the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
However, bacteriology is a distinct science, because the make-up and inheritance of bacteria is rather different from the other groups.
Ferdinand Julius Cohn (24 January 1828 – 25 June 1898) was a German biologist.
He is a founder of modern bacteriology and microbiology.
Cohn was born in the Jewish quarter of Breslau in the Prussian Province of Silesia.
This is now Wroclaw, Poland.
Starting at age 16 he studied botany under Heinrich Goppert at the University of Breslau.
At age 19 in 1847 he received a degree in botany at Berlin.
In 1849 he returned to the University of Breslau and he remained at that university for the rest of his career as a teacher and researcher.
His father had bought for him a large and expensive microscope, which the University of Breslau and most universities did not have at that time.
They had microscopes, but not so good as his.
It was Ferdinand Cohn's main research tool in the 1850s.
In the 1850s he studied the growth and division of plant cells.
In 1855 he produced papers on the sexuality of Sphaeroplea and later Volvox.
In the 1860s he studied plant physiology.
Cohn was the first to classify algae as plants, and to define what distinguishes them from green plants.
From 1870 onward he mostly studied bacteria.
He published over 150 research reports during his lifetime.
The University of Breslau became an innovative center for plant physiology and microbiology while he was there.
His classification of bacteria into four groups based on shape (sphericals, short rods, threads, and spirals) is still in use today.
Among other things Cohn showed that Bacillus can change from a vegetative state to an endospore when conditions are hard.
Heat resistant spores of B. subtilis caused a controversy over spontaneous generation.
Cohn explained why boiled infusions of hay and cheese could still get microbial growth.
It was because they contained heat resistant spores.
Jewish Encyclopedia entry for Ferdinand Julius Cohn
Ferdinand Cohn in the Encyclopedia of World Biography, published by Gale Group (2010).
Plant physiology is the part of botany which studies how plants work.
That is the physiology of plants.
Using a variety of methods, botanists study how plants reproduce, grow, get nutrients, photosynthesise, get water, and so on.
Elimination Chamber (2014) (No Escape (2014) in Germany) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE.
It was held on February 23, 2014 at Target Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
It was the fifth Elimination Chamber event held by the WWE.
There were two main events.
The first saw The Wyatt Family defeat The Shield and the second saw Randy Orton successfully retain his WWE World Heavyweight Championship in an Elimination Chamber match against Daniel Bryan, John Cena, Cesaro, Christian and Sheamus.
Entrances and eliminations
Official Elimination Chamber 2014 website
Stanisław Mikulski (1 May 1929 – 27 November 2014) was a Polish theatre, television, movie actor.
He was a host of the Polish game show Wheel of Fortune (Koło Fortuny).
Mikulski was known for starring in the leading role in the 1967-1968 television series Stawka większa niż życie.
The Mollicutes are a class of bacteria with no bacterial cell wall.
Mycoplasma is the best-known genus.
They are very small, only about 0.2–0.3 μm in size, and have a very small genome.
Most move about by gliding across host cells, but Spiroplasma are helical and move by twisting.
Mollicutes are parasites of various animals and plants, living on or in the host's cells.
Many cause diseases in humans.
Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma stick to cells in the lungs or sex tubes like the urethra.
Phytoplasma and Spiroplasma are plant pathogens with insect vectors.
Bugs such as leaf-hoppers (Homoptera) are the vectors.
They deliver the parasites when they stick their mouth-parts into a plant to suck its sap.
Dave is a 1993 American comedy movie directed by Ivan Reitman.
It stars Kevin Kline, Sigourney Weaver, Frank Langella, Kevin Dunn, Ving Rhames, and Ben Kingsley.
Kevin Kline as Dave Kovic/President William Harrison (Bill) Mitchell
Sigourney Weaver as Ellen Mitchell
Frank Langella as Bob Alexander
Kevin Dunn as Alan Reed
Ving Rhames as Duane Stevensen
Ben Kingsley as Vice President/President Gary Nance
Tom Dugan as Jerry
Charles Grodin as Murray Blum
Faith Prince as Alice
Laura Linney as Randi
Stephen Root as Don Durenberger
Ralph Manza as White House Barber
Bonnie Hunt as White House Tour Guide
Anna Deavere Smith as Mrs. Travis
Charles Hallahan as Policeman
Stefan Gierasch as House Majority Leader
Senator Christopher Dodd
Senator Tom Harkin
Senator Howard Metzenbaum
Judge Abner J. Mikva
Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill
Senator Paul Simon
Senator Alan K. Simpson
Frank Mankiewicz
Fred Barnes
Eleanor Clift
Michael Kinsley
Morton Kondracke
Robert D. Novak
Kathleen Sullivan
Jeff Tackett
Nina Totenberg
John Yang
It's movie score was composed by James Newton Howard.
It was released to very positive reviews on May 7, 1993.
It has a 94% on Rotten Tomatoes.
It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Screenplay.
Ivan Reitman, OC (October 27, 1946 – February 12, 2022) was a Czechoslovakian-born Canadian movie producer and director of Jewish descent.
He is known for directing Ghostbusters, Ghostbusters II, Stripes, Junior, Kindergarten Cop, and No Strings Attached.
Reitman died on February 12, 2022 at his home in Montecito, California at the age of 75.
Closing the Ring is a 2007 British romantic-drama movie directed by Richard Attenborough.
It stars Shirley MacLaine, Christopher Plummer, Mischa Barton, Gregory Smith, and Pete Postlethwaite.
It was released to mixed reviews on December 28, 2007.
Dorothy “Dodo” Bundy Cheney (September 1, 1916 – November 23, 2014) was an American tennis player.
She played most of her tennis at the Los Angeles Tennis Club.
In 1938, Cheney became the first American to win the women's singles title at the Australian Championships, defeating Dorothy Stevenson in the final.
Cheney was born in Los Angeles, California.
Richard Alvin Jensen (July 4, 1934 – November 19, 2014) was an American theologian, author, and the Carlson Professor of Homiletics Emeritus at the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago.
Jensen was born in Fremont, Nebraska.
A long-handled bulb planter is a gardening tool.
It is used to dig holes to plant bulbs and other plants.
It is also used to put soil back in the holes in order to cover the bulbs.
A long-handled bulb planter allows people not to bend when using them.
In addition to bulbs, this tool can be used to help plant other plants which need a similar hole size and depth.
For example, it can be used for planting potatoes.
Pat Quinn (ice hockey) (1943–2014), Canadian ice hockey player and head coach
Pat Quinn (footballer) (1936–2020), Scottish footballer and manager
Pat Quinn (politician) (born 1948), 41st Governor of Illinois (2009–2015)
Early history of the movie
The movie "Chernokids" was made in 2010.
It was made by five students from the film school named  Supinfocom.
Marion Petegnief, Matthieu Bernadat, Clement Deltour, Nils Boussuge, Florence Ciuccoli produced and directed the movie in 2010.
The movie was produced and directed by five students from Supinfocom.
Supinfocom is a university in France.
The university has a audiovisual and computer graphics program.
Campuses are in Valenciennes, Arles and Pune.
The school offers a five-year course of study that leads to a diploma of digital direction to its students, Matthieu Bernadat, Marion Petegnief, Nils Boussuge, Florence Ciuccoli, and Clement Deltour.
The movie was made in the genre of animated movies.
The movie was made in the bizarre sub-genre.
The movie was shot in 3-D. Illness and handicapped children were both themes in the movie.
The movie was made all in Ukrainian.
French translations were done by  Roman Kozin and Nadia Myhal.
The running time of the short movie was 6 minutes and 54 seconds.
The screen format of the movie was Beta SP - DigiBeta.
The movie was done in the aspect ratio of 16/9.
The production company that made the movie was Supinfocom Valenciennes.
The distribution of the short movie was handled by International Premium Films.
Yuria Zavadska       (voice)
Florence Ciuccoli    (voice)
Roman Kozin          (voice)
Tetyana Kravchenko   (voice)
Arsène Stefinyn      (voice)
Yuri Chermyshuk      (voice)
The children were each affected by the radioactivity in different ways.
Each character was named based on their mutation.
Music for the movie
The story follows four orphaned children's lives.
One of them is a siamese twin. "
In an orphanage somewhere in Ukraine a group of hideously deformed kids are about to visit their mother, the Nuclear Power Plant."
The story happens after Chernobyl Nuclear Plant explosion.
"Chernokids" was named short film of the day in a review by Scott Beggs on June 6, 2011.
The look and feel of the animation is somewhere between Pixar and a Slipknot music video that’s been burnt on one side and left out in the desert.
The result is something that might play in a dank backroom of a short film festival (or out in the open of Fantastic Fest).
"Chernokids can be described as bleak, stylized, and offbeat."
"Chernokids, a disturbing CG short movie by Marion Petegnief, Matthieu Bernadat, Nils Boussuge, Clément Deltour et Florence Ciuccoli made at Supinfocom."
"Sad and disturbing, but very well made."
The movie "Chernokids" won the award for Best Digital Film at the [[Rome International Festival of Short Films & New Images]] (Arcipelago) during 2011 in Italy.
The movie was also in the running for awards at the International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Bilbao (Zinebi) during 2011 in Spain.
The movie was also shown at the Brussels Cartoon and Animated Film Festival (Anima) during 2011 in Belgium.
It was an international competition for professional films.
The movie was also seen at the Clermont-Ferrand International Short Film Festival during 2011 in France.
Chernokids trailer
Check out Chernokids for yourself: CHERNOKIDS (2010)
Chernokids: Children of Chernobyl
Ronald Gerald Wayne (born May 17, 1934) is a retired American electronics industry worker.
He co-founded Apple Computer (now Apple Inc.) with Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs.
Wayne drew the first Apple logo.
He created the partnership agreement.
He also wrote the Apple I manual.
After two weeks he gave up his share of the new company for a total of $800 USD.
His 10% share would be worth 60 billion today.
Said Akl () or Saïd Akl, Said Aql and Saeed Akl) (4 July 1912 – 28 November 2014) was a Lebanese poet, writer, playwright and language reformer.
He was thought to be as one of the most important Lebanese poets of the modern age.
He also helped create the Lebanese alphabet.
Poet Said Akl- All Poems
Said Akl's biography
Lebanese poets
Tapan Raychaudhuri (8 May 1924 - 26 November 2014) was an Indian historian.
He was an expert in British Indian history, Indian economic history and the History of Bengal.
He was a Reader in Modern South Asian History at University of Oxford from 1973 to 1992.
He was also Fellow of St. Anthony College, Oxford from 1973-93 where he remained as an Emeritus Fellow until his death in 2014.
Indian academics
Renée Simonot (born Jeanne Renée Deneuve; 10 September 1911 – 11 July 2021) was a French actress.
She was known for being one of the first French actresses to dub an English movie.
She mostly dubbed Olivia de Havilland and Sylvia Sidney.
A stage actress, she appeared in many productions of Les Misérables.
Simonot died on 11 July 2021 in Paris, just two months before her 110th birthday.
Wolfgang Suschitzky, BSC (29 August 1912 – 7 October 2016), was an Austrian photographer and cinematographer.
He was best known for his works with Paul Rotha in the 1940s and his work on Mike Hodges' 1971 movie Get Carter.
He was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary.
Compilation website of Suschitzky's photos
Wolf Suschitsky photographs at Lumiere Gallery
BAFTA tribute to Suschitzky
Connie Sawyer, born Rosie Cohen, (November 27, 1912 – January 21, 2018), was an American actress of Jewish descent.
She was born in Pueblo, Colorado and grew up in Oakland, California.
Sawyer was known for her roles in The Mary Tyler Moore Show, The Rockford Files, Hawaii Five-O, Dynasty, When Harry Met Sally..., Murder, She Wrote, Home Improvement, Seinfeld, Boy Meets World, Will & Grace, That '70s Show, 8 Simple Rules, ER, How I Met Your Mother and The Office.
Olaf Pooley (13 March 1914 – 14 July 2015) was an English actor and screenwriter.
He was known for his roles in Highly Dangerous, Hell Is Sold Out, The Lost People, The Huggetts Aboard, and in Lifeforce.
Donald Lusk (October 28, 1913 – December 30, 2018) was an American retired animator and director.
He worked for The Walt Disney Company.
Lusk was known for his works in Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Pinocchio, Fantasia, Bambi, Song of the South, Cinderella, Alice in Wonderland, Peter Pan, Lady and the Tramp and Sleeping Beauty.
Lusk died on December 30, 2018 in San Clemente, California at the age of 105.
Audio interview with Don Lusk at The Animation Guild
Pueblo is the county seat of Pueblo County, Colorado, United States.
The population was 106,595 in 2010 census.
It's nickname is "Steel City".
City of Pueblo website
The Division of Adelaide is an Australian electoral division in South Australia.
It includes the Adelaide city centre and the suburbs of Ashford, Clarence Park, Enfield, Goodwood, Kent Town, Keswick, Kilburn, Maylands, North Adelaide, Northgate, Norwood, Parkside, Prospect, Rose Park, St Peters, Toorak Gardens, Unley and Walkerville.
Ernest Roberts was elected in 1908 after a by-election caused by the death of Charles Kingston.
Kingston, a former Premier of South Australia, had been elected in 1903 unopposed.
However Roberts died in 1913 which also caused a by-election.
In 1988 Chris Hurford resigned to become the Australian Consul-General in New York, which also caused a by-election.
ABC profile for Adelaide: 2013
AEC profile for Adelaide: 2013
Poll Bludger profile for Adelaide: 2013
The Norwegian Forest cat ( or ) is a breed of domestic cat found in Northern Europe.
This breed is adapted to a very cold climate.
It has a double coat.
The top coat is glossy, long, water-shedding hairs.
It also has a woolly undercoat for insulation.
The breed's ancestors may have been brought to Norway by the Vikings.
During World War II, the breed became nearly extinct.
A Norwegian cat club helped the breed.
They created an official breeding program.
It was registered as a breed with the European Fédération Internationale Féline in the 1970s.
This was when a local cat fancier, Carl-Fredrik Nordane, took notice of the breed.
He made efforts to register it.
Currently, the Norwegian Forest breed is very popular in Norway, Sweden, Iceland and France.
Diss railway station is a station in Diss, Norfolk.
The station is operated by Greater Anglia services.
Trains go to and from Norwich and London.
Diss railway station is part of the National Rail network.
Elimination Chamber (2013) (No Escape (2013) in Germany) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE.
It was held on February 17, 2013 at New Orleans Arena in New Orleans, Louisiana.
It was the fourth Elimination Chamber event held by the WWE.
The main even saw The Rock defeat CM Punk to retain his WWE Championship.
Jack Swagger defeated Daniel Bryan, Chris Jericho, Kane, Mark Henry and Randy Orton in the Elimination Chamber match for a World Heavyweight Championship match against Alberto Del Rio at WrestleMania 29.
Official Elimination Chamber 2013 website
Hurricane Edna was a powerful hurricane that hit the East Coast of the United States in September 1954.
This storm made landfall over Cape Cod.
New Hampshire and Maine were hit very hard.
The storm caused 20 deaths.
Edna hit a few days after Hurricane Carol had hit the same area.
Rosen wrote over 140 books.
He was the fifth British Children's Laureate from June 2007 to June 2009.
He has been a republican advocate, socialist columnist and television presenter.
Michael Rosen blog
|T ciao :D
Michael Rosen  at Penguin Readers' Group
Charles Albert "Charlie" Hall, Jr. (May 7, 1930 – November 20, 2014) was an American firefighter, labor activist, academic, and politician.
He served in the Florida House of Representatives from the 118th district.
He served as a representative from 1980 through 1982.
He was a professor at Florida International University.
Educators from Miami, Florida
Bojihwayangdong buralsongseonsaeng () is a bilingual pun in Classical Chinese and Korean.
It is part of the literature of the Joseon period of Korea.
It has historically been used as a source of humour in Korean.
When Heo Mok was ordered to attend the academy of the more senior scholar Song Siyeol at Hwayang-dong, he made the journey.
Once he got there, he was forced to wait for a long time.
Then he found out the appointment had been cancelled.
Heo Mok angrily stated "bojihwayangdong buralsongseonsaeng".
In Classical Chinese, the statement means "Walked to Hwayang-dong; did not see teacher Song", but in native Korean, boji () refers to "female genitals", while bural () means "testicles", making the expression additionally mean "cunt Hwayang-dong; testicles teacher Song".
정운채, 강미정 외, 문학치료 서사사전 2:설화편(서사와문학치료연구소 문학치료총서 3) (문학과 치료, 2009년)
송 정승과 허 정승에 얽힌 화양동 일화:향토문화자원  "Folk Cultural Resources: The Tangled Anecdote of Minister Song and Minister Heo at Hwayang-dong"
화양구곡과 우암 송시열  "Hwayang Gugok and Song Si-yeol"
The world's 100 most threatened species was chosen by over 8,000 scientists from the IUCN Species Survival Commission (IUCN SSC), and the Zoological Society of London.
The report was published by the Zoological Society of London in 2012 as the book, Priceless or Worthless?
The species are threatened with extinction, and they have no obvious benefit for humans.
This was deliberate, to avoid "vested interests".
Iconic and charismatic species, such as tigers and pandas, and economically important species, have many defenders.
These apparently "worthless" species had none.
The title of the report, "Priceless or Worthless?",
is based on that shared quality of the species.
The report's co-author, Ellen Butcher, stated one of the guiding principles of the list, "If we take immediate action we can give them a fighting chance for survival.
But this requires society to support the moral and ethical position that all species have an inherent right to exist".
Scientists are finding they have to justify funding for protection by showing what the human benefits would be.
Jonathan Baillie, of the Zoological Society of London, said "The donor community and conservation movement are increasingly leaning towards a 'what can nature do for us?'
approach, where species and wild habitats are valued and prioritised according to these services they provided for people.
This has made it increasingly difficult for conservationists to protect the most threatened species on the planet".
Some of the threatened species are down to only a handful of surviving members.
Santa Catarina’s guinea pig, native to a single island in Brazil, is down to its last 40–60 individuals, reduced by hunting and habitat disturbance.
The Great Indian bustard is threatened by habitat loss resulting from agriculture and human development, and is down to the last 50–250 individuals.
Elaeocarpus bojeri, a flowering plant found only on the island of Mauritius, has fewer than 10 surviving individuals, because of loss of habitat.
The Baishan fir (Abies beshanzuensis), native to China, is down to five surviving mature individuals.
Priceless or Worthless?
describes the threats that each species is facing, and measures that would help their survival.
Whist is played by four players.
They play in two partnerships with the partners sitting opposite each other.
Players cut or draw cards to determine partners, with the two highest playing against the two lowest.
The players then cut for deal.
Unlike contract bridge, there is no bidding process.
Trumps are decided by cutting a deck of cards.
Therefore the game can be played by people who know nothing about modern bridge bidding.
Although the rules are simple, there is scope for scientific play.
Originally it was a gambling game played in clubs and coffee houses.
Whist is a descendant of the 16th century game of trump or ruff.
The game takes its name from the 17th century whist (or wist, or whisk) meaning quiet, silent, attentive, which is the root of the modern wistful.
Whist is first described by Charles Cotton in his The Compleat Gamester, published in London in 1674.
It appears again in Seymour's Court Gamester of 1719, and we know that whist was played in some coffee houses in London.
About 1728, a group led by the first Lord Folkestone played in Crown's coffee house in Bedford Row, London.
They began to develop its potential as a partnership game.
Edmond Hoyle tutored wealthy young gentlemen in the game and published A Short Treatise on the Game of Whist in 1742.
It became the standard text and rules for the game for the next hundred years and helped the game become fashionable.
There are over 150 editions of this little book.
In the 1890s, a variant known as bridge-whist became popular.
It evolved in stages to become  auction bridge, and finally contract bridge in the late 1920s.
The traditional game of whist is still played at social events called whist drives.
Rules and etiquette
A standard 52-card pack is used.
The cards in each suit rank from highest to lowest: A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2.
Whist is played by four players, who play in two partnerships with the partners sitting opposite each other.
It is against the etiquette to comment on the cards in any way.
One may not comment upon the hand one was dealt nor about one's good fortune or bad fortune.
The play of the cards
Many basic ideas in card-play were discovered by whist players, and survive today in contract bridge.
An example is the finesse.
This is an attempt to win a trick with a card lower than your best.
For example: holding AQ73 in the South hand, the partnership lacks the K. North leads a low card, next hand plays low and South plays the Q. If it wins, an extra trick has been made.
Signalling between partners by means of the card-play was well understood and used.
Examples are: leading the top card in a sequence, such as K from KQJx, and also leading 4th highest from any suit (which implies you hold one or two top honours in that suit).
In 1834 Lord Henry Bentinck invented the "high-low" signal, which encourages partner to continue the suit.
Some advanced ideas were known.
Alexandre Deschapelles (17801847), a French genius at both cards and chess, invented a play now known as the Deschapelles coup.
It is the sacrifice of a high-ranking card to get entry to partner's hand.
Duplicate whist
The technique of running events where all players sitting in the same direction play the same cards was invented for whist.
A duplicate whist drive has placings N/S and placings E/W. Modern movements for contract bridge events are developments of that duplicate whist system.
The basic movement was invented by John T. Mitchell, a Scot who moved to the U.S. He invented the boards which hold the cards, and the movement for whist drives, in the 1890s.
In the basic Mitchell movement all N/S pairs sit, while E/W pairs move one table up each round.
When they move, boards go down one table.
The effect of this is to divide the tournament into two halves, but later movements can avoid this.
By allowing many pairs to play the same set of boards, tournament whist was invented.
The idea, with variations, is still used today for bridge tournaments.
The golden age of contract bridge.
NY: Stein & Day.
ISBN 0-8128-2576-4.
The first three chapters of this book are a history of whist, and its development into bridge-whist and auction bridge.
Butler, William Mill 2017 [reprint of 1st ed 1897] The Whist Reference Book: wherein information is presented concerning the noble game, in all its aspects, after the manner of a cyclopedia, dictionary, and digest all combined in one.
Fb&C Ltd. ISBN 0265589975, 9780265589977
Bérégovoy was born to a French mother and Ukrainian father in Déville-les-Rouen.
Bérégovoy was Prime Minister of France from 1992-1993.
He shot himself dead in Nevers.
The silky sifaka (Propithecus candidus), is a large lemur with long, silky white fur.
It has a small range in northeastern Madagascar, where it is known locally as the simpona.
It is one of the rarest mammals on Earth, and is listed by the IUCN as one of the world's 25 most endangered primates.
The silky sifaka is one of nine species in the genus Propithecus.
The species is only found within a few protected areas in the rainforests of northeastern Madagascar, with most of the remaining population in Marojejy National Park and Anjanaharibe-Sud Special Reserve.
The silky sifaka has a social structure, and lives in groups of two to nine individuals.
It spends most of its day feeding and resting, and spends time to social behaviors like playing, grooming and travelling.
Females occasionally take priority over males during feeding.
Like other eastern sifakas, it eats mainly leaves and seeds, but also fruit, flowers, and even soil on occasion.
It is a seasonal breeder and only mates one day a year during the start of the rainy season.
As with other sifaka species, non-maternal infant care is common.
Group members of all ages and both sexes will often groom, play, occasionally carry, and even nurse infants that are not their own.
The silky sifaka vocalizes frequently, and relies strongly on scent for communication.
The Gang of Four () was the name given to a political group of four Chinese Communist Party officials.
The leader of the group was Jiang Qing, Mao Zedong's last wife.
The other three were Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan and Wang Hongwen.
They became powerful during China's Cultural Revolution.
After the death of Mao Zedong, Jiang Quing was plotting a coup d'état to take over power.
She and her close associates in the Gang of four were arrested, put on trial.
Jiang Qing and Zhang Chunqiao received death sentences that were later changed to life imprisonment.
Wang Hongwen and Yao Wenyuan were given life and twenty years in prison, respectively.
All members of the Gang of Four have since died.
Jiang Qing committed suicide in 1991, Wang Hongwen died in 1992.
Yao Wenyuan and Zhang Chunqiao died in 2005: they had been released from prison in 1996 and 1998 respectively.
Pūjā (Devanagari: पूजा) is a prayer service ritual done by Hindus.
The word puja comes from Sanskrit, and means reverence, honor and worship.
A puja honors one or more deities.
It also spiritually celebrates an event.
It is sometimes spelled phonetically as pooja or poojah.
A Puja is the most common form of worship in the Hindu religion.
It may honor or celebrate the presence of special guests or their memories after they die.
Puja rituals are also held by Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs.
The World Bridge Federation (WBF) is the international body for contract bridge.
The WBF is responsible for world championship competition, most of which is on a four-year cycle.
The top championships are those for national teams in Open, Women, and Seniors categories.
There is a World Team Olympiad every four years.
The World Bridge Federation was founded August 1958 by delegates from Europe, North America, and South America (now Zones 1 to 3).
Each national organisation is in one of the eight geographic zones.
It is incorporated under the laws of Switzerland as a 'non-profit' organization.
Harold Stirling Vanderbilt was made the first honorary member of the WBF for his work developing the game.
Iolo Morganwg wrote poems in both the English and Welsh languages.
He wrote in the voice of other poets, as well as his own.
Some of the forged poems were said to be written by the fourteenth century poet Dafydd ap Gwilym.
Iolo Morganwg was known for his works as a literary forger.
After his death, he had a reputation as one of Europe's most successful forgers
Morganwg was known as an Architect of the Welsh nation.
This title was given for his contributions to the eighteenth-century cultural renaissance.
He upheld Wales's reputation as a civil nation in Bardism and the Gorsedd of the Bards.
Iolo Morganwg tried to get started some national institutions.
Some of them were libraries, academies, and several museums.
"The Magical White Hare of the Gump"
The Magical White Hare of the Gump
This legend or anecdotal tale is a work of Edward Williams.
The work is one of the anecdotes and recollections that were included in the book entitled "RECOLLECTIONS and ANECDOTES of EDWARD WILLIAMS, THE BARD OF GLAMORGAN ; IOLO MORGANWG, B. B. D.".
The book was written by Elijah Waring.
The work was inspired by Chun Quoit.
It was also inspired by a piece of moor land called the Gump.
The moor land was between Saint Just and Pendeen in Cornwall.
Anecdotal storyline
The legend has it that if crossing the Gump on a moonlit night, there is a possibility that you could meet the White Hare of the Gump.
If you do, then to bring good fortune, and ward off evil, you must place a silver coin under your right foot.
The White Hare is a friend of the Fairy King of the Gump.
Other highly notable works in same book
"Personal description of the Bard, and other introductory matter — Taliesin Williams (Ab Iolo)"
"The Bard's horse his walking companion"
"Residence in London, and introduction to the literati of the day"
Other notable works by Iolo Morganwg
• Diddanwch y Cymry (Entertainment of the Welsh, an anthology of poetry, 1770s)
• Dywenydd Morganwg (The Delight of Glamorgan, a quarterly magazine, 1780s)
• Selected Pieces of Ancient Welsh-Poetry (translations of poetry by the canonical poets of the period of the Cywyddwyr, 1790s and 1810s).
• The History of the Bards (1794)
• Christianity versus Kingcraft, with a Plan proposed for abolishing the Christian Religion, as inimical to the Rights of Man. (
• Dissertation on the Rights of Man, with four Plans of Republican Government, humbly addressed to the American States, in their United and Individual capacities.
To which will be added observations on the ancient Constitution of Britain deduced from the Welsh Laws of Howel Dda.
and a new Plan of Limited Monarchy on Patriarchal Principles. (
• The History of the Ancient Bards of Britain, compiled from Authentic Manuscripts in the Welsh Language.
with elucidating Extracts from ancient Poems, The Bardic Triades, and a review of what Ancient foreign writers have said on the subject.
Or an attempt to ascertain the true principles of Liberty, Natural and Political, and the Duties of man as a member of society. (
• Christian prophecy fulfilled in French infidelity, and thereby the evidences of Revealed Religion corroborated, with a new argument advanced for the existence of a Deity and the connective necessity of Divine Revelation. (
• A new plan for civilizing the American Indians, and other Barbarous Nations, addressed to the british Protestant Dissenters. (
• A new and equitable plan for the Abolition of slavery.
Addressed to Parliament of Great Britain. (
• An additional Volume of Poems as partly original and partly translations from the Welsh. (
• A Dissertation on Infant Baptism or sprinkling The clearest and in its arguments the most conclusive of any that has ever been written hitherto.
By E.W. Explorer of the Den of Thieves to his most Supernal Majesty the King of Kings.
• Traethawd ar Areithyddiaeth gan Dr Blackwell wedi ei gyfieithu gan Iolo Morganwg, B.B.D. (An essay on Oratory by Dr Blackwell translated by Iolo Morganwg B.B.D.)
• Translation of Young's Farmer's Calendar by E.W.
• A Grammar of the Welsh Language, with Canons of Celtic Etymology and the Rules of Welsh Versification
• The History of Caerfilly Castle from the first notice of it to the time of Henry the eighth By Edwd.
Wms...
• To the prince of the Powers of the Air, King of Corsica, Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, Defender of Billy Pit's Faith, Head under God of the Church of Britain.
This little work is with all the pomposity, all the adulation, all the Church and Kingism, and all the Blasphemy, of Regal etiquette, inscribed, addressed, Dedicated, &c, &c, &c, by his most sacred majesty, most redoubter and Democrat, Antagonist and Republican opponent
• War incompatible with spirit of Christianity - An Essay by Edwd Wms.
A selection Iolo Morganwg manuscripts
Jenkins, Geraint (ed.) (
2005), A Rattleskull Genius: the Many Faces of Iolo Morganwg.
Cardiff: University of Wales Press
Morgan, Prys (1975) Iolo Morganwg, (Writers of Wales).
Williams, G. J. (1956) Iolo Morganwg.
Y Gyfrol Gyntaf, Cardiff: University of Wales Press
Williams, G. J. (1926) Iolo Morganwg a Chywyddau'r Ychwanegiad.
An antiquarian or antiquary (from the , meaning related to ancient times) is a student of antiquities or things of the past.
More specifically, the term is used for those who study history with particular attention to ancient artifacts.
This includes archaeological and historic sites, or historic archives and manuscripts.
The essence of antiquarianism is a focus on the empirical evidence of the past.
It may be better explained by the motto adopted by the 18th-century antiquary, Sir Richard Colt Hoare, "We speak from facts not theory".
Antiquarian societies
In the 18th century a new form of humanism emerged.
Learned men and those interested in history formed new antiquarian societies.
They were not associated with universities.
They were formed by gentlemen of means and leisure, They had a growing interest in ancient Greece.
A fortunate few, mainly Englishmen and Frenchmen, could visit these sites.
A lucky few could even afford books illustrating these antiquities.
Many early antiquarians were self-taught.
These gentlemen scholars prepared papers on their findings and debated these in the society meetings.
At times they disagreed with the new academic approach to history.
By the end of the 19th century, antiquarianism had been replaced by a number of more specialized academic disciplines.
These included archaeology, art history, numismatics, sigillography, philology, literary studies and diplomatics.
Today the term is often used in a pejorative sense.
It is used to refer to a very narrow focus on historical trivia instead of the actual history.
Antiquarianism and history
Hazrat Shah Jalal (, , full name: Shāh Jalāl ad-Dīn al-Mujarrad al-Turk al Naqshbandi) is a celebrated Sufi Muslim figure in Bengal.
Jalal's name is associated with the Muslim movement into northeastern Bengal.
Also he is associated with the spread of Islam in Bangladesh through Sufism.
Jalal was originally a Turkestani.
He arrived at Sylhet in 1303.
This is according to a tablet inscription found in Amber Khana, Sylhet.
Dhaka renamed Zia International Airport to Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport.
Dhaka and Sylhet had named a University known as Hazrat Shahjalal University of Science and Technology.
The Mazarin is located at Chittagong.
Typhoon Matmo (also Typhoon Henry) was a tropical cyclone.
The storm struck Taiwan in July 2014.
The storm also hit eastern China.
Damage totaled $567 million.
Sixty-two people died from the typhoon.
Matmo
Lucidio Sentimenti (also known as Sentimenti IV; 1 July 1920 – 28 November 2014) was an Italian football player from Bomporto in the Province of Modena.
He played club football for several clubs including Juventus and Lazio.
He also played for the Italian national football team nine different times.
Mark Strand (April 11, 1934 – November 29, 2014) was a Canadian-American poet, essayist, and translator.
He was appointed Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1990.
He was a professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University.
Strand was born in Summerside, Prince Edward Island.
Diane Helen Wood Middlebrook (April 16, 1939 – December 15, 2007) was an American biographer, poet, and teacher.
She was best known for writing biographies of poets Anne Sexton and Sylvia Plath (along with Plath's husband Ted Hughes), and jazz musician Billy Tipton.
She was born in Pocatello, Idaho.
DianeMiddlebrook.com, the author's personal web site
Liposarcoma is a malignant tumor.
It is found on fat cells in deep soft tissue, such as that inside the thigh or in the retroperitoneum.
They are typically large bulky tumors.
Liposarcomas, like all sarcomas, are rare.
John Christian "Chris" Meffert (August 11, 1943 – November 13, 2014) was an American lawyer and politician.
He served as Mayor of Ocala, Florida from 1977 through 1980.
He then served in the Florida House of Representatives from 1980 through 1988.
Meffert was born in Ocala, Florida.
A whoopee cushion, also known as a  razzberry Cushion, is a practical joke device, used in a form of flatulence humour.
It produces a noise resembling a "raspberry" or human flatulence.
It is made from two sheets of rubber that are glued together at the edges.
There is a small opening with a flap at one end for air to enter and leave the cushion.
It is used by first inflating with air, then place it under a chair cushion for an unsuspecting victim to sit on.
It is intended to embarrass the person.
The Roman Empress Elagabalus was known to use an early version of a whoopee cushions at dinner parties.
It is very similar to a pig-bladder used by court Jesters in the middle ages.
It would produce the same results.
The modern version was re-invented in the 1920s by the JEM Rubber Co. of Toronto, Canada.
Employees were experimenting with scrap sheets of rubber to produce the gag item.
The Eurasian teal, common teal, or Eurasian green-winged teal (Anas crecca)  is a duck that lives in Europe and Asia.
It is the only kind of teal in most places.
Teal is also the name of a color between blue and green.
The bird has this color round its eyes.
The teal mates where the weather is temperate, but in winter it flies south to avoid the cold.
When it is not starting a family, the teal likes to be with other teals.
It often lives in places where the ground is very wet and the wind is usually not strong.
It does not go under the water to find its food.
Instead, it stays on top of the water and eats seeds and bugs that live in the water.
Some scientists think that another kind of teal, the North American green-winged teal (A. carolinensis), is a kind of common teal
John T. Chisholm (born in Milwaukee in 1963) is the district attorney of Milwaukee County, Wisconsin.
He has held this office since 2007.
Chisholm is known for his successful prosecution of corrupt politicians and police officers, serial killer Walter Ellis, crime boss and preacher Michael Lock, and many associates of Governor Scott Walker.
My Everything is the second studio album by American singer and actress Ariana Grande.
It was released on August 25, 2014.
It first appeared at the top of the Billboard 200.
It sold 169,000 copies in its first week.
denotes a remixer
"Break Your Heart Right Back" contains elements of both "Mo Money Mo Problems" by The Notorious B.I.G. and "I'm Coming Out" by Diana Ross.
"Cadillac Song" contains samples from "How Love Hurts", written by Leon Sylvers.
Ariana Grande – lead vocals
Big Sean – featured artist, background vocals
Iggy Azalea – featured artist
The Weeknd – featured artist
ASAP Ferg – featured artist
Childish Gambino – featured artist
Victoria McCants – background vocals
Savan Kotecha – background vocals
Ilya – background vocals
Jeanette Olsson – background vocals
Max Martin – background vocals
Sibel – background vocals
Joi Gilliam – background vocals
Taura Stinson – background vocals
Chonita "N'Dambi" Gillespie – background vocals
Rickard Goransson – background vocals
Andre Marsh – A&R  coordinator
Wendy Goldstein – A&R, executive producer
Naim Alli McNair – A&R
Jessica Severn – album design
Ariana Grande – executive producer
Scott "Scooter" Braun – executive producer, management
Allison Kaye – management
Tom Munro – photographer
Donna Gryn – marketing manager
Brad Haugen – marketing manager
Laura Hess – marketing manager
Victoria McCants –  vocal producer
Tommy Brown – producer, programmer, engineer
John Hanes – mixing engineer
Aya Merrill – mastering
Ilya –  producer, vocal producer, guitar, bass, keys, programmer
Max Martin – producer, vocal producer, keys, programmer
Savan Kotecha – producer, vocal producer
Shellback – producer, keys, programmer
Peter Carlsson – vocal producer, engineer, vocal engineer
Leon Silva – saxophone
Rami Yacoub – producer, vocal producer, programmer
Carl Falk –  producer, programmer, guitar
Eric Weaver – engineer
Benjamin Levin – producer, programmer, instrumentation
Ryan Tedder – producer, programmer, instrumentation
Noel Zancanella –  producer, programmer, instrumentation
Chris Sclafani – engineer
Matthew Tryba – engineer
Bradford H. Smith – assistant engineer
Phil Seaford – assistant mixing engineer
Andrew Luftman – production coordinator
Seif Hussain – production coordinator
Anton Zaslavski – producer, mixing, programmer, instrumentation
Ryan Shanahan – engineer
Jesse Taub – engineer
Cory Brice – engineer
Dwane Weir – producer
Sauce – vocal producer
Magnus August Hoiberg – producer, programmer, instrumentation
Peder Losnegard – producer, programmer, instrumentation
Pop Wansel – producer
Oak Felder – producer
Kevin Guardado – assistant producer
Peter Svenssin – producer
Ali Payami – producer, programmer, bass, drums, keyboard, percussion
Jason Quenneville – engineer
Niklas Ljungfelt – guitar
Peter Zimney – saxophone
Johan Carlsson – producer, vocal producer, programmer, instrumentation
Mattias Bylund – strings
Rodney Jerkins – producer, instrumentation
Paul Dawson – producer, instrumentation
Matt Champlin – recorder
Kim Lumpkin – production coordinator
Rickard Goransson – producer, programmer, percussion
Jonas Thander – horns
Travis Sayles – producer, instrumentation
Harmony Samuels –  producer, instrumentation
Carmen Reece – vocal arranger
Jose Cardoza – engineer, recorder
Jo Blaq – vocal producer
scope="row"| South Korea
|1,541
Ariana Grande albums
The GKD1 (D1) is a kind of diesel locomotive used in China.
Dalian Locomotive & Rolling Stock Works: GKD1 Diesel Electric Locomotive
The SS3B () is a kind of AC-powered electric locomotive used in China.
It was built by Ziyang Locomotive Works in 2002 and is still produced as of 2009.
Dalian Locomotive & Rolling Stock Works(7001)
Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Works(0001~0119)
CSR Ziyang Locomotive Works(5001~5104)
Datong locomotive factory(6001~6129)
Dayananda Saraswati   (,  Maharshi Dayānand Sarasvatī) born (12 February 1824 – 30 October 1883), at Tankara was an important Hindu religious leader of his time.
He was the founder of the Arya Samaj, a Hindu reform movement of the Vedic tradition.
He was a scholar of Vedic lore and Sanskrit language.
He was the first to give the call for Swarajya as "India for Indians" in 1876.
Maharshi Dayananda taught the doctrine of Karma (Karmasiddhanta in Hinduism) and Reincarnation (Punarjanma in Hinduism).
He emphasized the Vedic ideals of brahmacharya (celibacy) and Bhakti (devotion to God).
He promoted equal rights for women.
This included the right to education and reading of Indian scriptures.
He was against child marriage.
He was also against idol worshipping and animal sacrifice.
He spoke out against other religions, especially Islam and Christianity.
He felt they were out to destroy the Hindu faith.
Snake case (or snake_case) is the process of writing compound words so that the words are separated with an underscore symbol (_) instead of a space.
The first letter is usually changed to lowercase.
Some examples of Snake case would be "foo_bar" or "hello_world".
It is commonly used in computer code.
At least one study found that readers can recognize snake case faster than CamelCase.
Programming Languages that use snake case
Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever is a television Christmas movie that stars the famous internet celebrity animal, Grumpy Cat.
The movie was first shown on the Lifetime network on November 29, 2014.
It stars Megan Charpentier as a young girl who adopts Grumpy Cat.
Then she finds out that she and the cat can really talk with one another.
The voice of Grumpy Cat is spoken by the actress Aubrey Plaza.
She did not know about Grumpy Cat before working in the movie.
To prepare, she learned all about Grumpy's behavior.
The movie had already been made when Aubrey did the cat's voice part.
Instead of using her script, she made up most of Grumpy's lines that ended up in the movie.
Grumpy Cat is a lonely cat living in a pet shop in a shopping mall.
The pet shop is going to go out of business and be shut down.
Grumpy is sad and upset because she is not getting picked to get a new home, while other animals are being adopted.
Chrystal is a lonely 12-year-old girl who comes into the pet store right before Christmas and falls in love with Grumpy Cat.
Grumpy finds out that she can communicate by talking with this girl.
Chrystal is also amazed to find out that Grumpy Cat can talk.
At first, the two do not get along with one another.
While visiting in the pet shop during the Christmas holidays, they slowly become friends.
Chrystal really likes Grumpy after they have an exciting adventure.
A dog that costs a lot of money is about to be dognapped from the pet shop.
Even though Grumpy does not like the dog, she stops the theft of the dog from happening.
Aubrey Plaza does the Grumpy Cat voice
Daniel Roebuck plays George
Megan Charpentier plays Chrystal
Grumpy Cat plays Herself
Russell Peters plays Santa
Chris Williams does the voice for Lance the hamster
Reviews for Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever have been both negative and postive.
The AV Club and Entertainment Weekly both did not like the movie.
AV Club said it was "the largest turd in Lifetime's crap crown of original programming."
The Guardian and St. Louis Post Dispatch were a bit more positive in their reviews.
The St. Louis Post Dispatch said that although the film was "terrible" they still enjoyed it overall.
Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever Rotten Tomatoes
Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever Metacritic
The following is a list of notable deaths in December 2014.
December 1 - Sita Murt, 68, Spanish fashion designer and businesswoman, cancer.
December 1 - Mario Abramovich, 88, Argentine violinist and composer.
December 1 - Alberto Breccia Guzzo, 68, Uruguayan politician and lawyer.
December 1 - Roberto Sagastume Pinto, 70, Guatemalan politician, Mayor of Esquipulas (1996–2000), Governor of Chiquimula (2001–2003), traffic collision.
December 2 - Don L. Anderson, 81, American geophysicist, cancer.
December 2 - Bobby Keys, 70, American saxophonist (The Rolling Stones), cirrhosis.
December 2 - Jean Béliveau, 83, Canadian ice hockey player (Montreal Canadiens).
December 2 - Don Laws, 85, American figure skater and coach, heart failure.
December 3 - James Stewart, 73, Canadian mathematician and violinist,  multiple myeloma.
December 3 - Giulio Questi, 90, Italian director and screenwriter (Django Kill, La morte ha fatto l'uovo).
December 3 - Walter Reyno, 79, Uruguayan actor and director, respiratory failure.
December 3 - Herman Badillo, 85, Puerto Rican-born American politician, member of the U.S. House from New York's 22nd (1971–1973) and 21st (1973–1977) districts, congestive heart failure.
December 3 - Jacques Barrot, 77, French politician, European Commissioner for Justice, Freedom and Security (2008–2010).
December 3 - Ian McLagan, 69, English keyboardist (Small Faces), stroke.
December 3 - Luc Oursel, 55, French businessman, CEO of Areva (2011–2014).
December 3 - Sjefke Janssen, 95, Dutch racing cyclist.
December 4 - Lynne Kosky, 56, Australian politician, MLA for Altona (1996–2010), breast cancer.
December 4 - Claudia Emerson, 57, American poet, cancer.
December 4 - V. R. Krishna Iyer, 100, Indian judge, member of the Supreme Court, renal and heart failure.
December 4 - Jeremy Thorpe, 85, British politician, Leader of the Liberal Party (1967–1976), MP for North Devon (1959–1979), central figure in the Thorpe affair, Parkinson's disease.
December 5 - Queen Fabiola of Belgium, 86, Spanish-born Belgian royal, queen consort (1960–1993).
December 5 - Manuel De Sica, 65, Italian composer, heart attack.
December 5 - Jackie Healy-Rae, 83, Irish politician, Teachta Dála (TD) for Kerry South (1997–2011).
December 5 - Silvio Zavala, 105, Mexican historian and diplomat, Ambassador to France (1966–1975).
December 6 - Luke Somers, 33, British-born American photojournalist and al-Qaeda hostage, shot. (
December 6 - Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah, 39, Saudi Arabian soldier (member of al-Qaeda), shot.
December 6 - Fred Hawkins, 91, American golf player.
December 6 - Ralph H. Baer, 92, American video game pioneer, inventor and engineer, developed the Magnavox Odyssey, recipient of the National Medal of Technology (2006).