the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Family Ranixalidae - 10 species
Family Rhacophoridae - Moss frogs, 321 species
Family Sooglossidae Seychelles Frog, 4 species.
Family Strabomantidae 569 species, removed from family Brachycephalidae
Order Caudata  salamanders
Suborder Cryptobranchoidea
Family Cryptobranchidae - Giant salamanders, 3 species
Family Hynobiidae - Asiatic salamanders, 55 species
Suborder Salamandroidea
Family Ambystomatidae - Mole salamanders, 37 species
Family Amphiumidae - Amphiumas or Congo eels, 3 species
Family Plethodontidae - Lungless salamanders, 418 species
Subfamily: Spelerpinae, 36 species
Family Proteidae - Mudpuppies and Waterdogs, 6 species
Family Rhyacotritonidae - Torrent salamanders, 4 species
Family Salamandridae - True salamanders and newts, 89 species
Suborder Sirenoidea
Family Sirenidae - Sirens, 4 species
Order Gymnophiona or Caecilia
Family Caeciliidae - Common caecilians, 125 species.
Family Ichthyophiidae - Fish caecilians, 50 species.
Family Rhinatrematidae - Beaked caecilians, 11 species
Frogs have become a popular exotic pet.
They can be kept in basic conditions, compared to reptiles.
They are not expensive and their food is easily purchased.
Common pet frogs includes ranids, hylids, bufonids, leptodactylids, and dendrobatids.
Pet frogs can be fed a lot of different live foods.
These include crickets, rodents and fish.
Small pet frogs will only eat crickets, fruit flies, springtails and other small arthropods.
Medium-sized pet frogs can be fed larger crickets, mealworms, butterworms, silkworms, grasshoppers and small fish.
Large pet frogs like Ceratophrys frogs, can be fed small fish, other frogs, reptiles, and small mammals such as mice or rats.
Amphibians of all sizes would need different terrariums.
Tree frogs like to climb and can escape if a pet owner does not add a top cover for their tanks.
Tropical frogs would need mist and high humidity in their terrariums.
All amphibians water must be treated with dechlorination.
The chlorine can kill amphibians, and are found in tap water.
Many amphibians are a popular exotic pet and are found in pet stores that sell reptiles.
Bombinatoridae or fire-bellied toads is a family of toads.
It includes two genus Barbourula and Bombina.
They have bright colors which means that they are toxic.
Genus Barbourula
Barbourula busuangensis - Busuanga Jungle Toad
Barbourula kalimantanensis - Kalimantan Jungle Toad
Genus Bombina
Bombina bombina - Common Firebelly Toad
Bombina fortinuptialis - Guangxi Firebelly Toad
Bombina lichuanensis - Lichuan Firebelly Toad
Bombina maxima - Yunnan Firebelly Toad
Bombina microdeladigitora - Hubei Firebelly Toad
Bombina orientalis - Oriental Firebelly Toad
Bombina pachypus - Apennine Firebelly Toad
Bombina variegata - Yellow-bellied Toad
Deborrah Kaye "Debbie" Allen (born January 16, 1950, Houston ) is an American dancer, actress and television producer.
She also taught choreography and acted in Broadway plays.
Ascaphidae is a family of frogs.
They are called tailed frogs because they have an organ that looks like a tail.
The tail helps them to live in fast-moving streams.
Excerpt from Zeiner et al.
1988 describing tailed frogs
Type information from the American Museum of Natural History
The Pipidae is a family of frogs.
They do not have tongues.
There are over 30 species of Pipidae frogs.
They are found in tropical places in South America and Africa.
Hymenochirus - Dwarf clawed frogs
Pseudhymenochirus - Merlin's clawed frog
Xenopus - Common clawed frogs
Silurana - Tropical clawed frogs
Pipa - Surinam toads
The African bullfrog (Pyxicephalus adspersus) is a species of frog.
They are in the Ranidae family.
They are commonly named pixie frog because of their Latin name.
They are found in Angola, Botswana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Eswatini, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Democratic Republic of the Congo.
They live in dry savannas, subtropical or tropical habitats.
Males are bigger and longer than females.
The Natural History of the African Bullfrog, copyright 2002 by Terry Gampper.
Natural History, Care and Breeding Information for African Bullfrogs / Pyxie frogs
Twyla Tharp (born July 1 1941) is an American dancer and choreographer.
She lives and works in New York City.
Her work often uses classical music, jazz, and contemporary pop music.
In 1973, Tharp choreographed the ballet Deuce Coupe to the music of The Beach Boys.
It is considered to be the first crossover ballet.
Later she choreographed Push Comes to Shove.
That ballet featured Mikhail Baryshnikov and is now thought to be the best example of the crossover ballet.
Tharp has choreographed dances for many important ballet companies around the world.
She also has had success on Broadway.
In 1985, her staging of Singin' in the Rain, played at the Gershwin for 367 performances.
Her dance musical Movin' Out ran for 1,331 performances on Broadway.
The musical is set to the music and lyrics of Billy Joel.
It received 10 Tony Award nominations and Tharp was named Best Choreographer.
Chytridiomycosis is a disease that can kill amphibians, for example frogs.
A fungus causes it.
THe chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis causes the disease.
The animals can catch it from each other.
Chytridiomycosis one reason why there are fewer amphibians on Earth than there were.
The fungus has decreased the amphibian population by 30% worldwide.
Many spcies are now extict because they died of chitridiomycosis.
In some species, only a few animals die, but in other species, they all die.
This is called 100% mortality.
Article in National Geographic Magazine, April 2009
Wildlife Trade and Global Disease Emergence
Main preventative management strategies for the Chytrid fungus
Amphibian chytridiomycosis at Amphibian Diseases Home Page
'Amphibian Ark' aims to save frogs from fungus
Temnospondyls are an order of small to giant batrachomorph tetrapods.
They lived worldwide from the Carboniferous to the Triassic.
A few species continued into the Lower Cretaceous.
The Temnospondyls are similar or identical to the Labyrinthodonts minus the Lepospondyls.
It is probably an evolutionary grade, not monophyletic.
It is convenient to use, because all these early amphibia were so different from present-day amphibia.p169 Many in the early Permian looked more like reptiles because they were adapted to life in a drier climate.
Nevertheless, they were amphibians, and many larval stages have been found.
They are a large group of some 40 families and 160 genera.p322 Fossils have been found on every continent.
Their evolutionary history spans 210 million years.
During this time, they adapted to a wide range of habitats including fresh water, terrestrial, and even coastal marine environments.
Fossils are known from the larval stage, metamorphosis, and maturity.p184 Most temnospondyls were semiaquatic, although some were almost fully terrestrial, returning to the water only to breed.
These temnospondyls were some of the first vertebrates fully adapted to life on land.
Although temnospondyls are considered amphibians, many had characteristics such as scales, claws, and armour-like bony plates which modern amphibians do not have.
Temnospondyli  Tree of Life project page on temnospondyls.
Temnospondyli Palaeos page on temnospondyls.
The Lepospondyli are a large group of batrachomorph tetrapods from the Palaeozoic era.
They are sometimes included in the Labyrinthodonts.
They lived during the Carboniferous to the early Permian.
There are six different groups.
The Acherontiscidae, Adelospondyli, Aïstopoda, Lysorophia, Microsauria and Nectridea.
The included species which looked somewhat like newts, eels, snakes and lizards.
Some of them were aquatic, semi-aquatic, and terrestrial animals.
None of them were big animals.
Lepospondyli - Palaeos
Lepospondyli
Lepospondyli - phylogeny
Peltobatrachus (from Greek pelte, meaning shield and batrakhos, meaning frog) is an extinct genus of temnospondyl amphibians from the late Permian period of Tanzania.
They were large and slow-moving animals.
They reached 70 centimeters (2.3 ft) in length.
They were terrestrial amphibians.
They only went back to the water to lay their eggs.
They eat insects, worms and snails.
Temnospondyls
A terrestrial animal is an animal that lives on land such as dog, cat, an ant or an emu.
It can also be used for some species of amphibians that only go back to the water to lay their eggs.
It is usually a term to describe the difference between animals that live in water, (such as lobsters and fish), from animals that live on land.
Clark J. A. (2002).
Gaining ground: the origin and evolution of tetrapods.
Indiana University Press, 369 pp., .
Cloudsley-Thompson J. L. (1988).
Evolution and adaptation of terrestrial arthropods.
Springer, 141 pp., .
Little C. (1983).
The colonisation of land: Origins and adaptations of terrestrial animals.
290 pp., .
A sister group or sister taxon is a term used to describe the closest relatives of an organism (or other taxon) in a phylogenetic tree.
It is a term in cladistics.
Unfortunately, different experts have used the term in several different ways.
It has even been used for fossils of early amphibians.
It is best used for animals which lay cleidoic eggs, but are not synapsids.
Otherwise precursors of reptiles (sauropsids) get lumped together with precursors of mammals (synapsids).
Its only justification is that it may not always be possible to decide which group a fossil is from.
But gradually, as with Seymouria, it is possible to separate fossils into more specific grouups.
Youth Riding a Hippalektryon is a circular painting (tondo) in the bottom of the bowl of an ancient Greek terracotta drinking cup.
It was painted by Epiktetos.
It is dated to the Archaic period of Greek art (ca.
530–520 BC).
The cup stands about 5 1/8 in. (
13 cm) tall.
A hippalektryon is a mythical creature, part horse and part rooster.
The cup is held in the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.
The museum writes, "Late sixth-century vases connected with drinking occasionally have subjects that go beyond the familiar gorgons, griffins, or sphinxes.
The hippalektryon belongs to this category.
It is interesting to compare this piece to the fine early red-figure plate by Epiktetos showing a youth riding a rooster."
The genre known as Spy-fi is a cross-over between the genres of spy fiction and science fiction.
The story usually involves a spy with advanced technological weapons or gadgets, and sometimes the villain is a mad scientist or evil genius with robots or advanced technological weapons and gadgets.
The film and novel series James Bond was a popularizer of the genre, as well as such TV shows as The Man from UNCLE, Mission: Impossible, and I Spy.
Amanda Marshall (born August 29, 1972) is a Canadian pop-rock singer.
Her self-titled first record was in 1995.
It was a major success in Canada.
Her most successful single was "Birmingham".
Marshall has released many singles.
She has not had a studio album since around 2001.
Singing Reveler is the tondo (circular painting) in a terracotta drinking cup said to have been painted by Epiktetos.
It is dated about 520510 BC.
The cup measures 3 1/16 x 9 15/16 x 7 1/16 to 7 3/16 in.
The cup is in the collections of The J. Paul Getty Museum.
The tondo depicts an older, balding man reclining on a couch and singing.
The setting is probably a drinking party (symposium).
These cups were meant to be used at such parties and were often decorated with party scenes.
The tondo presented problems to painters.
It was difficult to present upright figures in a circle.
Epiktetos solved this problem by using the couch as a line.
The man's mantle slipping from the couch creates depth and space.
The museum writes, "Epiktetos also used the circular frame of the tondo as part of the composition: it supports the man's pillow, and he props his foot on it."
Pentathletes is a painting on an ancient Greek terracotta drinking cup from Athens.
It is said to be the work of the Carpenter Painter.
It is dated about 510500 BC.
The cup measures 4 5/16 x 15 x 13 3/16 in.
In the circular painting (tondo) at the bottom of the bowl of the cup, a youth pulls an older man to him for a kiss.
The outside of the cup depicts bearded men and youths exercising with discus and javelin.
A youth in a long robe plays music.
The pictures reflect the interests of the aristocrats who would have used such a cup at a drinking party.
A salt plain (also known as a salt pan or salt flat) is a flat area of ground covered with salt and other minerals.
They are usually purely white.
They are found in desert areas.
In areas where salt plains form, the rate of evaporation (how quickly water dries up) is faster than the rate of precipitation (how often rain falls).
A salt plain is formed where a lake or pond would otherwise be found.
When the water dries up, the minerals stay left behind on the suface of the ground.
Over thousands of years, the minerals (usually salts) build up on the surface.
Large salt plains are common in the Sahara Desert, the Kalahari Desert, the Rann of Kutch, the western United States and the central deserts of Australia.
The Altiplano in Bolivia has the world's largest salt plan, the Salar de Uyuni.
A witchetty grub (also spelled witchety grub or witjuti grub) is the large, white larva of a moth.
It is a name used in Australia.
Normally, it refers to the larvae of the cossid moth Endoxyla leucomochla, found in central Australia.
These moths eat the roots of the witchetty bush (a plant named after the grubs).
It is also sometimes used to refer to the larvae of other cossid moths, as well as those of ghost moths (Hepialidae).
It is used mainly when the larvae are being thought of as food.
Because it contains a lot of protein, the grub is the most important insect food of the desert.
It was a staple in the diets of nomadic Aboriginal people living in the outback.
The name witchetty (or witjuti) comes from the Adnyamathanha language.
The name comes from the words wityu (meaning "hooked stick") and vartu (meaning "grub").
Witchetty Grub on Australian Insects
The Carpenter Painter was a red-figure vase painter.
He worked in Athens.
He was active between 515 and 500 BC.
He chiefly painted cups.
His real name is unknown. "
Carpenter Painter" is taken from his depiction of a carpenter at work on a cup in the British Museum.
Few of his works are known.
The way he painted nipples, pectorals, hands, garments, and other details identify his work.
John Allen Astin (born March 30, 1930) is an American movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor.
He has acted in many movies and television shows.
He is best known for his role as Gomez Addams in The Addams Family, his role in Evil Roy Slade, and other comedic characters.
Astin was born on March 30, 1930 in Baltimore, Maryland.
He studied at Washington & Jefferson College and at Johns Hopkins University.
Astin was married to Suzanne Hahn from 1956 until they divorced in 1972.
He was married to Patty Duke from 1972 to 1985.
He married Valeri Ann Sandobal in 1989.
Astin had five sons; three by Hahn (David, Allen, and Tom), one by Duke (Mackenzie) and one adopted by Astin and Duke (Sean).
Astin lives in Baltimore, Maryland.
Peter Seamus Lorcan O'Toole (2 August 1932 – 14 December 2013) was an Irish movie and stage actor.
He was known for his stage plays that were mostly based on that of William Shakespeare.
O'Toole's career lasted almost 60 years.
He became famous for his role as T. E. Lawrence in Lawrence of Arabia (1962).
He received his first Academy Award nomination for that role.
He received seven more Academy Award nominations – for Becket (1964), The Lion in Winter (1968), Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969), The Ruling Class (1972), The Stunt Man (1980), My Favorite Year (1982), and Venus (2006).
O'Toole holds the record for the most Academy Award nominations by an actor without a win.
O'Toole won four Golden Globes, a BAFTA Award, and an Emmy Award.
He also received an honorary Academy Award in 2003.
O'Toole died on 14 December 2013 in London, England from stomach cancer.
His mother was Constance Jane Eliot (née Ferguson), a Scottish nurse.
His father was Patrick Joseph O'Toole, an Irish footballer.
O'Toole was raised as an Irish Catholic.
He was raised in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire, England and stayed there until he was forced out due to World War II.
O'Toole studied to become an actor at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art from 1952 until 1954.
O'Toole's career began in 1954 on stage.
His movie career began in 1960 in the movie Kidnapped as Robin MacGregor.
His became famous when he played T. E. Lawrence in Lawrence of Arabia.
He became one of the most famous actors during the 1960s and 1970s.
In 1972 O'Toole played both Miguel de Cervantes and Don Quixote in Man of La Mancha.
In 1980, he received good reviews for playing the director in the behind-the-scenes movie The Stunt Man.
He received mixed reviews as John Tanner in Man and Superman and as Henry Higgins in Pygmalion.
He won a Laurence Olivier Award for his performance in Jeffrey Bernard is Unwell (1989).
O'Toole played King Priam in the 2004 movie Troy.
His last worldwide movie role was as food critic Anton Ego in the 2007 Disney-Pixar movie Ratatouille.
On 10 July 2012 O'Toole released a statement that he would be retiring.
O'Toole was nominated for eight Academy Awards.
He holds the record of having the most nominations for an Academy Award without winning.
He won four Golden Globes, a BAFTA Award, and an Emmy Award.
In 2003 O'Toole received an honorary Academy Award.
O'Toole was married to Siân Phillips from 1959 until they divorced in 1979.
O'Toole had three children; two daughters with Phillips (Kate and Patricia) and a son by his girlfriend Karen Brown (Lorcan Patrick O'Toole).
O'Toole lived in London, England.
He was lifelong friends with Irish actor Richard Harris until Harris' death in 2002.
O'Toole recovered from stomach cancer in the 1970s.
He also had stomach cancer for the last eighteen months of his life.
He died of the disease in the Wellington Hospital in London, aged 81.
President of Ireland Michael D. Higgins lead a tribute to O'Toole.
Higgins called O'Toole "a friend".
O'Toole's funeral was held on 20 December 2013 at his London home.
Rock star Sting and ex-wife Siân attended his funeral.
His remains were later cremated.
O'Toole's remains ware being planned to be taken back to his birthplace of Connemara, Ireland.
His daughter Kate said, "We're bringing him home.
It's what he would have wanted."
At the mean time, O'Toole's ashes are kept in a safe in the Irish presidential mansion.
"Peter O'Toole as Casanova"
Richard Harris, Peter O'Toole & Munster Rugby
University of Bristol Theatre Collection, University of Bristol
The Making of Lawrence of Arabia , Digitised
Cerastes is a genus of small venomous vipers growing up to the length of around 50 cm.
They are usually known as the "Horned Vipers", the "North African Desert Vipers", or the "Cerastes Vipers".
The Horned Viper is nocturnal and terrestrial (lives on the ground), and is usually found buried underneath the sand.
They are said to be slow moving, but they are able to do sidewinding.
When they do sidewinding they can move faster across the sand.
They are able to sink into the sand by moving in a rocking motion.
They sink into the sand tail first and keep on sinking deeper into the sand until only their eyes and nose are sticking out of the sand.
The reason they do this is so they can ambush prey which come close to it.
They are oviparous, meaning they lay eggs.
They live in the deserts of North Africa, Arabia, and Iran.
The Horned Viper catch their prey by ambushing.
They eat mainly rodents, birds and lizards.
Desert Horned Viper, C. Cerastes
Arabian Horned Viper, C. Gasperettii
Sahara Sand Viper, C. Vipera
Las Vegas culture is the name for a number of setltements on the coast of present-day Ecuador.
These settlements were created between roughly 8000 and 4600 BCE.
In total, there are 31 settlements.
The people who lived there were hunter-gatherers.
They had also started agriculture.
Bone points and a spatula have been discovered.
They may have been used for making nets or textiles, along with various tools and containers shaped of shell; wood, bamboo, reeds, and bark are also believed to have been used in the tool industry.
No mummies have been found on the coast of Ecuador.
The Las Vegas people had similarities with the people whose remains are preserved as the Chinchorro mummies of the north coast of Chile.
They also lived at the same time.
History of Ecuador
Yu Kil-chun (, 1856 – 1914) was a Korean politician, philosopher, thinker, reform activist and independence activist during the Joseon Dynasty.
His nickname was Gudang, Chunmin, Guyil.
Yu Kil-chun was born in Kwangju.
In his early years he studied under Park Kyu-su and Oh Kyung-suk.
As a young man in 1881, he went to Meiji Japan to study at Keio University.
He then went to the United States in 1884 to study mathematics.
After his he was accused of supporting the Gaehwadang (enlightenment party).
He was arrested and put in jail from 1885 to 1894.
Between 1894 and 1895, Yu worked for the government of prime minister Kim Hongjip.
He was Vice Minister of State for Home Office.
In October 1895, Korea's King Gojong claimed that Yu was involved in the assassination of Queen Min.
Kim was killed and his cabinet was disbanded.
Yu went to the Russian embassy and escaped the country for exile in Japan.
He returned to Korea in 1907 after he was pardoned by Emperor Sunjeong.
In 1910, when Korea was annexed by Imperial Japan, Yun started a movement against the annexation.
Yu was offered the title danshaku by the Government of Japan, but he refused it.
He died in 1914 of a heart problem.
He was aged 58.
Seoyugyonmun (서유견문)
De Ceuster, Koen. “
The World in a Book: Yu Kilchun’s Soyu kyonmun.”
In Remco E. Breuker, ed.
Korea in the Middle: Korean Studies and Area Studies: Essays in Honour of Boudewijn Walraven.
Leiden: CNWS Publications, 2008.
구당 유길준(矩堂 兪吉濬):2003년 12월의 문화 인물
Yu Kil-chun , Korean historical person information
Yu Gil-jun
The events and scheme of a book, film or other medium
Fiction#Plot
A conspiracy, usually secret, against a person or a regime
Katherine Esther Jackson (born May 4, 1930 as Kattie B. Screws) is the matriarch of the Jackson family of musicians and singers, including Michael Jackson, La Toya and Janet Jackson.
She is the widow of Joe Jackson.
Jackson had 10 children.
Several of the children became famous.
In 1985 Essence honored her as "Mother of the Year".
In 1990, Jackson released her autobiography, My Family.
The book told about her early years and her relationship with her husband and their children.
On June 25, 2009, Michael Jackson died.
Katherine was granted temporary guardianship of Michael's three children.
In 2012 her guardianship was suspended for a short time.
The guardianship resumed with TJ Jackson, Michael's nephew, added as a co-guardian.
Maureen Reillette "Rebbie" Jackson (born May 29, 1950)
Sigmund Esco "Jackie" Jackson (born May 4, 1951)
Toriano Adaryll "Tito" Jackson (born October 15, 1953)
Jermaine La Jaune Jacksun (born December 11, 1954)
La Toya Yvonne Jackson (born May 29, 1956)
Marlon David Jackson (born March 12, 1957)
Brandon Jackson (March 12, 1957)
Michael Joseph Jackson (August 29, 1958–June 25, 2009)
Steven Randall "Randy" Jackson (born October 29, 1961)
Janet Damita Jo Jackson (born May 16, 1966)
Fax (short for facsimile),  or telecopying, is the transmission of scanned printed material (both text and images), to a telephone number connected to a printer or other output device.
The original document is scanned with a fax machine (or a telecopier), which turns the contents (text or images)  into a bitmap, Then the bitmap is sent through the telephone system.
The receiving fax machine reconverts the coded image, printing a paper copy.
Businesses usually have some kind of fax system, but the technology has faced increasing competition from Internet-based methods.
Fax machines still retain some advantages, particularly in the transmission of sensitive material which, if sent over the internet, may be intercepted.
However, encryption (a secret coding system) can make internet messages secure.
In many businesses, standalone fax machines have been replaced by fax servers which receive and store incoming faxes electronically.
The servers route them to users on paper or via a secure email.
Such systems reduce costs by eliminating unnecessary printouts and reducing the number of inbound phone lines needed by an office.
Wire transmission
Scottish inventor Alexander Bain worked on chemical mechanical fax type devices and in 1846 was able to reproduce graphic signs in laboratory experiments.
He received the first fax patent in 1843.
Frederick Bakewell made several improvements on Bain's design and demonstrated a telefax machine.
The Pantelegraph was invented by the Italian physicist Giovanni Caselli  He introduced the first commercial telefax service between Paris and Lyons in 1865, some 11 years before the invention of telephones.
In 1881, English inventor Shelford Bidwell constructed the scanning phototelegraph that was the first telefax machine to scan any two-dimensional original, not requiring manual plotting or drawing.
Around 1900, German physicist Arthur Korn invented the Bildtelegraph.
It became widely used in continental Europe after a wanted-person photograph was transmitted from Paris to London in 1908.
Its main competitors were the Bélinograf by Édouard Belin first, then since the 1930s the Hellschreiber, invented in 1929 by German inventor Rudolf Hell, a pioneer in mechanical image scanning and transmission.
Transmission by landline was replaced by radiotransmission, and from  1960 by satellite transmission.
Digital systems are now universal.
Faster, more efficient and cheaper fax machines have allowed even small companies to own a fax machine.
The technology is now world-wide.
Audrey Meadows (born February 8 1922; died February 3 1996) was an American actress.
She was best known for her role as Alice Kramden on the 1950s American television comedy The Honeymooners.
She was born in New York City by the name Audrey Cotter.
Meadows died as a result of lung cancer.
He modified the original Deutscher Dom and Französischer Dom cathedrals in Berlin and added the domed towers.
Cloris Leachman (April 30, 1926 – January 27, 2021) was an American actress.
She was in many stage plays, movies, and television programs.
She won eight Primetime Emmy Awards and one Daytime Emmy Award.
She was a vegetarian.
Leachman was born in Des Moines, Iowa.
Leachman won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1971 for her role as Ruth Popper The Last Picture Show.
Leachman died on January 27, 2021, at her home in Encinitas, California at the age of 94.
The cause of death was a stroke caused by COVID-19.
Actors from Des Moines, Iowa
Writers from Des Moines, Iowa
The Neue Kirche (; colloquially , meaning "German Cathedral"), is in Berlin.
It is on the Gendarmenmarkt across from the French Church.
The Lutheran and Calvinist congregants used German as their native language.
This is different than the French-speaking Calvinist congregation who owned the French Church on the opposite side of Gendarmenmarkt.
The congregants' native language combined with the domed tower gave the church its colloquial naming.
Famous parishioners
E. T. A. Hoffmann
Ingrid Bartmann-Kompa, Horst Büttner, Horst Drescher, Joachim Fait, Marina Flügge, Gerda Herrmann, Ilse Schröder, Helmut Spielmann, Christa Stepansky, and Heinrich Trost, Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmale in der DDR: Hauptstadt Berlin: 2 parts, Institut für Denkmalpflege (ed.) (
11983), Berlin: Henschelverlag Kunst und Gesellschaft, 21984, part I, p. 217.
Günther Kühne and Elisabeth Stephani, Evangelische Kirchen in Berlin (11978), Berlin: CZV-Verlag, 21986, pp.
374seq. .
German Bundestag Historic Exhibition
Congregation in the Friedrichstadt (German official website)
Mantellinae is a subfamily of frogs.
They are part of the family Mantellidae.
These frogs lives in Madagascar and Mayotte.
These frogs looks similar to poison dart frogs.
Most Mantellinae frogs are toxic.
They have a lot of warning colors.
There are over 100 species in this family.
Species and family
Mantella (16 species)
Mantidactylus (over 80 species)
The Pacific tree frog (Pseudacris regilla) is a species of tree frog.
They live on the West Coast of North America.
This includes California, Oregon and Washington in the United States, and British Columbia in Canada.
They live on the ground, but some have been found living in places 10,000 feet above sea level.
They are the only frogs to make a "rabbit" sound.
They are either green or brown.
They can also change their colors.
Fact sheet, taxonomic details, distribution maps, slideshow, and images of Pseudacris regilla at ZipcodeZoo.com.
Californiaherps.com description - Includes detailed description, photos, recordings of calls
mister-toad.com Pacific Tree Frog description - Description of the ecology of Pacific Tree Frogs with photographs, audio and video.
http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/herps/amphibid/species/hylareg.htm
The edible frog (Pelophylax kl.
esculentus) is a species of frogs.
It lives in Europe.
It is also known as water frog or green frog.
However, green frog is usually given to the North American frog Lithobates clamitans.
The Edible frog is used as a food source to people in France.
The Texas toad (Bufo speciosus) is a species of toads.
They are very small only reaching three inches.
They live in the United States in the state of Texas.
But they are also found in Oklahoma, New Mexico and Mexico.
IUCN RangeMap: Bufo speciosus
USGS: Texas Toad
(German for: French Cathedral) is the colloquial naming for the French Church of Friedrichstadt (, ) in Berlin on the Gendarmenmarkt across from the Deutscher Dom (German Cathedral), formerly a church of German-speaking congregants.
The first parts of the actual French Church were built from 1701 to 1705 for the Huguenot (Calvinist) community.
At that time, Huguenots made up about 25% of Berlin's population.
The French Church was modelled after the destroyed Huguenot temple in Charenton-Saint-Maurice, France.
In 1785 Carl von Gontard modified the church and built - wall to wall next to it - the domed tower, which - together with the French-speaking congregants - earned the church its naming.
The domed tower is technically no part of the church, there is no access between church and tower, because both buildings have different owners.
The tower, similar to that of Deutscher Dom, was simply built to give the Gendarmenmarkt a symmetric design.
The domed tower, which is a viewing platform open to visitors, provides a panoramic view of Berlin.
A restaurant is located in the basement underneath the prayer hall.
The cane toad (Bufo marinus) is a species of toad.
They are also known as the giant neotropical toad and the marine toad.
Cane toads are terrestrial amphibians.
This means that they only go back to the water to lay their eggs.
They live in Central America and South America.
However, they have been introduced to Oceania and the Caribbean.
Cane-growers were concerned about the damage insect larvae were doing to crops.
The insects were native to Australia, but bad for the valuable cane crops.
The first cane toads were brought into Queensland by Reginald Mungomery, an entomologist.
Before 1935, Australia had no toads.
The entire continent, full of various frog species, had no toads.
Tough and always moving into new areas, the cane toads started reproducing and expanding outwards every wet season.
This "invasion front" moved around 10 km a year until the 1960s, when it began speeding up significantly.
Cane toads are rapidly adapting to dry climates, a huge change from their origins in the South American rainforest.
They have poison gland in their skin.
Their predators
These include the broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris), the banded cat-eyed snake (Leptodeira annulata),  eels (family Anguillidae), various species of killifish,  the black rat (Rattus rattus) and the Asian water monitor (Varanus salvator).
They have far fewer predators in Australia but, as time passes, some of the local animals will adapt their behaviour.
Already some Australian crows have learned strategies allowing them to feed on cane toads, such as using their beak to flip toads onto their back.
Opossums of the Didelphis genus likely can eat cane toads with impunity.
Meat ants are unaffected by the cane toads' toxins, and therefore are able to kill them.
The cane toad's normal response to attack is to stand still and let its toxin kill the attacker, which allows the ants to attack and eat the toad.
A cane toad is one of the non-human characters in Dave Barry's 1999 novel Big Trouble and in the 2002 movie based on the novel.
Species Profile - Cane Toad (Bufo marinus), National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library.
Lists general information and resources for cane toad.
The parotoid gland is a skin gland on the back, neck and shoulder of toads and some frogs and salamanders.
It's secretes has a substance that predators can smell.
This smell will tell them that they are toxic animals.
The substance, bufotoxin, acts as a nuerotoxin.
Parotoid glands looks like warts on an amphibian skin.
However, warts are grown by viral infections.
Parotoid glands are normal and healthy parts of the animals that have them.
Many people believe that touching a toad may cause warts.
The mole salamander is a member of the genus Ambystoma.
There are a group of animals that live in North America.
The only family in this genus is the Ambystomatidae.
The Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) is a popular exotic pet.
They are also used in research.
The Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) is an official amphibian of many US states.
They are also sold as pets.
Mountain Stream Salamander (Ambystoma altimirani) V
Blunt-Headed Salamander (Ambystoma amblycephalum) V
Anderson's Salamander (Ambystoma andersoni) N
Ringed Salamander (Ambystoma annulatum) T
Streamside Salamander (Ambystoma barbouri) T
Reticulated Flatwoods Salamander (Ambystoma bishopi) T
Delicate-Skinned Salamander (Ambystoma bombypellum) T
California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma californiense) T
Frosted Flatwoods Salamander (Ambystoma cingulatum) T
Lake Patzcuaro Salamander (Ambystoma dumerilii) N
Yellow-Peppered Salamander (Ambystoma flavipiperatum) T
Northwestern Salamander (Ambystoma gracile) T
Granular Salamander (Ambystoma granulosum) T
Jefferson salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonianum) T
Blue-spotted Salamander (Ambystoma laterale) T
Silvery Salamander (Ambystoma platineum)
Tremblay's Salamander (Ambystoma tremblayi)
Lake Lerma Salamander (Ambystoma lermaense) V
Leora's Salamander (Ambystoma leorae) T
Mabee's Salamander (Ambystoma mabeei) T
Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) T
Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum) T
Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) T
Barred Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma mavortium) V
Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) N
Marbled Salamander (Ambystoma opacum) T
Puerto Hondo Stream Salamander (Ambystoma ordinarium) V
Michoacan Stream Salamander (Ambystoma rivulare) T
Tarahumara Salamander (Ambystoma rosaceum) V
Durango Salamander (Ambystoma silvense) V
Mole Salamander (Ambystoma talpoideum) V
Taylor's Salamander (Ambystoma taylori) N
Small-mouthed Salamander (Ambystoma texanum) T
Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum) V
Plateau Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma velasci) V
Tree of Life: Ambystomatidae
Herpseeker.dk
IUCN redlist of threatened Ambystomatidae
A rib is a bone that forms a structure around the thorax of vertebrates.
This is known as the rib cage.
Humans have 24 ribs, 12 on each side.
It is a common urban legend that male humans have one fewer pair of ribs than female humans.
This came from the Christian bible explaining the creation of Eve from the rib of Adam.
Taricha is a genus of newts.
There are only three species and four subspecies.
They are called western newts and Pacific newts.
All newts are part of the family Salamandridae.
The three species in this genus are California newt, the rough-skinned newt and the red bellied newt.
They are all found on the west coast of the United States.
Genus Taricha (Western Newts / Pacific Newts) - 3 species
Rough-skinned Newt (Taricha granulosa)
Red-bellied Newt (Taricha rivularis)
California Newt (Taricha torosa)
The Plethodontidae is a family of lungless salamanders.
They are the largest groups of salamanders.
They probably evolved in North America, where there are 14 genera and about 150 species.
Only one species is in Europe: it is  Speleomantes, the cave salamander.
AmphibiaWeb - Plethodontidae
Tree of Life: Plethodontidae
Caudata Culture Species Database - Plethodontidae
Irritation in biology is a state of inflammation or painful reaction to allergy or cell damage.
The skin and the eyes may turn red.
Slender salamander is a common name given to lungless salamanders of the genus Batrachoseps.
They are different from other lungless salamanders.
They have four toes on each foot.
They live in Oregon, California and Baja California in Mexico.
Batrachoseps.
Accessed: July 30, 2008).
Berkeley, California: Batrachoseps.
AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: July 30, 2008).
Tree of Life: Batrachoseps
A slender salamanders page
Geography of Ecuador
Geography of El Salvador
Geography of Honduras
Geography of Panama
The Chinese fire belly newt (Cynops orientalis) is a species of newts.
They are small and will reach up to 2.2-4 inches (6-10 cm).
They are black and have bright orange colors on their front side.
They are commonly found in pet stores.
They are sometimes confused with the Japanese fire belly newt.
This is because of their small size and colors.
However, the Chinese fire belly newt has smoother skin and a rounder tail than the Japanese Fire Belly Newt.
Chang, Mangven L. Y. 1936.
Contribution à l'étude Morphologique, Biologique et systématique des Amphibiens urodèles de la Chine.
Libraire Picart, Paris, 156 p.
Brodie, Edmund D., Jr., John Hensel, Jr. and Judith Johnson. “
Toxicity of the Urodele Amphibians Taricha, Notophthalmus, Cynops and Paramesotriton (Salamandridae)” Copeia.
p506-511.
A quarter dollar or quarter, is a coin worth ¼ of a United States dollar.
They are worth 25 cents.
The quarter has been produced since 1796.
List of designs
Silver quarters
Draped Bust 1796–1807
Draped Bust, Small Eagle 1796
Draped Bust, Heraldic Eagle 1804–1807
Capped Bust 1815–1838
Capped Bust (Large Size), With Motto 1815–1828
Capped Bust (Small Size), No Motto 1831–1838
Seated Liberty 1838–1891
Seated Liberty, No Motto 1838–1865
Seated Liberty, With Motto 1866–1891
Barber 1892–1916
Standing Liberty 1916–1930
Standing Liberty (Type 1) 1916–1917
Standing Liberty (Type 2) 1917–1930
Washington Quarter 1931–1964, 1992–1998 (Proof Only)
Washington Bicentennial 1975–1976 (all were dated 1776–1976) (40% Silver-clad Proof, not intended for circulation)
Washington statehood 1999–2008 (Proof Only)
Washington District of Columbia and U.S. territories 2009 (Proof Only)
Copper-nickel quarters
Washington Quarter 1965–1974, 1977–1998
Washington Bicentennial 1975–1976 (all were dated 1776–1976).
Washington statehood 1999–2008
Washington District of Columbia and U.S. territories 2009
Washington America the Beautiful Quarters 2010–2021
Official specifications
http://www.usmint.gov/faqs/circulating_coins/index.cfm?action=faq_circulating_coin
http://www.acoin.com/regularissue/regular25c.htm
US Quarters by year and type.
Histories, photos, and more.
Ichthyophis beddomei is a species of caecilians.
They are sometimes called Beddome's caecilian.
They are part of the family Inchthyophiidae.
They have a dark violet-brown body.
They have yellow stripes from their head to their tail.
Their upper lip and lower jaw are yellow.
They live in Western Ghats.
For another species commonly known as the red-eyed treefrog, see Litoria chloris
Red-eyed tree frogs spend most of their time on large tropical leaves.
They are not poisonous, and rely on camouflage to protect themselves.
During the day, they stay still, cover their blue sides with their back legs, tuck their bright feet under their stomachs, and shut their red eyes.
So they look almost completely green, and are well hidden amongst the leaves.
The large red eyes are a defensive adaptation called deimatic behaviour.
When a red-eyed tree frog detects a predator, it abruptly opens its eyes and stares at the predator.
The sudden appearance of the red eyes may startle the predator, giving the frog a chance to flee.
They like to eat small insects.
During mating, the female carries the male on her back for several hours during the process.
The female chooses a leaf above a pond or large puddle on which to lay her clutch of eggs.
The male puts out his sperm onto the eggs as they are released.
Tree frogs lay jelly-like eggs.
The mothers will stay near them and help them fight any hungry animals that want to eat them.
They become a tadpole in one or two weeks.
They drop from the leaf and into the lake which is below the leaf.
If predators are close enough to produce vibration, the embryos sense this.
After a few seconds, they vigorously hatch out into tadpoles and spread out to escape.
Red-eyed tree frog facts
The Common frog (Rana temporaria) is a species of frog.
They are also known as the European Common Frog or the European Common Brown Frog.
They live in Europe, the Arctic Circle, Scandinavia, Urals, Iberia, Italy, Balkans and Ireland.
They are an introduced species in most countries.
Amphibians of Europe
Quantum mechanics, a branch of physics explaining the physical behaviours at the molecular, atomic and sub-atomic levels
Quantum field theory, a general type of quantum theory, which includes:
Electroweak interaction
Quantum gravity, a general term for theories intended to quantize general relativity
The bronzed frog or Günther's golden-backed frog (Hylarana temporalis) is a species of frog.
They are found in forests of Western Ghats, India and Sri Lanka.
They are an important prey for many snakes include the Malabar Pit Viper and the Vine Snake.
IUCN Red List  page on H. temporalis.
Breeding call audio from YouTube [Contributed by Western Ghat Regional Centre, Calicut]
The Jefferson salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonianum) is a mole salamander.
They live in northeastern United States, southern Ontario and southwestern Quebec.
It was named after Jefferson College in Pennsylvania.
It is usually dark gray, brown or black.
Others can have silver or blue spots on their sides.
These salamanders are very skinny with a wide nose and long toes.
They can reach up to 11 to 18 cm.
Like other mole salamanders, the Jefferson salamander burrows.
They have lungs that helps them to dig.
They are only active at night.
They are only active in the day when its mating season.
They will breed in early spring after snow has melted in their area.
Environment Canada - Species at Risk: Jefferson Salamander
Amphibians of Canada: Jefferson salamander
US Geological Survey - Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Jefferson Salamander
Ohio History Central: Jefferson Salamander
Jefferson Salamander species account and conservation status
The California giant salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus) is a species of salamanders.
They are part of the family Dicamptodontidae.
They live in California and western United States.
They are related to the Idaho giant salamander, Pacific giant salamander and the Coastal giant salamander.
He was born in Beijing, China and grew up in Yokohama, Kanagawa.
When he was a student of Nihon University College of Art, he was spotted and recruited as a fresh actor by Nikkatsu.
Fuji made his debut on films from Nikkatsu(Japanese film distributing agency) in 1962.
His first movie is "Bokyo-no-Umi".
He is the first actor who trains his body for acting in Japan.
Early in his career, he was often assigned the role of a villain, but ever since then, he has acted various kind of role.
In the Nagisa Oshima's film "In the Realm of the Senses", he acted in a passionate and violent love scene, and the movie caused a lot of fuss.
In the Realm of the Senses (1976)KESHIN (1986)
Akarui mirai (2003)Umizaru (2004)
Rikidosan (2004)Midnight Eagle (2007)
Kansen Retto (2008)Soup Opera (2010)
Actors from Beijing
Bolitoglossa is a genus of salamanders.
They are also called tropical climbing salamanders and web-footed salamanders.
They are part of the Plethodontidae family.
They are terrestrial amphibians.
Version 5.2 (15 July, 2008).
Bolitoglossa.
Accessed: July 29, 2008).
Berkeley, California: Bolitoglossa.
AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: July 29, 2008).
Tree of Life: Bolitoglossa
Green toad  (Anaxyrus debilis) is a species of toads.
They live in southwestern United States in states like Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Kansas and Texas.
They can also be found in northern Mexico in states like Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, Durango and Zacatecas.
Green toads are green or yellow with black spots.
They are not a large toad.
They grow up to 2 inches.
They will breed in spring, summer and autumn.
Males will call a female to lay her eggs in his territory.
Eastern green toad, Bufo debilis debilis—Smith, 1950
Western green toad, Bufo debilis insidior—Smith, 1950
Database entry includes a range map and a brief justification of why this species is of least concern
Amphibian Species of the World: Bufo debilis
The Smooth Newt is a species of newts.
They are also known as the Common Newt.
It is the most common newt species of the Lissotriton genus of amphibians.
They live in Europe, southern France and the Iberian peninsula.
The Midwife toad (Alytes) is a genus of frogs.
They part of the Discoglossidae family.
They live in most of Europe and northwestern Africa.
They look like toads because of their hard skin.
They get their name because they take care of their young on their backs.
They help them from not being eaten from hungry animals.
When they hatch the frog will go back to the water and allow them to swim away.
Carl Vogt: Untersuchungen über die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Geburtshelferkröte. (
Alytes obstetricians), Solothurn: Jent und Gassman, (1842), pp 130
Arthur Koestler, The Case of the Midwife Toad, London:  Hutchinson, 1971.
Van Dyke's salamander (Plethodon vandykei) is a species of salamanders.
They are part of the family Plethodontidae.
These salamanders have been used in research studies.
Washington Salamander, Plethodon vandykei vandykei
Coeur D'Alene Salamander, Plethodon vandykei idahoensis
Potamogeton is a genus of aquatic plants.
They live in freshwater such as ponds and lakes.
They part of the family Potamogentonaceae.
Their common name is pondweed.
The genus name means "river neighbor".
They are also a food source for many fish and algae eaters.
Filter feeders are animals that feed on matter and food particles from water.
Some animals that do this are clams, krill, sponges, baleen whales and many fish such as sharks.
Some birds such as flamingos are also filter feeders.
Filter feeders can help clear water.
Some aspects of water filtering activity of filter-feeders // Hydrobiologia.
542, No.
P. 275 – 286
Filter feeder of krill
Ceratophrys is a genus of frogs.
They are part of the family Leptodactylidae.
They are also part of the subfamily Ceratophryinae.
They are also known as South American horned frogs as well as Pacman frogs.
This is because they look like the video game character Pac-Man.
The RAAF Woomera Test Range is a weapons testing facility in South Australia.
It is run by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF).
It covers and area of , and is the world's largest weapons test facility on land.
The range is a restricted area, called the Woomera Prohibited Area.
The airspace above it is also restricted, and is called the Woomera Restricted Airspace.
The range was originally set up as a place for the British to test missiles during World War II.
The British asked to do weapons testing here (in the centre of Australia), because not many people lived there.
A Commonwealth weapons design and test project, called the Australian-Anglo Joint Project, was signed in 1946.
The range originally had an area of .
Between 1955 and 1963, the British ran a series of seven nuclear-weapon tests at Maralinga, then inside the range.
The Joint Project ran until 1980, when the British withdrew from the program.
The range is still used as a testing site by the Australian Defence Force.
Access is leased to foreign militaries and private companies for their own testing of weapons.
Balgo is a small community in Western Australia.
It is surrounded by the Great Sandy Desert and the Tanami Desert.
It is an Aboriginal community; the area is traditionally Kukatja country.