the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The Constitution says that the House of Representatives should be about twice as large as the Senate
Within each state and territory, the boundaries of the divisions must be redrawn in a process known as redistribution at least once every seven years, or when the state's allocation of Divisions changes.
Boundaries are drawn by Redistribution Committee.
Population is based on the number of enrolled voters not the total number of residents.
Within a state or territory, the number of voters in each Division can not vary by more than 10% from the average across the state.
The number of voters cannot vary by more than 3.5% from the average projected enrolment three-and-a-half years into the future.
The Divisions of the House of Representatives are unusual in the way they are named.
Many of them are not named after geographical features or numbered, as in most other legislatures around the world.
Most Divisions are named after important historical people, such as former politicians (often Prime Ministers), explorers, artists and engineers.
In some cases where a Division is named after a place, the connection to that place may have changed a lot.
For example, the Division of Werriwa, was named after the Aboriginal word for Lake George near Canberra.
However, Werriwa has not included Lake George for many years.
The boundary of Werriwa is now 200km north of the lake.
The Australian Electoral Commission (AEC) is in charge of creating, abolishing, or redistributing the boundaries of the Divisions.
Some of the guidelines the AEC use when naming new Divisions are listed below:
Name divisions after deceased Australians who have given excellent service to their country, with consideration given to former Prime Ministers
Keep the names of Divisions used at Federation in 1901
Avoid place names
Use Aboriginal names
Do not use names which are used as state electoral districts
List of Commonwealth Electoral Divisions, 2010-
Abolished Divisions
Angas (1903–34) (SA)
Angas (1949–77) (SA)
Australian Capital Territory (1949–74) (ACT)
Balaclava (1901–84) (VIC)
Barrier (1901–22) (NSW)
Batman (1906–2019) (VIC)
Bland (1901–06) (NSW)
Bonython (1955–2004) (SA)
Bourke (1901–49) (VIC)
Burke (1949–55) (VIC)
Burke (1969–2004) (VIC)
Canobolas (1901–06) (NSW)
Charlton (1984–2016) (NSW)
Cook (1906–55) (NSW)
Coolgardie (1901–13) (WA)
Corinella (1901–06) (VIC)
Corinella (1990–96) (VIC)
Dalley (1901–69) (NSW)
Dampier (1913–22) (WA)
Darebin (1949–69) (VIC)
Darling (1901–77) (NSW)
Darling Downs (1901–84) (QLD)
Darwin (1903–55) (TAS)
Denison (1903–2019) (TAS)
Diamond Valley (1969–84) (VIC)
Dundas (1977–93) (NSW)
East Sydney (1901–69) (NSW)
Echuca (1901–37) (VIC)
Evans (1949–77) (NSW)
Fawkner (1906–69) (VIC)
Fraser (1974–2016) (ACT)
Grampians (1901–22) (VIC)
Gwydir (1901–2007) (NSW)
Hawker (1969–93) (SA)
Henty (1913–90) (VIC)
Higinbotham (1949–69) (VIC)
Hoddle (1949–55) (VIC)
Illawarra (1901–22) (NSW)
Isaacs (1949–69) (VIC)
Kalgoorlie (1901–2010) (WA)
Laanecoorie (1901–13) (VIC)
Lang (1901–77) (NSW)
Lawson (1949–69) (NSW)
Lowe (1949–2010) (NSW)
Martin (1922–55) (NSW)
McMillan (1949–2019) (VIC)
Melbourne Ports (1901–2019) (VIC)
Mernda (1901–13) (VIC)
Moira (1901–06) (VIC)
Murray (1949–2019) (VIC)
Namadgi (1996–98) (ACT)
Nepean (1906–22) (NSW)
Northern Melbourne (1901–06) (VIC)
Northern Territory (1922–2001) (NT)
Oxley (1901–34) (QLD)
Parkes (1901–69) (NSW)
Phillip (1949–93) (NSW)
Port Adelaide (1949–2019) (SA)
Prospect (1969–2010) (NSW)
Riverina-Darling (1984–93) (NSW)
Scullin (1955–69) (VIC)
South Australia (1901–03) (SA)
South Sydney (1901–34) (NSW)
Southern Melbourne (1901–06) (VIC)
St George (1949–93) (NSW)
Streeton (1984–90) (VIC)
Tasmania (1901–03) (TAS)
Throsby (1984–2016) (NSW)
Wakefield (1903–2019) (SA)
Watson (1934–69) (NSW)
West Sydney (1901–69) (NSW)
Wilmot (1903–84) (TAS)
Wimmera (1901–77) (VIC)
Yarra (1901–69) (VIC)
For an electoral history of each Division since Federation in 1901, see Adam Carr's Electoral Archive: Index of House of Representatives Divisions 1901-2001
Kansallis-Osake-Pankki was a merchant bank in Finland in 1889–1995.
The bank's sign was blue squirrel.
Otto Hjelt (1889–1892)
Fredrik Nybom (1892–1914)
J. K. Paasikivi (1914–1934)
Mauri Honkajuuri (1934–1948)
Matti Virkkunen (1948–1975)
Veikko Makkonen (1975–1983)
Jaakko Lassila (1983–1991)
Pertti Voutilainen (1991–1995)
Taco John's International is a franchisor of small, Mexican restaurants.
The chain is based in Cheyenne, Wyoming.
Taco John's was started in 1969 by Harold Holmes and Jim Woodson.
The chain has about 400 restaurants.
It has not had much growth for many years.
Mytilus is a common genus of medium to large-sized marine mussels.
They are bivalve molluscs of the family Mytilidae.
Mussels are edible, and are used in various stews and soups.
In life, they are attached to the substrate (rocks etc) by byssus threads.
Species within the genus Mytilus include:
the Mytilus edulis complex:
Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758  – blue mussel, edible blue mussel
Mytilus edulis platensis d'Orbigny, 1846 = Mytilus chilensis (Hupé, 1854) – Chilean mussel (controversial)
Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819  – Mediterranean mussel
Mytilus trossulus Gould, 1850  – foolish mussel
Mytilus californianus Conrad, 1837  – California mussel
Mytilus mussels are widely used as food.
In California they were eaten by coastal Native American people for almost 12,000 years.
McDonald J.H; Seed R. and Koehn R.K. 1991.
Allozymes and morphometric characters of three species of Mytilus in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
Marine Biology 111: 323-333.
Mytilus coruscus  is the scientific name for the Korean mussel.
It is also called the hard-shelled mussel.
It is a species of mussel and a marine bivalve mollusc.
It is in the family Mytilidae.
This species is heavily used as a food item via mariculture in Korea.
and in China
This species lives along the coasts of the subtropical western Pacific Ocean.
It is found in the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan.
It can also be found as far north as the Peter the Great Gulf.
This mussel generally inhabits the upper part of the sublittoral zone.
Embryophytes are land plants.
They are they things most people call plants, the bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and flowering plants.
Another way of looking at it is to say they are the Viridiplantae minus the algae.
They include the Bryophytes and the vascular plants.
A chanterelle is a mushroom that is used in cooking.
It is yellow.
A chanterelle looks much like some other mushrooms.
About 25% of its dry weight is protein.
A rubber band is a stretchable band.
They can be different sizes, colours and shapes.
Stephen Perry patented the rubber band in England in 1845.
It is useful when is need to keep two or more items together.
They are made out of latex.
This is a complete alphabetical list of Medal of Honor recipients during the American Civil War.
This list only has the people with last names starting from A–F. Many of the medals received during the Civil War were for capturing or saving regimental flags.
During the Civil War these regimental flags served as the rallying point for the unit.
They also served as guids for the unit's movements.
These flags were usually heavily protected.
Loss of the flag could greatly disrupt a unit.
It could also have a greater effect than the death of the commanding officer.
It is bestowed on a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes himself "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…".
Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented after the recipient was killed (posthumously).
Recipients are listed alphabetically by last name.
Posthumous receipt is denoted by an asterisk.
The rank indicated is the individual's rank at the time of their Medal of Honor action.
Civil War A-F
A-F
Medal of Honor recipients
Chinese scholars' rocks	(供石 or gōngshí), also known as scholar stones or viewing stones, are small naturally shaped rocks which are traditionally valued by Chinese scholars.
Scholars rocks can be any color.
There are a wide variety of sizes.
Scholars rocks can weigh hundreds of pounds or less than one pound.
The term also means stones which are placed in traditional Chinese gardens.
Four important qualities for the rocks were recognized in the Tang dynasty.
They are: thinness (shou), openness (tou), perforations (lou), and wrinkling (zhou).
Chinese scholar's rocks influenced the development of suseok in Korea and suiseki in Japan.
Lingbi stone (Lingbishi) from Lingbi, Anhui province, limestone
Taihu stone (Taihushi) from Lake Tai, Jiangsu province, limestone
Yingde stone (Yingshi or Yingdeshi) from Yingde, Guangdong province, limestone
The evaluation of a scholar's rock identifies subtlety of color, shape, markings and surface.
The qualities which are prized include
awkwardness or odd symmetry
resonance or ringing when struck
represents  or resemblance to landscape or figure
moistness or glossy surface
The stone may be displayed on a wooden base that has been carved specifically for the stone.
Scholar's rock at Metropolitan Museum of Art
The common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis), also known as the Eurasian kingfisher and river kingfisher, is a small kingfisher.
Like most kingfishers, it needs a perch to do its fishing.
Usual is to see it on a tree branch overlooking a river.
There are seven subspecies in its wide distribution across Eurasia and North Africa.
It is resident over much of its range, but migrates from areas where rivers freeze in winter.
This sparrow-sized bird has the typical short-tailed, large-headed kingfisher profile; it has blue upperparts, orange underparts and a long bill.
It feeds mainly on fish caught by diving, and has special visual adaptions to see its prey underwater.
The glossy white eggs are laid in a nest at the end of a burrow in a riverbank.
They stood 8 m (34 ft) or more tall, and looked like the modern tree ferns.
They lived in the mid-Devonian, about 385 million years ago.
They were cladoxylopsids, close relatives of modern ferns and horsetails.
The crown of Wattieza, discovered in 2005, was united with its root and trunk, known since 1870.
The fossilized grove of "Gilboa stumps" had been described as Eospermatopteris, though the complete plant remained unknown.
Wattieza had fronds rather than leaves, and reproduced with spores.
CNN.com: Oldest tree had fronds, not leaves.
The name Susan is a female given name, based around the name Susanna; the name was extremely popular in the United States during earlier parts of the 20th century.
Famous people with the name include Susan Lucci and Susan Sarandon.
Susan Collins is a United States Senator from Maine; she has been so since 1994.
is the Japanese term for small naturally occurring or shaped rocks which are traditionally appreciated.
They are similar to Chinese scholar's rocks.
Suiseki can be any color.
Suiseki can weigh hundreds of pounds or less than one pound.
The term also means stones which are placed in traditional Japanese gardens.
Chinese scholar's rocks influenced the development of suiseki in Japan.
The history of suiseki in Japan begins during the reign of Empress Suiko.
The small objects were brought to Japan as gifts from the Chinese Imperial court.
The evaluation of suiseki recognizes color, shape, markings and surface.
According to  in ,
It is not a silly thing at all to enjoy a stone in a tray.
I see the whole world in a tiny stone.
Some objects in this world are huge, and others are small, and they come in all shapes, but they are not that different when you look at their essence.
Some types of suiseki suggest a mountain, a waterfall, an island, a thatched hut or an animal.
Nippon Suiseki Association
The Prudential Tower, also called the Prudential Building or The Pru, is a skyscraper in Boston, Massachusetts.
The building is the 2nd-tallest building in Boston.
It was designed by Charles Luckman and Associates for Prudential Insurance and was completed in 1964.
With its radio mast, the tower is  and is the tallest building in Boston.
It has an observation deck, called the "Prudential Skywalk", on its 50th floor.
It is currently the highest observation deck in New England that is open to the public.
The building also has a restaurant on the 52nd floor, called "Top of the Hub."
Construction on the Prudential Tower began in 1960.
When it was completed in 1964, it was the tallest building in the world outside of New York City.
Since the Prudential Tower was built, other tall buildings have been built in Boston.
Today, it is not one of the fifty tallest buildings in the USA.
Broadcast tenants
The main rooftop mast has two FM master antennas, and a television antenna.
The roof also has a smaller tower with standby antennas.
These antennas broadcast several Boston radio stations.
List of tenants
Ropes & Gray, 17 floors, mostly above 26th floor; reception on 48th floor.
Partners HealthCare, several floors; head office is on the 11th
SAS, 22nd floor
Robins, Kaplan, Miller & Ciresi, L.L.P., 25th floor
Posternak, Blankstein & Lund LLP, 32nd-33rd floors
Exeter Group, 35th floor
St. Francis Chapel, ground floor of the Prudential Center Complex
NStar
Rapid7
PrudentialCenter.com
Boston Properties - The Prudential (Tower)
Boston Properties - The Prudential Center
Suseok (수석) is the Korean term for small naturally occurring or shaped rocks which are traditionally valued.
Suseok can be any color.
Suseok can weigh hundreds of pounds or less than one pound.
The term also means stones which are placed in traditional Korean gardens.
Chinese scholar's rocks influenced the development of suseok in Korea.
The evaluation of suseok recognizes color, shape, markings and surface.
Suseok at KoreanViewingStones.com via Internet Archive
Bucheon Museum of Suseok at Bucheon.go.kr
The name Werriwa is the local Aboriginal name for Lake George.
The lake was in the division when the boundaries were drawn in 1900.
The division was one of the original 75 divisions for Australia's first federal election in 1901.
It covered a large rural area from the south west of Sydney to the northern part of what is now the ACT.
Over the years, the population around Sydney increased.
The boundaries were redrawn and Werriwa became smaller in area.
By 1913 Lake George was no longer included in the Dvision.
Werriwa become a south-western Sydney suburban electorate over 150 km away from Lake George.
It has kept the name of Werriwa, because it is an original Federation electorate.
The Australian Electoral Commission tries to keep the names of original Federation electorates.
Werriwa was the electorate (1952-78) of former Prime Minister Gough Whitlam.
From 1994 to 2005 the Werriwa was held by one of Whitlam's former aides, Mark Latham.
Latham was the leader of the ALP and Leader of the Opposition from 2003-2005.
In a by-election in March 2005, Labor's Chris Hayes was elected with over 55% of the vote.
There were 16 other candidates but none got more than 8% of the vote.
2013 election results
2010 federal election
2007 federal election
2005 Werriwa by-election
2004 federal election
Division of Werriwa - Australian Electoral Commission
Laurie Ferguson's website
Werriwa
1901 establishments in Australia
Zadar is a small city in Croatia with around 75000 people.
It is a city because it has a cathedral, dedicated to Saint Anastasia.
Cyclic vomiting syndrome (US English) or cyclical vomiting syndrome (UK English), abbreviated CVS, is a medical condition whose main symptoms are nausea and repeated vomiting.
CVS happens more often in children but it can occur at any age.
CVS is one of the childhood periodic syndromes.
This is a group of migraines syndromes that happen to children.
Children who have one of these childhood periodic syndromes  like cyclic vomiting, will when they get older, usually get one of the other types of migraine that affect adults
The People's Liberation Army (PLA) was founded by N. Bisheshwar Singh on September 25, 1978.
It is a separatist armed revolutionary group fighting for a separate independent socialist state of Manipur.
It was the first organization from Manipur to have been trained by the China's People Liberation Army at Lhasa in the eighties.
It was also trained by the NSCN in Myanmar during this time.
The Naga National Council was a political organization of Naga people, active from the late 1940s to the early 1950s.
Under the leadership of Angami Zapu Phizo in the 1940s, it unsuccessfully campaigned for the secession of the Naga territory from the Republic of India and creation for a sovereign Naga state.
The term Naga people (Burmese: နာဂ, Hindi: नागा) refers to a conglomeration of several tribes inhabiting the North Eastern part of India and north-western Burma.
The tribes have similar cultures and traditions, and form the majority ethnic group in the Indian states of Nagaland, Assam and the disputed territory of Southern Tibet.
The Garos are a tribal people in Meghalaya, Republic of India and neighboring areas of Bangladesh, who call themselves A·chik Mande (literally "hill people," from a·chik "hill" + mande "people") or simply A·chik or Mande.
They are the second-largest tribe in Meghalaya after the Khasi and comprise about a third of the local population.
The Garos are one of the few remaining matrilineal societies in the world.
The Khasi are an indigenous or tribal people, the majority of whom live in the State of Meghalaya in North-east India, with small populations in neighbouring Assam, and in parts of Bangladesh.
They call themselves Ki Hynñiew trep, which means "the seven huts" in the Khasi language.
Their language Khasi is the northernmost Austro-Asiatic language.
Erin Isabelle Burnett (born July 2, 1976) is an American news anchor and journalist.
She has also done reporting at NBC.
Since 2011, Burnett has been the host of Erin Burnett OutFront on CNN.
The Medal of Honor was first presented in the American Civil War.
President Abraham Lincoln signed a bill creating the medal.
When it started it was for the United States Navy.
It was signed on December 21, 1861.
It was "to be bestowed upon such petty officers, seamen, landsmen, and Marines as shall most distinguish themselves by their gallantry and other seamanlike qualities during the present war."
Another law was created to include the United States Army.
That law was signed by the president on July 12, 1862.
While the Medal of Honor is now the highest military decoration attainable by a member of the United States armed forces, during the Civil War, it was the only one.
This means it was often earned for reasons that would not meet modern criteria.
For example, Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton promised a Medal of Honor to every man in the 27th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment who extended his enlistment.
311 men in the unit accepted.
Because there was no official list of their names, the War Department issued 864.
One for each man in the unit.
In 1916, a group of five retired generals reviewed Army awards and recommended that these 864 and others be revoked.
Since then 3,464 Medals of Honor have been presented.
1522 were for actions during the American Civil War.
The first Medals of Honor were given to many of the participants of the Andrews' Raid.
Some of the people from the raid received them after they died (posthumously).
Andrews himself was a civilian and thus ineligible at the time.
Mary Edwards Walker was a surgeon and became the only woman (and one of only eight civilians) who received a Medal of Honor.
It was later taken away but after many years it was given back.
Twenty-five were presented to African Americans.
These included seven sailors of the Union Navy.
Fifteen soldiers of the United States Colored Troops received it for their actions.
Three soldiers of other Army units also received it.
It was common for Civil War Medals of Honor to be granted decades after the conflict ended.
In the case of Andrew Jackson Smith the Medal was not authorized until 2001.
That is 137 years after the action in which he earned it.
Smith's wait was caused by a missing battle report.
It is the longest delay of the medal for any recipient.
This is a complete alphabetical list (G to L) of Medal of Honor recipients during the American Civil War.
Many of the medals presented during the Civil War were for capturing or saving regimental flags.
At that time regimental flags served as the rallying point for the unit.
They guided the unit's movements and loss of the flag could greatly disrupt a unit.
Getting the flag could have a greater effect than the death of the commanding officer.
The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government.
Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented after the individual dies (posthumously).
Civil War G-L
G-L
This is a complete alphabetical list (M to P) of Medal of Honor recipients during the Civil War.
During this time regimental flags served as the rallying point for the unit.
They also guided the unit's movements.
It could have a greater effect than the death of the commanding officer.
Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented after the recipient has been killed.
This is sometimes referred to as posthumously.
Civil War M-P
M-P
This is a list of Australian political parties.
There are also other parties which are only active at a state level.
This list includes all parties registered with the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC).
Registered for elections with the AEC
Animal Justice Party
Australia First Party (NSW) Incorporated
Australian Affordable Housing Party
Australian Democrats
Australian First Nations Political Party
Australian Fishing and Lifestyle Party
Australian Labor Party (ALP)
Australian Progressives
Australian Protectionist Party
Australian Stable Population Party
Building Australia Party
Christian Democratic Party (Fred Nile Group)
Citizens Electoral Council of Australia
Country Liberals (Northern Territory)
Democratic Labor Party (DLP) of Australia
Family First Party
Help End Marijuana Prohibition (HEMP) Party
No Carbon Tax Climate Sceptics
Non-Custodial Parents Party (Equal Parenting)
Reason Party
Rise Up Australia Party
Science Party
Secular Party of Australia
Senator Online (Internet Voting Bills/Issues)
Shooters and Fishers Party
Socialist Alliance
Socialist Equality Party
Parties with seats in the Federal Parliament
As of the last election in 2019 the following parties held at least one seat in the Australian Federal Parliament.
Note: The Liberal Party of Australia and the National Party of Australia are in a centre-right coalition called the "Liberal–National Coalition", also commonly known simply as "the Coalition".
The Coalition has held a majority in the Australian House of Representatives and been in government since 2013.
Liberal Party figures include Liberal National Party of Queensland and Country Liberal Party of the Northern Territory.
Former political parties
These groups are no longer registered and can no longer take part in elections.
A number of these may still exist but they are not political parties.
4Change (formerly the Climate Change Coalition)
Abolish Self Government Coalition
Advance Australia Party (formerly the Rex Connor Labor Party)
All for Australia League
Australia Party
Australian Bill of Rights Group
Australian Commonwealth Party
Australian Conservative Party
Australian Family Movement
Australian Labor Party (Non-Communist)
Australian Marijuana Party
Australian Nationalist Party
Australian Party
Australian Progressive Alliance
Australian Reform Party
Australian Women's Party (1995)
Australians Against Further Immigration (AAFI)
Australia's Indigenous Peoples Party
Carers Alliance
Centre-Line Party
City Country Alliance
Combined New Australia Party
Commonwealth Centre Party
Commonwealth Party
Communist Party of Australia (1920–1991)
Communist Party of Australia (revived)
Confederate Action Party of Australia
Conservative Party of Australia
Country and Progressive National Party
Country Progressive Party
Curtin Labor Alliance
Deadly Serious Party
Defence and Ex-Services Party
Defence of Government Schools
Democratic Labor Party (1955-78)
Democratic Party (1920)
Democratic Party (1943)
Democratic Socialist Electoral League
Earthsave (politics)
Engineered Australia Plan Party
Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy Australia
Ex-Service, Service and Veterans Party
Family Law Reform Party
Great Australians Party
Grey Power
Hear Our Voice
Hope Party Australia
Human Rights Party
Illawarra Workers Party
Independent EFF
Independent Labor Group
Industrial Labor Party
Industrial Socialist Labor Party
Lang Labor
Liberal and Country League
Liberal Country Party
Liberal Reform Group
liberals for forests
Libertarian Party of Australia
Lower Excise Fuel and Beer Party
Majority Labor Party
National Alliance (WA)
Natural Law Party
No Aircraft Noise
National Action
National Humanitarian Party
National Socialist Party of Australia
New Country Party
New England New State Movement
New LM
No GST Party
Nuclear Disarmament Party
One Australia Movement
One Australia Party
One Nation NSW
One Parliament for Australia
Pauline's United Australia Party
Pensioner and Citizen Initiated Referendum Alliance (formerly Pensioner Party of Australia)
People Power Party
Progressive Conservative Party
Progressive Labour Party
Progressive Party
Progressive Party (1920)
Protestant Labor Party
Protestant People's Party
Queensland Farmers' Union
Queensland Labor Party
Reclaim Australia: Reduce Immigration
Referendum First Group
Reform the Legal System
Republican Party of Australia
Restore the Workers' Rights Party
Revenue Tariff Party
SA First
Single Tax League
State Labor Party
Sun Ripened Warm Tomato Party
Tasmania First Party
Tasmania Senate Team
Taxi Operators Political Service
The Communists
Unite Australia Party
United Australia Party
United Christian Party
United Country Party
United Tasmania Group
Victorian Liberal Party (formerly the Electoral Reform League)
Lev Vygotsky  ( – 11 June 1934) was a Russian psychologist.
He worked on child development, play and language.
He also developed a holistic theory of human cultural and biosocial development.
Vygotsky's early death to tuberculosis left many manuscripts.
Sorting them out has taken many years.
Perhaps Vygotsky's most important work was the inter-relationship of language development and thought.
This establishes the connection between speech and the development of mental concepts and cognitive awareness.
Vygotsky described inner speech as being qualitatively different from normal (external) speech.
Although Vygotsky believed inner speech developed from external speech by a gradual process, with younger children only really able to "think out loud".
"Vygotsky's view is that language has two functions: external communication with one's fellow human beings and, equally important, the internal manipulation of one's inner thoughts".
Language starts as a tool external to the child used for social interaction.
The child guides its behavior by using a kind of self-talk or "thinking out loud".
Initially, self-talk is very much a tool of social interaction and this tapers to negligible levels when the child is alone.
Gradually, self-talk is used more as a tool for self-directed and self-regulating behavior.
Because it gets internalized, self-talk is no longer present when the child starts school.
Self-talk "develops along a rising not a declining, curve; it goes through an evolution, not an involution.
In the end, it becomes inner speech".p57
Speaking has thus developed along two lines, the line of social communication and the line of inner speech, by which the child mediates and regulates their activity through their thoughts.
This is not to say that thinking cannot take place without language, but rather it is mediated by language, and so develops to a much higher level of sophistication.
Just as the birthday cake as a sign provides much deeper meaning than its physical properties allow, inner speech as a sign provides much deeper meaning than the lower psychological functions would otherwise allow.
Inner speach
Inner speech is not comparable in form to external speech.
External speech is the process of turning thought into words.
Inner speech is the opposite; it is the conversion of speech into inward thought.
Inner speech, for example, contains predicates only.
Subjects are superfluous.
Words are also used much more economically.
One word in inner speech would take many words to express it in external speech.
Vygotsky L. 1962.
Thought and language.
ISBN  0-262-72001-9.
Revised and expanded edition 2012.
ISBN  978-0-262-51771-3
Psychology of art.
Vygotsky L. 1978.
Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes.
Cambridge & London: Harvard University Press.
ISBN  0-674-57629-2
In Australian Federal Politics the Leader of the Opposition is a Member of Parliament in the House of Representatives.
The Leader of the Opposition is usually the leader of the party which has the most seats but is not part of the Government.
In Parliament the Leader of the Opposition sits on the left-hand side of the table in the centre, in front of the Opposition and opposite the Prime Minister.
The Opposition Leader is elected by the Opposition Party.
A new Opposition Leader may be elected if the person in the position dies, resigns or is challenged for the leadership.
The Commonwealth of Australia is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system.
It is based on the British Westminster model.
The term Opposition has a specific meaning in the parliamentary system.
Its formal title is Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition.
This is an important part of the Westminster system.
The Opposition directs its criticism at the Government and attempts to defeat and replace the Government.
The Opposition is therefore the 'Government in waiting' and it is a formal part of the parliamentary system, just as is the Government.
It is in opposition to the Government, but not to the Crown, hence the term 'Loyal Opposition'.
Leaders of the Opposition
Shows an Opposition Leader who had previously been Prime Minister.
Shows an Opposition Leader who later became Prime Minister.
Gough Whitlam refused to use the title Leader of the Opposition between the dismissal of his government in November 1975 and the first meeting of the new parliament in February 1976.
During the election campaign in December 1975 he styled himself as the Leader of the Majority in the House of Representatives.
It is bestowed on members of the United States armed forces.
To receive it they must distinguish themselves "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…".
Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented after the person was killed (posthumously).
Many of the medals presented during the American Civil War were for capturing or saving regimental flags.
During the Civil War these flags served as the rallying point for the unit.
Civil War Q-S
This is a complete alphabetical list (T to Z) of Medal of Honor recipients during the American Civil War.
At this time regimental flags served as the rallying point for the unit.
It guided the unit's movements and loss of the flag could greatly disrupt a unit.
It is presented to members of the United States armed forces who distinguish thesmelves "…conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while that could engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States…".
Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented after the recipient has been killed (posthumously).
Porter, David D. The Naval History of the Civil War Castle, Secaucus, NJ, 1984, .
Civil War T-Z
The Second Battle of Fort Fisher was a joint assault by Union Army and naval forces.
It was against the Confederate Fort Fisher.
The fort was located outside Wilmington, North Carolina.
The battle was near the end of the American Civil War.
The battle was sometimes referred to as the "Gibraltar of the South".
The fort was the last major coastal stronghold of the Confederacy.
Fort Fisher had tremendous strategic value during the war.
The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War.
It is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces.
The recipient must have distinguished themselves at the risk of their own life above and beyond the call of duty in action against an enemy of the United States.
Second Battle of Fort Fisher
Lists of the American Civil War
The Battle of Opequon was more commonly known as the Third Battle of Winchester.
It was fought in Winchester, Virginia on September 19, 1864.
It happened during the Valley Campaigns of 1864 in the American Civil War.
Fourteen Union Army enlisted men and one officer were presented the Medal of Honor for gallantry during the battle.
The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War and is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces.
Lists of Medal of Honor recipients
The Battle of Cedar Creek was fought near Middletown, Virginia on October 19, 1864.
The battle was the decisive engagement of Major General Philip Sheridan’s Valley Campaigns of 1864.
It was the largest battle fought in the Shenandoah Valley.
Twelve Union Army enlisted men and nine officers were presented the Medal of Honor for their actions during the battle.
Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented after the recipient has been killed (posthumously).
World War I (also known as the First World War and the Great War) was a global military conflict that involved most of the world's great powers.
The war was assembled in two opposing groups: the Entente and the Central Powers.
The immediate cause of the war was the June 28, 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
He was heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne.
He was killed by Gavrilo Princip who was a Bosnian Serb citizen of Austria–Hungary.
He was also a member of the Black Hand.
The retaliation by Austria–Hungary against Serbia activated a series of alliances that set off a chain reaction of war declarations.
Within a month, much of Europe was in a state of open warfare.
This resulted in the mobilization of more than 65 million European soldiers, and more than 40 million casualties—including approximately 20 million deaths by the end of the war.
When World War I broke out, the United States maintained a policy of isolationism, avoiding conflict while trying to negotiate peace between the warring nations.
However, when a German U-boat sank the British liner Lusitania in 1915, with 128 Americans aboard, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson demanded an end to attacks on passenger ships.
Germany complied and Wilson unsuccessfully tried to mediate a settlement.
He repeatedly warned that the U.S. would not tolerate unrestricted submarine warfare, in violation of international law.
By the time the United States of America entered the war in 1917—three years after the first shots were fired—several Americans had already gone to fight as pilots by joining the Royal Flying Corps.
These pilots reported to Canada, and after flight training were sent to fight as officers in the British military.
By the end of the war, 119 men received the Medal for their actions (33 of them posthumously): 90 from the Army, 21 from the Navy, and 8 from the Marine Corps.
Among the recipients were Alvin York, who later became the basis for the movie Sergeant York, and Edward Rickenbacker, who became a flying ace.
Ralph Talbot of the Marine Corps also became a flying ace and was the first Marine aviator to receive the Medal of Honor.
Since the Medal of Honor was established, 19 recipients have received it twice, of whom 5 received both awards during World War I. These 5 men were all Marines who received both the Army and Navy versions of the Medal of Honor for the same action.
This was made possible by the practice of attaching some units of the U.S. Marine Corps, a part of the Department of the Navy, to larger U.S. Army commands, making Marines in such units eligible for both Army and Navy decorations.
Of the other three Marines who earned the Medal of Honor during World War I, two were awarded only the Navy version and one, Fred W. Stockham, received only the Army version.
In February 1919, the criteria for the award were amended to state that no person could receive more than one Medal of Honor, thus precluding any future double recipients.
Karl Duncker (Leipzig, 2 February 1903  23 February 1940) was a German psychologist.
Until 1935 he was a student and assistant of the founders of Gestalt psychology in Berlin: Max Wertheimer,  Wolfgang Köhler and  Kurt Koffka.
In 1935, exiled by the Nazis, he got an assistantship at Cambridge University with Frederic Bartlett.
Later he emigrated to the USA where he was again an assistant of Köhler’s at Swarthmore College.
He committed suicide in 1940 at 37 years of age.
He had been suffering from depression for some time and had received professional treatment.
Duncker coined the term functional fixedness in visual perception and problem solving.
This describes the difficulties arising from a part of a problem which normally has a fixed function.
In the problem, the fixed function must be changed to reach the perception or solution.
In his "candle problem" the situation was defined by the objects: a box of candles, a box of thumb-tacks and a book of matches.
The task was to fix the candles on the wall without any additional elements.
The difficulty of this problem arises from the functional fixedness of the candle box.
It is a container in the problem but must be used as a shelf in the solution.
an electromagnet must be used as part of a pendulum
a branch of a tree must be used as a tool
a brick must be used a paper weight
another meaning of a word must be found that is different from the meaning within the context of the sentence
APA Psychological Monographs 58
Dianthus armeria is an annual or biennial flowering plant commonly known as Deptford pink or grass pink.
It is in the family Caryophyllaceae.
It has small pink flowers that bloom from spring to summer followed by an explosive, inedible fruit.
The seeds are small and blackish or brownish.
It is a native plant in Europe, and widely grown as an ornamental plant in gardens.
It has been introduced to New Zealand and much of North America.
Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF) (Nepali: गोर्खा राष्ट्रिय मुक्ति मोर्चा) is a political party in the Darjeeling District of West Bengal, Republic of India.
It was formed in 1980 by Subhash Ghisingh with the objective of demanding a Gorkhaland state within India.
Edward Kern Demme (known as Ted Demme; October 26, 1963 - January 13, 2002) was an American movie director and producer.
His career began in 1988.
His movies included The Ref (1994), Beautiful Girls (1996), Life and Blow.
He died in Santa Monica, California due to a heart attack brought on by cocaine; the director was 38 when it happened.
He was married to Amanda Demme from 1994 until his death.
He was the nephew of Jonathan Demme.
Tie-dye is a colorful pattern used on clothing.
It is made by tying a piece of clothing into a tight bundle, and then dyeing it with various colors.
This became very popular in the 1960s and '70s.
It was often made to represent signs like 'peace' and 'flower power'.
Tie dye is an expression of emotion and is a very colourful and expressive type of art.now has been impacted social media recently.
In Western Punjab, the beats of dhol have been an element in the ceremonies of the great Sufi mystics and their followers.
The patterns of dhol have been developed to catalyze the mind of the devotee as is seeking spiritual trance.
Someone who plays the Dhol is known as Dholi ().
World War II was a global military conflict.
It is also called Second World War.
It was the joining of what started off as two separate conflicts.
The first began in Asia as the Second Sino-Japanese War.
The other began in Europe in 1939 with the German invasion of Poland.
This global conflict split the majority of the world's nations into two opposing military alliances.
On one side was the Allies.
On the other was the Axis powers.
It involved the mobilization of over 100 million military personnel.
This made it the most widespread war in history.
It placed the participants in a state of "total war".
The distinction between civil and military resources were eliminated.
This resulted in the complete activation of a nation's economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities for the purposes of the war effort.
Over 60 million people, the majority of them civilians, were killed, making it the deadliest conflict in human history.
The financial cost of the war is estimated at about a trillion 1944 U.S. dollars worldwide, making it the most costly war in capital as well as lives.
The Allies won.
The result was the United States and Soviet Union emerged as the world's two leading superpowers.
During this conflict 464 United States military personnel received the Medal of Honor, 266 of them posthumously.
Seventeen of these were Japanese-Americans fighting in both Europe and the Pacific.
Additionally, the only recipient for the United States Coast Guard received the Medal for his actions during this war.
N.B. A  in the citation indicates that the award was given posthumously.
Hairspray is a 1988 American musical teen comedy movie.
It was produced by John Waters, Robert Shaye and Rachel Talalay and was directed by Waters.
In 2002 a Broadway musical of the same name was made.
In 2007, the Broadway musical was turned into a movie.
Set in 1962 in Baltimore, Maryland, it is about teenager Tracy Turnblad who pursues stardom as a dancer on a local television show and rallies against racial segregation.
Ricki Lake as Tracy Turnblad
Divine as Edna Turnblad / Arvin Hodgepile
Debbie Harry as Velma Von Tussle
Sonny Bono as Franklin Von Tussle
Jerry Stiller as Wilbur Turnblad
Leslie Ann Powers as Penny Pingleton
Colleen Fitzpatrick as Amber Von Tussle
Michael St. Gerard as Link Larkin
Clayton Prince as Seaweed J. Stubbs
Ruth Brown as Motormouth Maybelle
Shawn Thompson as Corny Collins
Mink Stole as Tammy
Joann Havrilla as Prudence Pingleton
Alan J. Wendl as Mr. Pinky
Movies set in Baltimore
Movies directed by John Waters
Linderte is a small village in the city of Ronnenberg in Lower Saxony, in Germany.
It has about 500 inhabitants, as of 2008.
Villages in Lower Saxony
Ronnenberg is a town in the region Hanover in Lower Saxony, Germany.
It has about 23,300 inhabitants.
Alicia Roanne Witt (born August 21 1975) is an American singer, model and actor.
She was in the movie Citizen Ruth (1996).
She was born in Worcester, Massachusetts.
She acted on television shows Ally McBeal and The Sopranos.
The Battle of Iwo Jima took place in February and March 1945 during World War II.
Some of the fiercest fighting of the war happened during this battle.
The American invasion was called Operation Detachment.
It was charged with capturing the airfields on the Japanese island of Iwo Jima.
The Imperial Japanese Army positions on the island were heavily fortified.
There were vast bunkers with hidden artillery.
It had 18 kilometers (11 mi) of tunnels.
The battle was the first American attack on the Japanese Home Islands.
The Imperial soldiers defended their positions tenaciously.
Of the 21,000 Japanese soldiers present at the beginning of the battle, over 20,000 were killed.
Only 216 were taken prisoner.
The battle lasted 2 months.
After the battle 27 U.S. military personnel received the Medal of Honor for their actions.
Of the 27 medals presented, 22 were presented to Marines.
Five were presented to United States Navy sailors.
A full 30% of the 82 Medals of Honor presented to Marines in World War II were from this battle.
Due to the nature of this medal, it is commonly presented after the recipient is killed (posthumously).
These wars which ranged from the 17th-century (King Philip's War, King William's War, and Queen Anne's War at the opening of the 18th century) to the Leech Lake uprising in 1898.
They generally resulted in the opening of Native American lands to further colonization.
They also represent the conquest of American Indians and their assimilation or forced relocation to Indian reservations.
The Indian Wars comprised a series of smaller wars.
American Indians who were diverse peoples with their own distinct tribal histories, were no more a single people than the Europeans.
They lived in societies organized in a variety of ways.
American Indians usually made decisions about war and peace at the local level.
They sometimes fought as part of formal alliances.
One example is the Iroquois Confederation.
They also sometimes used temporary confederacies inspired by leaders such as Tecumseh.
The Spanish-American War (, desastre del 98, Guerra Hispano-Cubana-Norteamericana or Guerra de Cuba ) was a military conflict between Spain and the United States.
It began in April 1898.
Hostilities halted in August of that year.
The Treaty of Paris was signed in December.
The war began after America demanded Spain peacefully end the Cuban fight for independence.
The demand was rejected.
Strong expansionist sentiment in the United States may have motivated the government to target Spain's remaining overseas territories.
These territories included Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam and the Caroline Islands.
Riots in Havana by pro-Spanish "Voluntarios" gave the United States a reason to send in the warship .
It was sent to indicate high American interest.
Tension among the American people was raised because of the explosion of the . "
Yellow journalism" added to it accusing Spain of doing a lot of bad things.
This made the American public opinion show increased support of the conflict.
The war ended after decisive naval victories for the United States in the Philippines and Cuba.
The Treaty of Paris ended the conflict 109 days after the outbreak of war.
That gave the United States ownership of the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam.
Due to the nature of this medal it is commonly presented to the recipient after they are killed (posthumously).
The Philippine-American War was an armed military conflict between the United States and the First Philippine Republic.
It was fought from 1899 to at least 1902.
The conflict arose from a Filipino political struggle against U.S. occupation of the Philippines.
While the conflict was officially declared over on July 4, 1902, American troops continued hostilities against remnants of the Philippine Army and other resistance groups until 1913.
Some historians consider these unofficial extensions part of the war.
Eighty-six men received the Medal of Honor for their actions in the Philippine–American War.
70 from the Army.
10 from the Navy.
6 from the Marine Corps.
Four of the medals were posthumous.
Among the recipients were Webb Hayes who was the son of former U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes.
Two well known Marine Corps officers, Hiram I. Bearss and David Dixon Porter.
Bearss became known for leading long-range reconnaissance patrols behind enemy lines.
He was later wounded as a colonel in World War I. Porter was from a distinguished military family and rose to become a major general.
José B. Nísperos was a member of the Philippine Scouts.
He was honored for continuing to fight after being wounded and was the first Asian recipient of the Medal of Honor.
Note: Notes in quotations are derived or are copied in their entirety from the actual Medal of Honor citation
Philippine
Lura
Prespa
Tomorri Mountain
Fir of Hotova-Dangëlli
Shtam Pass
Zall-Gjoçaj
Korab-Koritnik
Amantia
Antigonea
Byllis
Hadrianopolis
Lissus
Oricum
Phoenice
Karaburun-Sazan is sea water forming a 1 nautical mile radius from the shores of the Karaburun Peninsula, and Sazan Island.
North-East
Chaco National Park
El Impenetrable National Park
Iguazú National Park - home of the Iguazu Falls, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Mburucuyá National Park
Río Pilcomayo National Park
North-West
Baritú National Park
Calilegua National Park
Campo de los Alisos National Park
Copo National Park
El Rey National Park
Los Cardones National Park
Campos del Tuyu National Park
El Palmar National Park
Islas de Santa Fé National Park
Predelta National Park
Quebrada del Condorito National Park
Cuyo
El Leoncito National Park
Los Venados National Park (projected, in San Luis)
San Guillermo National Park
Sierra de las Quijadas National Park
Talampaya National Park - a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000
Lago Puelo National Park
Laguna Blanca National Park
Lanín National Park
Lihué Calel National Park
Los Alerces National Park
Los Arrayanes National Park