres (08338)
Les Petites-Armoises (08020)
Quatre-Champs (08350)
Quilly (08351)
Rilly-sur-Aisne (08364)
La Sabotterie (08374)
Saint-Clément-à-Arnes (08378)
Sainte-Marie (08390)
Saint-Étienne-à-Arnes (08379)
Saint-Juvin (08383)
Saint-Lambert-et-Mont-de-Jeux (08384)
Saint-Loup-Terrier (08387)
Saint-Morel (08392)
Saint-Pierre-à-Arnes (08393)
Saint-Pierremont (08394)
Sainte-Vaubourg (08398)
Saulces-Champenoises (08401)
Sauville (08405)
Savigny-sur-Aisne (08406)
Séchault (08407)
Semide (08410)
Semuy (08411)
Senuc (08412)
Sommauthe (08424)
Sommerance (08425)
Sugny (08431)
Suzanne (08433)
Sy (08434)
Tailly (08437)
Tannay (08439)
Thénorgues (08446)
Toges (08453)
Tourcelles-Chaumont (08455)
Tourteron (08458)
Vandy (08461)
Vaux-Champagne (08462)
Vaux-en-Dieulet (08463)
Vaux-lès-Mouron (08464)
Verpel (08470)
Verrières (08471)
Voncq (08489)
Vouziers (08490)
Mose John Allison, Jr. (November 11, 1927 – November 15, 2016) was an American jazz blues pianist, singer and songwriter.
It was not until 1963 that his record label allowed him to release an album entirely of vocals.
He was known for his songs "Parchman Songs" and "Young Man Blues".
Concert review at allaboutjazz.com (February 11, 2005)
Los Angeles Citybeat, Mose Allison Interview
Official IBis Recordings website for "Mose Allison American Legend Live in California"
Robert Alan McDonald (born June 20, 1953) was the eighth United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
He is the retired chairman, president, and CEO of Procter & Gamble.
On July 29, 2014, the U.S. Senate voted 97-0 to confirm McDonald as President Barack Obama's choice to succeed General Eric Shinseki as the Secretary of Veterans Affairs.
On July 30, 2014 he was sworn into office.
Steven Terner Mnuchin (born December 21, 1962) is an American banker, movie producer and political fundraiser.
He was the 77th United States Secretary of the Treasury, under the Trump Administration from February 13, 2017 to January 20, 2021.
Mnuchin was born to a Jewish family, circa 1963.
He is the son of Elaine Terner Cooper and Robert E. Mnuchin.
He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree at Yale University.
Mnuchin had a fortune estimated at over $40 million while working for Goldman Sachs.
In 2002, Mnuchin left Goldman and worked briefly for his Yale roommate Edward Lampert, chief executive of Sears.
He also briefly worked for Soros Fund Management.
In Hollywood, Mnuchin, along with movie producer Brett Ratner and financier James Packer, working with RatPac-Dune Entertainment, produced American Sniper and Mad Max: Fury Road.
In May 2016, he was named finance chair of the Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign.
After Trump won the presidency, he is seen as Trump's top pick for United States Secretary of the Treasury.
United States Secretary of the Treasury (2017–2021)
On February 13, 2017, Mnuchin was confirmed by a 53–47 vote in the U.S. Senate.
He was sworn-in by Vice President Mike Pence the same day.
As Secretary of the Treasury, Mnuchin has been a supporter of proposed tax reform, and for reducing corporate tax rates.
Mnuchin supports a partial repeal of Dodd-Frank.
Mnuchin's use of government aircraft for personal usage has come under fire from watchdog groups.
In 1999, he married Heather deForest Crosby, who was his second wife, and they had three children together.
They divorced in 2014.
He married actress Louise Linton in 2017.
They lived in Los Angeles, California and currently lives in Washington, D.C..
The Fugitive Slave Acts were two federal laws that concerned runaway slaves in the United States.
The two acts were passed in 1793 and in 1850.
They required federal involvement in catching runaway slaves in Northern States.
The laws were designed to protect Southern slave owners.
They required those states and jurisdictions to help in the capture and delivery of fugitive slaves.
The laws were very unpopular in the North.
They caused a great deal of resentment in the years leading up to the American Civil War.
Slavery in America began in the English colony of Jamestown in 1619.
It started with the purchase of 20 Africans from an English warship named the White Lyon.
The issue of slavery caused difficulties for the United States almost from its beginning as a country.
The framers of the Constitution used ambiguous language regarding the holding of slaves.
Neither the word "slave" or "slavery" were used in the Constitution.
The problem was in creating a democracy that ensured its citizens freedom while keeping a considerable part of the population in slavery without any freedoms.
In the United States, up to the 1860s, slaves and indentured servants were treated as personal property.
They were subject to the property laws of the individual states.
At first, most of the laws concerned indentured servants.
But the laws began to differentiate between indentured servants and slaves around the middle of the 17th century.
They also began to differentiate between races.
People of African descent began to be held as slaves for life.
Men and women slaves were generally treated the same under most state laws.
However, some states had laws that applied only to women slaves.
For example, Virginia passed laws punishing women who had children by their masters.
They also confirmed the slave status of any children born of a "Negro or mulatto women".
Great Britain had a structured system whereby children claimed their lineage through their father.
This also applied to illegitimate children (parents were not married).
Virginia was the first colony to change this.
Slave children were considered the same race and status as the mother, even if the child was fathered by a white man.
Laws concerning rape did not apply to black and Indian women.
A slave woman could not defend herself against the attack by a white person.
If she did, she was subject to beatings.
While it was illegal to have relations with a slave woman, the laws were not usually enforced.
This system increased the wealth of slave owners.
They did not have to buy slaves if they could breed their own.
Slaves, whether born into slavery or purchased as a slave, had no legal rights.
The United States Supreme Court decision Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) confirmed that slaves were not citizens of the United States nor of any state they reside in.
Early pro-slavery legislation
Northwest Ordinance 1787
The Northwest Ordinance (1787) was an act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States (before the United States Constitution).
It created the Northwest Territory, the first organized territory of the United States.
The Ordinance provided that the territory would be formed into "not less than three nor more than five States".
The territory was made up of lands beyond the Appalachian Mountains.
It was south of British North America and the Great Lakes.
It was north of the Ohio River.
Article VI of the Northwest Ordinance prohibited slavery in the new territory.
However, it contained a provision that any fugitive slaves caught in the territory would be returned to their owners.
It also did not place any restrictions on slavery within any new states formed from the Northwest Territory.
Southerners had no problems with the ban on slavery.
They thought that most of the new settlers would come from Southern states.
Once a state was formed, the former Southerners would vote to allow slavery.
However, none of the states formed from the Northwest Territory ended up allowing slavery.
U.S. Constitution 1789
When the United States Constitution replaced the Articles of Confederation in 1789, Article Four of the United States Constitution contained the Fugitive Slave Clause.
Fugitive slave acts
Fugitive Slave Act 1793
While Article IV, Section 2 of the United States Constitution did guarantee the right of slave owners to reclaim fugitive slaves.
However, it did not set up the legal mechanism.
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 passed by the second Congress added that mechanism.
It authorized the arrest of runaway slaves and gave any magistrate of a town, city or county to rule on the arrest.
The slave hunter only had to state the person captured was a runaway slave.
No proof was required and there was no trial.
It added a fine of $500 to any person who helped a runaway slave.
It was passed in response to the rise of abolitionism in the North and also to the Underground Railroad that was set up to help slaves escape the South.
Fugitive Slave Act 1850
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was a controversial part of the Compromise of 1850.
The 1850 slave law added penalties for officials who did not arrest alleged runaway slaves.
It fined them $1,000.
Any law enforcement official was required to arrest anyone suspected of being a runaway slave.
All that was required was a persons sworn testimony of ownership.
As before there was no trial and the suspect could not testify on their own behalf.
Anyone who provided food or shelter to any suspected runaway slave was subject to six months in prison and a fine of $1,000.
An officer who captured a runaway slave would get a bonus or a promotion.
The 1850 law provided for special commissioners to decide if the alleged fugitive was to be returned to slavery.
He received $10 if the fugitive was returned, but only $5 if the fugitive was freed.
This amounted to a legal form of bribery.
This caused a large number of free blacks to be sent into slavery.
Results of the slave law
The 1850 Fugitive Slave Law caused outrage in the Northern States.
It caused thousands of Northerners to be convinced slavery should not be allowed in the western territories.
Eight states in the North passed "personal liberty" laws.
These prevented any official from helping to return a runaway slave.
Southerners regarded these laws as being illegal attempts to prevent the return of their slaves.
In the North, free black communities provided runaway slaves with sanctuary and hid them from the hired kidnappers searching for them.
About 15,000 free blacks emigrated to Canada, the Caribbean and Africa after the 1850 law was passed.
Thousands of others including free blacks were not so lucky and were sent South.
In 1851, a gun battle broke out between abolitionists and slave catchers in Christiana, Pennsylvania.
In Wisconsin a fugitive named Joshua Glover was forcibly freed from a jail.
In Boston, a mob tried to free a fugitive named Anthony Burns.
It took 22 companies of state troopers to stop them.
The Southern states were completely convinced the North would not follow the slave laws.
Slavery Fugitive Slave Law; YouTube
Fugitive Slave Act and Uncle Tom's Cabin; YouTube
Jack Vettriano, OBE (born Jack Hoggan, born 17 November 1951), is a Scottish painter.
His 1992 painting, The Singing Butler, became a best-selling image in Britain.
Jack Vettriano grew up in the industrial seaside town of Methil, Fife.
He was raised in poverty, and lived with his mother, father and older brother in a spartan miner’s cottage, sharing a bed with his brother and wearing hand-me-down clothes.
From the age of 10, his father sent him out to earn money.
His father took half his earnings.
Vettriano left school at 16.
It is fair to say that Vettriano is controversial.
Professional art critics do not seem to like his work, but the public does.
He is one of at least three modern British artists to make a great deal of money from his works.
In 1989 Vettriano had two canvases in the Royal Scottish Academy annual show.
Further exhibitions followed in Edinburgh, London, Hong Kong and Johannesburg.
In November 1999, Vettriano’s work was shown for the first time in New York City, when 21 paintings were displayed at The International 20th Century Arts Fair at The Armory.
More than 40 collectors from the UK flew out for the event and 20 paintings were sold on the opening night.
His easel paintings cost between £48,000 and £195,000 new.
According to The Guardian he earns £500,000 a year in print royalties.
Vettriano's 1992 painting, The Singing Butler, has been the best-selling image in Britain.
On 21 April 2004 the original canvas of The Singing Butler sold at auction for £744,500.
It had been rejected in 1992 by the Royal Academy summer exhibition.
In March 2010, Days Of Wine And Roses was opened by Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond at the Kirkcaldy Museum.
The exhibition then transferred to Vettriano's gallery in London.
In February 2011, it was announced that Vettriano's self-portrait The Weight would be displayed at the re-opened Scottish National Portrait Gallery from November 2011, the first time he had exhibited at a national gallery.
Deputy director Nicola Kalinsky said Vettriano was "a figure we have wanted on our wall for a while for obvious reasons".
First Minister, Alex Salmond said of Vettriano, "He is a wonderful artist of considerable talent and achievement and this is a magnificent tribute to the special place he holds in the hearts of people in Scotland."
In September 2013, a major retrospective of Vettriano's work opened at Glasgow's Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum. '
Jack Vettriano: A Retrospective' ran until 23 February 2014 and featured over 100 works.
Fallen Angels, edited by W. Gordon Smith, Pavilion Books, 1999.
Lovers and other Sostrangers, text by Anthony Quinn, Pavilion Books, 2003.
Jack Vettriano: a life, text by Anthony Quinn, Pavilion Books 2004.
(A reduced format version was published in 2007)
Studio Life, foreword by Ian Rankin, photographs by Jillian Edelstein, text by Tom Rawstorne, Pavilion Books, 2008. .
Women in Love, Pavilion Books, 2009.
A Man's World, Pavilion Books, 2009
Devendra Jhajharia (born 10 June 1981) is an Indian Paralympic javelin thrower competing in F46 events.
The first Indian Paralympian to win two gold medals at the Paralympics, he won his first gold in the javelin throw at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, becoming only the second gold medalist at the Paralympics for his country.[1] At the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, he won a second gold medal in the same event, bettering his previous record.[2] Devendra is currently being supported by the GoSports Foundation[3] through the Para Champions Programme.
The conquest destroyed the Visigothic Kingdom and set up the Emirate of Cordova under Abd ar-Rahman I. This completed al-Andalus, the unification of Muslim-ruled Iberia (756–788).
The conquest was the westernmost expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate and Muslim rule into Europe.
Charles Martel defeated them in the Battle of Tours, so they did not conquer France.
The conquering army was made up mainly of Berbers (north-western Africa).
They had only recently come under Muslim influence.
They arrived in early 711 at Gibraltar.
The period from 710 to the fall of the last Islamic state in the Battle of Granada in 1492 is called the Reconquista.
In 1925 Stephen Vincent Benét decided to write a long poem.
With this proposal he approached the Guggenheim Foundation.
He asked for 2 500 dollars and got it.
Then he went to France.
He settled in Paris and began to write.
The poem was published in 1928.
At once it became very popular.
No American poem gained such popularity earlier.
Ever Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's works were not so widely read.
130 000 copies of the book were sold during two years.
For this poem the poet received the Pulitzer Prize in 1929.
Many years later he got the second Pulitzer Prize for the poem Western Star.
The poem in written in many measures.
The poet employs both regular blank verse, free verse and different stanzas.
This fragment is an example of classical blank verse.
Jack Ellyat had been out all day alone,
Except for his new gun and Ned, the setter,
The old wise dog with Autumn in his eyes,
Who stepped the fallen leaves so delicately
They barely rustled.
Ellyat trampled them down
Crackling, like cast-off skins of fairy snakes.
He'd meant to hunt, but he had let the gun
Rest on his shoulder.
Where the skyscrapers lift their foggy plumes
Of stranded smoke out of a stony mouth
You are that high stone and its arrogant fumes,
And you are ruined gardens in the '''South''
The story told
John Brown's Body is a poem about Civil War in America.
The story begins with John Brown and his deeds.
It ends with general Lee’s surrender at Appomattox.
In this work historical and fictional persons are presented together.
In 1953 Charles Laughton turned the poem into a play.
It was performed in many theatres in America.
Project Gutenberg: John Brown's Body (1928) (full text)
John Brown's Body by Stephen Vincent Benét, 1928.
Slave Power, also called the Slave Power conspiracy and Slaveocracy, was a term first coined by abolitionists in 1839 and was in common use by the 1850s.
It referred to the economic, social and political influence held by slaveholders in the South.
Southern slaveholders had a great deal power in Congress and many other federal offices up to and including the presidency.
This is in spite of the fact they made up only a small minority of the population of the nation.
These few very powerful men used their influence to maintain the institution of slavery.
The fear in the North was that the slave power conspiracy intended to not only to spread slavery to the Western territories but to all the states in the North.
By the late 1850s, there was a widespread belief that a slaveholding oligarchy ran the country.
That they ran it for their own benefit to spread slavery was also a popular belief.
It was what Abraham Lincoln and the new Republican Party used to gain political power.
It was also popular among conspiracy theorists, which pro-slavery opponents tried to use to discredit the idea.
But it was members of the Free Soil Party in the 1840s and the Republicans in the 1850s that gave Slave Power its credibility.
On March 12, 1857, the Cincinnati Daily Commercial published an article about Slave Power.
The article called the United States "one great homogeneous slave-holding community" and that slavery had removed all state boundaries.
It charged that Slave Power had three objectives.
These were: to reopen the slave trade; to extend slavery to the entire country and beyond; and to make the white man a slave to the slave-holding Southern aristocracy and the Northern capitalists.
After 1850, Southern slaveholders had been lobbying for the reopening of the slave trade.
So that charge seemed valid.
Abolitionists had ample evidence Slave Power wanted to extend slavery to all the states and even the hemisphere.
The third claim, that white men would become slaves to the Slave Power was harder to prove even though many believed it was true.
Those who defended slavery had a number of arguments to justify the institution.
They said it would destroy the economy of the South.
Without slave labor they could not raise cotton, tobacco or rice.
Freeing the slaves would cause widespread unemployment, it would lead to uprisings, bloodshed and complete chaos.
They pointed to the French Revolution as an example.
They pointed out slavery had existed all through history.
It was in the Bible and even Abraham had slaves.
Their legal argument pointed to the Supreme Court of the United States who decided in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) that blacks were not citizens but were property.
Southern plantations could be extremely profitable.
Sources differ as to just how profitable they were.
According to one source, between 1770–1860, land was abundant and easy to obtain making it virtually worthless by itself.
It was hard to get rich by just owning land.
The Southern elite got very wealthy by owning the labor force that produced the crops on the land.
The value of the slaves themselves equaled between one and two years of the entire national income of the United States.
When you consider that only a small minority held slaves and that it was limited to the Southern United States, slaves were the real wealth.
A study by Alfred Conrad and John Meyer computed the rate of return for "slave capital".
They calculated that slave ownership was at least equal to other forms of investments and higher than most.
Slave ownership alone could return as high as 13% per year while railroad bonds would return 6–8%.
The slave trade was banned in the United States after January 1, 1808.
Slave ownership was still legal, but no more African slaves could be brought into the country.
Until that time slave traders had become very wealthy by transporting slaves.
Examples of the enormous wealth of Southern slave owners includes Joshua John Ward of Georgetown County, South Carolina.
He owned 1,130 slaves and controlled six large plantations.
In 1850, he grew  of rice earning his nickname as the "King of the Rice Planters".
Another was Stephen Duncan.
He was the wealthiest cotton planter before the Civil War.
Over his lifetime he owned more than 2,000 slaves.
He owned 15 plantations, the largest one used 858 slaves.
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was a large political concession given to the South.
It created a new commission that acted similar to the United States Marshals Service but with several differences.
They were paid a reward by the federal government for each slave (or those who were claimed to be slaves) that was captured.
They quickly became the largest federal employer at the time.
The new act was anything but pro-States' rights as Northern state laws were ignored.
There was no due process of law.
In short, the Fugitive Slave act gave Southern states the power over the laws of Northern states by using the federal government to do their bidding.
The Act of 1850 alarmed Northerners both black and white.
Free blacks had much to fear about being kidnapped and finding themselves a captive slave in the South.
Northern whites were alarmed because their communities were being assaulted by slave hunters.
Northerners saw this as proof positive of a Slave Power conspiracy that was threatening their liberty.
Northern Free-Soilers and Republicans had their differences.
But one thing they agreed on was they both opposed slavery expanding to the territories.
Both opposed the Southern planters who they called "slave oligarchs".
Together they had an advantage over earlier attempts by political parties to oppose slavery.
Earlier, Northern politicians had to go easy on slavery issues because they needed the political power of the Southerners to win national elections.
For that reason they supported slaveholding presidents, congressmen and senators.
But the Republicans and Free-Soilers did not need to please the Southern politicians and they attacked their power at every opportunity.
They brought up old arguments that Slave Power had too long held power in American politics.
That argument was used when Thomas Jefferson had been elected president.
It came up when Missouri was admitted as a slave state in 1820 and again in 1845 when Texas was annexed.
This time the Republicans hammered the idea hard.
It hurt Northern Democrats the most.
Republicans won many offices in the North that had been held by Democrats for decades.
In the 1860 election, the Democrats split between North and South with each supporting their own candidate.
This allowed Lincoln to win even though he did not have a majority.
This ended the Slave Power dominance in politics and was a contributing factor to the American Civil War.
Presidents who owned slaves
Most Antebellum Period presidents were not only from the South, but also owned slaves themselves.
Many figured prominently in maintaining the economics of slavery.
One reason for so many Southern presidents is that they benefited from the electoral college advantage they held, especially those from the largest slaveholding state, Virginia.
In the Constitutional Convention (1787) delegates from Northern states did not want slaves counted as each being one person for the purposes of a state's representation in Congress.
Southern delegates wanted slaves to count as individuals even though they could not vote.
The delegates finally arrived at the Three-Fifths Compromise.
In Article I, section 2 of the United States Constitution, calling slaves by the euphemism "all other persons", the founders counted each slave as three-fifths of a person.
This gave slave states one-third more seats in Congress than they would otherwise have based on the number of citizens they had.
This factor was decisive in the 1800 presidential election giving Thomas Jefferson the win by the House of Representatives.
One of the key reasons Washington, D.C. was selected as the United States Capitol was that it located around a slave town, Alexandria, Virginia.
New York City was in a free state and in Philadelphia a slave could only be kept for six months before being freed.
This was inconvenient for slave owning politicians.
Also, Washington D.C. was promoted by George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison—three key Southerners who owned slaves.
Slave Power; What-When-How
Neotribalism (neo-tribalism; modern tribalism) is a sociological concept.
The idea is that human beings have evolved to live in tribal society, as opposed to mass society.
So they will naturally form social networks of new "tribes".
Rory's Place is an American children's television series produced by Johnny Devon.
Rory, a flamingo
Manna, an emu
Protests against Donald Trump occurred in the United States in 2016.
They occurred because of Trump's presidential campaign, and because of the results of the 2016 presidential election.
After Trump won the presidential election, students and activists made larger protests in several major cities across the United States.
The protesters chanted that Trump is "Not my President!"
and other slogans.
Daystar Peterson (born; July 27, 1992, Brampton, Ontario, Canada), better known by his stage name Tory Lanez, is a Canadian rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer.
Lanez was perhaps first recognized for his 2014 mixtape Lost Cause and his single "Say It" (2015).
Lanez is signed to Mad Love Records and Interscope Records.
His single charted "Say It" peaked at 23 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Turkification was the process of turning a culturally, linguistically, or ethnically non-Turkish area into a cultural, linguistic, or Turkish area.
Turkification was sometimes voluntary and sometimes forced.
Turkey was once the home to many different ethnic groups before the arrival of the Turks.
Among these groups were Greeks, Kurds, Armenians, and many more.
These groups had been subjected to centuries of cultural assimilation.
However, under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, these groups were subjected to a second wave of forced Turkification, this time targeting their languages.
The Zugangserschwerungsgesetz was a German law which aimed to make the access to child pornography over the internet more difficult.
It was in use in 2010 and 2011.
Newton Aycliffe is a town in County Durham, England.
It is about 5 miles north of Darlington.
It  makes up a part of the civil parish of Great Aycliffe.
It has a town centre, Beveridge Way, and has a few superstores and supermarkets including Aldi and Tesco.
An NP-hard problem is a type of mathematical problem used in computer science.
It is a yes/no problem where finding a solution for it is at least as hard as finding a solution for the hardest problem whose solution can quickly be checked as being true.
Some NP-hard problems are ones where a working solution can be checked quickly (NP problems) and some are not.
NP-hard problems that are also NP problems fit into a category called NP-complete.
People don't know how to solve this problem faster than testing every possible answer, but if a solution is found that allows the salesman to do this, we can use an algorithm check that it is true.
This problem is also known as Travelling salesman problem.
while(true){ continue; }
Lake Louise, also called Lake of the Little Fishes by the Stoney Nakota First Nations people, is a glacial lake within Banff National Park in Alberta, Canada.
The village of Lake Louise is on the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1), which is   west of Banff, Alberta.
The emerald color of the water comes from rock flour carried into the lake by melt-water from the glaciers that overlook the lake.
The lake has a surface of  and is drained through the 3 km long Louise Creek into the Bow River.
Moraine Lake and Lake Agnes are also accessible from Lake Louise.
Lake Louise was originally named "Emerald Lake".
In 1884 the name was changed, naming it after the daughter of Queen Victoria, Princess Louise Caroline Alberta.
Anastasio Somoza García (1896-1956) was the President and dictator of Nicaragua from 1936 until his death in 1956.
He ran one of the most corrupt governments in history.
But because his administration was anti-communist he was supported by the United States.
García was the son of a wealthy coffee planter.
He was educated in Philadelphia where he met and married Salvadora Debayle Sacasa.
She was also from a wealthy Nicaraguan family.
He became very wealthy through investments in land, transport, real estate and manufacturing.
After winning the 1936 Presidential Election, he took control of the National Guard.
He placed family members in key positions of the government.
He and his family controlled the Nationalist Liberal Party which controlled the legislature and Judiciary.
This gave him absolute control of the country.
On September 21, 1956 he was shot in León, Nicaragua by a poet.
He died eight days later.
His family continued to rule in Nicaragua for two more decades.
Stevo Todorčević is a Canadian-French-Serbian mathematician, one of the world’s leading logicians and a world leader in set theory and its applications to pure mathematics.
He is a Canada Research Chair Professor in mathematics at the University of Toronto, and a senior director of research at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) in Paris.
Todorčević was born at Ubovića Brdo, Bosnia and Herzegovina where he lived until the second grade of primary school.
After, his family moved to Banatsko Novo Selo where he finished primary school.
He enrolled "Uroš Predić" grammar school in Pančevo.
He demonstrated his talent and affinity toward mathematics in the third and fourth years of the grammar school.
After finishing grammar school he enrolled Faculty of Science, Belgrade University, where he studied pure mathematics.
During his undergraduate studies he attended Đuro Kurepa's advanced mathematical classes.
In 1978 he enrolled graduate studies.
Kurepa validated Todorčević's master thesis as good enough to be accepted as a doctoral thesis.
Regardless, Todorčević wrote his doctoral thesis in 1979 with Kurepa as his advisory.
In his address, preceding the oral defense of the doctoral thesis, Kurepa stressed that he was not able to find external readers of the Stevo's doctoral thesis in Yugoslavia, capable of fully understanding and evaluating Stevo's work, and turned to two university professors from England.
Kurepa added that Stevo's talent was a miracle and that Stevo was the most talented out of the 40 Ph.D. students he advised in the past.
According to the Centre de Recherches Mathématiques, the Fields Institute and the Pacific Institute for Mathematical Sciences announcement, as of December 14, 2014,his work is recognized for its striking originality and technical brilliance.
He was an invited speaker at the 1998 ICM in Berlin for his discovery and work on rho-functions.
He made major contributions to the study of S- and L-spaces in topology, proved a remarkable classification theorem for transitive relations on the first uncountable ordinal, made a deep study of compact subsets of the Baire class 1 functions thus continuing work of Bourgain, Fremlin, Talagrand, and others in Banach space theory.
Together with P. Larson he completed the solution of Katetov’s old compact spaces metrization problem.
Among the most striking recent accomplishments of Todorčević (and co-authors) are major contributions to the von Neumann  and Maharam problems on Boolean algebras, the theory of non-separable Banach spaces, including the solution of an old problem of Davis and Johnson, the solution of a long-standing problem of Laver, and the development of a duality theory relating finite Ramsey theory and topological dynamics.
Further, Todorčević is known for his the side-condition method in set-theoretic forcing, the invention and development of walks on ordinals and their characteristics, and other research that bridge between different areas of mathematics.
Todorčević's first recognized contribution to Set theory was given in his 1978 Master’s Thesis.
He constructed a model of  in a way to allow him to make the continuum any regular cardinal and derived a variety of topological consequences of  Here  is an abbreviation for Martin's Axiom and – for  weak Kurepa Hypothesis.
Todorčević earned his doctoral degree in 1979 at the University of Belgrade with Đuro Kurepa as advisor and Keith Devlin as outside reader.
Devlin attended the defense; he encouraged Todorčević to visit Jerusalem where he attended Saharon Shelah's lectures on forcing.
In the July–August 1980 Todorčević attended the six-week summer school called Settop held in Toronto.
At the conference, Todorčević along with Abraham had proved the existence of rigid Aronszajn trees and the consistency of  + there exists a first countable -space.
is an abbreviation for the Continuum Hypotesis.
He gave a survey of work on trees from combinatorial and set-theoretic perspectives, in the 1980s.,
and continued this work on exploring consistent possibilities for various types of trees, looking for results for trees on multiple cardinals, or with required or forbidden types of subtrees.
The elegance of his presentation drew a wide audience for this work.
As to the partition calculus in 1980’s, "Todorčević proved a startling square bracket partition result for the uncountable and introduced new technology whose ramifications are still unfolding, and proved a stepping up lemma for negative square bracket partition relations."
Todorčević was a Miller Research Fellow in Berkeley from 1983 to 1985.
In the 1985/6 academic year, he was a member of the Institute for Advanced Study.
For his proof of the partition relation , Todorčević earned explicit appreciations.
Paul Erdös wrote, "This certainly is an unexpected and sensational result."
and Jean A. Larson added, "... (it) was a wonderful shock that introduced a wide audience to the walks on ordinals and the oscillation function."
Todorčević obtained this partition relation in September 1984, while lecturing on it in the Berkeley seminar, wrote up the notes of his lectures and circulated them in January 1985 and published the result later, in 1987.
The walks on ordinals method Todorčević devised in May 1984 when he came up with a new proof of the existence of a Countryman line.
In order  to establish this partition relation, Todorčević discovered an entirely new mathematical object called rho functions.
Sierpinski in 1933 coloured the edges of the complete graph  whose vertices are the elements of the smallest uncountable cardinal number.
He coloured the edges of  with 2 colours in such a way that each colour appears on some edge of any uncountable subgraph of .
Galvin and Shelah in 1980s had increased the number of colours from 2 to 3.
Improving 3 to 4 seemed beyond any available methods.
Todorčević used  his newly discovered rho functions to increase  the colours  not just to 4, but all the way up to the smallest uncountable cardinal, which is the maximum conceivable number.
This was one of the results for which he was invited to the Berlin ICM.
The discovery of rho functions (and the various applications they have found), an entirely new mathematical object, one out of the five in Set theory in the twentieth century, is celebrated as  a major advance in understanding of mathematics and an extended period of exciting progress.
In 1989 Todorčević published a monograph, Partition  Problems in Topology.
He wrote that proof techniques developed for solving
the S-space problem and the L-space problem turn out to be useful in many other problems in general topology, writing "this is so because Ramsey-type theorems are basic and so much needed in many parts of mathematics and (S) and (L) happen to be Ramsey-type properties of the uncountable most often needed by the topologist".
He became a corresponding member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts as of 1991 and a full member of the Academy in 2009.
He was invited to deliver the Tarski Lectures in 2014.
Todorčević is the Royal Society of Canada fellow.
In the 2016 RSC fellowship nomination detailed appraisal it was written: