the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
SpaceX has only come this far by building upon the incredible achievements of NASA, having NASA as an anchor tenant for launch, and receiving expert advice and mentorship throughout the development process.
SpaceX would like to extend a special thanks to the NASA COTS office for their continued support and guidance throughout this process.
The COTS program has demonstrated the power of a true private/public partnership, and we look forward to the exciting endeavors our team will accomplish in the future.
In 2011, SpaceX saidthat Falcon 9 v1.0 costs were about US$300 million.
NASA said that costs would have been US$3.6 billion if a traditional cost-plus contract approach had been used.
In 2014, SpaceX released total costs for both the Falcon 9 and the Dragon capsule.
NASA provided US$396 million.
SpaceX provided over US$450 million.
A 2011 NASA report said that it would have cost them about US$4 billion to develop a rocket like the Falcon 9 booster. "
A more commercial development" approach might have let the agency to pay only US$1.7 billion".
Congressional testimony by SpaceX in 2017 said that the normal NASA process of setting only a requirement and leaving the details to SpaceX let them make the Falcon 9 rocket at a muchlower cost.
At first, SpaceX wanted to follow the Falcon 1 with a larger capacity vehicle, the Falcon 5.
In 2005, SpaceX said it was working on the Falcon 9 instead.
They said that they already had a government customer.
The Falcon 9 was said to be able of carrying approximately  to low Earth orbit.
They said it would cost US$27 million per flight with a  payload.
It would cost US$35 million with a  payload.
SpaceX also said a heavy version of the Falcon 9 would have a payload capacity of about .
The Falcon 9 was intended to enable launches to Low-Earth orbit (LEO), Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO), as well as both crew and cargo vehicles to the International Space Station (ISS).
The rocket was not full reusable at this time.
This caused the price estimates to be higher than expected.
The original NASA contract called for a demonstration flight of Falcon in September 2008.
It also called for all three demonstration missions to be done by September 2009.
In February 2008, the plan for the first demo flight was delayed until early 2009.
According to Elon Musk, the delay was  caused by how cpmplex the work was the rules for launching from Cape Canaveral.
The first test with two engines connected to the first stage was done in January 2008.
Other tests led to the Falcon 9 being tested with nine engines.
The engine were tested for a full mission length (178 seconds for stage one) in November 2008.
In October 2009, the first stage had a successful all-engine test fire for the first time.
This was done  in McGregor, Texas.
In November 2009, SpaceX held the first test of the second stage.
This test lasted forty seconds.
In January 2010, a full-duration (329 seconds)  firing of the Falcon 9 second stage was held.
SpaceX  scheduled launch date of March 2010.
In February 2010, SpaceX's first flight stack was set up at Space Launch Complex 40, Cape Canaveral.
On 9 March 2010, SpaceX  was to test-fire the first stage.
The test was stopped 2 seconds before firing.
This was because of a failure in the system designed to pump high-pressure helium from the launch pad into the first stage.
The problem was with the pad and not with the rocket itself.
All of Falcon 9's systems leading up to the abort worked as expected.
Another test on 13 March 2010 was successful.
In December 2010, SpaceX was making one Falcon 9 (and Dragon spacecraft) every three months.
They wanted to double the rate to one every six weeks.
By September 2013, SpaceX's manufacturing space had increased to nearly .
The factory had set up to make 40 rocket cores per year.
The factory was making one Falcon 9 vehicle per month as of November 2013.
The company wanted to increase that to 18 vehicles per year in mid-2014 and  24 per year by the end of 2014.
They wanted to be making 40 rocket cores per year by the end of 2015.
These production rates were not achieved by February 2016.
The company said that production rate for Falcon 9 cores had only increased to 18 per year.
They also said that the number of first stage cores that can be made at one time had doubled from three to six.
The rate was expected to grow to 30 cores per year by the end of 2016.
Still, By August 2016, SpaceX was working towards a production capacity of 40 cores per year.
Since 2018, SpaceX has usually reused first stages.
This has reduced the need for new cores.
In 2021, SpaceX had 31 F9 launches.
Only two of those used new boosters.
They recovered the booster on all but one flight.
The Falcon 9 is a two-stage rocket.
it is powered by LOX and RP-1.
Both stages have Merlin 1D rocket engines.
The first stage has nine that are adapted for use at sea-level.
The second stage has one that is adapted for use in a vacuum.
The engines uses a pyrophoric mixture of triethylaluminum-triethylborane (TEA-TEB) to ignite the engine.
The first stage engines are set in a form SpaceX calls "Octaweb."
Many cores have four landing legs at the base of the Octaweb.
To control the core while it falls through the atmosphere, SpaceX uses grid fins.
They deploy from the vehicle after separation.
The legs deploy moments before landing.
The propellant tank walls and domes are made from aluminum–lithium alloy.
The second stage tank of a Falcon 9 is a shorter version of the first stage tank.
This decreases the cost to make them.
The connection between the two stages is a carbon-fiber and aluminum-core structure.
The original stage separation system had twelve attachment points.
This was which was reduced to three in the v1.1 launcher.
The Falcon 9 uses a payload fairing to protect satellites during launch.
The fairing is  long,  in diameter, weighs approximately .
It is made of a carbon fiber skin on an aluminum honeycomb core.
Testing of the design was done at NASA's Plum Brook Station facility in spring 2013.
SpaceX uses multiple flight computers.
This makes the system less affected by faults.
Each Merlin rocket engine is controlled by three computers.
Each of these computers has two processors that check each other.
The software runs on Linux.
It is written in C++.
Each stage has its own flight computers.
This is in addition to the controllers on each engine.
Each engine microcontroller CPU runs on a PowerPC architecture.
The Falcon 9 rocket can lose up to two of the engines and still complete the mission.
Each engine creates  of thrust.
Launcher versions
The Falcon 9 v1.0 flew five times in 2010–2013.
The Falcon 9 v1.1 made its first flight in September 2013.
The mission carried a very small  payload, the CASSIOPE satellite.
It later launched larger things.
This included the SES-8 GEO communications satellite.
Both Falcon 9 v1.0 and Falcon 9 v1.1 were expendable launch vehicles (ELVs).
The Falcon 9 Full Thrust made its first flight in December 2015.
The first stage of the Falcon 9 Full Thrust version can be used many times.
The current version, known as Falcon 9 Block 5, made its first flight in May 2018.
In 2010, the price of a Falcon 9 v1.0 launch was US$49.9 to US$56 million.
By 2012, the listed price range had increased to US$54–US$59.5 million.
In August 2013, the price for a Falcon 9 v1.1 was US$56.5 million; it was raised to US$61.2 million by June 2014.
Since May 2016, the price for a Falcon 9 Full Thrust mission (allowing booster recovery) is US$62 million.
Dragon cargo missions to the ISS have an average cost of US$133 million  The DSCOVR mission, for National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), cost US$97 million.
In 2004, Elon Musk said "long term plans call for development of a heavy lift product and even a super-heavy, if there is customer demand. [...]
Ultimately, I believe US$500 per pound (US$1100/kg) [of payload delivered to orbit] or less is very achievable".
At its 2016 price, a Falcon 9 FT launch costs just over US.
In 2011, Musk estimated that materials needed for the Falcon 9 v1.0 launch cost about US$200,000.
The first stage uses  of liquid oxygen and  of RP-1 fuel, while the second stage uses  of liquid oxygen and  of RP-1.
In October 2019, data from NASA showed that the Falcon 9's "base price" of US$62 million per launch would be lowered to US$52 million for flights scheduled in 2021 and beyond.
CNBC reported in April 2020 that the United States Air Force's launches were costing US$95 million This was because of the extra security used.
SpaceX executive Christopher Couluris stated that reusing rockets can bring prices even lower, that it "costs US$28 million to launch it, that's with everything".
Falcon 9 official page
SAOCOM 1B | Launch and Landing
Test firing of two Merlin 1C engines connected to Falcon 9 first stage, Movie 1, Movie 2 (18 January 2008)
Press release announcing design (9 September 2005)
SpaceX hopes to supply ISS with new Falcon 9 heavy launcher (Flight International, 13 September 2005)
SpaceX launches Falcon 9, With A Customer  (Defense Industry Daily, 15 September 2005)
The Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) is the third-level military medal given to members of the United Kingdom's Royal Air Force and other services.
It was also given to members of other Commonwealth countries.
The medal was awarded for "an act or acts of valour, courage or devotion to duty whilst flying in active operations against the enemy".
The award was established on 3 June 1918, shortly after the formation of the Royal Air Force (RAF).
It was originally awarded to RAF officers.
During the Second World War, it was also awarded to Royal Artillery officers serving with the RAF as pilots and artillery observers.
In 1993 the medal replaced the Distinguished Flying Medal, which had until then been awarded to other ranks.
People awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross are allowed to use the post-nominal letters "DFC".
A bar is added to the ribbon for holders of the DFC who received a second award.
During the First World War, about 1,100 DFCs were awarded, with 70 first bars and 3 second bars.
During the Second World War, 20,354 DFCs were awarded, the most of any award, with about 1,550 first bars and 45 second bars.
The decoration is a cross flory and is 2⅛ inches wide.
The horizontal and bottom bars have bumps at the end, while the upper bar has a rose.
The front of the medal has aeroplane propellers, placed on the vertical arms of the cross, and wings on the horizontal arms.
In the centre is a laurel wreath around the RAF monogram, with a heraldic Imperial Crown on the top.
The back of the medal has the Royal Cypher in the centre and the year of issue engraved on the lower arm.
The ribbon was originally white with purple broad horizontal stripes.
This was changed in 1919 to the current white with purple broad diagonal stripes.
John Balmer, RAAF pilot
Roy Calvert; RNZAF pilot who was awarded the DFC three times.
Major General Levi R. Chase; American flying ace, awarded DFC with Bar (WWII and Korea)
Flight Lieutenant Pierre Clostermann, French RAF officer; in 1945 who was awarded RAF DFC & Bar.
Harry Cobby; flying ace of the Australian Flying Corps who was awarded the DFC three times.
Gordon Cochrane; RNZAF pilot who was awarded the DFC three times.
Flight Lieutenant Michelle Goodman; in 2008, she became the first woman to be awarded the DFC.
Peter Stanley James, RAF
Philip Robinson, RAF pilot who was awarded the DFC three times.
Arjan Singh; Indian Air Force was awarded the DFC.
He later become Marshal of Indian Air Force
Mohinder Singh Pujji; Indian Air Force was awarded the DFC.
Group Captain Peter Woolridge Townsend; Royal Air Force CVO, DSO, DFC & Bar (22 November 1914 – 19 June 1995) was a British Royal Air Force officer, flying ace, courtier and author.
He was Equerry to King George VI 1944–1952 and held the same position for Queen Elizabeth II 1952–1953.
Townsend also had a romance with Princess Margaret.
Harold Whistler; Royal Flying Corps flying ace who was awarded the DFC three times.
Search recommendations for the Distinguished Flying Cross on The National Archives website.
Paterson Clarence "Pat" Hughes, DFC (19 September 1917 – 7 September 1940) was an Australian fighter ace of World War II.
He served with the Royal Air Force (RAF).
During the Battle of Britain he shot down 17 enemy aircraft.
This was the highest number of aircraft shot down by an Australian during the battle, and the third highest by an Australian during World War II.
Hughes was killed in action on 7 September 1940.
Hughes was born in Numeralla, New South Wales.
He joined the Royal Australian Air Force in 1936.
After graduating as a pilot, he joined the RAF.
In July 1937, he joined No.
64 Squadron, which operated Hawker Demon and, later, Bristol Blenheim fighters.
Posted to No.
234 Squadron at the start of World War II, Hughes began flying Supermarine Spitfires.
He shared in the squadron's first victory on 8 July 1940, when with two other Spitfires, he shot down a German Junkers Ju 88 attacking ships near Lands End.
Hughes was known for attacking his targets at extremely close range.
He probably died after his Spitfire was struck by parts from a German Dornier Do 17 bomber that he had just shot down near London.
Hughes was able to get out of the plane, but his parachute did not open.
After his death he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.
Hughes was buried in England.
National Archives of Australia: Personal File
Sutton & Wawne Museum: A brief biography of the Australian fighter pilot killed during the Battle of Britain, and buried in Sutton churchyard in 1940
Battle of Britain Historical Society: Saturday, September 7th 1940
Bamboo Airways is a Vietnamese airline.
The center of activity is from Phu Cat Airport in Qui Nhon.
The company was founded in 2017.
VietJet Air will begin operation in October 2018.
It will have flights to most of airports in Vietnam and some international airports.
On 26th March 2016, it signed a purchase order with Airbus to buy 24 Airbus A320neo, signed a purchase order with Boeing to buy 20 Boeing 787.
The aircraft will be delivered from 2020.
The Big Four was a name used to describe the four largest railway companies in the United Kingdom in the period 1923–47.
The name was coined by The Railway Magazine in its issue of February 1923: "The Big Four of the New Railway Era".
The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) was one of the Big Four British railway companies from 1923 to 1948.
It was formed on 1 January 1923 under the Railways Act of 1921, which required the grouping of over 120 separate railways into four.
The companies merged into the LMS included the London and North Western Railway, the Midland Railway, the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (which had previously merged with the London and North Western Railway on 1 January 1922), several Scottish railway companies (including the Caledonian Railway), and numerous other, smaller ventures.
For the Modern Company, see London Midland.
An Electro-diesel locomotive is an electric locomotive which also has a diesel engine.
The diesel engine is used when an electricity supply from overhead lines or a third rail is not available.
Christina Marie Kirkman (born February 25, 1993, in Melrose, Massachusetts, USA) is an American actress and comedian.
She was best known for her roles in the final two seasons of All That.
In 2003, she entered R U All That?:
Nickelodeon's Search for the Funniest Kid in America competition and won the highly-coveted spot as a regular performer on All That.
As part of her audition, Kirkman was asked to do a skit in which she met Jay Leno.
She had never heard of Leno because she had never stayed up late, so she said, "Who the heck is Jay Leno?"
and instead pretended to talk to Leno's bodyguard.
When asked if she thought she was going get into the All That cast, Kirkman responded, "I thought I had no chance!"
with a laugh.
Kirkman joined the cast of All That in Season 9 after Bryan Hearne left the show.
She replaced Jamie Lynn Spears as the youngest cast member of All That.
She remained on All That until the show was canceled.
After All That came to an end, Kirkman returned to Massachusetts where she experienced bullying.
This caused her to temporarily stop acting to focus on school.
She graduated from Bishop Finwick High School.
In 2015, she graduated from Emerson College in Boston, Massachusetts where she studied broadcast journalism and also participated in several different on campus productions.
Emerson students former stars of Nickelodeon and Disney shows
The 1998 Kissimmee tornado outbreak, also known as the Central Florida tornado outbreak or The Night of The Tornadoes was a deadly tornado event in Florida during the night of February 22-23, 1998 in the central part of the state, including the Orlando area.
The outbreak killed 42 people and injured 260, the worst such tornado event in Florida since March 31, 1962.
The first major tornado hit Winter Garden  at 11:40 p.m., and the deadliest tornado struck the Kissimmee area at 12:40 a.m. before dissipating at 1:28 a.m. EST.
To short an asset means to bet that the asset will lose value, or that the current price is overvalued (higher than its supposed value).
If the asset in question does indeed lose value, the person who shorted it will win the bet, and make a profit.
For example, if you think that Tesla stocks will lose 10% of the value, you could short the stock, and make a 10% profit once it goes down by 10%.
However, if Tesla stock gains value, than you will lose the equivalent amount.
Richard Girnt Butler (February 23, 1918 – September 8, 2004) was a white supremacist and American Christian religious leader.
Butler founded the neo-Nazi Aryan Nations and would become one of the most well known and influential leaders of the American far-right.
Alan Harrison Berg (January 1, 1934 – June 18, 1984) was an American Jewish attorney and talk radio show host in Denver, Colorado.
Berg was known for his mostly liberal views.
His programs could be received in more than 30 states.
He was lastly hired by KOA and debuted on February 23, 1981.
He worked at KOA until his death.
Alan Berg at the Internet Movie Database
Talk Radio Assassination!,
WFMU website 1996
"Living Out Loud: Death of a Radiohead" , Cincinnati CityBeat July 14, 2004
Judith Lee Berg, a profile of Alan Berg's widow
North Barrington is a village in Lake County, Illinois, United States.
The population was 3,047 at the 2010 census.
Village of North Barrington official website
Barrington Area Library
The incident began when the ATF attempted to raid the ranch.
An intense gun battle erupted, resulting in the deaths of four government agents and six Branch Davidians.
Upon the ATF's failure to raid the compound, a siege lasting 51 days was initiated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
Eventually, the FBI launched an assault and initiated a tear gas attack in an attempt to force the Branch Davidians out of the ranch.
During the attack, a fire engulfed Mount Carmel Center.
In total, 76 people died, including David Koresh.
Lockport is a city in Niagara County, New York, United States.
The population was 21,165 at the 2010 census.
It is so named from a set of Erie Canal locks (Lock Numbers 34 and 35) within the city.
Lockport is the county seat of Niagara County.
It is part of the Buffalo–Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area.
George Peabody ( ; February 18, 1795 – November 4, 1869) was an American financier and philanthropist, and slave trader.
He was widely thought as the father of modern philanthropy.
He founded the Peabody Trust in Britain and the Peabody Institute and George Peabody Library in Baltimore.
Peabody's early company Riggs, Peabody and Co. was based in Maryland, a slave state.
It bought and sold slaves as well as related goods like clothing for slaves.
When he lived in London, he received visits from his relative Herbert C. Peabody, a slave owner and cotton planter in Mobile, Alabama.
Peabody was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and made a Freeman of the City of London, among many other honors.
He was given a funeral and temporary grave in Westminster Abbey.
Phillips Library , Peabody Essex Museum.
Repository of 145 linear feet of Peabody's business and personal papers.
A torque converter, or torque multiplier, is a device for multiplying torque.
It is widely used in transmission systems for road and rail vehicles with internal combustion engines.
The diagram shows a hydraulic torque converter.
It contains two turbines and a stator.
Green = pump turbine, turned by the engine
Blue = stator
Yellow = driven turbine, connected to the wheels of the vehicle
Red = direction of flow of the hydraulic fluid
The driven turbine can deliver high torque at low speed.
As the vehicle accelerates, the speed goes up and the torque goes down.
This happens automatically, so there is no need for the driver to change gear.
William Martin Hendon (November 9, 1944 – June 20, 2018) was an American author, activist, and politician.
He served as a two-term Republican U.S. representative from North Carolina's 11th District.
Biography, The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
A Finding Aid to Records Relating to American Prisoners of War and Missing in Action from the Vietnam War Era, 1960-1994, The National Archives, compiled 1996
Forest City, formerly known as "Burnt Chimney," is a town in Rutherford County, North Carolina, United States.
The population was 7,476 as of the 2010 census, making it the largest municipality in Rutherford County.
Frank Evans Heart (May 15, 1929 – June 24, 2018) was an American computer engineer.
He was born in New York City, but was raised in Yonkers, New York.
Heart designed the first routing computer for the ARPANET, the predecessor to the Internet.
In 2014, Heart was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame.
Internet Hall of Fame bio
A History of Computer Communications: 1968-1988
Ljubuški is a town and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
It is in the West Herzegovina Canton, a unit of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Ljubuški Municipality
Ljubuški populated place
Ljubuški official webpage
www.ljubuski.info
www.ljubusaci.com
www.ljubuski.com
A Blockchain (or block chain) is a method of storing a list of entries, which cannot be changed easily after they are created.
This also applies to the list.
This is done by using several concepts from cryptography, including digital signatures and hash functions.
In very basic terms, a blockchain combines the following two ideas:
Given some data, it is easy to calculate a checksum over the data.
Special hash functions can be designed to calculate this checksum.
These functions can be designed to return a value that always has the same length, which is not dependent on the length of the input.
This value is called hash value, or message digest.
The functions also have another property: Given the same input, they must return the same output (hash value/message digest).
In addition to the hash values, a block typically also contains a timestamp, and some payload.
Each block uses a digital signature, which allows detecting any change in the data since the signature was made.
When new blocks of data are created, the newly created block will also contain the hash value of the previous block.
In most cases, a blockchain is managed by a peer-to-peer network.
All peers use a common protocol that specifies how they should communicate with each other, how a new block is created and validated.
Once recorded, the data in any given block cannot be changed easily any more.
Changing the block means all the blocks after it need to be changed as well.
Depending on the protocol, this will require a majority of the peers, or even all the peers, to agree.
Blockchains are secure by design.
Blockchain technology is used where keeping a correct record is important.
Use cases include  medical records, identity management, food traceability, and voting.
Blockchain was invented by Stuart Haber and Scott Stornetta in 1991 as a means to assure the integrity of digital records.
Haber and Stornetta launched the world's first commercial blockchain; Surety in 1995.
In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto included as references 3 and 4 of Bitcoin: A Peer to Peer Electronic Cash System, the two papers by Haber and Stornetta   to serve as the public transaction ledger of the cryptocurrency bitcoin.
Because of its blockchain, bitcoin became the first digital currency to solve the double-spending problem without the need of a trusted authority or central server.
The bitcoin design has inspired other applications.
Then Shall of the Mourning is an American alternative metal band formed in 1998.
Next (November 23, 2001)
The Darkest Plague (January 9, 2009)
The object is to wear down the opponent by a "war of attrition".
The side using this strategy harasses its enemy through skirmishes to weaken it, disrupt supply and affect morale.
This strategy is employed by a side which believes time is on its side, but it may also be adopted when no other strategy is possible.
Sainte-Croix-aux-Mines is a commune.
Pattensen is a town in the district of Hanover, in Lower Saxony, Germany.
It is about  south of Hanover.
Under the Railways Act 1921 the majority of the railway companies in Great Britain (along with a few in Northern Ireland) were grouped into four main companies, often termed the Big Four.
The grouping took effect from 1 January 1923.
Alexandra (Newport and South Wales) Docks and Railway (ADR)
Barry Railway (Barry)
Cambrian Railways (Cambrian)
Cardiff Railway (Cardiff)
Rhymney Railway (RhyR)
Taff Vale Railway (TVR)
for the list of subsidiary companies and joint railways see List of constituents of the Great Western Railway
Great Central Railway (GCR)
Great Eastern Railway (GER)
Great Northern Railway (GNR)
Hull and Barnsley Railway (H&BR)
North Eastern Railway (NER)
Great North of Scotland Railway (GNSR)
North British Railway (NBR)
for the list of subsidiary companies and joint railways see List of constituents of the London and North Eastern Railway
London and North Western Railway (LNWR);
including Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) amalgamated from 1 January 1922
Furness Railway (Furness);
Midland Railway (MR)
North Staffordshire Railway (NSR)
Caledonian Railway (CalR)
Glasgow and South Western Railway (GSWR)
Highland Railway (HR)
for the list of subsidiary companies and joint railways see List of constituents of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway
The Railways Act 1921 did not extend to Ireland, but Irish lines owned by constituent companies became part of the LMS:
Dundalk, Newry and Greenore Railway (DNGR)  (owned by the LNWR)
Northern Counties Committee lines (NCC)  (owned by the Midland Railway)
The NCC and Great Northern Railway (Ireland) (GNR(I)) operated the County Donegal Railways Joint Committee lines jointly, and these became joint lines of the LMS and GNR(I) after grouping.
London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR)
London and South Western Railway (LSWR)
South Eastern and Chatham Railways' Managing Committee: a working union of the South Eastern Railway and the London, Chatham and Dover Railway
for the list of subsidiary companies and joint railways see List of constituent companies of the Southern Railway
Companies not covered by the grouping
Over fifty railway companies were not covered by the grouping.
These small railway companies kept their independence.
Jagjivan Ram (5 April 1908 – 6 July 1986), mostly known as Babuji, was an Indian independence activist and politician from Bihar.
He was instrumental in foundation of the All-India Depressed Classes League, an organisation dedicated to attaining equality for untouchables in 1935.
He was elected to Bihar Legislative Assembly in 1937 after which he organised the rural labour movement.
Andrey Dmitriyevich Dementyev (; July 16, 1928 in Tver  – June 26, 2018 in Moscow) was a Russian and Soviet poet, a laureate of Lenin’s Young Communist League Award (1981), a USSR State Prize (1985), and Bunin Prize (2007).
In October 1993, he signed the Letter of Forty-Two.
Andrey Dementyev, Peoples.ru
Online Encyclopedia 'Krugosvet'
Andrey Dementyev poetry at Stihipoeta.ru
For other uses see: Gradient (disambiguation)
The grade (or gradient) of a road or railway line is a measure of its steepness.
It may be expressed as a percentage or in other ways.
For example, a gradient of 1% may also be expressed as 1 in 100.
This means that the road rises or falls by 1 metre for every 100 metres of forward travel.
Henri Namphy (November 2, 1932 in Cap-Haïtien, Haiti – June 26, 2018) was a Haitian general and politician.
He served as President of Haiti's interim ruling body, the National Council of Government, from February 7, 1986 to February 7, 1988.
He served again as President of Haiti from June 20, 1988 until his deposition on September 17, 1988 in the September 1988 Haitian coup d'état.
Matthieu Prosper Avril (born December 12, 1937) is a Haitian politician.
He was President of Haiti from 1988 to 1990.
Avril led the September 1988 Haitian coup d'état against a transition military government installed after Jean-Claude Duvalier's 1986 overthrow.
Avril was president until March 1990.
He was arrested under human rights violation in 2001, but released in March 2004 after the 2004 Haitian coup d'état overthrew Jean-Bertrand Aristide.
The President of the Republic of Haiti (, ) is the head of state of Haiti.
They serve as the executive power in Haiti.
The power is divided between the president and the government headed by the Prime Minister of Haiti.
The current acting President is Ariel Henry, who took office on July 20, 2021.
be a native-born Haitian and never renounced that nationality;
have reached the age of 35 by election day;
be the owner of a real property and have one's habitual residence in the country;
reside in the country at least 5 years before election day;
have been discharged of responsibilities if previously handling public funds.
Heads of State of Haiti
Saint-Domingue (1791–1804)
First Empire of Haiti (1804–1806)
State of Haiti (1806–1811)
Kingdom of Haiti (1811–1820)
Republic of Haiti (1806–1822)
Republic of Haiti during the unification of Hispaniola (1822–1844)
Republic of Haiti (1844–1849)
Second Empire of Haiti (1849–1859)
Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)
Republic of Haiti during the Duvalier dynasty (1957–1986)
Presidential referendum
Constitutional referendum
Republic of Haiti (1986–present)
Indirect election
Jovenel Moïse (26 June 1968 – 7 July 2021) was a Haitian politician.
He served as the 42nd President of Haiti from February 2017 until his death.
In 2019, political unrest and calls for his resignation became a crisis.
Moïse was assassinated at his home in Pétion-Ville, Haiti on 7 July 2021.
His wife, Martine Moïse was also shot.
He was shot with 12 bullets in his chest, arms, right leg, and left hip, and had a shattered left eye.
Vladimir A. Uspensky (Russian: Влади́мир Андре́евич Успе́нский; 27 November 1930 – 27 June 2018) was a Russian mathematician, linguist, writer, doctor of physics and mathematics (1964).
He was the author of numerous papers on mathematical logic and linguistics.
In addition, he also penned a number of memoir essays.
He led linguistic reform in Russian education.
Mathematics Genealogy Project entry
MSU home page
Dynkin Collection entry with video interviews
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (; born October 13, 1989), also known by her initials as AOC, is an American politician and activist.
She became the U.S. Representative for New York's 14th congressional district in 2019.
This includes the eastern part of the Bronx and parts of north-central Queens in New York City.
Ocasio-Cortez won the Democratic Party's primary election on June 26, 2018 when she beat Democratic Caucus Chair Joe Crowley.
Her victory was a surprise and many saw it as an upset victory.
In November 2018, she would go on to win the general election.
She beat Republican nominee Anthony Pappas.
At age 29, she became the youngest woman to become a member of the United States Congress.
She is well known for her use of social media.
She studied international relations and economics at Boston University.
She worked for Bernie Sanders's first presidential campaign as an activist.
She also worked part-time as a waitress and bartender before running for Congress in 2018.
Ocasio-Cortez is one of the first female members of the Democratic Socialists of America elected to Congress.
She is a progressive and supports Medicare for All, federal jobs guarantee, and the Green New Deal.
She also supports ending the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, free public college and trade school, and a 70% marginal tax rate for incomes above $10 million.
Ocasio-Cortez was born into a Catholic family in the Bronx borough of New York City on October 13, 1989.
She is the daughter of Blanca Ocasio-Cortez (née Cortez) and Sergio Ocasio.
She has a younger brother named Gabriel.
Her father was born in the Bronx to a Puerto Rican family.
Her mother was born in Puerto Rico.
She lived with her family in an apartment in the Bronx neighborhood of Parkchester until she was five.
Her family later moved to a house in suburban Yorktown Heights.
Ocasio-Cortez went to high school in Yorktown Heights.
She graduated in 2007.
In high school and college, she was known as "Sandy."
She came in second in the Microbiology category of the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair.
Her  microbiology research project was about the effect of antioxidants on the lifespan of the nematode C. elegans.
MIT Lincoln Laboratory named a small asteroid after her because of her science project.
In high school, she took part in the National Hispanic Institute's Lorenzo de Zavala (LDZ) Youth Legislative Session.
She later became the LDZ Secretary of State while she attended Boston University.
Ocasio-Cortez had a John F. Lopez Fellowship.
In 2008, while Ocasio-Cortez was a sophomore at Boston University, her father died of lung cancer.
After he died, Ocasio-Cortez had many legal problems to settle his estate.
She has said that the experience helped her learn how attorneys are corrupt.
She said that they make themselves rich while their clients, like families, were being ignored.
During college, Ocasio-Cortez was an intern for U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy.
She said that she was the only Spanish speaker at the office.
Ocasio-Cortez said because of this people would talk to her about ICE and deportations.
Ocasio-Cortez graduated cum laude from Boston University with a BA in 2011.
She majored in international relations and economics.
After college, Ocasio-Cortez moved back to the Bronx.
She began working as a bartender and waitress to help her mother pay for their home.
She later created Brook Avenue Press, a publishing company that printed positive stories about the Bronx.
She also worked for the National Hispanic Institute.
During the 2016 Democratic presidential primaries, Ocasio-Cortez volunteered for Bernie Sanders's first presidential campaign.
After the general election, she traveled to places like Flint, Michigan, and Standing Rock Indian Reservation in North Dakota by car.
She spoke to people affected by the Flint water crisis and the Dakota Access Pipeline.
While in Standing Rock, she said her trip there was an important reason why she ran for Congress.
Before that, she believed that the only way to run for office and win was to have money and power.
In North Dakota she saw others "putting their whole lives and everything that they had on the line for the protection of their community".
This was the reason for her to begin to work for her own community.
One day after she visited North Dakota, she got a phone call from Brand New Congress.
They were looking for progressive candidates.
Her brother had nominated her soon after the 2016 election.
2018 campaign
Ocasio-Cortez began her campaign in April 2017.
At the time, she was working at Flats Fix, a taco restaurant in New York City's Union Square.
Her campaign was small.
She was the first person to run in the primary against Joe Crowley, the Democratic Caucus Chair.
She did not have much money for the campaign.
She said that candidates like here must have very new and different kinds of campaigns and cannot win just by spending more money Ocasio-Cortez's campaign did not take money from big companies or rich people.
She did this because it was how Bernie Sanders's presidential campaign did it.
Revolutionary posters from the past inspired her campaign posters.
Ocasio-Cortez was supported by progressive and civil rights groups such as MoveOn, Black Lives Matter, and Democracy for America, and by actress Cynthia Nixon.
Governor Andrew Cuomo, both of New York's U.S. Senators, Chuck Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand, as well as New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio and Planned Parenthood supported Crowley.
California Representative Ro Khanna at first supported Crowley, but later supported Ocasio-Cortez.
During her campaign, Ocasio-Cortez held town halls where people who lived in her congressional district would talk about political issues.
She focused her campaign on Latino communities of her district and criticized ICE.
Her campaign used digital political ads more than actual rallies and events.
She would also go to many houses in her district and talk about her campaign in person.
Primary victory and reaction
On June 26, 2018, Ocasio-Cortez won 57.13% of the vote to Joe Crowley's 42.5%.
Time called her victory a big surprise during the 2018 elections.
CNN made a similar comment.
The New York Times said Crowley's shocking loss was "the [biggest] loss for a Democratic incumbent in more than a decade."
The Guardian called it "one of the biggest upsets in recent American political history."
Crowley raised more money, $1.5 million, compared to Ocasio-Cortez's $83,000.
Merriam-Webster said that searches for the word "socialism" went up 1,500% after she won.
Crowley accepted his loss but did not call Ocasio-Cortez that night to wish her good luck.
Many people thought he was going to run against her in the general election with a third party.
Bernie Sanders and Noam Chomsky wished her good luck and were happy about the results.
Many people said that her victory over Crowley was like when Dave Brat, a Tea Party movement candidate, beat House Majority Leader Eric Cantor in the Republican primary in 2014.
Cantor was also a longtime congressman and important Republican politician.
After her primary win, Ocasio-Cortez supported many progressive candidates who decided to run against current Democratic politicians across the country.
Ocasio-Cortez won the Reform Party nomination without campaigning for it.
She won it as a write-in candidate in a congressional district nearby hers.
She won only nine votes.
She did not accept the nomination.
Ocasio-Cortez ran against Republican nominee Anthony Pappas in the November 6 general election.
Pappas is an economics professor at St. John's University.
Ocasio-Cortez was supported by many progressive organizations and politicians, including former President Barack Obama and U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders.
Joe Crowley stayed on the ballot, as the nominee of the Working Families Party (WFP) and the Women’s Equality Party (WEP).
Neither Crowley nor the WFP party campaigned in the election.
Both supported Ocasio-Cortez after her Democratic primary victory.
Ocasio-Cortez said that the WEP was a centrist group that supported male politicians more than female politicians.
Nixon ran against Governor Cuomo in the primary for New York Governor.
Former Connecticut Senator Joe Lieberman wanted Crowley to campaign on the WFP ballot to beat Ocasio-Cortez.
Dan Cantor, Executive Director of the WFP, asked voters not to vote for Crowley if his name was on the general election ballot.
Ocasio-Cortez won the election with 78% of the vote to Pappas' 14%.
Crowley, on the WFP and WEP ballots, won 6.6% of the votes.
Her election was part of a larger wave of Democratic victories in the 2018 midterm elections.
The party won control of the United States House of Representatives.
The Young Turks (TYT) was the first media network who talked about Ocasio-Cortez and give her time to talk about her campaign.
After her primary win, she quickly had media attention from everywhere in the country.
A rally with Ocasio-Cortez and Bernie Sanders in Wichita had to be moved from a theater with a seating capacity of 1,500 when more people said they would go to the rally.
4,000 people went to the event, with some sitting on the floor.
The New Yorker wrote that she had made Sanders's progressive ideas more popular to a larger group of people.
Ocasio-Cortez had little media attention until she beat incumbent Joe Crowley in the 2018 Democratic primary.
Many people believed the media did a bad job on covering the election because no one paid attention to her primary campaign.
The Young Turks has defended Ocasio-Cortez from political critics.
She was one of the people talked about in the 2018 Michael Moore documentary Fahrenheit 11/9.
Twitter user "AnonymousQ" tried to embarrass Ocasio-Cortez when they shared a video of her dancing during her college years.
Many social media users defended her, and the video inspired memes.
After the video was shared, Ocasio-Cortez posted a video of herself dancing to Edwin Starr's War.
In 2019, Elizabeth Warren wrote about Ocasio-Cortez for that year's Time 100.
In May 2019 the documentary Knock Down the House came out on Netflix.
It is about four female Democrats, without political experience, running for Congress in the 2018 midterms premiered.
Ocasio-Cortez was the only one of the women in the documentary to win their election.
In September 2021, Ocasio-Cortez went to the 2021 Met Gala.
Ocasio-Cortez wore a long white dress with the phrase "Tax the Rich" painted in red on the back of her dress.
As an elected official in New York City, she was a guest of the museum and she did not have to buy a ticket, which costs at least $35,000.
Many people, both conservative and liberal, criticized Ocasio-Cortez for attending an event where guests were not required to wear masks.
In 2020, journalist Michelle Caruso-Cabrera ran against Ocasio-Cortez in the Democratic primary.
After Ocasio-Cortez won the nomination, Caruso-Cabrera ran in the general election as a third party candidate.
Other people running against her is Republican John Cummings, a former police officer, and Antoine Tucker, a write-in.
On October 20, 2020, Ocasio-Cortez hosted a Twitch stream of the mobile game Among Us, with fellow congresswoman Ilhan Omar.
The stream had over 400,000 viewers.
United States representative, 2019–present
Time in office
On January 3, 2019, Nancy Pelosi swore in Ocasio-Cortez.
Ocasio-Cortez became the youngest woman to become a United States Representative.
She began her career with a popular social media, having more followers than all of the newly elected congress members combined. ,
she had 6.3 million Twitter followers, up from 1.4 million in November 2018.
She passed Nancy Pelosi's number of followers.
By July 2019 that had risen to almost 4.8 million, or about seven times the population of her congressional district.
She had 2.2 million Instagram followers, and 500,000 followers on Facebook when she began.
Some Representatives asked her to teach them social media lessons when she arrived in Congress.
In an interview Ocasio-Cortez said she had stopped using her private Facebook account and was not using all of her social media accounts as often.
She believes that social media is not healthy for the public.
Ocasio-Cortez is a member a group of new progressive members of Congress called "The Squad" along with Ilhan Omar (D-MN), Ayanna Pressley (D-MA), and Rashida Tlaib (D-MI).
In July 2019, President Donald Trump attacked the Squad in a tweet, saying that they should "go back and help fix" the countries they came from instead of criticizing the American government.
Ocasio-Cortez replied that "the President's words [yesterday], telling four American Congresswomen of color "go back to your own country," is [the] language of white supremacists.
We don't leave the things that we love, and when we love this country, what that means is that we [find] the solutions to fix it."
Trump falsely said that she called "our country and our people 'garbage'"; she had actually said that Americans should not be happy with average ideas that are "10% better from garbage."
Trump also falsely claimed that she said "illegal immigrants are more American" than Americans who tried to keep them out.
She actually said that "women and children on that border that are trying to [find] refuge and opportunity" in America "are acting more American" than those who tried to keep them out.
In January 2020, Ocasio-Cortez created a political action committee called Courage to Change.
Courage to Change was created to help progressive candidates running for office.
In February 2021, Ocasio-Cortez helped raise money to give food, water, and shelter to Texans affected by the power crisis.
She was able to raised $2million on her first day of raising money and $5million by February 21.
The money went to organizations such as to state and local food banks.
Ocasio-Cortez also traveled to Houston to help volunteers with recovery.
In November 2018, on the first day of congressional orientation, Ocasio-Cortez was part of a climate change protest outside of House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi's office.
Also that month, she supported Pelosi becoming Speaker of the House.
She said would support Pelosi if Pelosi "remains the most progressive candidate for speaker."
She also said that all the other candidates for speaker were more conservative than Pelosi was.
Pelosi was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives after the Democratic Party gained the majority.
In December 2018, Ocasio-Cortez went to an event for new members of the House hosted by the John F. Kennedy School of Government.
She wrote on Twitter about the effects of business interests by groups such as the American Enterprise Institute and the Center for Strategic and International Studies: "Lobbyists are here.
Where's labor?
Frontline community leaders?"
In January 2019, when she made her first speech on the floor of Congress, C-SPAN tweeted the video.
Within 12 hours, the video of her four-minute speech set the record as C-SPAN's most-watched Twitter video by a member of the House of Representatives.
Hearings
Ocasio-Cortez questioned the ethic regulations that both the president and members of Congress had  during a congressional hearing in February 2019.
She said that no laws that stop politicians from taking money from rich business people.
With more than 37.5 million views, the clip became the most-watched political video posted on Twitter.
When President Donald Trump's former lawyer Michael Cohen was at a Congressional hearing in February 2019, Ocasio-Cortez asked him if Trump rose property values for bank or insurance purposes.
Cohen said that Trump may have done tax evasion and fraud in his personal and business tax returns and real-estate documents.
The New York Times supported her because she asked specific questions for a specific answer.
According to reports in March 2019, Ocasio-Cortez continued to get media coverage early in her congressional career similar to a 2020 presidential candidate.
She was called one of the best known Democratic politicians and one of the most talked-about politicians in the United States.
Between July 8 and July 14, 2019, she had more social media attention than any of the Democratic presidential candidates, with news articles on Ocasio-Cortez had 4.8 million views, while no Democratic presidential candidate got more than 1.2 million.
Ocasio-Cortez has been talked about many times on Fox News, being mentioned every day from February 25 to April 7, 2019, for a total of 3,181 mentions in 42 days.
CNN found that from January to July 2019, she had nearly three times as many mentions on Fox News as on CNN and MSNBC.
In a CBS News poll of almost 2,100 people found that more Republicans talked about Ocasio-Cortez than Democrats.
She was very unpopular among Republicans and very popular among Democrats.
In March 2019, PolitiFact reported that she is "one of the most targeted politicians for hoax claims, despite the fact that she just entered Congress as a freshman."
Fake quotes, fake photos, and false rumors about her have spread on social media.
On July 18, 2019, Charlie Rispoli, a police officer from Gretna, posted on Facebook a threat to shoot her.
He called her an "idiot" who "needs a round, and I don't mean the kind she used to serve" as a bartender.
Rispoli posted the comment in response to a "fake news" article that falsely quoted Ocasio-Cortez as saying "We pay soldiers too much."
Rispoli was fired for his post and his Facebook account was deleted.