the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Kit was ordered to invade the Canyon de Chelly.
It was here that many Navajos had taken refuge.
Historian David Roberts writes, "Carson's sweep through the Canyon de Chelly in the winter of 1863-1864 would prove to be the decisive action in the Campaign."
The Canyon de Chelly was a sacred place for the Navajo.
They believed it would now be their strongest sanctuary.
Three hundred Navajo took refuge on the canyon rim at a place called Fortress Rock.
They resisted Carson's invasion by building rope ladders, bridges, lowering water pots into a stream, and keeping out of sight.
These three hundred Navajo survived the invasion.
In January 1864, Carson swept through the 35-mile Canyon with his forces.
He cut down the thousands of peach trees in the Canyon.
Few Navajo were killed or captured.
Carson's invasion however proved to the Navajo that the white man could invade their country at any time.
Many Navajo surrendered at Fort Canby.
By March 1864, there were 3,000 refuges at Fort Canby.
An additional 5,000 arrived in the camp.
They were suffering from the intense cold and hunger.
Carson asked for supplies to feed and clothe them.
The thousands of Navajo were led to Bosque Redondo.
Many died along the way.
Stragglers in the rear were shot and killed.
In Navajo history, this horrific trek is known as The Long Walk.
By 1866, reports indicated that Bosque Redondo was a complete failure.
Major Carleton was fired.
Congress started investigations.
In 1868, a treaty was signed, and the Navajo were allowed to return to their homeland.
Bosque Redondo was closed.
First Battle of Adobe Walls
On November 25, 1864, Carson led his forces against the southwestern tribes at the First Battle of Adobe Walls in the Texas panhandle.
Adobe Walls was an abandoned trading post blown up by its inhabitants to prevent a take-over by hostile Native Americans.
Combatants at the First Battle were the United States Army and masses of Kiowas, Comanches, and Plains Apaches.
It was one of the largest engagements fought on the Great Plains.
The Texas State Library and Archives Commission writes: "The result of Adobe Walls was a crushing spiritual defeat for the Indians.
It also prompted the U.S. military to take its final actions to crush the Indians once and for all.
Within the year, the long war between whites and Indians in Texas would reach its conclusion."
The battle was the result of General Carleton's belief that the Native Americans were responsible for the continuing attacks on white settlers along the Santa Fe Trail.
He wanted to punish these thieves and murderers, and brought in Carson to do the job.
With most of the Army engaged elsewhere during the American Civil War, the protection the settlers sought was almost nonexistent.
They were begging for help.
Carson led 260 cavalry, 75 infantry, and 72 Ute and Jicarilla Apache Army scouts.
In addition, he had two mountain howitzer cannons.
On the morning of November 25, Carson discovered and attacked a Kiowa village of 176 lodges.
After the destruction, he moved forward to Adobe Walls.
Carson found other Comanche villages in the area, and realized he would face a very large force of Native Americans.
A Captain Pettis estimated that 1,200 to 1,400 Comanche and Kiowa began to assemble.
The number would swell to possibly 3,000.
Four to five hours of battle ensued.
When Carson ran low on ammunition and howitzer shells, he ordered his men to retreat to a nearby Kiowa village.
There they burned the village and many fine buffalo robes.
His Native American scouts killed and mutilated four elderly and weak Kiowas.
The retreat to New Mexico was then begun.
There were few deaths among Carson's men.
General Carleton wrote to Carson: "This brilliant affair adds another green leaf to the laurel wreath which you have so nobly won in the service of your country."
The battle is considered by some to be Carson's finest moment, and is thought one of the factors that made the Kiowas and Comanches sue for peace in 1865.
Some of those who have studied the battle believe Carson was correct in ordering his troops to retreat.
Only one Comanche scalp was reported taken by Carson's soldiers.
The First Battle at Adobe Walls would be the last time the Comanche and Kiowa forced American troops to retreat from battle.
Adobe Walls marked the beginning of the end of the plains tribes and their way of life.
A decade later, the Second Battle of Adobe Walls was fought on June 27, 1874, between 250 and 700 Comanche and a group of 28 hunters defending Adobe Walls.
After a four-day siege, the hundreds of Native Americans withdrew.
The Second Battle led to the Red River War of 1874–1875, a war that resulted in the final relocation of the Southern Plains Indians to reservations in Oklahoma.
Carson left the Army on November 22, 1867.
He moved his family to a small settlement on the Purgatoire River called Boggsville, Colorado.
He sold his house in Taos.
He wanted to build a ranch.
In January 1868, he was made superintendent of Indian Affairs in the Colorado Territory.
He was called to Washington, D. C. in February 1868 with Ute chiefs and other men to make a treaty.
Carson was seriously ill, and doubted he could make the journey, but he felt a responsibility to the chiefs and made the journey.
He asked doctors on the East Coast about his health (they gave him little hope of recovery), and toured New York City, Philadelphia, and Boston.
His last photograph was snapped in Boston.
He returned home in April 1868.
Josefa had given birth to their last child, Josefita.
It was not an easy birth.
Josefa died within two weeks on April 23, 1868.
Carson missed her greatly.
His health grew worse.
He needed chloroform to ease the pain.
Carson made his will on May 15, 1868 at Fort Lyon, and named Thomas Boggs his administrator.
Any monies realized from his estate would be used to support his children.
Carson had been diagnosed with an aortic aneurysm.
The aneurysm broke; Carson's mouth gushed with blood.
His doctor and best friend Thomas Boggs were present when he died.
Carson's last words were: "Doctor, goodbye.
Compadre, adíos."
He died on May 23, 1868 at Fort Lyon, Colorado.
The wife of an officer offered her wedding dress to line Carson's casket while the women of the fort took the cloth flowers from their hats to decorate his coffin.
Carson and Josefa were first buried in Boggsville.
The two were disinterred in 1869, and buried in Taos, New Mexico.
Carson's home in Taos is today a museum maintained by the Kit Carson Foundation.
A monument was raised in the plaza at Santa Fe by the New Mexico Grand Army.
In Denver, a statue of a mounted Kit Carson can be found atop the Mac Monnies Pioneer Monument.
Another equestrian statue can be seen in Trindad.
A national forest in New Mexico was named for Carson as well as a mountain and a county in Colorado.
A river in Nevada is named for Carson as well as the state's capital, Carson City.
Fort Carson, an army training post near Colorado Springs, was named for him during World War II by popular vote of the men training there.
In the 1960s and 1970s, Carson came under the scrutiny of revisionist historians.
Hitherto he had been regarded as an American hero, but the tide turned and he became an arch-villain in the genocidal campaign against the Native Americans.
Clifford Trafzer's 1982 Kit Carson Campaign: The Last Great Navajo War found fault with both Carleton and Carson, but Trafzer completely ignored Carson's many acts and deeds that humanized The Long Walk.
In 1992, a young professor at Colorado College was successful in abruptly demanding that a period photograph of Carson be removed from the R.O.T.C. office.
In 1992, a tourist told a journalist at the Carson home in Taos, "I will not go into the home of that racist, genocidal killer."
In 1973, militants in Taos tried to change the name of Kit Carson State Park.
Six years later, Kit Carson Cave near Gallup, New Mexico was the target of vandals, and, in 1990, protestors spray-painted Kit and Josefa's tombstones with the word "NAZI".
In the 1970s, a Navajo at a trading post said, "No one here will talk about Kit Carson.
He was a butcher."
In 1993, a symposium was organized to air various views on Carson, but the Navajo spokespeople refused to attend.
In time, views of Carson returned to their former glory.
David Roberts writes, "Carson's trajectory, over three and a half decades, from thoughtless killer of Apaches and Blackfeet to defender and champion of the Utes, marks him out as one of the few frontiersmen whose change of heart toward the Indians, born not of missionary theory but of first hand experience, can serve as an exemplar for the more enlightened policies that sporadically gained the day in the twentieth century."
A Brief History of the Bear Flag Revolt
Cleland, Robert Glass.
This Reckless Breed of Men.
Kit Carson Biography
Guild, Thelma S., and Harvey L. Carter.
Kit Carson: a pattern for heroes.
"Kit Carson: the legendary frontiersman remains an American hero".
Published by Wild West
Roberts, David.
A Newer World: Kit Carson, John C. Fremont, and the claiming of the West.
Sides, Hampton.
Blood and Thunder: an epic of the American West.
Volpe, Vernon.
2013. "
Kit Carson".
Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia.
World Book Encyclopedia.
Volume 3.
Scott, Foresman.
San Juan is a city in Metro Manila, Philippines.
It is the smallest city in the country in terms of land area.
Mandaluyong, officially the City of Mandaluyong (), is a city in Metro Manila, Philippines.
The city's nicknames are the Tiger City of the Philippines and the Shopping Capital of the Philippines.
Valenzuela, Paraguay
Valenzuela, Spain
Ricardo Valenzuela - birth name of the Mexican-American musician Ritchie Valens
Pasay, officially the City of Pasay (), is a city in  Metro Manila, Philippines.
It was one of the original four cities of Metro Manila.
Metropolitan Manila (), commonly known as Metro Manila, is the National Capital Region (NCR) of the Philippines.
It is the seat of government.
It has more people than most regions and metropolitan areas of the country.
There are 16 cities in Metro Manila.
They include Manila, Caloocan, Las Piñas, Makati, Malabon, Mandaluyong, Marikina, Muntinlupa, Navotas, Parañaque, Pasay, Pasig, Quezon City, San Juan, Taguig, and Valenzuela, as well as the municipality of Pateros.
Monoceros () is a constellation on the celestial equator.
It was described by 17th-century Dutch cartographer Petrus Plancius.
Orion is to the west of Monceros.
Gemini is to the north.
Canis Major is to the south.
Hydra is to the east.
Other constellations next to Monoceros are Canis Minor, Lepus and Puppis.
Monoceros is hard to see with the naked eye.
Its brightest star, Alpha Monocerotis, has a visual magnitude of 3.93.
It is brighter than Gamma Monocerotis at 3.98.
Monoceros does have some interesting features to look at with a small telescope.
Beta Monocerotis is a triple star system.
The three stars form a triangle which looks to be in one spot.
William Herschel commented that it is "one of the most beautiful sights in the heavens".
Monoceros also has Plaskett's Star.
It is a big binary system.
Its whole mass is said to be that of almost 100 Suns put together.
VISTA Reveals the Secret of the Unicorn — ESO Photo Release
The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Monoceros
The Constellations Web Page - Monoceros
Star Tales – Monoceros
Monoceros Constellation at Constellation Guide
Petrus Plancius (1552 – May 15, 1622) was a Flemish astronomer,  cartographer  and clergyman.
At the age of 24 he became a minister in the Dutch Reformed Church.
In 1592 he published his best known world map named "Nova et exacta Terrarum Tabula geographica et hydrographica".
He wrote journals and shipping maps.
He made a new way for finding longitude.
He was the first to use the Mercator projection for navigational maps.
He was one of the founders of the Dutch East India Company.
He drew over 100 maps.
Plancius knew Henry Hudson.
Hudson was an explorer of the New World.
Plancius made the map, Exacta & accurata delinatio… regionibus China, Cauchinchina, Camboja, sive Champa, Syao, Malacca, Arracan & Pegu, that was in Jan Huygen van Linschoten’s popular book, Itinerario (1596).
Star Tales – the constellations of Petrus Plancius
Minor planet 10648 Plancius
Edward R. Hauser (August 29, 1916 – Spetember 8, 2014) was an American animal scientist.
He was professor and chairman of the Department of Meat and Animal Science at University of Wisconsin–Madison.
Hauser was born in La Crosse, Wisconsin.
Boris Petrovich Khimichev (Борис Петрович Химичев; 12 January 1933 – 14 September 2014) was a Ukrainian-born Russian actor.
He was named a People's Artist of Russia in 1993.
Khimichev was known for his roles in Aty-baty, shli soldaty..., The Ballad of the Valiant Knight Ivanhoe, and in TASS Is Authorized to Declare....
Yitzhak Hofi (‎; 25 January 1927 – 15 September 2014) was an Israeli spy and general.
He was a member of the Palmach.
He was also the head of the  Israeli Northern Command and the director of Mossad.
Gemini is one of the constellations of the zodiac.
It was one of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd century AD astronomer Ptolemy.
It is one of the 88 modern constellations today.
Its name is Latin for "twins."
It is from the twins Castor and Pollux in Greek mythology.
Gemini lies between Taurus to the west and Cancer to the east.
Auriga and Lynx are to the north.
Monoceros and Canis Minor are to the south.
Meteor showers
The Geminids are a meteor shower that can be seen best on December 13–14.
People watching it see about 100 meteors per hour at most.
It one of the richest meteor showers.
The Epsilon Geminids peak between October 18 and October 29.
They have only been recently confirmed.
They overlap with the Orionids.
This makes the Epsilon Geminids hard to see.
Epsilon Geminid meteors move faster than Orionids.
In Babylonian astronomy, the stars Castor and Pollux were known as the Great Twins (MUL.MASH.TAB.BA.GAL.GAL).
The Twins were thought of as minor gods.
They were called Meshlamtaea and Lugalirra.
These names meant 'The One who has arisen from the Underworld' and the 'Mighty King'.
Both names can be understood as titles of Nergal, the major Babylonian god of plague and pestilence.
He was king of the Underworld.
Castor and Pollux are the brightest stars in Gemini.
They are two bright stars that appear very close together forming an o shape.
The Sun appears in the constellation Gemini from June 20 to July 20.
In tropical astrology, the Sun is in the sign Gemini from May 21 to June 22, and in sidereal astrology, from June 16 to July 15.
H. A. Rey, The Stars — A New Way To See Them.
Enlarged World-Wide Edition.
Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1997. .
The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Gemini
Astrojan Astronomical Picture Collection: The clickable Gemini
WikiSky: Gemini constellation
Ian Ridpath's Star Tales: Gemini
APOD Pictures of Gemini and Deep Sky Objects:
[http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap090506.html A Spring Sky Over Hirsau Abbey]
[http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap090503.html The Eskimo Nebula from Hubble]
[http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100612.html The Medusa Nebula]
[http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap031215.html Open Star Clusters M35 and NGC 2158]
[http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap050319.html NGC 2266: Old Cluster in the NGC]
Constellation Guide: Gemini Constellation
Eugene Irving Gordon  (September 14, 1930 – September 15, 2014) was an American physicist.
He was Director of the Lightwave Devices Laboratory of Bell Labs.
Gordon was born on September 14, 1930 in New York City.
He graduated from the City College of New York in 1952 with a B.S. in physics, and completed his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1957.
He became director of the Lightwave Devices Laboratory of Bell Labs.
He married Renate Albrecht on December 31, 1991.
He died on September 15, 2014 in Scotch Plains, New Jersey, aged 84.
Lepus is a constellation south of the celestial equator.
The hare is not from any figure in Greek mythology.
Lepus was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy.
It is one of the 88 modern constellations.
It is below the constellation Orion (the hunter).
It is known as a hare being chased by Orion.
IC 418 is a planetary nebula located about 1,100 light years away.
There is one Messier Object in Lepus, M79.
It is a globular cluster of magnitude 8.0, 42,000 light-years from Earth.
It is one of the few globular clusters seen in the Northern Hemisphere winter.
Hundred metre virtual telescope captures unique detailed colour image — ESO's Organisational Release
Star Tales – Lepus
Lepus Constellation at Constellation Guide
Puppis is a constellation that can be seen in the southern sky.
It is one of the 88 modern constellations recognized by the International Astronomical Union.
The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Puppis
Star Tales – Puppis
Puppis Constellation at Constellation Guide
The AFC Cup is a football competition run by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC).
It is available to clubs from AFC-affiliated countries that fall into the AFC's "developing nations" category per the Vision Asia document.
Jessica "Jessy" Schram (born 15 January 1986) is an American actress.
She played Hannah Griffith in Veronica Mars.
She also played Susan Davis in the Jane Doe television series on the Hallmark Channel.
Dranouter is a village in the municipality of Heuvelland in West Flanders, Belgium.
South China Athletic Association (also known as South China, SCAA, ) is a Hong Kong sports club, best known for its football team.
It is the most successfull club in Hong Kong.
They won a record 40 First Division League titles.
They have also won a record 31 Senior Shields, a record 9 FA Cups and 2 League Cups.
Winners (41): 1923–24, 1930–31, 1932–33, 1934–35, 1935–36, 1937–38, 1938–39, 1939–40, 1940–41, 1948–49, 1950–51, 1951–52, 1952–53, 1954–55, 1956–57, 1957–58, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1965–66, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1971–72, 1973–74, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1977–78, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1996–97, 1999–2000, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2012–13
Runners-up (16): 1928–29, 1946–47, 1953–54, 1955–56, 1964–65, 1966–67, 1972–73, 1980–81, 1984–85, 1988–89, 1992–93, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1997–98, 1998–99, 2010–11
Winners (5): 1917–18, 1925–26, 1933–34, 1951–52, 1952–53
Runners-up (?):
Winners (31): 1928–29, 1930–31, 1932–33, 1934–35, 1935–36, 1936–37, 1937–38, 1938–39, 1940–41, 1948–49, 1954–55, 1956–57, 1957–58, 1958–59, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1964–65, 1971–72, 1985–86, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2009–10, 2013–14
Hong Kong Viceroy Cup
Winners (8): 1971–72, 1979–80, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1990–91, 1992–93, 1993–94, 1997–98
Runners-up (7): 1973–74, 1974–75, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1989–90, 1991–92, 1995–96
Winners (10): 1984–85, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1995–96, 1998–99, 2001–02, 2006–07, 2010–11
Runners-up (4): 1975–76, 1985–86, 1997–98, 2000–01
Winners (3): 2001–02, 2007–08, 2010–11
Winners (9): 1947–48, 1950–51, 1952–53, 1953–54, 1954–55, 1956–57, 1957–58, 1958–59, 1966–67
Runners-up (1): 2009
Runners-up (1): 1993–94
Group Stage: 2014
Super Junior-M, often referred to as SJ-M, is a Mandopop boy band, under SM Entertainment.
They are the first international music group in the Chinese music industry to have members of both Chinese and Korean descent.
Me (2008)
Break Down (2013)
Original Soundtracks
Skip Beat! (
Super Girl (2009)
Perfection (2011)
Swing (2014)
Dree Hemingway (born December 4, 1987) is an American fashion model and actress.
She is the daughter of Mariel Hemingway and niece of Margaux Hemingway.
She did editorials for Harper's Bazaar and for Vogue.
Models from Idaho
Han Geng (; Hangul: 한경; born February 9, 1984) is a Chinese Mandopop singer and actor.
He was a member of South Korean boy bands, Super Junior and Super Junior-M.
Timothy Adam Hudson (born July 14, 1975) is a retired American professional baseball player.
He played the pitcher position.
The first professional team that Hudson played for was the Oakland Athletics.
He has also played with the Atlanta Braves and San Francisco Giants.
Hudson attended Glenwood School in Phenix City, Alabama.
In his senior year, his team went to the 1993 AISA state championship.
He finished his high school year with 12 wins and one loss.
He had a 1.78 earned run average.
Even with his great statistics, Hudson was not drafted or offered a scholarship to a big college.
Hudson decided to go to a local two-year college.
He went to Chattahoochee Valley Community College (CVCC).
Hamdeen Sabahi (, ; born 5 July 1954) is an Egyptian left-wing politician, journalist and poet.
He is the leader of the Egyptian Popular Current.
He also leads National Salvation Front with Amr Moussa.
Sabahi is a Nasserist.
Wanderlei César da Silva ( ; ; born July 3, 1976) is a Brazilian retired mixed martial artist.
He is nicknamed "The Axe Murderer" and "Cachorro Louco".
Silva is best known for his time in Pride Fighting Championships and the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) promotions.
He is the record holder for most wins, knockouts, title defenses, and longest winning streak in PRIDE history.
He has a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu and black prajied in Muay Thai.
He is known for his aggressive fighting style with the most of his fights ending in either a knockout or referee stoppage because of strikes.
On 22 October 2013, he was announced as a coach for The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil 3, where he would compete against his long-time rival Chael Sonnen.
Silva was suppose to have a bout with Sonnen, which was briefly attached to UFC 173.
and then at The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil 3 Finale was expected to take place on July 5, 2014 at UFC 175.
UFC president Dana White would later say that the fight had to be moved back when Silva injured his hand and back during a brawl with Sonnen which happened during the filming of the show.
Silva was pulled from the fight entirely because he had failed to submit an application to fight in the state of Nevada, as well as him refusing to undergo a random drug test.
Silva was replaced by Vitor Belfort.
On June 10, 2014, Chael Sonnen was reported to have failed a drug test and was not allowed to fight on the UFC 175 card, due to his failed drug test, Sonnen announced that he was retiring from the sport the next day.
The county is bordered by Bong County to the south and Gbarpolu County to the west.
The northwestern parts of Lofa border the nation of Sierra Leone.
The northeastern parts border Guinea.
Mount Wuteve, the highest mountain in Liberia, is in the county.
John Mercer Langston (December 14, 1829 – November 15, 1897) was a dean at Howard University.
He helped create the department of law at the university.
Langston was born a free black in Virginia.
His mother used to be a slave.
His father was English.
He was elected town clerk in Ohio.
This made him the first black person to hold a public office (a job where the people vote for you).
In 1888, he was elected to the U.S. Congress.
He was the first black congressman from Virginia.
The Michelin Guide (French: Guide Michelin) is a series of annual guide books published by the French company Michelin for over a century.
It lists good restaurants and hotels.
The term normally refers to the Michelin Red Guide, the oldest and best-known European hotel and restaurant reference guide.
A team of experts gives Michelin stars for excellence to a select few establishments.
The gain or loss of a star can have a big effect on the success of a restaurant.
The guides cover western Europe in detail, major cities in the USA, Japan and Hong Kong Macau.
Michelin was and is a tyre company, and the guides were originally meant to be packed in the car as you went touring through France.
That is why they cover hotels as well as restaurants.
Drive Angry is a supernatural 2011 action movie.
It stars Amber Heard and Nicolas Cage.
The movie is about criminals and fast cars.
It made less than its budget.
Shaukat Tarin or Shaukat Tareen (born 1953) is a senior Pakistani banker.
He was Pakistan's finance minister from 2009 to 2010.
Alf Ivar Samuelsen (28 February 1942 – 16 September 2014) was a Norwegian politician for the Centre Party.
Samuelsen served as Mayor of Flakstad.
He served as mayor from 1986 through 1987.
Samuelsen was born in Flakstad.
He was elected to the Parliament of Norway from Nordland in 2005.
He was not re-elected in 2009.
Samuelsen died in a tractor accident on 16 September 2014 in Flakstad.
He played in the Ukraine national football team.
He was one of Ukraine's most capped players.
He was a member of Ukraine's 2006 World Cup Squad, and played several games in the 2006 World Cup.
China Zorrilla (, Concepción Matilde Zorrilla de San Martín Muñoz; 14 March 1922 – 17 September 2014) was an Uruguayan theater, movie, and television actress.
She was known for her roles in La maffia, Esperando la carroza, Besos en la Frente, Conversations with Mother, and in Elsa & Fred.
Abner Linwood Holton, Jr. (September 21, 1923 – October 28, 2021) was an American and attorney.
He served as the 61st Governor of Virginia.
He served as governor from 1970 to 1974.
He was the first Republican governor since Reconstruction.
Holton, Jr. was born in Big Stone Gap, Virginia.
His daughter, Anne Holton, is married to United States Senator of Virginia Tim Kaine.
Holton died on October 28, 2021 in Kilmarnock, Virginia at the age of 98.
The Political Chilean Constitution  () is the main source about the actual structure of the government and laws in Chile.
It was approved in a plebiscite in 1980 and effective in 1981.
The main editor of the constitutional text was Jaime Guzmán.
The original text contains 120 articles, with 29 transitional provisions.
It was reformed in 1989, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007 and the last constitutional reform was made in 2008.
Now the actual text contains 129 articles and 21 transitory provisions.
The Chilean Constitution in Wikisource
Official translation of the original 1980 Constitution  (PDF file)
"Untying the knot" (The Economist)
Walter Edward Washington, (April 15, 1915 – October 27, 2003) was an American politician.
He was chief executive of District of Columbia from 1967 to 1979, serving as the first and only Mayor-Commissioner from 1967 to 1974 and as the first home-rule mayor of the District of Columbia from 1974 to 1979.
He was the last presidentially-appointed mayor of the District of Columbia.
FBI Files pertaining to Walter Washington
Walter Washington's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project
Julius Francis Joseph "Pembroke Peach" Nighbor (January 26, 1893 – April 13, 1966) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward.
In March 2010, at a Quebec auction, an American collector paid $33,000 USD to secure Frank Nighbor's game-worn Ottawa Senators sweater from the 1926–27 season.
Claire Foy (born 16 April 1984) is an English actress.
She played Anna in the 2011 movie Season of the Witch.
She played Kate in the NBC series Crossbones.
Foy is known for playing Elizabeth II in the Netflix series The Crown.
Foy was born in Stockport, Greater Manchester, England.
She grew up in Manchester, Leeds and Buckinghamshire.
Mark John Douglas Messier  (; born January 18, 1961) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre and a former special assistant to the president and general manager of the New York Rangers.
He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1979 until 2004.
He played for the Edmonton Oilers, New York Rangers, and Vancouver Canucks.
He also played in the World Hockey Association (WHA).
He was nicknamed "The Moose" because of his aggressiveness and strength.
He is considered to be one of the greatest NHL players of all time that was unable to win an Olympic medal.
Messier is listed second on the all-time career lists for regular season points (1887), playoff points (295) and regular season games played (1756).
During his career, he was able to win six Stanley Cups, winning it five times the Oilers and one time with the Rangers.
He is the only player to have captained two different professional teams to championships.
During his time with New York, he was nicknamed "The Messiah" because of his playoff leadership while there, which helped end a 54-year Stanley Cup drought in 1994.
He is a two-time Hart Trophy winner, winning it in 1990 and 1992.
Messier is only one of two players (the other being Wayne Gretzky) to have won the Hart Trophy with more than one team.
He was also a one-time Conn Smythe Trophy winner as the most valuable player during the playoffs in 1984.
He was named as an NHL All-Star 15 times during his career and was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame on November 12, 2007.
On June 30, 2017, he was named an Officer of the Order of Canada by Governor General David Johnston.
Julio Alfredo Jaramillo Laurido (October 1, 1935 – February 9, 1978) was a famous Ecuadorian singer and recording artist.
He performed throughout Latin America.
He received great fame for his music of boleros, valses, pasillos, tangos, and rancheras.
George Hege Hamilton IV (July 19, 1937 – September 17, 2014) was an American country musician.
He began performing in the late 1950s as a teen idol, later switching to country music in the early 1960s.
He performed for the Grand Ole Opry for nearly 50 years.
Hamilton had a heart attack on September 13, 2014.
He later died at Saint Thomas Midtown Hospital in Nashville on September 17.
Keith Anderson is an American country music singer.
He has made two albums.
His Three Chord Country and American Rock & Roll album was #1 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart.
Three Chord Country and American Rock & Roll (2005)
C'Mon! (
Reeva Rebecca Steenkamp (19 August 1983 – 14 February 2013) was a South African model and television personality.
At the time of her death, she had been filming her part for the reality television show Tropika Island of Treasure.
The series was filmed in Jamaica.
As a model, she had a contract with Capacity Relations.
She was also a presenter for FashionTV.
Steenkamp was born in Cape Town and raised in Port Elizabeth.
Her parents are Barry Steenkamp, a horse trainer, and his second wife June.
She was of Dutch and German ancestry.
During her early twenties, she broke her back in a horse riding fall, and had to learn how to walk again.
She was a paralegal.
She dated rugby union player Francois Hougaard.
At the time of her death, Steenkamp was dating Paralympic and Olympic athlete Oscar Pistorius.
Steenkamp was shot dead by her boyfriend Oscar Pistorius on 14 February 2013 in Pretoria.
She was 29.
Pistorius was arrested and charged with murder.
He claims he thought she was an intruder.
After a very public trial, Pistorius was charged with culpable homicide on 12 September 2014.
Cassandra Lynn Hensley (née Jensen; August 15, 1979 – January 15, 2014), better known by her stage name Cassandra Lynn, was an American model.
She was best known for work with Playboy.
She was the Playmate of the Month for February 2006.
Lynn was born in Price, Utah and raised in Salt Lake City.
She was married Gary Hensley on February 7, 2009.
She also had two children; a daughter, Alexis, from a previous relationship, and a son, Devin, with Hensley.
Lynn died on January 15, 2014 at her friend's home in Los Angeles, California, aged 34.
She was found by her friend floating in a bathtub.
Her death was caused by an accidental overdose of cocaine and alcohol.
Models from Utah
Warren County is a county located in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Missouri.
As of the 2010 census, the population was 32,513.
The county was started on January 5, 1833.
It was named for General Joseph Warren, who died in the Battle of Bunker Hill during the American Revolutionary War.
Warren County is part of the St. Louis, MO-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area.
The county is crossed by Route 94, called the "Missouri Weinstrasse".
This is because of the many vineyards from Marthasville east into St. Charles County.
Warren County is also part of the Missouri Rhineland, with award-winning wineries located on both sides of the Missouri River.
1833 establishments in Missouri
Debra Paget (born Debralee Griffin August 19, 1933) is an American actress.
She played Cathy Reno in Love Me Tender.
She also played Lily Becker in Stars and Stripes Forever.
Double Indemnity is a 1944 film noir movie about an insurance salesman (Fred MacMurray) and a housewife (Barbara Stanwyck).
Kenneth Vincent John Wheeler, OC (14 January 1930 – 18 September 2014) was a Canadian composer and trumpet and flugelhorn player.
Most of his performances were in jazz, but he was also active in free improvisation and sometimes was into rock music recordings.
Wheeler wrote over one hundred compositions and was a skilled arranger for small groups and larger ensembles.
Wheeler was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Wheeler died after a short period of frail health at a nursing home in London on 18 September 2014.
2003 Interview with journalist John Eyles, from AllAboutJazz.com
2005 Review of the Kenny Wheeler Big Band by John Fordham in the 'Guardian'
Kenny Wheeler discography at discogs
David Foster Wallace (February 21, 1962 – September 12, 2008) was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and professor of English and creative writing.
Wallace is widely known for his 1996 novel Infinite Jest.
It was called by Time magazine as one of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005.
David Foster Wallace Archive, The University of Texas at Austin
"An Appraisal: Writer Mapped the Mythic and the Mundane", by Michiko Kakutani, The New York Times, September 14, 2008.
"David Foster Wallace, 1962–2008", by David Gates, Newsweek, September 14, 2008.
"The Unfinished" by D. T. Max, The New Yorker, March 9, 2009.
"Everything & More: The Work of David Foster Wallace" by Malcolm Knox, The Monthly, November, 2008.
"David Foster Wallace and the Velveteen Rabbit", Identity Theory, August 2011.
"King of the Ghosts", n+1, October, 2011.
Sacrifice (2014) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).
It was held on April 27, 2014 at the Impact Zone in Orlando, Florida.
It was the ninth Sacrifice event that TNA held and was also the second event in TNA's 2014 pay-per-view schedule.
There were eight matches on the card with three main events.
The main events saw Eric Young defeat Magnus to retain the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, Gunner defeat James Storm in "I Quit" match and Bobby Roode defeat Bully Ray in a Tables match.
Sacrifice gained mixed reviews with James Caldwell, from Pro Wrestling Torch, saying "there were probably three or four independent shows this weekend with more star-power in their main events".
Caldwell also gave the Bobby Roode-Bully Ray match minus two stars.
Official TNA Sacrifice website
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling pay-per-view events
2010s in Orlando, Florida
Elaine Lee (23 December 1939 – 19 September 2014) was a South African-Australian actress.
She was best known for her role as Vera Collins in the 1970s television soap opera Number 96.
She also appeared in the drama series Heartbreak High and Home and Away.
Lee was born in Springs, Transvaal (now Gauteng).
She was married to actor Garth Meade.
The couple moved from South Africa to Australia so Meade could have a better career in 1970.
In 1976, the couple's marriage ended in divorce.
Uppalapu Shrinivas (; 28 February 1969 – 19 September 2014), better known by his stage name U. Srinivas, was an Indian mandolinist and music educator.
He performed under the Carnatic musical tradition.
He was given many awards including: Padma Shri (1998) and the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (2010).
He worked with musicians such as John McLaughlin, Michael Nyman, and Michael Brook.
Srinivas was born in Palakol, Andhra Pradesh.
He was married to Sree from 1994 until their divorce in 2012.
They had one son, Sai Krishna who is also known as Nani Krish.
Srinivas died from liver failure on 19 September 2014 in Chennai.
He was 45.
Jürg Schubiger (14 October 1936 – 15 September 2014) was a Swiss children's writer and psychologist.
In 1996, for his work on Als die Welt noch jung war, he won the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis (German Youth Literature Award).
He was also the biennial Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 2008 for his work on children's books.
He wrote around thirty books between 1956 and 2010.
He also wrote prose novels.
Schubiger was born in Zürich and raised in Winterthur.
He graduated from the University of Zürich.
He was married to Renate Bänninger Schubiger.
Schubiger died after a long illness on 15 September 2014 in Zürich.
American imperialism is the economic, military, and cultural influence of the United States on other countries.
At one time this influence included  expansion into foreign territories.
Expansionism was a primary objective of most empires, an example being the British Empire.
Modern imperialism started in the 15th century when European countries discovered, and fought to claim, the New World.
American imperialism began in the 1890s.
In 1896 the US annexed the Hawaiian Islands.
After the Spanish-American War the US annexed Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
In 1914 the US completed the Panama Canal.
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine increased US influence in Latin America.
It was the basis for Roosevelt's Big Stick policy.
The US evolved from expansionism towards being an influence on world affairs.
Herman Hollerith (February 29, 1860 – November 17, 1929) was an American statistician and inventor.
He developed a mechanical tabulator based on punched cards.
This tabulated (put into tables) the data from millions of people.
He was the founder of the Tabulating Machine Company that later became IBM.
Hollerith is known as the father of modern machine data processing.
The start of automatic data processing systems came with his invention.
Programs and data were put in to computer by punched cards in the 1950s and 60s.
Hollerith began working for the United States Census Bureau in the year he filed his first patent application.
Titled "Art of Compiling Statistics", it was filed on September 23, 1884; U.S. Patent 395,782 was granted on January 8, 1889.
Hollerith built machines under contract for the Census Office, which used them to tabulate the 1890 United States Census in only one year.
The previous 1880 United States Census  had taken eight years.
Hollerith started his Tabulating Machine Company in 1896.
Major census bureaus around the world leased his equipment and purchased his cards, as did major insurance companies.
Hollerith's machines were used for censuses in England, Italy, Germany, Russia, Austria, Canada, France, Norway, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines, and again in the 1900 United States Census .
To make his system work, he invented the first automatic card-feed mechanism and the first keypunch (that is, a punch operated by a keyboard); a skilled operator could punch 200–300 cards per hour.
He also invented a tabulator.
Businesspeople from Buffalo, New York
Mary I of Lusignan (c. 1223 – October 1, 1260) was a Countess of Eu in France.
She was a daughter of Raoul II of Lusignan, Count of Eu.
Her mother was Yolande de Dreux, daughter of Robert II, Count of Dreux and Yolande de Coucy.
Mary married Alphonso of Brienne about 1250.
She became Dame d'Issoudun, Countess of Eu and of Guinness in 1250.
Mary died on October 1, 1260 in Melle.
Blanche, Abbess of Maubuisson
1260s deaths
Quartering Act is the name given to two Acts of the British Parliament in the 18th century.
These acts ordered the local governments of the American colonies to give British soldiers housing and food when they needed it.
Each of the Quartering Acts was an amendment to the Mutiny Act.
The Parliament renewed them each year.
The Acts were passed to solve the problems of the French and Indian War.
They caused tension between the Thirteen Colonies and the government in London.
These problems led, in part, to the Revolutionary War.
Text of the Act of 1765
Text of the Act of 1774
A type of cosmic dust composed of particles in space
Cody Rhodes (born 1985), American professional wrestler who used the ring name Stardust
Stardust (spacecraft), a NASA mission to investigate the comet Wild 2
Stardust project, EU research on space junk and asteroids
Stardust (2007 movie), adapted from the Neil Gaiman novel
Stardust (1974 movie), by Michael Apted
Star Dust (movie), a 1940 movie directed by Walter Lang
Stardust (Willie Nelson album)
Stardust: The Great American Songbook, Volume III (album), by Rod Stewart
Stardust (John Coltrane album), 1963
Stardust (Natalie Cole album), 1996
Stardust (Lena album), 2012
"Stardust" (song), by Hoagy Carmichael's orchestra
"Stardust" (David Essex song)
"Stardust" (Lena Meyer-Landrut song) 2012
"Stardust" (Mika song), a song by Mika 2012
"Stardust", a song by Amaranthe from The Nexus
"Stardust", a song by Delain from The Human Contradiction
"Stardust", a song by Galneryus from Reincarnation
The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson was a talk show hosted by Johnny Carson under The Tonight Show franchise.
It ran from October 1, 1962 through May 22, 1992.
It originally aired during late-night.
For its first ten years, Johnny Carson's The Tonight Show was based at Thirty Rockefeller Plaza in New York City, on May 1, 1972, the show was moved to Burbank, California.
Peter Lassally served as the show's executive producer.
In 2002, The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson was ranked #12 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time.
Carson's official Tonight Show website
A profile of Carson in The New Yorker from 1978
Johnny Carson, late-night TV legend, dies at 79, a January 2005 CNN article
Register of His Papers in the Library of Congress
The Tonight Show  from the Museum of Broadcast Communications website
Popigai crater is an impact crater in Siberia, Russia.
It was formed when a meteor struck the Earth about 35 million years ago.
There are many diamonds under the crater.
The diamonds were made when the high pressure of the meteor hitting the ground compressed the graphite.
Even though there are many diamonds, mining is not considered to be profitable.
That is partly because the mine is in a place far from people.
Perhaps it is more because its diamonds are only industrial quality, and they can be made more cheaply by artificial means.
Hempstead is a town in the U.S. state of New York.
It is Nassau County.
It has a population of 759,757.
The current mayor of Hempstead is Kate Murray.
Darrell Zwerling (1927/1928 – April 2014) was an American character actor.
His most famous role was Hollis Mulwray, the Water Authority Commissioner (the husband of Faye Dunaway's character) in Roman Polanski's Chinatown.
Zwerling died in Hollywood, California in April 2014 from unknown causes but his death was not announced until September 16, 2014 by The Julliard School in New York.
Juilliard School  - In Memoriam
Edward L. "Buster" Jones (December 12, 1923 – September 16, 2014) was an American voice actor.
He was best known for his roles as Black Vulcan in Super Friends Blaster in The Transformers, Doc in G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero and Winston Zeddemore in The Real Ghostbusters (replacing Arsenio Hall) and later Extreme Ghostbusters.
He was born in Paris, Tennessee.
Avraham Heffner (Hebrew: אברהם הפנר‎; 7 May 1935 – 19 September 2014) was an Israeli movie and television director, screenwriter, author and Professor Emeritus at the Tel-Aviv University.
He was a recipient of the Ophir Award for lifetime achievements.
Heffner was known for his works in Slow Down, Aunt Clara (1977) and Laura Adler's Last Love Affair.
Rudi van Dantzig (4 August 1933 – 19 January 2012) was a Dutch choreographer, ballet dancer and writer.
From 1965 until his death he was the artistic co-leader of the Dutch National Ballet in Amsterdam.
Van Dantzig was born in Amsterdam.
After Sonia Gaskell (left in 1969) and his other colleague left the Dutch National Ballet in 1971, he was the only artistic leader until 1991.
For a Lost Soldier
In 1986 he wrote an autobiographical novel, Voor een verloren soldaat, about his homosexuality and sexual relationship while a young boy with a Canadian soldier.
The book became a great success and received several awards; an English translation, For a Lost Soldier, was published in 1991.
In 1992 a Dutch movie with the same title (English version: For a Lost Soldier) was based on it.
Van Dantzig also published a biography of the Dutch artist and resistance fighter Willem Arondeus in 2003.
Utrecht, Luuk: Rudi van Dantzig: a controversial idealist in ballet.
Zutphen, 1992.
Source (in Dutch)
DBNL
Gerard Peter Kuiper (; ; born Gerrit Pieter Kuiper; December 7, 1905 – December 23, 1973) was a Dutch-born American astronomer.
The Kuiper belt is named after him.
He discovered two natural satellites of planets in the solar system, namely Uranus's moon Miranda and Neptune's moon Nereid.
Kuiper went to college at the University of Leiden.
He graduated in 1927 and went on to earn his doctorate in 1933.
That same year, he moved to the United States and began working at the Lick Observatory in California.
In 1935, he was a lecturer at Harvard University.
In 1936, he moved to the University of Chicago, and in 1943 he became a professor there.
He was the director of their observatories from 1947 until 1960.
In 1960, Kuiper began work at the University of Arizona, and he started their lunar and planetary laboratory.
He was the director of the laboratory until July 1973.
Kuiper found groups of dwarf stars.
He was the first person to figure out the diameter of Pluto, and where the poles and equator of Venus are.
In the 1960s, he was one of the people who knew the most about the earth's moon, and he worked with NASA.
Gerard Peter Kuiper: NASA KAO's Namesake
Mary Wilson (March 6, 1944 – February 8, 2021) was an American singer.
She was an original member of The Supremes.
She remained in the group until 1977.
She released three solo records.
She also had five of her own singles.
Wilson was born in Greenville, Mississippi.
Hartford Colony is a historic district in Waterford, Connecticut.
It is in the area of Leonard Court, New Shore Road, and Shore Road.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.
Michelle Phillips (born Holly Michelle Gilliam, June 4, 1944) is an American singer, songwriter and actress.
She is best known for being in the musical group The Mamas & the Papas.
In the 1990s, she played Abby Malone on Beverly Hills, 90210.
Meredith Lynn MacRae (May 30, 1944 – July 14, 2000) was an American actress and singer.
She played Sally Ann on the show My Three Sons and Billie Jo in Petticoat Junction.
She was born in Houston, Texas.
She died of brain cancer in Manhattan Beach, California.
The Old Borges Ranch is a historic district in Walnut Creek, California.
There are four contributing buildings.
In 1899, Frank Borges bought .
He used it for a cattle ranch and a home for his family.
The ranch has a blacksmith shop, farm equipment displays, a barn, and other buildings.
One of those buildings is the Borges family home.
The home has five rooms.
It is made of redwood.
Five generations of the Borges family lived in the house.
It is now the Old Borges Ranchhouse and Visitor Center.
Today, rangers live and work at the ranch.
Historic districts in California
Sparky Anderson (22 Feb 1934 - 4 Nov 2010) was a baseball manager, born as George Lee Anderson in Bridgewater, South Dakota.
He managed the Cincinnati Reds and the Detroit Tigers.
He was voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2000.
Annika Nordenskjöld Olsén (1 December 1975 – 3 September 2014), better known by her stage name Niki Nordenskjöld, was a Swedish actress and illustrator.
She was best known for her role as Lina in the television comedy series Solsidan.
Nordenskjöld was born in Gothenburg.
She started her career in 1990 at the age of 15.
Niki Nordenskjöld at The Swedish Film Database
The National Convention was an assembly, meeting in France from September 21st, 1792 until October 26, 1795.
This was the third assembly of the French Revolution.
It came after the Legislative Assembly and founded the First Republic.
The first act of the National Convention was to get rid of the monarchy.
The Legislative Assembly had decided that after Louis XVI was no longer king, a new government would need to create a French constitution.
It was decided that all French men over the age of twenty-five would be able to vote, despite class.
The winners of this election formed the National Convention.
Men on the National Convention would be on the National Convention for a year, followed by another election.
The National convention became known as the most radical part of the French Revolution.