the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Instead of simply holding the lands given to Israel, the plan now commanded Israel's forces to work remove Arabs from Jewish-controlled land, defend Jewish settlements in Arab Palestine, and to take Arab land at particular positions for a strategic advantage.
A possible reason for the change is given by historian David Tal, who points out that it was probably a response to the stiffer resistance from Palestinians and a general desire to put Israeli forces in the most defensible positions.
Yet, as Tal also points out, this strategic plan has never been without some controversy, particularly the part of the plan which forced Palestinian movement.
Transjordan/Jordan
While Transjordan outwardly agreed with the rest of the Arab League in creating an Arab state in Palestine, that seems to have not been Transjordan's ultimate goal.
According to the records of Transjordan, King Abdullah, Transjordan's Hashemite (royal family) monarch, was interested in using the war as an excuse to put Palestinian Arabs under Jordanian control.
This would then put him into a position to seize Syria and create a Greater Syria.
This means that Transjordan's objectives were seemingly in opposition to those Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, and the Palestinians themselves.
Syria and Egypt
Like Transjordan, both Syria and Egypt supported creating a single Arab state in Palestine.
Their reasoning, however, was more about stopping the spread of Jordanan, who both nations feared (should Transjordan take the region).
Course of the War
Phase 1: The Civil War
The first part of the conflict pitted the Yishuv's forces against those of the Palestinian's Arab Higher Committee.
The civil war began with three days of strikes on November 30, 1947.
It then changed into a guerrilla campaign against Jewish supply trucks.
In January 1948, the Arab Liberation Army entered Palestine.
This stiff resistance caused the Israelis to adapt their plan and to introduce Plan Dalet.
On April 5th, the Haganah launched Operation Nahshon, a fifteen-day operation to secure routes to Jerusalem by seizing hills along the main roads.
After the success of Operation Nahshon and smaller Jewish offensives, Palestinian resistance began to fall apart.
Phase 2: The Arab League countries invade
The second part of the war began with the invasion of Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan, Lebanon, and Syria in May 1948.
Each invasion force basically entered Palestine on the nearest border.
Fighting in the West Bank and around Jerusalem dominated this phase of the war.
Jewish forces moved into Jerusalem to secure the western section of the city.
To shore up this position, Israeli forces also tried to take Latrun, a hill to the north of Jerusalem.
This proved unsuccessful.
In other areas, the Israelis found greater success.
Two Egyptian forces, one moving along the coast and the other across the Negev towards Jerusalem, were both halted.
The Iraqi force was pushed back.
Though Syrian and Lebanese forces made an advance into Israeli territories, Israelis made counter advances into Syrian and Lebanese territory.
Fighting was brought to an end by a UN truce on June 11.
Phase 3: Israeli Push Against Transjordans
On July 9th, the Israelis launched a new series of operations against the Jordanians in the West Bank.
The hope was to end the conflict in this front against what Israelis considered to be the most well-trained and armed Arab army, Transjordan's Arab Legion.
The offensives were largely a success and although other Arab nations tried to take advantage of Israel's focus on the West Bank, their advances were small.
This phase of the war ended with another truce on July 18, 1948.
Phase 4: Israeli push against Egypt, Syria, and Lebanon
With the Jordanians stuck in the West Bank, Israelis launched two more offensives on October 15th.
These forced Egyptian forces out of the Negev Desert and pushed back Syrian and Lebanese forces into their own countries.
Following these last offensives, the military part of the war ended.
Still, it would take until January 7, 1949 for Israel to complete signing treaties with each warring nation.
Through the war, Israel gained a large amount of land.
While the original separation lines gave about equal land to Jewish and Arab states, the treaty lines of 1949 gave Israel a much larger state, limiting Arab-controlled land to the small Gaza strip and a smaller West Bank (than in 1947.
Yet, these were not controlled by any Palestinian government.
Instead, Egypt controlled the small Gaza Strip while Jordan controlled the West Bank and Eastern Jerusalem.
An additional aspect to the aftermath of the war was the Palestinian refugee crisis.
By the end of the war, there were approximately 720,000 refugees living in camps in Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip.
Although much of this can be attributed to war-time fear, some historians, like James Gelvin, assert that Israeli policy in Plan Dalet partially contributed to this crisis.
The policy, which encouraged Israeli forces to seize Arab property in Jewish territory, exacerbated the refugee issue.
As of 2015, the right of these refugees to return to their former homes or to receive reparations remains uncertain.
Dale Dehaven Myers (January 8, 1922 – May 19, 2015) was an American aerospace engineer for NASA.
He served as Deputy Administrator of NASA, serving between October 6, 1986 and May 13, 1989.
He was well known for his work on the Apollo program.
He graduated from the University of Washington in Seattle, Washington in 1943.
He was married to Marge Myers and had two children.
He lost his eye in a car accident.
Myers died on May 19, 2015 at his retirement home in La Costa, California.
Administrators of NASA
An Jun Can (; 20 September 1983 – 1 June 2015), better known as Shone An, was a Taiwanese singer and actor.
From 2002 until 2005, he was a member of the mandopop boy band Comic Boyz.
He also appeared in many movie, television and theatre productions such as Case Sensitive (2011), Rhapsody of Marriage (2012) and Turn Around (2014).
He was also a guest host on 100% Entertainment.
He was born in Tainan.
Taiwanese movie actors
Taiwanese television actors
The Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) is a seal that is common in Antarctica.
It is named after James Weddell, who discovered it.
Estimations are that there are half a million to a million of these animals left, which makes it the most common seal in Antarctica, after the Crabeater seal.
During the winter, most Weddel seals do not migrate northwards.
Instead, they keep open a hole in the ice, by gnawing it with their teeth.
Joan Elizabeth Kirner  (née Hood; 20 June 1938 – 1 June 2015) was an Australian politician, educator and activist.
She was a Labor Party member of the Parliament of Victoria from 1982 to 1994.
She was the 42nd Premier of Victoria, serving from 10 August 1990 until 6 October 1992.
She was also the 21st Deputy Premier of Victoria from 7 February 1989 until 10 August 1990, and Leader of the Opposition of Victoria from 6 October 1992 until March 1993.
Kirner was born in Essendon, Melbourne.
She was married to Ronald George Kirner and had three children.
Sherborne is a market town in northwest Dorset, in South West England.
It is on the River Yeo,  east of Yeovil.
The A30 road, which goes from London to Penzance, runs through the town.
The population of Sherborne parish was 9,523 in the 2011 census.
28.7% of the population is aged 65 or older.
Sherborne is best known for Sherborne Abbey, a historical building.
It was a Saxon cathedral from the years 705–1075.
It was a Benedictine abbey from the years 998–1539.
Now it is a local church.
Sherborne also has two castles.
One is ruins of a 12th century fortified palace.
The second is a 16th century mansion named Sherborne Castle.
It was built by Sir Walter Raleigh.
Much of the old town is built from ochre-coloured stone.
These include the abbey and many medieval and Georgian era buildings.
town website
The Rational root theorem  (or rational zero theorem) is a proven idea in mathematics.
It says that if the coefficients of a polynomial are integers, then one can find all of the possible rational roots by dividing each factor of the constant term by each factor of the leading coefficient. [
1][2]
anxn + an-1xn-1 + an-2xn-2 + … + a0
All of the possible rational roots are these: ±factors of a0 / ±factors of an
This only finds the rational roots.
There may be imaginary roots.
Other theorems, such as Descartes’ rule of signs, help find how many imaginary roots there are for a given equation. [
Think about this polynomial: 15x4 + 2x3 – 10x2 + x – 8
Larson, Ron.
Algebra 2.
Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell, 2007.
Phillip S. Jones, Jack D. Bedient: The historical roots of elementary mathematics.
Dover 	Courier Publications 1998, , pp.
116–117
Yaroslavl is a Russian city on the Volga River, the capital and the largest city of Yaroslavl oblast.
It was founded in 1010.
It is one of the largest cities in Russia.
The city's centre is a World Heritage Site.
It is one of the Golden Ring cities, a group of historic cities northeast of Moscow.
Lhasa (; ) is a city in Tibet.
It is one of the highest cities in the world.
It has many Tibetan Buddhist sites such as the Potala Palace, Jokhang and Norbulingka.
Qingdao is a Chinese city.
It is an important seaport.
The Tsingtao Brewery is the country's second largest brewery.
Interpolation is a process which constructs a continuous function from a set of points.
In nearest-neighbor interpolation, the idea is to use the value of the data point or measurement which is closest to the current point.
The method is also known as proximal interpolation or, point sampling.
Battlefield Hardline is a first-person shooter video game.
It is published by Electronic Arts.
It was released in March 2015 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360 and Xbox One.
Unlike the earlier games in the Battlefield series, Hardline is about crime, heist and police force, instead of military warfare.
Battlefield Hardline focuses on a different aspect of the first person shooter than the other games in its series while Battlefield 2,3, and 4 focus on the American and Russian military, Battlefield Hardline now focuses on the war on crime in America.
The new game now features two different teams with cops and criminals.
Both sides now receive guns and gadgets specific to their team.
So while the criminal would get an AKM the cops will get a M16A3.
Grow house
Bank job
A map representing the average bank which criminals try to rob.
The map also consists of a parking garage and a few local stores.
The game features 4 classes; operator, mechanic, enforcer and professional.
Each are good in their own areas.
A class whose primary weapons are assault rifles and carbines.
Its secondary weapons consists of nine millimeter pistols.
Its role in the game is as the medic of the team with gadgets like the medic bag to heal hurt teammates and the revive gadgets to bring dead teammates back to life.
This class does especially well at medium to short range.
The most notable weapons for this class are the M16A3, M416, AKM, and the G17.
A class whose primary weapons are sub-machine guns.
Secondary weapons are revolvers.
Its role in the game is to destroy enemy vehicles and heal friendly vehicles.
It has gadgets such as the grenade launcher to hurt enemy cars and the repair tool to heal friendly cars.
The mechanic works best at close range.
The most notable weapons for the mechanic are the K10, MPX, and the .357 RS.
Bodrum Castle (), formerly the Castle of St. Peter, is located in southwest Turkey in the port city of Bodrum (), was built from 1402 onwards, by the Knights Hospitaller as the Castle of St. Peter or Petronium.
The castle was completed in 1522.
It was used as a jail in 19th century.
There are 5 towers of Bodrum Castle.
The headquarters of the Knights Hospitaller were on the island of Rhodes.
In 1402 their fortifications at İzmir fell to the Mongols under Tamerlane.
Threatened by an invasion of the Seljuks they built the castle at Bodrum.
Its location was the site of a fortification during the Doric Greek period.
There was also a small Seljuk castle in the 11th century.
The same promontory is also the probable site of the palace of Mausolos.
He was the king of Caria.
The construction of the castle began in 1404.
It was fully fortified by 1460.
Bodrum came under its final siege in 1522.
At the time it was still strong enough to send men to Rhodes.
After Rhodes fell, the castle surrendered.
Museum of Underwater Archaeology
The Museum of Underwater Archaeology is housed inside the castle.
One of its displays is one of the world's oldest ships believed to come from the 6th century.
Another is called the glass shipwreck due to the large number of bottles it was carrying.
Sharsheret (Hebrew for “chain") is a national not-for-profit organization.
It was created to support young Jewish women with breast cancer, or their families.
It was founded by Rochelle Shoretz in 2001.
Their headquarter is in Teaneck, New Jersey.
Sharsheret Homepage
He was a member of the House of Representatives of Japan and a member of the Liberal Democratic Party.
He was  Chief Cabinet Secretary in the government of Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda from 2007 to 2008 and twice Minister for Foreign Affairs, in the cabinets of Junichiro Koizumi and Shinzō Abe.
He resigned as the Speaker of the House of Representatives on April 21, 2015 after suffering from a stroke.
He played with the Newark Eagles (1938–42, 46-48), New York Giants (1949–55) and Chicago Cubs (1956).
He grew up in New Jersey and was a standout football player at Lincoln University.
Irvin left Lincoln to spend several seasons in Negro league baseball.
His career was interrupted by military service from 1943 to 1945.
St. Petersburg Times  - Profile
cmgww.com - Official website
legacymemorybank.org  - Monte Irvin interview on Martin Luther King, Jr.
Boyd Kenneth Packer (September 10, 1924 – July 3, 2015) was an American religious leader and former educator.
He was the president of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).
Packer was born in Brigham City, Utah.
He studied at Utah State University and at Brigham Young University.
Packer was married to Donna Smith.
Packer has served as a general authority of the church since 1961.
Before his death, he was the second most senior apostle among the ranks of the church.
Boyd K. Packer, official church profile.
Boyd K. Packer, Mormon Newsroom Leader Biographies.
Boyd K. Packer , Church News
Boyd K. Packer, Boyd K. Packer, Grampa Bill's G.A. (General Authority) Pages.
Boyd K. Packer Boyd K. Packer, Special Witnesses of Christ, LDS.org
Russell Marion Nelson (born September 9, 1924) is the 17th and current President of the The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) upon replacing Thomas S. Monson in January 2018.
He was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of the LDS Church.
He is also a known cardiothoracic surgeon.
Currently, he is the oldest living apostle in the Church.
In July 3, 2015, following the death of President Boyd K. Packer, Nelson became President of the Quorum.
Dallin Harris Oaks (born August 12, 1932) is an American attorney, jurist, author, professor, public speaker, and religious leader.
Since 1984, he has been a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).
He was president of Brigham Young University (BYU), a professor of law at the University of Chicago Law School and a justice of the Utah Supreme Court.
Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Oaks was considered by Republican U.S. presidential administrations to be part of the United States Supreme Court.
Currently, he is the second most senior apostle in the church.
Dallin H. Oaks, official church biography.
Dallin H. Oaks, Mormon Newsroom Leader Biographies.
Dallin H. Oaks, short biography.
Dallin H. Oaks , Dallin H. Oaks, BYU President
Dallin H. Oaks, Grampa Bill's G.A. (General Authority) Pages.
Educators from Utah
Melvin Russell Ballard, Jr. (born October 8, 1928) has been a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) since 1985.
As a member of the Quorum of the Twelve, Ballard is accepted by church members as a prophet, seer, and revelator.
He is the fifth most senior apostle among the ranks of the church.
"Elder Melvin Russell Ballard, Jr., Of the First Quorum of the Seventy", Ensign, May 1976
"General Authorities: Elder M. Russell Ballard", lds.org
Grampa Bill's G.A. Pages: M. Russell Ballard
Newsroom of LDS Church
Robert Dean Hales (August 24, 1932 – October 1, 2017) was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).
As a member of the Quorum of the Twelve, Hales was accepted by the church as a prophet, seer, and revelator.
He was the seventh most senior apostle among the ranks of the church.
"Elder Robert Dean Hales: Assistant to the Council of the Twelve", Ensign, May 1975
"General Authorities: Elder Robert D. Hales", lds.org
Grampa Bill's G.A. Pages: Robert D. Hales
Hales on Special Witnesses of Christ
Richard Gordon Scott (November 7, 1928 – September 22, 2015) was an American nuclear engineer and a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).
He was the sixth most senior apostle among the ranks of the church.
"General Authorities: Elder Richard G. Scott", lds.org
Grampa Bill's G.A. Pages: Richard G. Scott
Teaneck  is a township in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States.
It is a suburb in the New York metropolitan area.
As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 39,776.
Michael Alfred Peszke (19 December 1932 – 17 May 2015) was a Polish-American psychiatrist and historian of the Polish Armed Forces in World War II.
He published several monographs on the Polish Armed Forces in the West between the 1990s and 2010s.
Peszke was born in Dęblin, the son of Alfred Bartłomiej Peszke.
After the outbreak of World War II and the Nazi and Soviet invasion of Poland, he and his parents evacuated to France and the United Kingdom.
He was also educated in Ireland.
He later moved to the United States in the 1950s.
He was married to Alice and had two children.
Peszke died on 17 May 2015 in Wakefield, Rhode Island.
A tubo-ovarian abscess is an infection of the female ovary and fallopian tube.
It is a pus-filled ovary and Fallopian tube that is filled with infection.
This type of abscess is caused by an untreated sexually transmitted disease.
It can be a complication after surgery to remove the uterus.
When a woman has this abcess, she has a fever, signs of infection in her blood, severe pain in her pelvic area.
She may also have a vaginal discharge.
Many different kinds of bacteria can cause tubo-ovarian abscess.
Tubo-ovarian abscess is rare in virgins.
Symptoms and causes
The symptoms of tubo-ovarian abscess are the same as pelvic inflammatory disease.
The abscess can be seen with x-rays and other medical equipment.
The bacteria that cause gonorrhea can cause tubo-ovarian abscess.
The microorganism that causes a Chlamidia infection can cause tubo-ovarian abscess.
Other bacteria can cause tubo-ovarian abscess Using an IUD for a long time can cause TOA.
The abcess can rupture filling the abdomen with the infection.
This is an emergency and a woman can die if this ruptured abscess is not treated quickly.
A blood infection can happen if the abscess is not treated.
Sometimes an inter uteran device, a form of birth control can cause the abcess.
Prevention and treatment
Some things make a woman more likely to get this disease.
These things are: sexual activity, increased age, IUD insertion, chlamydia infection, bacterial infection, sexually transmitted disease.
This disease is cured by treatment with medicine that will kill the bacteria that are causing the infection.
Some doctors will use intravenous antibiotics for least 24 hours.
Some women with this infection have to go to the hospital.
Sometimes surgery has to be done.
After being in the hospital, medicine can be taken by mouth that will continue to cure the infection.
Patients are checked by a doctor three days after being in the hospital.
They then get another check up one to two weeks later to make sure that the infection is cured.
Sometimes this infection is complicated.
In some cases the ovary and fallopian tubes have to be taken out.
Without ovaries or Fallopian tubes a woman may not be able to have a baby.
There are other things that can happen during surgery that result in a bad outcome.
But this is true for all surgeries.
How many women are affected
The Grand Bazaar (, meaning ‘Grand Bazaar’) in Istanbul, Turkey is one of the largest and oldest covered markets in the world.
It has 61 covered streets.
There are more than 3,000 shops.
As of 2014, there were no official statistics about the number of shops in the Bazaar.
But it varies between 3,000 and 4,000.
The bazaar attracts between 250,000 and 400,000 visitors daily.
In 2013, it is listed as number one among the world's most-visited tourist attractions with 91,250,000 annual visitors.
The bazaar was built in Ottoman times by Mehmet the Conquerer.
It was grown by Suleiman the Magnificent.
The Grand Bazaar occupies .
There were hammams, inns, mosques and fountains in bazaar.
The Grand Bazaar is located inside the walled city of Istanbul.
It is in the district of Fatih, in the neighbourhood bearing the same name, ().
Geraldine Leigh Chaplin (born 31 July 1944) is an American-born British actress.
She is the daughter of Charlie Chaplin and Oona O'Neill.
She is best known for her 1965 Golden Globe nominated role of Tonya in David Lean's movie, Doctor Zhivago.
She received her second Golden Globe nomination for Robert Altman's Nashville in 1975.
She also acted in his other movies, Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson in 1976 and A Wedding in 1978.
She received a BAFTA nomination for her role in Welcome to L.A. in 1976.
She played her grandmother, Hannah Chaplin in the movie, Chaplin in 1992 and received her third Golden Globe nomination.
She has also acted in The Age of Innocence in 1993, Home for the Holidays in 1995, and Jane Eyre in 1996.
When Chaplin was eight years old, she acted in her father's movie Limelight.
She studied at the Royal Ballet School, in hopes of becoming a ballet dancer.
When that did not work out, she became an actress instead.
David Lean chose her to play Tonya, the wife of the leading role, in his movie Doctor Zhivago.
In an interview about the movie, she said "Because of my name, the right doors opened."
In 1967, she acted in a famous play in the Broadway theatre, Lillian Hellman's The Little Foxes.
Her performance was praised in a review in The New York Times.
Cliff Barnes wrote that Chaplin "acts with spirit and force," all the while "acting with a magnificently raw-voiced sincerity" in what was a performance of "surprising power."
Chaplin has also acted in several Spanish and French films.
She received a Goya Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in a Spanish-Argentine movie, In the City Without Limits in 2001.
In 2018, she starred as Iris in Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom.
Geraldine Chaplin was born in Santa Monica, California.
She was the fourth child of the movie star Charlie Chaplin.
She was the first of his eight children with his fourth and last wife, Oona O'Neill.
Her grandfather was the Nobel Prize and Pulitzer Prize winning American playwright Eugene O'Neill.
When Geraldine was eight years old, the family moved to Switzerland, where she went to school.
This is where she learned to speak both French and Spanish.
In 1978 the Chaplin family were the victims of a plot by kidnappers who had stolen the body of Charlie Chaplin for ransom.
Geraldine negotiated with the kidnappers, who threatened to shoot her baby son in the knees.
After living in Spain for over 25 years, Chaplin left in 1992 because of personal difficulties.
She moved back to her family home in Vevey, Switzerland.
She married Patricio Castilla in 2006.
She has two children and a godson:  She has a home beside the beach in Miami and also spends time living in Madrid and Switzerland.
Geraldine Chaplin at the Internet Broadway Database
Geraldine Chaplin at AllMovie
Santiago del Estero is the capital of the Santiago del Estero Province in northern Argentina.
It is at a distance of  north-northwest from Buenos Aires.
Francisco de Aguirre founded the city in its present location on 23 December 1553; he named the city Santiago after Saint James and Estero because it was close to a lagoon near the Dulce river.
The city is along the Dulce river in a region with esteros (wetlands).
The altitude of the city is  above sea level.
Santiago del Estero has an area of  and a population of 252,192, in 2010, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
Suzhou, China
Tarija, Bolivia
Hama, Syria
Copiapó, Chile
Talavera de la Reina, Spain
Municipality of Santiago del Estero
Nicholas Joseph Orville Liverpool (9 September 1934 – 1 June 2015) was a Dominican politician and jurist.
He was the sixth President of Dominica, from 2 October 2003 to 17 September 2012.
Lucien Bouchard  (; born December 22, 1938) is a Canada lawyer, diplomat, politician and former Minister of the Environment of the Canadian Federal Government.
He was the founder of the Bloc Québécois, Leader of the Opposition in the Canadian House of Commons from 1993 to 1996.
He served as the 27th Premier of Quebec from January 29, 1996, to March 8, 2001.
He became a central figure for the "Yes" side in the 1995 Quebec referendum.
He is a recipient of the title of Commander of the Légion d'Honneur.
Bouchard was born in Saint-Cœur-de-Marie, Québec.
He was the son of Alice (née Simard) and Philippe Bouchard.
He studied at Université Laval.
Bouchard married Solange Dugas in May 2013.
Winterset is a city in Madison County, Iowa, United States.
The population was 5,190 at the 2010 census.
Winterset is part of the Des Moines − West Des Moines Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Winterset is the birthplace of actor John Wayne.
Stuart Maxwell Whitman (February 1, 1928 – March 16, 2020) was an American actor.
He is known for playing Marshall Jim Crown in the television Western Cimarron Strip, co-starred with John Wayne in The Comancheros and received top billing in the extravagant aviation epic Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines
Alberto De Martino (12 June 1929 – 2 June 2015) was an Italian movie director and screenwriter.
He was known for his movies O.K. Connery, Holocaust 2000, and The Pumaman.
Jean Ritchie (December 8, 1922 – June 1, 2015) was an American folk music singer, songwriter, and Appalachian dulcimer player.
Elektra records signed her and released three albums: Jean Ritchie Sings (1952), Songs of Her Kentucky Mountain Family (1957) and A Time for Singing (1962).
Ritchie was born in Viper, Kentucky.
Live 1976 recording of Ritchie performing "Nottamun Town" from the Florida Folklife Collection (made available for public use by the State Archives of Florida)
Photographs of Jean Ritchie while artist in residence at UC Santa Cruz in 1978, from the UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections
Videos on Woodsongs Archive
Irwin A. Rose (July 16, 1926 – June 2, 2015) was an American biologist.
He was awarded the 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, along with Aaron Ciechanover and Avram Hershko, for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation.
Rose was born in Brooklyn, New York to a Jewish family.
He was married to Zelda Budenstein and had four children.
Educators from Washington
The First Dynasty of ancient Egypt were the first group of Egyptian kings to rule over a united country.
It began when Upper and Lower Egypt were joined as a single country, probably by Narmer.
It is the beginning of the Early Dynastic Period of Egypt.
At this time Thinis was the centre of power.
Historians argue about the dates of the First Dynasty which was part of the Early Bronze Age.
They use a number of different ways to decide on the dates for events in Egypt.
It began sometime between 3400 and 3000 BC.
In 2013 radiocarbon dating showed that Hor-Aha began ruling between 3218–3035 BC.
Information about the First Dynasty comes from monuments and other objects with royal names.
The most important are the Narmer palette, the Narmer Macehead and the Den and Qa'a king lists.
No details of the dynasty have been found except for brief entry on the Palermo Stone.
Manetho's book, Aegyptiaca is different to the archeological evidence and other historical records.
Manetho names nine rulers of the First Dynasty, but only one name matches the other sources.
He only has information for four of them.
The hieroglyphs were fully developed and would be used with little change for more than 3000 years.
Large tombs for pharaohs have been found at Abydos and Naqada.
There are also cemeteries at Saqqara and Helwan near Memphis.
These had buildings of wood and mud bricks, with some small use of stone for walls and floors.
Stone was used for making ornaments, vessels, and sometimes for statues.
Tamarix – tamarisk, salt cedar was used to build boats such as the Abydos Boats.
They invented the ﬁxed Mortise and tenon joint.
A ﬁxed tenon was made by shaping the end of one timber to ﬁt into a mortise (hole) that is cut into a second timber.
A variation of this joint, using a free tenon, became one of the most important features in Mediterranean and Egyptian shipbuilding.
It joined two pieces of wood by putting a separate tenon into a hole (mortise) of the same size cut into each piece.
Human sacrifice was part of the burials for all the pharaohs of the First Dynasty.
Servants were buried near each pharaoh's tomb, as well as animals.
There are 338 people buried at the tomb of Djer.
The people and animals sacrificed, such as donkeys, would help the pharaoh in the afterlife.
For unknown reasons, this practice ended with this dynasty.
Later burials had shabtis (small figures like dolls) taking the place of actual people.
Kuhrt, Amélie.
The Ancient Near East: c. 3000–330 BC, Routledge, 1995, London,  isbn = 978-0-415-01353-6
Manetho was an ancient Egyptian historian and priest from Sebennytos.
He lived during the Ptolemaic era, in about 300 BC.
Manetho wrote the Aegyptiaca (History of Egypt).
His book is used by Egyptologists to work out the dates for events in ancient Egypt.
The earliest reference to Manetho's Aegyptiaca is in Jewish historian Josephus's book, "Against Apion".
We do not know what Manetho's name means, some suggestions are "Gift of Thoth", "Beloved of Thoth", "Truth of Thoth", "Beloved of Neith", or "Lover of Neith", Myinyu-heter ("Horseherd" or "Groom") and Ma'ani-Djehuti ("I have seen Thoth").
We do not know when he was born or died.
His book may have been written during the rule of Ptolemy I Soter (323–283 BC) and Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285–246 BC).
The Hibeh Papyri, dated to 241/40 BC, suggests he may been writing during the rule of Ptolemy III Euergetes (246–222 BC).
He wrote in the Greek language.
Other works he wrote include Against Herodotus, The Sacred Book, On Antiquity and Religion, On Festivals, On the Preparation of Kyphi, and the Digest of Physics.
The Book of Sothis on astrology, may also be written by him.
He was probably a priest of the sun god Ra at Heliopolis.
He knew a lot about the cult of Sarapis based on Osiris and Apis.
Sarapis was a Greco-Macedonian version of the Egyptian cult dating back to Alexander the Great.
Tacitus and Plutarch wrote that Ptolemy (probably Ptolemy Soter) imported a statue of the god.
Aegyptiaca
The Aegyptiaca, the "History of Egypt", may have been Manetho's largest work.
It was in date order and divided into three volumes.
In Aegyptiaca, he invented the word dynasty to mean a group of kings with a common origin.
It came from the Greek word dynasteia, meaning "governmental power".
He was the first person to group the rulers into dynasties.
He did not use the word to mean families.
He began a new dynasty when there was a break or change in the power of government.
For example, there was a break between the Fourth Dynasty in Memphis, and the Fifth Dynasty at Elephantine.
He included details of many of the kings.
Aegyptiaca may have been written as an Egyptian history, to be more accurate than Herodotus' Histories.
Hiis other book, Against Herodotus, may be just have been a short version of Aegyptiaca.
There are no original copies of either book.
Copies of the book
Aegyptiaca has not survived as a complete book.
It is very possible that what has been kept was rewritten by other writers to support their Egyptian, Jewish, or Greek histories.
This makes it difficult for modern historians to know how reliable it is as a history.
The earliest mention of Manetho is in Josephus' Contra Apionem ("Against Apion").
This was written nearly 400 years after Aegyptiaca.
It is clear that Josephus did not have the original of Manethos' book.
At about the same time, a short version, the Epitome, of the book was being used.
This kept Manetho's brief list of dynasties and a some parts that were seen as important.
For example, it had that the first Dynasty, Menes, "was snatched and killed by a hippopotamus".
It is not known if any of the short version is Manetho's original writing.
Copies were written by Sextus Julius Africanus and Eusebius of Caesarea.
Eusebius's copy was used by Jerome in his Latin translation, an Armenian translation, and by George Syncellus.
Syncellus saw that the copies by Eusebius and Africanus were almost the same, so he placed them side by side in his work, Ecloga Chronographica.
These last four copies are the only copies of the epitome of Manetho.
Other sections are in Malalas's Chronographia and Excerpta Latina Barbari ("Excerpts in Bad Latin").
Sources and methods
Manetho used lists of kings to provide a structure for his history.
Josephus wrote that Manetho also used stories, myths and legends for his book.
This was common among historians of that time.
He must have known the Greek work of Herodotus.
He tried to link Egyptian history with Greek history.
For example, he links King Memnon with Amenophis, and Armesis with Danaos).
It is possible that these links may have been the work of later writers.
We do know he could write in the Greek language.
King lists
The king-list that Manetho used is unknown.
The Turin King List is the one that is the most similar.
The oldest source to compare with Manetho are the Old Kingdom Annals (c. 2500-2200 BC).
There are also the Karnak king list, two at Abydos and the Saqqara list.
The Old Kingdom Annals only survive on the Palermo Stone.
There are many differences between the stone and Manetho.
The stone stops at the fifth dynasty.
It includes the early kings of Lower Egypt and kings of Upper Egypt.
Manetho lists several Greek and Egyptian gods beginning with Hephaistos and Helios.
The Annals also give annual reports of the activities of the kings.
The New Kingdom lists left out some rulers.
The list prepared for Seti I, has 76 kings from the First Dynasties to the Fourteenth, but leave out the Hyksos rulers and those linked to Akhenaten.
The Saqqara list also does not include them in its list of 58 names.
These names were left out for religious, rather than political reasons.
If Manetho used these lists at all, he would have been unable to get all of his information from them.
The Turin King List was probably a government, rather than a religious document.
It would not have needed to leave out kings for religious reasons.
These sort of documents must have been available to Manetho.
As a priest he would have had access to all written materials in the temple.
Manetho's list was probably from Lower Egypt.
He included kings from the Third Intermediate Period, even such short-lived kings like Amenemnisu (5 years) and Osochor (6 years).
But he left out the kings from Thebes, such as Osorkon III, Takelot III, Harsiese A and Pinedjem I and kings from Middle Egypt like Peftjaubast of Herakleopolis.
Manetho's information must have come from a local city's temple library in the River Nile Delta.
The Middle and Upper Egyptian Pharaohs did not control this part of the Delta; which is why they are left out of Manetho's king-list.
By the Middle Kingdom, Egyptian kings each had five different names.
These were the "Horus" name; the "Two Ladies" name; the "Gold Horus" name; the praenomen or "throne name"; and a nomen, the personal name given at birth (also called a "Son of Ra" name as it was preceded by Sa Re').
Some Pharaohs also had more than one of these names.
For example, Ramesses II used six Horus names at various times.
We do not know if Manetho knew about the different names of rulers long past.
Not all the different names for each king have been discovered, and it maybe that the kings were known by other names as well as the official names.
Because Manetho translated the names into Greek, we do not know the original Egyptian name.
Volume 1 begins from the earliest times.
It lists gods and demigods as kings of Egypt.
Stories of Isis, Osiris, Set, or Horus might have been found here.
The book then lists kings from the First Dynasty I to the Eleventh Dynasty.
This would have included the Old Kingdom, the First Intermediate Period, and the early Middle Kingdom.
Volume 2 covers Twelfth Dynasty to the Nineteenth.
This includes the end of the Middle Kingdom and the Second Intermediate Period (XV–XVII—the Hyksos invasion), and the start of the New Kingdom.
Josephus believed the Hyksos or "shepherd-kings" were the ancient Israelites who made their way out of Egypt (Apion 1.82–92).
Volume 3 starts with  the Twentieth Dynasty and ends with the Thirtieth.
Effect of Aegyptiaca
Egyptologists still use Manetho's way of grouping the pharaohs into dynasties.
The French explorer and Egyptologist, Jean-François Champollion, had a copy of Manetho's lists to help him read the hieroglyphs.
Modern histories now use both the modern translation of names and Manetho's version.
Helck, Hans Wolfgang.
1975. "
Manethon (1)".
In Der kleine Pauly: Lexikon der Antike, auf der Grundlage von Pauly’s Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, edited by Konrat Ziegler, Walter Sontheimer, and Hans Gärtner.
München: Alfred Druckenmüller Verlag.
952–953. .
Laqueur, Richard.
1928. "
Manethon".
In Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, edited by August Friedrich von Pauly, Georg Wissowa, and Wilhelm Kroll.
14 of 24 vols.
Stuttgart: Alfred Druckenmüller Verlag.
1060–1106. .
M.A. Leahy.
1990. "
Libya and Egypt c1300–750 BC."
London: School of Oriental and African Studies, Centre of Near and Middle Eastern Studies, and The Society for Libyan Studies.
1986a. "
The Name Manetho".
In Egyptological Studies in Honor of Richard A. Parker Presented on the Occasion of His 78th Birthday, December 10, 1983, edited by Leonard H. Lesko.
Hannover and London: University Press of New England.
118–121. .
———.
1986b.
Pharaonic King–Lists, Annals and Day–Books: A Contribution to the Study of the Egyptian Sense of History.
Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities Publications 4, ser.
Loretta M. James.
Mississauga: Benben Publications. .
Manetho".
In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, edited by Donald Bruce Redford.
2 of 3 vols.
336–337. .
Thissen, Heinz-Josef.
1980. "
In Lexikon der Ägyptologie, edited by Hans Wolfgang Helck, and Wolfhart Westendorf.
1180–1181. .
Verbrugghe, Gerald P., and John Moore Wickersham.
Berossos and Manetho, Introduced and Translated: Native Traditions in Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt.
Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. .
Waddell, William Gillian, ed.
Manetho.
The Loeb Classical Library 350, ser.
George P. Goold.
London and Cambridge: William Heinemann ltd.
and Harvard University Press. .
Chronologie de Manéthon  showing the names given by Manetho and the names used now
Manetho: History of Egypt, Sacred Book, etc.
Who's Who in Ancient Egypt: Manetho
"The First Egyptian Narrative History: Manetho and Greek  Historiography", ZPE 127 (1999), pp.93-116 by J. Dillery
Chapakot is a municipality in the southeastern part of Syangja District in the Gandaki Zone of central Nepal.
It is in the western region of Nepal.
On 18 May 2014, the new municipality was formed by merging three existing villages.
These were Ratnapur, Kuwakot and Chapakot.
The office of the new municipality is the former Chapakot village development committee (VDC).
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Chapakot village had a population of 4,702.
It had 1087 individual households.
But now the total population is 12,742.
There are now 2,902 individual households.
It is on a plain surrounded by hills.
To the east of Chapakot was Ratnapur VDC.
To the west was Kuwakot VDC.
The Kali Gandaki divides it from Palpa District to the south.
To the north is Keware Bhanjyang.
The Next Step is a TV Program about a dance studio.
It is filmed in Canada.
The black-headed parrot is Pionites melanocephalus.
It lives in forests, most often in humid places, and nearby wooded habitats.
They are known as 'caiques'.
The bird is widespread in South America, and has two subspecies which are very similar.
It lives north of the Amazon River and west of the Ucayali River in Brazil, northern Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.
It is quite common and lives in many protected areas.
They are usually in pairs or small noisy groups of 10 to 30.
They eat flowers, fruit, and seeds and possibly insects.
Males and females look the same: they have identical plumage.
Oliver George Wallace (August 6, 1887 – September 15, 1963) was an English-born American composer and conductor.
He scored 139 animated short movies for Walt Disney Studios.
He also wrote scores for several Disney documentaries, and feature movies.
Wallace worked for Disney studios for 27 years.
He died in a Burbank, California hospital on September, 15, 1963.
In 1941 Wallace won an Oscar for scoring the music for the animated movie Dumbo.
In 2008 he was honored with a Disney Legends award.
Vaginal flora or microbiota are tiny microorganisms that are part of the healthy reproductive organs in a woman.
Humans have many very small organisms that are a normal part of the human body.
These microorgansims can only be seen with a microscope.
These organisms are bacteria and fungi.
Almost all of them do not cause sickness, but it is still normal to have them inside or outside the body.
These small microorganisms are called microbiota by researchers.
There are microbiota in the stomach, the skin, the mouth, the eyes, and microbiota in the vagina.
The microbiota in humans help to stop infections caused by other bacteria.
Vaginal microbiota help keep the vagina healthy.
They help prevent infection caused other bacteria.
Bacteria that cause sickness or infection are called pathogens.
The normal vaginal microbiota stop pathogens from growing.
When a woman sees a doctor because she has fluid coming out of her vagina, the doctor might test the woman for bacteria pathogens.
Pathogens can grow too fast.
They can grow faster than the normal and healthy vaginal microbiota.
An infection can make fluid come out of the vagina.
This is called vaginal discharge.
A good and healthy bacteria that keeps the vagina free from sickness is called Lactobacillus.
There other good bacteria that keep the vagina healthy.
Some of their names are: Peptostreptococcus, Propionibacterium, and Actinomyces.
If a woman catches a sexually transmitted disease, it will change the vaginal microbiota.
The healthy vaginal microbiota can not stop or cure a sexually transmitted infection.
Alexander Jerome Gould (born May 4, 1994) is an American actor and voice actor.
He is best known for voicing Nemo in Finding Nemo, Twitch in How to Eat Fried Worms and Shane Botwin in Weeds.
He was born in Los Angeles, California on May 4, 1994.
His parents are Tom Gould and Valerie Gould.
He has two sisters, Emma Gould, and Kelly Gould.
Both are also actors.
Gould has been an actor since the age of two.
He had roles in the Television Series' Malcolm in the Middle and Ally McBeal.
He voiced the title character, Nemo, in the animated movie Finding Nemo.
He also starred in How to Eat Fried Worms.
He received a Young Artist Award for each.
He won his third Young Artist Award in the Showtime series Weeds.
Fernando de Araújo (26 February 1963 – 2 June 2015) was an East Timorese politician.
He was the President of the National Parliament from 8 August 2007 until 30 July 2012.
He also served as the acting President of East Timor from 13 February until 17 April 2008.
Araújo was born in Manutaci, Ainaro District, in what was then Portuguese Timor.
At the age of 12, he witnessed all 18 members of his family massacred by the Indonesian Army.
He studied literature in Bali, Indonesia.
He was married to Jacqueline Aquino Siapno of Dagupan City, Philippines.
Kirill Vladimirovich Pokrovsky (; 25 March 1962 – 1 June 2015) was a Russian composer and performer.
He wrote the soundtrack for the Divinity series of video games produced by Larian Studios.
Michael "Slim" Richey (February 11, 1938 – May 31, 2015) was an American guitarist, fiddle player, bandleader and publisher.
He was known for his long white beard and electric guitar style on jazz, swing and country music.
He called himself "the most dangerous guitar player in Texas".
He began his career in 1960 and worked with artists such as Kat Edmonson, the Jazz Pharoahs, and the Jitterbug Vipers.
Gerald Götting (9 June 1923 – 19 May 2015) was a German politician.
He was the East German President of the People's Chamber from 12 May 1969 until 29 October 1976.
Götting was born in Nietleben, Province of Saxony, now part of Halle, Saxony-Anhalt.
During World War II, he served in the Reichsarbeitsdienst and later in the Wehrmacht.
He was briefly held as a prisoner of war by U.S. forces in 1945.
Bond was known for his role in the WA Inc scandals of the 1980s.
He was also known for bankrolling challenges for the yachting trophy the America's Cup.
Because of this he won the Australian of the Year in 1978, along with Galarrwuy Yunupingu.
He finally won the trophy in 1983, which had been held by the New York Yacht Club since 1851.
In 1987, he paid $1 billion for the Nine television network from Kerry Packer's PBL, before selling the network back to PBL in 1990 for $250 million.
In 1997, he was sentenced to seven years in prison for fraud, and was released in 2000.
Bond was born in Hammersmith, London, England.
He moved to Western Australia in 1950 at the age of 12.
He was married to Eileen Hughes from 1955 until their divorce in 1992.
He was later married to Diana Bliss from 1995 until her suicide in 2012.
He had  four children.
Bond suffered issues after open heart surgery and was put into an induced coma on 2 June 2015 at a Perth hospital.
Bond died on 5 June 2015 after surgical complications at the age of 77.
William Richard "Bill" Shorten (born 12 May 1967) is an Australian politician.
He was been the Leader of the Labor Party and Leader of the Opposition since 13 October 2013.
Shorten was born in Melbourne, Victoria.
He has been married twice and has a daughter.
Shorten lost to become Prime Minister of Australia in the 2016 federal election to Malcolm Turnbull and again in the 2019 election to Scott Morrison.
After his 2019 defeat, Shorten said he would step down as party leader.
He was replaced by Anthony Albanese.
The Bashi Channel is a waterway between Taiwan and the Philippines.
It is part of the Luzon Strait in the Pacific Ocean.
It lies between Y'Ami Island of the Philippines and Orchid Island of Taiwan.
The Philippines call Orchrid Island Botel Tobago.
Many undersea cables use this channel.
It is also important for military operations.
Both Taiwan and the Philippines say the channel belongs to them.
An Undersea cable or Submarine communications cable is a cable that is laid in the sea or in waterways.
Usually such cables either carry electricity or they are used for telecommunication.
Cables longer than about  use direct current, because the loss is too big with alternating current.
Such cables are also built in a very rugged way.
Iwatobi Swim Club is a Japanese anime based on swimming.
The main story is about four boys on a swim team.
The boys were on a swim team together in elementary and middle school and were split up before high school.
Two of the boys, Haruka Nanase and Makoto Tachibana were reunited by fate to both attend Iwatobi High School.
Luckily for them, when the new arrival of first years came, the third member from their original swim team Nagisa Hazuki also arrived to Iwatobi High School.
Haruka and Makoto were astonished to be reunited with another friend of theirs, however something was missing.