the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The goal is to streamline system development and reduce costs for server OEMs, many of whom develop both Itanium- and Xeon-based servers.
However, in 2013, this goal was pushed back to "evaluated for future implementation opportunities".
Software support
HP-UX 11i; an Intel 64 (x86-64) port was proposed, but later canceled.
Windows family
Windows XP 64-Bit Edition (Unsupported; first Windows edition to support)
Windows Server 2003 (Unsupported)
Windows Server 2008 (Extended support until January 14, 2020.
Extended support will only receive bug fixes and no new features, including support for future CPUs.
This is the last version of Windows still with support for Itanium.
Windows Server 2008 and Server 2008 R2 got a security update in middle of 2018.)
Windows Server 2008 R2 (This is the last version of Windows to support Itanium.)
SUSE's SLES (unsupported as of SLES 12; supported by SLES 11 SP4)
TurboLinux (was the first Linux to support with version 7 in 2001)
FreeBSD (unsupported; was supported in 10.4 (to October 2018 EOL) as: "Tier 2 through FreeBSD 10.
Unsupported after.")
NetBSD (development branch only, but "no formal release is available".)
OpenVMS I64 (to 2020); an Intel 64 (x86-64) port is being developed.
NonStop OS; an Intel 64 (x86-64) port was developed
Bull GCOS 8
NEC ACOS-4 (in late September 2012, NEC announced a return from IA-64 to the previous NOAH line of proprietary mainframe processors for ACOS-4.)
Starting in November 2010, with the introduction of new product suites, the Intel Itanium Compilers were no longer bundled with the Intel x86 compilers in a single product.
Intel offers Itanium tools and Intel x86 tools, including compilers, independently in different product bundles.
are also able to produce machine code for Itanium.
According to the Itanium Solutions Alliance over 13,000 applications were available for Itanium-based systems in early 2008,
Emulation is a technique that allows a computer to execute binary code that was compiled for a different type of computer.
Before IBM's acquisition of QuickTransit in 2009, application binary software for IRIX/MIPS and Solaris/SPARC could run via type of emulation called "dynamic binary translation" on Linux/Itanium.
Similarly, HP implemented a method to execute PA-RISC/HP-UX on the Itanium/HP-UX via emulation, to simplify migration of its PA-RISC customers to the radically different Itanium instruction set.
Itanium processors can also run the mainframe environment GCOS from Groupe Bull and several x86 operating systems via instruction set simulators.
Itanium is aimed at the enterprise server and high-performance computing (HPC) markets.
Other enterprise- and HPC-focused processor lines include Oracle Corporation's SPARC M7, Fujitsu's SPARC64 X+ and IBM's POWER8.
Measured by quantity sold, Itanium's most serious competition comes from x86-64 processors including Intel's own Xeon line and AMD's Opteron line.
Since 2009, most servers were being shipped with x86-64 processors.
Supercomputers and high-performance computing
An Itanium-based computer first appeared on the list of the TOP500 supercomputers in November 2001.
The best position ever achieved by an Itanium 2 based system in the list was #2, achieved in June 2004, when Thunder (LLNL) entered the list with an Rmax of 19.94 Teraflops.
In November 2004, Columbia entered the list at #2 with 51.8 Teraflops, and there was at least one Itanium-based computer in the top 10 from then until June 2007.
The peak number of Itanium-based machines on the list occurred in the November 2004 list, at 84 systems (16.8%); by June 2012, this had dropped to one system (0.2%), and no Itanium system remained on the list in November 2012.
Released processors
The Itanium processors show a progression in capability.
Merced was a proof of concept.
McKinley dramatically improved the memory hierarchy and allowed Itanium to become reasonably competitive.
Madison, with the shift to a 130 nm process, allowed for enough cache space to overcome the major performance bottlenecks.
Montecito, with a 90 nm process, allowed for a dual-core implementation and a major improvement in performance per watt.
Montvale added three new features: core-level lockstep, demand-based switching and front-side bus frequency of up to 667 MHz.
Future processors
During the HP vs. Oracle support lawsuit, court documents unsealed by Santa Clara County Court judge revealed in 2008, Hewlett-Packard had paid Intel Corp. around $440 million to keep producing and updating Itanium microprocessors from 2009 to 2014.
In 2010, the two companies signed another $250 million deal, which obliged Intel to continue making Itanium central processing units for HP's machines until 2017.
Under the terms of the agreements, HP has to pay for chips it gets from Intel, while Intel launches Tukwila, Poulson, Kittson and Kittson+ chips in a bid to gradually boost performance of the platform.
Kittson
Kittson is planned to follow Poulson in 2015.
Kittson, like Poulson, will be manufactured using Intel's 32 nm process.
Few other details are known beyond the existence of the codename and the binary and socket compatibility with Poulson and Tukwila, though moving to a common socket with x86 Xeon "will be evaluated for future implementation opportunities" after Kittson.
HP begins investigating EPIC.
June: HP and Intel announce partnership.
September: HP, Novell, and SCO announce plans for a "high volume UNIX operating system" to deliver "64-bit networked computing on the HP/Intel architecture".
October: Compaq announces it will use IA-64.
June: IDC predicts IA-64 systems sales will reach $38bn/yr by 2001.
October: Dell announces it will use IA-64.
December: Intel and Sun announce joint effort to port Solaris to IA-64.
March: SCO admits HP/SCO Unix alliance is now dead.
June: IDC predicts IA-64 systems sales will reach $30bn/yr by 2001.
June: Intel announces Merced will be delayed, from second half of 1999 to first half of 2000.
September: IBM announces it will build Merced-based machines.
October: Project Monterey is formed to create a common UNIX for IA-64.
February: Project Trillian is formed to port Linux to IA-64.
August: IDC predicts IA-64 systems sales will reach $25bn/yr by 2002.
October: Intel announces the Itanium name.
October: the term Itanic is first used in The Register.
February: Project Trillian delivers source code.
June: IDC predicts Itanium systems sales will reach $25bn/yr by 2003.
July: Sun and Intel drop Solaris-on-Itanium plans.
August: AMD releases specification for x86-64, a set of 64-bit extensions to Intel's own x86 architecture intended to compete with IA-64.
It will eventually market this under the name "AMD64".
June: IDC predicts Itanium systems sales will reach $15bn/yr by 2004.
June: Project Monterey dies.
July: Itanium is released.
October: IDC predicts Itanium systems sales will reach $12bn/yr by the end of 2004.
November: IBM's 320-processor Titan NOW Cluster at National Center for Supercomputing Applications is listed on the TOP500 list at position #34.
November: Compaq delays Itanium Product release due to problems with processor.
December: Gelato is formed.
March: IDC predicts Itanium systems sales will reach $5bn/yr by end 2004.
June: Itanium 2 is released.
April: IDC predicts Itanium systems sales will reach $9bn/yr by end 2007.
April: AMD releases Opteron, the first processor with x86-64 extensions.
June: Intel releases the "Madison" Itanium 2.
February: Intel announces it has been working on its own x86-64 implementation (which it will eventually market under the name "Intel 64").
June: Intel releases its first processor with x86-64 extensions, a Xeon processor codenamed "Nocona".
June: Thunder, a system at LLNL with 4096 Itanium 2 processors, is listed on the TOP500 list at position #2.
November: Columbia, an SGI Altix 3700 with 10160 Itanium 2 processors at NASA Ames Research Center, is listed on the TOP500 list at position #2.
December: Itanium system sales for 2004 reach $1.4bn.
January: HP ports OpenVMS to Itanium
February: IBM server design drops Itanium support.
June: An Itanium 2 sets a record SPECfp2000 result of 2,801 in a Hitachi, Ltd. Computing blade.
September: Itanium Solutions Alliance is formed.
September: Dell exits the Itanium business.
October: Itanium server sales reach $619M/quarter in the third quarter.
October: Intel announces one-year delays for Montecito, Montvale, and Tukwila.
January: Itanium Solutions Alliance announces a $10bn collective investment in Itanium by 2010.
February: IDC predicts Itanium systems sales will reach $6.6bn/yr by 2009.
June: Intel releases the dual-core "Montecito" Itanium 2 9000 series.
April: CentOS (RHEL-clone) places Itanium support on hold for the 5.0 release.
October: Intel releases the "Montvale" Itanium 2 9100 series.
November: Intel renames the family from Itanium 2 back to Itanium.
December: Red Hat announces that it is dropping support for Itanium in the next release of its enterprise OS, Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6.
February: Intel announces the "Tukwila" Itanium 9300 series.
April: Microsoft announces phase-out of support for Itanium.
October: Intel announces new releases of Intel C++ Compiler and Intel Fortran Compiler for x86/x64, while Itanium support is only available in older versions.
March: Oracle Corporation announces that it will stop developing application software, middleware, and Oracle Linux for the Itanium.
March: Intel and HP reiterate their support of Itanium.
April: Huawei and Inspur announce that they will develop Itanium servers.
February: Court papers were released from a case between HP and Oracle Corporation that gave insight to the fact that HP was paying Intel $690 million to keep Itanium on life support.
SAP discontinues support for Business Objects on Itanium.
September: In response to a court ruling, Oracle reinstitutes support for Oracle software on Itanium hardware.
January: Intel cancels Kittson as a 22 nm shrink of Poulson, moving it instead to its 32 nm process.
November: HP announces that its NonStop servers will start using Intel 64 (x86-64) chips.
December: HP announces that their next generation of Superdome X and Nonstop X servers would be equipped with Intel Xeon processors, and not Itanium.
While HP continues to sell and offer support for the Itanium-based Integrity portfolio, the introduction of a model based entirely on Xeon chips marks the end of an era.
Intel Itanium Home Page
HP Integrity Servers Home Page
Intel Itanium Specifications
Some undocumented Itanium 2 microarchitectural information
Itanium Docs at HP
Historical background for EPIC instruction set architectures
Erika Mitchell (born 7 March 1963), known by her pen name as E. L. James is an English author.
James was born in London.
She was raised in Buckinghamshire.
She studied History at the University of Kent.
James wrote: Fifty Shades of Grey, Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian, Fifty Shades Freed, and Fifty Shades Darker.
Official author website
Ko Chun-hsiung (; 15 January 1945 – 7 December 2015) was a Taiwanese actor, director, producer and politician.
His career began in the 1960s and had appeared in over 120 movies.
During his career he has won the Golden Horse Awards, two Asia Pacific Film Festival for Best Actor Awards, a Panama International Film Festival for Best Actor Award.
In 2005, Chinese Film Association of Performance Art named Ko on the list of 100 Outstanding Artists in Chinese Film (1905 - 2004).
Holly Woodlawn (Haroldo Santiago Franceschi Rodriguez Danhakl; October 26, 1946 – December 6, 2015) was a transgender Puerto Rican actress and Warhol superstar.
She was known for her roles in Trash (1970) and Women in Revolt (1972).
Uxbridge is a town in west London which became a municipal borough in 1955.
It has been part of the London Borough of Hillingdon since 1965.
About 53,000 people live in Uxbridge.
Its postcode is UB8.
Tolworth is a suburban area of southwest London.
Its postcodes are KT5 and KT6.
There is a small primary school and a horticultural centre called Kehelland Trust.
Kehelland Trust supports adults with learning difficulties.
Hamlets in Cornwall
West Tisbury is a civil parish in southwest Wiltshire, England.
The nearest city is Salisbury, which is about 13 miles away.
East Hatch
West Hatch
Tuckingmill
Kinghay
Settlements in Wiltshire
In Norse mythology, the einherjar (lone-fighters) are warriors who have died in battle and are brought to Valhalla by valkyries.
In Valhalla, the einherjar eat meat from the boar called Sæhrímnir.
Every day he is boiled and every night he becomes whole again.
They drink mead provided by a goat named Heiðrún.
Every day they dress for battle and go out and fight each other.
This is to prepare for the events of Ragnarök (the end of the world).
The einherjar are written about in the Prose Edda by Snorri Sturluson.
Also in the poem written in the 13th century Hákonarmál, by Eyvindr skáldaspillir.
The African Plate is a major tectonic plate.
It includes much of the continent of Africa, as well as the oceanic crust which lies between the continent and various surrounding ocean ridges.
Since the continent of Africa includes the African Plate and the smaller plates to its right, some literature refers to the African Plate as the Nubian Plate to distinguish it from the continent as a whole.
One hypothesis suggests a mantle plume beneath the Afar region.
Another hypothesis suggests the rifting is just a zone of weakness as the  plates to its east move northwards.
The African Plate's speed is about  per year.
It has been moving over the past 100 million years or so in a general northeast direction.
This is drawing it closer to the Eurasian Plate.
There is subduction where oceanic crust meets continental crust (in parts of the central and eastern Mediterranean).
OpenStep was an operating system by NeXT.
It is an x86 version of the NeXTStep operating system, which was also by NeXT.
Rhapsody was the name given to Apple Computer's next-generation operating system.
Apple got the Rhapsody operating system when they bought NeXT Inc. from Steve Jobs for $425 million.
The same year Apple released Rhapsody to software developers so they could create versions of their software for the next release of the Apple operating system.
But a key software vendor, Adobe Systems, did not like Apple's plan for the new OS.
Without Adobe supporting them Apple decided not to go ahead with Rhapsody.
Rhapsody was replaced by OS X, scheduled for 1999.
The palmchat (Dulus dominicus) is a small passerine bird.
It is the national bird of the Dominican Republic.
The Arabian bustard (Ardeotis arabs) is a bird native to North Africa and the Middle East.
It lives in the Sahel region (Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Chad, Sudan), South Sudan, Kenya, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti, Somalia, Saudi Arabia and Yemen.
As in all bustards, the male Arabian bustard is much larger than the female.
Males have been found to weigh , while females weigh .
The record-sized male Arabian bustard weighed .
These birds stand from  tall in females to  tall in males.
National Bohemian Beer is an American beer first made in Baltimore, Maryland.
It is a premium Bohemian-style beer.
Many people call it "Natty Boh" as a nickname.
In 1885, the National Brewing Company created National Bohemian beer.
The first factory was in Baltimore, Maryland.
The brewing stopped from 1920 to 1933 due to Prohibition.
This was the period when nobody could drink alcohol in the US.
In 1933 under the ownership of Jerold Hoffberger the factory of Natty Boh opened again.
During the 1940s the factory of National Bohemian was the first in the US to adopt the six pack.
In the 1970s, the Hoffberger family sold the brand name.
During the next three decades, the brand of this beer was bought and sold by different companies.
The copyright of the beer was purchased first by Stroh, then by G. Heileman Brewing, and then by Pabst, in 1999.
Since the Hoffberger family sold the beer it has been brewed in North Carolina.
From 1996 until 2011, National Bohemian wasn’t available directly from the bar, but only by cans or bottles.
In 2014, an American citizen born in Russia, Eugene Kashper, bought the entire Pabst Company, so also National Bohemian.
Relationship with Baltimore
Under the ownership of Jerold Hoffberger, Natty Boh was first associated with the city of Baltimore.
In 1953, Jerold Hoffberger helped to bring the St. Louis Browns to Baltimore where they became the Baltimore Orioles.
He made National Bohemian the main sponsor of the baseball team.
About twelve years later Hoffberger bought the team.
Under the ownership of Jerold Hoffberger the Orioles won two World Series and four American League pennants.
Nattty Boh was served at the stadium.
This was the period when National Bohemian became the beer of Baltimore because people identified the Orioles’ wins with the beer.
Although the beer is not brewed in Maryland anymore, 95% of sales are still in Baltimore.
This is why is it called the beer of Maryland.
Mr. Boh
In 1933, the logo of this beer, Mr. Boh, was introduced.
Mr. Boh is a one-eyed man with a black mustache.
Thanks to the popularity achieved by National Bohemian with the Orioles, Mr. Boh became a symbol of Baltimore.
His big face is still visible at the top of the old building where it was once brewed.
Through the years, people started collecting gadgets with the logo of National Bohemian.
Around Baltimore, several pubs serve Natty Boh as the main beer.
These pubs are decorated with different gadgets of Mr. Boh.
Website of Nationla Bohemian
Service animals are animals that have been trained to do things to help people with disabilities.
Service animals may also be called assistance animals, assist animals, support animals, or helper animals, depending on the country and what the animal does.
Guide animals, like guide dogs, who guide (lead) people who are blind
Hearing animals, like hearing dogs, who help the deaf by signaling when they hear important sounds
Service animals, who do work for people with disabilities who are not blind or deaf
In the United States, as of the 2011 changes to Americans with Disabilities Act regulation only dogs may be used as service animals for the purposes of going to public places.
However, in certain situations miniature horses are supposed to be accommodated the same as service animals that are dogs.
The U.S. government does not recognize a right to use any other species as an assistance animal in public places where pets would not be permitted except on commercial aircraft.
Dogs can be trained to do many different things to help owners with physical disabilities.
For example, some dogs can be trained to:
Sense that their owner is going to have a seizure, and help them in different ways (see seizure response dog)
Sense that their owner's blood sugar is getting low, and alert them to check their blood sugar
Go get help from a certain person, set off an alarm, or call 911 with a special phone if their owner has an emergency
Do things for owners in wheelchairs, like press buttons (see the picture at the top of the page), open a refrigerator, carry bags, open the door, and many other tasks
Help people who have trouble walking keep steady and walk safely
Dogs can also be trained to help owners with psychiatric (mental health) disabilities.
Bring medicine to a person who is having a panic attack
Bring a portable phone, or call 911 or a suicide hotline on a special phone if their owner is feeling suicidal (wants to kill himself or herself)
Wake up a person with PTSD who is having a night terror
Realize when their owner is getting angry or anxious, signaling them and trying to distract them (for example, by nudging them or licking their face)
These are just examples of some of the things service dogs can do.
Service dogs can also be trained to do many, many more things for people with all kinds of disabilities.
Miniature horses
Miniature horses are horses that are usually less than three feet tall.
They can be trained to:
Guide a blind owner, just like a guide dog would
Pull a wheelchair
Help support an owner with Parkinson's disease, which can make it hard to walk and easy to fall.
By bracing against the horse, the owner can walk more easily and safely.
An owner might choose a miniature horse as a service animal because they are allergic to dogs, or because their religion says that dogs are unclean.
Miniature horses can also live and work for about 30 years, much longer than a service dog.
Capuchin monkeys
Are not allowed in buildings with a "no animal" policy.
They may be used at home or outside where any animal is allowed,  but under the 2011 ADA revision, only canines and in some cases miniature horses, are legally recognized as public access service animals.
Picking things up
Opening doorknobs
Turning on light switches
Turning the pages of a book
Microwaving food and opening drink bottles
Washing their owner's face
Helper monkeys are usually raised in a human home as infants.
Then they get years of training, usually in schools by private organizations.
On average, they take 7 years to train.
They are usually able to serve as helper monkeys for 25–30 years (two to three times longer than a service dog).
Not everyone agrees that monkeys should be service animals.
Debbie Leahy, manager of captive wildlife protection for the Humane Society of the United States, says that monkeys are not real service animals and that sometimes they are abused during their training.
Animals which cannot be service animals
Some people with mental health problems, like anxiety or PTSD, use different kinds of animals to give them comfort (make them feel better) when they are upset.
These animals are called "comfort animals" (or "Emotional Support Animals").
Some people use unusual comfort animals, like snakes, tarantulas, guinea pigs, turtles, and rats.
Even if having the animal makes the owner feel better, these animals cannot be service animals because it is impossible to train them to do something to help a person with a disability.
Even if a comfort animal is a dog or a miniature horse, being a comfort animal is not the same as being a service animal.
Comfort animals make their owners feel better just by being there.
A service animal is trained to recognize that there is a problem and do the job they were trained to do to help their owner.
For example, a psychiatric service dog would recognize that its owner is feeling upset and do a specific job, like get medicine, get help, or distract the person, to help them.
Laws in the United States
In the United States, service animals have some protection under the law.
Different laws set rules about service animals in different situations.
For example, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) governs the use of service animals in public places.
Other laws, for example, control which service animals are allowed in housing.
But these different laws do not agree on what counts as a service animal.
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
In 1990, the United States passed the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).
Its goal was to protect the rights of people with disabilities.
At first, it mentioned only guide dogs as service animals.
Since then, it has been changed to include more protections.
It now defines a service animal as any "dog that is individually trained to do work or perform tasks for people with disabilities."
This means that only dogs count as service animals under the ADA.
However, there is a special section in the new ADA about miniature horses.
This section says that places covered by the ADA (like businesses) should allow miniature horses "where reasonable."
To decide whether allowing a miniature horse into a place is "reasonable," those places are allowed to use four questions:
Is the miniature horse housebroken?
Is the miniature horse under its owner's control?
Does the place have room for the miniature horse?
If the miniature horse is allowed in, will the place still be able to meet all of its safety rules and requirements?
Protections for service animals
Any business
Any government agency
Any "public accommodation" (any place where members of the public are allowed to go) - like movie theaters, museums, malls, schools, parks, and ambulances
In these places, it is also illegal to treat a person with a service animal differently than any other person.
The person with a service animal cannot be charged extra money, refused service, or kept apart from other people.
A service animal can be asked to leave one of these places only if it is out of control (for example, if it is aggressive or urinates inside).
The animal has to be on a leash, or controlled by its owner's voice or signals, all the time.
No one can ask for proof that the animal is a service animal.
Owners do not have to carry any special papers or prove that their service animal can do a special task.
If an owner and a service animal enter one of these places, workers are only allowed to ask two questions to make sure the animal is a service animal and not a pet:
Is this a service animal that you need because of a disability?
(Nobody is allowed to ask the owner to explain what their disability is.)
What work or task is the dog trained to do?
Service animals do not get these same protections in most religious organizations.
Most religious organizations are exempt from the ADA's requirements, which means they do not have to obey the ADA.
Other laws
Other laws have less strict definitions of which animals count as service animals.
For example, the Department of Transportation's Air Carrier Access Act allows "dogs and other service animals" to ride with passengers on commercial airlines.
The Fair Housing Act also requires housing providers to allow service animals (including comfort and emotional support animals).
This law does not say that only certain animals are allowed.
Laws in other countries
Mexico & South America
In most places in South America and Mexico, the place's owner or manager gets to decide whether to let a service animal in.
There are no laws that protect service animals or their owners.
In areas with many tourists, service dogs are generally welcomed without problems.
In Brazil, however, the President created a new law about service dogs in 2006.
The law says that all service dogs in Brazil must be allowed to go anywhere that the public could go.
The Brasília Metro (the Brazilian public transportation system) has developed a program which trains guide dogs to ride it.
Different European countries have different laws about service animals.
Some countries have laws that govern the entire country, and sometimes different parts of the country govern themselves.
However, with current laws, owners may not always be allowed to have their service animals with them in all situations.
Each state and territory has its own laws, which mainly have to do with guide dogs.
Queensland has introduced the Guide Hearing and Assistance Dog Act 2009, which protects all certified assistance dogs.
In Canada, any service animal is allowed anywhere that the general public is allowed, as long as the owner is in control of the animal.
In Alberta, there is a fine of up to $3000 for someone who refuses to let a service dog into a place where everyone else could go.
In South Korea, the law says service dogs must be let into any areas that are open to the public.
People who break this law can be fined for up to 2 million won (about $1691 in United States dollars).
The Swan of Tuonela is a tone poem by Finnish composer, Jean Sibelius.
Immovable property is property that cannot be moved from one place to another.
It is generally connected to the ground or land on which it sits.
The term immovable property also includes the land.
In real estate law, immovable property has certain rights of ownership that go with title (full or partial) to that property.
These may include rights to buildings, rights to collect rent, inherited rights, right of ways, ferries or fisheries.
It generally does not include such things as grass, crops, or standing timber.
In much of the world's civil law systems is the same as "real property"; it is land or any permanent feature or structure above or below the surface.
In some countries, China for example, private ownership of land is not allowed.
Individuals in China may obtain land rights for a fixed number of years for a fee.
These rights may be transfered by legal means including gift or sale.
They may also own houses, buildings or apartments, but not the land they sit on.
In the United States immovable property is also known as real estate.
In the United Kingdom it is also known as property.
The Burmese calendar is a calendar where the months are based on lunar months.
It is based on an older version of the Hindu calendar.
It has been used in Myanmar since 640 CE.
Today it is used as together with the Buddhist calendar.
640s establishments
Establishments in Myanmar
In law, extortion is a criminal offense.
It is obtaining money, property, or service from a person or institution, through coercion.
This may be by threat to a victim, to their property or family.
It may also be by false claim (such as claiming to be a public official).
Another form of extortion is offering a business owner "protection"; for example, to keep the business free from vandalism or burglary.
In all states of the United States extortion is a felony.
Extortion may be in person, by telephone, mail, e-mail, text message or any form of wireless communication.
If the extortion involves any form of interstate commerce, it may be a federal crime.
It may involve the threat of hacking.
Extortion, like robbery and blackmail, are crimes that involve obtaining property by illegal means.
The most serious of the three is robbery because it usually involves violence against the victim.
Blackmail is a form of extortion.
The threat is usually making damaging or embarrassing information public if demands are not met.
The legal definition of extortion varies from one jurisdiction to another.
In some states, extortion is only charged against public officials while the same act committed by a private individual is charged as blackmail.
Sonja Henie (8 April 1912 – 12 October 1969) was a famous Norwegian ice skater and movie star who was born in Oslo.
She was a three-time Olympic Champion (1928, 1932, 1936) in Ladies' Singles, a ten-time World Champion (1927–1936) and a six-time European Champion (1931–1936).
In 1936 she became a professional skater.
Later she decided to become a movie star.
At the height of her acting career she was one of the highest paid stars in Hollywood.
Henie's connections with Adolf Hitler and other high-ranking Nazi officials made her the subject of controversy before, during, and after World War II.
Sonja Henie ruled the " queen of ice" in her life and she still was one of the most influential people in figure skating.
Marie Thérèse of France (Marie Thérèse Charlotte; 19 December 1778 – 19 October 1851), Madame Royale, was the eldest child of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.
After her marriage to her cousin, Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, the eldest son of the future Charles X, she was known as the Duchess of Angoulême.
She became the Dauphine of France upon the accession of her father-in-law to the throne of France in 1824.
Technically she was Queen of France for twenty minutes, on 2 August 1830.
This was between the time her father-in-law signed the instrument of abdication and the time her husband, reluctantly, signed the same document.
The noisy miner (Manorina melanocephala) is a small grey bird with a black head and yellow eyes.
This bird is common in the gardens of eastern Australian homes, but is not seen in Western Australia or the Northern Territory.
The genus puts it in a large group of honey-eating birds.
The species is a Latin word meaning "black-headed."
The noisy miner is a native of Australia, and one of the few native birds that is thriving in cities and suburbs.
In  some parts of Australia the number of noisy miners has grown to the point that it is driving out smaller birds like the wrens.
It prefers gardens with open spaces and lawns.
It is highly aggressive when other birds enter its area of garden or bush, and it flocks together with other nearby noisy miners to make small defensive groups called 'coteries' of four or five which cooperate to drive off kookaburras or magpies.
Sometimes they join together into even larger 'colonies' with up to a hundred or so birds.
The female will lay between two and four eggs in her nest, and food will be bought to the mother and her chicks by quite a few males in the coterie.
Bringing up the chicks is often done by the whole group.
They breed at any time in the year so there are often young noisy miners in the group.
The younger birds usually have feathers and face colouring very similar to the adult birds, so it is often difficult to tell the difference.
They are sometimes called native miners, native mynas or native mynahs (actually an Indian spelling), and, in older bird books they might have up to twelve different names.
At one time they were thought to be mainly bee-eaters, but they eat the nectar of Australian native flowers.
They are also known to eat fruit and insects, and at times small reptiles and amphibians.
While the name is often spelled myna, or mynah, they are not related to the introduced brown/black-feathered "Indian" or "Common mynah" which is usually slightly larger and often found in the same area.
Miner calls
As the common name suggests, the noisy miner is a noisy species.
It has a large variety of songs, calls, scoldings and alarms, most of which are harsh single notes.
It has a special alarm call which is only used when the threat comes from a large bird flying overhead, and a different alarm call when intruders like humans and dogs enter their territory.
A study of the bird found that those who lived in a noisy urban area were able to make their alarm call louder so it could be heard.
Martin E. Brooks (born Martin Baum; November 30, 1925 – December 7, 2015) was an American character actor.
He was known for playing scientist Dr. Rudy Wells in the television series The Six Million Dollar Man (1973–1978) and its spin-off, The Bionic Woman (1976–1978).
He played Wells in three television movies: The Return of the Six-Million-Dollar Man and the Bionic Woman (1987), Bionic Showdown: The Six Million Dollar Man and the Bionic Woman (1989) and Bionic Ever After? (
He had roles in Knots Landing, General Hospital, and Dallas.
He also appeared in many Broadway productions.
Brooks also wrote two novels.
Brooks was born in The Bronx, New York.
He served his country as a paratrooper during World War II.
Brooks died from natural causes on December 7, 2015 in Los Angeles, California.
Nancy Marie Lopez (born January 6, 1957) is an American professional golfer.
She was born in Torrance, California.
She became a member of the LPGA Tour in 1977 and won 48 LPGA Tour events, including three major championships.
During her first full season on the LPGA Tour in 1978, Lopez won nine tournaments, including five consecutive.
She appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated in July of that year.
She also won the Vare Trophy for lowest scoring average, LPGA Rookie of the Year, LPGA Player of the Year and was named the Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year.
She won another eight times in 1979.
Lopez has won multiple times in each year from 1980 to 1984, although she played only half-seasons in 1983 and 1984 due to the birth of her first child.
Lopez was considered the best golfer of her time.
She was also considered outstanding at putting.
She was also known for her kindness.
Meadow "Meadowlark" Lemon III (April 25, 1932 – December 27, 2015) was an American basketball player, actor, and Christian minister.
For 22 years, Lemon was known as the "Clown Prince" of the touring Harlem Globetrotters basketball team.
Lemon played in more than 16,000 games for the Globetrotters and is a 2003 inductee of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.
He studied at a historically black college, Florida A&M University in 1952, but was drafted into the US Army before he could finish.
The Globetrotters first became aware of Lemon in 1954 while he was in Austria in the army and they were touring Europe.
Lemon says: "I was also a good friend of the Reagan's [sic] because I'm also an actor.
I worked closely with Nancy Reagan on her 'Just say no to drugs' program."
This was a program started by First Lady Reagan to discourage illegal drug use by young people.
A born-again Christian, Lemon became an ordained minister in 1986.
He received a Doctor of Divinity degree from Vision International University in San Diego, California, in 1988.
In 2009, Lemon became a part-owner of the Smoky Mountain Jam of the American Basketball Association.
This was a semi-professional men's basketball league that was formed in 1999.
Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Famers: Biography for Meadowlark Lemon
Meadowlark Lemon at IMDb
Olga Valentinovna Korbut (born May 16, 1955 in Grodno, Belarus), also known as the "Sparrow from Minsk", is a retired Belarusian gymnast.
She won four gold medals and two silver medals at the Summer Olympic Games, in which she competed in 1972 and 1976 for the Soviet team.
She could do backwards flips from the balance beam and uneven parallel bars, when no one else could.
Belarusian sportspeople
The Kayapo (Portuguese: Caiapó ) people are an indigenous people in Brazil.
They are found along the plain islands of the Mato Grosso and Pará in Brazil, south of the Amazon Basin and along Rio Xingu and its tributaries.
Kayapo call themselves "Mebengokre", which means "people of the wellspring".
Kayapo people also call outsiders "Poanjos".
The Kayapo tribe live alongside the Xingu River in the eastern part of the Amazon Rainforest, near the Amazon basin.
They live in several scattered villages ranging in population from, one hundred to one thousand people in Brazil.
Their land consists of tropical rainforest savannah (grassland).
It is arguably the largest tropical protected area in the world covering 11,346,326 million hectares.
They have small hills scattered around their land and the area is criss-crossed by river valleys.
The larger rivers feed into numerous pools and creeks, most of which don’t have official names.
In 2010, there was an estimated 8,638 Kayapo people.
which is an increase from 7,096 in 2003.
Subgroups of the Kayapo include the Xikrin, Gorotire, Mekranoti and Metyktire.
Their villages typically consist of a dozen huts.
A centrally located hut serves as a meeting place for village men to discuss community issues.
One of the Kayapo tribes, all of the women shave a distinctive V shape into their scalp.
land tenure
Territorialist School in Italy
Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus was a 1st century king of the Regnenses in early Roman Britain.
Cogidubnus ruled at Chichester.<ref name=Collingwood85.87>R G Collingwood; J N L Myres, Roman Britain and the English Settlements (New York, NY: Biblo and Tannen, 1998), pp.
85–87</ref> When the Roman Emperor Claudius conquered Britain he set himself up at Colchester and received the submission of the various tribes.
Cogidubnus was one of those who submitted to him.
Claudius confirmed Cogidubnus' kingdom and even expanded its borders.
Cogidubnus was given the unusual title rex legatus Augusti in Britannia''.
When Cogidubnus became a Roman citizen he took the name "Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus".
He was a loyal client-king to the Romans.
He convinced his people to remain loyal to india
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the largest university press in the world, and the second-oldest, after Cambridge University Press.
It is a department of the University of Oxford.
It is governed by the Delegates of the Press.
This is a group of 15 members of the university.
They are headed by the Secretary to the Delegates, who serves as OUP' s chief executive and as its major representative on other university bodies.
Oxford University has been using this system of contol since the 17th century.
The university started printing books around 1480.
It soon grew into a major printer of Bibles, prayer books, and scholarly works.
It began what later became the Oxford English Dictionary in the late 19th century.
Over the last hundred years, Oxford has grown and now publishes children's books, school text books, music, journals, the World's Classics series, a best-selling range of English Language Teaching texts, as well as its academic and religious titles.
It opened its first international office in New York in 1896.
Changes caused by computer technology and the need to lower costs, led to the Press contracting out its printing and binding work.
The Press's printing house at Oxford was closed in 1989.
Its former paper mill at Wolvercote was demolished in 2004.
The Press publishes about 6,000 new titles around the world every year.
It is a charitable organization, its profits go to the University of Oxford.
The university's aims of excellence in scholarship, research, and education are supported through its publishing activities.
University presses
The Moeraki Boulders are a rock formation in New Zealand.
They are unusually large and spherical boulders on Koekohe Beach on the Otago coast, between Moeraki and Hampden.
Some of the boulders are in groups, while others stand by themselves.
The area has been protected in a scientific reserve.
The boulders sit in mudstone, which is eroded by the action of the waves along the beach.
This leaves the boulders exposed on the sand.
Local Māori legends say the boulders as the remains of eel baskets, calabashes, and kumara washed ashore from the wreck of Arai-te-uru, a large sailing canoe.
The rocks that extend seaward from Shag Point are the petrified hull of this shipwreck.
A nearby rocky promontory is the body of the canoe's captain.
In 1848 a drawing of the beach and its boulders, shows there were more than now.
This picture is now in the Alexander Turnbull Library in Wellington.
The boulders were described in 1850 colonial reports and numerous popular articles since that time.
In more recent times they have become a popular tourist attraction, often described and pictured in numerous web pages and tourist guides.
Religious law comes from the sacred texts of various religions.
They cover most parts of personal and contract law.
Most religious law systems are either based on Islamic law (Sharia) or Judaic law (Halakha).
Religious laws generally are used in countries that also have other legal systems such as civil or common law.
Religious laws are seen to be eternal and do not change over time.
Secular laws (non-religious) can be changed by their lawmakers.
Religious laws govern people's behaviors and their beliefs.
Secular laws deal with people's actions and how they affect other people.
In religious law, disputes are settled by officials of that religion combining the actions of a judge and a priest.
In secular systems the judiciary is independent.
Religious legal systems
Sharia deals with many topics, including crime, politics, marriage contracts, trade regulations, religious instructions, and economics.
It also covers personal matters such as sexual intercourse, hygiene, diet, prayer, everyday etiquette and fasting.
Adherence to sharia is an important part of the Muslim faith.
In the strictest sense, sharia is considered in Islam as the infallible law of God.
There are two primary sharia: the Quran, and the Hadiths (opinions and life example of Muhammad).
For issues not directly covered in these primary sources, sharia is used.
The sources differ between the various sects of Islam (Sunni and Shia are the majority).
They also differ by the various jurisprudence schools such as Hanafi, Maliki and Shafi'i.
Historically, in the diaspora, halakha served many Jewish communities as both civil and religious law.
There was no difference in classical Judaism.
Modern religious leaders have come to view the halakha as less binding in day-to-day life.
This is because it relies on Rabbinic interpretation instead of the pure, written words written in the Hebrew Bible.
Under contemporary Israeli law certain areas of Israeli family and personal law are under the authority of the rabbinic courts.
This means they are treated according to halakha.
Some differences in halakha itself are found among Ashkenazi, Mizrahi, Sephardi, Yemenite and other Jews who historically lived in isolated communities.
He was one of the few zydeco artists to become popular.
His music group was known as Buckwheat Zydeco and Ils Son Partis Band, but often they perform as merely Buckwheat Zydeco.
Elsie Tu, GBM, CBE (née Hume; ; 2 June 1913 – 8 December 2015), was an English-born Hong Kong social activist.
She was an elected member of the Urban Council of Hong Kong, and member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong.
She became known for her strong opposition of colonialism and corruption.
The Americans with Disabilities Act (the ADA) is a law that was passed by the United States Congress in 1990.
President George H. W. Bush signed the ADA, making it an official United States law, on July 26, 1990.
Later, President George W. Bush amended (changed) the ADA and signed those changes into law.
The changes started on January 1, 2009.
The ADA is a detailed civil rights law whose goal is to protect people with disabilities from discrimination.
Before the ADA, people with disabilities did not have many legal protections.
This law made it illegal to discriminate against people because of their race, religion, gender, national origin (home country), and many other things.
But people with disabilities were not included or protected under the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
The ADA gave the Civil Rights Act's protections - and some others - to people with disabilities.
Who Is Protected Under the ADA?
The ADA protects people with disabilities.
The ADA says that a disability is a physical or mental problem that makes it very difficult to do at least one "major life activity."
Major life activities are things like walking, breathing, learning, reading, communicating, seeing, hearing, thinking, and other very important tasks.
The ADA does not include a complete list of all possible disabilities, but it does give some examples.
As long as they make it very difficult to do at least one major life activity, examples of disabilities protected under the ADA include:
Physical disabilities, like paralysis, missing arms or legs, cystic fibrosis, cerebral palsy, and muscular dystrophy
Medical disabilities, like cancer, HIV infection, epilepsy, and diabetes
Psychiatric disabilities, like depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Learning disabilities, like dyslexia
Developmental disabilities, like Down syndrome, autism, and intellectual disabilities
Alcohol and drug addiction
A person who has had a disability in the past (for example, a person who used to be a drug addict)
Someone who has a relationship with a person with a disability (for example, someone whose wife or husband has HIV)
When other people think a person has a disability, even if they are wrong, the person counts as a person with a disability
Who Is Not Protected Under the ADA?
The ADA lists some conditions that are not counted as disabilities.
People with these conditions are not protected by the ADA.
The goal of not including these people was to make sure the ADA's goal of protecting people with disabilities was not abused.
Problems with sexual behavior, like pedophilia, exhibitionism, and voyeurism
Being homosexual (gay) or bisexual
Being pregnant
Sections of the ADA
The ADA has five sections, which are called titles.
Each title protects against a different kind of discrimination.
The titles are numbered in Roman numerals: I (one), II (two), III (three), IV (four), and V (five).
Title I: Employment
What Employers are Covered by the ADA?
Not every employer has to follow the ADA's rules.
Employers that are covered by the ADA, and have to follow the ADA's rules, are called "covered entities."
Employers (including religious organizations) with 15 or more workers
Employment agencies (places which help people find jobs)
Labor organizations (unions)
What Do Employers Have to Do?
Title I says that employers who are covered by the ADA cannot discriminate against a person with a disability, as long as that person is qualified (able) to do their job.
Title I does not say that people with disabilities have to be hired for jobs that they are not qualified for.
These employers do have to give "reasonable accommodations" to workers with disabilities if needed.
An "accommodation" is a change in the way things are usually done.
It is a change that a worker needs because of a disability, to help them do their job.