the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
He is known as the soldier who fought under three flags: Finnish, German (when he fought the Soviets in World War II), and American (where he was known as Larry Thorne) when he served in U.S. Army Special Forces (Green Berets) in the Vietnam War.
Early life and military service
Lauri Allan Törni was born in Viipuri, Viipuri Province, Karelia, Finland.
His father was a ship captain named Jalmari (Ilmari) Törni.
His mother was Rosa (née Kosonen) Törni.
He had two sisters:  Salme Lesley (b. 1920) and Kaija Iris (b. 1922).
When he was a boy, he was athletic.
An early friend was future Olympic Boxing Gold Medalist Sten Suvio.
He attended business school and served with the Finland Civil Guard.
Then he entered military service and joined the 4th Independent Jaeger Infantry Battalion stationed at Kiviniemi.
During the Winter War, he fought battles at Lake Ladoga.
His courage was noticed by his commanders.
At the end of the war, he received officer training.
Then he was commissioned a Vänrikki (2nd lieutenant) in the reserves.
After the Winter War, in June 1941, Törni went to Vienna, Austria.
In Vienna, he received 7 weeks of training with the Waffen SS.
Then he returned to Finland in July.
Because he was a Finnish officer, he was recognized as a German Untersturmfuhrer.
Törni is famous because of his courage in the Continuation War (1941–44) between the Soviet Union and Finland.
In 1943 he was the leader of Detachment Törni.
His infantry unit went behind enemy lines to attack the Russians.
One of Törni's men was future President of Finland, Mauno Koivisto.
The two served together during the Battle of Ilomantsi.
This was the last Finnish-Soviet battle of the Continuation War.
Törni's unit caused many casualties on the Russian units.
The Soviet Army placed a reward of 3 million Finnish Marks, equivalent to 650,000 USD, to anyone who captured Törni.
Because of his courage, Törni was decorated with the Mannerheim Cross on 9 July 1944.
Törni was not happy when Finland made peace with the Soviets.
The peace agreement required Finland to take up arms against Germany in the Lapland War.
He left the Finnish Army.
In 1945, he was recruited by a pro-German resistance movement in Finland.
He traveled to Germany for saboteur training.
He wanted to organize resistance in case Finland was occupied by the Soviet Union.
He surrendered to British troops in Germany at the end of World War II.
Then he returned to Finland in June 1945.
After he returned to Finland, he was arrested by ValPo, the Finnish national security agency.
There was a trial for treason in 1946 because he had joined the German army.
After the trial he received a 6 year sentence in January 1947.
He went to prison in Turku, but he escaped in June.
He was recaptured and went to a different prison.
In December 1948, Finnish President Juho Paasikivi gave him a pardon.
In 1949 Törni, traveled with his wartime executive officer Holger Pitkänen to Sweden.
They entered Sweden  from Tornio to Haparanda (Haaparanta).
From Haparanda they traveled by railroad to Stockholm.
Törni stayed with the Baroness von Essen, who helped many Finnish officers following the war.
Pitkänen was arrested and returned to Finland.
Törni met and fell in love with a Swedish Finn, Marja Kops.
They were engaged to be married.
Looking for a new job before the marriage, Törni traveled to Caracas, Venezuela.
Törni met one of his Winter War commanders, Finnish colonel Matti Aarnio, who lived in Venezuela.
From Caracas, Törni hired on to a Swedish cargo ship, the MS Skagen.
The Skagen sailed to the United States in 1950.
While in the Gulf of Mexico, near Mobile, Alabama, Törni jumped overboard and swam to shore.
Now he was a political refugee.
He traveled to New York City where he was helped by the Finnish-American community in the Sunset Park, Brooklyn "Finntown."
There he worked as a carpenter and cleaner.
In 1953, Törni received residence permit through an Act of Congress.
The law firm of William J. "Wild Bill" Donovan (the former head of the OSS, America's wartime covert military organization) helped pass the law.
Törni joined the U.S. Army in 1954.
The Lodge-Philbin Act was a special law that allowed non-citizens to join the army.
He adopted the name Larry Thorne.
While in the US Army, his friends were Finnish-American officers known as "Marttinen's Men."
They helped Private Thorne join the Special Forces.
While in the Special Forces, Thorne taught skiing, survival, mountaineering, and guerrilla tactics.
In turn he attended airborne school.
He advanced in rank and received a commission as a 2nd lieutenant in 1957.
He was promoted to captain in 1960.
From 1958 to 1962 he served in the 10th Special Forces Group in West Germany at Bad Tölz.
While there he was second in command of a search and rescue mission in the Zagros mountains of Iran.
The mission was very difficult and Thorne was praised because of its success.
In 1962 Thorne is shown as a lieutenant with the 10th Special Forces Group in a United States Army The Big Picture episode.
In November 1963 Thorne joined Special Forces unit A-734 in Vietnam.
He fought in the Mekong Delta and received medals for bravery.
In 1965, Thorne transferred to Military Assistance Command, Vietnam – Studies and Observations Group (MACV–SOG).
This was a classified U.S. special operations unit.
The unit focused on unconventional warfare in Vietnam.
On 18 October 1965, Thorne was supervising a secret mission on a helicopter.
The helicopter crashed in a mountainous area of Vietnam, 25 miles (40 km) from Da Nang.
A rescue team went to the crash site.
They could not find it because of the mountains and trees.
Thorne's body was found in 1999.
Also, the bodies of the helicopter crew were found.
The bodies were formally identified in 2003.
On 26 June 2003, he was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, section 60, tombstone 8136.
The remains of the Vietnam casualties were buried with him.
Details of service
The Finnish Army
3 September 1938, military (reserve)
1 March 1939, Reserve Corporal
9 May 1940, reserve second lieutenant
5 March 1942, reserve lieutenant
27 August 1944, reserve captain
6 October 1950, removed from officers list
Finnish decorations:
2 class medal of freedom 26 July 1940
1 class medal of freedom 24 August 1940
3rd class Cross of Liberty 9 October 1941
4th class Cross of Liberty 23 May 1942
Mannerheim Cross 9 July 1944
1st Div.
memorial cross
Defence Forces bronze medal
German army, the Waffen-SS
18 May 1941, Untersturmführer ( Nordost )
15 April 1945, Hauptsturmführer ( Sonderkommando Nord )
German decorations:
2 class Iron Cross 11 December 1943
28 January 1954, enlisted
20 December 1954, Private First Class
28 April 1955, Corporal
17 November 1955, Sergeant
9 January 1957, Lieutenant (res.)
30 November 1960, Captain (res.)
16 December 1965, Major (res.,
United States Army decorations:
Purple Heart (twice)
The Legion of Merit
Good Conduct Medal
Vietnam Service Medal
Air Medal
Combat Infantry Badge
Parachute Badge (Master)
In the 1990s, Törni's name became more and more well-known as a martial war hero.
Several books were written about him.
He was named 52nd in the Suuret Suomalaiset listing of famous Finns.
In the 2006 Suomen Sotilas (Finnish Soldier) magazine listing, he was named most courageous of the Mannerheim Cross recipients.
In Finland, the survivors, friends, and families of Detachment Törni formed the Lauri Törni Tradition Guild.
The Infantry Museum (Jalkaväkimuseo) in Mikkeli, Finland, has an exhibit dedicated to Törni, as does the Military Museum of Finland in Helsinki.
Törni is considered as the primary hero by both Finnish Parachute Rangers and Coastal Rangers, the two elite Finnish army formations.
At Fort Carson, Colorado,  headquarters building for Special Forces is named the Larry Thorne Headquarters Building.
The Special Forces 10th Group presents the Larry Thorne Award to the best Operational Detachment-Alpha in the command each year.
The Special Forces Association Chapter 33 in Cleveland, Tennessee is named after him.
In 2010 he was named as the first Honorary Member of the United States Army Special Forces Regiment.
In the book The Green Berets by Robin Moore, the "Sven Kornie" (or Captain Steve Kornie) main character in the first chapter was based on Thorne.
In a 2013 book Tuntematon Lauri Törni [Unknown Lauri Törni], Juha Pohjonen and Oula Silvennoinen say that Törni's conviction for treason was correct.
They say the SS training that Törni  received at the end of World War II was to support a National Socialist coup in Finland.
Törni Heritage Guild members Markku Moberg and Pasi Niittymäki disagree.
They say Törni faced pressure from war and alcohol, but did not support Germany.
Finnish historian Jussi Niinistö says Törni's training was motivated by patriotism.
In 2002 as: A Scent of Glory: The Times and Life of Larry A. Thorne.
Athens: Nike Ekdotike. . .
In Swedish in 2008 as: Lauri Törni Yrke Soldat.
Svenskt Militärhistoriskt Bibliotek. .
More on Larry Thorne, by J. Mike Cleverley
P.O.W. Network listing on Thorne
Arlington National Cemetery (unofficial) listing on Thorne
Knights of the Mannerheim Cross
Eilmer of Malmesbury was an English monk, born around 980.
He is known for having attempted one of the first human flights in history.
The reason Eilmer made his flight was that he needed to think of a way out whenever the Vikings would attack the abbey.
He went up a church tower with his gliding equipment that he had made from willow or ash.
He made a downward flight of some 200 meters or so - from at least 18 meters high.
http://www.abc.net.au/cgi-bin/common/printfriendly.pl?http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ss/stories/s1010848.htm
Lorestan Province is a province of western Iran.
It is the home land of the Lurs people and of the Luri language.
Lorestan is in the Zagros Mountains, in the western part of Iran.
Information portal
The Division of Moore is an Australian electoral division in the state of Western Australia.
It was set up in 1949 and named after George Fletcher Moore, the first Advocate-General of Western Australia.
The division was at first a rural area north and east of Perth, the state capital, along the Indian Ocean coast.
It is now an urban area and includes the suburbs of Clarkson, Duncraig, Hillarys, Heathridge, Mullaloo, Ocean Reef and Padbury.
Division of Moore - Australian Electoral Commission
The Bay of Pigs Invasion was an attempt in 1961 (during the Cold War) to remove Fidel Castro from power in Cuba.
The CIA trained Cuban exiles and these exiles launched an attack in a bay called the Bay of Pigs.
The invasion was a failure and most of the attackers were captured or killed.
There were several conflicts that led to this; including a lack of promised air support and a change in where the landing was to be launched.
This was one of many unsuccessful attempts by the CIA to rid Cuba of Castro.
One interesting fact is that the plan was originally put in motion by Eisenhower, but the attack was ordered by John F. Kennedy who only found out about the plan after his election.
Eagleton was born in St. Louis, Missouri.
He studied at Harvard Law School and at Amherst College.
He served as a United States senator from Missouri.
He served as senator from 1968 to 1987.
Eagleton was a running mate for George McGovern during the 1972 United States presidential campaign.
However, Eagleton soon withdrew from the ticker after Robert Boyd reported that Eagleton suffered from psychiatric problems and undergone three shock treatments.
In 2007, Eagleton died in St. Louis, Missouri from heart and respiratory failure, aged 77.
Rubin "Hurricane" Carter (May 6, 1937 – April 20, 2014) was an American middleweight boxer and criminal.
He is best known for being wrongfully convicted for a triple murder for which he was in jail for 19 years.
Carter was an African American who was born in Clifton, New Jersey.
He was sent to a juvenile reformatory after stabbing a man and being convicted of assault in the late 1940s.
He escaped in 1954 and joined the Army.
He was discharged for unfitness.
He was sent to prison for escaping from the reformatory.
He mugged several people, for which he was convicted and imprisoned.
Carter began a boxing career in 1961, shortly after being released from prison.
He married Mae Thelma Basket in 1963.
In 1966, in a bar in Paterson, New Jersey, a bartender and two customers were shot dead.
In 1967, Carter and John Artis were convicted of the murders and given three life sentences.
In 1976, their convictions were quashed and they were reconvicted at a second trial.
In 1981, Artis was paroled.
In 1985, Carter's murder convictions were again quashed and he was released.
Carter's wife divorced him.
he moved to Toronto, Ontario and married Lisa Peters.
He was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2011.
He died of the disease on April 20, 2014 in Toronto, aged 76.
He is survived by his daughter and son from his first marriage.
Carter is the subject of Hurricane, a song by Bob Dylan, and The Hurricane, a movie.
Clifton is a city in Passaic County, New Jersey.
In 2010, 84,139 people lived there.
Beaufort is a city in Beaufort County, South Carolina.
In 2010, 12,261 people lived there.
Narendra Damodardas Modi (born 17 September 1950) is an Indian politician.
He is the current Prime Minister of India serving since 2014.
He was the 14th Chief Minister of the state of Gujarat.
Modi was elected Prime Minister of India in May 2014.
He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.
Narendra Modi was born into a Hindu Gujarati family in Vadnagar.
As a child, he used to help his Father, who ran a tea stall at Vadnagar railway station.
Later, he and his brother ran a tea stall of their own at a bus terminus.
In 1978, Modi received a B.A. degree in political science from School of Open Learning at University of Delhi, graduating with a third class.
Five years later, in 1983, he received a Master of Arts degree in political science from Gujarat University, as an external distance learning student.
Chief Minister of Gujarat
Modi was appointed Chief Minister of Gujarat in 2001.
Modi was elected to the legislative assembly soon after.
His policies as chief minister, saw economic growth.
He soon became Prime Minister of India.
PM Modi's administration has tried to raise foreign investment in the Indian economy and cut spending on healthcare and social welfare programmes.
Moreover, The Modi government has also amendments to existing environmental and labour laws.
Following his party's victory in the 2019 Indian general election, introduced the Citizenship Amendment Act, which resulted in widespread protests across the country.
In 1968, he married Jashodaben.
However, the couple has been separated.
Narendra has a close relationship with his mother, Hiraben.
Official Biographical Sketch in Lok Sabha Website
Narendra Modi Early Life,  Education ,Political Journey, challenges and Achievement
Henry Wilcoxon (8 September 1905 – 6 March 1984) was an Dominican-English silent movie actor.
He was born in Roseau, Dominica.
He was known for his role as Bishop Pickering in Caddyshack.
He is also known for appearing as a leading man in Cecil B. DeMille's movies.
Richard John Colangelo (April 14, 1957 – March 10, 2007), better known as Richard Jeni, was an American stand-up comedian and actor.
He was known for his role in The Mask and in Platypus Man.
Jeni committed suicide by shooting himself at his Los Angeles, California after suffering from depression for two months.
Douglas C. "Doug" Kenney (December 10, 1946 – August 27, 1980) was an American writer and actor.
He was born in Palm Beach, Florida.
He was one of the co-founders of National Lampoon magazine, along with Henry Beard and Robert Hoffman.
Kenney collaborated with Beard at the Harvard Lampoon, which they wrote for while they went to the namesake college.
They both co-wrote the satirical novel Bored of the Rings.
Afterwards, they went to make a nationwide version of the magazine christened, The National Lampoon.
The magazine spun off into a radio show, a TV special, albums and films—which he also wrote for.
He co-wrote the National Lampoon's Animal House, which he also had an extended cameo in as "The Stork".
After the success of Animal House, he produced and wrote Caddyshack--which he also had a nameless cameo in.
He had a bit part in the 1977 film Between the Line.
Kenney died after falling from a thirty-foot cliff in Kauai, Hawaii.
He was 33 years old.
Kenney's death was ruled as "accidental".
Maria Christina "Mimi" Kok (25 January 1934 – 19 April 2014) was a Dutch actress.
She was best known for her work with entertainer Wim T. Schippers.
She appeared in the movies Paranoia (1967), Red Sien (1975) and Han de Wit (1990).
She was born in Amsterdam, North Holland.
Kok died from a lung disease on 19 April 2014 in Amsterdam.
Win Tin (, ; 12 March 1930 – 21 April 2014) was a Burmese politician and political prisoner.
He was arrested in July 1989 because of his senior position in the National League for Democracy (NLD).
For his writings, he spent 19 years in prison.
He was born Kyopinkauk, Pegu Division, British Burma.
PAX (originally named Penny Arcade Expo) is a series of gaming festivals.
It is held in Seattle, Washington (PAX Prime, PAX Dev), Boston, Massachusetts (PAX East), San Antonio, Texas (PAX South), and Melbourne, Victoria (PAX Australia).
The festival was created by Penny Arcade authors Jerry Holkins and Mike Krahulik in 2004.
They created it because they wanted to attend a show that would give equal attention to console gamers, computer gamers, and tabletop gamers.
Since its creation, the event has grown to become very popular; it is widely considered one of the most important events to the video gaming community.
Data science is the study of the extraction of knowledge from data.
It uses various techniques from many fields, including signal processing, mathematics, probability, machine learning, computer programming, statistics, data engineering, pattern matching, and data visualization, with the goal of extracting useful knowledge from the data.
With computer systems able to handle more data, big data is an important aspect of data science.
A person that does data science is called a data scientist.
Data scientists solve complicated data problems using mathematics, statistics and computer science, although very good skill in these subjects are not required.
However, a data scientist is most likely to be an expert in only one or two of these disciplines, meaning that cross disciplinary teams can be a key component of data science.
Good data scientists are able to apply their skills to achieve many kinds of purposes.
Their skills and competencies vary widely.
Benedikt Mikhailovich Sarnov (; 4 January 1927 – 20 April 2014) was a Russian literary critic, historian of Soviet literature, and writer.
He graduated from Gorky Institute of World Literature in 1951.
He became a member of Union of Soviet Writers in 1960.
He was born in Moscow, Russian SFSR of the Soviet Union.
Benedikt Sarnov at the Wilson Center website
Walter Heinrich Munk (October 19, 1917 – February 8, 2019) was an Austrian-born American physical oceanographer.
He was professor of geophysics emeritus and held the Secretary of the Navy/Chief of Naval Operations Oceanography Chair at Scripps Institution of Oceanography.
He has won awards such as Alexander Agassiz Medal (1977), National Medal of Science (1985), William Bowie Medal (1989), Vetlesen Prize (1993), Kyoto Prize (1999) and Crafoord Prize (2010).
Munk was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary to a Jewish family.
He was sent to a boys' preparatory school in upper New York state in 1932.
Munk turned 100 in October 2017.
He died on February 8, 2019, at La Jolla, California.
He was 101.
Walter Munk at National Academy of Sciences website
Ardingly is a village in the borough of Mid Sussex in the county of West Sussex.
About 1,900 people live in Ardingly.
Its postcode is RH17.
Mid Sussex is a borough created on 1 April 1974.
It is in West Sussex in South East England.
Alexander Sergeyevich Lenkov (17 May 1943 – 21 April 2014) was a Russian actor.
He was best known for winning the People's Artist of Russia in 1997.
He was born Rasskazovo, Tambov Oblast, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union.
Henry Maksoud (8 March 1929 – 17 April 2014) was a Brazilian businessman.
He got the title of Master of Science in Fluid Mechanics from the University of Iowa in the United States.
He was the owner of the five-star hotel Maksoud Plaza in São Paulo.
He was also the owner of the magazine Visão.
He was Chairman of the Engineering Institute of São Paulo from 1967 to 1968.
Maksoud died after having a cardiac arrest on 17 April 2014 in São Paulo.
Profile  at University of Iowa, College of Engineering
Wendell Edward Young (born August 1, 1963) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender.
He is currently the general manager of the Chicago Wolves of the American Hockey League.
Young played for the Vancouver Canucks, Philadelphia Flyers, Pittsburgh Penguins and Tampa Bay Lightning in the National Hockey League.
Young is the only hockey player to have won a Memorial Cup (in 1982 with the Kitchener Rangers), a Calder Cup (with the 1988 Hershey Bears), a Turner Cup (with the 1998 and 2000 Chicago Wolves), and a Stanley Cup (with the 1991 and 1992 Penguins).
He also has 2 Robertson Cups with the Kitchener Rangers as Ontario Hockey League Champions in 1981 and 1982.
Katwijk is a town in the Netherlands.
It is near the coast of the North Sea.
It is about 16 kilometers north from The Hague.
There are 62,825 people living in Katwijk.
The town is very popular with tourists, especially those from Germany.
Some of the most popular tourist attractions of Katwijk are the beach, several museums and galleries of fine art, a railway museum, and some museums of local and regional history.
Near Katwijk are the headquarters of the European space organisation ESA with its space travel museum Space Expo (on the town's borders), Duinrell in Wassenaar and Keukenhof in Lisse.
Katwijk is known for its wide-spread graffiti culture.
Several legal graffiti places can be found in the town.
Graffiti-related activities are often organised, for example covering the local lighthouse with graffiti.
Chris Austin Hadfield, OOnt CD, (born August 29, 1959) is a Canadian retired astronaut.
He was the first Canadian to walk in space.
He has flown on two space shuttle missions and has also served as commander of the International Space Station which made him the first Canadian to serve as commander of the International Space Station when he lead Expedition 35 after launch on 19 December 2012.
He was previously a Royal Canadian Air Force fighter pilot.
Forbes described Hadfield as "perhaps the most social media savvy astronaut ever to leave Earth" with an audience all over the internet including over 2,000,000 Twitter followers, over 600,000 Facebook fans, one of the top Reddit AmA threads of all time and a popular Tumblr blog.
Hadfield wrote a memoir titled An Astronaut's Guide to Life on Earth and published it in 2013.
The book became a New York Times bestseller and was the bestselling book in Canada on a Canadian subject.
Chris Hadfield at NASA.gov
Canadian astronauts
Celebrity Skin is the third studio album by Hole.
It was released on September 8, 1998 on Geffen Records.
The album was given good reviews by music critics.
Gayle S. Rubin (born January 1 1949) is an American cultural anthropologist.
She is an Associate Professor of Anthropology and Women's Studies at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.
Rubin grew up Jewish in the Southern United States.
In 1978, she moved to San Francisco.
On June 13 of that year Rubin started the first known lesbian SM group, Samois.
In May 1983, the group broke up.
In 1994, Rubin completed her PhD in anthropology at the University of Michigan.
She has been an associate professor of anthropology, women's studies and comparative literature since 2004.
Petah Tikva, is a city in western Israel.
Hebrew: פתח תקווה , Arab: بتاح تكفا , meaning opening of hope, other spellings: Petah Tiqwa (official) and Petach Tikvah (unofficial), is a city in the Central District of Israel.
It is 11 km east from Tel Aviv and belongs to the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area.
About 231,000 people were living there in 2015, making it the fifth-largest city of the country.
About 70,000 of them are Orthodox Jews.
European Orthodox Jews established the settlement in 1878 and named it Petah Tikva after a prophecy of Hosea.
Because of this, it is the oldest agricultural settlement erected by Zionist Jews in the 19th century and therefore nicknamed Em HaMoshavot, meaning mother of the moshavot.
The new settlement was attacked by raiders in 1886, a few guards volunteered to keep it safe from raiders, in total the settlement had six guards, the last and most famous out of them is Avraham Shapira, his original house stand til this day intact.
It obtained city status in 1937.
The city is low-lying.
The Yarkon River flows north of Petah Tikva.
Petah Tikva comes second in a list of cities in Israel industrial activities.
Many high-tech and communications companies have their headquarters here.
The city used to be surrounded by a lot of citrus plantations but due to urban expansion this is no longer the case.
The city has about 300 synagogues, the same number of educational institutions, and six hospitals, among them the Rabin Medical Center.
Yarkon Cemetery is in Petah Tikva and is the most important cemetery of the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area.
Amnon Krauz (b. 1952), swimmer
Uri Orbach (1960-2015), children's writer, journalist and politician
Pnina Rosenblum (b. 1954), business woman and politician
Mordechai Tzipori (1924-2017), general and politician
Establishments in Israel
{{Infobox television
| name                     = Game of Thrones
| image                    = Game of Thrones 2011 logo.svg
| image_alt                = Logo of Game of Thrones
| genre                    =
| creator                  =
| based_on                 =
| starring                 =
(See full cast list)| theme_music_composer     = Ramin Djawadi
| opentheme                = "Main Title"
| composer                 = Ramin Djawadi
| country                  = United States
| num_seasons              = 8
| num_episodes             = 73
| list_episodes            = List of Game of Thrones episodes
| executive_producer       =
| producer                 =
| location                 =
| runtime                  = 50–82 minutes
| company                  =
| distributor              = Warner Bros. Television Studios
| picture_format           = HDTV 1080i
| audio_format             = Dolby Digital 5.1
| first_aired              =
| last_aired               =
| related                  =
| website                  = https://www.hbo.com/game-of-thrones
| production_website       = http://www.makinggameofthrones.com/
| channel                  = HBO
}}Game of Thrones  is an American fantasy drama television series, based on George R. R. Martin's book series A Song of Ice and Fire''.
The first episode was shown on April 17, 2011 on Home Box Office.
There are eight seasons in total as of 2019.
The first season was nominated for thirteen Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Drama Series and won two of them.
The series focuses on various kings and queens in two continents called Westeros and Essos.
Many of the successors to the throne fight for power.
The series is praised for human sexuality and story line.
The plot revolves around two continents namely, Westeros (the western continent) and Essos (the eastern continent).
Noble families of Westeros fight amongst themselves to gain the Iron Throne.
And, meanwhile an old enemy which has been dormant for ages is rising again.
A Game Of Thrones
A Clash Of Kings
A Feast For The Crows
The 2012–13 Chicago Blackhawks season was the team's 87th season in the National Hockey League (NHL).
The season was shortened to a 48 games instead of the usual 82 games because of the 2012–13 NHL lockout.
The team won the Western Conference championship.
They defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals to win their 5th Stanley Cup in franchise history.
Patrick Kane won the Conn Smythe Trophy for being the Most Valuable Player of the playoffs.
2013 in ice hockey
The Rev. Theodore Martin Hesburgh, CSC, STD (May 25, 1917 - February 26, 2015) is an American priest of the Congregation of Holy Cross.
He is also the President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame.
He is the namesake for TIAA-CREF's Hesburgh Award.
Biography from the University of Notre Dame
Cynthia Delores Tucker was an African-American politician.
She was known for her civil rights activism and for being against gangsta rap music.
She died when she was 78 on October 12, 2005.
In 1971, Tucker became the first black female United States Secretary of State.
In 1990 she started the African-American Women for Reproductive Freedom with 15 other African American women and men.
In 1996 Tucker was chosen by People magazine as one of "25 of the Most Intriguing People in the World" .
Tucker started Vital Issues: The Journal of African American Speeches.
Willie Julian Usery, Jr. (December 21, 1923 – December 10, 2016) was an American labor union activist and U.S. government politician.
He served as United States Secretary of Labor in the Ford administration from 1976 until 1977.
The Right Honourable Herbert Eser "Herb" Gray  (May 25, 1931 – April 21, 2014) was a Canadian politician and lawyer.
He was a cabinet minister and served under three prime ministers.
He was the Deputy Prime Minister of Canada from 1997 until 2002, when Jean Chrétien was Prime Minister.
He was also Canada's first Jewish federal cabinet minister.
Gray was born in Windsor, Ontario.
He was married to Sharon Sholzberg and had two children.
Janet Gray Hayes (née Frazee; July 12, 1926 – April 21, 2014) was an American politician.
She was the Mayor of San Jose, California from 1975 until 1983.
She was both the first woman to be elected as the Mayor of San Jose, and the first woman elected mayor of any major city in the United States.
She was born in Rushville, Indiana.
Hayes died from a stroke on April 21, 2014 in Saratoga, California.
Janet Gray Hayes at the Online Archive of California
Saratoga is a city in Santa Clara County, California, United States.
As of 2010, 29,926 people lived in Saratoga.
Elizabeth Ann Hulette (November 19, 1960 – May 1, 2003) was an American professional wrestling manager.
She is best known for her time in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s as well as her time in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in mid-1990s.
She is better known under her ring name Miss Elizabeth.
She was known for managing "Macho Man" Randy Savage who she was also married to from December 1984 to 1992.
Later on, she began dating Lex Luger.
They were planning on getting married.
On April 19, 2003, she was involved in a domestic dispute with Luger where he allegedly hit her in the garage of their townhouse in Marietta, Georgia.
The Cobb County police found her with two bruised eyes, a bump on her head, and a cut lip.
On May 1, 2003, Luger called 9-1-1 because Hulette was not breathing.
After Hulette did not respond to mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, the paramedics rushed to their townhouse but they pronounced her dead.
It was later announced by a medical examiner that Hulette had died from "acute toxicity" which was brought on by a mix of painkillers and vodka.
Slammy Award for Woman of the Year (1987)
Mimivirus is an extra-large virus.
It was discovered in 1992.
APMV was found accidentally inside the amoeba Acanthamoeba polyphaga.
The virus was seen in a gram stain and mistakenly thought to be a gram-positive bacterium.
In speech, APMV is usually referred to as "mimivirus".
Until October 2011, when an even larger virus Megavirus chilensis was described, it was the largest (capsid diameter) of all known viruses.
Mimivirus, short for "mimicking microbe", is so called for its large size and Gram-staining properties.
Giant viruses
CocoRosie is an American folk band.
The members are sisters Bianca "Coco" and Sierra "Rosie" Casady.
These are La maison de mon rêve, Noah's Ark, The Adventures of Ghosthorse and Stillborn, Grey Oceans, and Tales of a GrassWidow.
CocoRosie have also composed two film scores.
Sierra Casady was born in Iowa.
Bianca was born in Hawaii.
The girls lived with their mother when they were children.
They moved to new towns almost every year.
Sierra left home when she was around 14.
She is a classically trained soprano.
He is the owner of Allam Marine, a company that makes generators.
He is also the owner of the Championship football team, Hull City.
Egyptian people
Egyptian businesspeople
Dune 2000 is a real-time strategy game released by Westwood Studios.
It based on Frank Herbert's Dune.
It uses a similar game engine to Command & Conquer: Red Alert.
Like in Dune II, the three main playable housess are House Atreides, House Harkonnen and House Ordos.
Megavirus is a virus with a single identified species, Megavirus chilensis (MGVC).
It is phylogenetically related to or Mimivirus (APMV).
MGVC is usually referred to as just “Megavirus”.
Until the discovery of pandoraviruses in 2013 it had the largest capsid diameter of all known viruses, and the largest and most complex genome among all known viruses.
Pandoravirus is a genus of very large viruses.
They have the largest genomes of any viral genus.
Like the other large viruses Mimivirus, Pithovirus and Megavirus, Pandoravirus infects amoebas.
Its genome, with 1.9 to 2.5 megabases of DNA, is twice as large as that of Megavirus.
It differs greatly from the other large viruses in appearance and in genome structure.
Although the capsid of Pithovirus is 50% larger in size, Pandoravirus has the largest genome of all viruses (2.5 million base pairs).
About 93% of Pandoravirus genes are not known from any other microbes.
This led some scientists to suggest the virus belongs to a "fourth domain", aside from Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
Viruses as a whole are not considered to be within these three domains, but they have been proposed as one in the past by some biologists.
Calf roping is a sport where a person chases a calf on horseback.
The person ropes the calf, then jumps off their horse and ties the calf's one front foot and two hind feet with a "piggin' rope".
Then they must give the calf some slack and the rope must stay tied for 6 seconds.
Calf roping started with cowboys.
They had to rope and tie down calves to brand them and doctor them.
Ryan Hunter-Reay (born December 17, 1980) is an American racecar driver from Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
He races in the IndyCar Series where he won the 2012 IndyCar championship.
He is considered one of the highest ranked racecar drivers.
Hunter-Reay won his first race in 2003 and has won a total 11 races, including three straight in 2012.
His mother died of cancer and Hunter Reay is the major spokesman for Livestrong, a role he took over from Lance Armstrong after the cyclist's doping controversy.
In 2014, he won the Indianapolis 500.
Pithovirus is a genus of giant virus which infects  amoebae.
It is a double-stranded DNA virus, and is a member of the clade of large DNA viruses.
It was first described in 2014 after a viable specimen was found in a 30,000-year-old ice core harvested from permafrost in Siberia, Russia.
It is 50% larger in size than the previous largest known viruses, but Pandoravirus has the largest viral genome, containing 1.9 to 2.5 megabases of DNA.
Pithovirus has a thick, oval wall with an opening at one end.
Internally, its structure resembles a honeycomb.
Its genome
The genome of Pithovirus has 467 different genes, more than a typical virus but far less than Pandoravirus.
Its genome is much less densely packed than any other known virus.
Two-thirds of its proteins are unlike those of other viruses.
Despite the physical similarity with Pandoravirus, the Pithovirus genome sequence shows that it is barely related to that virus.
It more closely resembles members of some other virus families.
These families all contain large icosahedral viruses with DNA genomes.
The Pithovirus genome has 36% GC-content, similar to the Megaviridae, in contrast to greater than 61% for pandoraviruses.
The Pithovirus''' genome is one circular, double stranded DNA (dsDNA) chromosome of about 610,000 base pairs (bp.)
Its DNA translate into 467 different proteins.
The genome encodes all the proteins needed to produce mRNA; these proteins are present in the purified virions.
Pithovirus does its entire replication cycle in its host's cytoplasm, not the more typical method of taking over the host's nucleus.
DiscoveryPithovirus sibericum'' was discovered in a 30,000-year-old sample of Siberian permafrost.
The virus was discovered buried  below the surface of a late Pleistocene sediment.
It was found when riverbank samples collected in 2000 were exposed to amoebae.
The amoebas started dying and were found to contain giant viruses.
The authors said they got the idea to probe permafrost samples for new viruses after reading about an experiment that revived a similar aged seed two years earlier.
Although the virus is harmless to humans, its viability after being frozen for millennia raised concerns that global climate change and tundra drilling operations could lead to potentially dangerous viruses being unearthed.
Other scientists deny that this poses a real threat.
In 1620 the Mayflower brought the Pilgrims to Massachusetts.
They made their new home in what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts, 380 km northeast of what is now New York.
Half of the Pilgrims died during their first winter in North America.
They were cold and did not have enough food.
The following year, though, the Native Americans, who were from the Wampanoag tribe, helped them grow crops.
At harvest time in the autumn of 1621 they were very thankful that they had a good crop of food to eat during the coming winter.
They thanked God and the Native Americans for teaching them how to grow the local foods.
They invited three of the Wampanoags who had helped them to their feast.
They were Squanto, Samoset, and Chief Massasoit.
The Wampanoags brought their families.
This was over 90 people.
There were so many people that the Pilgrims did not have enough food to make the meal, so the Wampanoags brought along their own food for the feast.
The Wampanoags brought turkey, duck, fish, deer, berries, squash, and cornbread.
They also brought vegetables that they had farmed and shown the Pilgrims how to care for.
Thanksgiving today
In the United States, the Thanksgiving holiday is a four-day holiday over a weekend, starting on Thanksgiving Thursday and ending on Sunday.
Families and friends usually eat a special meal together (usually with a turkey as the main dish).
This meal also usually includes mashed potatoes, cranberry sauce, pumpkin pie, several casseroles, and stuffing.
The food eaten today for Thanksgiving is very different from the food that was eaten at the First Thanksgiving in 1621.
Old Saint Paul's Cathedral was the medieval cathedral of the City of London.
It was one of the largest churches in northern Europe.
It was started in 1087, under William the Conqueror, after a fire destroyed the old cathedral in the same year.
It was not complete until 1314.
In 1666, it burned down in the Great Fire of London.
After that, Christopher Wren built a new cathedral on the same site.
Sam & Cat is an American television show that started on June 8, 2013 on Nickelodeon.
It is a crossover/spin-off of the shows Victorious and iCarly.
The girls meet and move in together as babysitters.
The show was announced on November 29, 2012.
It began production in January 2013.
On March 13, 2014 news came for a second season.
Other news says there has been no choice.
Sam Puckett has been driving around on her motorcycle.
She sees a girl thrown into a garbage truck.
Sam saves Cat and they become friends.
They move to Cat's house because Nona moved away.
They become babysitters to get money.
Their friends include Goomer and Dice.
Jennette McCurdy as Sam Puckett
Cameron Ocasio as Dice.
Maree Cheatham as Nona
Zoran Korach as Goomer
Griffin Kane and Emily Skinner as Max and Chloe
Sophia Grace & Rosie as Ruby and Gwen They also were in #RevengeOfTheBritBrats where they return and drive a wedge between Sam and Cat.
Dan Schneider as the voice of Tandy
Lisa Lillien as the voice of Bungle
Ronnie Clark as Herb
Ryan P. Shrime as Yokvish
River Alexander as Dilben
Ben Giroux as Jeff Du Shell
Tyler Michael Brown and Rashaan Smith as Bob and Ethan
Jake Brennan as Butler Torso
Susan Huckle as Debbie Torso
Jack DeSena as Host of Texting Competition
Aubrey K. Miller as Ellie
On August 3, 2012 the show was announced.
On November 29, 2012 it got picked up to start in 2013 Production began in January 2013.
On July 11, 2013 twenty more episodes were added.
Filming began on September 14, 2013.
The show first was to start on March 23, 2013.
It was moved to the fall and then to June 2013.
It finally started on June 8, 2013.
The first episode was watched by 4.2 million people.
The most watched episode is "#TheKillerTunaJump: #Freddie #Jade #Robbie" with 4.8 million people watching.
The least watched episode is "#SecretSafe" 2.0 million people.
In December 2013 Common Sense Media rated it two stars and said it makes people laugh "at the expense of any realistic content."
International premieres
Sam & Cat at Nick.com
This is a list of episodes from the American sitcom Sam & Cat, shown on Nickelodeon.
It is a crossover / spin-off of the shows Victorious and iCarly.
Sam Puckett and Cat Valentine meet in Los Angeles.
Sam moves in with Cat and they become best friends as well as babysitters.
It started on June 8, 2013.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
scope="col" style="padding:0 9px;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Season
scope="col" style="padding:0 9px;" rowspan="2"| Episodes
scope="col" style="padding:0 90px;" colspan="2"| Original airing
scope="col" | Season premiere
scope="col" | Season finale
| scope="row" style="background:#F36; color:#100; text-align:center;"|
|July 17, 2014
Raquel Nazzarena Alessi  (born in Los Angeles, California on March 7, 1983) is an American actress.
In summer 1989, in the Kidsongs VHS series, she replaced Divita Wright.
She appeared in Kidsongs: A Day at Camp in 1989.
She appeared with Kenny Ford, Jr. on Kidsongs: Ride the Roller Coaster in 1990.
She had a cameo appearance in Kidsongs: Very Silly Songs in 1990.
She left the VHS series in 1990.
She was replaced by Ashley Nation in 1992.
Crown Royal is a Canadian whisky.
It is owned by Diageo after it was purchased when the Seagram portfolio was dissolved in 2000.
Crown Royal is 40% alcohol by volume, 80 proof.
Sir Lamorak is a legendary character in the King Arthur stories.
He is one of the Knights of the Round Table.
His father is King Pellinore.
His brothers are Percival, Tor, and Aglovale.
His cousin is Sir Pinel le Savage.
Lamorak was known for his strength and fiery temper, and fought off thirty knights on at least two occasions.
Thomas Malory refers to him as Arthur's third best knight, only lower than Lancelot and Tristan.
The Flag Tower of Hanoi () is a tower in Hanoi, Vietnam.
It is one of the symbols of the city.
It is part of the Hanoi Citadel, a World Heritage Site.
The tower is  tall, not counting the flag.
The tower was built in 1812.
Unlike many other structures in Hanoi, it was not destroyed during the French administration (1896-1897).
It was used as a military post.
It is now in the Vietnam Military History Museum.
The building has three tiers (levels).
The tower is pyramid-shaped.
A spiral staircase inside leads to the top.
There are 42 windows.
Of the windows, 36 are shaped like flowers and 6 are shaped like fans.
The National Flag of Vietnam is on top of the tower.
The words "" (English: "To welcome dawn's sunlight") are on the eastern door.
The words "" ("To reflect light") are on the western door.
The words "" ("Directed to the sunlight") are on the southern door.
A description of the tower
A photo of the tower
Satellite photo at Google Maps
1812 establishments
The National Dinosaur Museum is a museum in Gold Creek Village, near Canberra, Australian Capital Territory.
It has the southern hemisphere's largest permanent display of prehistoric items.
The museum's exhibition shows the evolution of life, especially dinosaurs.
The museum is one of the most popular places to visit in the Australian Capital Territory.
Each year, 100,000 people visit it.
The museum was established in 1993.
Since then it has been steadily improved and updated.
The earth science dinosaur-oriented displays are kept up to date with most recent discoveries in geology.
Some of the museum's directors are local and international scientists and geologists.
Major upgrades have were done in April and May 2012.
Those included twelve new animatronic dinosaurs and many life size models both inside and outside the museum.
The museum has guided tours for school groups of all ages by appointment.
It hosts birthday parties, "dance with dinosaurs" events for young children, private parties, corporate functions and dinosaur sleepovers during school holiday periods.
On 18 April 2014, an avalanche on Mount Everest killed 16 people and injured 9 people.
The avalanche was caused by a serac which fell from the slopes of Mount Everest above the icefall.
On 22 March 2014, a mudslide near the east side of Oso, Washington killed 41 people and injured 4 people.
2 people have been declared missing.
The mudslide struck a rural neighborhood.
The mudslide covered about a square mile.
2014 in the United States
Census-designated places in Washington (state)
Snohomish County is a county in the U.S. state of Washington.
As of 2010, its population was 713,335.
The county seat is Everett.
Washington (state) counties
What would Reagan do? (
sometimes abbreviated WWRD) is a phrase that has become popular among conservatives and Republicans in the United States.
It is based on "What would Jesus do?".
It is used as the belief in what former United States President Ronald Reagan would do in modern day problems.
Reagan was a model conservative leader whose philosophy and policies provide guidance and a good example for modern politicians.
Oswaldo Vigas (4 August 1926 – 22 April 2014) was a Venezuelan painter and muralist.
His work was in the form of Cubism.
He was best known for winning the National Prize of Plastic Arts of Venezuela in 1952.
He was born in Valencia, Carabobo.
A capsid is the protein shell of a virus.
It is made of several protein subunits.
The observable 3-dimensional subunits are called 'capsomeres'.
The capsid encloses the nucleic acid of the virus.
Capsids are broadly classified according to their structure.
Some viruses, such as bacteriophages, have developed more complicated structures.
The icosahedral shape, which has 20 equilateral triangular faces, approximates a sphere, while the helical shape is cylindrical.
For example, the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid has faces consisting of three proteins called VP1–3.
Viral envelopes
Most viruses (e.g. influenza and many animal viruses) have viral envelopes covering their protein capsids.
This means the capsid is coated with a lipid membrane.
The envelope may help viruses avoid the host immune system.
Glycoproteins on the surface of the envelope bind to receptor sites on the host's membrane.
The viral envelope then fuses with the host's membrane This allows the capsid and viral genome to enter and infect the host.
Deon Jackson (January 26, 1946 – April 19, 2014) was an American soul singer, songwriter and educator.
His best known songs were "Love Makes the World Go Round" (1966), "Love Takes a Long Time Growing" (1966) and "Ooh Baby" (1967).
He was born Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Deon Jackson at All Music
A carillon is a musical instrument consisting of bells.
Carillons are usually in bell towers, and are made up of at least 23 bells. (
If there are less than 23 bells, the instrument is called a chime.)
A church in Michigan, called Kirk in the Hills, has 77 bells, the most of any carillon.
The bells in a carillon are usually made to ring using a keyboard.
It is similar to the one in a piano or organ, but is made up of wooden batons that are hit with closed fists instead of pressing them with fingers (see the picture on the left).
Each baton is linked to a bell with a different pitch and makes it ring out.
The bell with the lowest pitch is called the "bourdon", and many carillons have pedal keyboards for the largest bells.
The instrument is very heavy, and the world's heaviest carillon, which is in a New York City church, weights 91 tonnes.
Not all carillons use a keyboard.