the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The meme was made in an apolitical way to troll Wojak.
Wojak is a Pole on the same board and contributes in broken English.
Afterwards, Polandball cartoons were enthusiastically drawn by Russians.
A description of Polandball is found on the subreddit /r/Polandballball, which reads "Wiggly mouse-drawn comics where balls represent different countries.
They poke fun at national stereotypes and the "international drama" of their diplomatic relations.
Polandball combines history, geography, Engrish, and an inferiority complex.
The comic series first became popular on a well known German image board /int/."
The premise of Polandball is it represents the history, relations with other countries, and stereotypes.
It concentrates on Polish megalomania and national complexes.
The meme gained in popularity after the plane crash in Smolensk which killed Polish President Lech Kaczyński.
Interactions between countryballs are written in broken English and internet slang.
This is similar to the Lolcat meme.
Poland is purposely drawn as red on top of white.
This is the opposite of the united nations flag.
By the end of the cartoon, Poland weeps.
Some Polandball comics are based on the premise that Russia can fly into space.
This premise also includes Poland cannot fly into space.
One of the most popular Polandball cartoons begins with the premise that Earth is going to be struck by a giant meteor.
All countries with space technology leave Earth and go into orbit around the planet.
At the end of the cartoon, Poland is still on earth and is crying.
In broken English, Poland says their famous catchphrase "Poland cannot into space".
In this humorous way, Russians stop discussion with Poles on which country is superior.
Another Polandball comic delves into historic-political satire.
Poland is seen to be boring other countryballs.
Poland proclaims "So when we crushed Russia and the turks [sic] were were the biggest country in the world... and..".
This leads other countryballs to laugh at it.
Poland, by now irritated, utters kurwa.
Poland holds up a sign saying "Internet serious business".
This is an internet slogan used to deride others who treat subjects with disdain.
Then, in Polandball convention, Poland finishes by crying.
Polandball meme in culture
In 2014, released a game about Pollandball for Android.
In this game, Poland can into space and the player's goal as long as possible to keep Poland there.
There is also the opportunity to play for other countryballs.
Other polandballs
Polandball can also include comics on other countries.
By convention these comics are usually still referred to as Polandball.
They can also be called countryballs.
According to Lurkmore.to, Bavaria has its own ball.
Other balls have been created for U.S. states, Brazil, Catalonia and Siberia.
Singapore and Bermuda are drawn as a triangle and called Tringapore and Bermudatriangle, respectively.
Israel takes the form of a hypercube (in reference to Jewish physics).
Kazakhstan takes the form of a brick.
Britain is shown wearing a top hat and monocle.
The United States is shown wearing sunglasses.
Nepal, Ohio, and Tampa are shown as animals with teeth almost like a tiger.
Polandball at Knowyourmeme.com
Polandball at militaryphotos.net
Polandball - A Case Study
Android Game "Poland can into space!"
Polandball Miraheze Wiki
Yugoslavs  is a national name used by a small number of South Slavs across the countries of the former Yugoslavia.
Some say this name is for all people of South Slav heritage, including those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia and the presently disputed region of Kosovo, Slovenia, and North Macedonia.
A rhetorical question is a figure of speech in the form of a question.
It is a question that is asked in order to make a point: it does not need a reply.
The question is used as a rhetorical device or tool.
The question is posed for the sake of persuasion, or to encourage the listener or reader to consider a message or viewpoint.
Suggested dialogue
Rhetorical questions suggest a dialogue which does not really exist.
The speaker both asks and answers the question himself.
A rhetorical question is often a statement in the form of a question.
For example, in "Can't you do anything right?",
the words are not intended to start an investigation or to invite any response at all.
What the words actually mean could change according to circumstance.
It could be a little joke between friends, or it could be an insulting criticism.
Generally, it would be taken to mean "You can't seem to do anything right".
The role of context is always important if someone asks "What does that mean".
Consider this question: "Do you think this treatment is just?".
There is no way of knowing whether this is a genuine question or not, because we do not know what the circumstances are.
This is true of many kinds of communication, that what they mean varies according to circumstance.
On the other hand, "Is it right for a murderer to be allowed out of prison after only ten years?"
clearly asks for the reply "No!".
This is because the questioner has signalled what answer is expected.
A neutral way to describe the situation might be: "A convicted murderer spends at least ten years in jail".
What is a rhetorical question?
A short definition of the term
was a  after Tenpyō-hōji and before Jingo-keiun.
This period started in January 765 and ended in August 767.
Events of the Tenpyō-jingo era
765 (Tenpyō-jingo 1, 2nd month): The empress raised the Buddhist priest Dōkyō  to the position of daijō-daijin zenji.
765 (Tenpyō-jingo 1): Fujiwara  no Toyonari died at age 62.
765 (Tenpyō-jingo 1):  Former Emperor Junnin died in exile.
766 (Tenpyō-jingo 2,  1st month): Fujiwara-no Matate is named uddaijin; and Kibi no Makibi becomes a major counselor (dainaigon).
767 disestablishments
was a  after Shōtai and before Enchō.
This period started in July 901 and ended in April 923.
The reigning emperors were .
Events of the Engi era
1 February 901 (Engi 1, 1st day of the 1st month): There was an eclipse of the Sun.
901 (Engi 1): The Sugawara Michizane "incident" developed; but more details cannot be known.
Emperor Daigo ordered that diaries and records were burned.
May 905 (Engi 5, 4th month): Ki-no Tsurayuki presented the emperor with a collection of waka poetry called the Kokin Wakashū.
909 (Engi 9, 4th month):  Fujiwara no Tokihira died at age 39.
He had held the office of Miniser of the Left (sadaijin).
901 establishments
923 disestablishments
The President of Austria is the federal head of state of Austria.
Even though the constitution says the President has a lot of power, in practice the President is mostly a figurehead.
The President of Austria is elected once in every six years.
His or her offices are in the Leopoldine Wing of the Hofburg Imperial Palace, in Vienna.
Many former Presidents have had a lot of popularity while in office.
No incumbent has ever lost a bid for re-election.
Since 2017 the President has been Alexander Van der Bellen.
Karl Seitz
Michael Hainisch
Wilhelm Miklas
Karl Renner
Adolf Schärf
The Federal Chancellor is the head of government and chief executive of Austria.
His or her deputy is the Vice-Chancellor.
Before 1918, the office was the same as Minister-President of Austria.
The Federal Chancellor is the de facto highest office in the state government.
List of presidents of the National Council of Austria.
Parliament website
Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson (born March 28, 1941 as Jeffrey Lloyd Masson) is a psychotherapist and historian of psychotherapy who wrote a controversial book, The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory, about Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud.
In the book, Masson accuses Freud of hiding evidence that some patients were sexually abused by their parents.
Masson was research director of the Sigmund Freud Archives in New York City.
He was removed from the job after saying Freud was responsible for "the present-day sterility of psychoanalysis throughout the world."
Barbara Prammer (11 January 1954 – 2 August 2014) was an Austrian politician.
She was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Austria.
She was President of the National Council of Austria serving from 30 October 2006 until her death in 2 August 2014.
She was its Vice President from 2004 to 2006.
Prammer was Federal Minister for Women Affairs and Consumer Protection from 1997 to 2000.
She was elected to the National Council in 1999.
Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria
The Republic of Austria is the period of Austrian history after the signing of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of September 1919.
It went through the settlement after the end of World War I which put an end to the Republic of German-Austria.
It continued up to World War II.
Austria was a de-facto republic, but its official name was the Federal State of Austria.
This period was had a lot of conflict between the left and the right.
The July Revolt of 1927 was an example.
The Constitution of Austria was started in 1920 and changed in 1929.
The Federal State (sometimes called the First Republic) came to an end with the Anschluss to Nazi Germany in 1938.
Some people say the end came with the start of the Austro-fascist dictatorship in 1933/34 following the Austrian Civil War.
The euro sign (€) is the currency sign used for the euro.
The euro is the official money of the Eurozone in the European Union (EU).
The international three-letter code for the euro is EUR.
Country Code: +43
There are no standard lengths for either area codes or subscribers' numbers in Austria.
So some subscribers' numbers may be as short as three digits.
Larger towns have shorter area codes allowing longer subscriber numbers in that area.
Special / Service codes
Austrian Numbering Plan
Austrian Sign Language (German: Österreichischer Gebärdensprache or ÖGS) is the sign language used by the Austrian deaf community.
There are about 10,000 people who use it and it was legally recognized by the Austrian Parliament on September 1, 2005.
Learning ÖGS is based on the german spoken language in Austria and shares a similar grammatical structure to German Sign Language.
The Second Viennese School is a group of composers.
It was made of Arnold Schoenberg and his pupils and close associates in early 20th century Vienna.
Schoenberg lived and taught there between 1903 and 1925.
Their music was first like late-Romantic.
Later it was a totally chromatic expressionism without firm tonal centre.
Later still was Schoenberg's serial twelve-tone technique.
Oskar Kokoschka (1 March 1886 – 22 February 1980) was an Austrian artist, poet and playwright.
He is best known for his intense expressionistic portraits and landscapes.
Kokoschka's first jobs were postcards and drawings for children.
In his early career he did portraits of Viennese celebrities.
He was in the Austrian army in World War I and was wounded.
At the hospital, the doctors said he was mentally unstable.
He traveled across Europe and painted the landscape.
Kokoschka had an affair with Alma Mahler.
She stopped the relationship.
He continued to love her his entire life.
One of his greatest works  The Bride of the Wind (The Tempest), is a tribute to her.
His poem Allos Markar was about this relationship.
Deemed a degenerate by the Nazis, Kokoschka left Austria in 1934 for Prague.
In 1938, when the Czechs were coming for Wehrmacht, he fled to the United Kingdom.
He stayed there during the war.
Kokoschka became a British citizen in 1946.
In 1978 he got back Austrian citizenship.
He traveled to the United States in 1947.
Then he moved to Switzerland.
He died in Montreux.
1909: Lotte Franzos
1909: Martha Hirsch I
1909: Hans and Erika Tietze
1909: St. Veronica with the Sudarium
1909: Les Dents du Midi
1909: Children Playing
1910: Still Life with Lamb and Hyacinth
1910: Rudolf Blümner
1911: Hermann Schwarzwald I
1911: Egon Wellesz
1911: Crucifixion
1912: Two Nudes
1913: Landscape in the Dolomites (with Cima Tre Croci)
1913: The Tempest
1913: Carl Moll
1913: Still Life with Putto and Rabbit
1915: Knight Errant
1917: Portrait of the Artist's Mother
1917: Lovers with Cat
1917: Stockholm Harbour
1920: The Power of Music
1919: Dresden, Neustadt I
1921: Dresden, Neustadt II
1921: Two Girls
1922: Self-Portrait at the Easel
1923: Self-Portrait with Crossed Arms
1925: Amsterdam, Kloveniersburgwal I
1924: Venice, Boats on the Dogana
1925: Toledo
1926: Mandrill
1926: Deer
1929: Arab Women and Child
1932: Girl with Flowers
1934: Prague, View from the Villa Kramář
1937: Olda Palkovská
1938: Prague - Nostalgia
1940: The Crab
1941: Anschluss - Alice in Wonderland
1941: The Red Egg
1948: Self-Portrait (Fiesole)
1962: Storm Tide in Hamburg
1966: The Rejected Lover
1971: Time, Gentlemen, Please
Kokoschka's literary works are as odd and interesting as his art.
His memoir, A Sea Ringed with Visions, is as wildly psychedelic as anything written by others under the influence of actual hallucinogens.
His short play "Murderer, the Hope of Women" is often called the first Expressionist drama.
His Orpheus und Eurydike (1918) became an opera by Ernst Krenek.
1908: Die traumenden Knaben (The Dreaming Youths) Vienna: Wiener Werkstätte (Originally published in an edition of 500 by the Wiener Werkstätte.
Unsold copies numbered 1-275, were reissued in 1917 by Kurt Wolff Verlag.)
1909: Mörder, Hoffnung der Frauen (Murderer, the Hope of Women) (Play)
1913: Der Gefesslte Columbus(Columbus Bound). [
Berlin]: Fritz Gurlitt, [1913] (known as Der Weisse Tiertoter (The White Animal Slayer).
1919: Orpheus and Eurydike, in: Vier Dramen: Orpheus und Eurydike; Der brennende Dornbusch; Mörder, Hoffnung der Frauen; [and] Hiob.
1962: A Sea Ringed with Visions.
London: Thames & Hudson  (Autobiography)
1974: My Life; translated (from "Mein Leben") by David Britt.
London: Thames & Hudson
First productions of plays
1907: Sphinx und Strohmann.
Komödie für Automaten.
29 March 1909 at Cabaret Fledermaus, Vienna
1909: Mörder, Hoffnung der Frauen
1911: Der brennende Dornbusch
1913: Sphinx und Strohmann, Ein Curiosum.
14 April 1917 in the Dada-Galerie, Zürich
1917: Hiob (an enlarged version of Sphinx und Strohmann, 1907)
1919: Orpheus und Eurydike
1923: new version as opera libretto; music by Ernst Krenek.
27 November 1926 at the  Staatstheater, Kassel
1936–38/1972: Comenius
The Children's television show Hey Arnold!
features a character named Oskar Kokoschka.
He is portrayed as a deadbeat in Arnold's families boarding house.
A UK Midlands based 1980's pop group called themselves 'Oskar Kokoschka'.
In 1986 they released a 12 inch EP featuring the songs 'Waiting til it all Blows Over' and 'Letting the water out'.
British painters
Ingeborg Morath (May 27, 1923 – January 30, 2002) was an Austrian photographer.
In 1953 she joined the Magnum Photos Agency.
She became a full photographer with them in 1955.
In 1955 she published her first collection of photographs, of a total of 30 monographs during her lifetime.
Early years (1923-1945)
Ingeborg Morath was born in Graz, Austria.
Her parents were scientists.
They went to different laboratories and universities in Europe during her childhood.
She first went to French-speaking schools.
In the 1930s her family moved to Darmstadt, a German intellectual center.
Then they moved to Berlin.
Morath's first encounter with avant-garde art was the Degenerate Art show by the Nazi party in 1937.
It was supposed to make people not like modern art. "
I found a number of these paintings exciting and fell in love with Franz Marc's Blue Horse", Morath later wrote.
Morath went to Berlin University.
At university, Morath studied languages.
She learned French, English, and Romanian.
Later she added Spanish, Russian and Chinese.
Toward the end of World War II, Morath worked for factory service in Tempelhof, alongside Ukrainian prisoners of war.
During an attack on the factory by Russian bombers, she ran on foot to Austria.
In later years, Morath would not photograph war.
Middle Years (1945-1962)
After the Second World War, Morath worked as a translator and journalist.
In 1948, she was hired by Warren Trabant.
She worked for Heute.
Morath met photographer Ernst Haas in post-war Vienna.
She brought his work to Trabant's attention.
Working together for Heute, Morath wrote articles to go along with Haas' pictures.
In 1949, Morath and Haas were invited by Robert Capa to join the newly founded Magnum Photos in Paris.
Morath was briefly married to the British journalist Lionel Birch.
She moved to London in 1951.
That same year, she began to photograph during a visit to Venice.
Morath asked for an apprenticeship with Simon Guttman.
He was then an editor for Picture Post and running the picture-agency Report.
Morath divorced Birch and returned to Paris.
Her first jobs were stories that did not interest "the big boys."
She went to London on an early job to photograph the residents of Soho and Mayfair.
Morath's portrait of Mrs. Eveleigh Nash, from that job, is among her best-known works.
During the late 1950s Morath traveled widely.
She covered stories in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the United States, and South America.
She worked for such publications as Holiday, Paris Match, and Vogue.
In 1955 she published Guerre à la Tristesse, photographs of Spain, with Robert Delpire.
This was followed by De la Perse à l'Iran, photographs of Iran, in 1958.
Morath published more than thirty monographs during her lifetime.
Like many Magnum members, Morath worked as a still photographer on numerous motion picture sets.
She met director John Huston while she was living in London.
Huston's Moulin Rouge (1952) was one of Morath's earliest jobs.
It was her first time working in a film studio.
Morath married the playwright Arthur Miller on February 17, 1962.
They moved to the United States.
Miller and Morath's first child, Rebecca, was born in September 1962.
The couple's second child Daniel was born in 1966 with Down syndrome.
He was institutionalized shortly after his birth.
Honors and legacy
2003, her family established the Inge Morath Foundation.
2002, members of Magnum Photos made the Inge Morath Award in honor of their colleague as an annual award.
It is administered by the Inge Morath Foundation, and is given to a woman photographer under the age of 30, to support her work towards the completion of a long-term project.
1992 Great Austrian State Prize for Photography.
1984 Doctor Honoris Causa Fine Arts, University of Connecticut, Hartford, USA.
1983 State of Michigan Senate Resolution NO 295; Tribute to Inge Morath.
Selected One-Person Exhibitions
2008 Well Disposed and Trying to See: Inge Morath and Arthur Miller in China, University of Michigan Art Museum, Ann Arbor, USA.
2004 Inge Morath: The Road to Reno, Chicago Cultural Center, Illinois, USA.
2004 Inge Morath: Chinese Encounters, Pingyao International Photography Festival, Pingyao, China.
2003 Exposition, Henri Cartier-Bresson Foundation, Paris, France.
2002 Inge Morath: Danube, City Gallery of Russe, Russe, Bulgaria.
2002 Inge Morath: New York, Galerie Fotohof, Salzburg, Austria; Stadt Passau, Europäische; Wochen, Germany ESWE Forum, Wiesbaden; Esther Woerdehoff Galerie, Paris, France; Amerikahaus Tübingen, Germany.
1999 Retrospective, Kunsthalle Wien, Austria; FNAC Etoile, Paris, France; FNAC, Barcelona, Spain.
1999 Spain in the Fifties, Museo del Cabilde, Montevideo, Uruguay.
1998 Inge Morath: Danube, Festival of Central European Culture, London, UK; Museen d. Stadt Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
1998 Retrospective, Edinburgh Festival, Edinburgh, UK; Museum of Photography in Charleroi, Belgium; Municipal Gallery, Pamplona, Spain.
1998 Celebrating 75 Years Leica Gallery, New York, USA.
1997 Retrospective Kunsthal, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
1997       Inge Morath: Danube, Keczkemet Museum, Esztergom Museum, Hungary
1997       Photographs 1950s to 1990s, Tokyo Museum of Photography, Tokyo, Japan
1996       Women to Women, Takashimaya Gallery, Tokyo, Japan
1996       Inge Morath: Danube, Neues Schauspielhaus, Berlin, Germany; Leica Gallery, New York, USA; Galeria Fotoforum, Bolzano, Italy.
1995       Spain in the fifties, Museo de Arte Contemporaneo, Madrid, Spain; Museo de Navarra,Pamplona, Spain.
1994       Spain in the fifties, Spanish Institute, New York, USA
1992/94    Retrospective, Neue Galerie Linz, Austria ;America House, Frankfurt, Germany; Hardenberg Gallery, Velbert, Germany; Galerie Fotogramma, Milano, Italy; Royal Photographic Society, Bath, UK; Smith Gallery and Museum, Stirling, UK; America House, Berlin, Germany; Hradcin Gallery, Prague, Czech Republic.
1991       Portraits, Kolbe Museum Berlin, Germany; Rupertinum Museum Salzburg, Austria
1989       Portraits, Burden Gallery, Aperture Foundation, New York, New York, USA; Norwich Cathedral, Norwich, UK; American Cultural Center, Brussels, Belgium.
1988       Retrospective, Union of Photojournalists, Moscow, Russia; Sala del Canal Museum, Madrid, Spain; Rupertinum Museum, Salzburg, Austria.
1984 Salesman in Beijing, Hong Kong Theatre Festival.
1979 Inge Morath: Photographs of China, Grand Rapids Art Museum, Michigan, USA.
1964 Inge Morath: Photographs, Gallery 104, Art Institute of Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Selected Monographs
2009       Inge Morath: First Color.
Steidl, Germany.
2009       Inge Morath: Iran.
2006       The Road to Reno.
2003 Inge Morath: Last Journey Prestel.
2002       New York.
Otto Müller/Verlag, Austria.
2000       Saul Steinberg Masquerade.
Viking Studio, USA.
1999       Inge Morath: Life as a Photographer.
Kehayoff Books, Germany.
1999       Arthur Miller:  Photographed by Inge Morath.
FNAC, Spain.
1999       Inge Morath: Portraits.
Verlag, Austria.
1996       Woman to Woman.
Magnum Photos, Japan.
1995       Donau.
1994       Inge Morath: Spain in the Fifties.
Arte con Texto, Spain.
1992       Inge Morath: Photographs 1952 to 1992.
1991       Russian Journal.
Aperture Foundation, USA.
1986       Portraits.
Aperture, USA.
1984       Salesman in Beijing.
with Arthur Miller.
Viking Press, USA.
1981       Bilder aus Wien: Der Liebe Augustin.
Reich Verlag, Switzerland.
1979       Chinese Encounters.
Straus & Giroux, USA.
1979       Inge Morath: Photographs of China.
Grand Rapids Art Museum, USA.
1977       In the Country.
1975       Grosse Photographen unserer Zeit:  Inge Morath.
C.J. Bucher Verlag, Switzerland.
1973       East West Exercises.
Simon Walker & Co., USA.
1972 In Russia Penguin.
1969       In Russia.
1967       Le Masque (Drawings by Saul Steinberg).
Maeght Editeur, France.
1960       Bring Forth the Children: A Journey to the Forgotten People of Europe and the Middle East.
McGraw-Hill, USA.
1958       De la Perse à l'Iran.
Robert Delpire, France.
1956       Venice Observed.
Reynal & Co., USA.
1956       Fiesta in Pamplona.
Universe Books, USA.
1955       Guerre à la Tristesse.
Jean-Louis Vaudoyer (10 September 1883  20 May 1963) was a French novelist, poet, essayist, and art historian.
He was administrator general of the Comédie-Française (1941–1944).
He was a member of the Académie française (1950–1963).
He wrote the libretto for Le Spectre de la rose, a ballet choreographed by Michel Fokine for Diaghilev's Ballets Russes in 1911.
Léon Samoilovitch Bakst (10 May 1866 – 27 December 1924) was a Russian painter.
He designed the sets and costumes for some of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes productions.
These were Cleopatra (1909), Scheherazade (1910), Carnaval (1910), Narcisse (1911), Le Spectre de la Rose (1911), and Daphnis et Chloé (1912).
Bakst died in 1924 in Paris.
In late 2010, the Victoria and Albert Museum presented an exhibition of Bakst's costumes and prints.
Ballets Russes costume designs
Marc Chagall, My Life, St.-Petersburg, Azbuka, 2000,
Leon Bakst (official website)
Working for Diaghilev
BAKST at www.rollins.edu
Leon Bakst (1866 - 1924) Artwork Images, Exhibitions, Reviews  at wwar.com
Works by Leon Bakst at the Russian Art Gallery
Art Signature Dictionary - See Léon Bakst's signature, although the police seizure of counterfeit
Baskt theatre and performance collection  at the Victoria and Albert Museum
Evergreen collections that include original stage sets, costume designs, and other related works.
Ballet shoes are lightweight shoes designed for and used in ballet dancing.
They're usually made from soft leather or satin and have thin and flexible soles.
Females are usually given pink colored shoes; males usually get black or white.
Pointe shoes are a special type of ballet shoe.
They let dancers stand on their toes.
In zoology, cannibalism is where an animal eats its own species.
It has been recorded for more than 1500 species.
It is quite common with insects, spiders and scorpions.
There, the male gets eaten by the female, after having sexual intercourse.
Many types of frogs will also eat other frogs of the same species.
Even, vetebrates like hedgehogs eat their offspring if stressed.
A curtsey (also spelled curtsy or courtesy) is a traditional gesture of greeting, in which a girl or woman lowers her body by bending her knees.
It is the female equivalent of male bowing in European cultures.
The word "curtsy" comes from "courtesy" which means "politeness".
According to Desmond Morris, the movements in the curtsey and the bow were similar until the 17th century.
Only later did the difference between the female and the male gesture develop.
The earlier, combined version is still performed by Restoration comedy actors.
When a curtsey is very formal, the girl/woman bends the knees outward (rather than straight ahead), often sweeping one foot behind her.
In Victorian times, when women wore floor-length, hooped skirts, they curtsied using the plié movement borrowed from second-position in classical ballet in which the knees are bent while the back is held straight.
Both feet and knees point out so the body lowers straight down.
In this way, the lady lowers herself evenly, not to one side.
Traditionally, women and girls curtsey to people who are of higher rank (more important) than they are, just as men and boys bow.
Today this practice has become less common.
In European cultures it is traditional for women to curtsey in front of members of the Royal family.
This is sometimes called a "court curtsey" and is often very deep.
Some female domestic workers curtsey for their employers.
Female dancers often curtsey at the end of a performance to show thanks or acknowledge applause from the audience.
At the end of a ballet class, students will also curtsey or bow to the teacher and the pianist to thank them.
According to Victorian dance etiquette, a woman curtseys before beginning a dance.
Female Scottish highland dancers performing the national dances and the Irish jig also curtsey as well (at both the beginning and end for the national dances and at the end for the Irish Jig).
Some female ballroom dancers will curtsey to their partners before beginning the Viennese Waltz.
In some cultures females bow instead of curtseying.
How to Curtsey
The Lady's Courtesy in the Victorian Ballroom
Isaac Butt (1813–1879) was an Irish nationalist political leader and president of the Home Rule Confederation of Great Britain, which sought to achieve Home Rule for Ireland within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Adam Nathaniel Yauch (August 5, 1964 - May 4, 2012) was an American rapper and movie director.
He was a member of the Beastie Boys.
Yauch was born in Brooklyn, New York City.
In 2009, he was diagnosed with salivary gland neoplasm.
He died of the disease in New York City.
Zoosemiotics is a branch of semiotics (and of biosemiotics) that studies sign processes and communication in animals.
Świętochłowice is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship.
It has about 55,000 people and 13.31 km².
The city is on the Rawa River.
Schnitzel is a traditional German and Austrian dish.
It is made out of boneless meat thinned with a hammer, coated in bread crumbs and fried.
It is a popular part of Austrian cuisine.
In Austria, the dish called Wiener Schnitzel is traditionally served with a slice of lemon and either Potato salad or potatoes with parsley and butter.
The traditional Wiener schnitzel is made of veal.
It is now often made of pork.
When made of pork, it is often called Schnitzel Wiener Art in Germany.
In Austria, by law it has to be called Wiener Schnitzel vom Schwein to show it is different it from the original.
In Austria and Germany, the term Wiener Schnitzel is protected by law.
Any schnitzel called by that name has to be made from veal.
In Finland, watermelon is traditionally eaten with Schnitzel (pork Schnitzel is the most popular in the country).
In New Zealand their beef Schnitzel meals are almost always eaten with a large serving of mashed potatoes and/or boiled vegetables.
Kaiserschmarrn is a well-known Austrian dessert.
It was popular in the former Austria–Hungary as well as in Bavaria.
The Czech name is "trhanec" or "kajzršmorn".
In Hungary it is called "császármorzsa" or simply "smarni".
Kaiserschmarrn is a light, caramelized pancake.
It is made from a sweet batter using flour, eggs, sugar, salt, and milk, baked in butter.
Kaiserschmarrn can be prepared in different ways.
When making Kaiserschmarrn the egg-whites are usually separated from the yolk and beaten until stiff.
Then the flour and the yolks are mixed with sugar, and the other ingredients are added.
The pancake is split into pieces while frying, shredded after preparation.
It is usually sprinkled with powdered sugar, then served hot with apple or plum sauce or various fruit compotes.
Kaiserschmarrn is eaten like a dessert.
Traditionally Kaiserschmarrn is served with Zwetschkenröster, a fruit compote made out of Plums.
Knödel or Klöße are large round poached or boiled potato or bread dumplings, made without yeast.
They are normal parts of Austrian, German, Hungarian and Czech cuisine.
They can be made from flour, potatoes, old bread, semolina, etc.
In most types, they are used as a side dish for meat.
They can also be served as a dessert or in a soup.
Names and varieties
In Hungary, they are called gombóc; in the Czech Republic, knedlík; in Luxembourg, Kniddel(en), cnigle in Bukovina; and, in Italy, canederli.
In some parts of the United States, klub is used to mean potato dumplings.
Klöße are large dumplings, steamed or boiled in hot water, made of dough from grated raw or mashed potatoes, eggs and flour.
Similar semolina crack dumplings are made with semolina, egg and milk.
They are called Grießklößchen.
Thüringer Klöße are made from raw or boiled potatoes, or a mixture of both, and are often filled with croutons or ham.
In Austria and Hungary they make large sweet dumplings or plum dumplings called Zwetschkenknödel.
Gombotzen are made with flour & potato batter, by wrapping the potato dough around whole plums or apricots.
They then are boiled and rolled in hot buttered caramelized bread crumbs.
Topfenknödel are  made with quark cheese (Topfen) and are traditionally topped with cinnamon sugar and served with apple sauce or with streusel.
Königsberger Klopse are not dumplings, they are made from ground meat and are related to Frikadeller.
Hungarian culture
The dish
Tafelspitz - boiled tri-tip - is a typical Austrian dish.
The beef is simmered with root vegetables and spices in the broth.
It is usually served with roasted slices of potato and a mix of minced apples and horseradish or sour cream mixed with horseradish.
Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, was a great lover of Tafelspitz.
Tafelspitz is said to be the national dish of Austria.
The cut
Tafelspitz is the name of the meat cut which is used.
It is usually from a young ox.
The meat for Tafelspitz is well-aged pieces of beef, a cut of beef from the bottom sirloin primal cut.
This cut is typically known in the  United States as the tri-tip.
Austrian butchers gave almost every muscle of beef a separate name.
The hind leg alone is parted into 16 cuts.
Schönbrunn Palace is a former imperial 1,441-room Rococo summer residence in Vienna, Austria.
It is one of the most important cultural monuments in the country.
Since the 1960s it has been one of the major tourist attractions in Vienna.
The palace and gardens show the tastes and interests of Habsburg monarchs.
In the year 1569, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II purchased a large floodplain of the Wien river.
It was between Meidling and Hietzing.
The emperor had the area to be fenced and put game there such as pheasants, ducks, deer and boar.
This was the court's recreational hunting ground.
In a small separate part of the area, "exotic" birds such as turkeys and peafowl were kept.
Fishponds were built, too.
The name Schönbrunn (meaning "beautiful spring") is from an artesian well from which water was consumed by the court.
During the next century, the area was used as a hunting and recreation ground.
Eleonora Gonzaga, who loved hunting, spent much time there.
She was given the area as her widow's residence after the death of her husband, Ferdinand II.
From 1638 to 1643, she added a palace to the Katterburg mansion.
In 1642 it was called "Schönbrunn" for the first time.
The start of the Schönbrunn orangery seem to go back to Eleonora Gonzaga as well.
The sculpted garden space between the palace and the Sun Fountain is called the Great Parterre.
The French garden, a big part of the area, was planned by Jean Trehet in 1695.
It has a maze.
Western parts were turned into English garden style in 1828–1852.
At the outmost western edge, a botanical garden was made in 1828.
After the end of the monarchy in 1918, the new Austrian Republic became the owner of Schönbrunn Palace.
They made it a museum.
Hoher Dachstein is an Austrian mountain,.
It is the second highest mountain in the Northern Limestone Alps.
It is at the border of Upper Austria and Styria in central Austria.
It  is the highest point in each of those states.
Parts of it are also in the state of Salzburg.
Because of this it is sometimes called the Drei-Länder-Berg ("three-state mountain").
The Dachstein has a rich cave system.
The Dachstein is famous for its fossils, including megalodonts.
The Salzkammergut is a resort area in Austria.
It goes from City of Salzburg to the Dachstein mountain range.
The main river of the region is the Traun.
The name Salzkammergut means "Estate of the Salt Chamber".
This is from the Imperial Salt Chamber, the group who ran the precious salt mines in the Habsburg empire.
Parts of the area around Hallstatt were listed as a World Heritage Site in 1997.
The World Heritage Site includes the towns Hallstatt, Obertraun, Gosau and Bad Goisern.
The Semmering railway is a railway in Austria.
It starts at Gloggnitz and leads over the Semmering to Mürzzuschlag.
It was the first mountain railway in Europe built with a standard gauge track.
It is commonly called the world's first true mountain railway.
This is because of the very difficult terrain and the large altitude difference.
It is still fully functional as a part of the South railway.
The Semmering railway was built between 1848 and 1854.
There were about 20,000 workers.
The director was Carl von Ghega.
There are 14 tunnels, 16 viaducts and over 100 curved stone bridges as well as 11 small iron bridges.
Transport in Austria
Eggenberg Palace in Graz is the most significant Baroque palace in Styria, Austria.
Schloss Eggenberg is among the most valuable cultural assets of Austria.
It was the home of the House of Eggenberg.
In 2010, Schloss Eggenberg was recognized listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The palace is on the western edge of the Styrian capital of Graz in the Eggenberg (Graz) district.
The northern corner of the palace grounds has the Planetary Garden and Lapidarium of Roman stonework.
There is a collection of over five centuries of European art history from the medieval to early modern period of European art history.
These are in the palace itself.
David Cronenberg (born March 15, 1943) is a Canadian director, producer, screenwriter and actor.
Genre of his films is body horror.
Many of them are considered classic of this genre.
Cronenberg's work includes: Rabid, The Brood, Scanners, Videodrome, The Fly, Dead Ringers, Crash, A History of Violence, Eastern Promises and A Dangerous Method.
is a Japanese composer who makes video game music.
She has worked with Capcom and Square Enix.
She is best known for composing music for the Kingdom Hearts and Mario & Luigi series.
Many of her works have been performed in video game music concerts.
She left Square in 2002 and currently works as a freelancer but has or is working on six Kingdom Hearts games and the Mario & Luigi series.
Shem is also working on Final Fantasy Versus XIII.
Samurai Sword (1988)
F-1 Dream (1989)
Final Fight (1989) (with Yoshihiro Sakaguchi (uncredited))
Adventures in the Magic Kingdom (1990)
Mizushima Shinji no Daikoushien (1990)
Code Name: Viper (1990) (with Yoshihiro Sakaguchi (uncredited))
Gargoyle's Quest (1990) (with Harumi Fujita (uncredited))
Adventure Quiz 2: Capcom World (1990) (with Yoshihiro Sakaguchi, Manami Matsumae, Junko Tamiya, H. Takaoka, and G. Morita (uncredited))
Mahjong School: The Super O Version (1990) (with Masaki Izutani (uncredited))
Buster Bros. (PC Engine) (1991) (with Tamayo Kawamoto)
The King of Dragons (1991)
Street Fighter II (1991) (with Isao Abe (credited as Pii♪))
Block Block (1991) (with Masaki Izutani)
Varth: Operation Thunderstorm (1992) (with Masaki Izutani and Toshio Kajino)
The Punisher (1993) (with Isao Abe, Toshio Kajino, Syun Nishigaki and  Nobu.
Oouchi)
Breath of Fire (1993) (with Bun Bun, Minae Fujii, and Mari Yamaguchi)
Live A Live (1994)
Front Mission (1995) (with Noriko Matsueda)
1 (1996) (with many others)
Parasite Eve (1998)
Legend of Mana (1999)
Hataraku Chocobo (2000)
Kingdom Hearts II (2005)
Pop'n Music Carnival (13) (2005) (with many others)
Monster Kingdom: Jewel Summoner (2006) (with Shinji Hosoe, Hitoshi Sakimoto, Yasunori Mitsuda, Kenji Ito, Masaharu Iwata, Tsukasa Masuko, Yasuyuki Suzuki, Ayako Saso, and Takahiro Ogata)
Heroes of Mana (2007)
Luminous Arc 2 (2008) (with Akari Kaida, Yoshino Aoki, and Shunsuke Nakamura)
Little King's Story (2008) (with Yutaka Minobe)
Kingdom Hearts coded (2009)
Pop'n Music The Movie (17) (2009) (with many others)
Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep (2010) (with Tsuyoshi Sekito and Takeharu Ishimoto)
Last Ranker (2010)
Xenoblade (2010) (with ACE+, Manami Kiyota, and Yasunori Mitsuda)
The 3rd Birthday (2010) (with Tsuyoshi Sekito and Mitsuto Suzuki)
Kingdom Hearts Re:coded (2010)
Radiant Historia (2010)
Half-Minute Hero II (2011)
Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance (2012) (with Tsuyoshi Sekito and Takeharu Ishimoto)
Demons' Score (2012)
Exstetra (2013) (with many others)
Final Fantasy XV (TBA)
Kingdom Hearts III (TBA)
"Future Mana Project" (TBA)
The Wachau is an Austrian valley.
It has pretty landscape formed by the Danube river.
It is one of the biggest tourist places of Lower Austria.
It is midway between the towns of Melk and Krems.
It is  in length.
People lived here in prehistoric times.
A well-known place and tourist attraction is Dürnstein.
This is where King Richard the Lion-Heart of England was held captive by Duke Leopold V.
The Wachau is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
This is for its architectural and agricultural history.
Lake Neusiedl is the second largest steppe lake in Central Europe.
It goes across the Austrian and Hungarian border.
The lake covers 315 km².
240 km² is on the Austrian side and 75 km² on the Hungarian side.
The lake's drainage basin has an area of about 1,120 km².
From north to south, the lake is about 36 km long.
It is between 6 km and 12 km wide from east to west.
The lake is no more than 1.8 m deep.
Most of the lake is surrounded by reeds which serve as a home for animals.
The lake is an important resting place for migratory birds.
Neusiedl
Eurobeat artists
Maureen Stapleton (June 21, 1925 – March 13, 2006) was an American television, movie and theater actress.
She had a limited movie career.
She died on March 13, 2006 from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
People from Troy, New York
Tango & Cash is a 1989 American buddy cop movie starring Sylvester Stallone and Kurt Russell.
The movie is directed by Andrei Konchalovsky.
Stallone plays Ray Tango and Russell plays Gabriel Cash, LAPD narcotics detectives who are framed for murder by crime lord Yves Perret, played by Jack Palance.
The officers have to work together to prove their innocence.
Movies directed by Andrei Konchalovsky
Azərbaycan marşı (cyrl.
Азәрбајҹан Маршы, arab.
آذربایجان مارشی, pron. [
ɑ̝ːz̪æ̞ɾbɑ̝jˈd͡ʒɑ̝n mɑ̝ɾˈʃɯ̞] "ah-zar-bahy-JAHN mahr-SHIH"; en. '
Azerbaijan March' or 'The March of Azerbaijan') is the national anthem of Azerbaijan.
It was composed by Üzeyir Hacıbəyov and the lyrics were written by Əhməd Cavad.
The anthem was officially adopted by the government of Azerbaijan in 1920, and then again in 1992 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
The Cyrillic script was used in Soviet Azerbaijan between 1939 and 1991, and it is still used in the Republic of Dagestan in Russia.
The Perso-Arabic script is used by the Iranian Azerbaijanis in Iranian Azerbaijan, and it has been once used by all Azerbaijanis until the Soviet Latinisation campaign in Soviet Azerbaijan during the 1920s.
Former alphabets
Unofficial translations
In accordance with Azerbaijani law, there are no official translations for this song.
The anthem's composer, Üzeyir Hacıbəyov, also composed the music for the Anthem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic.
Because the anthem has existed since 1920, the lyrics were written in various different scripts.
Backpacking (wilderness), hiking in the wild
Backpacking (travel), travelling with only a backpack
A traveller whose luggage consists of a backpack
An inexpensive place to stay, such as a hostel
The Azerbaijanis, Azerbaijani Turks, or Azeris are Turkic people living mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan and in northwestern Iran, as well as in Georgia, Russia (Dagestan), Turkey and formerly Armenia.
After the Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) and Russo-Persian War (1826–1828), the land of the Iranian Qajar dynasty in the Caucasus were given to the Russian Empire which makes up the present territory of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
Lands which Iran kept are now known as Iranian Azerbaijan.
Even though they live on two sides of an international border, the Azerbaijanis are a single ethnic group.
However, northerners and southerners differ due to nearly two centuries of separate social evolution of Iranian Azerbaijanis and Russian/Soviet-influenced Azerbaijan.
The Azerbaijani language unifies Azerbaijanis, and is mutually intelligible with Turkmen, Qashqai, Gagauz, Turkish, and the dialects spoken by the Iraqi Turkmen, all of which belong to the Oghuz, or Western, group of Turkic languages.
The Azerbaijanis are mostly Shi'a Muslim.
Azerbaijan -Citizendium
Unitary construction, in automotive design, another common term for a unibody or monocoque construction
Unitary as chemical weapons opposite of Binary
Unitarianism, in Christian religion, the belief in a "unitary God" instead of the idea of the Trinity
Unitarian Universalism (sometimes called "Unitarianism"), an interfaith church which gets its name from an interfaith concept of "unitary God"
types of political regions
Unitary enterprise, a type of government-owned corporation in Russia and Belarus
Unitary executive theory, a theory of American constitutional law
E-unitary inverse semigroups
Unitary matrix
Unitary operator
Unitary transformation
Unitary group
Unitary representation
Unital (disambiguation)
Unitarity (physics)
A constitutional republic is a state where the chief executive and representatives are elected, and the rules are set down in a written constitution.
The head of state and other representatives are elected but they do not have uncontrolled power.
What their power is limited to is written in the constitution.
If there is dispute about what the constitution means, this is decided by a court system that is independent from the representatives.
Constitutional republics usually have a separation of powers.
The separation of powers means that no single officeholder gets unlimited power.
John Adams said that a constitutional republic was "a government of laws, and not of men".
Supporters of such a republic argue that it is meant to be a safeguard against "tyranny".
No office holder can get to a position of absolute power.
However, some have argued that a constitution can be written in such a way that it lets tyranny arise, and that a constitution is therefore not a fail proof safeguard against tyranny.
Constitutional monarchies are a special case: even though the monarch is not elected, the people still elect other governing bodies.
The constitution also limits the power of the monarch.
Comparisons can be made.
There are countries which nominally are constitutional republics, but which have become (in effect) dictatorships.
There are also countries which have no written constitution, and are monarchies, but which act in a similar way to constitutional republics.
constitutionalism
constitutional economics
rule of law
Artur Tahir oglu Rasizade (born 26 February 1935 in Ganja) was the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan from 2003 until 2018.
Rasizada was a long-time Communist Party member during the Azerbaijan SSR period.
He was Prime Minister from July 20, 1996 until August 4, 2003.
He quit due to health reasons.
This let President Heydar Aliyev's son Ilham Aliyev become Prime Minister.
Rasizada continued to act as Prime Minister for Ilham Aliyev.
He formally returned to the job on November 4, after Ilham Aliyev was elected as president.
Albania (usually called Caucasian Albania not to be confused with the modern state of Albania) is name is for the historical region of the eastern Caucasus.
The native name for the country is unknown.
It was on the land of present-day  Azerbaijan and partially southern Dagestan.
was a  after Engi and before Jōhei.
This period started in April 923 and ended in April 931.
Events of the Enchō era
929 (Enchō 7, 8th month): Floods devastated the country and many died.
24 July 930 (Enchō 8, 26th day of the 6th month): Lightning struck the Imperial Palace.
Fuijwara no Kiyotsura and Taira no Mareyo and many others were killed.
The deaths were interpreted as an act of revenge by the spirit of the late Sugawara Michizane.
16 October 930 (Enchō 8, 22nd day of the 9th month): In the 34th year of Daigo's reign, the emperor fell ill; and the succession (senso) was received by a his son.
Shortly thereafter, Emperor Suzaku's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (sokui).
23 October 930 (Enchō 8, 29th day of the 9th month): Emperor Daigo  died at the age of 46.
In Enchō 8, the thunder and lightning of a great storm were believed to show the angry spirit of Sugawara Michizane
923 establishments
931 disestablishments
March 25 – Sancho II is crowned King of Portugal
May 31 – Battle of the Kalka River: The Mongol armies of Genghis Khan defeat the Russian warriors.
August 6 – Louis VIII is crowned King of France.
The Franciscan Rule is approved by Pope Honorius III.
Failure of an attempt by the Sicilian fleet to reconquer Jerba.
John FitzAlan, 6th Earl of Arundel (d. 1267)
Baibars, Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria (d. 1277)
Hugh le Despencer, 1st Baron le Despencer (d. 1265)
Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, Last Native Prince of Wales (d. 1282)
March 8 – Wincenty Kadłubek, Polish bishop and historian (b. 1161)
March 25 – King Afonso II of Portugal (b. 1185)
July 14 – King Philip II of France (b. 1165)
Giorgi IV Lasha, King of Georgia (b. 1192)
Giraldus Cambrensis Cambro-Norman clergyman and chronicler (b. 1146)
Mstislav III of Kiev
Mukhali, Mongol general
Unkei, Japanese sculptor (b. 1151)
Singapore Standard Time (abbreviation: SST; ) or Singapore Time (abbreviation: SIN; ) is the time zone used in Singapore, 8 hours ahead of UTC (UTC+08:00).
Singapore is situated 103° 51' 16" East of Greenwich and lies within the UTC+07:00 time zone.
Before 31 May 1905, the local time was UTC+06:55:25 ahead of Greenwich Mean Time.
During World War II, when the Japanese occupied Singapore, UTC+09:00 was used, to follow Japan time, while UTC+07:20 and UTC+07:30 were used for daylight saving time.
When Peninsular Malaysia moved its standard time 30 minutes ahead from UTC+07:30 to UTC+08:00 on 31 December 1981, Singapore shifted too.
The city state started using UTC+08:00 on 1 January 1982 and the country celebrated New Year's Day half an hour earlier.
Why is Singapore in the "Wrong" Time Zone?
National Metrology Centre
The Vagina Monologues is a monologue play written by Eve Ensler.
The production has been staged in many countries.
Ensler originally starred in the play by herself, but she was later replaced by three celebrity monologists.
A television version featuring Ensler was shown on cable TV channel HBO.
Much of the profits made from the production went to women's anti-violence charities.