the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
They buried their dead in secret so the Native Americans would not see how many were dying.
They buried them in Cole's Hill and tried to also hide the graves from the animals.
There were only a small number of men who were healthy.
Everyone, including the children had to work and care for the sick.
One of these was Captain Myles Standish.
He was a soldier who had been hired by the settlers to protect the people of the colony.
Standish cared for Bradford during his illness.
Bradford had no military experience and when he became governor he would come to trust Captain Standish's advice on military matters.
William was chosen by the people to be Governor of Plymouth Colony.
He kept journals (a written record) which are very important even today because they are the only history of how the Mayflower passengers and their families lived in Plymouth Colony.
He died before he could finish the second book.
Early service as governor
On March 16, the settlers had their first meeting with the Native Americans who lived in the region.
Samoset, an Indian walked into the village of Plymouth and greeted them in English.
Samoset had learned some English from the traders who had visited the area he was from.
This soon led to a visit by Massasoit, the leader of the Pokanoket tribe.
At that meeting, Massassoit made a treaty with Governor John Carver.
The treaty said that they would be friends and protect each other against unfriendly Indians.
Bradford wrote down what was said.
He would soon become governor and the treaty that was very important was the promise to help each other.
This agreement was not liked by Massasoit's enemies in other tribes.
In April 1621, Governor Carver became sick while working in the fields on a hot day.
The settlers of Plymouth then chose Bradford as the new governor.
Bradford would remain governor most of his life.
The elected leadership of Plymouth Colony was at first a governor and an assistant governor.
The assistant governor for the first three years of the colony's history was Isaac Allerton.
In 1624, it was changed to five assistants.
This was called  the "governor's council".
These men gave advice to the governor and had a vote on important matters.
They helped Bradford in managing the Colony.
Assistants during the early years of the colony included Thomas Prence, Stephen Hopkins, John Alden, and John Howland.
William Bradford married Dorothy in Amsterdam, Holland on December 10, 1613.
Dorothy fell from the deck of the Mayflower into the water and drowned a short time after the ship landed.
Her husband was on an exploring mission.
John was born in Leiden, Holland and died in 1620.
His second wife was Alice Southwarth in Plymouth.
She died in Plymouth in March 1670 and was buried on Burial Hill in Plymouth near her husband.
Bradford wrote Of Plymouth Plantation.
It was a history about Plymouth colony.
It is often called a journal.
It was a collection of what he saw and what he thought was important.
This was written in two books.
The first book was written in 1630 but the second was never finished.
During the years 1646 and 1650, he wrote about the colony's history up to 1646.
In Of Plymouth Plantation, Bradford saw what was happening to be like what happened in the Bible.
As Philip Gould writes, "Bradford hoped to show the workings of God to future generations."
The book was not published until 1656, the year before his death, and it was well liked.
Bradford has been called the father of American history.
Many American authors have put what Bradford said in their books.
Thomas Prence did so in his book named A Chronological History of New-England in the Form of Annals.
Today it is considered very important and studied in American schools and colleges.
Bradford's journal was included in another work entitled Mourt's Relation.
This was written in part by Edward Winslow, and made into a book in England in 1622.
Homeless Bird is a book by Gloria Whelan, an American author, about life in India for a 13-year-old girl named Koly.
Like many Indian girls her age, Koly becomes a teenage bride in an "arranged marriage."
Her husband soon dies and Koly becomes a widow, living with her late husband's parents.
When this situation doesn't last, Koly has to find a way to make her future.
This book won the National Book Award in 2000 in the category of Young People's Literature.
It has been translated into German, Spanish, and Polish.
Koly is a 13 year-old girl who lives in Vrindavan India with her parents and two brothers.
Based on Indian tradition, her family has made an arranged marriage for her.
Her husband is a sickly, young boy named Hari.
Once they are married, Koly must go to live with his family.
But soon Koly finds out that Hari has tuberculosis and he will die very soon.
Hari's parents had decided to take Hari to the Ganges River and Koly comes along too.
While going to the city of the Ganges River, Hari dies.
When Hari dies, Koly becomes a widow.
Koly's sassur (father- in-law) is a kind man who teaches students.
He teaches Koly to read and shows her a book of poems signed by the author Tagore.
Koly's sass (mother-in-law) is not a nice woman.
She treats Koly as just another mouth to feed.
Hari's sister Chandra is soon married.
Koly is sad because Chandra was her friend and now she is leaving.
Soon Koly's sassur dies and now both Koly and her sass are widows.
Sass and Koly are very poor.
One day Sass gets a letter from her brother inviting them to live with him in Delhi.
They make a stop in Vrindavan to pray at a temple.
They take a rickshaw to the temple.
Sass gives Koly money to buy lunch.
Koly goes to buy the food but when she goes back to the temple her sass is not there.
She looks around and cannot find her.
He tells her that her sass left on a train hours ago.
The rickshaw driver says to go to the temple and pray so the monks will give her food.
She sees the rickshaw driver again and he offers to bring her to a house for widows.
At the home Koly meets a nice widow named Tanu.
Together they find jobs making marigold garlands and beaded bracelets.
However, Koly's talent is embroidery.
She finally gets a job embroidering.
Her new boss' name is Mr. Das.
Koly also teaches the rickshaw driver, Raji, how to read.
Raji owns a farm and drives rickshaws for money.
They talk and become friends.
However he leaves to fix his farm.
At her new job, Koly makes friends with a girl named Mala.
Mala is good at embroidery but very outspoken.
Mala also steals expensive cloth and thread from Mr. Das.
This later causes Mala to lose her job.
Raji comes back and tells Koly that he is fixing up his farm and building a home.
He wants Koly to come to his farm with him.
She is confused until Raji says he wants her as his wife.
Koly is surprised that Raji wants to marry her because she is a widow, and in her society it is shameful to be a widow.
However Raji wants to marry Koly because he does not care about appearance and only wants someone he can talk to.
Koly is still unsure but agrees to think about it.
Tanu and Koly finally have enough money to buy a room for more widows to live in.
In the summer Raji writes that he has built a room for her work on her embroidery.
Koly is happy and agrees to marry him.
She works on a wedding quilt and says they will marry when she is done embroidering it.
She keeps her job, and agrees to take her work to Mr. Das every couple of weeks.
By: A.B, School: Nams or North Andover middle school
Anne Hutchinson (baptized July 20, 1591 - August or September 1643), was a religious dissenter in Puritan New England.
Her parents are Francis Marbury and Bridget Dryden.
Her father, being a clergy, homeschooled Anne Hutchinson.
She got more education than most other girls at that time.
She was the defendant in the most famous of the trials intended to suppress religious dissent in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
She was born Anne Marbury in Alford, Lincolnshire, England.
She, her husband William, and their children left England for the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1634.
Once settled, she began holding weekly meetings in her home to discuss sermons and theology.
Her religious views did not agree with those of her Puritan neighbors.
They believed good works were necessary for salvation.
Hutchinson believed that only faith (Sola fide) was necessary.
She also believed that God revealed himself to people without the help of the clergy.
Community leaders viewed Hutchinson as a threat.
She was found guilty of heresy in 1637, and told to leave the colony.
Hutchinson and her family moved first to Rhode Island.
After her husband's death in 1642, she settled near present-day Pelham Bay on Long Island Sound.
In 1643, Hutchinson, all her children except one, and all her servants were killed in an attack perpetrated by Native Americans.
Her death was regarded by some in Massachusetts Bay as evidence of divine judgment.
Encyclopedia: Anne Hutchinson
PBS God in America: Anne Hutchinson
The Matariki Network of Universities (MNU) is an international group of universities created in 2010.
Each member is leading international best practice in research and education based on long academic traditions.
Matariki in the Māori language designates the Pleiades star cluster, also known as the Seven Sisters.
It reflects seven founding member universities in the MNU.
Johann Bernoulli (6 August 1667 – 1 January 1748) was a Swiss Calvinist mathematician.
Several men in his family were mathematicians, including his brother Jacob Bernoulli.
He is known for his work on infinitesimal calculus, and teaching Leonhard Euler when he was young.
Rampur  (, ) is a district of Uttar Pradesh, India.
Amroha District, previously known as Jyotiba Phule Nagar, is one of the 72 districts of Uttar Pradesh state in northern India.
About District
Well-known for its past and the glory of learning Jaunpur holds its own important historical, social and political status.
Studying its past on the basis of panic accounts, rock edicts, archaeological remains and other available facts, the continuous existence of Jaunpur district is seen, in some form of the other, till the Late Vedic Period.
The glory of the city on the Adi Ganga Gomti and its peaceful shores was a major pious ground for the meditations and contemplations of sages, Rishis and Maharshis from where the sounds of the vedmantras emanated.
Even today, the Deva Vanees are echoing in temples along the banks of the Gomti in Jaunpur city.
In the field of education, this district has held an important position.
Students from other countries have been coming here to learn Arabic and Persian.
Sher Shah Suri too was educated here.
Sufism too sprouted and flowered here.
During the Sharki period this area showed the way via a unique Hindu-Muslim communal harmony whose legacy is still present here.
Maharshi Yamadagni, upon some disagreement with Sahastrarjuna, the king of Punjab, the land of seven rivers, headed south and got captivated by the praiseworthy Nature of Gomti’s pristine aims.
Maharshi Yamdagni established his ashram on the right banks of the Gomti between Zafrabad and Jaunpur.
To the present day, there is an ancient temple at this spot.
This temple is called the temple of Maharishi Yamdagni.
This place is in Jamaitha village.
Yamadagni started to live here alongwith his son Parashuram.
This area was in the domain of the king of Ayodhya at the time and is called Ayodhyapuram.
On account of the old enmity, king Sahastrarjun attacked the ashram and killed Maharishi Yamadagni.
Enraged at the slaying of his father, the valorous Parashuram went to war and slaged his father’s assassious in battle.
The first arrival in the district of Jaunpur was of Raghuvanshi Kshattriyas.
The king of Benares got his daughter married to the king of Ayodhya, Devakumar and gave away some part of his dominion as dowry in which the Raghuvanshis of Dobhi area settled themselves.
Right after this occurred the arrival of Vatyagotri, Durgvanshi and Vyas Kshattriyas in this district.
In this district the Bharas and Soiriyas held away.
The Kshattriyas began to have conflicts with them.
The Gaharwar Kshattriyas completely finished the domination of Bharas and Soiriyas.
In the eleventh century the Gaharwar rajputs of Kannauj started making Jafrabad and Yaunapur (Jaunpur) rich and powerful.
Vijaychand came here from Kannauj and got several mansions and forts built.
Even today, the ruins of the fort south of Jafrabad can be seen.
In 1194 A.D., Qutubuddin Aibak attacked Mandev or Mandeya (present day Jafrabad).
After defeating the then king Udaypal, he entrusted power to Dewanjeet Singh and headed towards Banares.
In 1389 A.D., Mahmood Shah, the son of Feroze Shah ascended the throne.
He made Sarbar Khwaja a minister and, later in 1393 A.D. gave him the little of Malik-ul-Sharq and entrusted him with the area from Kannauj to Bihar.
Malik-ul-sharq made Jaunpur his capital and established his reign from Etawah to Bengal and Vindhyachal to Nepal.
The founder of the Sharqi Dynasty, Malik-ul-sharq, died in 1398 A.D. Whereupon, his foster son Saayed Murakshah ascended the throne of Jaunpur.
His younger brother Ibrahimshah succeeded him to the thorne.
Ibrahimshah proved to be an accomplished and able ruler.
He implemented the policy of good will with the Hindus.
During the Sharqi period, many grand buildings, mosques and mausoleums were built.
Ferozeshah had lain the foundations of the Atala Mosque in 1393 A.D. but it was completed by Ibrahim shah in 1408 A.D. Ibrahimshah got started the construction of Jama Masjid and Bari Masjid which were completed by Husainshah.
The unique aspect of Hindu-Muslim communal harmony which had been present during the Sharqi Parishad in Jaunpur district- which has held an important position in the fields of Education, Culture, Music, Arts and Literature- its fragrance exists even today.
The Lodhy Dynasty held the reins of power on the throne of Jaunpur from 1484 A.D. to 1525 A.D. In 1526 A.D. Babar attached Delhi and defeated and killed Ibrahim Lodhi in the battle of Panipat.
To conquer Jaunpur, Babar sent his son Humayun, who defeated the ruler of Jaunpur.
Upon the death of Humayun in 1556 A.D. his 18 years old son Jalaluddin Akbar ascended to throne.
In 1567 A.D. when Ali Kuli Khan rebelled, then Akbar himself attacked and Ali Kuli Khan was killed in the battle.
Akbar stayed for several days at Jaunpur.
Thereafter, he went back after appointing Sardar Muneem Khan as the ruler.
It was during the reign of Akbar that the Shahi Pul (Jaunpur) was built.
After the Pranic period, scholars link Jaunpur with thr eign of Chandragupta Vikramadigtya upto Manyeech and the fact that this place had been influenced by Buddhist thoughts also.
The Bhars and Koiree Gujjar, Pratiharas and Gaharwars too have held power here.
After the displacement of Mahmmad Gajnabi from here (11th cent.)
the victory of Gauri and the Mohammad Gauri Gyanchand conflict and the subsequent transfer of the royal treasure to Arabi; the appointment in Jaunpur of Zafar Khan Tughlaq by his father Gayasuddin Tughlaq- all lead to the building of the present day city.
In 1722 A.D. after being a part of the Mughal Sultanat for a century and a half, Jaunpur was entrusted to the Nawab of Awadh.
Later in 1775 A.D. Jaunpur too, alongwith Benares went into the hands of the English from the king of Benares, Mansaram.
From 1775 to 1788 A.D. Jaunpur was under the dominion of Benares and then it was in the hands of the Regiment Dekana.
For the first time in 1818 A.D. the Deputy Collectorateship was established and later it became a separate district.
In 1820 A.D., Azamgarh district was also brought under Jaunpur but some part of Azamgar in 1822 and the whole of Azamgarh in 1830 A.D. was separated from Jaunpur.
Chandauli ()  is a district of Uttar Pradesh, India.
Varanasi () is a district of India.
It is in Uttar Pradesh state.
The highway begins in the west at Dongshi District in Taichung.
The highway used to go up into the Central Mountain Range along the Dajia River () valley through the townships of Guguan () and Cingshan ().
It goes through the mountains to Dayuling () which is the highest point of the route.
Here another branch of the highway runs south from Dayuling to Wushe ().
Continuing east from Dayuling, the highway goes down into Taroko National Park.
It passes through Guanyuan (), Cih-en (), Luoshao () and Tiansiang () before entering Taroko Gorge.
After the gorge the road then meets the eastern coastal Su'ao-Hualien Highway.
Closing the damaged highway
The highway goes through mountains.
Rocks often fall and there can be landslides.
Heavy rain from typhoons often push soil and rocks onto the highway so people cannot drive through parts of it.
Earthquakes also damage the highway.
On September 21, 1999 the Jiji earthquake caused a lot of damage to the highway and cut it in many places between Dongshih and Lishan.
There was so much damage in 1999 that repairing it would cost a lot of money.
The damaged parts of the highway were supposed to re-open in 2004.
However, heavy rain from the Typhoon Mindulle added more damage to the highway.
These parts were closed.
The highway is still closed between Lishan and Guguan.
There is no plan to repair it, but the New Central Cross-Island Highway is another way across the island.
Search Taipei Times newspaper archives for references to the highway
Azorina vidalii (also known as the Azores bellflower) is the only species of the genus Azorina within the Campanulaceae, the bellflower family.
This endemic species of the Azores is used as an ornamental plant in other countries besides the Azores.
It was first given the name Campanula vidalii by Hewett Cottrell Watson in Hooker's Icones Plantarum, table DCLXXXIV (684); Watson gave it the specific name vidalii after "Capt.
Vidal, R.N.", who collected the original plant.
Heinrich Feer changed the name to Azorina vidalii, creating a new genus Azorina, in Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie, 12, S. 611.
The Azores bellflower is an evergreen, perennial herbaceous plant that grows to a height of 80 to 150 centimetres.
It produces branches at the base and these branches are woody in the lower part.
The plant has dark green leaves.
The plant flowers from May to October.
The inflorescence has many hanging, waxy, pale pink, bell-shaped flowers .
The Azorina vidalii forma alba has, as the name suggests, white flowers.
The Azores bellflower is rare and usually grows in holes in cliffs near the sea, below the 50 metres of altitude.
It is usually accompanied by the plant Salicornia, which also tolerate the salt in the wind coming from the sea.
The plant is found in all the islands of the Azores archipelago, but not on the island of Graciosa.
Campanula vidalii H.C.Watson, Icon.
7: t. 684 (1844).
Azorina vidalii f. alba Sealy, Bot.
176: t. 527 1968).
Campanula vidalii f. alba Sealy, Bot.
176: t. 527 (1968).
A. vidalii in Azorenflora
Encyclopedia of Life (EOL):Azorina Vidalii
HerbWeb, photo of the original collected plant
Photos of Azorina
Novels and short stories about Mars have been popular for over a hundred years.
The planet's dramatic red color that some people can see is one reason for this.
another is that the planet  is close to Earth.
Also, it looks somewhat like Earth.
There are also stories about creatures from Mars on Earth and elsewhere.
Giovanni Schiaparelli reported seeing what  he thought might be water channels on Mars.
Because the Italian for channels is canali, English translations tended to render the word as "canals", implying artificial construction.
This led to the idea of intelligent beings on Mars before it apparently dried up.
First stories
Several early modern writers, including Athanasius Kircher and Emanuel Swedenborg, hypothesized contact with Mars.
Early science fiction about Mars often involved the first voyages to the planet, sometimes as an invasion force, more often for the purposes of exploration.
Early works to 1910
Across the Zodiac (1880) by Percy Greg.
Melbourne and Mars: My Mysterious Life on Two Planets (1889) by Joseph Fraser.
Unveiling a Parallel (1893) by Alice Ilgenfritz Jones and Ella Merchant.
Journey to Mars (1894) by Gustavus W. Pope.
The War of the Worlds (1898) by H. G. Wells. (
This was later made into a radio drama in the United States and then into at least one feature film.)
Edison's Conquest of Mars (1898) by Garrett P. Serviss.
A Honeymoon in Space (1900), by George Griffith.
Gullivar of Mars (1905) by Edwin Lester Linden Arnold. (
The protagonist's name is taken from Gulliver's Travels.
Doctor Omega (1906) by Arnould Galopin.
Le prisonnier de la planète Mars [Vampires of Mars] (1908) and its sequel La guerre des vampires [War of the Vampires] (1909) by Gustave Le Rouge.
Red Star (1908) by Alexander Bogdanov.
1910s and 1920s
Le Mystère des XV (1911) by Jean de La Hire.
A Princess of Mars and another ten Mars stories (1912–1943) by Edgar Rice Burroughs.
Aelita (1922) by A.N. Tolstoy
Les Navigateurs de l'Infini  (1925) by J.-H. Rosny aîné.
Humans travels to Mars in a spaceship named Stellarium, and meets two competing races on the planet.
Last and First Men by Olaf Stapledon (1930)
The Swordsman of Mars and Outlaws of Mars (both 1933) by Otis Adelbert Kline.
"A Martian Odyssey" (1934), a short story by Stanley G. Weinbaum.
Out of the Silent Planet, by C. S. Lewis (1938)
What Mad Universe (1949) by Fredric Brown
The Martian Chronicles (1950) by Ray Bradbury.
Marooned on Mars (1952) by Lester del Rey.
No Man Friday (1956) by Rex Gordon.
A World's Revival (Hebrew: תבל בתחיתה Tevel Be-Thiatah)  (1955) by Tzvi Livneh.
The Outward Urge (1959) by John Wyndham.
Living on Mars
By the 1930s, stories about reaching Mars had become somewhat trite, and the focus shifted to Mars as an alien landscape.
New stories were set in a time after human contact and basic exploration.
Some were about the colonization of Mars or otherwise used Mars as a setting rather than a goal.
Dweller in the Gulf (1932), The Vaults of Yoh-Vombis (1932) and Vulthoom (1935) by Clark Ashton Smith.
The Northwest Smith stories (1933–1936) by C. L. Moore.
Legion of Space Series (1934–1982) by Jack Williamson.
The Secret of Sinharat, People of the Talisman and another eleven stories published between 1940 and 1964 by Leigh Brackett.
"Heredity" (1941), a short story by Isaac Asimov
Robert A. Heinlein The Green Hills of Earth (1947)
Robert A. HeinleinRed Planet (1949)
Robert A. Heinlein The Rolling Stones (1952)
Robert A. HeinleinPodkayne of Mars (1962)
Seetee Ship (1949) and Seetee Shock (1950) by Jack Williamson
1950s and early 1960s
Genesis (story) (1951) by H. Beam Piper  (see  ,).
"Omnilingual" (1957) by H. Beam Piper
The Sands of Mars (1951) by Arthur C. Clarke
David Starr, Space Ranger (1952) by Isaac Asimov writing as Paul French.
The Martian Way (1952) by Isaac Asimov
"One in Three Hundred" (1954) by J. T. McIntosh
"The Badge of Infamy" (1957) by Lester Del Rey
The Sirens of Titan by Kurt Vonnegut (1959)
Perry Rhodan series (1961- ) (in German)
"A Rose for Ecclesiastes" (1963) by Roger Zelazny
Philip K. Dick Martian Time Slip (1964)
Philip K. Dick The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch (1965)).
Philip K. Dick Destination Mars (1963)
1960s and later
Beginning in 1965, the Mariner and Viking space probes revealed that the canals were an illusion, and that the Martian environment is extremely hostile to life.
By the 1970s, the ideas of canals and ancient civilizations had to be abandoned.
Authors soon began writing stories based on the new Mars (frequently treating it as a desert planet).
Most of these works have humans struggling to tame the planet, and some of them refer to terraforming (using technology to transform a planet's environment).
A common theme, particularly among American writers, is that of a Martian colony fighting for independence from Earth.
It appeared already in Heinlein's Red Planet and is a major plot element in Greg Bear's Moving Mars and Kim Stanley Robinson's Mars trilogy.
It is also part of the plot of the movie Total Recall and the television series Babylon 5.
Many video games also use this concept, such as the Red Faction and Zone of the Enders series.
A historical rebellion of Mars against Earth is also mentioned in the Star Trek series of novels.
In the decades following Mariner and Apollo, the once-popular subgenre of realistic stories about a first expedition to Mars fell out of fashion, possibly due to the failure of the Apollo Program to continue on to Mars.
The early 1990s saw a revival and re-envisioning of realistic novels about Mars expeditions.
Early novels in this renaissance were Jack Williamson's novel Beachhead and Ben Bova's novel Mars (both 1992), which envisioned large-scale expeditions to Mars according to the thinking of the 1990s.
These were followed by Gregory Benford's The Martian Race (1999), Geoffrey A. Landis's Mars Crossing (2000), and Robert Zubrin's First Landing (2002), which took as their starting points the smaller and more focussed expedition strategies evolved in the late 1990s, mostly building on the concepts of Mars Direct.
Late 1960s and the 1970s
Larry Niven  Known Space stories (1964- )
Die Erde ist nah: die Marsexpedition (1970), by Ludek Pesek, published in English as The Earth is Near (1973)
Police Your Planet (1975) by Lester Del Rey
Birth of Fire (1976) by Jerry Pournelle
Man Plus (1976) by Frederik Pohl, an astronaut is transformed into a cyborg capable of living on Mars.
The Far Call by Gordon R. Dickson
"Ananke"  (1982) by Stanisław Lem (a story in More Tales of Pirx the Pilot)
Watchmen (1985) by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons
The Forge of God (1987) by Greg Bear.
Desolation Road (1988) by Ian McDonald i
Draka series (1989-)
Venus Prime (1989) The third book of the series: Hide & Seek is set on Mars.
Terry Bisson Voyage to the Red Planet (1990)
Kim Stanley Robinson's Mars trilogy (Red Mars, Green Mars, Blue Mars, 1992–1996)
Kim Stanley Robinson: The Memory of Whiteness (1985).
Mars (1992), Return to Mars (1999) and Mars Life (2008) by Ben Bova, from the Grand Tour series.
Moving Mars (1993) by Greg Bear
Red Dust (1993) by Paul J. McAuley
Bright Messengers (1995) by Gentry Lee
Voyage (1996) by Stephen Baxter
Mars Underground (1997) by William K. Hartmann
Olympus Mons (1998) by Bud Sparhawk
Beige Planet Mars (1998) by Lance Parkin and Mark Clapham
Semper Mars (1998) by Ian Douglas
"Mars is No Place for Children" (1999) by Mary A. Turzillo
The Martian Race (1999) by Gregory Benford
Brian Aldiss and Roger Penrose:  White Mars (1999)
Mars Crossing (2000) by Geoffrey A. Landis
"The Great Wall of Mars" (2000) by Alastair Reynolds
Mars is the scene of the last of three recent space operas by John Barnes: In the Hall of the Martian King (2003).
Barnes also sets one of the two Meme Wars novels on Mars: The Sky So Big and Black (2002).
"Falling Onto Mars, by Geoffrey A. Landis
Ilium/Olympus series (2003- ) by Dan Simmons
Stories by Caitlín R. Kiernan:
"Bradbury Weather" (2005)
"Zero Summer" (2007)
"Excerpt from Memoirs of a Martian Demirep" (2007).
An Old Fashioned Martian Girl (2004), by Mary A. Turzillo
New Mobile Report Gundam Wing: Frozen Teardrop (2010-ongoing) by Katsuyuki Sumisawa is a novel continuation of the Gundam Wing anime series taking place primarily on the terraformed Mars.
The Quantum Thief (2010) by  Hannu Rajaniemi
Nostalgic Mars fiction
Philip José Farmer's World of Tiers series (1965–1993)
Some Sword and planet series, such as Michael Moorcock's Kane of Old Mars trilogy (1965) and Lin Carter's Mysteries of Mars (1973–1984) are deliberately anachronistic homages to earlier visions of Mars, particularly Burroughs'.
Robert A. Heinlein: The Number of the Beast (1980)
A World Of Difference (1990) by Harry Turtledove
S. M. Stirling's Lords of Creation series includes In the Courts of the Crimson Kings, involving Mars.
Larry Niven: Rainbow Mars (1999)
"Larklight" (2006), a story by Phillip Reeve
In the Watchmen comic by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons Dr. Manhattan character tours Mars and visits Olympus Mons, admiring its features.
He takes his girlfriend there, soon after he leaves for another galaxy.
In the 2000 AD series The V.C.s Olympus Mons' crater is covered by a massive dome to retain an atmosphere as the main settlement on the planet.
Several stories of the DC Comics character Martian Manhunter take place on Mars, and the Manhunter is a Martian.
Most of the Green Martians were wiped out by a plague, although the more ruthless White Martians still exist.
Martians were among the most powerful races in the Universe, capable of telepathy, shapeshifting, and flight, though they have an aversion to fire.
The most recent issue of the webcomic Dr. McNinja features Dracula revealing that he discovered the cure for cancer and hid it on Mars.
In Wonder Woman Pre-Crisis comics, Mars was the base of the god Mars, (see Ares).
Spirits of the dead from various planets were taken to Mars and given new bodies to work.
The Duke of Deception is a major villain of that world, operating a Lie Factory and making several attempts to invade Earth.
In January–February 1950, Superman journeys to Mars to help actor-director Orson Welles smash a plot by the Martian dictator Martler to "blitzkrieg the solar system" and conquer the Earth (S No.
62/1: "Black Magic on Mars!").
In Tales to Astonish #2 (1959) "My Job: To Catch a Martian", a professor, who discovers an empty alien spacecraft, hires a private investigator to find the occupant when no one else will listen to him.
In Tales to Astonish #3 (1959) "I Discovered the Men From Mars", a man from the year 1990 discovers a Martian space-craft while patrolling the coast on the lookout for communist spies.
In the Manga and Anime Sailor Moon, released in 1992, in the silver millennium, Mars was inhabited by the warlike descendants of the Greek god Ares.
The character of Rei Hino is a modern descendant of Ares and is Sailor Mars.
All her attacks are based on fire.
Like the other planets in the modern solar system, Mars is no longer inhabitable.
In the comic strip, Calvin and Hobbes: Weirdos From Another Planet!
by Bill Watterson, Calvin and Hobbes travel to Mars because the Earth is too polluted.
In Marvel Family #36 Mars is shown to be inhabited by a warlike treacherous race that resemble 1940s military dictators.
They join the Invaders from Infinity (see List of Captain Marvel (DC Comics) enemies) in their attempt to destroy the Solar System after being defeated, but are beaten and sent back to Mars while the Invaders are imprisoned and destroyed.
Martians in fiction
The Martian is a favorite character of classical science fiction; he was frequently found away from his home planet, often invading Earth, but sometimes simply a lonely character representing alienness from his surroundings.
Martians, other than human beings transplanted to Mars, became rare in fiction after Mariner, except in exercises of deliberate nostalgia – more frequently in some genres, such as comics and animation, than in written literature.
http://blog.oup.com/2012/12/mars-literature-early-sci-fi/
Chang Gung University is a university in Taiwan.
It was named after Wang Chang-gung, YC Wang's father.
The main campus is in Taoyuan City.
The University of Otago () in Dunedin is New Zealand's oldest university.
Founded in 1869 the university opened in July 1871.
Between 1874 and 1961 the University of Otago was a part of the University of New Zealand, and issued degrees in its name.
The University of Otago has ten libraries — seven based in Dunedin on the main university campus, the Education library in Southland, plus two medical libraries in Wellington and Christchurch.
Moradabad district is one of the districts of Uttar Pradesh state of India, and Moradabad town is the district headquarters.
As of 2011 it is the second most populous district of Uttar Pradesh (out of 71), after Allahabad.
The district of Moradabad lies between 28°21´ to 28°16´ north latitude and 78°4´ to 79° east longitude.
The district occupies an area of 3493 km2 and has a population of 2,761,620.
The city is known for its export of brass handicrafts to North America and Europe, and is also thus called "Brass City" or Peetal Nagri.
The district of Moradabad lies east of the Ganges and west of the native state of Rampur.
Its area is 2285 sq.
m. It lies within the great Gangetic plain and is demarcated into three subdivisions by the rivers Ramganga and Sot.
The eastern tract consists of a submontane country, with an elevation slightly greater than the plain below, and is traversed by numerous streams descending from the Himalayas.
The central portion consists of a level central plain descending at each end into the valleys of the Ramganga and Sot.
The western section has a gentle slope towards the Ganges, with a rapid dip into the lowlands a few miles from the bank of the great river.
Jigar Moradabadi
Piyush Chawla
Ponty Chadha
Robert Vadra
Sufi Amba Prasad
Arun Lal
According to the 2011 census Moradabad district has a population of 4,773,138, roughly equal to the nation of Singapore or the US state of Alabama.
This gives it a ranking of 26th in India (out of a total of 640).
The district has a population density of  .
Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was  25.25%.
Moradabad	has a sex ratio of 	903	females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 58.67%.
The island is controlled by the People's Republic of China.
It is part of the city of Sansha.
Aerial photos of Woody Island and its airport
Satellite image of Woody Island by Google Maps
Hapi was the god of the annual flooding of the Nile in Egyptian mythology.
He was sometimes called  Lord of the Fishes and Birds of the Marshes or Lord of the River Bringing Vegetation.
He is often shown in art as a man with a large belly wearing a loincloth, having long hair and having large, female-like chest.
María Begoña Basauri Díaz (born August 25, 1982 in Antofagasta) is a Chilean actress.
Urðarbrunnr (Old Norse for the "Well of Urðr") is a well in Norse mythology.
It is situated under the Yggdrasil or the world tree.
Norse mythology is a version of the older northern Germanic mythology.
The gods would travel via the bifrost with the exception of Thor as it was thought that he would break the bridge which took the form of a rainbow, to Urðarbrunnr.
Here they would meet and decide things, presumably laws of nature and magic and love and war.
Mario Party 5 is a party board video game for the Nintendo GameCube console.
It is the fifth game in the Mario Party series.
It was developed by Hudson Soft and published by Nintendo.
It was released on November 10, 2003 in North America, on November 28, 2003 in Japan, and on December 5, 2003 in Europe.
Mario Party 5 plays the same as the first four Mario Party games.
Boards have different types of spaces, including blue spaces which add coins, red spaces which take away coins, and Bowser Spaces which causes Bowser to appear and do a bad event.
The game introduces the DK Space, where Donkey Kong appears to cause an event to happen.
Unlike Bowser events, these events are always good.
Also new to the game is the Capsule system, which replaces the item system from past games.
Capsules are containers that hold a single item.
Players can get capsules by passing by the "Capsule Machine" on the board.
Each capsule does something different, including increasing the number of dice blocks a player can roll, and taking away coins from an opponent.
Capsules can be thrown up to ten spaces away.
Ten characters are playable.
New to the series as a playable character are Toad, Boo, and Koopa Kid.
Because of the addition of the DK Space, Donkey Kong is no longer a playable character.
In addition to the main party game, players can also play a mode called Super Duel Mode.
In Super Duel Mode, players build a battle vehicle to use in tournaments or fight against friends.
Players are able to change their vehicle by using different parts.
Parts can be bought with the points from mini-games.
Trace Dempsey Cyrus (born February 24, 1989) is an American musician.
He was the former guitarist, songwriter and vocalist of Metro Station.
He is the adopted son of Billy Ray Cyrus.
Cyrus was born in Ashland, Kentucky to Billy Ray Cyrus and Leticia Finley.
His parents are of Cherokee Native American, Dutch, English, French, German, Irish, Scottish and Welsh descent.
Jason Paul Collins (born December 2, 1978) is a retired American basketball player.
He was a center for the Brooklyn Nets of the National Basketball Association (NBA).
He helped the Nets reach the NBA finals in 2001 but they were swept by the Los Angeles Lakers.
He played 7 seasons with the Nets and he was traded with cash considerations to the Memphis Grizzlies for Stromile Swift.
He played 31 games for the Grizzlies and then he was traded to the Minnesota Timberwolves in an eight-player deal involving Kevin Love and O. J. Mayo.
When his contract expired at the end of the 2008–09 NBA season, the Timberwolves didn't re-sign him and he signed with the Atlanta Hawks on September 2, 2009.
He played 3 seasons with the Hawks and signed an undisclosed deal with the Boston Celtics.
He was traded by the Celtics to the Washington Wizards on February 21, 2013 for Jordan Crawford.
His twin brother Jarron Collins also played in the NBA.
On April 29, 2013, Collins wrote the cover story of Sports Illustrated in which he publicly come out as gay.
He became the first active male professional athlete in any of the four major North American pro sports leagues to come out.
He said that he chose the jersey number 98 in honor of Matthew Shepard, a victim of a gay hate crime in 1998.
Collins said that the number was "a statement to myself, my family and my friends".
Jason Collins at NBA.com
Valley Forge National Historical Park (est.
1976) is a United States National Historical Park  north of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
It contains historical buildings, recreated cabins, museums, memorials, and recreation facilities.
The park welcomes visitors and gives talks about the history of the boom shacks site.
It was at Valley Forge that General George Washington quartered the American Continental Army during the bitterly cold winter of 1777–1778.
Many soldiers suffered or died of cold, sickness, and starvation.
Valley Forge was not a battlefield.
Washington wrote on February 16, 1778, "Naked and starving as they are we cannot enough admire the incomparable patience and fidelity of the soldiery."
Valley Forge National Historical Park official site
Valley Forge Pictures website
National Historical Parks of the United States
Italian neorealism describes a movement in Italian cinema.
Films such as Rome, Open City and Bicycle Thieves, from the 1940s, were filmed in the streets rather than a studio and told stories about poor people living difficult lives.
Among neorealists are Michelangelo Antonioni and Federico Fellini.
Criterion article
Martha Miriam Greenhouse (June 14, 1921 – January 5, 2013) was an American stage, movie and television actress.
She was an actors' union leader.
She appeared on many television programs including Route 66, Car 54, Where Are You?,
Law & Order, The Jackie Gleason Show, The Phil Silvers Show, and Ryan's Hope.
Greenhouse was born on June 14, 1921 in Omaha, Nebraska.
She died on January 5, 2013 in her home in New York City, New York from natural causes, aged 91.
Susan Tyrrell (born Susan Jillian Creamer; March 18, 1945 – June 16, 2012) was an American actress, painter, and writer.
She is known for her Best Supporting Actress Oscar-nominated performance as Oma in Fat City, and for her role as Ramona Rickettes in the John Waters movie Cry-Baby.
In 2000, she was diagnosed with thrombocythemia which led to amputation of both her legs below the knee.
She spent the years painting and writing.
LA Weekly: "My So-Called Rotten Life" by Paul Cullum (11/1/2000)
Nicol Williamson (14 September 1938 – 16 December 2011) was a Scottish actor who was known for his first role in A Midsummer Night's Dream.
He was also known for being in many plays.
Williamson was born on 14 September 1938 in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland.
He studied at the Central Grammar School for Boys, Birmingham and at Birmingham School of Speech & Drama.
Williamson was married to Jill Townsend from 1971 until they divorced in 1977.
They had one son, Luke.
Williamson died on 16 December 2011 in Amsterdam, Netherlands from esophageal cancer, aged 73.
Nicol Williamson at Rotten Tomatoes
Nicol Williamson  at the Lortel Archives: The Internet Off-Broadway Database
Obituary , The Independent, 26 January 2012
Obituary, The Guardian, 26 January 2012
Obituary, Financial Times, 27 January 2012
Yale Summers (July 26, 1933 – May 6, 2012) was an American actor.
He was known for his role in Daktari.
He was an active member of the Screen Actors Guild.
Summer was born on July 26, 1933 in Manhattan, New York City.
He was married to Suzie Summers until his death in 2012.
Summers died on May 6, 2012 in Beverly Hills, California from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, aged 78.
Yvette Renee Wilson (March 6, 1964 – June 14, 2012) was an American comedian and actress.
She was best known for her role as Andell Wilkerson in Moesha and its spinoff The Parkers.
Wilson was born on March 6, 1964 in Los Angeles, California.
She studied at San Jose State Univeristy.
Wilson died on June 14, 2012 in Los Angeles, California from cervical cancer and kidney disease, aged 48.
John Anthony "Tony" Epper (October 1, 1938 – July 20, 2012) was an American actor and stuntman.
He was a member of the Epper family, whose members work as actors and stunt performers.
He is known for his roles in Ma and Pa Kettle at Home, Carbine Williams, and The Story of Will Rogers.
Epper was born on October 1, 1938 in Los Angeles, California.
He was married to Donna Epper until his death in 2012.
He had two children and two step-children.
Epper died on July 20, 2012 in his home in Boise, Idaho from cancer, aged 73.
Karl Hans Albrecht (20 February 1920 – 16 July 2014) was a German entrepreneur.
He founded the supermarket chain Aldi with his brother Theo.
In October 2012, Albrecht was listed as one of the richest people in the world with an estimated net worth of US$22.6 billion.
Previously, Forbes listed him as one of richest men in the world, with an estimated net worth in 2011 of US$25.4 billion.
That made him 10th in the 2012 Forbes list of billionaires.
He was the oldest billionaire in the Top 20 list.
Albrecht was the richest person in Germany, and the fourth-richest in Europe.
Albrecht was born on 20 February 1920 in Essen, Germany.
Albrecht lived in Mulheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
Forbes topic page on Karl Albrecht
German billionaires
She was one of the principal shareholders of L'Oréal.
According to Forbes, she was the richest woman in the world, making her the tenth richest person in the world with a net worth of US$36.4 billion, as of the 2015 version of "The World's Billionaires".
Bettencourt was born on 21 October 1922 in Paris, France.
She was married to André Bettencourt from 1950 until his death in 2007.
They had one child, a daughter, Françoise.
Bettencourt lived and died in Paris.
Official website of L'Oréal
Official website of the Bettencourt Schueller Foundation
Forbes article on L'Oréal
Forbes article on Liliane Bettencourt
The Bettencourt scandal and the Sarkozy government Radio France Internationale in English
French philanthropists
Socialites
Chill-out music began in Europe during the early-1990s.
It includes different types of electronic music that are meant to have a mellow style as well as mid-tempo beats.
Ambient, ambient house, trip-hop, nu jazz, New Age and some other sub-genres of downtempo are mainly associated with chill-out music.
This genre of music is played in "chill rooms" at dance clubs to allow dancers a chance to relax and take a break from the more vigorous and fast-tempo type of music that is played on the main dance floor.
In 1992, a UK regulation required dance clubs to have chill-out rooms and free water because of a number of Ecstasy-related injuries and deaths.
"Human Nature" is a single from American singer-songwriter Madonna.
It is from her album Bedtime Stories, which was released in Autumn 1994.
The song was written and produced by Madonna and released in June 1995.
The song is about humor, sex and sarcasm.
It was written in response to the huge backlash to her 1992 record Erotica and her coffee table book Sex.
This single got mixed reviews by the critics, although it was a moderate hit in America, Australia and the United Kingdom.
There are many versions of this song.
Hp hop soul songs
A crore is the number 10^7, equal to 10 million or 100 lakh.
It is used in India for money and as a number.
In India it is written 1,00,00,000 and in other countries it is written 10,000,000.
Phrenology is the study of human characteristics according to shape of the skull.
It was popular until around the 1900s, when scientists started to discourage against it.
Today, it is considered a pseudoscience.
Orbital inclination is a term for the angle between two orbital planes.
It is often used to describe the movement of celestial bodies such as stars and planets.
In that context, one of the planes is the standard, or reference.
Many stars are in a galaxy that has a galactic plane which is used as reference.
For a planet's orbit, the inclination is the angle to the ecliptic plane.
For a moon, an inclination of 0 degrees means the orbiting body orbits the planet in its equatorial plane, in the same direction as the planet rotates.
FC Biel-Bienne is the most successful football club in the city of Biel/Bienne, Switzerland.
The club was founded on 13 November 1896.
The club played in a stadium called ‘Jardin Anglais’ at the beginning.
They went to the Gurzelen Stadium in the year 1913.
There they still play today.
The Gurzelen Stadium has a capacity of 15,000.
The club got the name FC Biel-Bienne in 1911.
Before they were called ‘Football-Club de Bienne’.
During World War I they didn’t play in the league but they did a lot of charity projects.
FC Biel-Bienne plays in the Challenge League today.
The second best football league in Switzerland.
They moved to the First League in the season 1989/90.
This is the best League of Amateur-football in Switzerland.
They went to the Challenge League again in 2008.
Because the Gurzelen Stadium is very old, FC Biel/Bienne has to play on the ‘Maladière Stadium’ in Neuenburg.
But the club can come back in 2014 because the new stadium is going to be built.
It will be opened in 2015.
The president of the FC Biel-Bienne is Jean-Marc Hofstetter.
He became president in 2013.
In 1947 they became Swiss Champion.
In 1961 they reached the final of the Swiss Cup.
In 2011 they reached they reached the semifinal of the Swiss Cup.
In 1968 they won the Uhrencup.
Catharina-Amalia, Princess of Orange (given names: Catharina-Amalia Beatrix Carmen Victoria; born 7 December 2003) is the oldest child of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, and Queen Máxima.
On April 30 2013, she became the heiress apparent to the Dutch throne when her father became King.
Princess Catharina-Amalia was born on 7 December 2003 at HMC Bronovo in The Hague.
On 12 June 2004, Catharina-Amalia was  baptized by Reverend Carel ter Linden in the Grote, or St. Jacob's, Church in The Hague.
Princess Catharina-Amalia was enrolled in Bloemcamp school in Wassenaar on 10 December 2007.
Her birthdays are usually celebrated with a concert at Kloosterkerk, The Hague.
The concerts are attended by ambassadors and members of the royal household and the Council of State of the Netherlands.
On her seventh birthday, a Douglas C-47 Skytrain once owned by her great-grandfather, Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld, was named after Catharina-Amalia by Peter Hartman.
The princess herself did not go to the naming ceremony because of school obligations.
On 28 January 2013, it was stated that Queen Beatrix would abdicate on 30 April.
Because of this, Princess Catharina-Amalia, as the heiress apparent to her father, would take the title of Princess of Orange.
She is the first person to have this title.
After her father became king, she still lives in Wassenaar, but will eventually move with her family to Huis ten Bosch.
Princess Catharina-Amalia will have a seat in the Advisory Division of the Council of State of the Netherlands when she becomes 18 years old (age of majority).
Titles, styles and arms
7 December 2003 – 30 April 2013: Her Royal Highness Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands, Hereditary Princess of Orange, Princess of Orange-Nassau
30 April 2013 - present: Her Royal Highness The Princess of Orange, Princess of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau
Her official title in Dutch is Hare Koninklijke Hoogheid De Prinses van Oranje
Queen Beatrix abdicated the Dutch throne on 30 April 2013.