the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
There are also portraits of his wife and his two sisters and of many others.
1697 births
Huxley was born in Hampstead, London.
He was the youngest son of writer and editor Leonard Huxley by his second wife Rosalind Bruce.
He was the half-brother of writer Aldous Huxley and fellow biologist Julian Huxley, and grandson of biologist T H. Huxley.
He studied Natural Sciences at Trinity College, Cambridge.
Huxley won the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Alan Hodgkin and John Eccles for his experimental and mathematical work with Alan Hodgkin on the basis of nerve action potentials.
These are the electrical impulses that make nerve fibres work, and so the whole central nervous system.
Hodgkin and Huxley shared the prize that year with Sir John Eccles, who was cited for research on nerve synapses.
Hodgkin and Huxley's findings led the pair to suggest the existence of ion channels, which were found only decades later.
Huxley was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 17 March 1955.
He was President of the Royal Society from 1980 to 1985, and Master of Trinity from  1984–1990.
He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II on 12 November 1974, and appointed to the Order of Merit on 11 November 1983.
Huxley A.F. 1980.
Reflections on muscle.
The Sherrington Lectures XIV.
, also known as Shōkei, was a  of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period  after Gentoku and before Kemmu.
This period started in April 1332 and ended in April 1334.
Events of the Shōkyō Era
1332 (Shōkyō 1):  The era name was changed to  in Genkō 2, the 10th month.
1332 (Shōkyō 1, 3rd month): Go-Daigo was sent into exile on the Oki Province (the Oki Islands) in the Sea of Japan off the coast of the provinces of Izumo and Hōki.
1333 (Shōkyō 2, 3rd month): Go-Daigo escaped from island exile.
Genkō, 1331-1334
1332 establishments
Professor Satyendra Nath Bose  laid down the basics for the Bose–Einstein statistics and the theory of the Bose–Einstein condensate.
The boson, a kind of particle of matter, is named in his honor.
He was a member of the Royal Society and was awarded India's second highest civilian award (called the Padma Vibhushan) in 1954.
Bose’s works helped statistical mechanics, the electromagnetic properties of the ionosphere, the theories of X-ray crystallography, and unified field theory.
This work also led Einstein to work with him.
Bose was interested in many subjects including physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, mineralogy, philosophy, arts, literature and music.
He worked on many research and development projects for India and England.
He mostly spent his life in London.
Richard Dawson (20 November 1932 – 2 June 2012) was an English-American actor and television presenter.
Dawson was born Colin Lionel Emm in Gosport, Hampshire to an American father and English mother.
Dawson married Diana Dors in 1959; they lived in California.
The couple had two sons, entertainment manager Mark (born 1960) and Gary (born 1962).
She left him and in 1967 the couple divorced.
His second marriage lasted from 1991 until his death from esopheageal cancer in Los Angeles, California.
Dawson played a prisoner of war in Hogan's Heroes and hosted Family Feud.
Television personalities from Hampshire
Chelsea Bridge is a bridge over the River Thames in west London.
The first Chelsea Bridge was called Victoria Bridge.
It opened in 1857.
Swindon is a large town in the Borough of Swindon in the county of Wiltshire, South West England.
It is the largest settlement in Wiltshire.
About 160,000 people live there.
It is 81 miles west of London, 40 miles west of Reading, Berkshire, and 40 miles east of Bristol.
Borough Council site
Strusta Lake is a lake of Vitebsk Province, Belarus.
It is part of the Braslau Lakes national park.
Vitebsk Region, Vitsebsk Voblast, or Vitebsk Oblast  is a region (voblast) of Belarus.
The administrative center is Vitebsk (Viciebsk).
As of a 2009, the region had a population of 1,230,800.
Regions of Belarus
Vitebsk, also known as Viciebsk or Vitsyebsk is a city in Belarus, near the border with Russia.
It is the capital of the Vitebsk Oblast.
In 2004 it had 342,381 people.
This makes it the country's fourth largest city.
It is served by Vitebsk Vostochny Airport and Vitebsk air base.
In 1919, Vitebsk was made a part of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia.
Then it was transferred to the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and later to the short-lived Litbel.
In 1924, it was returned to Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
According to a legend, the city was founded by the Kyiv princess Olga in 974.
The first mention of Vitebsk is dated 1021 AD, where it is said that Yaroslav the Wise handed over two cities ("Vosvyach and Vidbesk") to Prince Bryachislav Izyaslavych.
The Armed Forces of Belarus are the Ground Forces and the Belarusian Air Force.
All are under the command of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Belarus.
Lieutenant general Yurij Viktorovich Zhadobin is the Minister of Defense since December 4, 2009.
The Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Belarus is the government group that has the duties of raising and maintaining the Armed Forces of Belarus.
The formation of the ministry began in 1992.
This was a year after the end of the Soviet Union and Belarus becoming an independent state.
Belarusian Army: Capacity And Its Role In The Region
The  is a Japanese river which flows through Tokyo.
It crosses the north part of Tokyo and drains into Tokyo Bay.
Sumida bridges
The Sumida runs through Tokyo for 27 kilometers.
There are 26 bridges across the river, including
Ryōgoku Bridge (Ryōgoku-bashi)
Nihon bridge (Nihon-bashi)
Eitai Bridge
Senju Bridge
Sakura Bridge
Kototoi Bridge
Azuma Bridge
Komagata Bridge
Umaya Bridge
Shin Ohashi Bridge
Kiyosu Bridge
Chuo Bridge
Tsukuda Bridge
Kachidoki Bridge (Kachidoki-bashi)
New York Public Library Digital Gallery Pleasure boating on the Sumida River, woodblock print, c. 1788-1790
Brest Voblast (Province) or Brest Oblast is a province (voblast) of Belarus.
The administrative center is Brest.
Important cities in the voblast include: Baranovichi, Brest, and Pinsk.
The region was formed in 1939 after Western Belarus rejoined the Byelorussian SSR.
Today it has 16 districts (raions), 225 selsovets, 20 cities, 5 city municipalities, 9 urban-type settlements, and 2178 villages.
Brest is a city in Belarus.
It is at the border with Poland opposite the city of Terespol, where the Bug River and Mukhavets rivers meet.
It is the capital city of the Brest Region.
There are two universities in Brest: A.S.Pushkin State University and Brest State Technical University.
There are some newspapers in Brest: Brestskaya Gazeta, Brestskiy Kurier, Brestskiy Vestnik, Vecherniy Brest, Zarya.
Brest is one of the oldest cities of the Galicia-Volyn principality.
It was first mentioned in the Lawrence Chronicle in 1017 as a city of Derevlyany.
The authoritative Novgorod first chronicle mentions this city in the year 1017 "Yaroslav goes to Brest".
It is also mentioned in the Tale of Past Years around 1019: Sviatopolk, defeated by Yaroslav Volodymyrovych, fled to Poland via Brest.
Polish scholar G. Lovmyansky, based on an analysis of information from sources, primarily Russian chronicles of the struggle between the sons of Vladimir Svyatoslavych for the throne of Kiev, believes that the city of Brest existed until 1016 and was part of the principality of Sviatopolk.
During the conflict, the city was occupied by the Polish garrison and held it until 1022 or even until 1031.
As a border town, Brest was often attacked by Yatvyags, Poles, Lithuanians, and Teutonic Knights.
The city was the center of the Brest land and one of the most important cities of Kievan Rus and the Galicia-Volyn principality.
Brest was considered a "window to Europe" for Russia, a stronghold on the way to Kyiv.
In 1020 Brest was captured by the King of Poland Boleslaw the Brave, but in 1022 the city was recaptured by Jaroslav the Wise.
In 1210 Brest was captured by Konrad Mazowiecki and Leszek Krakowski, but in 1213 the Russian army of Danylo Halytsky returned the city.
In 1227-1228, Stegut Zibrovych's Yatvia detachment was defeated near Brest, and Stegut himself was killed by the Volyn voivode Shelv.
In 1241 Brest was completely devastated by the Tatars.
Rebuilt by the Volyn princes.
Princes Mstislav Danilovich and Yuri Lvovich competed for Brest.
On March 1, 1280, a battle took place near Brest on the river Krosna between the Ruthenians, led by the Brest voivode Titus, and Polish troops.
The Poles were defeated, having a numerical advantage.
In the 1320s, Brest was captured by the Lithuanian prince Gediminas.
In the 1340s, Brest was ruled by the Lithuanian prince Keystut.
In 1366, under the agreement of the Lithuanian prince Olgerd with the Poles, Brest with the parish passed to Keystut.
In 1379 Brest was burned by Teutonic knights.
In 1382 Brest was besieged by the Polish prince Janusz Mazowiecki.
In 1390 the city received the Magdeburg right.
In 1397, the Teutonic Knights again ravaged the city.
In 1366, under the agreement of the Lithuanian prince Olgerd with the Poles, Brest and the parish passed to Keystut.
In the XV-XVI centuries, Brest was an important trading point.
From 1413 to 1510 the city, together with Brest County, was part of the Trotsky Voivodeship.
In 1463 Brest was burned by the Crimean Tatar army led by Mengli-Girey.
In 1491 a hospital for the crippled was opened in Brest at the expense of local magnates.
In 1500, Mengli-Girey ravaged the city again.
In 1511 an old age was founded in Brest.
In 1525 a fire broke out in the city.
In 1553 the first printing house in the Ukrainian lands was founded in Brest, which published about 40 editions in Polish.
In the middle of the 16th century, the printing house in Brest was for a short time the center of publishing of Polish-Lithuanian Protestants.
In 1563, this printing house published the Bible in Polish.
In 1566, it became the center of the newly created Brest Voivodeship.
In 1591 the royal universal was issued for the opening of a fraternal school in Brest.
In the same year, the St. Nicholas Brotherhood began to operate at the Church of St. Nicholas in the city.
In 1596 the Brest Union was concluded at the church cathedral in Brest.
On October 16-20 (6-10 according to the old calendar), a church council of the Kyivan metropolis was convened in Brest on October 16-20 (6-10) according to the instructions of Pope Clement VIII for the official proclamation of the union with the Roman Church.
At this Council in the Cathedral Church of St. Nicholas on October 18 (8), 1596, most of the hierarchs of the Kyiv metropolis accepted the union.
In 1614 a Jesuit college was founded in Brest.
In 1633, he received permission to operate the Christmas Orthodox Brotherhood in Brest.
In September 1648, after the appearance of a small Cossack detachment in the vicinity of Brest, an uprising took place in Brest, as a result of which the nobility was overthrown and declared to join the Hetmanate.
The uprising in Brest was suppressed only in January 1649 by the Polish army led by Lithuanian Hetman Janusz Radziwill, the city was captured and severely devastated.
In 1649 another uprising took place in Brest, during which 2,000 inhabitants died.
After the Polish occupation of the city, Colonel Duminsky of the Zaporizhzhya Army organized an underground insurgent network in Brest on Khmelnytsky's instructions until he was arrested in the summer of 1651 and later executed.
On November 15, 1655, near Brest, the Moscow army led by Prince Urusov defeated the Polish army led by P. Sapiga, but Brest itself was not captured.
In 1657, the city was ravaged by the troops of Rakoczi and Karl Gustav.
In January 1660, Brest was taken over by the Moscow army led by Khovansky, but in 1661 the Polish army regained control of the city.
In the second half of the XVII century it declined.
The city had a Basilian monastery and the Church of the Apostles Peter and Paul.
In 1705 the city was captured by the Saxon army led by Augustus II.
In 1707, Swedish troops devastated a number of settlements in Polissya, including Brest.
In 1792, the city became the center of the leaders of the Trade Confederation, which opposed the Polish constitution of 1791.
In 1794, near Brest, the Russian army led by Alexander Suvorov defeated the Polish army led by Generals Serakowski, Krasinski, and Poniatowski.
In 1795, Brest, together with the western part of the Brest Voivodeship, became part of the Russian Empire.
Originally part of the Lithuanian province.
In 1801, it became a county town of the Grodno province and officially became known as Brest-Litovsk.
In 1802, a fire broke out in Brest, destroying 160 houses.
During the Franco-Russian War of 1812, a series of battles took place near Brest and Kobrin.
In 1822 and 1828, two more fires broke out in the city, the first of which burned down the commercial part of Brest, and during the fire of 1828 - 220 houses, including the Greek Catholic Church, the Brigitte Monastery, 150 slaughterhouses and 5 Jewish schools.
In order to build a fortress, the Russian authorities completely destroyed the old town of Brest, located between the Western Bug and the Mukhavets branches sprinkling.
To the east, in 1831, a new city with the old name was founded.
In the second half of the XIX century Brest became a railway junction, its trade value increased and the population grew (up to 20,000 people in 1880).
In 1873 and 1882, workers' strikes took place in the city.
In 1905-1907, during revolutionary demonstrations throughout the Russian Empire, workers' strikes took place in Brest as well.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the officer of the fortress Onopriy Vasylenko (Ohrim Varnak) founded a theatrical troupe in the city, organized meetings with readings of Ukrainian classics, rallies of 1905 and celebrations of Taras Shevchenko's anniversaries.
In 1902-1914, the troupe staged works by Ivan Kotlyarevsky, Ivan Karpenko-Kary, Hryhoriy Kvitka-Osnovyanenko, and Mark Kropyvnytsky.
In 1915-1918, first in Bila Pidlaska, and later in Brest, the Ukrainian weekly Ridne Slovo was published.
In 1916, one of the first Enlightenment centers in Polissya was founded in Brest.
In December 1917, peace talks between the Central Powers and the Ukrainian People's Republic and Bolshevik Russia began in Brest.
According to the Brest Peace Treaty, signed on February 9, 1918 in the White Palace of the Brest Fortress, Brest, Kholm and Podlasie became part of the UPR.
In March 1918, the Kholm Provincial Eldership (province) was formed as part of the Ukrainian People's Republic, and Brest became its administrative center.
Ukrainian periodicals were published in the city: "Ridne slovo", "Mir", "Visnyk Kholmskoho gubernialskoho starostva".
In 1918, a local troupe (Vasyl Dmytriyuk, Bigunivna, G. Drozd, Prokop) staged Ivan Kotlyarevsky's Natalka Poltavka in Brest, and the funds raised went to Turkevych's orphanage.
On December 1, 1918, the founding congress of the Enlightenment was held in Brest.
On February 2, 1919, Polish troops entered the Brest region, first capturing the Brest Fortress and later Brest itself.
In 1920, the Ukrainian division of General Bezruchko was established in Brest.
In 1920, Brest was captured by Bolshevik troops, but in the same year they were driven out by the Polish army.
On March 21, 1920, the 6th Reserve Brigade of the UPR Army under the command of General Ivan Fedenyak-Bilynsky was based in Brest.
From 1920, a camp of interned regiments of the UGA operated in the city, and in 1930-1931 it was a prison for opposition deputies.
A rectifier is a device that can convert Alternating current (AC) to Direct current (DC).
This is a process called rectification.
Many rectifiers in the 20th century were made of metals like copper, iron, and silver.
Nowadays most are semiconductors.
Half-wave rectifiers only have one side of a waveform, while the full-wave rectifiers use both sides of a waveform.
The left-hand side of the full-wave rectifier circuit consists of four diodes: a diode bridge.
Half-wave current is a current that can only flow  in alternate current, a full-wave current can flow both alternating current and direct current.
Diode bridge is electrical circuit that consists of four diodes.
It acts as a full wave rectifier to convert alternating current to direct current.
Homiel Voblast or Gomel Oblast is a province (voblast) of Belarus.
Its administrative center is Homyel.
Homiel Province and Mahilyow Voblast were hurt severely after the Chernobyl nuclear reactor catastrophe.
The Gomel Province borders the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone in places.
Part of it is a mandatory or voluntary resettlement areas as a result of the radioactive contamination.
Gomel (also Homiel, Homel) is the administrative center of Gomel Voblast.
It is the second-largest city in Belarus.
It has a population of 482,652 (2009 census).
Gomel is in the southeastern part of the country, on the right bank of Sozh river.
It is  to the South-East from Minsk,  to the East from Brest,  to the South from Mogilev,  to the West from Bryansk and  to the North from Chernihiv.
The city's area is 121 km2.
Homel Region: Epicentre Of Troubles That Bore Celebrities
River pageant
A royal pageant on the Thames was one of several events which marked the special anniversary.
The Queen and members of her family were on board the Spirit of Chartwell royal barge.
The barge was joined by a 1,000-boat parade down the river Thames.
Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant
George W. Snyder (1780-1841) was an American watchmaker and inventor.
Snyder invented the fishing reel in the 1820s.
The Long Good Friday is a 1980 British crime movie.
It was directed by John Mackenzie and written by Barrie Keeffe.
It stars Bob Hoskins as gangster Harold Shand and Helen Mirren as Victoria.
1980 mystery movies
The capital Grodno is the biggest city of the province.
It is on the Neman River.
Two castles from the 14th - 18th centuries are on the steep right bank of the Nemen.
Many say this city is one of the most beautiful in Belarus.
The Orthodox St Boris & St Gleb (Kalozhskaya) Church dating back to the 12th century, is the second oldest in Belarus.
Mogilev Region, also Mahilyow Voblasts (Province) or Mogilyov Oblast is a province (voblast) of Belarus.
The administrative center is Mogilyov (Mahilyow).
Many rivers flow through the Mahilyow Voblast.
They include the: Dnieper River (Dniapro), Berezina, Sozh, Druts, Pronya and Ptsich rivers.
1938 establishments
Mogilyov (also spelled Mahilyow) is a city in eastern Belarus.
It is about 76 km from the border with Russia's Smolensk Oblast and 105 km from the border with Russia's Bryansk Oblast.
As of 2011, its population was 360,918.
It is the administrative centre of Mahilyow Voblast.
It is the third largest city in Belarus.
Have I Got News for You is a British comedy television panel game shown on the BBC.
It began on 28 September 1990.
During each episode, two teams compete to win points by answering questions on recent news events.
Each team has a captain and two celebrity guests.
One captain is Ian Hislop, the other is Paul Merton.
The host was Angus Deayton until he was sacked in October 2002.
Since then, there have been many guest presenters.
Series 61 ended in 2021.
Guest appearance tallies
1990s British comedy television series
One More Night is a song performed by American pop rock group Maroon 5 from their fourth studio album Overexposed.
The single was released for digital download and contemporary radio on June 26, 2012.
The song was written by frontman Adam Levine, producer Shellback, executive Max Martin and Savan Kotecha and was produced by Ryan Tedder.
The song debuted live at Revel in Atlantic City, New Jersey on the evening of May 18, 2012 and was viraly uploaded by several other people on YouTube the next day.
The pop-reggae fused song was announced on May 22nd on the band's official site that it would serve as the second single for their fourth album.
The song was recorded live in Los Angeles, California earlier in 2012.
The band said in an interview with Rolling Stone that it the band's first attempt at trying a reggae song and fusing it with a simple pop melody.
The song was released on the same day as their fourth studio album Overexposed on June 26, 2012.
Terrell is a city in Kaufman County, Texas, United States.
It is a southeastern suburb of Dallas.
As of the 2000 census, the city population was 13,606.
Terrell is  east of Dallas.
Jamie Foxx, an actor, grew up in Terrell and graduated in 1986 from Terrell High School, along with Cynthea Rhodes, a member of the USA Track & Field team in the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.
Joe Doucet a notable American designer graduated in 1988.
Terrell High School has also graduated four NFL players which are: Brice McCain, who was drafted in the NFL by the Houston Texans; C.J. Wilson, who is currently playing for the Los Angeles Angels; and Kenoy Kennedy, who played for the Denver Broncos and Detroit Lions; and Darius Johnson who played for the Denver Broncos.
Minsk Voblasc (Province) or Minsk Oblast is a province (voblast) of Belarus.
The administrative center is Minsk.
As of 2019, the voblast's population is 1,503,000, which has 15.3% of the national total.
Minsk Region covers 39,900 km², which stands about 19.44% of the total area of Belarus Republic.
There is the largest lake in the country called Narach located in the Minsk Region.
Minsk Region – The Heart Of Belarus
The ruble is the currency of Belarus.
The symbol for the ruble is Br and the ISO 4217 code is BYN.
In 2000, notes were introduced in amounts of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1,000 and 5,000 rublei.
In 2001 and 2002, higher amounts of 10,000, 20,000 and 50,000 rublei were introduced, followed by 100,000 rublei in 2005.
National bank of the Republic of Belarus - Official Exchange Rates (English)
Information about Belarusian commemorative coins (English)
Catalog of Belarus Banknotes
LIVE Belarus Ruble eXchange Rates : BYR (English)
Further-eastern European Time (FET) also called Moscow Time (MSK) and Turkey Time (TRT) is since September 2011 three hours ahead of UTC (UTC+03:00).
It was started as the official time for the Russian Kaliningrad Oblast and then followed by Belarus, Northern Cyprus, and Turkey.
Until 2011, Further-eastern European Time was the same as Eastern European Time (UTC+2).
on 27 March 2011, Russia moved to the so called "year-round daylight saving time".
Belarus followed Russia on September 15, 2011.
Both Turkey and Northern Cyprus also cancelled DST on September 7, 2016, and has switched to FET permanently.
On October 29, 2017, Northern Cyprus returned to EET.
Abkhazia and South Ossetia
Russia – Moscow Time
South Africa – Prince Edward Islands
Turkey – Turkey Time
Crimea, part of Donetsk and Luhansk regions
Israel – Israel Standard Time
Except Crimea, part of Donetsk and Luhansk regions
Country Code: +375
International Call Prefix: 00 (was 8~10)
Belarus began using its own country code +375 in 1995.
Before that it was part of the +7 international country code.
The local numbering plan came from USSR.
It has changed little.
Geographic area codes were made based on previous 3-digit USSR area codes by removing the lead 0.
Calling across areas still requires dialing trunk prefix 8 and waiting for dialtone after that.
Francysk Skaryna  was a Belarusian famous as one of the first publishers in Eastern Europe.
He helped develop the Belarusian language.
He was born in the historical Belarusian city of Polotsk into the family of a rich merchant.
It was about 1485–1540 or 1490–1551.
Skaryna graduated from the arts faculty at the University of Kraków in 1504.
In 1512 he received doctorate in medicine at the University of Padua in Italy.
In 1517 he made a printing press in Prague.
He published his first book called The Psalter, in the Old Belarusian language on 6 August 1517.
The most important part of his life's work was printing a translation of the Bible in 22 books during 1517 to 1519.
Around 1522 he moved to Vilnius.
He made the first printing house in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
The first book published there was The Little Travel Guide.
The printing house closed down.
Skaryna spent his last years working as a doctor for Ferdinand I of Germany.
Francysk Skaryna, the Martin Luther of Belarus // The Economist
The 2011–12 Chicago Blackhawks season was the team's 86th season in the National Hockey League (NHL).
The Blackhawks signed goaltender Corey Crawford to a 3-year, 8 million dollar contract.
They clinched the playoffs on March 31, 2012 when they defeated the Nashville Predators 5-4.
Their win marked the 4th consecutive season in which the Blackhawks made the playoffs.
They were defeated by the Phoenix Coyotes in the first round of the 2012 Stanley Cup Playoffs.
2012 in ice hockey
Yanka Kupala ( – June 28, 1942) was the pen name of Ivan Daminikavich Lutsevich.
He was a Belarusian poet and writer.
Kupala is said to be one of the greatest Belarusian-language writers of the 20th century.
Kupala was born on July 7, 1882 in Viazynka.
His family was of Szlachta origins.
Both of his parents were tenant farmers.
Kupala received a traditional Belarusian education.
He finished his studies in 1898.
After the death of his father in 1902, Kupala worked several short-term jobs.
These included being a tutor, a shop assistant, and a record keeper.
Kupala's first serious try at writing was Ziarno.
It was a Polish-language sentimental poem which he completed around 1903–1904.
His first Belarusian-language work ("Мая доля") was dated July 15, 1904.
Kupala's first published poem, "Мужык" ("Peasant"), was published about a year later.
It was in the newspaper on May 11, 1905.
Several more poems by Kupala were in the Belarusian-language newspaper Nasha Niva from 1906 to 1907.
In Vilnius and St. Petersburg
Kupala moved from Belarus to Vilnius in 1908.
He continued with his career as a poet.
The first published collection of his poems, Жалейка (The Little Flute) made the czarist government mad.
The order for Kupala's arrest was ended in 1909.
Kupala left for St. Petersburg in 1909.
In 1910 he published several works.
He left St. Petersburg and returned to Vilnius in 1913.
Among those influencing Kupala in the 1910s was Maxim Gorky.
During the Soviet period
Kupala was awarded the Order of Lenin in 1941 for the poetry collection Ад сэрца (From the Heart).
In 1941 he moved to Moscow and then to Tatarstan.
But even from there he wrote poems supporting Belarus fighting against Nazi Germany.
He died mysteriously in 1942 in Moscow.
He fell down the stairwell in Hotel Moskva.
The death was said to be accidental.
Some people think it was suicide or murder.
Belarusian writers
Wildfire (2005–2008) - Junior Davis
Private Valentine: Blonde & Dangerous (2008) - Sgt.
Mills Evans
Greek (2008), episode: A Tale of Two Parties - Ryan Prince
How I Met Your Mother (2009), episode: Mosbius Designs - PJ
Christmas Cupid (2010) - Jason
Squatters (2010), 3 episodes - Robert
Happy Endings (2011) - Todd
The Nine Lives of Chloe King (2011) - Jesse
Las Vegas is an American television series broadcast by NBC from September 22, 2003 to February 15, 2008.
James Caan as Edward Melvin Deline
Josh Duhamel as Danny McCoy
James Lesure as Mike Cannon
Vanessa Marcil as Samantha Jane "Sam" Marquez
Molly Sims as Delinda Deline
Nikki Cox as Mary Connell
Marsha Thomason as Nessa Holt
Tom Selleck as A.J. Cooper
Nicole Avery "Nikki" Cox (born June 2, 1978) is an American actress.
She is famous for her roles on television series Unhappily Ever After, Las Vegas and Nikki.
James Lesure (born September 21, 1970) is an American actor.
He acted in the television series Las Vegas.
Molly Sims (born May 25, 1973 ) is an American actress.
She acted on the television series Las Vegas.
Models from Kentucky
Vanessa Marcil (born October 15, 1968) is an American actress.
Marsha Thomason (born January 19, 1976 ) is an English actress.
Madame Tussauds is a wax museum in London with branches in a number of major cities.
It was founded by wax sculptor Marie Tussaud.
It used to be called "Madame Tussaud's", but the apostrophe is no longer used.
Madame Tussauds is a major tourist attraction in London.
It has waxwork displays of historical and royal figures, film stars, sports stars and infamous murderers.
In some eusocial species, individuals of one species live together in colonies.
These groups are often called nests or hives.
Often there is a division of labour.
In Hymenoptera, for example, a hive may have several kinds of females, which by Polyphenism carry out different tasks, and whose bodies are different.
Such specialized types in one species are known as castes.
Castes that are not involved in producing offspring are usually sterile.
The term originally comes from the caste-system in Hinduism.
The Corps of Bridges (Corps des Ponts) is a French civil service corps.
People entering the Corps are trained at the .
Most of them are from the .
The rest come from the .
In 2002, the corps of the engineers of Bridges and Roads (Ponts et Chaussées), the engineers of civil aviation, the engineers-geographs and the meteorological engineers merged.
Students who choose the corps of engineers of civil aviation are trained at the French Civil Aviation University.
Former or current members
Marie François Sadi Carnot (former president of the French Republic)
Official site of the Corps
Transport engineering
Motherwell railway station is a train station in Motherwell, Scotland.
It is a big station, with four platforms, making it the biggest station in North Lanarkshire.
The station can get you to big places such as London and Glasgow.
There is a train every 10 minutes going to Glasgow Central station.
It is managed by First ScotRail.
Hammersmith is an urban centre in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham in west London.
It is about five miles west of Charing Cross.
Hammersmith & Fulham Council website
Daniel Boyle (born 20 October 1956) is a British movie director and producer.
He was born in Radcliffe, Lancashire into a working-class Irish Catholic family.
His movies include Shallow Grave, Trainspotting, A Life Less Ordinary, The Beach, 28 Days Later, Millions, 28 Weeks Later, Sunshine, Slumdog Millionaire and 127 Hours.
Boyle was nominated for five BAFTA Awards and three Academy Awards.
He directed the 2018 television series Trust based on the kidnapping of John Paul Getty III, the grandson of J. Paul Getty.
Vasil Uładzimiravič Bykaŭ (June 19, 1924 – June 22, 2003) was an author of many novels and novellas about World War II.
He is a big figure in Belarusian literature and civic thought.
The writer's talent earned him endorsements for the Nobel Prize nomination from, among others, Nobel Prize laureates Joseph Brodsky and Czesław Miłosz.
Vasil Bykaŭ was born in the village Byčki, not far from Viciebsk in 1924.
In 1941 he was in Ukraine when Germany attacked the USSR.
He volunteered for the Red Army.
For years after the war he continued to serve.
He returned to the USSR only in the mid-1950s.
There he started to work as a journalist for the Hrodna Pravda newspaper.
In that same decade his first novellas were published.
Bykaŭ was one of the most admired writers in the Soviet Union.
In 1980 he was awarded the title of People's Writer of the Belarusian SSR.
Vasil Bykaŭ is the most widely read Belarusian writer outside of Belarus.
1960 - "Crane's Cry" ("Жураўліны крык")
1960 - "Knight move" ("Ход канём")
1962 - "Third Rocket" ("Трэцяя ракета")
1964 - "The Alpine Ballad" ("Альпійская балада")
1965 - "One Night" ("Адна ноч")
1970 - "The Ordeal" ("Сотнікаў")
1971 - "The Obelisk" ("Абеліск")
1973 - "To Live till Sunrise" ("Дажыць да світання")
1974 - "Wolf Pack" ("Воўчая зграя")
1975 - "His Battalion" ("Яго батальён")
1978 - "To Go and not Return" ("Пайсці і не вярнуцца")
1983 - "Sign of Misfortune" ("Знак бяды")
1989 - "In the Fog" ("У тумане")
1997 - "The Wall" ("Сьцяна")
2003 - "The Long Road Home" ("Доўгая дарога да дому")
Uladzimir Karatkievich or Vladimir Korotkevich (26 November 1930 – 25 July 1984) was a Belarusian romantic writer.
Karatkievich was born in 1930 in Orsha, Viciebsk region.
In 1954 he graduated from Kiev University.
Later, he completed advanced literature courses (1960), and then cinematography (1962), both in Moscow.
Literature then became his main job.
His first published work was a poem that appeared in 1951.
He published a large number of short stories, in collections entitled Chazenia, The Eye of the Typhoon, From Past Ages, and others.
He also wrote the novels Unforgettable and The Dark Castle Olshansky.
Karatkievich's most popular work is the novel The Wild Hunt of King Stakh  Karatkievič also wrote a number of plays, essays, articles, screenplays for short and feature movies.
He also wrote some very interesting detective and adventure stories.
A supervolcano is a volcano that can make a volcanic eruption where the things being thrown out of the volcano have a volume bigger than , which is a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 8.
If the definition is expanded, supervolcanoes also include volcanoes that have volcanic eruptions with a volume bigger than , which is a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 7.
This is thousands of times bigger than most volcanic eruptions which happened a long time.
Supervolcanoes can occur when magma in the Earth rises into the crust from a hotspot, but can not break through the crust.
More and more pressure builds up in a large and growing magma pool until the crust can no longer take the pressure.
Although there are not many Quaternary supervolcanoes, supervolcanic eruptions usually cover very big areas with lava and volcanic ash.
They can also cause a long-lasting change to weather (such as the triggering of a small ice age), enough to possibly make species extinct.
The term "supervolcano" was first used in the BBC popular science television program Horizon in 2000 to mean eruptions of this type.
Volcanologists (who study with volcanoes) and geologists do not say "supervolcanoes" in their scientific work.
This is because the word can mean many different geothermal conditions.
Since 2003, however, the term has been used by professionals when showing things to the public.
The term megacaldera is sometimes used for calderas which are quite similar to supervolcanoes, such as the Blake River Megacaldera Complex in the Abitibi greenstone belt of Ontario and Quebec, Canada.
Super Eruptions
VEI 8 eruptions are considered super-eruptions due to their large scale.
The Earth's most recent supereruption is the Oruanui eruption, occurring 26,500 years ago.
Information on the original BBC program
Yellowstone Supervolcano and Map of Supervolcanoes Around The World
USGS Fact Sheet – Steam Explosions, Earthquakes, and Volcanic Eruptions – What's in Yellowstone's Future?
Discovery Channel's site on "Supervolcano"
Scientific American's The Secrets of Supervolcanoes
Stanisław Moniuszko  (May 5, 1819 in Ubiel, near Minsk – June 4, 1872 in Warsaw, Congress Poland) was a Polish composer, conductor and teacher.
He is generally called the father of Polish national opera.
Moniuszko was born in Ubiel (Minsk district in modern Belarus) to a Polish-Armenian  noble family of landowners.
He showed an early ability in music, and began private piano lessons with August Freyer in 1827.
Moniuszko began to formally study composition in Berlin with Karl Friedrich Rungenhagen,  who also taught him in choral conducting.
While in Berlin, he had an unexpected early success when he set three songs to the words of the Polish national poet, Adam Mickiewicz.
After three years in Berlin, he returned to Poland in 1840 to marry Aleksandra Müller.
He got a job as an organist in Vilnius and also worked as a private piano tutor.
The Moniuszkos had ten children.
During his lifetime Moniuszko traveled many times to St. Petersburg where his concerts were very well received.
He was the mentor of César Cui.
In 1848 in Vilnius, he staged and conducted the first performance of his opera Halka.
After the triumph of his new four-act version of Halka at Warsaw on 1 January 1858, he toured France.
It was soon later staged in Prague, Moscow and St. Petersburg, where it met with great success.
On 1 August 1858 he was made conductor of the Polish Opera in the Grand Theatre in Warsaw.
In 1864, Moniuszko started lecturing at the Music Institute in Warsaw, where he also directed a choir.
Stanisław Moniuszko died on 4 June 1872 in Warsaw of a sudden heart attack.
He was buried in Powązki Cemetery.
Operettas
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
bgcolor=ececec|Work
bgcolor=ececec|Form
bgcolor=ececec|Composed
bgcolor=ececec|Libretto
bgcolor=ececec|Première
|Halka (Helen)
|opera in two acts, laterenlarged to four acts
|c.
1847-8& 1857
|Włodzimierz Wolski(after Kazimierz Władysław Wójcicki)
|Vilnius, 1 January 1848
|Sielanka (Idyll)
|opera in two acts
1848?
|Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich
|lost
|Betty
|comic opera in two acts
|F Schober (after Scribe andMelesville)
|Vilnius, 20 May 1852
|Flis (The Raftsman)
|opera in one act
|S Boguslawski
|Warsaw, 24 September 1858
|Rokiczana (The King of Peasants)
|incomplete
|J Korzeniowski
|unperformed
|Hrabina (The Countess)
|opera in three acts
|Włodzimierz Wolski
|Warsaw, 7 February 1860
|Jawnuta
|Warsaw 5 June 1860
|Verbum nobile
|Jan Chęciński
|Warsaw, 1 January 1861
|Straszny Dwór (The Haunted Manor)
|opera in four acts
1861-4
|Jan Chęciński (after Kazimierz Władysław Wójcicki)
|Warsaw, 28 September 1865
|Paria|opera in three acts withprologue
1859-69
|Jan Chęciński (after a play byDelavigne)
|Warsaw, 11 December 1869
|Trea|incomplete
|J Jasiński after a Femish legend
|Nowy dziedzic (The New Landlord)
|undated
|Sen wieszcza (The Seer's Dream)
|Władysław Syrokomla after J B Rosierand A de Leuven
|Walka muzyków(The Musicians' Struggle)
Ballet Monte Christo, after Alexandre Dumas (1866)Na kwaterunku (On the Bilet) (1868)Figle szatana (Satan's Tricks aka Devil's Frolics) (1870)Merry Wives of Windsor (c. 1849), ballet music composed for the opera of Otto Nicolai
Theatre Kasper Hauser (1843), melodrama by Anicet, Bourgeois and d'Ennery.
First performance: Minsk, November 18, 1843Sabaudka (Savoyardess or the Mother's Blessing) melodrama in 5 acts by d'Ennery and Lemoine.
First performance: Vilnius, May 6, 1845
Shakespeare's tragedy.
First performance: Warsaw, March 24, 1871Zbojcy (Die Rauber).
Schiller's tragedy.
First performance: Warsaw 1870 and 1871Hans Mathis, drama (1872).
Finished by Adam MunchheimerKarpaccy gorale, drama by J. Korzeniowski
Songs More than 300, listing the most popular:Chochlik (The Imp).
Text by A.E. OdyniecCzaty (The Ambush), ballad.
Text by A. Mickiewicz.
Also in a version with orchestraCzarny krzyżyk (The Little Black Cross).
Text by Bruno Bielawski.
Dziad i baba (The Old Man and The Old Woman).
Text by J.I. KraszewskiDziadek i babka (Grandpa and Grandma).
Text by P. JankowskiEntuzjasta (The Enthusiast).
Text by J. PrusinowskiKozak (Cossack).
Also known as Tam na gorze jawor stoiKum i kuma (Chums).
Text by J. CzeczotŁzy (Tears).
Text by A.E. OdyniecMaciek.
Text by T. LenartowiczMagda karczmarka (Magda, the Innkeeper).
Also known as W pustej karczmie Magda siedzi, ballad.
Text by E. SztyrmerNad Nidą (On Nida River).
Text by Włodzimierz WolskiPanicz i dziewczyna (The Young Master and The Girl).
Also known as W gaiku zielonym.
Text by A.E. OdyniecPieśń wieczorna (The Song at Dusk).
Also known as Po nocnej rosie.
Text by W. SyrokomlaPiosnka żołnierza (Soldier's Song).
Also known as Już matka zasnęła.
Text by J. KorzeniowskiPolna różyczka (The Little, Field Rose).
Text by J. GrajnertPowrót taty (Father's Return).
Text by A. MickiewiczPrząśniczka (The Spinner).
Text by J. Czeczot.
Also in a version with orchestraRozmowa (Conversation).
Also known as Kochanko moja, na co nam rozmowa.
Text by A. MickiewiczRybka (The Fish).
Text by A. MickiewiczŚwierszcz (The Cricket).
Text by J.N. KaminskiŚwitezianka (The Nymph of Lake Switez).
Text by A. MickiewiczTren X (Lament No.
Also known as Urszulo moja wdzieczna.
Text by J. KochanowskiTrzech Budrysów (Three Budryses).
Also in a version with orchestraTrzy śpiewy: Niepewnosc, Pieszczotka, Sen (Three Chants: Uncertainty, Cuddlesome One, Dream).
German translation BlankenseeWilija (Christmas Eve).
Text by A. MickiewiczZnaszli ten kraj (Do You Know Such Land).
Text by A. Mickiewicz, after J. W. Goethe
String quartet no.1 in D minor (1839)
String quartet no.2 in F major (before 1840)
Organ compositions on the themes of church songs, among others Vespers and Song of Ostra Brama.
Published: Warsaw, 1862.
Piano Fraszki (Trifles).
Two books.
Published: Vilnius, 1843
Nocturne in A-flat major.
Published: Vilnius, 1846
Mazurka in D major.
Published: Vilnius, before 1846
Six Polonaises.
Polka in C major.
Published: Warsaw, 1851
Polka, "Daniel".
Published: Warsaw, 1852
Polka, "Gabirela".
Published: Warsaw, 1855
"Spring" Polka.
Published: Warsaw, 1860Vilanelle in B flat major.
Three Waltzes.
"Wedding" Mazurka.
Published: Warsaw, 1872Kolysanka (Cradle Song) in D major.
Published: Warsaw, 19 March 1872
Piano transcriptions of opera fragments and of works by other composers, among others Six Polonaises of Michal Oginski.
Published: Warsaw, before 1858
Original compositions and transcriptions for piano duet
Symphonic Bajka (Fairytale), fantastic overture (1848).
Two versions.
First performed: Vilnius, 1 May 1848Kain, overture (1856).
First performance: St. Petersburg, March 1856
War Overture.
First performance: Vilnius, 19 March 1857Polonez koncertowy (concert polonaise) in A major, for large orchestra (1866)Polonez obywatelski, civic polonaise in F major (after 1863)
Halka: Andrzej Hiolski, Barbara Zagorzanka, Jerzy Ostapiuk, Ryszarda Racewicz, Wieslaw Ochman.
Robert Satanowski cond.,
Polish National Opera Orchestra & Chorus.
2 CDs, DDD, CPO Records, Live (recorded 1987?),
18 January 1995
Halka (highlights): Andrzej Hiolski, Edmund Kossowski, Barbara Nieman, Halina Slonicka, Bohdan Paprocki.
Zdizislaw Gorzynski cond.,
CD, Polskie Nagrania Muza, 6 April 1994 (originally 1992)
Halka: Harmonia Mundi/Chant du Monde?
Halka: Tatiana Zacharczuk, Władimir Kuzmienko, Zbigniew Macias, Katarzyna Suska, Piotr Nowacki.
Antoni Wicherek cond.,
Soloists, Choir, Ballet and Orchestra of The Great Theatre National Opera in Warsaw.
DVD, 2h10m, ZPR Records, 1999
Halka: Tatiana Borodina, Oleh Lykhach, Aleksandra Buczek, Mariusz Godlewski, Radosław Żukowski, Zbigniew Kryczka, Jacek Ryś, Rafał Majzner, Andrzej Kalinin, Rafał Majzner, Janusz Zawadzki.
Ewa Michnik cond.,
Wroclaw Opera Orchestra, Chorus & Ballet.
DVD, 2h16m, subtitles in Polish, English, German.
DUX Recording Producers/Metronome, 19 March 2007.
no DVD : DUX 9538, Barcode: 5902547095387Hrabina: Halina Slonicka,  Agnieszka Kossakowska, Edmund Kossowski, Kazimierz Pustelak, Bogna Sokorska.
Mieczysław Mierzejewski cond.,
Orchestra & Choir Teatru Wielkiego w Warszawie.
CD, Polskie Nagrania Muza, 2004
The Haunted Manor: Adam Kruszewski, Iwona Hossa, Jacek Parol, Anna Lubanska, Krzysztof Szmyt, Dariusz Stachura, Piotr Nowacki, Stefania Toczyska, Zbigniew Macias, Romuald Tesarowicz, Agnieszka Zwierko.
Jacek Kasprzyk cond.,
Wielki Theatre Orchestra.
2 CDs, DDD, EMI Classics, Studio, 13 July 2004
The Haunted Manor: Bozena Betley-Sieradzka, Wiera Baniewicz, Zdzislaw Nikodem, Wieslaw Ochman, Andrzej Hiolski, Leonard Mroz, Andrzej Saciuk, et al.
Jan Krentz cond.,
Orchestra & Choir of the PRiTV, Kraków.
4 CDs, Polskie Nagrania Muza, 1 January 2003.
SX 0253The Haunted Manor: Andrzej Hiolski, Bernard Ładysz, Bogdan Paprocki, Halina Słonicka, Zdzisław Nikodem.
Witold Rowicki cond.,
Polskie Nagrania Muza, 1992.
PNCD093The Haunted Manor: Bogdan Paprocki, Edmund Kossowski, Antonina Kawecka, Marian Woźniczko, Barbara Kostrzewska, Felicja Kurowiak, Radzisław Peter, Zygmunt Mariański, Henryk Łukaszek, et al.
Walerian Bierdajew cond.,
Poznań Opera.
Early 1950s
Verbum Nobile: Andrzej Kizewetter, Krystyna Pakulska, Marian Kondella, Jan Czekay, Edward Kmiciewicz.
Robert Satanowski, cond.,
Orchestra & Choir Państwowej Opery.
CD, AAD, 1h5m, Polskie Nagrania Muza, 1993.
PNCD 247 Vocal
Canons: Krzysztof Szmyt, Pawel Skaluba, Piotr Kusiewicz, Ryszard Minkiewicz.
CD, DDD, DUX Recording Producers, 27 March 2001
Litanies of Ostra Brama: Czeslaw Galka, Anna Lubanska, Iwona Hossa, Adam Zdunikowski.
Henryk Wojnarowski cond.,
Warsaw Philharmonic Chamber Orchestra.
CD, CD Accord, 5 September 2006
Religious Songs: Andrzej Hiolski, Jaroslaw Malanowicz, Joanna Kozlowska, Piotr Kusiewicz.
CD, DDD, CD Accord, 26 June 2001
Religious Works: Marian Sawa, Witold Pilewski, Anna Malewicz, Krystyna Szoslek-Radkowa, Krystyna Szostek-Radkowa, et al.
Edmund Kajdasz cond.,
Warsaw Chamber Orchestra.
CD, ADD, Olympia, 4 October 1993
Śpiewnik domowy I: Bożena Betley, Alina Bolechowska, Maria Fołtyn, Jadwiga Romańska, Hanna Rumowska-Machnikowska, Halina Szymulska.
CD, Polskie Nagrania Muza, 1996.
PNCD348Śpiewnik domowy II: Andrzej Hiolski, Bernard Ładysz, Wiesław Ochman, Maciej Witkiewicz.
PNCD349 Instrumental
Opera Overtures: Grzegorz Fitelberg; Jan Krenz; Witold Rowicki cond.,
Polish Radio Orchestra & Chorus Katowice; Warsaw National Philharmonic Orchestra.
Overtures: Robert Satanowski cond.,
Filharmonia Pomorska Bydgoszcz.
CD, DDD, CPO Records, 25 January 1995
Overtures & Dances: Roland Bader cond.,
Kraków Philharmonic Orchestra.
CD, DDD, Koch Schwann, 21 January 1997
String Quartets (w/ Ignacy Feliks Dobrzyński): Camerata Quartet.
CD, DDD, DUX Recording Producers, 29 May 2007
Новае неба Станіслава Манюшкі: Classic Avantgarde ensemble (Belarus).
CD, 2008.Mazur from Act IV Straszny Dwór'' with Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra under the direction of Witold Rowicki, 1967, Orchestral CDs, CD12/2011
The Benois de la Danse is one of the most prestigious ballet competitions.
It was started by the International Dance Association in Moscow in 1991.
It takes place each year on or around April 29 and is jury-based in its judging.
The members of this jury change every year and have only top ballet personages.
The idea for the Benois de la Danse was started in Moscow.
The founders got support of UNESCO in the autumn of 1992.
Its scheduling at the end of April is to match with the birthday of Alexandre Benois (1870–1960).
French sculptor Igor Ustinov designed the statuette of the Benois de la Danse award in 1992.
He is the son of the famous actor Peter Ustinov, a great-nephew of Alexandre Benois.
Goals of competition
To give the Benois audience the best performances of the works that have been entered, regardless of whom they were made by.
To bring the best representatives of different dance styles and schools together.
To support veterans of ballet financially, with funds from the gala concerts
When important, respected, or admired guests arrive, they are given a loaf of bread placed on a rushnik (embroidered towel).
A salt holder or a salt cellar is placed on top of the bread loaf or secured in a hole on the top of the loaf.
Kvass is a fermented beverage made from black or regular rye bread.
The colour of the bread used helps to make the colour of the drink.
It is a non-alcoholic drink by Russian standards.
This is because the alcohol content from fermentation is less than 1.2%.
Overall, the alcohol content is low (0.05% - 1.0%).
It is often flavoured with fruits or herbs such as strawberries, raisins or mint.
Kvass is also used for preparing a cold summertime soup called okroshka.
It is popular in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Estonia, and other Eastern and Central European countries,  It is also popular in former Soviet states, such as Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, where one can see many kvass vendors in the streets.
Kvass is also popular in Harbin and Xinjiang, areas within China that are influenced by Russian culture.
Okróshka is a cold soup from Russia.
It is also found in Ukraine and Belarus.
The name is probably from "kroshit'" (крошить), which means to crumble into small pieces.
The classic soup is a mix of mostly raw vegetables (like cucumbers and spring onions), boiled potatoes, eggs, and a cooked meat such as beef, veal, sausages, or ham with kvass.
Kvass is a mildly alcoholic beverage made from fermented black or rye bread.
Okroshka is usually served with sour cream.
Later versions use light or diluted kefir, vinegar, mineral water, or even beer instead of kvass.
The ingredients are diced and then mixed with kvass just before eating.
The ratio of chopped food to kvass is similar to that of cereal to milk.
This lets the vegetables to keep their texture.
Even though the ingredients are similar to those in a Russian salad, the taste of okroshka is quite different.
Okroshka is mostly served in summer.
This is because the soup adds the taste of kvass and the lightness of a salad.
Okroshka is always served cold.
Sometimes ice cubes are added to keep the soup cold in hot weather.