the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
There was not many professional military staff.
In 1940 there were only 1206 professional officers.
Most available time was spent constructing defences.
During this period, munition shortages limited live fire training, and units were not organized.
In May 1940, the Dutch Army was not ready for battle.
It could not do a major attack or move around on the battlefield.
German generals and Hitler thought that the Dutch military was weak.
They expected that Holland could be captured in about three to five days.
Dutch defensive strategy
In the 17th century, the Dutch Republic had developed a defensive system called The Dutch Water Line.
It could protect all major cities in the west by flooding part of the countryside.
In the early 19th century this line was shifted to the east, beyond Utrecht.
Later, fortresses were built.
This new position was called the New Holland Water Line.
The line was given new pillboxes in 1940.
The line was below sea level.
This allowed it to be flooded with a few feet of water.
This was too shallow for boats, but deep enough to turn the soil into mud.
The area west of the New Holland Water Line was called Fortress Holland (Dutch: Vesting Holland; German: Festung Holland).
The eastern side was covered by Lake IJssel and the southern side protected by three rivers.
It was expected to hold out for a long period of time.
Some people thought the defences would protect the country for three months without any Allied help.
Before the war the intention was to move to this position, and hope that Germany would only travel through the southern provinces on its way to Belgium and leave Holland undamaged.
In 1939, this attitude made it impossible to negotiate with the Allies about defence.
Proposals by German diplomats that the Dutch government would accept a German advance into the country were rejected.
From September 1939 a more easterly Main Defence Line (MDL) was built.
This second defensive position was dug on orders from the commander of the Field Army, Lieutenant-General Jan Joseph Godfried baron van Voorst tot Voorst.
This line was extended by a southern part between the river Maas and the Belgian border.
In the south the goal was to delay the Germans so that the French could advance.
Fourth and Second Army Corps were put at the Grebbe Line; Third Army Corps were put at the Peel-Raam Position with the Light Division behind it to cover its southern side.
Brigade A and B were positioned between the Lower Rhine and the Maas.
First Army Corps was a reserve in the Fortress Holland, the southern edge of which was protected by another ten battalions and the eastern side by six battalions.
All these lines were protected by pillboxes.
Positioning of troops
In front of this Main Defence Line was the IJssel-Maaslinie.
It had pillboxes and fourteen "border battalions".
Late in 1939 General Van Voorst tot Voorst wanted to use the rivers as a defence.
He proposed a battle at the crossing sites near Arnhem and Gennep to force the German divisions to use a lot of their energy before they had reached the MDL.
This was deemed too risky by the Dutch government and General Reijnders.
The Government wanted the army to resist at the Grebbe Line and Peel Raam Position, and then fall back to the Fortress Holland.
Reijnders was not given full military authority in the defence zones.
On 5 February 1940 he resigned because of these disagreements with his superiors.
He was replaced by General Henry G. Winkelman who decided that in the north the Grebbe Line would be where the battle was to be fought, partly because it would be easier to counterattack.
During the Phoney War the Dutch said they were neutral.
In secret, the Dutch military talked with both Belgium and France to organize a common defence to a German invasion.
This failed because of differences of opinion about which strategy to follow.
Coordinating with Belgium
Belgium, though it said it was neutral, had made arrangements for working with Allied troops.
This made it more difficult for the Dutch to make arrangements with the Belgians.
He did not approve of a plan by Van Voorst tot Voorst to occupy the "Orange Position to form a continuous line with the Belgian lines.
When Winkelman took over command, he proposed on 21 February that Belgium would set up a connecting line with the Peel Raam Position along the Belgian part of the Zuid-Willemsvaart.
The Belgians refused to do this unless the Dutch sent in new troops in Limburg.
The Dutch had no forces available.
Repeated Belgian requests to defend the Orange Position were refused by Winkelman.
Therefore, the Belgians decided to withdraw, in an invasion, all their troops to their main defence line, the Albert Canal.
This created a gap forty kilometres wide.
The French were asked to fill it.
Now the French Commander in Chief General Maurice Gamelin was more than interested in including the Dutch in his continuous line.
But he would not stretch his supply lines that far unless the Belgians and Dutch would take the allied side.
When both nations refused, Gamelin said he would occupy a position near Breda.
Winkelman decided on 30 March to abandon the Peel-Raam Position after a German attack.
He withdrew his Third Army Corps to the Linge.
This Waal-Linge Position was planned to have pillboxes; the budget for pillboxes was increased with a hundred million guilders.
French strategy
In addition to the Dutch Army and the German 18th Army, a third force would operate on Dutch soil: the French 7th Army.
Both the French and the Germans saw the possibility of a surprise attack.
For the Germans this would mean bypassing the Antwerp-Namur line.
Rapid forces were needed to protect important locations from the enemy.
Long before the Germans did, the French had thought of using airborne troops to do speedy attacks.
A naval division and an infantry division were set to go to Zealand to block the Western Scheldt against a German crossing.
French Commander in Chief General Maurice Gamelin feared the Dutch would surrender or accept German protection.
He reassigned the former French strategic reserve, the 7th Army, to go in front of Antwerp.
The force consisted of the 16th Army Corps, the 9th Motorised and the 4th Infantry Division; and the 1st Army Corps, consisting of the 25th Motorised Infantry Division and the 21st Infantry Division.
This army was later reinforced by the 1st Mechanised Light Division, an armoured division of the French Cavalry.
Together with the two divisions in Zealand, seven French divisions were to be used.
Although the French troops would have more motorised units than the Germans, they could not hope to reach their places in the battle before the enemy did.
Their only prospect of beating the Germans was using rail transport.
They would have to build up their forces near Breda.
They needed the Dutch troops in the Peel-Raam Position to delay the Germans for a few extra days to allow French forces to move in and dig trenches.
These consisted of the reconnaissance units of the armoured and motorised divisions, with armoured cars.
These would be put into two task forces.
German strategy and forces
During the plans for Fall Gelb the idea of leaving the Fortress Holland alone was considered.
The first plan of 19 October 1939 suggested a full occupation.
In the version of 29 October it was proposed to limit the invasion to a line south of Venlo.
In the Holland-Weisung (Holland Directive) of 15 November it was decided to conquer the entire south, but in the north to advance no further than the Grebbe Line, and to occupy the Frisian Isles.
Hermann Göring wanted a full capture of Holland as he needed the Dutch airfields to use against Britain.
He was afraid the Allies might reinforce Fortress Holland and use the airfields to bomb German cities and troops.
A swift defeat would also free troops for other sectors.
On 17 January 1940 they decided to conquer all of the Netherlands.
However, few units were available for this task.
The main effort of Fall Gelb would be made in the centre, between Namur and Sedan.
The attack at central Belgium was only a trick; and the attack at Fortress Holland only a trick as well.
Although both the 6th and 18th Army were in place at the Dutch border, the first, larger force would move south of Venlo to Belgium.
This would leave just the 18th Army under General Georg von Küchler to attack the Dutch main force.
Of all German armies in the battle, this was the weakest.
It contained only four regular infantry divisions (the 207th, 227th, 254th and 256th Infantry Divisions), assisted by three reserve divisions (208th, 225th, and 526th Infantry Divisions).
Six of these divisions were units created in August 1939 from territorial Landwehr units.
They had few professional officers and little fighting experience.
Like the Dutch Army, most soldiers (88%) lacked training.
The seventh division was the 526th Infantry Division, which lacked combat training.
The German divisions had 17,807 men, fifty percent larger than their Dutch counterparts.
They had twice their firepower, but even so they did mot have enough men for a successful attack.
To add more men, the only German cavalry division, the 1st Kavalleriedivision was told to capture the weakly defended provinces east of the river IJssel.
A landing in Holland near Enkhuizen was to be attempted, using barges.
As both efforts were unlikely to do well, the regular divisions were reinforced by the SS-Verfügungsdivision (including SS-Standarten Der Führer, Deutschland and Germania) and Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler.
These would attack the Dutch fortified positions.
Still this added only 1 division to the equation.
To ensure a victory the Germans used new methods.
The Germans had trained two airborne divisions.
The first of these, the 7.
Flieger-Division, was paratroopers; the second, the 22nd Luftlande-Infanteriedivision, of airborne infantry.
The airborne troops would capture the airfields around The Hague, and then capture that government, together with the Dutch High Command and Queen Wilhelmina.
The plan, Fall Festung, had been developed by Hitler.
If the first attack did not succeed, the bridges at Rotterdam, Dordrecht and Moerdijk would be captured to allow a mechanised force to move in.
This force was to be the German 9th Panzer Division.
They were the only German armoured division having just two tank battalions.
the total number of tanks in the group was 141.
The plan was for them to go through a gap in the Dutch lines created by the 254th and 256th Infantry Divisions.
Then they would join up with them, forming the XXVI.
Armeekorps.
At the same time, an attack would be made against the Grebbe Line in the east by the 207th and 227th Infantry Divisions, united to form X. Armeekorps, to fight the Dutch Army.
The plan was to force the Dutch back to the east front of the Fortress Holland or beyond.
If the Dutch did not surrender on the first day, the Eighteenth Army would attack Fortress Holland on the third day from the south.
The Oster affair
The German people and troops disliked the idea of going against Dutch neutrality.
The Germans said the invasion was to stop the Allies from occupying the Low Countries.
Some German officers did not like the Nazi government and were also unhappy with the invasion.
One of them was Colonel Hans Oster, a German intelligence officer.
In March 1939 he began to pass information to his friend, a Dutch military officer in Berlin Major Gijsbertus J. Sas.
This information included the German attack date.
Sas informed the Allies.
Sas knowing the date of the attack on Denmark and Norway was not noticed.
Though he said a German armoured division would try to attack the Netherlands and that there was a plan to capture the Queen, the Dutch defence plan was not changed.
On 4 May Sas warned that an attack was coming soon.
When in the evening of 9 May Oster phoned his friend saying the attack would be soon, the Dutch troops were put on alert.
In the night the Luftwaffe flew into Dutch lands.
One group, Kampfgeschwader 4 (KG 4), attacked the Dutch airfields.
Led by Oberst (Colonel) Martin Fiebig, KG 4 attacked the naval airfield at De Kooy, destroying 35 aircraft.
Fiebig was shot down and spent five days as a Dutch prisoner of war.
KG 4 also attacked Amsterdam-Schiphol, where the Dutch lost a third of their medium bombers, and The Hague airfields where KG 4 destroyed half of the 21 defending fighters.
KG 4 lost 11 Heinkel He 111 bombers on 10 May and three Junkers Ju 88s; KG 30 and 54 another nine bombers.
Jagdgeschwader 26 (JG 26) and Zerstörergeschwader 26 (ZG 26) shot down 25 Dutch aircraft for a loss of nine fighters, with Albert Kesselring's Luftflotte 2 destroying 41.
The Dutch were left with just 70 aircraft by the end of the day.
They continued to fight the Luftwaffe, shooting down 13 German fighter aircraft by 14 May.
Paratroopers were landed near the airfields.
Dutch anti-aircraft batteries shot down numerous Ju 52 transport planes.
German Ju 52 losses in the battle were about 250 planes.
The attack on The Hague was a failure.
The paratroopers did not capture the main airfield at Ypenburg in time for the airborne infantry to land in their Junkers.
Five Landsverks, assisted by machine guns, destroyed the eighteen Junkers, killing many troops.
When the airstrip was blocked by wrecks the remaining planes landed in meadows or on the beach, spreading out the troops.
The small airfield of Ockenburg was captured by the Germans.
The airfield of Valkenburg was occupied.
However, the landing strip was still being built and the water level had not yet been lowered: planes landing there sank in the soft soil.
None of the airfields could be used to land new troops.
The paratroopers occupied Ypenburg but did not get into The Hague.
They were blocked by Dutch troops.
Early in the afternoon they fired on by three Dutch artillery batteries.
Dutch artillery drove away the German troops from the other two airfields.
The attack on Rotterdam was much more successful.
Twelve Heinkel He 59 seaplanes landed in the city.
They captured the Willemsbrug, a bridge over the Nieuwe Maas.
At the same time the military airfield of Waalhaven was attacked by airborne forces.
Here an infantry battalion was close to the airfield.
The paratroopers landed near them.
A fight followed.
The first group of Junkers suffered no losses and the transports continued to land.
In the end the Dutch defenders were defeated.
The Germans occupied IJsselmonde.
The Royal Netherlands Navy's torpedo boats Z5 and TM 51 attacked the Willemsbrug.
The destroyer HNLMS Van Galen sailed up the Nieuwe Waterweg to bomb the airfield, but the ship got bombed.
A plan to send the gunboats HNLMS Flores and HNLMS Johan Maurits van Nassau was stopped.
At the Island of Dordrecht the Dordrecht bridge was captured but the Dutch fought on.
The long Moerdijk bridges were captured and fortified on the southern side.
The Germans, doing a plan approved by Hitler, tried to capture the IJssel and Maas bridges.
During the night of 10 May they approached the bridges.
Most of these attempts failed and the bridges were blown up.
The exception was the Gennep railway bridge.
After the failed assaults on the bridges, the German divisions began crossing over the rivers IJssel and Maas.
The first attacks were destroyed by fire from the pillboxes.
At most places, bombing destroyed the pillboxes and the infantry divisions crossed the river by building pontoon bridges.
At Arnhem, Leibstandarte Der Fuehrer led the attack and advanced to the Grebbe Line, followed by 207.
Infanteriedivision.
A withdrawal was planned for the first night after the invasion, in the darkness.
Due to the rapid German advance a quick retreat was ordered at 06:45.
The corps joined "Brigade G", six battalions already occupying the Waal-Linge line.
The Light Division, based at Vught, was the only force the Dutch Army had that could move about.
Its withdrawal had been done a day early.
Its regiments had reached the Noord river in the evening.
Meanwhile, on the evening of the 10th, around 22:00, French troops using Panhard 178 armoured cars started to arrive at the Dutch border.
After them, the French 1st Mechanised Light Division moved forward.
Attempts to get the French to move forward with the Dutch troops towards Noord-Brabant did not work well.
When a first attack had been stopped, an attack at the Main Defense Line was postponed because most artillery had not arrived.
In the early evening, they attacked even though there was only one 105 mm battery.
Colonel Schmidt at 20:30 ordered the Peel-Raam Position to be abandoned.
He told his troops to go to the west at a new line at the Zuid-Willemsvaart canal.
In the North, by the end of the day, 1.
Kavalleriedivision had reached the line Meppel–Groningen.
They were delayed by Dutch teams blowing up 236 bridges.
Dutch troop strength in that area was weak.
In the south, the six border battalions in the province of Limburg delayed the advance of the German Sixth Army.
Before noon Maastricht had surrendered.
The Germans did not capture the main bridge intact.
This delayed the crossing by the 4th Panzer Division until the next day.
On 11 May the Dutch commander General Winkelman had two goals.
First of all he wanted to kill the German airborne troops.
He thought that the German possession of the Moerdijk bridges would stop the movement of new Allied troops.
Little was achieved this day.
The attack by the Light Division against the airborne troops on IJsselmonde failed.
The bridge over the river Noord was defended by the German paratroopers, and it was impossible to cross it.
Several attempts to cross the river by boats were not that successful.
At 10:15, the Light Division was told to join the Dutch troops on the Island of Dordrecht.
After killing German troops on the Island of Dordrecht the division was to advance into IJsselmonde over the Dordrecht bridge to reach Rotterdam.
Earlier during the day, two attempts were made by Dutch battalions to attack the western side of the German line.
The First Battalion tried to attack the bridge at Barendrecht into IJsselmonde.
The second battalion tried to capture more land.
Although its crossings were successful, the first battalion was attacked by the Germans.
The second battalion had many men being taken prisoner.
In Rotterdam, the Dutch failed to kill the German airborne troops from their bridge on the northern bank of the Maas.
The two remaining Dutch bombers failed to destroy the Willemsbrug.
None of the attempts to kill the groups of 1600 paratroopers and airlanded forces was successful.
In North Brabant, the situation got worse.
The French commanders of the 7th Army had expected that Dutch fighting would give them four days to build up a defensive line near Breda.
However, the best three divisions had been moved to the north and the remaining forces were retreating.
The withdrawal of the Peel Division from the Peel-Raam Position to the Zuid-Willemsvaart, a canal to the west, meant leaving behind their trenches and artillery for a totally unprepared line.
The eastern bank of the canal was higher than the western bank, providing excellent cover for the attackers.
A second crossing at Erp, led to a collapse of the line.
By the end of the 11th, the Germans had crossed the Zuid-Willemsvaart at most places and the Peel Division had fallen apart.
The French refused to advance further to the northeast than Tilburg, apart from some armoured cars that went as far as Berlicum.
Motorised elements of SS Standarte "Der Fuehrer" had reached the southernmost part of the Grebbe Line, in front of the Grebbeberg, on the evening of the 10th.
This Main Defense Line sector was protected by a line of outposts and two groups of infantry.
At about half past three in the morning of the 11th, German artillery started bombing the outposts.
At dawn, two battalions of Der Fuehrer attacked.
As the German bombing had cut the telephone lines, no artillery could be requested by the Dutch defenders.
The vegetation offered good cover for the attackers.
At noon, the Germans broke a hole at the extreme north.
By evening, all outposts were held by the Germans.
The commander of 2nd Army Corps, Major-General Jacob Harberts, did not realise that motorised SS troops had been involved in the attack.
He thought that the outposts had surrendered to a small German force.
He ordered a night attack by the single reserve battalion of 4th Division.
This attack was abandoned.
However, heavy Dutch artillery fire caused the Germans to abandon their plans for a night attack.
Meanwhile, in the North, 1.
Kavalleriedivision advanced through the province of Friesland, reaching Sneek in the evening.
Most Dutch troops had been evacuated from the north.
On the morning of 12 May General Winkelman still had hope.
He thought a defence line could be set up in North Brabant with the help of the French.
He also expected that the Dutch could kill the German airborne forces.
He was not aware of any danger to the Grebbe Line.
Panzerdivision crossed the Meuse in the early morning of 11 May.
It could not advance quickly over roads filled with infantry.
The armoured division was told to join with the airborne troops as soon as the Peel-Raam Position had been captured by the infantry forces.
Because the German 6th Army was threatening its right side and there was no time to prepare a defence line, Gamelin ordered the 7th Army to withdraw its left side.
2e Brigade Légère Mécanique retreated to the south.
The 9th Panzer Division took Colonel Schmidt prisoner.
The Dutch troops in the province lost all command.
Shortly after noon the German armoured cars got thirty kilometres more to the west, cutting off the Fortress Holland from the Allied main force.
At 16:45 they had reached the bridges.
The Light Division tried to recapture the Island of Dordrecht by advancing with four battalions with little artillery support.
On its left side, where there was almost no enemies, the advance went well.
The battalion on the right side ran into an attacking German battalion.
In the street fighting the German troops blocked the battalion.
The other Dutch units then halted their advance around noon.
No attack was made that day.
In Rotterdam and around The Hague little was done against the paratroopers.
Most Dutch commanders did not attack.
In the east the Germans attacked the Dutch defenders on the Grebbeberg.
After artillery bombing in the morning, at around noon a battalion of Der Fuehrer attacked the main line, occupied by a Dutch company.
The Germans got through the thin line.
A second German battalion then attacked to the north.
Dutch artillery, though equal in strength to the Germans, did not fire on the enemy infantry.
Due to a lack of numbers, training, and heavy weapons, the attacks failed against the well-trained SS troops.
By the evening the Germans had the area under their control.
Spotting a weak point, one of the SS battalion commanders, Obersturmbannführer Hilmar Wäckerle, attacked.
The defenders mostly abandoned their positions.
The SS company became surrounded.
The Dutch knew that the forces on the Grebbe Line would not be strong enough to stop all attacks by themselves.
They were intended to delay an attack long enough for new troops to be sent.
In the late evening it was decided to attack from the north the next day.
In the North, the Wons position had a long perimeter of about nine kilometres, which gave space for retreating troops.
On 12 May units with a combined strength of only two battalions were still present, so the line was weakly held.
The first German unit to arrive broke through.
This forced the defenders to withdraw to the Enclosure Dike.
General Winkelman ordered the artillery bin the Hoekse Waard to try to destroy the Moerdijk bridges and sent a team to Rotterdam to blow up the Willemsbrug.
He also ordered the oil reserves of Royal Dutch Shell at Pernis to be set on fire.
The Dutch government asked Winston Churchill for three British divisions to battle the Germans.
The new prime minister said he did not have any reserves; however, three British torpedo boats were sent to Lake IJssel.
Also, 2nd Welsh Guard battalion was prepared to be sent, but it was too late.
The German command was very happy with the day's events.
von Bock had requested another Army Corps.
The French were retreating.
von Bock decided to follow the French south towards Antwerp.
Some forces would be sent to advance north with 254.
Infanteriedivision, most of 9.
Panzerdivision, and SS Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler.
In the early morning of 13 May General Winkelman told the Dutch government that there were serious problems.
On land the Dutch had been cut off from the Allied front and no major Allied landings were planned by sea.
Without support, there was no hope of successful resistance.
German tanks might quickly pass through Rotterdam; Winkelman had already ordered all antitank-guns to be placed around The Hague, to protect the government.
However, a collapse of the Dutch defences might still be prevented if attacks could seal off the southern front near Dordrecht and restore the eastern line at the Grebbeberg.
Therefore, the cabinet decided to continue the fight, giving the general the power to surrender the Army when he thought he had to.
Queen Wilhelmina was brought to safety; she departed around noon from Hoek van Holland, where a British Irish Guards battalion was present, on HMS Hereward, a British destroyer, and went to England.
The previous evening, the Queen's only child and Princess Juliana, together with her husband and their children, had departed from IJmuiden on HMS Codrington  for Harwich.
As the Queen was part of the government, when she left, the cabinet had to whether to follow her or remain.
After many discussions it was decided to leave also: the ministers sailed at 19:20 from Hoek van Holland on HMS Windsor to form a government in exile in London.
While two tank companies of 9.
Panzerdivision remained to pursue the French, the other four began to cross the Moerdijk bridge at 05:20.
Two staff companies with tanks also went to the northern side.
The Dutch attempted to block the German armour.
At around 06:00 the last medium bomber, a Fokker T. V,  dropped two bombs on the bridge.
The one bomb that hit the bridge did not explode.
The bomber was shot down.
The Dutch tried to destroy the bridge by artillery fire, but the bridge was only slightly damaged.
Attempts to flood the Island of Dordrecht failed.
The Light Division tried to advance to the west.
However, two of the four battalions could not recapture the suburbs of Dordrecht.
When the other two battalions approached the main road, they were met by a few dozen German tanks.
The battalions were hit by a Stuka bombing and they fled to the east.
47mm and 75 mm batteries halted the attack of the German tanks.
The left part of the Light Division then withdrew to the Alblasserwaard at around 13:00.
A tank company also tried to capture the Dordrecht, but it was ordered to retreat after heavy street fighting.
in At least two Panzerkampfwagen IIs were destroyed and three tanks heavily damaged.
All Dutch troops were withdrawn from the island in the night.
German armoured forces advanced north over the Dordrecht bridge into IJsselmonde island.
Three tanks, two PzKpfw.
IIs and a Panzerkampfwagen III attacked the Barendrecht bridge into the Hoekse Waard.
All of them were destroyed by a single 47 mm antitank-gun.
Though the Germans did not make another attack, this area was abandoned by the Dutch troops.
In Rotterdam a last attempt was made to blow up the Willemsbrug.
Two Dutch companies attacked the bridge.
The bridge was reached and the fifty German almost surrendered.
However, the attack was stopped because of heavy fire from the other side of the river.
In the North, the commander of 1.
Kavalleriedivision, Major General Kurt Feldt, had to go over the Enclosure Dike because of a lack of ships.
The main fortifications contained 47 mm antitank-guns.
There was no cover for any attacker.
On 13 May the position was reinforced by a 20 mm anti aircraft battery.
It had been Feldt's intention to destroy the position by mortars, but the train transporting it had been blocked on 10 May by a blown railway bridge at Winschoten.
Several air attacks on 13 May had little effect.
In the late afternoon five sections tried to attack under cover of an artillery bombing, but soon fled after being fired upon.
In the East the Germans tried to attack the Grebbe Line by using the other division of X. AK, 227.
The line was in this area defended by the Dutch 2nd Infantry Division.
Two German regiments were to attack.
The 366.
Infanterieregiment was hit by Dutch artillery fire and had to withdraw.
This led to the failure of the attack by 227 Infanteriedivision.
On the south of the Grebbe Line, the Grebbeberg, the Germans were now using three SS battalions.
During the evening and night of 12–13 May the Dutch had a dozen However, not all of these units could be put together to attack the main line.
This Dutch attack was delayed for several hours.
When it started in the morning of 13 May, it ran into an attack by two battalions of Der Fuehrer.
A fight followed in which the Dutch were beaten by the SS troops.
Soon this resulted in a  withdrawal of the brigade.
The Dutch lost when the Grebbeberg area was bombed by 27 Ju 87 Stukas.
Meanwhile, 207.
Infanteriedivision was sent into battle at the Grebbeberg.
The first German attackers were stopped with serious losses.
A second attack managed to get past the trench line, which then was captured after heavy fighting.
The Germans planned to attack and take the Rhenen line and the village of Achterberg.
However, the Dutch had already disappeared.
The Stuka bombing scared the reserves at Rhenen.
In the morning these troops left the battlefield because of German fire.
In the late afternoon most of 4th Infantry Division was fleeing westwards.
The German had expected that the Dutch would attempt to fill any gaps in the line.
The Dutch planned to send two regiments of the Dutch 3rd Army Corps north to fill any gaps.
But Dutch command had lost control, so they could not get their defences set up again.
A  wide gap had appeared in the defences.
At 20:30 Van Voorst tot Voorst ordered the three Army Corps to abandon the Grebbe Line and the Waal-Linge Position and to retreat.
Despite his loss of hope and the power  he had been given to surrender the Army, General Winkelman avoided surrendering until he had to.
He wanted to battle the German troops for as long as possible, to help the Allied war effort.
In the North, a German artillery bombardment of the Kornwerderzand Position began at 09:00.
However, the German batteries were forced to move away after being fired on from the 15 cm.
aft cannon of Hr.
Ms. Johan Maurits van Nassau.
Feldt now decided to land on the coast of North-Holland.
A few barges were found; only after the surrender was the crossing done.
During this operation one barge sunk and the others got lost.
Winkelman on 12 May ordered the defence of an "Amsterdam Position" along the North Sea Canal, but only weak forces were available.
In the East, the field army withdrew from the Grebbe Line to the East Front.
The new position had some problems.
The flooding was mostly not yet ready and the earthworks had not yet been constructed.
On IJsselmonde the German forces prepared to cross the Maas in Rotterdam, which was defended by about eight Dutch battalions.
Crossings would be attempted in two sectors.
The main attack would take place in the centre of the city, with the German 9th Panzer Division advancing over the Willemsbrug.
Then SS Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler would cross.
East of Rotterdam, a battalion of the 16th Infantry Regiment of 22.
Luftlandedivision would cross on boats.
The Germans decided to use air support.
Kampfgeschwader 54, using Heinkel He 111 bombers, was shifted from Sixth to Eighteenth Army.
Generals Kurt Student and Schmidt wanted a limited air attack to temporarily stop the defences.
However, Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring, worried about his surrounded airborne troops, wanted a total bombing of Rotterdam.
At 09:00 a German messenger crossed the Willemsbrug to bring a message Schmidt to Colonel Pieter Scharroo, the Dutch commander of Rotterdam, demanding a surrender of the city.
If an answer had not been received within two hours, severe destruction would be done.
Scharroo did not receive the message until 10:30.
He did not want to surrender.
He got a new message signed by Schmidt and that required an answer by 16:20.
At 13:20 two groups of Heinkels arrived.
The other 54 Heinkels dropped 1308 bombs, destroying the inner city and killing 814 civilians.
The fires destroyed about 24,000 houses, making almost 80,000 people homeless.
At 15:50 Scharroo surrendered to Schmidt in person.
Göring had ordered a second bombing of the city to be carried out unless the whole of Rotterdam was occupied.
When Schmidt heard the order, he sent a message at 17:15 claiming the city was taken, but this was not true.
The bombers were called back just in time.
The surrender of the Dutch Army
Winkelman at first intended to continue the fight.
Bombings were not seen as a reason to surrender.
The Hague could still fight off an armoured attack.
He got a message from Colonel Cuno Eduard Willem baron van Voorst tot Voorst, the commander of the city of Utrecht, that the Germans demanded its surrender.
Messages were dropped by planes saying that only surrender would stop the city from being destroyed.
All army units were informed at 16:50 by of his decision and ordered to destroy their weapons and surrender to the nearest German units.
At 17:20 the German envoy in The Hague was informed.
At around 19:00 Winkelman gave a radio speech informing the Dutch people.
This was also how the German command became aware the Dutch had surrendered.
On the morning of 14 May the commander of the Royal Dutch Navy, Vice-Admiral Johannes Furstner, left the country to continue the fight.
Dutch naval vessels were generally not included in the surrender.
Eight ships had already departed, some smaller vessels were sunk, and nine others sailed for England in the evening of 14 May.
The Hr.
Ms. Johan Maurits van Nassau was sunk by German bombers while crossing.
The commander of the main Dutch naval port of Den Helder, Rear-Admiral Hoyte Jolles, decided that his base, with 10,000 troops, its own air service, and land defences, should continue to fight.
Winkelman had to convince him to obey the surrender order.
Large parts of the Dutch Army did not want to accept the surrender.
At 05:00 on 15 May a German messenger reached The Hague, inviting Winkelman to Rijsoord for a meeting with von Küchler to make a written surrender.
Winkelman surrendered the army, naval and air forces.
The document was signed at 10:15
The fighting in Zealand
The province of Zealand not part of the surrender.
Fighting continued alongside French troops.
The Dutch forces in the province had eight full battalions of army and naval troops.
They were commanded by Rear-Admiral Hendrik Jan van der Stad.
The area was under naval command because of the naval port of Flushing on the island of Walcheren.
The northern islands of the province were almost undefended apart from some platoons.
The defence of Zeeuws-Vlaanderen, the Dutch part of Flanders, was left to the Allies.
The main Dutch army forces were in Zuid-Beveland east of Walcheren.
They tried to block this route to Vlissingen.
Zuid-Beveland was connected to the coast of North Brabant.
At its eastern end, Bath Position was defended by an infantry battalion.
At its western end was the Zanddijk Position, occupied by three battalions.
After on 10 May three French motorised units went to North Brabant.
From 11 May the area was reinforced by two French infantry divisions: the 60e Division d'Infanterie, a B-class division, and the newly formed naval 68e Division d'Infanterie.
Part of their equipment was brought by ship.
Most troops remained where two of the eight Dutch battalions and two border companies were located.
Only two French regiments were sent to the northern bank.
On 13 May the Dutch troops were placed under French command and 68e Division d'Infanterie was transferred to the 7th Army.
There was poor communications, misunderstandings and disagreements between the Dutch and the French.
The Dutch considered the Bath and Zanddijk Positions to be defendable because of the flooding.
However, the French commander General Pierre-Servais Durand wanted his troops hidden behind obstacles.
On the evening of 13 May one regiment, the 271e of 68e Division d'Infanterie, occupied the Canal through Zuid-Beveland.
The 224e of 60 Division d'Infanterie stayed in the area separating the island of Walcheren from Zuid-Beveland.
The Allied forces were not grouped together enough, which enabled the Germans to defeat them even though they had less men.
On 14 May the Germans had occupied almost all of North Brabant.
SS-Standarte Deutschland reached the Bath Position.
This cut off the retreat of 27e Groupe de Reconnaissance de Division d'Infanterie, which was destroyed defending Bergen-op-Zoom.
The morale of the defenders of the Bath Position weakened by news that Winkelman had surrendered.
Many decided that it was useless that Zealand kept fighting as the last remaining province.
An artillery bombing on the position in the evening of 14 May caused the commanding officers to leave.
Then the troops left.
In the morning of 15 May SS-Standarte Deutschland approached the Zanddijk Position.
A first attack around 08:00 on the northern sector was stopped, as the Germans had to advance over a narrow dike.
However, the bombing caused the battalions in the main positions to flee, and the entire line was abandoned around 14:00.
On 16 May SS-Standarte Deutschland approached the Canal through Zuid-Beveland.
The French 271e Régiment d’Infanterie was partly dug in and helped by three Dutch battalions.
An air bombing was done that morning.
The first German crossings around 11:00 led to a complete collapse of the defence.
On 16 May the island of Tholen was captured.
On 17 May Schouwen-Duiveland was captured.
The commanders of the Dutch troops on South-Beveland refused commands to attack the Germans.
On 17 May a night attack at 03:00 failed.
The Germans now demanded the surrender of the island.
When this was refused they bombed Arnemuiden and Flushing.
Middelburg, the province's capital city, was shelled by artillery, its inner city partially burning down.
The heavy bombing made the French defenders lose hope.
The Germans managed to capture a bridge around noon.
The few Dutch troops on Walcheren, about three companies, stopped fighting.
In the evening the  Germans threatened to attack the French forces in Flushing, but most troops were evacuated over the Western Scheldt.
After North-Beveland had surrendered on 18 May, Zeeuws-Vlaanderen was the last remaining unoccupied Dutch territory.
On orders of the French, all Dutch troops were withdrawn on 19 May to Ostend in Belgium.
On 27 May all of Zeeuws-Vlaanderen had been occupied.
Following the Dutch defeat, Queen Wilhelmina established a government-in-exile in England.
The German occupation began on 17 May 1940.
It would be five years before the entire country was liberated.
Over 210,000 Dutch people became victims of war, including 104,000 Jews and other minorities, who were killed because of their race (genocide).
Another 70,000 more Dutch people died from poor nutrition or limited medical services.
C.W. Star Busmann.
Partworks and Encyclopedia of World War II
Hooton, E.R. Phoenix Triumphant: The Rise and Rise of the Luftwaffe.
Brockhampton Press, 1994. .
Goossens, Allert M.A. (2011) History Site "War Over Holland – the Dutch struggle May 1940"
The Battle of the Netherlands 1940
Thebe Neruda Kgositsile (born February 24, 1994), better known by his stage name Earl Sweatshirt, is an American rapper and record producer from Los Angeles, California.
Kgositsile was originally known by the moniker Sly Tendencies when he started rapping, but soon changed his name when Tyler, the Creator invited him to join his hip hop collective Odd Future in late 2009.
He gained recognition and critical praise for his debut mixtape, entitled Earl, which released in March 2010 when he was just 16 years old.
Shortly after its release, his mother sent him to a boarding school in Samoa for at-risk teens for a year and a half.
He was unable to record music during his tenure there, but returned to Los Angeles in February 2012, just before his eighteenth birthday.
Kgositsile rejoined Odd Future and started producing new music, releasing his debut studio album Doris in August 2013.
His second album, I Don't Like Shit, I Don't Go Outside: An Album by Earl Sweatshirt followed in March 2015, and his third, Some Rap Songs, released in November 2018.
His projects have all received widespread critical praise.
He is currently signed to Columbia Records as well as his independent label Tan Cressida.
Edward Teller (January 15, 1908 – September 9, 2003) was an American theoretical physicist.
He was born in Budapest, the capital city of Hungary.
At the time Hungary was called Austria-Hungary.
He is known as "the father of the hydrogen bomb".
Teller's family was Jewish.
Teller did not speak until he was three years old.
He left Hungary in 1926.
He went to the University of Karlsruhe there.
He then went to the University of Leipzig.
He got his Ph.D. in physics there.
In 1933 Adolf Hitler became the leader of Germany.
Teller decided to move so the Nazis wouldn't kill him for being a Jew.
In 1934 Teller moved to Copenhagen in Denmark.
He joined the Institute for Theoretical Physics there.
He married Augusta Maria Harkanyi.
Then Teller moved to London in England to teach at University of London.
In 1935 he moved to the United States to become a professor at George Washington University.
In 1941 he stopped working at George Washington University.
He joined the Manhattan Project in 1942.
At the time it was called the Manhattan Engineering District.
With Stanislaw Ulam and other immigrant scientists he invented the fusion bomb.
In 1952 Teller opened Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory at the University of California with Ernest Lawrence.
In 1953 Teller became a professor at the University of California.
He was on the cover of TIME magazine in 1957.
From 1958 to 1960, Teller worked as the director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
He was the associate director until 1977.
The laboratory is now called Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory.
In 1979 Teller had a heart attack.
He blamed it on Jane Fonda.
In 1982 he became a member of the White House Science Council.
Teller was given one of the first Ig Nobel Prizes for Peace in 1991.
In 2000 Teller's wife died.
In 2001 a book Teller wrote about his life, Memoirs: A Twentieth Century Journey In Science And Politics, was published by Basic Books.
Teller was 93.
Teller was an agnostic.
He also was a Republican.
Sir Galahad is a character from Arthurian legend- a knight of the Round Table and the son of Sir Lancelot.
Legend says that Galahad searched for and later found the Holy Grail earning him the name 'The Grail Knight', as he was the only one on earth considered by God worthy of finding the Holy Grail.
It is said that when he drank from the grail, he was surrounded by light and ascended to heaven.
His uncle was king Pelle and Galahad's father was actually Sir Lancelot.
Galahad was also very noble and loyal, and was reknowned as a talented swordsman.
Galahad was known as the perfect knight.
The Chesapeake Bay Bridge (called the Bay Bridge by locals) is a bridge that crosses Chesapeake Bay, on the eastern coast of the United States.
The bridge is  long.
It serves as a connecting route between the eastern and western shores of Maryland.
The bridge was named after William Preston Lane Jr., the governor at the time that the building of the bridge was ordered.
Tolls and fees
A toll of six dollars is charged on the one-way toll side of the bridge (the side opposite of the Eastern Shore).
Although for taxi services the fee is anywhere from 25 to 30 dollars.
The bridge was first proposed for building in 1938.
Building did not begin until 1947 because of the United States' involvement in World War II.
The bridge was finally opened to traffic on July 30, 1952.
Later in 1967, because traffic on the bridge was increasing, another side for the bridge was proposed.
The proposal was agreed to, and funded by the state of Maryland.
Building began once again in 1969 and was completed in 1973.
On August 10, 2008 a tractor trailer was involved in a head on collision, which worried people about the structure of the Bridge.
Afterwards, the Maryland Transportation Comity ruled out any possibility of the accident being caused by the bridge itself.
On August 28, 2012 the bridge was seen making unusual vertical movements that were later found to be caused by two construction tarps that had been installed for a construction project, catching wind causing the bridge to slightly move.
In result to the incident, traffic that day backed up almost seven miles, a record for traffic on the bridge.
On July 18, 2013 a tractor trailer was hit from behind, forcing it over the edge of the bridge, falling a total of 27 feet into the water, where the driver then was able to open the door and swim to the Eastern Shore and receive help.
Roads to the Future Website
Chesapeake Bay Bridge Fundamental
Official PDF for Bridge Finances
Ritwik Kumar Ghatak (4 November 1925 – 6 February 1976) was a Bengali Indian filmmaker, scriptwriter and actor.
He was born in Dhaka in East Bengal.
He wrote his first play,  Kalo sayar, in 1948.
In 1951, Ghatak joined the Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA).
Ghatak acted in the 1950 film Chinnamul.
In 1952 Ghatak completed his first movie, Nagarik.
It was not released until 1977.
Ghatak wrote the 1958 Hindi film Madhumati with Rajinder Singh Bedi.
Ghatak married Surama Devi.
He had a son, Ritaban Ghatak, and two daughters with her.
Personality is a term that describes traits a person shows consistently.
These traits are shown at different times and in different situations.
Understanding someone’s personality may allow you to predict their behavior in many situations.
Predictability makes it possible to explain and understand behavior.
A person's personality can often suggest their internal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Intrapersonal functioning is a term used to describe the stable processes that underlie these thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Gordon Allport defined personality as a "dynamic organization inside a person, of psychophysical systems that create the person's characteristic patterns of behavior, thoughts and feelings."
Hippocrates' ideas
Many theorists like Hippocrates had their own opinions on what affected the personality.
Hippocrates believed that the body contains four “humors” (body fluids): yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm.
When one of the fluids was too much or too little, it affected the personality.
Hippocrates associated each of the humors with different elements, and temperaments:
Blood was associated with air and resulted in sanguine, or hopefulness.
Black bile, associated with earth, resulted in a temperament that was melancholic and resulted in a person feeling sad.
Yellow bile was associated with fire and resulted in what he called a choleric temperament, resulting in irritability and aggression.
Phlegm, associated with water, resulted in a phlegmatic temperament, associated with being apathetic.
If any of the four humors were at irregular levels, Hippocrates believed the person would display the temperaments or show signs of sickness.
Different perspectives of personality research
When studying personality, one must consider all the different perspectives in the approach to understand how personality is created.
Some of these perspectives include things like trait theory, the influence of motives, evolutionary theories, and the social learning approach.
Each of these theories try and explain how the personality is created and what influences its development.
Trait theory suggests that there are both traits and types within people that create the personality.
Types are categories that have measurable differences.
Traits are stable qualities in people that have measurable differences.
Examples of traits are things like fairness, intelligence, confidence, and helpfulness.
Individual differences are shown in the amount that a trait is seen.
Within trait theory, there are many different approaches to how traits operate and to what extent.
A Nomothetic (shared) view of traits suggests that traits apply to everyone and it is possible to compare traits among individuals.
It also states that individuals show a unique combination of traits.