the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
These are some of the only known photos that show what happened around the gas chambers.
The photographer was a member of the Sonderkommando, a group of inmates forced to work in and around the gas chambers.
He took two photos from inside one of the gas chambers and two from outside.
To keep from being caught, he had to aim the camera from his hip and was not able to focus the camera.
The Polish resistance (a movement of Polish people fighting against the Nazis) snuck the camera film out of the camp in a toothpaste tube.
The photographs were numbered 280–283 by the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum.
Numbers 280 and 281 show the cremation of dead bodies in a fire pit.
Number 283 just shows trees (since the photographer could not see where he was aiming the camera, he aimed too high for this photo).
Number 282 shows a group of naked women just before they went into the gas chamber.
Taking the photographs
Nobody knows for sure who took the photographs.
Many records say he was called "Alex," and was a Jewish inmate from Greece.
"Alex" may have been Alberto Errera, an officer from the Greek navy; he was shot and killed after hitting an SS officer.
(The SS - Schutzstaffel - were the Nazi military organization that ran the concentration camps.)
Other members of the Sonderkommando in the camp's crematorium helped get and hide the camera Alex used.
They were also look-outs (they watched the SS to find the safest time for Alex to take the pictures.)
One of these men was Alter Fajnzylberg, who had worked the camp's crematoria since July 1943.
He once described how the photos were taken:
[S]omewhere about midway through 1944, we decided to take pictures secretly to record our work ... In order to do that, [we needed] to get a good camera and film ... From the very beginning, several prisoners from our Sonderkommando were in on my secret: Szlomo Dragon, his brother Josek Dragon, and Alex, a Greek Jew whose surname I do not remember.
On the day on which the pictures were taken ... Some of us were to guard the person taking the pictures.
In other words, we were to keep a careful watch for the approach of anyone who did not know the secret, and above all for any SS men moving about in the area.
At last the moment came.
We all gathered at the western entrance leading from the outside to the gas-chamber of Crematorium V: we could not see any SS men in the watchtower overlooking the door from the barbed wire, nor near the place where the pictures were to be taken.
Alex, the Greek Jew, quickly took out his camera, pointed it towards a heap of burning bodies, and pressed the shutter.
This is why the photograph shows prisoners from the Sonderkommando working at the heap.
One of the SS was standing beside them, but his back was turned towards the crematorium building.
Another picture was taken from the other side of the building, where women and men were undressing among the trees.
They [were going] to be murdered in the gas-chamber of Crematorium V.
The film was snuck out of the camp by the Polish resistance.
It was hidden inside a tube of toothpaste by Helena Dantón, who worked in the SS canteen (camp store).
Attached to the film was a note dated 4 September 1944, asking that the film be developed right away.
The Sonderkommando photographs were one in many acts of resistance against the Nazis and the war crimes they committed during the Holocaust.
Nathan Cohen, "Diaries of the Sonderkommando," in Yisrael Gutman, Michael Berenbaum (eds.),
Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp, Indiana University Press, 1998, p. 522ff.
Muhammad Mustafa al-Maraghi (1881–1945; ) was an Egyptian modernist reformer and rector of al-Azhar in the 1930s.
He was one of the students of Muhammad 'Abduh.
He called for social, legal and educational changes and pursued a strong campaign - begun by Muhammad 'Abduh and finished by Mahmoud Shaltout - to include the modern sciences in al-Azhar's curriculum.
To that end he organised committees to reform the university's regulations and curriculum and created a supervisory department for research whose responsibilities included publishing and translation.
Mustafa al-Maraghi was the link between the reforms of his mentor Muhammad Abduh and such subsequent leaders of al-Azhar as Mustafa Abd al-Raziq, Abdel-Halim Mahmoud and Mahmoud Shaltout.
As a reformer, al-Maraghi believed in Islam's flexibility and ability to adapt to the needs of modernity.
He called for the exercise of ijtihad (independent reasoning/interpretation), reinterpretation, and opposed taqlid (imitation or emulation), the blind following of tradition.
And he attributed the religious, moral, intellectual, and political decline of Islamic peoples to the adherence to taqlid and the lack of ijtihad.
He said that after the first three centuries, ijma' (consensus of the Muslim community or scholars for resolving legal questions) was impossible, because scholars were so scattered in the East and West that usually it was not possible to collect their opinions.
Mufti Mohammad Sayeed (12 January 1936 – 7 January 2016) was an Indian politician.
He was a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP).
He served as the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir from 2 November 2002 until 2 November 2005 and, again, from 1 March 2015 until his death.
Sayeed was born in Bijbehara, Kashmir and Jammu.
He was a Kashmiri Muslim.
Sergey Viktorovich Shustikov (; 30 September 1970 – 7 January 2016) was a Russian football player and manager.
He played for Torpedo Moscow, Racing de Santander, CSKA Moscow, Osasuna and Moscow.
He managed FC Solyaris Moscow from 2014 until his death.
Shustikov was born in Moscow.
He is the son of Viktor Shustikov.
His son Sergey (born 1989) is a footballer.
Michael Peter "Mick" Purcell (6 September 1945 – 5 January 2016) was an Australian rugby union player.
He played as a flanker and lock.
He played three games for the Wallabies in 1966.
He also played for the Queensland Reds.
Purcell was born in Brisbane, Queensland.
Agathemera (the chinchemolle) is a phasmid insect from  Chile and Argentina.
It is famous for its intense odor, which is its main defence.
It is notable for its sexual dimorphism.
Females are much bigger than males, at 75mm long and 16mm wide in the thorax.
This phasmid is an evolutionary isolate.
It is alone in its suborder, and there are few publications about it.
The Hyundai Veracruz was a mid-size CUV sold by Korean automaker Hyundai.
It was introduced in South Korea on October 12, 2006.
The Veracruz went on sale in March 2007 and was Hyundai's largest crossover (CUV).
It replaced the mid-size SUV, the Hyundai Terracan.
The Veracruz was built on a Hyundai Santa Fe platform.
The revamped 2011 Veracruz  was based on the same platform as the Kia Sorento.
The Veracruz offered third row seating and came with all-wheel drive.
Hyundai discontinued the Veracruz internationally in 2013 and introduced a long wheelbase version of the Santa Fe.
Thameslink and Great Northern is a train company managed by Go-Ahead and Keolis that run the Thameslink line and the Great Northern routes.
The routes were previously operated by First Capital Connect.
The cubic inch is a unit of measurement for volume in the Imperial units and United States customary units systems.
It is the volume of a cube with each of its three dimensions (length, width, and depth) being one inch long.
The cubic inch and the cubic foot are still used as units of volume in the United States.
One popular use is for engine capacity, also called cubic inch displacement.
The common SI units of volume, the liter, milliliter, and cubic meter, are also used, especially in manufacturing and high technology.
One cubic foot is equal to exactly 1,728 cubic inches because 123 = 1,728.
One cubic inch equals 16.39 cubic centimeters.
The United States Forest Service (USFS) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture that administers the nation's 154 national forests.
They also manage 20 national grasslands, which encompass .
Major divisions of the agency include the National Forest System, State and Private Forestry, Business Operations, and the Research and Development branch.
Managing approximately 25% of federal lands, it is the only major national land agency that is outside the U.S. Department of Interior.
In 1876, Congress created the office of Special agent in the Department of Agriculture to find out the quality and conditions of forests in the United States.
Franklin B. Hough was appointed the head of the office.
In 1881, the office was expanded into the newly formed Division of Forestry.
The Forest Reserve Act of 1891 authorized withdrawing land from the public domain as "forest reserves," managed by the Department of the Interior.
In 1901, the Division of Forestry was renamed the Bureau of Forestry.
The Transfer Act of 1905 transferred the management of forest reserves from the General Land Office of the Interior Department to the Bureau of Forestry.
It was from that time on known as the United States Forest Service.
Gifford Pinchot was the first United States Chief Forester in the Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt.
In February 2009, the Government Accountability Office decided whether the Forest Service should be moved from the Department of Agriculture to the Department of the Interior, which already includes the National Park Service, the Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Bureau of Land Management, managing some  of public land.
The Dodge Power Wagon was a four wheel drive light truck that was produced in various model series from 1945 to 1981 by Dodge.
It was also produced as a nameplate for the Dodge Ram from 2005 to 2013, and, most recently, as an individual model marketed by Ram Trucks.
The original version was based on Dodge's 3/4 ton WC series of World War II military trucks.
The civilian Power Wagon continued the production of four wheel drive trucks from the 1930s.
It is a significant predecessor to the many four wheel drive trucks in modern use today.
History (as Dodge Power Wagon)
As a version of the Dodge 3/4 ton WC series World War II military trucks, the Power Wagon was introduced in 1946 as the first civilian 4×4.
It was meant to compete with military-based Ford/Marmon-Herrington and GMC trucks.
The Power Wagon had an enclosed all-weather cab and an 8-foot cargo bed.
It had a 126 inch (3,200 mm) up to a 147" wheelbase chassis.
The Power Wagon had a 230 cubic inch flathead inline-six engine.
It had a two-speed transfer case.
It came with a 4-speed manual transmission with a power take off (PTO) which would send power front or rear for operating auxiliary equipment.
It had 9.00/16-8 ply tires on 16×6.50 inch 5-bolt wheels.
In 1961 the 230 engine was replaced with the 251 cubic-inch flat head six.
The one-ton rated Power Wagon's gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) was 8,700 pounds.
Its maximum payload was 3,000 pounds.
It was discontinued in 1968 (against the wishes of the United States Forest Service) due to the expense of new safety and emission requirements.
But they were exported until 1978.
In 1967 Dodge released a Power Wagon pickup version better suited for the pickup truck market.
It was based on Dodge's pickup truck line.
A big-block 383 V8 engines became an option starting in 1967.
From 1961 to 1971 the body was called the "Sweptline".
It then offered a more modern body image from 1972 through 1980 with varied grilles and paint colors.
In 1975 the 4-wheel drive became full-time with a 2-speed transfer case.
This was changed back to part-time 4-wheel drive in 1980 due to the energy crisis.
A huge boost in sales followed the 1974 release of the extended "Club Cab," popular with families and camper towing.
The 4-door Crew Cab was far less common and is quite desirable for collectors.
Utility and function was unmatched by few competing models, as the towing, payload, and snow plowing capacity of the Power Wagon equipped with "Dana 60" 8-lug axles was very popular with road maintenance crews.
The Power Wagon was sold through the 1980 model year.
A number of engineering and styling improvements were made over the years as the truck grew in size and weight.
But the basic truck remained generally constant throughout its life and underwent one last major body change in 1972.
RAM 2500 Power Wagons
For 2005, Dodge brought back the Power Wagon name on a version of the Dodge Ram 2500.
It was a special off-road version of the Ram 2500 with a 5.7L Hemi V8 as the only engine option.
The truck interior remain similar to standard production Ram.
As of 2010, the Power Wagon was only available as a Crew Cab Short Bed model.
As of 2014, the engine was upgraded to a 6.4L Hemi.
The 2014 RAM 2500 Power Wagon got coil springs at all four corners.
It is available only with the six-speed automatic transmission.
The Chrysler Hemi engine, known by the trademark Hemi nickname, is a series of V6 and V8 engines built by Chrysler with a hemispherical combustion chamber.
Three different types of Hemi engines have been built by Chrysler for automobiles.
The first (known as the Chrysler FirePower engine) from 1951 to 1958.
The second type was made from 1964 to 1971.
The third beginning in 2003.
Although Chrysler is most identified with the use of "Hemi" as marketing term, many other auto and truck manufacturers have used similar designs.
In general the Hemi engines are smaller and more powerful than older engine designs.
They are also less expensive to build.
They can produce a great amount of torque and horsepower for their size.
Australian Hemis
During the 1970s and 1980s, Chrysler also used the Hemi name for their Australian-made Hemi-6 Engine and applied it to the 4-cylinder Mitsubishi 2.6L engine.
It was installed in various North American market vehicles.
Severnaya Zemlya is an group of islands of about 30 islands in the Arctic Ocean.
The islands were known as Emperor Nicholas II Land.
Severnaya Zemlya was first noted in 1913 and first charted in 1930–32, making it the last group of islands on Earth to be discovered.
Politically, the islands are part of Russia's Krasnoyarsk Krai region, but are uninhabited by humans except for an Arctic base.
There is a meteorological station on Golomjanny island.
Scientists live there for some months of the year.
A phenomenon called Arctic sea ice decline can be shown on the islands: In the 20th century, the islands were a portion of Eurasia which was always covered by ice.
Even as the ice melted in summer, some of the ice remained, and blocked what is called the Northeast Passage.
If it were ice free the Northeast passage would permit to naviagate from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean easily.
By the late summer of 2012, the permanent ice had reached a record low extent and open water appeared to the north of the archipelago.
Hyundai Elantra is a compact car sold by Korean automaker Hyundai.
It has been sold since 1990.
The Elantra is also sold as the Avante in other parts of the world.
The car is now in its sixth generation.
Beginning in 2012 it was also offered as a coupé model.
The Hyundai Elantra sedan (Lantra in some markets), created as an alternative to available Japanese cars, was launched in 1990.
Then Elantra had three restyling.
The biggest one was held in 1993, the front and rear bumpers, front and rear lighting have been changed and the cabin was upgraded.
The second Lantra appeared in 1995.
The body was now with a smooth design and had a two-side zincing.
In 2000, the production of the Lantra model was closed, and the Elantra model appeared.
It was made at factories in Ulsan and Beijing until 2006.
Hyundai offers Hyundai I30 called Elantra Touring Universal in the United States and Canada.
In other countries, the car is sold as HYUNDAI I30CW.
In 2012, a sedan base coupe called Hyundai Elantra Coupe, which is sold exclusively in the United States, was introduced.
In September 2015, the sixth generation of Hyundai Elantra called Avante appeared in South Korea.
Alfredo "Chocolate" Armenteros (4 April 1928 – 6 January 2016) was a Cuban trumpeter.
He has played with artists such as Arsenio Rodríguez, Generoso Jiménez, Chico O'Farrill, Orchestra Harlow, Eddie Palmieri and Cachao.
He was known for making Afro-Cuban jazz, Latin jazz and salsa more popular in the United States where he lived.
He was sometimes called "Cuban Louis Armstrong".
Armenteros was born in Santa Clara, Las Villas.
He was married eight times, and had nine children, one son and eight daughters.
Armenteros died from prostate cancer on 6 January 2016 in New York City.
Kitty Kallen (born Katherine Kalinsky; May 25, 1921 – January 7, 2016) was an American popular singer whose career spanned from the 1930s to the 1960s—to include the Swing era of the Big Band years.
She was best known for her 1954 solo recording '"Little Things Mean a Lot".
Profile, discogs.com
Profile, artistdirect.com
Florence Virginia King (January 5, 1936 – January 6, 2016) was an American novelist, essayist and columnist.
She was born in Washington, D.C.. She was known for writing about the American South and worked for the National Review.
She was a conservative columnist.
Daniel Patrick "Pat" Harrington, Jr. (August 13, 1929 – January 6, 2016) was an American voice, stage, and television actor.
He was best known for his role as building Superintendent Schneider on the CBS sitcom One Day at a Time.
He won an Emmy Award for the role.
Harrington was born in New York City.
His father, Pat Harrington, Sr.,
was also an actor.
Harrington fell in early November 2015.
He had a small brain hemorrhage.
He died on January 6, 2016 in Los Angeles, California, aged 86.
Lev Nikolayevich Korolyov (also Korolev, ; September 6, 1926 – January 5, 2016) was a Soviet-born Russian computer scientist.
He was a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
He was involved in the development of the first Soviet computers.
Korolyov was born in Podolsk, Russia.
He studied at Moscow State University.
Korolyov died at his home in Moscow, Russia at the age of 89.
Biography of L. N. Korolev  at Virtual Museum Computer.
Russian computer scientists
Marc Alaimo (born Michael Anthony Alaimo; May 5, 1942) is an American actor.
He is best known for his role as recurring villain Gul Dukat in the TV series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.
He guest-starred in a Family Guy episode in which he played "The Dean".
Henry Stewart or Stuart, Duke of Albany (7 December 1545 – 10 February 1567), styled Lord Darnley before 1565, was king consort of Scotland from 1565 until his murder at Kirk o' Field in 1567.
He is usually called Lord Darnley.
Darnley was the second son of Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, and his wife, Lady Margaret Douglas.
He was their oldest surviving son.
Darnley's maternal grandparents were Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and Margaret Tudor, widow of James IV of Scotland.
It is the common belief that Henry Stewart was born on 7 December, but this is disputed.
He was a first cousin and the second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and was the father of her son James VI of Scotland, who succeeded Elizabeth I of England as James I.
Darnley was found dead outdoors, dressed for bed, after an explosion near his bedroom.
Many people thought the Queen had arranged his murder.
Klaas Bakker (22 April 1926 – 7 January 2016) was a Dutch footballer.
He played as a midfielder and striker.
He played for De Volewijckers between 1943 and 1951.
He later played for Ajax until 1957.
He was born in Amsterdam, North Holland.
Sol Polansky (November 7, 1926 – January 6, 2016) was an American diplomat.
He served as the Ambassador to Bulgaria from 1987 until 1990.
He joined the United States Foreign Service in 1957.
While in the Foreign Service, he was stationed in the Soviet Union, Poland, West Germany, East Germany and Austria.
Polansky was born Newark, New Jersey.
He studied at the University of California, Berkeley and Columbia University.
Ambassadors of the United States to East Germany
Valerio Zanone (22 January 1936 – 7 January 2016) was an Italian politician.
He was secretary and president of the Italian Liberal Party.
He was also a senator of the Democratic Party.
He was mayor of Turin from 30 July 1990 until 31 December 1991.
He was born in Turin, Piedmont.
Yves Fred Vincent (5 August 1921 – 6 January 2016) was a French movie and television actor.
He appeared in Sins of Rome (1953), Babette Goes to War (1959), Muriel (1963), Le gendarme se marie (1968) and Hibernatus (1969).
Vincent was born in Thônes, Haute-Savoie.
He spent much time growing up in Algiers, Algeria.
Sian Samantha Blake (13 September 1972 – 14 or 15 December 2015), also known as Syan Blake, was a British actress.
She was best known for playing Frankie Pierre on the television show EastEnders, appearing in 56 episodes between 1996 and 1997.
She also appeared Casualty, The Bill and Skins.
She voiced Yugiri in the 2015 video game Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn.
Blake was born in Walthamstow, London.
She had two sons with her partner Arthur Simpson-Kent.
She had motor neurone disease.
Blake, aged 43, went missing in December 2015 with her sons.
Their dead bodies were found on 5 January 2016 in Erith, London.
They all died from head and neck injuries.
In February 2016, Simpson-Kent was charged with three counts of murder and was remanded in custody.
The white-bellied sea eagle (Haliaeetus leucogaster), is also known as the white-breasted sea eagle.
It is a large daytime bird of prey in the family Accipitridae.
It is closely related to Sanford's sea eagle of the Solomon Islands.
It is a distinctive bird, with a white belly, white head, breast, under-wing coverts and tail.
The upper parts are grey.
The black under-wing flight feathers contrast with the white coverts.
The tail is short and wedge-shaped as in all Haliaeetus species.
Like many raptors, the female is slightly larger than the male, and can be  long with a wingspan of up to , and weigh .
Immature birds have brown plumage, which is gradually replaced with white by the age of five or six years.
Its call is a loud goose-like honking.
The bird lives in India and Sri Lanka through Southeast Asia to Australia on coasts and major waterways.
It breeds and hunts near water, and fish form around half of its diet.
Opportunistic, it eats carrion and a wide variety of animals.
Although rated of Least Concern globally, it has declined in parts of southeast Asia.
It is ranked as Threatened in Victoria and Vulnerable in South Australia and Tasmania.
Human disturbance to its habitat is the main threat.
The white-bellied sea eagle is revered by indigenous people in many parts of Australia, and is the subject of various folk tales throughout its range.
An off-road vehicle is generally any type of vehicle which can be used for driving on and off paved or gravel surface.
Off-road vehicles generally have large tires with deep, open treads and a flexible suspension.
Off-road vehicles should not be confused with  off-highway vehicles.
These are not designed to be used on highways and are capable of traveling cross-country over rough land, marsh, swamps, ice or snow.
Many uses
Off-road vehicles have a large following because of their many uses and versatility.
Several types of motorsports involve racing off-road vehicles.
The three largest "4-wheel vehicle" off-road types of competitions are mud racing, desert racing, and rockcrawling.
The most common use of these vehicles is for sight seeing in areas distant from paved roads.
The use of higher clearance and higher traction vehicles allows access on trails and forest roads that have rough and low traction surfaces.
Rockcrawling is an extreme form of off road driving.
Drivers use vehicles anywhere from stock to highly modified to overcome obstacles (usually rocks).
In rock crawling, drivers drive highly modified four-wheel drive vehicles such as trucks, Jeeps, and "buggies" over very harsh terrain.
Driving locations include boulders, mountain foothills, rock piles, mountain trails, etc.
Rock crawling is about slow-speed, careful driving.
Such vehicles to rock climb are primarily 4x4s.
A rock crawling competition consists of obstacle courses that are about 100-200 yards long.
In the United States and elsewhere off-road vehicles should be ridden only on roads, trails and areas open to off-road travel.
At the request of the United States Forest Service, Tread Lightly!
created the "RIDE ON" program reminding off-roaders to “RIDE ON Designated Routes”.
This was to prevent unregulated motor vehicle travel on public lands.
Most US states and other Federal government agencies have similar laws and regulations to safeguard the environment.
Tread Lightly!s message of traveling only on existing roads or trails is also designed to prevent social conflicts such as having entire areas closed to off-road travel.
The Ram Rebel is a full-size pickup truck made by FCA US LLC (formerly Chrysler Group LLC).
The Rebel is a new model for 2015.
It has a new grille and tailgate which are different than the regular Ram Trucks.
The Ram 1500 Rebel is not just a decal package.
It is designed for use both on-road and off-road.
The Rebel has features that are standard that would otherwise have to be added by the owner for off-road performance.
The Rebel is available only in the 1500 (half-ton) truck series.
It features a blacked-out grille with a large "RAM" letter badge.
It stands out as being very different from the RAM truck's iconic "cross-hair" design grilles.
Standard equipment includes an off-road powder coated front bumper, skid plates, tow hooks and fog lights.
It has projector headlamps with LED marker lights.
The aluminum sports hood is distinct to the Rebel.
The Rebel is standard with an air suspension that rides higher than other RAM 1500s.
It has new 17-inch aluminum wheels with black accents.
It comes with 33-inch (LT285/70R17E) Toyo Open Country A/T all-terrain tires, Bilstein shock absorbers, and has a different steering and stability-control system than a stock RAM.
The Rebel is not intended to be a competitor to the Ford Raptor or the RAM Power Wagon although it is often compared to them.
Powertrains
The standard engine in the Rebel is a 3.6-liter Pentastar V-6 engine that makes 310 horsepower, 269 pound-feet of torque.
It is capable of getting 25 mpg on the highway.
The optional V-8 engine is a 5.7-liter HEMI that produces 395 horsepower and 410 pound-feet of torque.
It is rated at 15 mpg in the city, 21 mpg on the highway.
Oswald Theodore Avery Jr. FRS (October 21, 1877 – February 20, 1955) was a Canadian-born American physician and medical researcher.
Most of his career was spent at the Rockefeller University Hospital in New York City.
Oswald  Avery was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
In 1887, his father was asked to move to New York City to lead a church.
Avery received his A.B. degree in 1900 from Colgate University.
He earned an M.D. degree from the Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1904.
He practiced medicine in New York City until 1907 when he became a researcher at Hoagland Laboratory in Brooklyn, New York.
As an adult, Avery had hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease) and he had thyroid surgery in 1934.
He was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1936.
Breakthrough discovery
For many years, genetic information was thought to be in cell protein.
Continuing the research done by Frederick Griffith in 1927, Avery worked with MacLeod and McCarty on the mystery of inheritance.
He got emeritus status from the Rockefeller Institute in 1943, but continued working for five years, though by that time he was in his late sixties.
In this early experiment dead Streptococcus pneumoniae of the virulent strain type III-S, was injected together with living but non-virulent type II-R pneumococci.
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase took Avery's research further in 1952 with the Hershey–Chase experiment.
These experiments paved the way for Watson and Crick's discovery of the helical structure of DNA, and thus the birth of modern genetics and molecular biology.
Of this event, Avery wrote in a letter to his youngest brother Roy, a bacteriologist at the Vanderbilt School of Medicine: "It's lots of fun to blow bubbles but it's wiser to prick them yourself before someone else tries to".
The collected papers of Avery are stored in two locations: the Tennessee State Library and Archives, and the Rockefeller Archive.
Many of his papers, poems, and hand written lab-notes are available at the National Library of Medicine in the Oswald T. Avery Collection, the first of their Profiles in Science series.
René Dubos, The Professor, the Institute, and DNA: Oswald T. Avery, his life and scientific achievements, 1976, Paul & Company,
Ashraf Pahlavi (Persian: اشرف پهلوی / Aŝraf Pahlawi, 26 October 1919 – 7 January 2016), was the twin sister of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran (Persia) and a member of the Pahlavi dynasty.
She was born in Tehran.
She was thought to be the "power behind her brother" and was instrumental in the 1953 coup which led to him taking the throne.
She served her brother as a palace adviser and was a strong advocate for women's rights.
Her brother was Gholamreza Pahlavi, who also lived in exile in Paris until his death in 2017.
Her half-brother was Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran.
Judith Ann Kaye (née Smith; August 4, 1938 – January 7, 2016) was an American lawyer and jurist.
He was the longtime Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, serving in that position from March 23, 1993 until December 31, 2008.
She was the first woman to serve as chief judge, the highest judicial office in the New York state, and the longest-serving chief judge in New York history.
Biography: Judith Smith Kaye by Steven C. Crane, the Historical Society of the New York Courts (includes extensive list of writings in law journals and elsewhere)
Mahmoud Shaltout or Mahmud Shaltut (1893–1963) () was an Egyptian Islamic jurist and scholar.
He was a reformer of al-Azhar, a center of Islamic learning in Cairo.
He was the highest religious authority in Egypt during the 1960s.
He was received his elementary religious education in Alexandria, Egypt.
He then spent many years at al-Azhar University in Cairo.
There he rose to become rector of the university.
Shaltut was a very active writer on the sharia and on tafsir (explaining texts).
Some consider him to be the best example of the intellectual and scholarly project of Imam Muhammad Abduh.
He was born in a farming village in Lower Egypt.
Shaltut distinguished himself as a student at the religious institute of Alexandria and later at al-Azhar.
He became an instructor of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) at al-Azhar in 1927.
The following year, the reform-minded Muhammad Mustafa al-Maraghi was appointed shaykh al-Azhar (rector).
Shaltut was one of his best supporters.
When al-Maraghi was forced out of office the following year, Shaltut continued pressing for reforms.
Shaltut himself took many progressive stands.
He wanted translating of the Quran.
He was in favor of re-establishing relations with Shia Muslims.
He suggested sending Azhari students to Europe for graduate studies.
He wanted to admit women.
He also wanted to add scientific and technical studies to al-Azhar.
Yet he survived as a reformer within al-Azhar.
This was unlike such former Azhari modernists as Taha Hussein, Ali Abd al-Raziq, and Mustafa Abd al-Raziq, who ended up on the outside.
Out of favor with King Faruq, Shaltut helped deliver Azhari support to Nasser against the Muslim Brothers.
His views on Shi'ism
In an effort bring together Sunnis and Shiites worldwide, Shaltut issued a fatwa (religious injunction).
It recognized (Twelver) Shiite law as a fifth school alongside the four Sunni schools.
He recognized the Ja'fari school of law (called Ithna Ashariyya, or the Twelvers, the largest group in Shia Islam) as one of the five mainstream schools of thought in Islam.
This was an important achievement in attempting to unite Muslims around the world.
The term "Ja'fari" relates to Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (d. 765).
Ja'fari became increasingly used during the twentieth century in the efforts to add Shi'ism as a fifth school of law (madhhab) along with the four established Sunni schools.
This led to an interview (and later a fatwa) given by the Shaikh al-Azhar Mahmud Shaltut in 1959.
Shaltut went as far as declaring that Muslims are free to attach themselves to any of the five schools.
The fatwa of Mahmud Shaltut was published (in 1959) under the title Islam: the religion of unity.
It was introduced by two arguments.
The historical argument about mutual respect and tolerance between different legal schools of Sunnis as well as the Shi'i school.
The other was an argument about the harmful effects of prejudice between Muslim schools of fiqh.
It was argued that the spirit of ijtihad had turned into antagonism and they were no longer having discussions.
Shaltut feels that all schools of fiqh should be ready to accept from one another.
They should accept any idea which follows Islamic principles and that ensures the welfare of family and society.
As a first step the Ja'fari school of fiqh was included in the curriculum of al-'Azhar.
His opinion on apostasy
Shaltut is of the opinion that disbelief in Islam (kufr) is itself not a cause for killing the disbeliever.
The apostate should not be killed, since the punishment for apostasy is hellfire and the apostate has no penalty in this world.
Mahmud Shaltut believes this based on relevant Qur'anic evidence and concludes that apostasy carries no worldly penalty because it speaks only of punishment in the afterlife.
Troy Shondell (born Gary Wayne Schelton; May 14, 1939 – January 7, 2016) was an American singer.
His career began in 1957 and he was most famous during the 1960s.
He was best known for his 1961 rock and roll single "This Time (We're Really Breaking Up)".
The song made the record charts in both the United States and the United Kingdom.
Shondell was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana.
He was married to Trina Shondell.
Shondell had Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
He died from problems caused by the diseases on January 7, 2016 in Picayune, Mississippi.
Jenean M. Hampton (born May 12, 1958) is an American politician.
She is a graduate of Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan with a degree in Industrial Engineering.
Hampton was a captain in the United States Air Force and a veteran of Operation Desert Storm.
After her service in the Air Force she was a manufacturing plant manager for 19 years.
She entered politics in 2014 with an unsuccessful run for state representative in Kentucky.
Hampton became the Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky in 2015, under Governor Matt Bevin.
She is a Republican and a tea party supporter.
Hampton is the first African American Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky.
The lighting system of a motor vehicle consists of lighting and signalling devices mounted on the front, rear, sides, and in some cases on the top of a motor vehicle, and lights the roadway for the driver.
The lighting system also makes the vehicle more visible, especially in low light conditions.
It gives warning to other drivers and pedestrians of a vehicle's presence and direction of travel.
Emergency vehicles usually carry distinctive lighting equipment to alert drivers and pedestrians of their rapid movement during an emergency.
Vehicles have had lights for well over a hundred years.
Candles lit Horse-drawn carriages.
The first cars, then called horseless-carriages were lit by gas lights.
By 1908 electric lighting began to be used on motor vehicles.
Red tail lights and yellow brake lights were in use by 1915.
Sealed beam headlights were used starting in 1936.
By 1940 turn signals were used.
Before 1939, headlight design was not standardised.
Between 1940 and 1956, all vehicles built in the U.S. were required to have 7’’ round headlights (sealed beams).
As of 1956 and up, it became possible to install 4 headlights on 1 vehicle (2 lights per 1 side).
In 1960 the first halogen lights were used on European cars and the technology came to the US by 1979.
Replaceable car light bulbs were in use in the US beginning in 1983.
Headlights are for lighting the space in front of the vehicle.
Headlights are designed to see as far forward as possible, without "blinding" oncoming cars.
Most drivers learn not to "overdrive their headlights".
This means not going too fast so your stopping distance is farther than the area lit by the headlights.
Tail lights are red (only) and are lit when the headlights are lit.
Modern vehicles are required to have two tail lights.
Most tail light assemblies stop lights which warn other drivers that a vehicle is slowing or stopping.
They also include the rear *Marker lights and often the turn signals.
Third brake light.
Since 1986 in the US and Canada, 1990 in Australia and New Zealand, and in most of Europe since 1998 a third brake lamp mounted higher than the vehicle's two regular stop lights is required.
In the United States and Canada since 1986, in Australia and New Zealand since 1990, and in Europe and other countries applying UN Regulation 48 since 1998, a central stop (brake) lamp mounted higher than the vehicle's left and right stop lamps is also required.
Fog lights are optional on many vehicles.
Regular headlights reflect light and cause glare when the vehicle is operating in fog.
Fog lights are aimed lower to better see the road.
They also spread the light out in a wider pattern to aid the headlights in fog, rain, snow or dust.
Driving lights are auxiliary lights designed to help the headlights see farther.
They project a narrow beam much farther than headlights usually do.
Dashboard Warning Lights
Emergency vehicle lighting explained
Qui-Gon Jinn is a fictional character in the Star Wars saga.
He is played by Liam Neeson in the 1999 movie Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace.
Qui-Gon is an important  character in the first episode of the prequel trilogy.
He is a wise and powerful Jedi Master and the mentor of Obi-Wan Kenobi.
Jinn is killed by Darth Maul who pierced his body with his lightsaber.
Boba Fett is a fictional character in the Star Wars series.
In The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, he is a bounty hunter hired by Darth Vader.
He was also added briefly to the earlier movie A New Hope when the movie was digitally remastered.
In Attack of the Clones, it tells his origin as an unaltered clone of the bounty hunter Jango Fett raised as his son.
His aura of danger and mystery has created a cult following for the character.
at StarWars.com
Meet Boba Fett – screen-test footage of the prototype Boba Fett costume
Boba Fett fan club
BB-8 is a robot character in the Star Wars franchise, first appearing in the 2015 movie Star Wars: The Force Awakens.
It is a sphere-shaped robot with a free-moving domed head.
BB-8 is portrayed by both a rod puppet and a remote-controlled robotic unit.
It is similar to R2-D2.
It's owner is Poe Dameron.
It is voiced by Bill Hader.
BB-8 in the Official StarWars.com Encyclopedia
Rey Palpatine is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, played by Daisy Ridley.
She is the main protagonist of the Star Wars sequel trilogy.
She first appeared as one of the lead characters in Star Wars: The Force Awakens.
Rey is a scavenger who was left behind (for protection) on the planet Jakku when she was a child, and soon becomes involved with the Resistance's conflict with the First Order after meeting Finn, a former Stormtrooper, and BB-8, the droid of ace Resistance pilot Poe Dameron.
Although her background was unknown in the first two movies and her last name was not said as a decision by J. J. Abrams, it was revealed in The Rise of Skywalker that she is the granddaughter of Emperor Palpatine.
This disproved fan theories,
Rey in the official StarWars.com encyclopedia
Celebrity Biography, Height, Weight, Age, Wiki, Salary, Family & More  | in the official Celebrityboss.com encyclopedia
Finn (originally called FN-2187) is one of the main characters in the 2015 movie Star Wars: The Force Awakens.
In the movie, he is a Stormtrooper for the First Order who escapes after being shocked by their cruelty in his first combat mission before joining the fight against them.
He is played by English actor John Boyega.
Finn became a member of the resistance after he became friends with resistance pilot Poe Dameron.
He becomes romantically attached to Rey.
Finn in the official StarWars.com encyclopedia
Poe Dameron is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise.
He was played by Oscar Isaac.
Poe is an X-wing pilot for the Resistance who brings renegade stormtrooper Finn and Jakku scavenger Rey into the fight against—and eventually a victory over—the sinister First Order.
He is the master of the loving android BB-8.
He is featured in The Force Awakens media and merchandising, and will appear in the movie's forthcoming sequel, Star Wars: The Last Jedi.
Isaac and the character have received positive reviews, with Poe being compared to the characterization of Han Solo (Harrison Ford) in the original Star Wars movie trilogy.
Poe Dameron in the Official StarWars.com Encyclopedia
Bradley Scott Fittler (born 5 February 1972), sometimes nicknamed "Freddy", is an Australian professional rugby league coach and former player.
He is the current head coach of the New South Wales State of Origin team.
He played mostly as a five-eighth.
His career lasted from 1989 to 2004.
He played for the Penrith Panthers until 1995 and later for the Sydney Roosters.
He also coached the Roosters from 2007 to 2009.
Fittler was born in Auburn, New South Wales.
He has three children; two of whom with his partner Marie Liarris.
Brad Fittler stats at Rugby League Project
Red Simpson (March 6, 1934 – January 8, 2016) was an American country singer-songwriter.
He was best known for his trucker-themed songs such as the 1971 single "I'm a Truck".
The song reached fourth on the U.S. and Canadian country charts.
Simpson was born in Higley, Arizona.
He grew up in Bakersfield, California.
In December 2015, Simpson had a heart attack and was taken to hospital.
He died from problems caused by the heart attack on January 8, 2016 in Bakersfield.
Maria Garbowska-Kierczyńska (3 December 1922 – 2 January 2016) was a Polish actress.
She began her career in 1946.
She appeared in movies such as Job, czyli ostatnia szara komórka (2006) and Aftermath (2012).
Her television credits included Plebania and Ojciec Mateusz.
She was a member of the National Theatre in Warsaw from 1969 to 1979.
She was born in Garbów.
Achim Mentzel (15 July 1946 – 4 January 2016) was a German musician, television presenter and actor.
He was best known for hosting his show Achims Hitparade from 1989 to 2006.
He released 23 singles and seven albums between 1978 and 2010.
He was a member of the cover band, Fritzens Dampferband (), together with Nina Hagen.
He appeared in the films The Legend of Paul and Paula (1973) and Der Wixxer (2004).
He also appeared in the television shows Das Amt and SOKO Leipzig.
Mentzel was born in Berlin.
He was married four times and had eight children.
Mentzel died on 4 January 2016 in Cottbus, Brandenburg, aged 69.
It is believed the cause was a heart attack or stroke.
Distribution is a concept from algebra: It tells how binary operations are to be handled.
The most simple case is that of addition and multiplication of numbers.
2 ⋅ (1 + 3) = (2 ⋅ 1) + (2 ⋅ 3), but 2 / (1 + 3) ≠ (2 / 1) + (2 / 3).
In the left-hand  side of the first equation, the 2 multiplies the sum of 1 and 3; on the right-hand side, it multiplies the 1 and the 3 individually, with the products added afterwards.
Because these give the same final answer (8), it is said that multiplication by 2 distributes over addition of 1 and 3.
Since one could have put any real numbers in place of 2, 1, and 3 above, and still have obtained a true equation, we say that multiplication of real numbers distributes over addition of real numbers.
Given a set  and two binary operators ∗ and + on , we say that the operation:
∗ is left-distributive over + if, given any elements , and  of ,
∗ is right-distributive over + if, given any elements , and  of ,
∗ is distributive over + if it is left- and right-distributive.
Matrices (special rules apply)
Vectors (special rules apply)
Ayres, Frank, Schaum's Outline of Modern Abstract Algebra, McGraw-Hill; 1st edition (June 1, 1965). .
Antônio Pompêo (23 February 1953 – 5 January 2016) was a Brazilian actor.
He appeared in the television shows Balacobaco, Rebelde, A Casa das Sete Mulheres, O Rei do Gado, Mulheres de Areia and Pedra sobre Pedra.
He also appeared in the movies Xica (1976), A Samba for Sherlock (2001) and Que sera, sera (2002).
He was born in São José do Rio Preto or São José do Rio Pardo, São Paulo.
Ioannis Petridis (; 18 August 1931 – 6 January 2016) was a Greek economist and politician.
He was a member of the New Democracy party.
He served as an MP for Pieria from 1985 to 1989.
He was born in Katerini.
Greek economists
Greek scientists
Anton Srholec (12 June 1929 – 7 January 2016) was a Slovak Roman Catholic priest, Salesian and writer.
He was ordained by Pope Paul VI in 1970 but was banned under communism rule in Czechoslovakia and was jailed for ten years.
He was best known for his work charity work as head of the Resota Center for homeless people in Bratislava.
He was born in Skalica.
Srholec died from lung cancer on 7 January 2016 in Bratislava.
Astbury made early X-ray diffraction studies of biological molecules.
His work on keratin helped Linus Pauling discover the alpha helix.
He also studied the structure for DNA in 1937 and made the first step in working out its structure.
The road to DNA
In 1937 Torbjörn Caspersson of Sweden sent him well-prepared samples of DNA from calf thymus.
The fact that DNA produced a diffraction pattern showed it had a regular structure.
Astbury reported that DNA's structure repeated every 2.7 nanometres and that the bases lay flat, stacked, 0.34 nanometres apart.
At a symposium in 1938 at Cold Spring Harbor, Astbury pointed out that the 0.34 nanometre spacing was the same as amino acids in polypeptide chains.
Actually, the spacing of the bases in the B-form of DNA is 0.332 nm.
In 1946 Astbury presented a paper at a symposium in Cambridge in which he said: "Biosynthesis is supremely a question of fitting molecules or parts of molecules against another... one of the great biological developments of our time is the realisation that probably the most fundamental interaction of all is that between the proteins and the nucleic acids".
He also said that the spacing between the nucleotides and the spacing of amino acids in proteins "was not an arithmetical accident".
Astbury was unable to propose the correct structure of DNA from his data.
However in 1952 Linus Pauling used Astbury's insufficient data to propose a structure for DNA, which was also incorrect.
Nevertheless Astbury's work encouraged Maurice Wilkins, Raymond Gosling and Rosalind Franklin at Kings College, London.
Their X-ray crystallography results were used by Francis Crick and James D. Watson to identify the structure of DNA in 1953.
Karan Brar (born January 18, 1999) is a teenage American actor.
He is known from his role as "Chirag Gupta" in the movie series Diary of a Wimpy Kid.
He is also known for co-starring role as "Ravi Ross" on the Disney Channel Original Series Jessie and its spinoff series Bunk'd.
Johnson ran as the Libertarian presidential nominee in the 2012 election.
In that race, he finished with the third highest popular vote total, nearly 1.3 million votes, and garnered nearly 1% of the popular vote.
Johnson formally announced his candidacy for the 2016 Libertarian presidential nomination in an interview with Neil Cavuto on the Fox Business Network program Coast to Coast on January 6, 2016.
U.S. Representatives
Ron Paul, former Republican U.S. Representative from Texas, Libertarian presidential nominee in 1988, and Republican presidential candidate in 2008 and 2012
Tom Campbell,  former Republican U.S. Representative from California, 2000 Republican candidate for U.S. Senate from California
Jesse Ventura, former Independence Party and Reform Party Governor of Minnesota
State legislators
Laura Ebke, Nebraska State Senator
Mayors and other municipal or county leaders
Danny Jones, mayor of Charleston, West Virginia
Joel Davis, mayor of Paden City, West Virginia
Jeff Krauss, mayor of Bozeman, Montana
International political figures
Daniel Hannan, Conservative Party member of the European Parliament, Secretary-General of the Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists
Other politicians
Austin Petersen, 2016 Libertarian presidential candidate
Ed Clark, 1980 Libertarian presidential nominee
Judge Jim Gray, former judge, prosecutor, 2012 vice-presidential nominee of the Libertarian Party
Mark Hinkle, former National Chairman of The Libertarian Party