the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Chisholm is one of only four decisions by the Supreme Court that were overturned by an amendment to the United States Constitution.
Dred Scott v. Sandford, which was overturned by passage of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Avezzano is a city in central of Italy located in the Province of L'Aquila, Abruzzo Region.
About 42,000 people live in Avezzano.
At the 2016 Democratic National Convention, delegates of the United States Democratic Party chose their nominees for President of the United States and Vice President of the United States in the 2016 national election.
It was held July 25–28, 2016, at the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia, with some events at the Pennsylvania Convention Center, beginning exactly one week after the 2016 Republican National Convention.
The candidates were former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton of New York, and United States senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont.
There are 4,764 delegates to the Democratic National Convention, so a candidate needs a simple majority of 2,383 delegates including "superdelegates" to win the presidential nomination.
On June 6, 2016,  Clinton won the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries, becoming the presumptive candidate.
2016 in Pennsylvania
Jim Clark (24 May 1931 – 25 February 2016) was a British movie editor with more than forty feature-movie credits from 1956 to 2008.
Clark has also directed eight features and short movies.
His best-known works are Midnight Cowboy (as creative consultant-1969), Marathon Man (1976), The Killing Fields (1984), and Vera Drake (2004).
In 2011, Clark published Dream Repairman: Adventures in Film Editing, which is a memoir of his career.
Boston, Lincolnshire]
The 2016 Democratic Party global presidential primary for Democrats Abroad took place on March 1–8, 2016.
E-mail, fax, and postal voting is being carried out beginning January 11, and ending March 8.
Voters may only vote once for a presidential candidate: either through Democrats Abroad, or through their home state.
Those who vote in the Democrats Abroad global presidential primary may continue to be in their home state's primary or caucus for all other candidates for the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives, and also for state and local elections and ballot measures, but they cannot vote twice for a presidential candidate.
Provisional Results
Provisional results are the ballot counts for individual walk-in voting centers.
Ballots sent by post, fax, and e-mail are not included.
Tasmanian oak (or Australian oak) is hardwood timber made from some types of Eucalyptus trees in Tasmania.
The trees for making Tasmanian oak are Eucalyptus regnans, Eucalyptus obliqua or Eucalyptus delegatensis.
It is a light-coloured type of wood.
It is used for building, furniture and paper.
Drush is a free and open source software application that allows people to install and change drupal websites.
The name "drush" means "drupal shell".
People who install drush can do all these things using the command line, or terminal of a computer.
This makes managing a website that uses drupal faster and more efficient.
According to GitHub, drush has been downloaded more than 788,000 times as of March, 2016.
Drupal  is a free and open source software application that is installed on servers.
When installed and configured, Drupal helps people make websites that are secure, safe, and stable.
Drupal also allows users to share modules with each other.
Modules are like building blocks that when installed make new features available.
In law, a majority opinion is a judicial opinion agreed to by more than half of the members of a court.
A majority opinion becomes the decision of the court in a matter.
It also gives an explanation of the reasons for the court's decision.
A dissenting opinion is an opinion written by one or more judges expressing disagreement with the majority opinion of the court.
Very similar to a majority opinion is a plurality opinion.
In this instance, a majority of Justices agree on the result of a case, but do not all agree on the reasons for the result.
In the United States Supreme Court, a majority of the Justices have to agree with all of the contents of the Court's opinion before it can be published.
In a few cases, after reading drafts of the opinions, Justices may switch their votes and what was the minority opinion becomes the majority opinion.
No opinion is considered official until it is read in open court or made available publicly.
Tie votes
Normally, appellate courts (or panels) are staffed with an odd number of judges to avoid a tie vote.
Sometimes and in some jurisdictions, when judicial positions are vacant or a judge has recused (excuse) himself or herself from the case, the court may be stuck with a tie.
In this situation the decision of the lower Court stands.
The Opinion-Writing Process
In English common law, a writ is a formal written order issued by a body with administrative or judicial jurisdiction.
In modern use this generally is a court.
Writs are issued by courts directing the person to whom they are addressed to do something or to not do something.
Writs may also be used to direct other courts or public authorities.
The authority for a court to issue a writ is given by the All Writs Act which is a United States federal statute originally a part of the Judiciary Act of 1789.
In its earliest form a writ was simply a written order made by the English king to a specified person to undertake a specified action.
For example in the feudal era a military summons by the king to one of his tenants-in-chief to appear dressed for battle with his knights at a certain place and time.
An early usage survives in the United Kingdom.
Also in Canada in a writ of election.
This was is a written order issued on behalf of the monarch (in Canada, the Governor General) to local officials (High Sheriffs of every county in historical UK) to hold a general election.
Writs were used by the medieval English kings to summon persons to Parliament.
Types of writs
There have been a great many kinds of writs.
Some of the more common types still in use are:
Writ of Habeas corpus: A legal document ordering a person who has been arrested to come before a court.
Writ of Mandamus: This directs a government department or official to take an action.
Writ of Prohibition: This writ directs a public authority not to take a specified action.
Usually issued by appellate courts to lower courts.
Writ of Certiorari (abbreviated Cert.):
A kind of writ issued by an appellate court to review cases from a lower court.
Writ of Quo warranto: A type of writ used to challenge the legality of someone holding a public office.
Writ of Coram nobis: A writ issued by an appeals court to a lower court to correct a previous error.
The Eleventh Amendment (Amendment XI) to the United States Constitution was passed by Congress on March 4, 1794 and ratified by the states on February 7, 1795.
It deals with each state's sovereign immunity and was adopted to overrule the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Chisholm v. Georgia.
Lawsuits against states
The idea of sovereign immunity originated in English common law.
It was also proposed by political theorists like Thomas Hobbes and Jean Bodin.
The founding fathers of the Constitution were aware of the traditional doctrine that states were immune from private lawsuits.
Several Anti-Federalists were afraid that Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution, which declares that the federal judicial power extends to suits "between a State and Citizens of another State", would override that doctrine.
The Eleventh Amendment was a direct reaction to an unpopular ruling by the Supreme Court in Chisholm v. Georgia (1793).
In Chisholm the Court said federal courts had the power to hear lawsuits brought by citizens against US states.
Also, that states were not immune to these cases.
The Eleventh Amendment reversed this decision and does not allow cases brought against a state by a citizen of another state or country.
It says nothing about a citizen bringing a suit against their own state.
In Ex parte Young, the Supreme Court decision allowed suits in federal courts against officials acting on behalf of states of the union to proceed despite the State's sovereign immunity, when the State acted unconstitutionally.
Eleventh Amendment Limitations on Federal Power
Johnnie L Cochran, Jr. (October 2, 1937 – March 29, 2005) was an American lawyer.
He is best known for his part in the acquittal of O. J. Simpson for the murder of Simpson's ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman.
Cochran also represented many different celebrities and victims.
Cochran became known as an early advocate for the victims of police brutality.
Cochran helped Sean Combs win an acquittal after being indicted on stolen weapons charges and bribery in 2001.
After the case, he decided to retire.
The Cochran Firm's website
A crypt is a room, or group of rooms, underneath a church where bodies are put after a person dies.
It usually has coffins, religious items, and other trinkets for the dead.
are two role-playing video games.
They are published by The Pokémon Company and developed by Game Freak.
They were released for the Nintendo 3DS.
The games were released on 18 November 2016 in North America, Australia and Japan, and 23 November 2016 in Europe, commemorating the Pokémon franchise's 20th anniversary.
On February 25, the games' existence was leaked after the trademarks were found on the EU's Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market's website.
Sun and Moon were officially announced in a Pokémon Nintendo Direct.
Pokémon Sun and Moon take place in a region called Alola.
Alola has warm weather and is made up of four large islands.
The player is given a Pokémon and goes on a journey around Alola.
The player can catch and raise other Pokémon as they explore.
While exploring, the player sometimes has to fight Team Skull.
Team Skull are a group of people who want to destroy things and cause trouble.
And some Pokémon have a special Alolan form!
Johann Georg, Prince von Hohenzollern (Johann Georg Carl Leopold Eitel-Friedrich Meinrad Maria Hubertus Michael; 31 July 1932 – 2 March 2016) was a German prince.
Through his marriage to Princess Birgitta of Sweden, he was brother-in-law of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden.
Goerg died on 2 March 2016 in Munich.
Beck was born in Manhattan.
As a lawyer, Beck helped negotiate the Compact of Free Association, which established Palau as an independent nation in free association with the United States in 1994.
He was granted honorary citizenship.
In 2003, he accepted the job as Palau's first Permanent Representative to the United Nations.
He had this job until 2013.
In 2013, he was appointed as Palau's first ever United Nations Ambassador for Oceans and Seas.
A wage is money that is paid by an employer to an employee in exchange for work.
The amount may be fixed for each task completed (this is called piece rate); or it may be based on time or other measurable quantity of work done.
Work for wages is the most common form of work.
Because of this, the term "wage" sometimes refers to all forms of employee payment.
However, a wage is different to a salary or commission.
A salary is where the employer pays an arranged amount at regular intervals (such as a week or month) regardless of hours worked or amount of work done.
Commission is usually an extra payment based on the performance of the worker or product.
Waged employees may also receive "tips" paid directly by clients.
They will usually not get the same benefits as those paid with a salary, such as annual leave and sick leave.
Wages are usually paid by the hour.
This is called an hourly wage.
Wages paid by the day are still common.
Wage rates may be influenced by market forces (supply and demand), laws, and tradition.
Market forces are perhaps more dominant in the United States, while tradition, social structure and seniority, perhaps play a greater role in Japan.
In many countries, laws set a minimum wage that all employers must pay their workers.
This means that employers cannot pay workers a lower rate than the minimum wage; however, they can pay them a higher rate.
The minimum wage rate is there to protect the working class.
Salary and wages data collection
Aubrey Kerr McClendon (July 14, 1959 – March 2, 2016) was an American businessman.
He was the founder and chief executive officer of American Energy Partners.
He was also the co-founder and retired chief executive officer and chairman of Chesapeake Energy.
He was an outspoken supporter for natural gas as a cleaner and safer alternative to oil and coal fuels.
He was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
On March 1, 2016, McClendon was charged by the United States Department of Justice of conspiring "to rig bids for the purchase of oil and natural gas leases in northwest Oklahoma".
He died the following day in a car crash near Oklahoma City.
The Dionysian Mysteries were a ritual of ancient Greece and Rome celebrating Dionysus.
The ritual involved intoxicants (like alcohol) and dancing to music to remove inhibitions and social constraints.
It gave freedom to those marginalized by Greek society such as women, slaves and foreigners.
Willie Maxwell II (born June 7, 1991), known professionally as Fetty Wap, is an American rapper, singer, and songwriter.
He rose to prominence after his debut single "Trap Queen", reached number two on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart in May 2015.
This helped Fetty Wap secure a record deal with 300 Entertainment.
He subsequently released two Top 10 singles in the U.S., "679" and "My Way".
Fetty Wap's eponymously titled debut album was released in September 2015 and reached number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart.
2014–2015: Beginnings and debut album
Fetty Wap's commercial debut single, titled "Trap Queen", was released in early 2014.
He recorded the song in February 2014.
However, it did not gain major recognition until mid-November 2014, and since then it has become a platinum record and has over 130 million plays on SoundCloud.
In November 2014, Fetty Wap represented by Attorney Navarro W. Gray secured a recording contract with 300 Entertainment, the imprint was founded by Lyor Cohen, Kevin Liles, Roger Gold and Todd Moscowitz, as well as a distribution deal with Atlantic Records.
The song "Trap Queen" is about a woman dealing and cooking crack cocaine.
His debut mixtape, Fetty Wap: The Mixtape was originally set for release in February 2015 but was delayed because he continued to create new songs.
In June 2015, Wap was included in XXL'''s 2015 Freshman Class.
On June 29, 2015, Wap released his second single "679".
The song's accompanying music video premiered on YouTube in May, before being commercially released.
679 had an original version with Monty only and an added verse by Wap.
The Remy Boyz Version was removed from the album His next single, "My Way", became his second top 10 entry on the Billboard Hot 100.
Later, Drake remixed My Way and created the version that was then played on radio.
Afterwards, "679" reached the Hot 100 top 10 peaking at number four.
During the week of July 26, 2015 to August 1, 2015, the rapper matched Billboard marks by hip-hop prominent artists Eminem and Lil Wayne.
He became the first male rapper with three songs occupying the top 20 spots on the Billboard Hot 100 chart since Eminem did so in 2013.
He also became the first male rapper in four years to have concurrent singles reach the top 10 of the same chart since Lil Wayne did so in 2011.
With his fourth single "Again", Wap became the first act in the Hot Rap Songs chart's 26-year history to chart his first four entries in the top 10 simultaneously.
Wap's debut studio album Fetty Wap was released on September 25, 2015.
The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200, with 129,000 equivalent album units (75,484 in pure album sales).
Wap subsequently released two mixtapes for streaming only: Coke Zoo in collaboration with French Montana and ZOO 16: The Mixtape with Zoo Gang.
Wap received two nominations at the 58th Grammy Awards.
2016–present: Zoovier and other releases
On February 5, 2016, Fetty Wap released a new single titled "Jimmy Choo".
On April 26, 2016, it was announced that Fetty Wap would be getting his own mobile racing game available on phone, tablet, and Apple TV starting on May 3.
The game is offshoot of mobile game Nitro Nation Stories.
A street racing game, it has multi-player, car customization, and different storylines to choose.
It has partnered with automotive brands like BMW, Nissan, and Cadillac.
The Fetty Wap version will include Fetty Wap and Monty into the storyline.
Wap was featured on the Fifth Harmony 2016 single "All in My Head (Flex)".
He released the single "Wake Up" in April 2016.
The official music video for the song was filmed at his alma mater, Eastside High School.
His single "Make You Feel Good" was released in August 2016.
On November 21, 2016, he released a 19 track mixtape titled Zoovier.
On January 4, 2017, he released the song "Way You Are" featuring Monty, and the song "Flip Phone" on February 10, 2017.
He walked in Philipp Plein's runway show during New York Fashion Week in February 2017.
Wap released the single "Aye" on May 12, 2017.
He released the mixtape Lucky No.
7 on June 7, 2017.
On August 18, 2017, the single "There She Go" featuring Monty was released.
In October 2017, Wap featured in Cheat Codes' single "Feels Great" with CVBZ.
At 1:20 AM on November 2, 2017, Wap was arrested after being pulled over on a Brooklyn highway.
He was subsequently charged with reckless endangerment, drunk driving, aggravated unlicensed operation of a motor vehicle, illegally changing lanes, and drag racing.
On January 19, 2018, Wap released the EP For My Fans III: The Final Chapter.
He released the mixtape Bruce Wayne in June 2018.
Fetty Wap is the father of seven children.
They include Aydin Zoovier (born 2011) with childhood girlfriend Ariel Reese, Eliza "ZaZa" Zaviera (born 2015) with Lehzae Zeona, Amani (born 2016) with Elaynna Parker, Khari (born 2016) with Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood star Masika Kalysha, Lauren (2016-2021) with exotic dancer Turquoise Miami, and Alaiya (born 2018) with ex-girlfriend Alexis Skyy.
Lezhae Zeona gave birth to her second child with Fetty in 2018, a boy named Zy.
Wap appeared on the third season on VH1's Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood'', which documented his strained relationship with Masika.
He also appeared on the 9th season of Love & Hip Hop: New York documenting his strained relationship with Alexis Skyy.
In August 2021, Wap's daugther passed away.
Kentucky State University (KSU) is a public university for men and women.
It is in Frankfort, Kentucky.
The school was founded in 1886.
Its original name was the State Normal School for Colored Persons.
The university has four colleges.
It offers four associate degrees, 55 undergraduate degrees and six post-graduate programs.
The Golden Gate is a historical gate in Gdańsk, Poland.
It is a stone building with an archway leading into the Old Town.
It was built in 1612.
It was created in the place of an older 13th-century Gothic gate called the Brama Długouliczna.
The Valley of the Queens ( ) is a place in Egypt where wives of Pharaohs were buried in ancient times.
In ancient times, it was known as Ta-Set-Neferu, meaning –"the place of beauty".
The reason for choosing the Valley of the Queens as a burial site is not known.
The place is near the worker's village in Deir el-Medina and the Valley of the Kings.
Another consideration may be the existence of a sacred grotto dedicated to Hathor at the entrance of the Valley.
The emergency department (ED) is a part of a hospital for treating people who have just come to the hospital, need to be treated quickly even without an appointment.
These people may have been hurt, or they may have suddenly become very ill.
Patients come to an emergency department with little warning.
Many come in an ambulance.
Emergency departments often have staff working all day and all night, on every day of the week.
This is because patients can arrive at any time.
To work in those places, doctors and nurses must be trained in emergency medicine.
There are many different names for an emergency department.
They are often called an emergency room (ER), even if they are bigger than one room.
They may also be called an emergency ward (EW) or emergency unit.
In the United Kingdom and Ireland, they are usually called accident & emergency department (A&E) and less often as a casualty department.
A 2005 patient study found an average emergency room wait time from 2 hours in Iowa to more than 5 hours in Arizona.
The Midwest had the highest number of emergency room visits (460 per 1,000 people).
The West had the lowest number.
Gynecology (also spelled gynaecology) is the part of medicine that deals with the female reproductive system (vagina, uterus, ovaries) and breasts.
Outside medicine, it means "the science of women."
The Transantarctic Mountains are a mountain range in the continent of Antarctica.
It divides the continent into eastern and western region.
It extends for over 3200 km.
John Singer Sargent (January 12, 1856 – April 14, 1925) was an American artist.
He was the leading portrait painter of his day.
During his career, he created about 900 oil paintings and more than 2,000 watercolors, as well as many sketches and charcoal drawings.
He travelled worldwide.
His parents were American, but he was trained in Paris, and then moved to London.
His "Portrait of Madame X" resulted in scandal, though today it is hard to see why.
She was thought to be somewhat loose sexually.
In the original portrait as exhibited, one strap of her gown had fallen down her right shoulder.
This suggested to some the possibility of further revelation; "One more struggle", wrote a critic in Le Figaro, "and the lady will be free".
Sargent visited Spain, studied Velázquez, and was entranced with Spanish music and dance.
He understood what the Impressionists were doing, and adopted their habit of painting en plein-air.
He was a big fan of Monet, and bought four of his works.
His portrait of Monet shows he understood what was going on in French art at the time.
Sergent kept his American citizenship, and went back there four times.
However, he remained living in London to the end of his life.
École nationale de la météorologie (ENM, French Meteorology University) is a graduate engineering school in France.
It has its own campus and also operates on the French Civil Aviation University campus for aviation activities.
Ingénieur ENM (ENM Graduate engineer Masters level program)
Classes are mainly in French language.
The school has 350 students from a dozen countries.
Most of the graduate engineer students live in dedicated housing buildings.
The two-body problem is a problem from classical mechanics: there are two bodies which influence each other.
Very often they attract or repel each other.
In many cases they rotate.
The problem uses bodies which are circles, or spheres.
Solving the problem is possible for many situations, but it usually involves higher level mathematics.
Simplification: One body has a mass that is much smaller
When one of the two bodies has a mass that is much smaller, the influence of this smaller body on the larger one is very small, and can be disregarded.
In such a case, the problem can be reformulated as a one-centre problem, where there is a stationary big body in the centre, and a small body orbiting around the big one.
This setting is very comon.
Johannes Kepler was the first person to formulate and solve it.
For this reason, it is also known as Kepler problem.
General solution for the two-body problem
Three or more bodies
The three-body problem (three bodies influence each other): This problem can only be solved exactly for few very special cases.
It needs to be approximated for the other ones.
The n-body problem: n bodies inflience each other: No solutions exist for the general case.
The Twelfth Amendment (Amendment XII) to the United States Constitution was proposed in Congress on December 9, 1803.
It was ratified by the state legislatures on June 15, 1804.
It provided new procedures for electing the President and Vice President.
Before the amendment, each member of the Electoral College cast a single vote.
The candidate who received the largest number of votes became the President.
The candidate receiving the next highest number of votes became the Vice President.
The Twelfth Amendment changed the process to the current system whereby one vote is cast for the President and one for the Vice President.
The Constitutional Convention of 1787 went over several different proposals for electing the President.
Some wanted Congress to choose the President.
Other suggestions included selection by the state legislatures, by the state governors or by a congressional committee.
Near the end of the convention the question was turned over to a committee called the Committee of Eleven for leftover business.
They devised a system called the Electoral College.
The plan was accepted and was added to the Constitution.
In 1789 the Electoral College unanimously elected George Washington as the first president.
He was reelected in 1792.
In both cases he was the only president to receive all of the electoral votes.
In the 1796 election, Washington declined to run.
His Vice President, John Adams, and his running mate Thomas Pinckney ran for President and Vice President respectively.
Alexander Hamilton tried to use his influence to get Pinckney more votes, making Adams the Vice President again.
But the scheme backfired when Thomas Jefferson got more votes than Pinckney, but Adams won more of the electoral votes.
This made Adams the President and Jefferson the Vice President.
The 1800 Presidential election showed the deep problems in the electoral college system.
Jefferson ran against Adams again.
Both had running mates.
Pinckney was again the running mate of Adams for the Federalist Party.
Aaron Burr was Jefferson's running mate for the Democratic-Republican Party.
Jefferson and Burr received the same number of votes creating a tie between two candidates from the same political party.
Under the Constitution, the matter was to be decided by the House of Representatives.
In the House, the two tied again in 35 votes.
Only on the 36th ballot was the deadlock broken and Jefferson was elected president.
The solution to the problem became the Twelfth Amendment.
It was proposed by Congress on December 9, 1803.
Three days later it was submitted to the states for ratification.
Fourteen of the seventeen states (at the time) ratified it and the amendment was added to the Constitution on September 25, 1804.
The Electoral College remained much the same under the Twelfth Amendment.
But the process for choosing a president and vice president changed.
Under the Twelfth Amendment an elector must cast separate votes for the President and Vice President.
If nobody gets the majority of the votes, the process remains the same as before; the House of Representatives decides.
The Transformative Twelfth Amendment, William & Mary Law Review
How the Presidency Changed Forever, Mizzou Magazine
South by Southwest (SXSW) is a set of festivals and conferences.
They are about movies, interactive media, and music.
It takes place every year in March in Austin, Texas, United States.
It has continued to grow in both scope and size every year.
SXSW Music
SXSW Music is the largest music festival in the world.
It had more than 2,000 performances in 2014.
In 1987, 700 people attended the music event.
In 2009, there were over 32,000 registrants.
Bands must pay for their own travel and lodging at the event.
All performers get a cash payment ($100 for solo musicians or $250 for bands) or a wristband that gives them access to all music events.
SXSW Film
SXSW Film Conference lasts for five days.
There are speakers, workshops, mentor sessions and more, with expert filmmakers and industry leaders.
In 2015, there were over 250 sessions with 735 speakers.
Important speakers in the past include Lena Dunham, Jon Favreau, Mark Duplass, Ava DuVernay, Ryan Gosling, Nicolas Cage, Alejandro Jodorowsky, Tilda Swinton, Amy Schumer, Sally Field, Joss Whedon, Christine Vachon, RZA, Matthew McConaughey, Danny Boyle, Seth MacFarlane, Catherine Hardwicke, Richard Linklater, David Gordon Green, Harmony Korine, Henry Rollins, Sarah Green and Robert Rodriguez.
The SXSW Film Festival runs nine days.
The SXSW Film Awards is on the last day of the Film Conference.
In 2015, the SXSW Film Festival showed 150 feature movies and 106 short movies.
They were selected from 7,361 submissions.
Past movies that premiered at SXSW include Furious 7, Neighbors, Chef, 21 Jump Street, The Cabin in the Woods, Bridesmaids and Insidious, and the TV series Girls, Silicon Valley and Penny Dreadful.
Although the film festival often shows independently produced movies, studios have often shown their comedies there before they are released.
They do this to get an idea of how popular the movie will be in theaters.
SXSW Interactive
SXSW Interactive is about new technology.
The festival includes a trade show, speakers, parties, and a startup accelerator.
According to a festival organizer Louis Black, SXSW Interactive "has probably been the biggest of its kind in the world" since 2007.
The Best of America – South By Southwest Interactive, CounterPunch, March 14, 2014
Mathematical optimization, finding the best solution to a problem
Engineering optimization
Optimality, in economics
Economic efficiency
Optimization (computer science), improving software to make it work more efficiently
Search engine optimization, improving the ranking of a website in search engine listings
Januariusz Mikołaj "Janusz" Bolonek (6 December 1938 – 2 March 2016) was a Polish Roman Catholic bishop.
He was born in Huta Dłutowska, Poland.
He worked in diplomacy for the Pope.
Among other positions, has served as nuntius in Uruguay, Bulgaria, Romania, and in North Macedonia.
Bolonek was made a priest in 1961 in Łódź, Poland.
He retired as Apostolic Nuncio in 2013.
He died in Łódź on 2 March 2016 of cancer.
Benoît Lacroix (8 September 1915 – 2 March 2016) was a Canadian theologian, philosopher, and Dominican priest.
He was a professor in Medieval studies and historian of the Mediaeval period.
He was the author of almost 50 works and a great number of articles.
He was born in Saint-Michel-de-Bellechasse, Quebec.
Lacroix died in Quebec on 2 March 2016 from problems caused by pneumonia.
Canadian historians
Ashok Ghosh (2 July 1921 – 3 March 2016) was an Indian Bengali politician.
He was the senior leader of All India Forward Bloc political party.
He held the position of the state general secretary of Forward Bloc in West Bengal from 1946 until his death in 2016.
Ghosh died in Kolkata from multiple organ failure on 3 March 2016.
Natalia Leonidovna Krachkovskaya (, maiden name - Belogortseva, 24 November 1938 – 3 March 2016) was a Soviet and Russian actress.
She was awarded the Meritorious Artist in 1998.
She became famous during the 1970s with roles in the movies The Twelve Chairs and Ivan Vasilievich: Back to the Future.
Krachkovskaya died on 3 March 2016 in a hospital in Moscow from a heart attack.
The École nationale supérieure d'électronique, informatique, télécommunications, mathématiques et mécanique de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB - MATMECA) is a graduate engineering school in France.
It is in a campus at Talence (West France).
Ingénieur ENSEIRB - MATMECA (ENSEIRB - MATMECA Graduate engineer Masters level program)
The school has 1200 students from a dozen nationalities.
Most of the first year students at ENSEIRB-MATMECA live in dedicated housing buildings nearby research labs.
Mechanical engineering (I2M);
Mathematics (IMB);
Computer Science (LaBRI);
Electrical & Electronic Engineering (IMS).
Arjun Bijlani (born 31 October 1982) is an Indian television actor.
He played Aalekh in Right Left and Mayank Sharma in Miley Jab Hum Tum.
His other work includes Jo Biwi Se Kare Pyaar.
In April 2015, Bijlani played Shikhar Mehra in Meri Aashiqui Tumse Hi.
He plays the lead role of Hritikh in the television drama Naagin.
Bijlani was born on 31 October 1982.
He has appeared in many advertisements, including LG, Samsung and BPL Mobile.
He has been in many music videos.
He was in Kartika, a Disney Channel show, with Jennifer Winget.
He has been in many serials, including Miley Jab Hum Tum,Pardes Mein Mila Koi Apna.
He also hosted a show named Road Diaries.
Arjun Bijlani Official website
The Torres Strait Islands are a group of at least 274 small islands.
Most of the islands are part of the state of Queensland, Australia.
A small number are part of Papua New Guinea.
The islands are in the Torres Strait.
The indigenous people of the islands are Torres Strait Islanders.
In 2011, the population was 4,248.
The island with the most people is Thursday Island.
Adopted on March 30, 1870, the Fifteenth Amendment (Amendment XV) to the United States Constitution granted African-American men the right to vote.
Nowhere in the original Constitution or the Bill of Rights were Americans given the right to vote.
The Fifteenth Amendment gave African-American men the right to vote.
But not until the 1960s did judicial interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment conclude the right to vote was a fundamental right of all citizens.
The reasons behind the omissions of voting rights in the Bill of Rights and Constitution is that including them would have been too controversial at the time.
Each state had different rules for who could vote.
Some allowed free blacks the right to vote.
Others allowed women the right to vote.
A few states required ownership of property in order to vote.
In the Election of 1868, Republican Party candidate, Ulysses S. Grant, won the presidency by only a narrow majority of the popular vote.
He received support from free black voters in the South.
Without that support, he probably would have lost the election.
At the time blacks could not vote in the Northern states.
The Republican party needed help to stay in power and thought that black votes would help.
At the time Republicans controlled both the Senate and House.
The proposed amendment was passed by Congress in 1869 and sent to the states for ratification.
It was quickly ratified by three-quarters of the states in early 1870.
Part of the reason why is that Republicans also controlled the state governments in the South.
Southern Democrats were not able to block the measure.
After passage, the Fifteenth Amendment did not have much of any impact on black voting in the South for nearly a century.
Southerners used various methods including terrorism, poll taxes and grandfather clauses to prevent blacks from voting.
Congress and the Supreme Court repeatedly struck down voting restrictions.
For example, in a landmark decision in Smith v. Allwright (1944), The Court decision made it unconstitutional to keep African-Americans from voting in a Democratic Party primary in Texas.
Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 which stated that all Americans had the right to vote, including African-Americans.
But overcoming these problems on a case-by-case basis was proving to be unsuccessful.
As soon as one form of discrimination was stopped, a new one appeared in its place.
The Voting Rights Act of 1965, removed further barriers to minorities voting.
It was amended five times by Congress to extend its protections as needed.
Impact of the 13th, 14th & 15th amendment
U.S. Constitution's Fifteenth Amendment: Removing Race Qualifications for Voting
Phobos is only 20 by 25 km (12 by 16 mi) and has a rapid orbital motion, so someone on Mars would only see the solar eclipse for no longer than about thirty seconds.
Phobos also takes only 7 hours 39 minutes to orbit Mars, while a Martian day is 24 hours 37 minutes long, meaning that Phobos can create two eclipses per Martian day.
Deimos is too small, 15 by 10 km (9.3 by 6.2 mi), to cause an eclipse.
The best someone on Mars would see would be a small object passing the Sun.
View from Earth
Both moons are too small to cast a shadow on Mars that can be seen from Earth.
However, since the creation of artificial satellites, the shadow of Phobos on Mars has been seen.
The War of the Oranges,  or the War of the grapefruit was a brief conflict in Alentjo in 1801.
French and Spanish troops invaded Portugal.
Deadpool is a 2016 American superhero movie.
It is based on the Marvel Comics's character Deadpool.
The movie was directed by Tim Miller and it was produced by Simon Kinberg, Ryan Reynolds, and Lauren Shuler Donner.
It was Miller's first movie as a director.
A sequel movie titled Deadpool 2 has been released in 2018.
Deadpool was first premiered at Le Grand Rex in Paris on February 8, 2016.
It was released in North America on February 12, 2016.
Principal photography for the movie started in Vancouver on March 23, 2015 and ended on May 29, 2015.
Ryan Reynolds as Wade Wilson / Deadpool
Morena Baccarin as Vanessa Carlysle
Ed Skrein as Francis Freeman / Ajax
T. J. Miller as Weasel
Gina Carano as Angel Dust
Brianna Hildebrand as Negasonic Teenage Warhead
Stefan Kapičić (voice) and André Tricateux (motion capture) as Pietr Rasputin / Colossus
The movie got positive reviews from critics and audiences.
It has a 83% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.
Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said that the movie was "party time for action junkies" and also that Reynolds may have found the role that defines his career.
Movies produced by Simon Kinberg
Deadpool movies
X-Men (movie series)
Arthur Worth "Bud" Collins, Jr. (June 17, 1929 – March 4, 2016) was an American journalist and television sportscaster.
He was best known for his tennis commentary.
Collins was born in Lima, Ohio.
For several years with the Boston Globe, he was a general and political columnist.
In 1967, he was a candidate for mayor of Boston.
Collins died on March 4, 2016 in Brookline, Massachusetts.
Bud Collins WGBH Alumni Profile
Interview with Tennis-Prose spanning the life and career of Bud Collins
Sophie Dessus (24 September 1955 – 3 March 2016) was a French Socialist politician.
She was born in Suresnes, France.
She represented Corrèze's First Constituency in the National Assembly, the first woman to represent Corrèze in the National Assembly.
She served from 20 June 2012 until her death in 3 March 2016.
Dessus died in Limoges, France of cancer on 3 March 2016.
Dessus's official website
Ayatollah Abbas Vaez Tabasi (, 25 June 1935 – 4 March 2016) was an Iranian cleric.
He holds memberships at different institutions.
He was the Grand Imam and Chairman of the Astan Quds Razavi board from 1979 until his death in 2016.
He was born in Tabas, Mashhad.
Tabasi died from respiratory failure in Mashhad, Iran on 4 March 2016.
He had lung cancer.
Tabasi was aged 80.
BBC article about Naser Vaez-Tabasi
Purno Agitok (P. A.) Sangma (1 September 1947 – 4 March 2016) was an Indian politician.
He was born in Assam, India.
He served as the Speaker of the Lok Sabha from 1996 to 1998 and Chief Minister of Meghalaya from 1988 to 1990.
Sangma died on 4 March 2016 in New Delhi, India from a heart attack.
(29 November 1968 – 3 March 2016) was a Japanese professional wrestler.
He was better known for wrestling under a mask as Hayabusa.
He mainly worked for the Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW) promotion.
He also wrestled for New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW) and in North America for Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA), Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), and one match with Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW).
Ezaki debuted for New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW) at the 1994 Super J Cup, losing in the first round to Jushin Thunder Liger.
He started wrestling under the Hayabusa gimmick in 1993 while he was working in Mexico.
In October 2001, Ezaki suffered a career-ending injury when he tried to perform a springboard moonsault off the middle rope, lost his footing, landed on his head, and cracked two of his vertebrae which left him paralyzed.
In 2015, Ezaki had regained the use of his legs and was able to stand on his own and walk with a cane.
On 3 April 2015, Hayabusa took part in a press conference which announced the return of FMW.
He had served as the executive producer of the promotion.
On 3 March 2016, Ezaki died from a subarachnoid hemorrhage at age 47.
He was found dead in his home by the owner of a tavern that he was supposed to do a small concert for that day, but did not show up.
Mandalay ( or ;  ) is a city in Myanmar.
There is only one city in Myanmar that has more people than Mandalay.
It is  north of Yangon.
Mandalay is on the east side of the Irrawaddy River.
In 2014, there were 1,225,553 people living there.
The name "Mandalay" comes from the nearby hill called Mandalay Hill. "
Mandalay" may come from the Pali language.
Some people think that the name "Mandalay" comes from the Pali word mandala.
Other people think that the name comes from Mount Mindara.
Mindara is a mountain in Hindu mythology.
The original name of the city was Yadanabon (, ).
This name came from the Pali word Ratanapūra (). "
Ratanapūra" means "City of Gems."
The city also had another name: Lay Kyun Aung Myei (, ).
This means "Victorious Land over the Four Islands."
Mandalay was started by King Mindon.
He started the city on 13 February 1857.
He built Mandalay as the new capital city of the Kingdom of Burma.
Mindon's city was  in size.
There were rivers on each side.
It had 144 square blocks in a grid.
In the middle was a palace that was 16 square blocks in size.
The palace had four walls that were each  long.
Around the walls was a moat that was  wide and  deep.
Each wall had turrets (towers) for watchmen.
These turrets were placed every .
Each turret had a spire made of gold.
Each side had three gates and five bridges across the moat.
The king also built some other buildings in the city.
These buildings were the Kuthodaw Pagoda, the Pahtan-haw Shwe Thein upasampada hall, the Thudamma "Good Dharma" zayats (), and a library for the Pāli Canon.
A zayat is a building where Buddhism is taught.
In June 1857, the king moved the royal palace to Mandalay.
The palace had been in Amarapura.
The building was taken apart.
Each piece was moved by elephants to Mandalay.
The palace was put back together and finished on 23 May 1859.
The palace is now at the bottom of Mandalay Hill.
Mandalay was the capital for 26 years.
It was the last royal capital of the Konbaung Dynasty. (
The Konbaung Dynasty were the last rulers of the Kingdom of Burma before it was taken over by the British Empire.)
On 28 November 1885, the British conquered Burma.
This ended the Third Anglo-Burmese War.
King Thibaw Min and Queen Supayalat were sent into exile.
Mandalay in British Burma (1885-1948)
Mandalay was still an important city in British Burma.
The city of Rangoon became the capital of Burma.
The British wanted to make Mandalay an important commercial city.
They did not want it to be important for politics, education, or other reasons.
Mandalay was connected to Yangon by railroad in 1889.
The first college in Mandalay wasn't built until 1925.
The royal palace was looted by the British.
All of the treasures were stolen.
Some treasures can be seen in the Victoria and Albert Museum.
The British changed the name of the palace to Fort Dufferin.
British soldiers used the palace as a barracks (a place to camp.)
Mandalay was the most important city for Burmese culture during the time the British were in charge.
It was also the most important place for Buddhist learning.
The Burmese people saw Mandalay as a symbol.
Between World War I and World War II, there were many protests in Mandalay against the British.
During the time the British were in charge, many people moved to Mandalay from India. (
India was also a British colony.)
From 1904 to 1905, a plague happened.
About one third of the people of Mandalay left to get away from the disease.
During World War II, Mandalay was bombed by the Japanese.
The British moved all of their airplanes to India.
Mandalay had no defenses against the Japanese air raids.
On 3 April 1942, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service bombed the city.
Three-fifths (3/5) of the houses were destroyed.
More than 2,000 civilians (people who are not military) were killed.
The Japanese soon invaded Burma.
The Imperial Japanese Army took over the city of Mandalay.
They were in charge from May 1942 until March 1945.
The palace citadel was made into a supply depot. (
A supply depot is a building that stores supplies like food and machines.)
The Allied forces bombed the city after the Japanese took it over.
Much of the palace was destroyed.
Only the royal mint and watch tower were not destroyed.
The palace was rebuild in the 1990s.
Mandalay today (1948 - now)
In 1948, the British left Burma.
Mandalay was still the most important city for culture, education, and commerce in Upper Burma.
Until the 1990s, most students went to university in Mandalay.
Until 1991, there were only three universities in Upper Burma: Mandalay University, The University of Medicine, Mandalay, and the Defense Services Academy.
All of these universities are in Mandalay.
Only some other cities had schools called "Degree Colleges."
These were small schools that were part of Mandalay University.
These colleges had classes in a small number of subjects.
From 1962 to 1988, Ne Win was in charge of the government.
He was very isolationist.
This means that he did not want Myanmar to be part of global trade or tourism.
In the 1980s, Mandalay was the second biggest city in Myanmar.
It looked like a town with low buildings, dusty streets, and more bicycles than cars.
During the 1980s, there were two big fires.
In May 1981, a fire destroyed more than 6,000 buildings.
36,000 people were left homeless.
On 24 March 1984, there was another fire.
This fire destroyed 2,700 buildings.
23,000 more people were made homeless.
Fires are still a big problem.
In February 2008, there was another big fire in Mandalay.
It destroyed the Yadanabon Market.
This was the second-biggest market in the city.
In February 2009, a fire destroyed 320 houses.
More than 1,600 people were made homeless.
The fires during the 1980s destroyed a lot of buildings.
This made a lot of land empty.
Many Chinese people in Burma bought this land.
A lot of these people had come from Yunnan in China.
Many Chinese people came to Upper Burma and Mandalay from Yunnan and Sichuan in the 1990s.
250,000 to 350,000 people from Yunnan came to Mandalay in the 1990s.
Today, about 30% to 40% of the people of Mandalay are Chinese.
The native Burmese people complain that Mandalay is now like a part of China.
The Chinese have rebuilt the parts of the city that burned down.
They built apartment buildings, hotels, and shopping centers.
They helped make Mandalay again an important city for trade and commerce.
It now connects trade for Upper Burma, Lower Burma, China, and India.
Mandalay has grown much bigger over time.
It now includes what used to be Amarapura. (
Amarapura was where King Mindon's capital city used to be before he moved it to Mandalay.)
Mandalay celebrated its 150th birthday on 15 May 2009 at 4:31:36 am.
Mandalay Palace
The royal palace in Mandalay is a very important building.
A lot of it was burned down during World War II.
The royal mint and watch tower did not burn down.
The rest of the buildings were rebuilt.
The Mandalay Palace's name in Burmese is Mya Nan San Kyaw ( ; "The Famed Royal Emerald Palace").
It is also called  (), or the "Great Golden Royal Palace".
Today the palace is an important symbol of Mandalay.
Many tourists and visitors come to see it.
Atumashi Monastery
The Atumashi Monastery is a Buddhist monastery.
A monastery is a building where monks (holy men) live, work, and pray.
This place is a kyaung, a special kind of monastery.
The name means "inimitable vihara."
The monastery burned down in 1890.
Only the plinth (bottom platform) did not burn.
The government decided to rebuild the monastery.
They started building on 2 May 1995.
It was finished being built in June of 1996.
Mandalay Hill
Mandalay Hill is a big hill in Mandalay.
It is a holy hill.
There is a legend about the hill.
The Buddha visited the hill and made a prophecy.
He said that some day a great city would be built at the bottom of the hill.
The hill is  tall.
There is a road to the top.
There are many temples, monasteries, and pagodas built on the hill.
Kuthowdaw Pagoda
The Kuthodaw Pagoda is a very large pagoda.
It was built by King Mindon in 1857.
It was designed to look like the Shwezigon Pagoda in Nyaung U.
There are 729 rocks around the pagoda.
Each rock is smooth and has writing on it.
The writing are the words of the Tipiṭaka. (
The Tipiṭaka are the Buhhdist holy books.)
These stone rocks are the "world's largest book."
Mahamuni Buddha Temple