the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
A part of Manchester was called Nutfield in the early days of settlement.
A pond and a road near the pond were named for early Nutt settlers.
Nutt's career as an entertainer may have started in 1854.
He may have been a performer with a small circus in Manchester.
The circus manager, William C. Walker, once wrote that he had discovered Nutt.
He also wrote that he was the first to show him.
Nutt was being exhibited and touring the New England countryside with a manager named Lillie when P. T. Barnum learned of him.
Lillie was charging as little as a nickel to see the boy whose education had been neglected.
Barnum was disgusted.
Lillie knew nothing about exhibiting the boy "in the proper style", as Barnum put it.
Barnum met Nutt in 1861 when the boy went to the American Museum in New York City.
In his autobiography, Barnum wrote that Nutt was "a most remarkable dwarf, who was a sharp, intelligent little fellow, with a deal of drollery and wit.
He had a splendid head, was perfectly formed, and was very attractive, and, in short, for a 'showman' was a perfect treasure."
Barnum knew Nutt could be a major museum attraction.
He hired a lawyer to lure Nutt away from his manager.
Following Barnum's orders, the lawyer offered Nutt's parents a large sum of money to sign their son to a five-year contract.
He promised them that the boy would be taught to be "a genteel, accomplished attractive little man".
A contract was signed on 12 December 1861.
Barnum hired the 13-year-old, 29-inch George and his 21-year-old, 49-inch brother, Rodnia, Jr. The contract required Barnum to give both young men food, clothing, a place to live, and the costs of travel and medical care.
Barnum promised to take care of the moral and academic education of the brothers.
Salaries would start at US$12 per week with increases every year.
The two brothers would each get $30 per week in the fifth and last year of their contract.
They would also get 10% from the sales of their souvenir books and photographs, with at least $240 the first year and $440 the last year.
At the end of the fifth year, they would receive a carriage and a pair of ponies from Barnum.
Publicity campaign
Once the contract was signed, Barnum started a publicity campaign to prepare the public for Nutt's debut.
He let reporters think he was trying to hire the little person.
When other showmen heard this rumor, they rushed in to offer Nutt's parents huge sums of money to be the first to sign their son.
Barnum was pleased.
The publicity created much excitement.
In a letter he leaked to reporters, he wrote that he was forced to outbid the competition.
The showman claimed to have paid $30,000 to hire the little person.
The boy then became known as "The $30,000 Nutt".
Barnum gave the little person the stage name, Commodore Nutt.
In addition, he provided Nutt with a wardrobe that included miniature naval uniforms.
For the Commodore's jaunts about town, the showman had a little carriage built for him.
This carriage looked like an English walnut.
The top of the vehicle was hinged.
When the top was lifted, the little Commodore could be seen sitting inside.
Nutt's carriage was pulled by Shetland ponies.
It was driven around New York by Rodnia, Jr. dressed in the uniform of a coachman.
Barnum thought these little trips about town the best form of advertisement.
Nutt's carriage is now in the Barnum Museum in Bridgeport, Connecticut.
Commodore Nutt made his debut at Barnum's American Museum in February 1862.
He was a great success.
Some museum-goers believed they were being "humbugged" by Barnum though.
They thought that Nutt was really General Tom Thumb in disguise.
Nutt did look like the Tom Thumb of the past, but Thumb had aged and put on weight over the yearsa fact museum-goers either forgot or ignored.
Nutt was a scamp; he took pleasure in the public's confusion, and encouraged the error.
When Nutt debuted, Thumb was touring the American South and West.
Barnum wanted to silence those with doubts at the Museum.
He asked Thumb to cut his tour short, return to New York, and perform on the same stage with Nutt.
Thumb returned to New York.
The little men were billed as "The Two Dromios"<ref>A reference to characters in Shakespeare's The Comedy of Errors who are twins.</ref> and "The Two Smallest Men, and Greatest Curiosities Living."
The exhibit opened on 11 August 1862.
Despite what their eyes witnessed, some museum-goers still said that Nutt was Tom Thumb in disguise.
Barnum wrote, "It is very amusing to see how people will sometimes deceive themselves by being too incredulous."
About two months after his debut, Nutt met with New York City Police Department officers.
He applied for and was given a policeman's job.
He ordered a uniform.
Then he sent a telegram to the officers of the Ninth Precinct telling them that he had just gotten a job on the Broadway Squadwith "extraordinary powers to arrest" people outside the Museum and to "take [them] upstairs".
President Lincoln
President Abraham Lincoln asked Barnum and Nutt to come to the White House in November 1862.
When the two arrived, Lincoln left a cabinet meeting to welcome them.
Nutt asked Salmon P. Chase, the Secretary of the Treasury, if he was the man who was spending so much of Uncle Sam's money.
Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War, interrupted to say that he was the man. "
Well," said Nutt, "It is in a good cause, anyhow, and I guess it will come out all right."
As Barnum and Nutt were on their way out, President Lincoln shook Nutt's hand.
He told the Commodore that he should "wade ashore" if his "fleet" was ever in danger.
Nutt looked up and down Lincoln's long legs. "
I guess, Mr. President", he said, "You could do that better than I could."
Mercy Lavinia Warren Bump was a little person who taught school in her hometown of Marlboro, Massachusetts.
She was traveling on a showboat-museum in the Midwest however when Barnum learned of her.
He hired her in 1862.
Her name was shortened to Lavinia Warren.
She first appeared at the Museum in 1863.
Warren was 21 years old,  tall, and weighed .
Barnum billed her as "The Queen of Beauty".
Nutt developed an "adolescent crush" on her, but Nutt would be disappointed.
Barnum gave Lavinia a diamond and emerald ring.
It did not fit her finger properly, so he told her to give the ring to Nutt as a token of her friendship.
Nutt regarded the ring as a token of her love instead.
He fell more in love with her than ever.
Lavinia was uncomfortable with his attentions.
She thought of herself as "quite a woman", but regarded Nutt as just a "nice little boy".
Thumb was not appearing in New York City when Lavinia was hired, but he met her when he visited the Museum in the autumn of 1862.
He told Barnum the same day that he had fallen in love with her.
Thumb wanted Barnum on his side in this love affair (rather than on Nutt's side), so he quietly promised Barnum he would marry Lavinia in a public ceremony.
Barnum knew at once that such a spectacle would make him a fortune.
He told Lavinia to take Thumb's romantic interest seriously.
He reminded her that the little man was rich.
Thumb's rival
Nutt knew that Thumb was in love with Lavinia.
He had a fight with Thumb in a dressing room at the Museum.
He threw him on the floor, and beat him up.
Nutt invited himself along when Lavinia was asked to Barnum's home for a weekend visit.
Little did he know that Thumb and his mother would be there, too.
Nutt left New York City on a train late Saturday night.
He got to Barnum's house about 11 pm.
He found Thumb and Lavinia alone in the downstairs parlor.
Thumb had proposed, and Lavinia had accepted.
Nutt only learned of their engagement a week later when Lavinia and Barnum told him.
Nutt had a hard time forgiving both Thumb and Barnum for (as he termed it) this "dastardly" offense.
Lavinia's younger sister Minnie was much smaller than she was.
Barnum thought she would make a good match for Nutt.
He asked Nutt to think about marrying Minnie.
Nutt told Barnum he had little faith in women.
He said that he would not marry "the best woman living".
Barnum wanted Minnie and Nutt to go to the wedding as Lavinia and Thumb's bridesmaid and best man.
Nutt refused.
Later, Thumb himself asked Nutt to be his best man.
Nutt accepted.
He told Barnum, "It was not your business to ask me.
When the proper person invited me, I consented."
Barnum's "Fairy Wedding"
Thumb and Lavinia were married at Grace Episcopal Church, New York City, on Tuesday 10 February 1863.
Nutt and Minnie were best man and bridesmaid at the "Fairy Wedding".
Police stopped traffic as people gathered in the streets to see the arrival of the wedding party.
The wedding was planned to start at noon, but it did not start until the bride got to the church at 12:30 pm.
Barnum led the wedding party down the center aisle.
Two thousand people were invited to the wedding.
Mrs. John Jacob Aster, Mrs. William H. Vanderbilt, Mrs. Horace Greeley, and General Ambrose Burnside were there.
Members of the church complained about the "marriage of mountebanks".
They became angry when they were told they could not sit in their own pews.
Much of the public curiosity about the marriage was based on an interest in the sexual mechanics of Thumb and Lavinia.
Barnum did not encourage or discourage this interest.
The wedding reception was held in the Metropolitan Hotel on Broadway at 3 pm.
The four little members of the wedding party stood on top of a grand piano so they could be seen by everyone.
Nutt gave Lavinia a diamond ring as a wedding present.
Americans loved the wedding.
It was welcome relief from the horrors and sorrows of the war.
World tour and aftermath
People around the world took great interest in the wedding.
Barnum thought this was a chance to make a lot of money.
He sent the members of the wedding party on long, successful tours of America and Europe.
The four little persons were sent off again  this time on a grand tour of the world as The Tom Thumb Company.
The four little ones left the United States on 21 June 1869.
They travelled 60,000 miles around the world, visited 587 cities and towns, and gave 1,471 performances of songs, speeches, and military drills.
They returned to America in 1872.
Nutt and Barnum argued after the tour.
Nutt quit.
He joined Harry Deakin's Lilliputian Comic Opera Company.
This company toured America in an operetta called Jack, the Giant Killer.
Nutt and his brother Rodnia put together a variety show.
It played in Portland, Oregon.
Nutt went to San Francisco, California, and put together another show.
He tired of the life within a year and quit.
Another show he put together about this time was not successful either.
Nutt ran a couple of saloons in Oregon and San Francisco, but these were not successes.
Newspapers reported at least four times that Nutt and Minnie were married.
They were close friends, but never husband and wife.
Minnie married a song and dance man who performed on roller skates named Edward Newell.
She died while having his baby in 1878.
One day long after the wedding of the Thumbs, Barnum asked Nutt why he had not married. "
Sir, my fruit is plucked", he said, "I have concluded not to marry until I'm thirty."
His bride's height was of no concern, he said, but he did "prefer marrying a good, green country girl to anyone else."
In 1879, Nutt married Miss Lilian Elston of Redwood City, California.
He had met her while he was touring the American West.
She was a bit shorter than most women, but not a little person.
After his failures on the West Coast, Nutt went back to New York City.
He bought a saloon.
One day, he was caught selling liquor without a license.
The New York City courts closed his saloon.
Nutt was in charge of an amusement area called Rockaway Pier for a time.
He returned to performing with an act called "Tally-Ho".
Early in 1881, Nutt had an attack of Bright's disease (nephritis).
He was sick for more than two months.
He died on 25 May 1881 at the Anthony House in New York City.
Nutt's wife cried over his coffin at the funeral.
She called him her "dear little boy", and said that he was "so good".
Nutt was buried in Merrill Cemetery at Manchester, New Hampshire.
Nutt had grown from his original , and weighed a little less than  at his death.
In 1891, the editors of Appleton's Cyclopedia'' wrote, "Commodore Nutt was distinguished for large-hearted virtues that are often lacking in bigger men; his genial temper was allied to constancy and generosity that entitle his memory to the highest respect."
The editors noted that Nutt was "for many years faithful to an early love."
The terminology began appearing around 1969.
It was not until late 2002 or 2003, however, that the term became very popular via media and cell phone use.
This was at exactly the same time the millennials begin turning 18 and moving into college.
The rising of mobile phones is often blamed for the rise of helicopter parent-style teaching over the years.
The phone enables the mother to keep in touch at all times, which was almost impossible before.
What caused most notice was parents following up children as far as college and early employment.
Sports coaches, college teachers and employers have had the experience of parents turning up to complain and argue in support of their children.
Clostridium is a genus of bacteria.
Clostridium bacteria are obligate anaerobes, which means they do not need oxygen to grow.
Clostridium bacteria are shaped like rods.
The name "Clostridium" comes from the Greek word kloster (κλωστήρ), which means "spindle."
Clostridium bacteria are gram-positive and can produce endospores.
There are many different species of Clostridium bacteria.
Some of these species can cause serious illness.
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium botulinum bacteria make a toxin called botulinum.
When botulinum toxins get into food or wounds, they cause botulism, a dangerous disease.
Botulism can paralyze the muscles (stop the muscles from moving or working).
People can die from botulism if their breathing muscles get paralyzed.
This makes them unable to breathe.
If babies under age one eat natural honey, they can get infant botulism.
Most adults and older children can eat natural honey without getting sick.
In healthy people, the intestines are filled with good, healthy bacteria.
Usually, these regular bacteria keep Clostridium botulinum under control.
Infants do not have enough of these good bacteria to be able to eat honey safely.
Sometimes doctors use botulinum toxins to treat medical problems.
There are medicines, like Botox, which contain botulinum toxin.
Some people get Botox treatments when they have wrinkles in the face.
When it is injected into the forehead, Botox paralyzes the muscles in the face, and makes the face look smoother.
Clostridium difficile bacteria can cause bad diarrhea and serious illness.
Usually, people get Clostridium difficile infection after they have taken antibiotic medicines.
These medicines can kill the healthy bacteria that normally live in the intestines and keep Clostridium difficile bacteria under control.
Clostridium difficile infection can be spread from person to person, and is getting more common in hospitals, nursing homes, and other health care facilities.
Just in the United States, 14,000 people die every year from Clostridium difficile infection.
Clostridium difficile is an antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
This means that many antibiotic medicines cannot kill the bacteria.
This makes Clostridium difficile infection difficult to treat.
Clostridium tetani causes tetanus.
Usually, people get tetanus when they get a cut or wound, and Clostridium tetani bacteria get into the wound.
At first, tetanus causes the muscles in the jaw to spasm (tighten). (
Tetanus is often called "lockjaw" because the jaw muscles spasm so badly that the jaw seems "locked.")
This can make it difficult to swallow.
As tetanus gets worse, other muscles in the body get stiff and spasm.
Gram-positive bacteria are those that are stained dark blue or violet by Gram staining.
This is in contrast to gram-negative bacteria, which cannot hold the crystal violet stain.
Instead they take up the counterstain (safranin or fuchsine) and appear red or pink.
The difference is caused by the cell wall structure.
Gram-positive organisms have thick peptidoglycan layer.
This protects them, so they do not need rigid cell walls.
On the other hand, gram-negative bacteria have thin, insignificant peptidoglycan layers, so they do need rigid cell walls for support and protection.
3D structures of proteins associated with plasma membrane of Gram-positive bacteria
3D structures of proteins associated with outer membrane of Gram-positive bacteria
Gram Staining Procedure and Images
The M134 Minigun is an American 7.62x51mm six-barreled machine gun.
Its rate of fire is 3000 to 4000 rounds (bullets) per minute.
It is called "mini" as compared to the earlier, much bigger M61 Vulcan.
In movies and video games, the Minigun is sometimes called the chaingun, but this is a mistake.
The chaingun is completely different and has only one barrel.
1985 Patent of a Minigun
Ron Moody (born Ronald Moodnick; 8 January 1924 – 11 June 2015) was a British actor, composer, singer and writer.
He was known for his roles in Murder Most Foul (1964), Summer Holiday (1963), Oliver! (
1968), and in The Twelve Chairs (1970).
He won a Golden Globe Award for his role in Oliver!
in 1968.
Moody was born on 8 January 1924 in Tottenham, London, England.
He was raised in Hornsey, England.
Moody studied at Southgate County School and at London School of Economics.
His father was of Russian Jewish descent and his mother was a Lithuanian Jew.
Moody married Therese Blackbourn in 1985.
Ron Moody's Official Charitable website
Qari Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad (1927 – 30 November 1988; ) was a well known Qari (reciter of the Quran).
As such, many modern reciters try to copy his style.
He is the only Qari to have won three world Qirat competitions in the early 1970s. '
Abd us-Samad was one of the first Hafiz to make commercial recordings of his recitations, and the first president of the newly formed Reciters' Union in Egypt.
He is best known for his recitation of Sura Al-Fatiha, the first chapter of the Qur'an, and an important sura in the five daily Islamic prayers.
His mother was an Egyptian Arab and his father was of Kurdish descent
In 1950, he came to Cairo where Muslims in many mosques were touched by his recitations.
On one happening, he was reciting verses from Sura al-Ahzab (The Confederates) he was requested to recite for longer than 10 minutes by his audience, and continued to recite for over an hour and a half, his listeners were captured by his mastery of pitch, tone and the rules of tajweed (Qur'anic recitation).
'Abd us-Samad travelled outside Egypt, in 1961, he recited at the Badshahi Masjid, in Lahore, Pakistan.
In 1987, whilst on a visit to America, 'Abd us-Samad related a story from one trip he made to the Soviet Union, with then Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser.
'Abd us-Samad was asked to recite for some leaders of the Soviet party. '
Abd us-Samad remembered that four to five of his listeners from the Communist Party were in tears on hearing the recitation, although they didn't understand what was being recited, but they cried, apparently touched by his recitation.
'Abd us-Samad died on 30 November 1988, and is survived by his three sons (from oldest to the youngest): Yasir, Hisham, and Tariq.
Following his father's footsteps, Yasir has also become a "Qari"
Abdul Basit Abdul Samad
Golestane Quran
Everymuslim
Nice Quran Recitation Website
The Fokker D.XXI is a single-engine fighter aircraft designed and built by Fokker in 1935.
It was used by the Dutch Air Force in World War II against Luftwaffe.
Slower and less maneuverable than the German fighters as Messerschmitt Bf 109 most of them were quickly destroyed.
Denmark and Finland also used this aircraft in the war.
The General Dynamics / Grumman EF-111 Raven is a twin-turbojets military aircraft.
Its main mission was jamming enemy radar, including those of the anti-aircraft defense.
It was designed and built in the United States, and flown only for the U.S. Air Force.
It was used in the last years of Cold War and for the Yugoslavia's war NATO operation in 1995.
It stopped being made in 1998.
The Fouga CM-170 Magister is a French military aircraft.
Designed and built as a training aircraft, it was also a light atack aircraft.
It was built under licence in Belgium, Finland and Germany.
The Fouga CM-170 Magister was used by many air forces in the world: Algeria, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Biafra, Brazil, Cambodia, Cameroon, El Salvador, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Katanga, Khmer Republic, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Nicaragua, Rwanda, Senegal, Togo, and Uganda.
It was the major aircraft of the Patrouille de France from 1964 to 1981.
In 2013 many CM-170 Magisters fly on air meeting around the world.
Fouga CM-175 Zéphyr.
The Fouga CM-175 Zéphyr is a navalized variant of the Fouga CM-170 Magister.
It was used by the French Navy for air training between 1959 and 1994.
Thirty examples only were built, and it was not sale at foreign country.
It flown from the French aircraft carrier Clemenceau, and sister-ship Foch.
Fougasse is a type of bread made in Provence, France.
It is coked with lardons, olive oil, and sometimes herbes de Provence and it is usually served as an accompaniment to an apéritif.
911, the year
September 11 attacks, sometimes called "911" because they happened on September 11 (9/11)
9/11 (2002 movie), a documentary about the event.
9-1-1, an emergency telephone number in some countries
Although it is encouraged, a reciter (Qari) does not necessarily have to memorise the Qur'an, just to recite it with proper rules.
Qari Abdul Basit
Qari Minshawi
These Qaris have memorized the whole Quran.
Qari means a Muslim who memorized the whole Quran.
Before he played in the NHL, Doyon played 3 seasons in the QMJHL with the Drummondville Voltigeurs.
He was drafted #119 overall by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1986 NHL Entry Draft.
Doyon played 7 games with the Chicago Blackhawks and 22 games with the Quebec Nordiques.
He last played for the Corpus Christi Rayz of the Central Hockey League.
He has also played roller hockey with the Montreal Roadrunners of the Roller Hockey International.
Carrie Akers (1860s - ?)
was an American sideshow attraction.
Contrary to several websites, she was not known as The Warthog.
She was born in Virginia.
She weighed 309 pounds, and stood 34 inches tall.
She was both a sideshow Fat Lady and one of the Little People (dwarves, midgets).
She was known as "Quarrelsome Carrie" in the  sideshow community because of her volcanic temper.
The community avoided her.
A fiery dispute with P. T. Barnum led to the showman firing her from the American Museum [source?].
The Human Marvels: Carrie Akers
1860s births
American sideshow attractions
The Bayonne Bridge is a steel arch bridge that connects Bayonne, New Jersey and Staten Island, New York.
It is the fifth-longest steel arch bridge in the world.
It was the longest in the world when it was opened.
It was designed by bridge-builder Othmar Ammann and architect Cass Gilbert.
It was built by the Port of New York Authority (now the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey).
It opened on November 15, 1931.
In 2017 the deck was raised to allow ships designed for the new Panama Canal to pass.
The bridge of one of three bridges that connect Staten Island with New Jersey.
The other bridges are the Goethals Bridge to Elizabeth, New Jersey and the Outerbridge Crossing to Perth Amboy, New Jersey.
Jonathan R. Bass (November 25, 1830 - September 13, 1892) was an American sideshow attraction.
His stage name was The Ossified Man.
He was born in New York State.
Rheumatism led to the ossification of his joints, tendons, and muscles in his teen years.
His sideshow career began in 1887 at Niagara Falls.
He toured the United States.
He died in New York City in 1892.
Bass was born in Cambria in western New York State.
He appeared perfectly normal in his very early years.
As a child and a teenager however, a series of rheumatism attacks left him unable to walk without crutches and canes.
Eventually, Bass became completely ossified.
The rheumatism led to akylosis of his joints, tendons, and muscles.
They turned to bone.
In 1869, he lost his eyesight.
He had to eat by sucking food up and swallowing it whole.
When his mother died in 1872, a brother began taking care of him.
In 1887, Bass began his show biz career at Niagara Falls.
He then worked his way across the United States.
In spite of his disabilities, Bass remained cheerful.
He parted with his manager after a dispute about his cut of the take.
Bass died of a fever and pneumonia while performing in Huber's Museum in New York City.
The family refused an autopsy.
Bass was buried in an ironclad vault to deter grave robbers from making off with the body.
An article in a 1908 issue of Scientific American accused a careless museum attendant of causing Bass's death by letting the man fall to the pavement while being lifted from a carriage.
The Unisphere is a  stainless steel globe in Queens, New York City.
It is in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park.
It was designed by landscape architect Gilmore D. Clarke.
It is a symbol of the borough of Queens.
The globe weighs  and is the world's largest.
There are fountains and a reflecting pool around the Unisphere.
The Unisphere was built for the 1964-1965 New York World's Fair.
The Unisphere is designed to show countries around the world depending on each other.
It stayed at the park after the World's Fair.
The Unisphere was cleaned from 1993 to 1994.
Flushing Meadows–Corona Park used to be a landfill in Queens.
The landfill was turned into the 1939/1940 New York World's Fair.
After the fair, it was used as a park.
The 1964 New York World's Fair also happened at Flushing Meadows.
Gilmore David Clarke and Michael Rapuano designed the park for 1964 Fair.
Robert Moses ran the 1964 World's Fair.
He announced the Unisphere in February 1961.
At first, Clarke designed the Unisphere as an aluminum structure with metal continents and islands.
Designers at Peter Muller-Munk Associates added structural steel.
The last design was a lot like the first.
The last design had fountains surrounding the Unisphere.
The Unisphere was built by the American Bridge Company.
The American Bridge Company was part of another company called US Steel.
The Unisphere was built in 110 days.
The last piece of land was put on the Unishphere on August 13, 1963.
At night, the Unisphere was lit up to show sunrise moving across the globe.
There were lights showing the capitals of countries.
In 1966, US Steel gave $100,000 so the Unisphere could stay at the park.
In 1967, the park reopened.
The Unisphere became dirty afterward.
People wrote graffiti in the pools.
In 1989, the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation said it would clean the Unisphere.
From 1993 to 1994, the Unisphere was fixed and cleaned.
The fountains were also turned back on.
It became an official city landmark in May 1995.
The Unisphere's fountain was cleaned again in 2010.
The Unisphere is the world's largest globe.
It is  wide and  tall.
The globe weighs .
Its base weighs .
The Unisphere is made of stainless steel.
The continents and islands on the Unisphere were made by the Rigidized Metals Corporation.
The Unisphere is tilted 23.5 degrees.
There are three rings around the Unisphere.
They show the orbits of Yuri Gagarin, John Glenn, and the Telstar satellite around the Earth.
There were supposed to be more rings, but the designers could not do this.
The rings are held up with aircraft cable.
The Unisphere's continents and islands are made of many layers of metal sheets.
The Unisphere has many latitude and longitude bars of different sizes.
This makes the structure stable.
There is a reflecting pool around the Unisphere.
It measures  across.
There are 48 fountains in the pool.
These fountains are supposed to make the Unisphere look like it is floating in space.
There are also plaques around the pool.
The Unisphere has a concrete foundation.
The ground under the Unisphere used to be a marsh.
There are 528 wooden rods under the Unisphere.
Story of the Unisphere at the World's Fair at the 1964/1965 New York World's Fair website
Unisphere pictures
Internet Archive: The Unisphere: Biggest World on Earth (1964), film about the creation of the Unisphere
Isaac W. Sprague (May 21, 1841 - January 5, 1887) was an American sideshow attraction.
His stage name was The Skeleton Man.
He also appeared as The Living Skeleton and The Original Thin Man.
He was born in Massachusetts.
Doctors were puzzled when he began losing weight rapidly in his teens.
He joined a sideshow in 1865, then got a job at P. T. Barnum's American Museum in New York City in 1868.
He married and had three healthy sons.
He died penniless in Chicago, Illinois in 1887.
Sprague was born in East Bridgewater, Massachusetts to Nathaniel Sprague, a shoemaker, and his wife, Betsey Sprague.
He was a normal child who spent much time swimming.
At 12 years, he began to lose weight quickly.
His appetite was healthy.
Sprague blamed the swimming for his weight loss, but doctors were puzzled.
Sprague worked in his father's shoemaking business and later in his father's grocery store.
The more weight Sprague lost, the weaker he grew.
After his parents died, he was too weak to work and was forced to leave his job.
In 1865, a sideshow passed through town.
He declined a job offer with the troupe, but reconsidered and joined the show.
He appeared as The Living Skeleton or The Original Thin Man.
He went to New York City and got a job in P. T. Barnum's American Museum at $80 a week.
Sprague's job ended when the museum burned to the ground in 1868.
Sprague married Tamar Moore, and sired three healthy boys upon her.
He returned to work with Barnum and other showman.
At age 44, Sprague stood five feet six inches, and weighed only 44 pounds.
Physicians decided he suffered from extreme muscular atrophy.
He died penniless in Chicago, Illinois in 1892.
Scott McCloud (born Scott McLeod on June 10, 1960) is an American artist.
He is famous for writing comic books that are about comic books.
His book Understanding Comics was published in 1993.
It is about comic books as a form of art.
He has also written Reinventing Comics (2000) and Making Comics (2006).
In 1984, he created a superhero comic called Zot!.
McCloud thought that super heroes were too grim so he made Zot!
fun and light-hearted.
Andrea Lynn Evans (born June 18, 1957) is an American actress.
She works mostly on television soap operas.
She played Rebecca Hotchkiss in the soap opera Passions, and Tawny in the series The Bold and the Beautiful.
Evans was born in Aurora, Illinois.
People from Aurora, Illinois
The Wild Men of Borneo was a sideshow attraction.
The Wild Men were midget brothers Hiram and Barney Davis.
Hiram (1825–1905) was born in England.
His brother Barney (1827–1912) was born on Long Island, New York State.
The two were mentally deficient, but physically strong.
They each stood about 42 inches tall and weighed about 40 pounds.
In 1852, showman Lyman Warner discovered them, and bought the two from their widowed mother.
Warner named them Waino and Plutano.
The two capably acted their parts as The Wild Men of Borneo.
They talked gibberish, lifted male audience members, or wrestled to show their muscles.
They recited poems they had been taught.
When Lyman Warner died in 1871, his son Hanford managed the brothers.
In 1880, Waino and Plutano were managed by P. T. Barnum.
Under his direction, The Wild Men of Borneo became one of the most famous sideshow attractions in the world.
The two earned $200,000 over their lifetimes.
In 1893, the promotional booklet What We Know About Waino and Plutano, Wild Men of Borneo described their 1848 "capture" and the Wild Men as hardly above the social level of "orang-outangs of a like size".
The brothers' sideshow days ended in 1903 when Hiram fell ill.
They moved to Massachusetts.
Hiram died in 1905 and Barney in 1912.
The two are buried in Mount Vernon, Ohio.
Wild Men of Borneo at The Human Marvels
Caleb Casey McGuire Affleck-Boldt (born August 12, 1975) is an American actor and director.
He is the younger brother of Ben Affleck.
He played Morgan O'Mally in Good Will Hunting, Virgil Malloy in the Ocean's Trilogy and Patrick Kenzie in Gone Baby Gone.
He portrayed Robert Ford in The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford which he received an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor.
In 2017, Affleck won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in Manchester by the Sea.
Affleck was born in Falmouth, Massachusetts.
He is the second son of Christine Anne "Chris" (née Boldt), a school district employee and teacher, and Timothy Byers Affleck, a drug counselor, social worker, janitor, auto mechanic, bartender, and former actor with the Theater Company of Boston.
Affleck is three years younger than his brother Ben.
He has English, Irish, German, Scottish, French, Swiss, Northern Irish (Scotch-Irish), Welsh, and Swedish ancestry.
He is a tenth cousin, once removed, of actor Matt Damon, through a common New England ancestor.
As a child, he had numerous pets, including cats, snakes, guinea pigs and turtles.
Affleck went to George Washington University and later transferred to Columbia University in New York City, where he majored in physics, astronomy, and Western philosophy, but never graduated.
Linda Thorson (born Linda Robinson on 18 June 1947) is a Canadian actress.
She played Tara in the British television action show The Avengers.
Thorson was born in Toronto, Ontario.
Nebling is a small village in the municipality of Untergriesbach in Passau in Lower Bavaria, Germany.
Ortverzeichnis der Bayerischen Landesbibliothek
Snuff is the fifth single from the album All Hope Is Gone by metal band Slipknot.
It was released on September 28, 2009.
The song reached #2 on Billboard's Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks.
It was the last single that was released from the band before the death of their bassist, Paul Gray.
Vocalist Corey Taylor performs an acoustic version of the song as a tribute to Paul Gray during Stone Sour shows.
The song was nominated for Best Single at the Kerrang!
Awards 2010, but it lost to "Liquid Confidence" by You Me at Six.
The term social movement refers to action by groups, individuals or organizations focusing over political or social matters.
In particular, the movement wants to resist or undo certain change.
A reform movement is one seeking to change laws and normals.
Trade unions represent rights to abortion, LGBT and workers rights.
The term minority rights refers to the rights of minority groups.
This includes the individual rights of a group's members and the collective rights of the group itself.
These groups can be racial, ethnic, class, religious, linguistic or sexual minorities.
For the rights of ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities, Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights protects their identities.
For people with disabilities, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities  exists to protect them, and for LGBT people, the Yogyakarta Principles were written down by the United Nations.
The Native American Cherokee people of the Appalachians have a complex set of spiritual beliefs.
Their mythology involves a set of totemic creation spirits who are said to have formed the world.
The Cherokee believe that signs, visions, dreams and powers were all gifts of the spirits.
They believe that the real world is intertwined with and presided over by the spirit world.
The creation myth of the Cherokee describes the earth as a great floating island surrounded by an ocean.
The story tells that the first earth came to be when Dâyuni'sï, the little water beetle, came down from the sky world (Gälûñ'lätï) to see what was below the water.
He paddled over the surface of the water, but found no place to rest.
He dived to the bottom of the water and brought up some soft mud.
This mud expanded in every direction and became the earth.
The other spirits in Gälûñ'lätï were eager to come down to the new earth.
Firstly, birds were sent to see if the mud was dry.
The buzzard was sent ahead to make preparations for the others, but the earth was still soft.
When he grew tired, his wings dipped very low and brushed the soft mud, forming mountains and valleys in the flat ground.
When the earth was finally dry, all of the animals came down from the sky.
It was dark, so they took the Sun and put it in a track to travel east to west.
At first, they set it too low and the crawfish was burned.
So they elevated the sun several times to reduce its heat.
The story tells how several other plants and animals got certain features.
They all were told to stay awake for seven nights, but only a few animals such as the owl and panther were able to; and so these two were given the power to see and hunt at night.
Only a few trees were able to as well – the cedar, pine, spruce and laurel – and so the rest were forced to shed their leaves in the winter.
The brother hit his sister with a fish and told her to multiply.
Following this, she gave birth to a child every seven days.
Soon, there were too many people, so women were then forced to have just one child every year.
Venerated spirits
The Cherokee revere the Great Spirit.
She is called Unelanuhi, the sun goddess.
She presided over all things when the earth was created, and was said to have made the earth to provide for her children.
Unelanuhi is all-seeing, all-knowing and all-powerful.
The Wahnenauhi Manuscript says that God is Unahlahnauhi, meaning "maker of all things", and Kalvlvtiahi, meaning "the one who lives above".
The twin Thunder Boys are the sons of Kanati and Selu.
They live in the land of the west above the sky.
When thunder sounds, the boys are playing ball.
The lightning and the rainbow are their beautiful dress.
The priests pray to the thunder and he visited the people to bring the rains and blessings from the South.
It was believed that the thunder beings who lived close to the Earth's surface, in the cliffs and mountains, and under water falls could and did harm the people at times.
These other thunders are always plotting mischief.
The thunder beings were viewed as the most powerful of the servants of the Great Spirit.
They were revered in the first dance of the Green Corn Ceremony held each year.
They were believed to have brought the rains for a successful corn crop.
Other spirits
Asgaya Gigagei - The Red Man or Woman evoked in spells to cure the ill.
Asgaya Gigagei is either male or female, depending on the sex of the patient.
Kanati - "The Lucky Hunter."
Sometimes called First Man.
He lives with his wife Selu ("Corn") in the east where the sun rises, and their sons, the Twin Thunder Boys, live in the west.
Ocasta -  "Stonecoat."
The name comes from his coat which was made of pieces of flint.
Equally good and evil, Ocasta was one of the Creator's helpers.
Ocasta created witches and drifted from village to village stirring up turmoil.
Some women trapped Ocasta, pinning him to the ground with a stick through his heart.
The men cremated the dying Ocasta, who while burning on his funeral pyre taught them songs and dances for hunting, fighting wars and healing.
Some of the men were granted great power and became the first medicine men.
Selu - "Corn."
Sometimes known as First Woman.
Kanati's wife.
Selu created corn in secret by rubbing her belly or by defecating.
Her sons, the Twin Thunder Boys, killed her when they spied upon her and decided she was a witch.
Sun - A goddess.
When Sun's daughter was bitten by a snake and taken to the Ghost Country, Sun hid herself in grief.
The world was ever dark, and Sun's tears became a flood.
At last the Cherokee sent their young men and women to heal Sun's grief, which they did with singing and dancing.
There is no one evil spirit in Cherokee theology.
An asgina is any kind of spirit, but it is usually considered to be a bad spirit.
Uya, sometimes called Uyaga is an evil earth spirit which works against the forces of good and what is right.
There is also Nun'Yunu'Wi and Kalona Ayeliski, evil spirits who prey on the souls of the dying and would torment their victims until they died.
All disease and suffering is traditionally believed to be caused by the spirits or by witchcraft.
It was also believed that the plants made medicine to cure each sickness that entered the world.
When the medicine man does not know what medicine to use the spirits of the plants tell him.
Myths of the Cherokee by James Mooney
The fossil holotype  was donated to science by an anonymous benefactor.
It is part of the collection of Thanksgiving Point Institute, and displayed in the North American Museum of Ancient Life at Lehi, Utah.
It includes an incomplete skull and mandible (lower jaws) and much of the postcranial skeleton, i.e. the parts behind the head.
The size of this specimen suggests a size in life of about 3.3 meters (11 feet) long.
The fossil was found in the Morrison Formation, where originally there was a great variety of life.
This environment  a savannah with many rivers.
Along the rivers were conifer forests, with  ginkgos, cycads, tree ferns, and horsetails rushes.
Insects were very similar to modern species, with termites building 30 m (100 ft.)
tall nests.
Along the rivers, there were fish, frogs, salamanders, lizards, crocodiles, turtles, pterosaurs, crayfish, clams, and monotremes (prototherian mammals, the largest of which was about the size of a rat).
The dinosaurs were most likely along the rivers as well.
Hundreds of dinosaur fossils have been discovered.
Carpenter and his co-workers said that this genus most closely resembles Coelurus, though it has some more "primitive" features.
Although a 2007 analysis suggested it was a basal Tyrannosaur, later work showed once again its basal position in the Coelurosauria.
Videotape is magnetic tape used to record moving images and (usually) sound.
Videotape was invented in the 1950s for recording television shows for later broadcasting.
In the 1970s it entered use in low-cost filmmaking.
In the 1980s analog tape became commonplace at home, and replaced the use of photographic film for home movies.
Better digital videotape systems started replacing motion picture film at the end of the 20th century.
21st century video mostly uses digital recording media such as memory cards and hard drives rather than videotape.
Saint Catherine's Monastery is a monastery in Sinai Peninsula, Egypt.
It is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Official Website of the Holy Monastery of St. Catherine at Mount Sinai
Saint Catherine Area/ World Heritage Listing on UNESCO's Website
Saint Catherine Foundation
The Arabian Desert is a desert in western Asia.
It is on most of the Arabian Peninsula.
Most people are Arabs.
The main language is Arabic, and the main religion is Sunni Islam.
Very few animals live in the Rub' al Khali in the middle of the desert.
My Old Man is a music hall song.
It was written in 1919 by Fred W. Leigh and Charles Collins.
Marie Lloyd made the song popular.
My old man said "Foller the van,
And don't dilly dally on the way".
Off went the van wiv me 'ome packed in it,
I followed on wiv me old cock linnet.
But I dillied and dallied, dallied and I dillied
Lost me way and don't know where to roam.
Well you can't trust a special like the old time coppers
When you can't find your way 'ome.
Full song lyrics
Mobridge is a city in the U.S. state of South Dakota.
It is in Walworth County, which is in the northern part of the state.
It became a city in 1906, and 3,465 people lived there at the 2010 census.
City of Mobridge website
The term delusional disorder refers to an uncommon although serious condition in which patients have non-bizarre delusions.
These patients function in normal manners.
Their delusions are not caused from drugs or general disorders.
Examples of these delusions include being followed, spied on or being poisoned, having certain health problems, such as heart disease or stroke.
is a puzzle video game developed by Creature Feep and published by Disney Mobile, a subsidiary of Disney Interactive Studios.
Released for desktop web browsers such as IE and devices using Apple's iOS, Google's Android, Microsoft's Windows Phone and BlackBerry 10 operating systems, the game requires players to route a supply of water to an alligator.
Its lead character, Swampy, is the first original Disney character for a mobile game.
The game has inspired additional games by Disney Mobile,  “Where’s My Perry?”
and “Where’s My Mickey?”
released June 20, 2013.
Swampy, an alligator living in a city sewer system, hates being dirty.
Whenever he tries to take a bath, Cranky another alligator living in the sewers, disrupts the water flow to Swampy's home.
Located somewhere on the level is a supply of water, either a limited amount pooled at different locations or an unlimited amount flowing from a pipe.
Players use the touch screen on their device to dig through the dirt and redirect the water toward an inlet leading to Swampy's bathtub.
In many levels, the water must be routed through other pipes or must interact with machines in order to open up a route to the inlet.
When the required amount of water reaches the bathtub, the level is completed and the next level is unlocked.
Also scattered around the level are three rubber ducks that can be collected when they absorb an amount of water.
Select levels also include items hidden in the dirt that will unlock bonus levels when three-item collections are completed.
Certain levels are also populated by hazards that must be avoided or removed.
For example, some levels contain algae that will absorb water and grow.
Other types of fluids will sometimes appear, such as purple poison/acid, reddish mud, and green ooze/slime.
If either poison, ooze or mud reaches the inlet, the level is failed and must be restarted. (
Swampy jumps out of the tub if poison/acid enters it, but simply gets surprised or disgusted if ooze/slime or mud enters it instead).
If all the water or any fluids that must be converted disappear etc.,
Swampy cries mournfully as the level restarts too. (
only on the free version.)
The poison, mud, and the ooze will kill all the rubber ducks (the ducks turn into skulls and make a painful-sounding quack) on contact.
Points are awarded for a/the short amount of time taken to complete the level, for collecting rubber ducks and for delivering more than the minimum amount of water to Swampy's tub.
Collecting a certain number of rubber ducks will also unlock new groups of levels.
was developed by Creature Feep, a team of designers within the Disney Mobile division of Disney Interactive Studios.
Creature Feep is headed up by game design director Tim FitzRandolph.
In an October 2011 interview, FitzRandolph explained that the goal for the development of Where's My Water?
was "to contribute a new character to the company, while making a really fun game in the process".
The earliest phase of development centered around the concept of the game, which was players using their fingers to guide water to a goal.
In actuality, the water is rendered as lots of individual "drops" that interact with each other.
At one point the designers had to devise a reason for having a bathtub underground.
That reason came from the urban legend of alligators living in city sewers, so the game's lead character became a "hygiene-conscious alligator".
Unlike many mobile games released by Disney, where characters from the company's films are used, Where's My Water?
represents the first time that Disney has produced an original character for a mobile game.
In designing that character, Disney Mobile wanted one "that felt like it belonged when lined up with other Disney characters".
came out with four chapters - "Meet Swampy", "Troubled Waters", "Under Pressure" and "Sink or Swim" — each containing 20 levels.
New chapters are rolled out with updates, each featuring new gameplay tools and supplies.
A version for devices that have the Android operating system was released on the Android Market in North America on November 23, 2011 and included all six chapters available up to that point.
A free, ad-supported version of Where's My Water?
was also released to both iOS and Android in December 2011.
The free version includes 25 unique levels, plus the ability to unlock five popular levels taken from the main game.
In May 2012, a total of 20 levels that originally appeared in the free version were added to the full version, collectively known as "The Lost Levels".
The levels in question are grouped into two holiday-themed chapters.