the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
William Dampier (baptised 5 September 1651; died March 1715) was the first Englishman to explore parts of Australia.
He was the first person to circumnavigate the world three times.
On one voyage he rescued Alexander Selkirk, a sailor who may have inspired Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe.
The Alto Paraná department () is a department of Paraguay.
The capital is the city of Ciudad del Este.
Its ISO 3166-2 code  is PY-10.
The Alto Paraná department is in the central eastern part of the country, in the east of the Oriental region.
It has an area of , with a population of 785,747 for a Population density of .
To the north: Canindeyú Department department
To the south: Itapúa department
To the east: Brazil and Argentina
To the west: Caaguazú and Caazapá departments
The Acaray is an important tributary of the Paraná.
Ciudad del Este, the capital of the department, has a humid subtropical climate that is mild with no dry season, constantly moist (year-round rainfall). (
Köppen climate classification : Cfa).
The month with the most precipitation on average is January with  of rainfall, followed by October with .
The month with the least rainfall on average is July with an average of  and the second is August with .
Ciudad del Este is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is .
Gobernación de Alto Paraná website
Tropical Storm Gamma was the twenty-fourth named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.
Gamma formed in the eastern Caribbean Sea but quickly died a few days later from wind shear.
On November 18, it restrengthened and became a tropical storm for a few more days before dying off the coast of Honduras on November 20.
Although Gamma never made any landfall, it caused minor damages in the Lesser Antilles and medium damages in Honduras.
The National Hurricane Center began monitoring a tropical wave that would later become Gamma around November 11, but the system did not develop into a tropical depression until after it had passed the Lesser Antilles on November 13.
At that time, the storm was called Tropical Depression Twenty-Seven and was predicted to strengthen into a strong tropical storm or a weak hurricane as it moved across the Caribbean Sea.
However, a second system developing in the southwestern edge of the Caribbean began pushing wind shear onto the depression on November 14, then weakening the depression into a tropical low; advisories were then temporarily stopped.
On later reanalysis, it was found that the depression had probably become a tropical storm by November 15 at 0600 UTC for less than 6 hours, but was not named during the time.
As the remnants of Twenty-Seven moved west, the system in the southwestern Caribbean moved onto land in Nicaragua and quickly weakened, reducing wind shear on the remnant low.
Near Honduras, the two systems combined and rapidly gained the  characteristics of a tropical cyclone on November 18, when it was upgraded directly to a tropical storm and given the name Gamma.
It is clearly unknown whether the remnant low of Gamma absorbed the low pressure system or happened the other way, but forecasters at the National Hurricane Center though that it was more likely that Gamma absorbed the other system. (
If it were determined to be the other way around, the previously mentioned Tropical Storm Twenty-Seven would have been a separate and unnamed tropical storm.)
Gamma strengthened a little bit more to reach its maximum strength of 50 mph (85 km/h) winds during that day, but a trough moving into the Gulf of Mexico stopped any more strengthening.
Gamma stayed just north of the coast of Honduras for about a day, then weakened to a tropical depression as it was beginning to be absorbed into the front as it entered the Caribbean.
On November 20, wind shear had destroyed Gamma and advisories were stopped, although the low level circulation of Gamma survived for an extra 36–48 hours.
Later, the last remnants of Gamma were absorbed into the approaching front.
Gamma never made landfall as a tropical storm.
Because the storm was not predicted to make landfall (and it did not), few preparations were taken in Honduras for the storm.
But non-stop rainfall for more than a day as Gamma wandered offshore created floods that forced more than 23,000 people to leave their homes.
Thirty-four people died in Honduras with at least thirteen other people missing.
All deaths were because of flooding and mudslides rather than wind damage since tropical storm-force winds did not affect the mainland.
According to the COCEP (the Honduran civil emergency committee) dozens of bridges were washed away and about 2,000 homes were destroyed.
According to the NHC, 10 bridges were destroyed from flooding, and 7 were damaged.
And 5,200 acres worth of banana crops were also destroyed, causing $13-18 million (2005 USD) in damage.
In addition, an unofficial report of 4.44 inches of rain was reported on Roatan Island.
Five fishermen who were at sea during Tropical Storm Gamma have been reported missing and, as of November 25, were thought to be dead after five unidentified bodies were found on the Honduran coast.
Three people were killed in a plane crash from Gamma's outer rain bands; it was thought that the weather was a part of the reason.
Other effects to Belize were minimal.
Two people were killed by a mudslide in St. Vincent and the Grenadines from Tropical Depression Twenty-Seven (which would eventually become Tropical Storm Gamma) when the system came close to the island.
Seven homes were also destroyed by flood waters in the area and others were damaged.
Other effects across the rest of the Lesser Antilles were minimal and were no worse than that of a normal rain event.
Also, two fishermen who were reported dead in Jamaica were thought to have been killed by Gamma.
After all of the twenty one assigned hurricane names for the 2005 season were used up after Hurricane Wilma, the Greek alphabet was used, starting with Tropical Storm Alpha.
This storm was named Gamma once it was known to have reached tropical storm strength (after it restrengthened).
This was the first time that the name Gamma had been used for a tropical cyclone.
Because Gamma was the only twenty-fourth tropical storm to form in any single Atlantic hurricane season, Gamma also holds the record for being the earliest twenty-fourth tropical storm, reaching tropical storm strength on November 18.
Gamma also extended the 2005 season's record for tropical storms to twenty-four, which was also enlarged four more times and ended at twenty-eight storms after Tropical Storm Zeta and a post-season addition of an unnamed subtropical storm which went originally unnoticed in October.
Also, Gamma tied the record set during the 1992 Pacific hurricane season for most storms in a single basin monitored by NOAA.
NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Gamma
News story (Link dead as of 01:42, January 15, 2007 (UTC))
Kherai Puja is the most important religious festival of the Bodo people.
They perform this puja on some specific occasions.
Darshan Kherai
The Darshan Kherai (दोर्सोन खेराइ) is performed during the first week of the month of 'Kati' or 'Kartik'.
It celebrates the goddess of wealth and welfare, so it is also called as the 'Lwkhi Kherai'.
Umrao Kherai
The Umrao Kherai (उमराव खेराइ) is held during the month of 'Ashara' at the end of the 'Amthi Sua' (the unclean period) for the welfare of the villagers as well as of the crops.
This Kherai is also known as the 'Ashu Kherai'.
Phalo Kherai
Nowani Kherai
The Nowani Kherai (न'नि खेराइ) is performed by the family when it deems necessary.
The Bodo people who believe in the traditional practice rely on the Kherai Puja and the Garja Puja for their welfare at all times.
Kherai Puja celebrated at Molandubi| Assam Times (20 Feb 2016)
Bathow Festivals of Assam  Assam state  (26 Aug 2011)
Bathow Puja in Assam| Art & Culture| Nelive (21 March 2016)
Villages in Graubünden
Partial fraction decomposition is taking a big algebra fraction and splitting it into a bunch of smaller fractions that are added together.
Partial fractions are used to get the antiderivatives of algebra fractions.
The pygmy slow loris  (Nycticebus pygmaeus) is one of a number of species of slow loris.
It is a small nocturnal primate with large eyes.
It lives in thick forest and bamboo groves.
They are found in Vietnam, Laos, China, Thailand, and parts of Cambodia.
Because their habitat is reduced, their status is "vulnerable".
They have small hands and feet, but an extraordinarily strong grasp.
They can hang from branches as they catch their food.
Their large eyes help  them find their food.
Their diet consists of insects and soft fruit.
They eat gum from trees and  this may help them survive food shortages.
With their small size they weigh between 0.8 to 1 pound in adulthood.
Usually once a male has reached maturity, they become territorial and do not tolerate other males.
This is why their social life is described as solitary, although they are known to be able to live among females of their species.
In captivity the lifespan of the pygmy slow loris may be 20 years.
They produce offspring every 12 to 18 months.
The females have gestational periods of about 188 days and have small litters of one or two babies.
This species do not share parenting.
The offspring stay with their mothers until they reach maturity.
When the loris feels threatened it has a defense mechanism.
It gives off a bad odor.
If a predator is not scared away by the smell they produce some kind of toxic secretion from their elbows.
If they bite the predator, the poison is passed on.
Despite conservation efforts, they are captured and sold for pets in markets in Vietnam.
They have a very cuddly appearance but in no way are suitable to be pets.
Lincoln Park Zoo  http://www.lpzoo.org/animal/pygmy-slow-loris
Duke Lemur Center http://lemur.duke.edu/discover/meet-thelemurs/pygmy-slow loris/
The mountain is named after Alberto della Marmora, an Italian geographer and naturalist who described the island in two works: Voyage en Sardaigne (1826) and Itinéraire de l'île de Sardaigne (1860).
The name of the mountain, in the Sardinian language, was Perdas Carpìas, which means "split stones" because of its rocks of schist which tend to break into pieces.
The Punta La Marmorea is in the communes of Desulo and Arzana (province of Nuoro), in the Barbagia mountain area of inner Sardinia.
With its summit at an elevation of , it is the highest peak on the Sardinia island.
Near Punta La Marmorea, there are other high mountains as Bruncu Spina that, with an elevation of , is the second highest point of Sardinia.
They are part of the Gennargentu National Park.
Punta La Marmora is just east of the approximate centre of Sardinia.
On a clear day, it is possible to view from the top over a large part of Sardinia and the mountains of southern Corsica.
Snowfalls are frequent in winter, usually with an average depth over  of snow.
Snowfalls are stronger in January and February.
The summit is reached by hiking.
The easiest route is from the Bruncu Spina mountain where there are ski lifts to get to the top; from there, it is easy to get to the five highest summits of Sardinia, including Punta La Marmora.
Europe Ultra-Prominences
Joanne is the fifth studio album by American singer-songwriter Lady Gaga.
It was released on October 21, 2016.
It was named for Gaga's aunt, her father's sister, who died before Gaga was born.
Joanne is also Gaga's middle name.
The album was produced by Gaga, Mark Ronson, Kevin Parker, and BloodPop, among other producers.
Gaga collaborated with RedOne on the song "Angel Down", which was written about Trayvon Martin, who was killed in 2012.
RedOne also helped produce Gaga's previous blockbuster hits, such as "Just Dance", "Poker Face", and "Bad Romance".
Country songwriter Hillary Lindsey also worked with Gaga on Joanne on songs like "Million Reasons".
Singer-songwriter Beck worked with Gaga on the dance song "Dancin' in Circles".
Two singles were released for the album:  "Perfect Illusion" and "Million Reasons".
The first single reached the top 20 in several countries, like the US, Canada, Australia, and the UK. "
Million Reasons" first peaked at number 52 on the Billboard Hot 100.
However, after her Super Bowl halftime performance on February 5, 2017, the song entered the Billboard Hot 100 again at number four.
This is Gaga's 14th top-ten song and her 10th song to reach the top five on the chart.
Gaga went on a Dive Bar Tour at three different dive bars in the United States to promote Joanne.
Critics have said that Joanne is different from Gaga's previous releases, such as The Fame, The Fame Monster, Born This Way, and Artpop.
The album sold 201,000 copies in its first week in the United States.
The album entered the Billboard 200 albums chart at number one.
It became Gaga's fourth number-one album in the U.S. After the album was released, Gaga became the female artist with the most number-one albums of the 2010s decade.
Joanne ranked at number 108 on the Billboard 200 year-end chart of 2016 in the US.
In August 2017, Gaga began the Joanne World Tour, which was set to run through December.
However, in September 2017, Gaga canceled her performance at the Rock in Rio festival in Brazil, with Maroon 5 taking her place.
The European leg of her tour was postponed to early 2018 due to severe chronic pain.
She is set to continue the remainder of the North American dates.
The Andromeda galaxy is approaching the Milky Way at about  as shown by its blueshift.
Until 2012, it was not known whether the possible collision was definitely going to happen or not, because its proper motion was too small to measure.
In 2012, researchers concluded that the collision is sure to happen.
They used the Hubble Space Telescope to track the motion of stars in Andromeda between 2002 and 2010 with great accuracy.
Andromeda's tangential or sideways velocity with respect to the Milky Way was much smaller than the speed of approach.
Therefore, it is expected that it will collide with the Milky Way in around 4 billion years.
Such collisions are relatively common.
Andromeda, for example, has collided with at least one other galaxy in the past.
Several dwarf galaxies such as SagDEG are already colliding with the Milky Way and being merged into it.
The Antennae galaxies are an example of two roughly equal spiral galaxies colliding.
The Merger of the Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxies
Andromeda galaxy may steal our Solar System from Milky Way
NASA's Hubble shows Milky Way is destined for head-on collision with Andromeda galaxy
Slow lorises are the genus Nycticebus, nocturnal species of strepsirrhine primates.
They live in southeast Asia and nearby areas.
There are about eight species: the Sunda slow loris (N. coucang), Bengal slow loris (N. bengalensis), pygmy slow loris (N. pygmaeus), Javan slow loris (N. javanicus), Philippine slow loris (N. menagensis), Bangka slow loris (N. bancanus), Bornean slow loris (N. borneanus), and Kayan River slow loris (N. kayan).
The group's closest relatives are the slender lorises of southern India and Sri Lanka.
They are less closely related to the remaining lorisoids (the various types of galago), and more distantly to the lemurs of Madagascar.
Their evolutionary history is uncertain: their fossil record is patchy and molecular clock studies have given various results.
Slow lorises eat insects, small birds and reptiles, eggs, fruits, gums, nectar and some vegetation.
A 1984 study of the Sunda slow loris found its diet was 71% fruit and gums, and 29% insects and other animal prey.
A more detailed study of another Sunda slow loris population in 2002 and 2003 showed different dietary proportions: 43.3% gum, 31.7% nectar, 22.5% fruit, and just 2.5% arthropods and other animal prey.
Scrapie is a  fatal disease that affects the nervous system of sheep and goats.
It is similar to Mad cow disease which affects cattle.
Scrapie was first described in 1732.
Much like with mad cow disease, prions seem to be involved in transmitting it.
A stone slab is a big stone, flat and of little thickness, that are generally used  for paving floors, for covering walls or as headstones.
Flat big stone  and of little thickness.
Flat stone, relatively thin, of rectangular form or almost rectangular...
Slabs used in dolmens
Most dolmen constructions they were build using stone slabs of big dimensions.
Their architecture often includes a corridor of access that can be constructed usins stone slabs or dry stones.
The burial chamber, with variable shapes (rectangular, polygonal, oval, circular ...) can also be preceded by an anteroom.
In some dolmens, the entrance has a door cut into one or more vertical stone slabs.
Slabs in the construction
The main applications of the slabs as material of construction are for pavings and in the construction of roofs.
But they can be employed for other uses, among them:
Balconies formed from a slab
Dry stone constructions of : walls, caves, rooms.
The base of some some fireplaces are build with stone slabs (a big one or some smaller together).
In religious altars, the altar stone can be a stone slab, more or less elaborated or in its natural state.
In rustic tables.
Slate slabs used for roofs.
Slabs in the gastronomy
A system to cook the foods is “to the slab”.
In like manner to the systems of “to the iron” or “grilled”, in the procedure to bake to the slab the foods course (meat, fish, vegetables,...) They put  on a slab hot on of the fire.
With oil, butter or lard and all the aditaments with that want to dress  the teak.
This system was rather popular in zones of the Pyrenees and often practised by farmers and shepherds.
At present it can  consider incorporated to the gastronomy of all the levels.
The same slab to cook can employ, sometimes, to serve .
Taking it out of the fire and carrying it to the table.
Or using it directly like dish.
When conserving the slab the heat more than other utensils can enjoy  of foods to a higher temperature and during more time.
Grave slabs
From prehistoric times there are examples of graves covered with a stone slab, in its natural state or carved.
This use as tombstone  has extended the concept of natural slab to the tombstone variant: flat, thin and polished.
Example: the tomb of King Peter the Great,
The tombstones use to have some inscriptions.
The information on the stone slab traditionally  includes the name of the deceased and his date of birth and death.
The inscriptions are generally in the frontal side of the stone slab but also in some cases in the verso and around the edges of the slab, some families request to write an inscription in the unseen part of the stone slab (oriented to the ground).
Apart from the name, some slabs also have epitaphs in praise of the deceased or citations of religious texts, as "Requiescat in pace".
Stone slab believed to have held jesus body uncovered
The Marecchia () is a river of the Emilia-Romagna region.
The city of Rimini gets its name from the Latin name of the river.
Its discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) depends of the season: in the autumn could be as high as  but is very low during summer.
Most of the time, the discharge is about .
The Marecchia river flows through a valley named after it, Valmarecchia.
The river starts at about  west of Viamaggio (comune of Pieve Santo Stefano) and about  southwest of the comune of Badia Tedalda, in the province of Arezzo (Tuscany), in the Alpe della Luna at an elevation of  above sea level.
At about  to the northeast of Badia Tedalda, the river gets into the Emilia-Romagna region, in the Casteldelci comune, province of Rimini.
Then it flows through Ca 'Raffaello, an exclave of Badia Tedalda; to the north of here, the Senatello river flows into the Marecchia as a left tributary.
Later, in Ponte Masa, the Masa river flows from the right into the Marecchia.
Shortly after Torello, the San Marino river flows as a right tributary and, after the Verucchio comune, the Ausa flows also from the right.
Between the frazioni (Italian subdivisions of a municipality) of Rivabella and San Giuliano, in Rimini, the Marecchia river ends in the Adriatic Sea.
The Bridge of Tiberius () or Bridge of Augustus () is a Roman bridge in Rimini.
Its construction began in times of Augustus but was finished in 20 AD in times of Tiberius.
Fiume italiani: Fiume Malrecchia
Shijiazhuang (石家庄) is a city in China.
It is the capital of Hebei province.
The city is at the edge of the North China Plain.
It is about  southwest of Beijing.
The Manchu queue or the Manchu braid was a hairstyle that all men in China during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) had to wear.
After the overthrow of the Qing dynasty, Chinese men no longer had to wear the Manchu queue.
During war, or when a country is occupied, many people who serve in the military are present in that country.
Some of these people are soldiers, other people are part of military personnel.
Women who marry those people are known as war brides.
The effect is well-documented for the period of the First and Second World War, but it also applies to other wars, such as the Philippine–American War, the Vietnam War, the Korean War or the Occupation of Japan.
Neravy is a town as well as in the Karaikal district of Puducherry Union territory, India.
This town is located 145km away from Pondicherry, the capital of this union territory.
The population of Neravy is 10890 according to 2001 Census of India.
The male population is 5392 and female population is 5494.
The literacy rate of the town is 81.19%.
A catenary is a type of curve.
An ideal chain hanging between two supports and acted on by a uniform gravitational force makes the shape of a catenary. (
An ideal chain is one that can bend perfectly, cannot be stretched and has the same density throughout.)
The supports can be at different heights and the shape will still be a catenary.
A catenary looks a bit like a parabola, but they are different.
where  is a parameter that determines the shape of the catenary and  is the hyperbolic cosine function, which is defined as
The word "catenary" comes from the Latin word catena, which means "chain".
A catenary is also called called an alysoid and a chainette.
In economics, the term perfect information refers to an element of competition in a market which is perfect and idealized.
This is commonly known as perfect competition.
In the mathematical branch of game theory, a perfect information game uses perfect information if all the actions taken in the game are known, and the state of the game's materials is available to all players.
Perfect information is a type of common knowledge.
Perfect information relates to the materials of the game, and to the rules of the game.
In a game of chess or go, the pieces and the rules are known, but the implications of the position are not.
This identifies chess as a perfect information game.
In competitive card games like bridge and poker, the cards held by opponents are not known, or only partly known.
They are not perfect information games.
Holon Children's Museum () is the first museum dedicated for children in Israel.
The museum is located in Shimon Peres Park in Holon.
The Compromise of 1850 was a series of laws passed in 1850 that dealt with the controversial issue of slavery in the United States.
As a result of the Mexican–American War, the United States acquired a great deal of new territory.
The laws admitted California as a free state, and created the new territories of New Mexico and Utah.
A dispute over the boundary between Texas and New Mexico was settled with Texas losing the New Mexico territory.
It put an end to the slave trade in Washington, D.C. and made it easier for Southern slaveowners to recover runaway slaves.
The compromise called for each new state to decide for itself whether it would be a slave or free states.
The commerce and trade compromise ended the slave trade and eventually led to the Emancipation Proclamation.
The Missouri Compromise, passed in 1820, was an agreement between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress.
It concerned the regulation of slavery in the western territories.
It admitted Missouri as a slave state to please the South.
It admitted Maine as a free state to please the North.
The plan also called for slavery to be banned from the Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36 degrees 30' north (also known as the Missouri Compromise Line), except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri.
It was a temporary measure that reduced the conflict over slavery.
But there was continued resentment between North and South.
The South resented Congress interfering with slavery.
The North resented having to compromise on the moral issues of slavery.
Both sides wanted the political power necessary for their issue to win.
In his book Negro President: Jefferson and the Slave Power, historian Garry Wills wrote, “the South was not demanding slave representation to achieve a near-parity at the moment, but as a way of achieving majority control in the immediately foreseeable future.”
In 1849, when Zachary Taylor became president, the new territories the U.S. gained after the Mexican-American war caused the issue of slavery to become critical again.
The California Gold Rush had caused the population there to suddenly increase and Californians now wanted statehood as a free state.
This upset the balance of 15 free states and 15 slave states established by the Missouri Compromise.
Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky presented resolutions on January 29, 1850 saying they represented the spirit of compromise that would keep the Union together.
Former Vice President and Senator from South Carolina John C. Calhoun saw it differently.
For a month he worked on a speech but was too ill to deliver it.
Virginia Senator James A. Mason read it on the floor of the Senate on March 4.
In a speech on March 7, Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts spoke in favor of compromise.
Abolitionists in the North saw this as a betrayal and giving in to slavery interests.
William H. Seward, then the Senator from New York, spoke next for the abolitionists.
He claimed there was a "higher law than the Constitution," which prevented any compromise with slavery.
At the same time the House of Representatives was also debating the question.
No agreements had been reached by early April so a committee was suggested by Senator Henry S. Foote of Mississippi.
Called the "Committee of Thirteen" it was made up of seven Whigs and six Democrats.
The committee drafted a bill based mainly on Clay's compromise resolutions made in January.
Clay himself was the chairman and presented the bill on May 8.
Got California admitted to the Union as a free state.
Got the slave trade prohibited in Washington D.C.
Texas lost the New Mexico territory.
Got no restrictions on slavery in the new territories.
While slave trading was abolished in Washington, those who owned slaves already could keep them.
Texas got $10 million in compensation from the federal government for the loss of the NM territory.
Got the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 passed.
The Compromise of 1850; YouTube
How did the Compromise of 1850 lead to the Civil War?
A timeline of events leading up to the American Civil War describes the events which historians recognize as contributing to the American Civil War.
Many of these events lead back to the founding of the country.
The United States Constitution makes only a few mentions of slavery leaving it largely up to the individual states to govern it.
As the Northern and Southern United States developed along separate lines, slavery eventually disappeared from the North.
It became an institution in the South.
As new parts of the country opened up to settlement the issues over slavery started a long-standing controversy between North and South.
It became a burning issue and led to secession of several Southern states.
This in general led to the Civil War.
Key events that triggered the war
Causes of the Civil War Part 1; YouTube
Causes of the Civil War Part 2; YouTube
The Dred Scott Decision; YouTube
Lincoln vs Douglas debate; YouTube
West London Synagogue is the oldest Reform synagogue located in London, England, United Kingdom.
The synagogue was established on 15 April 1840.
The current building, built in 1870, is located near Marble Arch in London.
The main sanctuary is built in the Byzantine architectural style.
The premises also contain offices, a library and community facilities.
The West London Synagogue
The Movement for Reform Judaism
Biographic data
Turbay was born in a poor neighborhood on June 18, 1916.
His father, Antonio Amín Turbay, was a businessman who emigrated from Tannourine, Lebanon.
His mother, Rosaura Ayala, was a peasant from the province of Cundinamarca.
Turbay’s father was a hard working merchant who had built a fortune, which he completely lost during the civil war of the Thousand Days War.
1978 Security Statute
The Security Statute gave the military an increased degree of freedom of action, especially in urban areas, to detain, interrogate and eventually judge suspected guerrillas or their collaborators before military tribunals.
Human rights organizations, newspaper columnists, political  personalities and opposition groups complained about an increase in the number of arbitrary detentions and acts of torture as a result.
1980 Dominican embassy crisis
In late 1980, sixteen ambassadors were held hostage for 61 days as part of a takeover of the Dominican Republic's embassy.
The incident soon spread throughout worldwide headlines, as ambassadors from the United States of America, Costa Rica, Mexico, Peru, Israel and Venezuela had been taken hostage, as well as Colombia's top representative to the Holy See.
Turbay, despite pressure from military and political sectors, avoided deciding to solve the crisis through the use of direct military force, and instead eventually agreed to let the M-19 rebels travel to Cuba.
Allegedly, the rebels also received USD 1 million as payment, instead of the initial $50 million that they had originally demanded from the government.
Turbay married his niece, Nydia Quintero Turbay, on July 1, 1948.
They had four children together: Julio César, Diana, Claudia, and María Victoria.
However, their marriage was annulled by the Roman Catholic Church, and in 1986 he married his longtime companion Amparo Canal, to whom he remained married until his death.
In January 1991, Turbay's daughter Diana was kidnapped by orders of the Medellín Cartel and died during a failed police rescue operation not sanctioned by her family.
Her kidnapping is chronicled in News of a Kidnapping by the Nobel Prize-winning author Gabriel García Márquez (1996) and depicted in multiple onscreen productions.
Turbay died on September 13, 2005.
He was honored by a state funeral personally led by President Álvaro Uribe and was buried at the Sacromonte Caves at Canton Norte, an army base in Bogotá.
Find-A-Grave biography
Conan the Barbarian is a 1982 American fantasy-adventure film directed by John Milius.
Based on the stories of Robert E. Howard, the film tells the story of a warrior prince (Arnold Schwarzenegger) who must battle and defeat Thulsa Doom (James Earl Jones), an evil sorcerer who murdered his parents.
Although initial reception for the film was poor, it was a box-office hit and launched Schwarzenegger's career, and in the years since, it has garnered a cult following.
A sequel, Conan the Destroyer, was released in 1984, and a remake was also released in 2011.
In the fictional country of Cimmeria, a sword is forged by a blacksmith (William Smith), who shows it to his young son Conan as he tells him "the Riddle of Steel", which is an aphorism of the importance of metal to their people.
One day, the Cimmerians are massacred by the warriors of the sorcerer Thulsa Doom (James Earl Jones), who is the leader of a snake cult.
Dogs kill Conan's father and his mother is killed when Doom decapitates her with his sword.
The children, Conan among them, are taken into slavery and chained to a mill called The Wheel of Pain.
Conan grows into a young man (Arnold Schwarzenegger), whose muscles have built from years of pushing the heavy grindstone.
His master eventually trains him into a gladiator; he is eventually freed after winning several pit fights and receiving training in the East.
Conan travels to a warrior's tomb and retrieves a sword.
He later on encounters a prophetic witch (Cassandra Gava) and befriends the thief Subotai (Gerry Lopez).
On the advice of the witch Conan and Subotai travel to the city of Zamora to find Doom.
There, they encounter the female warrior Valeria (Sandahl Bergman).
They steal treasure from the Tower of Serpents-killing a giant snake in the process-and after escaping, the thieves celebrate and Conan and Valeria fall in love.
The city guards capture the trio and bring them to the court of King Osric (Max von Sydow), who requests that they rescue his daughter-who has become a follower of Doom-for a reward.
Subotai and Valeria refuse, but Conan-driven by his hatred of Doom-sets off alone to the Temple of Set, where the sorcerer resides.
Conan infiltrates the temple disguised as a priest, but ends up being discovered, captured and tortured.
Doom lectures him on the power of flesh, which he demonstrates by forcing one of his followers to commit suicide by jumping off a cliff, before ordering the barbarian to be crucified on the Tree of Woe.
Subotai discovers the dying Conan and brings him to the Wizard of the Mounds (Mako), who lives on a burial site for warriors and kings.
The wizard summons spirits to heal the barbarian, warning that they will "exact a heavy toll", which Valeria is willing to pay.
These spirits try to capture Conan but he fully recovers from his wounds when Subotai and Valeria fight them off.
Subotai and Valeria agree to help Conan complete the quest and infiltrate the temple of Set.
As the cult indulges in a cannibalistic orgy, the thieves attack and flee with the princess.
Doom shoots Valeria with a stiffened snake and is mortally injured.
She dies of her wounds and Conan has her cremated at the Mounds, where he later prepares with Subotai and the wizard to fight Doom.
With the use of booby traps and exploiting the terrain, the two manage to slay Doom's soldiers when they arrive.
Valeria reappears briefly as a Valkyrie to protect Conan from a mortal blow.
After the death of his men, Doom tries to shoot the princess with a stiffened snake, but Subotai blocks the shot with his shield and the sorcerer flees to his temple.
Conan sneaks back to the temple where Doom addresses the cult members.
He confronts Doom, who attempts to mesmerize him.
Conan, however, resists and decapitates the sorcerer.
After the disillusioned cultists disperse, Conan razes the temple to the ground and returns the princess.
The Aisne is a river in northeastern France.
It is a left tributary of the Oise river.
It gave its name to the French department of Aisne.
It was known in Roman times with its Celtic name of Axona.
The source of the Aisne is in the "Forest of Argonne", in the Rembercourt-Sommaisne commune (Meuse), near the border with the Marne department, at an altitude of about .
From here, the Aisne flows to the west.
The Aisne river flows through 2 regions and 5 departments.
Meuse:  Vaubecourt, Triaucourt-en-Argonne
Marne: Sainte-Menehould
Ardennes: Vouziers, Attigny, Rethel, Château-Porcien, Asfeld
Aisne: Neufchâtel-sur-Aisne, Vailly-sur-Aisne, Soissons, Vic-sur-Aisne
Oise: Attichy, Trosly-Breuil, Compiègne
Ante - 26 km
Auve - 20.2 km
Bionne - 15.5 km
Retourne - 45.4 km
Suippe - 81.7 km
Tourbe - 21.1 km
Vesle - 139.5 km
Crise - 23.5 km
Biesme - 28.1 km
Aire - 125.6 km
Vaux - 37.7 km
Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Trosly-Breuil in the Oise department.
Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Trosly-Breuil (1961 - 2002)
The Aisne shows typical seasonal fluctuations.
The Damodar River is a river in India.
It flows through the states of West Bengal and Jharkhand.
The river is nicknamed "the Sorrow of Bengal" because of the floods in the plains of West Bengal.
The Damodar River has many tributaries.
Konar River
Bokaro River
Haharo River
Jamunia River
Ghari River
Guaia River
Khadia River
Bhera River
Sorrow of Bengal
Chota Nagpur Plateau receives an annual rainfall of around .
The volume of this monsoon rain produces the floods of the Damodar River.
Many of the floods of the Damodar River is recorded in the years of 1700, 1855, 1866, 1926, 1935 and 1943.
Rivers of Jharkhand
The History of the United States (1789–1849), sometimes called the Antebellum period, is the history beginning with the Presidency of George Washington and ending just before the American Civil War.
The first government, formed under the Articles of Confederation, had ended and a new government based on the United States Constitution began.
In the early 19th century, the country went though a number of dramatic changes.
The country expanded its borders, cities became industrial centers and the economy grew.
Sections of the United States developed differently leading to conflicts and eventually up to a civil war.
Federalist Era
In 1789, Washington was elected the first President of the United States.
The Constitution only gave a vague outline of what a president should be.
Washington defined the position of President and left office after two terms.
However, Great Britain was still interfering with the U.S., such as impressment (making American sailors join the British Royal Navy).
Under Adams, the United States Navy was created on April 30, 1798.
It replaced the earlier Continental Navy which had been disbanded by 1785.
By the end of 1798 the U.S. Navy had 14 ships with more being built.
Adams pushed for and signed the controversial Alien and Sedition Acts.
By 1800 24 treaties had been signed with nine European powers.
Jeffersonian period
This is the period from 1800 through 1815 which includes the administrations of two Democratic-Republican Party presidents, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.
They are commonly called Jeffersonian Republicans.
During this time the country nearly doubled in size with the Louisiana Purchase from France.
This, in turn, was one of the causes behind the War of 1812, when Great Britain attempted to re-claim her former American colonies.<!Era of good feelings • http://www.ushistory.org/us/23a.asp -->
Era of good feelings
In 1816, the Federalist Party candidate Rufus King ran against the Democratic-Republican candidate James Monroe.
Monroe received 183 electoral votes to King's 34.
That was the last time the Federalist Party ran a candidate.
The Congressional election of 1818 gave the Democratic-Republicans a majority of 85%.
Monroe served for two terms from 1817 to 1825.
Due to the dominance of one political party this is often called the "Era of Good Feelings".
But the party was deeply divided by this time.
Many of the Federalist policies of Alexander Hamilton were adopted during this time and Monroe continued many of the economic policies of Madison.
Three in particular were a national bank, protective tariffs and federal funding of the infrastructure.
Two party system
The one-party Era of Good Feelings system of cooperation between politicians lasted only about a decade.
It was replaced by a new two-party system, which continues to today.
Political parties took on the job of building coalitions between many different groups with different interests.
This new system broke away from the patronage system based on personal loyalties.
The Founding Fathers of the United States had never imagined a system based on political parties but by the 1830s they had become the main system of American politics.
The presidential election of 1824 had no Federalist party candidate.
There were five candidates with Andrew Jackson winning the electoral college with 99 votes.
Second to Jackson was John Quincy Adams with 84 votes and third was William H. Crawford who received 41 votes.
Because nobody received a clear majority of electoral votes, following the Twelfth Amendment, the decision would be made by the House of Representatives.
The Speaker of the House was Henry Clay, another of the five candidates for President in 1824.
Despite his state legislature instructing him to vote for Jackson, Clay formed a coalition to elect Adams president.
On the first vote, Adams won the majority of votes.
At first, Jackson accepted the decision gracefully.
But after Adams became president he appointed Clay his Secretary of State.
This brought cries of a "corrupt bargain" between Clay and Adams.
Jackson's 1828 political campaign to end government corruption began immediately afterwards to make sure Adams would be a one-term president.
Era of Jacksonian Democracy
He got nearly 70% of the electoral votes and over 60% participation in his election.
This was largely due to Jackson's popularity as "Old Hickory", the hero of the Battle of New Orleans.
His military career had included service in the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812 and the Seminole Wars.
Jackson also benefited from the perceived corrupt bargain between Adams and Clay to expand his political base.
During his presidency, Jackson founded the party that began calling itself the "American Democracy".
Changes in the electoral rules and political campaigns also contributed towards the feeling the country was becoming more democratic than it had been up to this point.
For both reasons this era was called Jacksonian democracy.
The period itself was from 1828 into the 1840s but its influence lasted much longer.
It was a period of democratic reforms in voting and changes to the structure of the federal government.
Some historians see it as a contradiction in terms since it also defended slavery, the pushing of Native Americans westward and white supremacy.
Jackson's policies during his two terms were best described as laissez-faire.
His Democratic Party stood for a smaller simpler government that did not involve itself in the economy or in regulating business.
They opposed religious intrusion into government, especially in the forms of temperance, abolitionism and in officially keeping the Sabbath.
Jackson and his Democrats wanted to keep government spending to a minimum.
The Democrats, under Jackson and his successor Martin Van Buren, became much better organized.
They created a structure of local, state and national branches which controlled organizing membership as well as their caucuses and political conventions.
They popularly claimed to be a grassroots party but were in fact controlled from Washington.
They represented themselves as defending the common man against the "aristocrats" of the Whig Party.
They started a spoils system of rewarding party loyalty with government jobs.
After the War of 1812, Constitutional changes allowed more men to vote by erasing the requirement to own property.
By Jackson's presidency, nearly all white men could vote.
In 1812, only half of the states chose their electors in a presidential election by popular vote.
By 1832, all states except South Carolina chose their presidential electors by popular vote.
The Democrats were quick to take advantage of these changes.
Nullification Crisis
Jacksonian Democrats fought against the Second Bank of the United States.
They wanted to remove the political influence of bankers on the national economy.
They helped farmers and planters by taking away the lands of Native Americans and making cheap land available for settlers.
But this did not get them the support of all planters in the South.
Mostly centered in South Carolina, some thought the Jacksonian egalitarianism might threaten the institution of slavery itself.
This led to the Nullification Crisis of 1832-1833.
Farmers and planters had hoped that when Jackson was elected, he would reduce the unpopular tariffs that benefited Northern manufacturers and hurt the economy of the South.
South Carolina passed the Ordinance of Nullification which declared the federal tariffs of 1828 and 1838 illegal within the borders of South Carolina.
They also began to raise funds for a military to defend themselves.
In November 1832, Jackson sent a fleet of seven navy ships and one warship to Charleston.
He called the state act "insurrection and treason".
While other states in the south may have sympathized with South Carolina, they called the state's actions unconstitutional.
South Carolina finally gave in and removed their objections to the tariff.
In response, in 1833, Henry Clay got a bill through Congress that reduced the tariff in stages for any that were over 20%.
So in the end South Carolina had shown it could force its will on Congress by resisting a federal law.
Social reforms
A number of reform movements began during this period after 1815.
The improved economy after the War of 1812 provided a new class of people who had the time and financial resources to become involved in social movements.
New technologies in printing increased the number of publications including those about subjects such as abolition.
Better transportation meant lecturers could move from place to place more easily.
A temperance movement began about 1819.
A religious movement, sometimes called the Second Great Awakening, swept through the country during this time.
Common themes ran through most of these reform movements.
One of the most important was the belief that people had the ability to choose between right and wrong.
For example, slavery was wrong.
The term "slave" was used to show anything that was held to be wrong in society.
Drunkards were "slaves" to alcohol, workers were "slaves" to the factory owners, and women were "slaves" to men.
It was also common for those who believed in anti-slavement movements to also believe in women's rights, religious reforms and temperance reforms.
People were given to joining local organizations because there were no strong political leaders championing these causes.
There were no national church organizations to lead these causes.
Reform movements went around the political and religious systems, at least until the 1840s.
The movements themselves, such as the abolitionist movement, were not completely unified and had internal disagreements over what should be done or how to go about it.
Antebellum slavery
Slavery was mainly concentrated in the South by 1830.
Slaves were used on small farms and large plantations.
They were also used in towns as domestic workers and labor for various industries.
Slaves were considered to be property because they were black.
They were kept as slaves by the constant threat of violence.
They were not allowed to forget they were slaves even though they lived with their masters.
Many slaveowners genuinely cared about their slaves, but never saw them as their equal.
But the largest percentage of Southerners did not own slaves.
Most Southerners worked their own farms yet, curiously, they defended slavery as an institution.
Many resented the wealth and power of the large plantation owners but at the same time held out the hope that someday they could join those ranks.
Also, while poor Southerners were looked down on by rich plantation owners, they could themselves look down on blacks as an inferior group.
Cotton had become the largest cash crop.
But plantations also grew corn, rice, sugarcane and tobacco.
Slaves on plantations may have averaged 50 or less, but the largest plantations had hundreds of slaves.
In addition to field work, slaves also were skilled in trades such as blacksmithing, carpentry and mechanics.
Domestic slaves did the cooking for the family, raised their children and performed all the work in the household.
They were always supervised and had to work at all times they were not sleeping.
Domestic slaves had virtually no privacy.
Young white children formed close attachment to their black nannies.
But as they grew up they were educated as to how slaves were to be treated.
The Agrarian South
During this time period cotton plantations became very profitable in the South.
Advances such as the cotton gin, power looms and the Sewing machine created a demand for cotton.
It was exported from the South to New England and to England.
Plantation owners needed more land and more slaves to grow more cotton.
They were especially interested in expanding into new territories.
They needed more slaves and after the ban on importing African slaves into the U.S., the prices went up.
Small farmers found it profitable to sell their slaves to the large plantation owners.
Wealth in the South often reflected how many slaves a planter owned.
Slaves gave them political power and prestige.
The industrial North
The textile industry started the industrial revolution in the North.
Other advances in manufacturing were in making paint, furniture, paper and glass.