the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
On February 1, 1956, the case of Browder v. Gayle was filed in U.S. District Court.
Browder was a Montgomery housewife; W. A. Gayle was the mayor of Montgomery.
On June 13, 1956, the District Court ruled that "the enforced segregation of black and white passengers on motor buses operating in the City of Montgomery violates the Constitution and laws of the United States," because the conditions deprived people of equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment.
The court further enjoined the state of Alabama and city of Montgomery from continuing to operate segregated buses.
The case was not completed until it was heard later that year by the US Supreme Court, as the state and city appealed the decision.
On November 13, 1956, the Supreme Court upheld the District Court's ruling and ordered the state of Alabama (and Montgomery) to desegregate its buses.
One month later on December 20, after Mayor Gayle was handed official written notice by federal marshals, the Montgomery buses were desegregated.
Grace Poe (born September 3, 1968) is the adopted daughter of Filipino actors Susan Roces and Fernando Poe, Jr. She served as chairperson of the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB) from 2010 to 2012 and in the Philippine Senate since 2013.
Miriam Defensor Santiago (June 15, 1945 – September 29, 2016) is a Filipino politician, known for having served in all three branches of the Philippines government – judicial, executive, and legislative.
Defensor Santiago was named one of The 100 Most Powerful Women in the World in 1997 by The Australian.
Leni Robredo (born April 23, 1965) is a Filipina lawyer and politician.
She is the 14th and current Vice President of the Philippines since June 30, 2016.
She is serving under Rodrigo Duterte.
Robredo is the widow of the Philippines Interior Secretary Jesse Robredo.
She served as Member of the House of Representatives from Camarines Sur's Third District.
She is a member of the Liberal Party.
In October 2021, Robredo announced her candidacy for president of the Philippines in the 2022 election.
Filipino lawyers
Risa Hontiveros (born February 24, 1966) is a Filipino socialist activist and journalist, who was the representative of Akbayan in the House of Representatives of the Philippines from 2004 to 2010.
She is the older sister of journalists and television hosts Gringgay and Pia Hontiveros.
Leila de Lima (born August 27, 1959) is a Filipino lawyer.
She was appointed by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo as Chairperson of the Commission on Human Rights on May 2008 and served until June 30, 2010 when she resigned and appointed by President Benigno Aquino III as Secretary of the Philippine Department of Justice.
She resigned October 12, 2015 to focus on her candidacy for the Senate in the 2016 election.
The Reconstruction Amendments are the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments to the United States Constitution, adopted between 1865 and 1870, the five years immediately following the Civil War.
The amendments were important in carrying out the reconstruction of the southern states after the war.
Many northern politicians saw them as changing the United States from a country that was (in Abraham Lincoln's words) "half slave and half free" to one in which the constitutionally guaranteed "blessings of liberty" would be extended to all the people, including the former slaves and their descendants.
The Thirteenth Amendment (proposed and ratified in 1865) abolished slavery.
The Fourteenth Amendment (proposed in 1866 and ratified in 1868) created the privileges and immunities clause, applicable to all citizens; and made the due process and equal protection clauses applicable to all persons.
The Fifteenth Amendment, (proposed in 1869 and ratified in 1870) prohibits discrimination in voting rights of citizens on the basis of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
Thirteenth Amendment
The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.
It was passed by the U.S. Senate on April 8, 1864.
The U.S. House of Representatives passed it on January 31, 1865.
The measure was swiftly ratified by all but three Union states (the exceptions were Delaware, New Jersey, and Kentucky), and by a sufficient number of border and "reconstructed" Southern states.
It was ratified by December 6, 1865.
On December 18, 1865, Secretary of State William H. Seward proclaimed it to have been incorporated into the federal Constitution.
It became part of the Constitution 61 years after the Twelfth Amendment.
This is the longest interval between constitutional amendments to date.
Fourteenth Amendment
The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was proposed by Congress on June 13, 1866.
By July 9, 1868, it had received ratifications by the legislatures of the required number of states in order to officially become the Fourteenth Amendment.
On July 20, 1868, Secretary of State William Seward certified that it had been ratified and added to the federal Constitution.
The amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws.
It was proposed in response to issues related to treatment of freedmen following the war.
The amendment was bitterly opposed, particularly by Southern states, which were forced to ratify it in order for their delegations to be able to return to Congress.
The Fourteenth Amendment, particularly its first section, is one of the most litigated parts of the Constitution.
It formed the basis for landmark decisions such as Roe v. Wade (1973), regarding abortion, and Bush v. Gore (2000), regarding the 2000 presidential election.
Fifteenth Amendment
The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a male citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude".
It was ratified on February 3, 1870, as the third and last of the Reconstruction Amendments.
By 1869, amendments had been passed to abolish slavery and provide citizenship and equal protection under the laws.
But the narrow election of Ulysses S. Grant to the presidency in 1868 convinced a majority of Republicans that black voters would be important for the party's future.
After rejecting more sweeping versions of a suffrage amendment, Congress proposed a compromise amendment banning restrictions on the basis of race, color, or previous servitude on February 26, 1869.
The amendment survived a difficult ratification fight and was adopted on March 30, 1870.
After blacks gained the vote, the Ku Klux Klan directed some of their attacks to disrupt their political meetings and intimidate them at the polls, to suppress black participation.
In the mid-1870s, there was a rise in new insurgent groups, such as the Red Shirts and White League, who acted on behalf of the Democratic Party to violently suppress black voting.
While white Democrats regained power in southern state legislatures, through the 1880s and early 1890s, numerous blacks continued to be elected to local offices in many states, as well as to Congress as late as 1894.
From 1890 to 1910, all the states of the former Confederacy passed new constitutions and other laws that found new methods to get around the Fifteenth Amendment, such as poll taxes, residency rules, and literacy tests administered by white staff, sometimes with exemptions for whites via grandfather clauses.
When challenges reached the Supreme Court, it interpreted the amendment narrowly, ruling based on the stated intent of the laws rather than their practical effect.
The results in voter suppression were dramatic, as voter rolls fell: nearly all blacks, as well as tens of thousands of poor whites in Alabama and other states, were forced off the voter registration rolls and out of the political system, effectively excluding millions of people from representation.
Democratic state legislatures passed racial segregation laws for public facilities and other types of Jim Crow restrictions.
During this period of political struggle, the rate of lynchings in the South reached an all-time high.
In the twentieth century, the Court interpreted the amendment more broadly, striking down grandfather clauses in Guinn v. United States (1915).
It took a quarter century to finally dismantle the white primary system in the "Texas primary cases" (1927–1953).
With the South having become a one-party region after the disfranchisement of blacks, Democratic Party primaries were the only competitive contests in the states.
But Southern states reacted rapidly to Supreme Court decisions, often devising new ways to continue to exclude blacks from voter rolls and voting; most blacks in the South did not gain the ability to vote until after passage of the mid-1960s federal civil rights legislation and beginning of federal oversight of voter registration and district boundaries.
The Twenty-fourth Amendment (1964) forbade the requirement for poll taxes in federal elections; by this time five of the eleven southern states continued to require such taxes.
Together with the US Supreme Court ruling in Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections (1966), which forbade requiring poll taxes in state elections, blacks regained the opportunity to participate in the American political system.
These amendments were intended to guarantee freedom to former slaves and to prevent discrimination in civil rights to former slaves and all citizens of the United States.
The promise of these amendments was lessened by state laws and federal court decisions over the course of the 19th century.
In 1876 and later, some states passed Jim Crow laws that limited the rights of African-Americans.
Important Supreme Court decisions that undermined these amendments were the Slaughter-House Cases in 1873, which prevented rights guaranteed under the Fourteenth Amendment's privileges or immunities clause from being extended to rights under state law; and Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 which originated the phrase "separate but equal" and gave federal approval to Jim Crow laws.
The full benefits of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments were not realized until the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 and laws such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Amendments to the United States Constitution
Adrienne Corri (13 November 1930 – 13 March 2016) was a British actress.
She was known for her role as Mrs. Alexander in Stanley Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange.
Adrienne Corri  at HorrorStars
Shozo Awazu (18 April 1923 – 17 March 2016) was a Japanese master of judo.
He won the rank of Kōdōkan 9th Dan.
He led the development of judo in France.
He was born in Kyoto, Japan.
Awazu was considered to be one of the top experts in ne waza (grappling techniques), kata and tandoku-renshu.
Miguel Hernández Agosto (April 5, 1927 – March 18, 2016) was a Puerto Rican politician.
He worked with the Popular Democratic Party (PPD).
He started his political career as a Cabinet member, but eventually became a Senator at-large.
Hernández Agosto served as President of the Senate of Puerto Rico for 12 years (1981-1993).
Official Biography  from the Senate of Puerto Rico
Richard Bradford (October 31, 1934 – March 22, 2016) was an American actor.
He was known for his lead role as former CIA agent turned private eye McGill in the British TV adventure series Man in a Suitcase, made by ITC in 1967.
Richard Bradford (as Dick Bradford) at the Internet Broadway Database
Maggie Blye (October 24, 1942 – March 24, 2016) was an American actress.
She was in the 1967 Paul Newman movie Hombre and the 1969 version of The Italian Job.
Her later television roles included The Rockford Files, Hart to Hart and Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman.
Obituary -Variety
Roger Marcel Cicero Ciceu (6 July 1970 – 24 March 2016) was a German jazz and pop musician.
Cicero represented Germany at the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 in Helsinki his song Frauen regier'n die Welt (Women rule the world).
He finished 19th.
Cicero made his movie debut in Hilde (2009) as musician Ricci Blum.
Esther Herlitz (, 9 October 1921 – 24 March 2016) was an Israeli diplomat and politician.
She served as a member of the Knesset for the Alignment between 1973 and 1977 and again from 1979 until 1981.
She was also Israel's first female ambassador, having been appointed as the country's ambassador to Denmark in 1966.
Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain (September 8, 1924 – March 24, 2016) was a Canadian lawyer, judge and politician.
She was the first woman elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.
She was the first woman appointed a Cabinet minister in Quebec, the first woman appointed acting premier, and the first woman judge to serve in the Quebec Provincial Court.
Tibor Richard Machan (; 18 March 1939 – 24 March 2016) was a Hungarian-born American philosopher.
He was the professor emeritus in the department of philosophy at Auburn University.
Machan held the R. C. Hoiles Chair of Business Ethics and Free Enterprise at the Argyros School of Business & Economics at Chapman University in Orange, California until December 31, 2014.
In re Gault, , was a landmark case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1967.
The Court ruled that juveniles (children and teenagers) have the same rights as adults when they are accused of a crime.
For example, they have due process rights, like the right to have a lawyer, when they are being questioned by the police, and when they are on trial.
In the four years before the Supreme Court decided In re: Gault, the Court also decided some other very important cases about due process rights  the rights people have when they are accused of a crime.
However, these rulings did not apply to children who were being tried in juvenile courts.
The case was argued by Norman Dorsen in favor of the juveniles.
Rights for adults
Constitutional rights
("Counsel" is a legal word for "lawyer.")
Supreme Court cases
Gideon v. Wainwright, : The Court ruled that having a lawyer is necessary for a fair trial.
It ruled that any defendant charged with any crime had the right to a lawyer.
If the defendant cannot pay for a lawyer, the state must assign them a free lawyer.
Miranda v. Arizona, : When a person is being asked whether they committed a crime, they do not have to answer.
They cannot get in trouble for not answering.
This is called the right against "self-incrimination" (the right not to say anything that proves you committed a crime).
Before being questioned, a suspect must be told that they do not have to answer any questions.
These decisions, however, only applied to adult courts.
While the Constitution never says that its rights are only for adults, American courts had never given juveniles the same due process rights as adults.
In the United States' court system, there are separate courts for children who are accused of committing crimes or having behavior problems.
These are called "juvenile courts."
Every state has its own laws about their juvenile courts.
However, usually, if the judge rules that the child is "delinquent," the judge can make that child a "ward of the court."
This means the judge is putting the court in charge of the child, and taking that power away from the child's parents.
For the worst crimes, the court can decide to put the child in a special school, juvenile prison, or other program away from home, and keep them there until they turn 21.
At the time that Gerald Gault was arrested, juveniles had very few rights in the juvenile justice system.
For example, they could be put in jail without a trial, or without even knowing what crime they were being charged with.
On June 8, 1964, a police officer arrested Gerald Gault, a fifteen-year-old.
The sheriff did not tell Gault's parents that he had been arrested.
He was arrested after a neighbor named Ora Cook who complained that she received an obscene, vulgar phone call.
At the time, Gault was on probation.
He had been put on probation for six months, starting February 25, 1964, for being with another boy who stole a woman's wallet.
Meanwhile, Gault's mother came home and realized he was missing.
She eventually found him at the county Children's Detention Home, but was she not allowed to take him home.
Without being charged with a crime, Gault had been put in a juvenile jail.
Gault has always said that his friend Ronald Lewis made the call to Cook from the Gault family's trailer.
In 2007, Gault said that once he heard what Lewis said, he kicked Lewis out.
Juvenile court hearings
First hearing
The next morning, Gault had his first court hearing, in front of Judge McGhee.
Judge McGhee usually worked in the Gila County Superior Court (an adult court), but was working in the juvenile court that day.
At the end of the hearing, Judge McGhee said he would think about what to do, and sent Gault back to jail.
Gault was kept in jail for a few more days, then was sent home.
Nobody ever explained why he was kept in jail or why he was let go.
The day he came home, his mother got a note saying that Judge McGhee had ordered another hearing.
Second hearing
At the second hearing, McGhee ruled that Gault was "a delinquent child."
This meant Gault had broken a state law.
McGhee ordered Gault to be sent to the State Industrial School until he turned 21, unless the court decided to let him out before then.
This punishment was based on a charge of "Lewd Phone Calls."
If Gault had been convicted of the same crime as an adult, the Arizona laws would have allowed a maximum punishment of two months in prison and a fine of $5 to $50.
Problems with the hearings
Gault's accuser, Mrs. Cook, was not at either hearing, even though Mrs. Gault had asked for her to come so she could identify whether Gerald or his friend had made the phone calls.
Judge McGhee had said "she didn't have to be present."
Judge McGhee had never told Gault's parents that they could bring a lawyer to the hearings or call witnesses to defend Gerald.
Also, nobody wrote a transcript (a record of exactly what was said) during either hearing.
Because of this, there was no proof of what Gault or Judge McGhee said during these hearings.
Later, Judge McGhee said Gault admitted to saying something "lewd" to Mrs. Cook.
Both of Gault's parents insisted that Gerald never admitted to doing anything wrong.
Habeas corpus appeal
At the time, Arizona law did not allow juvenile cases to be appealed.
Gault's parents hired a lawyer named Amelia Lewis, who petitioned the Arizona Supreme Court for a writ of habeas corpus.
This means they asked the Supreme Court to let Gerald go because his imprisonment was unfair.
The Supreme Court sent the case to the Arizona Superior Court, a regular trial court, for a habeas corpus hearing.
This hearing would decide whether Gault was sent to juvenile prison unfairly.
McGhee's arguments
The hearing was held on August 17, 1964.
The Gaults' lawyer questioned Judge McGhee about the legal reasons for his actions.
She asked McGhee to explain what laws he had used to find Gerald "delinquent."
Gerald used lewd language while another person could hear (this was a misdemeanor under the Arizona Revised Statutes § 13-377)
Gerald was delinquent under ARS § 8-201(6)(d).
This part of the law said that a delinquent child "habitually" (regularly) behaves in ways that "injure or endanger the morals or health of himself or others."
As evidence that Gerald was "habitually" dangerous, McGhee gave two reasons:
He said Gault admitted making "silly calls, or funny calls, or something like that" in the past
Two years earlier, the juvenile court got a report saying Gault had stolen a baseball glove and lied to the police about it.
However, the court never did anything about this because there was no proof
Judge McGhee also said that Gerald was already on probation.
This played a part in his decision, he said.
The court dismissed the habeas corpus petition.
It ruled that Judge McGhee had enough evidence and legal reasons to send Gault to jail.
Appeal to the Arizona Supreme Court
Next, Amelia Lewis and the Gaults appealed to the Arizona Supreme Court (99 Ariz. 181 (1965)).
They had two main arguments.
They argued that Gerald's conviction was not legal because he was not given the due process rights in the Constitution.
They also argued that the state's set of juvenile laws, the Arizona Juvenile Code, was unconstitutional because it did not include these due process rights.
The Arizona Supreme Court ruled against the Gaults.
They said that neither the Juvenile Code or Gerald's conviction violated due process.
Appeal to the United States Supreme Court
Under United States law, the Gaults had only one legal option left.
This option was to appeal to the United States Supreme Court, but to do this, they would need more lawyers, and that would be expensive.
However, lawyers from the Arizona chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) got involved and worked with Amelia Lewis on the Supreme Court appeal.
On December 16, 1966, they went before the Supreme Court.
The specific question: Were Gerald Gault's due process rights violated when he was convicted and sent to juvenile prison?
If they were, what should happen to him?
The general question: Was the Arizona Juvenile Code unconstitutional because it did not give juveniles the due process rights in the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution?
The biggest question: Did juveniles even have the same due process rights as adults?
Did the Fourteenth Amendment even apply to juvenile court processes?
On May 15, 1967, the Supreme Court voted 81 in favor of the Gaults.
They ruled that Gerald's due process rights were violated.
Justice Abe Fortas wrote the Court's majority opinion.
In the Court's opinion, Justice Fortas wrote that without these due process rights, a person cannot get a fair trial, no matter what age they are.
The Fourteenth Amendment says that "no state can take away any person's "life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person ... the equal protection of the laws."
Since juvenile courts could take away children's freedom by sending them to juvenile prisons, they needed to give juvenile defendants full due process rights.
They also needed to give them "equal protection of the laws"  the same protections an adult at risk of going to jail would get.
The Court threw out Gerald's conviction and ordered him to be set free.
He had spent three years in the Industrial School: two years and ten months longer than he could have possibly spent in prison if he was convicted as an adult.
The Court also ruled Arizona's Juvenile Code unconstitutional.
They ruled that Juvenile Codes had to include due process rights.
Before In re Gault, juveniles accused of crimes had very few rights.
In re Gault gave due process rights, which juveniles had never had, to children and teenagers being accused of crimes.
These protections apply to all juveniles in the United States, not just Arizona.
After this decision, by law, all juveniles being accused of crimes must be given the rights in the Fourteenth Amendment.
They must be told what crime they are being accused of and when they have to go to court, far enough ahead of time that they can prepare (for example, by working on a defense or getting a lawyer)
The juvenile, and their parents, must be told about their right to a lawyer
The juvenile (or usually their lawyer) has the right to question the witnesses that say they are guilty, and call their own witnesses to say they are not guilty
They must be warned that they do not have to answer questions about whether they are guilty, even in court
In other words, In re Gault ruled that every juvenile court in the country had to follow the Fourteenth Amendment.
Download a video about The Gault case  or a video of Gerald Gault talking about his case  (from The National Juvenile Defender Center's Gault page )
The following is a list of notable deaths in April 2016.
Pratyusha Banerjee, 24, Indian actress (Balika Vadhu, Bigg Boss 7, Hum Hain Na), suicide by hanging.
Artur Górski, 46, Polish politician, member of Sejm (since 2005), leukemia.
Emil Keres, 90, Hungarian actor (Twenty Hours) and theatre director.
Gato Barbieri, 83, Argentine jazz saxophonist, pneumonia.
Gallieno Ferri, 87, Italian comic book artist (Zagor, Mister No).
Boris Hybner, 74, Czech actor (I'm All Good, Toys in the Attic, Marguerite) and mime artist.
László Sárosi, 84, Hungarian football player (national team) and coach.
Erik Bauersfeld, 93, American radio dramatist (KPFA) and voice actor (Star Wars, A.I. Artificial Intelligence, Crimson Peak).
Don Francks, 84, Canadian jazz vocalist and actor (La Femme Nikita, Inspector Gadget, I'm Not There), lung cancer.
Lars Gustafsson, 79, Swedish writer and scholar.
Rowley Habib, 83, New Zealand writer.
Martin Lampkin, 65, English motorcycle trials rider, cancer.
Cesare Maldini, 84, Italian football player (national team) and manager (Foggia, Milan, national team).
Joe Medicine Crow, 102, American Crow historian.
Lola Novaković, 80, Serbian singer.
Amber Rayne, 31, American pornographic actress.
Jules Schelvis, 95, Dutch historian and Holocaust survivor.
Clarence Clifton Young, 93, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (1953–1957), Nevada Senate (1966–1980) and Nevada Supreme Court (1985–2002).
Getatchew Mekurya, 81, Ethiopian jazz saxophonist, complications from diabetes.
Royston Nash, 82, English conductor (D'Oyly Carte Opera Company).
George Radosevich, 88, American football player (Baltimore Colts), congestive heart failure.
Mike Sandlock, 100, American baseball player (Brooklyn Dodgers).
Abe Segal, 85, South African tennis player, cancer.
Zyta Gilowska, 66, Polish politician, Minister of Finance (2006, 2007), Deputy Prime Minister (2006, 2007).
Roman Gribbs, 90, American politician, Mayor of Detroit (1970–1974), cancer.
Zena Latto, 90, American jazz saxophonist.
E. M. Nathanson, 88, American author (The Dirty Dozen), heart failure.
Merle Haggard, 79, American country music singer-songwriter ("Okie from Muskogee", "The Fightin' Side of Me", "Carolyn"), complications from pneumonia.
Darrell Hogan, 89, American football player (Pittsburgh Steelers), heart failure.
László Bárczay, 80, Hungarian chess Grandmaster.
Frank E. Denholm, 92, American politician, member of the House of Representatives  from South Dakota (1971–1975).
Carlo Monti, 96, Italian athlete, Olympic bronze medalist (1948).
Dick Alban, 87, American football player (Washington Redskins, Pittsburgh Steelers).
Mircea Albulescu, 81, Romanian actor (Michael the Brave, Capcana mercenarilor, Semne în pustiu) and writer, member of the Writers' Union of Romania, heart failure.
Wei Chueh, 88, Taiwanese Buddhist monk, founder of the Chung Tai Shan.
Arthur Anderson, 93, American voice actor (Courage the Cowardly Dog), congestive heart failure.
Duane Clarridge, 83, American spy (CIA, Eclipse Group), complications from esophageal cancer.
Tony Conrad, 76, American avant-garde musician, composer, video artist and professor (University at Buffalo), prostate cancer.
Juris Ekmanis, 74, Latvian academic, President of Latvian Academy of Sciences (2004–2012), complications from a stroke.
Will Smith, 34, American football player (New Orleans Saints), Super Bowl champion (2010), shot.
Louis Gladstone, 88, American politician.
Howard Marks, 70, Welsh cannabis smuggler, writer and legalisation campaigner, colorectal cancer.
Henryk Średnicki, 61, Polish boxer, amateur World Champion (1978).
Emile Ford, 78, Saint Lucian singer ("What Do You Want to Make Those Eyes at Me For?")
and sound engineer.
Anne Gould Hauberg, 98, American arts patroness, founder of the Pilchuck Glass School.
Ed Snider, 83, American sports executive (Comcast Spectacor, Philadelphia Flyers, Philadelphia 76ers), bladder cancer.
Hector A. Cafferata, Jr., 86, American soldier, Medal of Honor recipient.
Paul Carey, 88, American radio broadcaster (Detroit Tigers), complications from COPD.
Gianroberto Casaleggio, 61, Italian entrepreneur, co-founder of Five Star Movement.
Pedro de Felipe, 71, Spanish footballer (Real Madrid, Espanyol).
David Gest, 62, American producer and reality TV contestant (I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!).
Anne Jackson, 90, American actress (Middle of the Night, The Shining, Blinded by the Light).
Balls Mahoney, 44, American professional wrestler (ECW), cardiac arrest.
Arnold Wesker, 83, British playwright, complications from Parkinson's disease.
Mariano Mores, 98, Argentine tango composer and pianist.
Manouchehr Sotodeh, 102, Iranian geographer, respiratory failure.
Gareth Thomas, 71, Welsh actor (Blake's 7), heart failure.
Ray Thornton, 87, American attorney and politician, member of the United States House of Representatives  from Arkansas (1973–1979, 1991–1997).
Nera White, 80, American Hall of Fame basketball player, complications from pneumonia.
Nguyen Anh 9, 76, Vietnamese songwriter and pianist, pneumonia and heart failure.
Ahmed Brahim, 69, Tunisian politician.
Ilija Ivezić, 89, Croatian movie actor (Last of the Renegades, The Golden Years, Marshal Tito's Spirit).
Malick Sidibé, 80, Malian photographer, complications of diabetes.
Liang Sili, 91, Chinese missile control scientist and academician (Chinese Academy of Sciences), vice-president of the International Astronautical Federation.
Sir David MacKay, 48, British author, physicist and professor (University of Cambridge), stomach cancer.
Anne Grommerch, 45, French politician, member of the National Assembly (since 2008), Mayor of Thionville (since 2014), breast cancer.
Rubén Mendoza Ayala, 55, Mexican politician, cardiac arrest.
Jeanette Bonnier, 82, Swedish media proprietor (Bonnier Group), journalist (Expressen) and author, heart failure.
Rod Daniel, 73, American movie director (Teen Wolf), Parkinson's disease.
William M. Gray, 86, American meteorologist.
Charlie Hodge, 82, Canadian ice hockey player (Montreal Canadiens, Oakland Seals, Vancouver Canucks) and scout, NHL champion (1956, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1965, 1966), complications from a stroke.
Louis Pilot, 75, Luxembourgian football player (Fola Esch, Standard Liège, Royal Antwerp) and manager (national team).
Helmut Rohde, 90, German politician, Federal Minister of Education and Science (1974–1978).
Peter Rock, 70, Chilean rock musician and actor (Blood Sugar Baby), complications from ALS.
Kit West, 79, British special effects artist (Raiders of the Lost Ark, Dragonheart, Enemy at the Gates), Oscar winner (1982).
Cyril Leonoff, 91, Canadian civil engineer and historian.
Doris Roberts, 90, American actress (Everybody Loves Raymond, Remington Steele, Christmas Vacation).
Yuri Bychkov, 84, Russian art historian.
Cox Habbema, 72, Dutch actress (To Grab A Ring, The Incorrigible Barbara, A Question of Silence), cancer.
Eva Henning, 95, Swedish actress (Elvira Madigan, Flickan från tredje raden, The Firebird).
Sir John Leslie, 4th Baronet, 99, Irish aristocrat and media personality.
Johan van Minnen, 83, Dutch journalist and politician, member of the European Parliament (1979–1984).
Patricio Aylwin, 97, Chilean politician, President (1990–1994), respiratory failure complicated from a fall.
Estelle Balet, 21, Swiss snowboarder, world champion (2015, 2016), avalanche.
Ronit Elkabetz, 51, Israeli actress and movie director (Gett: The Trial of Viviane Amsalem), cancer.
Walter Kohn, 93, American theoretical physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics laureate (1998), jaw cancer.
Mehrdad Oladi, 30, Iranian footballer (Malavan), heart attack.
Milt Pappas, 76, American baseball player (Baltimore Orioles, Cincinnati Reds, Atlanta Braves, Chicago Cubs).
Billy Redmayne, 25, Manx motorcycle racer, race collision.
Chyna, 45, American professional wrestler (WWF, NJPW, TNA) and actress (1 Night in China, 3rd Rock from the Sun, Illegal Aliens).
Guy Hamilton, 93, British movie director (James Bond, Battle of Britain, Evil Under the Sun).
Avril Henry, 81, British academic, suicide by euthanasia.
Dame Leonie Kramer, 91, Australian academic, author and university administrator, complications from Alzheimer's disease.
Harry Perkowski, 93, American baseball player (Chicago Cubs, Cincinnati Reds).
Victoria Wood, 62, British comedienne and actress (New Faces, Victoria Wood As Seen on TV, Dinnerladies), cancer.
Hans Koschnick, 87, German politician and diplomat, Bremen Senate president and mayor (1967–1985), President of the Bundesrat (1970–1971, 1981–1982), MP (1987–1998), complications from pneumonia.
Marco Leto, 85, Italian movie and television director (Black Holiday, Al piacere di rivederla) and screenwriter.
Lonnie Mack, 74, American singer-guitarist (The Wham of that Memphis Man).
Michelle McNamara, 46, American writer.
Prince, 57, American musician ("Purple Rain", "Little Red Corvette", "When Doves Cry") and actor (Purple Rain, Under the Cherry Moon, Sign o' the Times), Oscar (1984) and Grammy winner (1984, 1986, 2004, 2007).
Dene Smuts, 66, South African politician, MP (1989–2014).
Jory Prum, 41, American audio engineer and video game developer (The Walking Dead, The Wolf Among Us, Brütal Legend), traffic collision.
Peter Sellers, 94, New Zealand sports broadcaster.
Ron Brace, 29, American football player (Boston College, New England Patriots), heart attack.
Miguel Picazo, 89, Spanish movie director (La Tía Tula), screenwriter and actor (The Spirit of the Beehive, Tesis).
Madeleine Sherwood, 93, Canadian actress (Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, The Flying Nun).
Banharn Silpa-archa, 83, Thai politician, Prime Minister (1995–1996), asthma attack.
Nina Arkhipova, 94, Russian actress (Bountiful Summer, Prosnis i poy, Burnt by the Summer), complications from pneumonia.
Robert Dolan, 87, American marine geologist.
Manuel de la Torre, 94, American golf instructor, complications from a stroke.
Walter Jackson Freeman III, 89, American biologist, neuroscientist and philosopher, pulmonary fibrosis.
Perry O. Hooper, Sr.,
91, American jurist, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama (1995–2001).
Inge King, 100, Australian sculptor.
Tommy Kono, 85, American weightlifter, Olympic champion (1952, 1956), complications from liver disease.
Thinle Lhondup, 72, Nepalese actor (Himalaya), stomach cancer.
Benjamin Manglona, 78, Northern Mariana Islands politician, Lieutenant Governor (1990–1994), stroke.
Billy Paul, 81, American R&B singer ("Me and Mrs. Jones"), pancreatic cancer.
Klaus Siebert, 60, German biathlon athlete and coach, world champion (1978, 1979), Olympic silver medalist (1980), lymphoma.
Papa Wemba, 66, Congolese singer and musician, seizure.
Martin Gray, 93, Polish Holocaust survivor and writer, heart attack.
Michal Hornstein, 95, Canadian businessman and philanthropist.
Tom Lewis, 94, Australian politician, Premier of New South Wales (1975–1976).
Mei Baojiu, 82, Chinese Peking opera artist, bronchospasm.
Vincent Darius, 60, Grenadian Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Saint George’s in Grenada (since 2002), cancer.
Amanullah Khan, 82, Pakistani Kashmir separatism activist (JKLF) and writer, COPD.
Lucy Kibaki, 75, Kenyan teacher and socialite, First Lady (2002–2013), heart attack.
Martin Szipál, 91, Hungarian photographer, prostate cancer.
Harry Wu, 79, American human rights activist, founded the Laogai Research Foundation, heart attack.
Toms, 87, Indian cartoonist (Boban and Molly).
Óscar Marcelino Álvarez, 67, Argentine footballer (Panathinaikos).
Sir Edward Ashmore, 96, British officer in the Royal Navy, First Sea Lord (1974–1977).
Conrad Burns, 81, American politician, Senator from Montana (1989–2007), complications from a stroke.
Jenny Diski, 68, English writer (Nothing Natural, Rainforest), lung cancer.
Igor Fesunenko, 83, Russian journalist, foreign affairs writer and teacher (MGIMO).
René Hausman, 80, Belgian author and artist, heart failure.
Barry Howard, 78, English actor (Hi-de-Hi!),
blood cancer.
Ingram Olkin, 91, American professor of statistics (Stanford University), complications from colon cancer.
Alyson Bailes, 67, British diplomat, Ambassador to Finland (2000–2002), pancreatic cancer.
Renato Corona, 67, Filipino jurist, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (2010–2012), complications from a heart attack.
Jok Church, 66, American cartoonist (You Can with Beakman and Jax), heart attack.
Dmytro Hnatyuk, 91, Ukrainian baritone opera singer.
Chen Zhongshi, 73, Chinese writer (White Deer Plain), oral cancer.
Daniel Aaron, 103, American writer and academic (Harvard University), co-founder of the Library of America, complications from pneumonia.
Daniel Berrigan, 94, American Roman Catholic priest, poet, peace activist, and ex-convict (Catonsville Nine).
Marisol Escobar, 85, American sculptor, pneumonia.
Uwe Friedrichsen, 81, German actor (Faust, Schwarz Rot Gold, Sesamstraße), complications from pneumonia.
Sir Harry Kroto, 76, British chemist, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1996), complications from ALS.
Peter Thomas, 91, American narrator (Nova, Forensic Files).
Vasily Zvyagintsev, 71, Russian science fiction author, heart attack.
Leonard "Lynn" L. Northrup Jr. (March 18, 1918 – March 24, 2016) was an American engineer.
He created the commercialization of solar thermal energy.
He was inspired by John Yellott, Dr. Maria Telkes, and Harry Tabor.
Paolo Poli (May 23, 1929 – March 25, 2016) was an Italian theatre actor.
He has also acted in movies and on television.
He starred in many famous operas such as Aldino mi cali un filino, Rita of Cascia, Caterina de Medici, L'asino d'oro, Gulliver's Travels, La leggenda di San Gregorio, Il coturno della ciabatta, and ''La nemica'
Poliscena Association: Paolo Poli's Theatre
Il mare of Paolo Poli
He played a key role in Hungary's fight for democracy after 1988.
He served as Minister of Culture (1976–1980), Minister of Education (1980–1982) and Minister of State (1988–1990).
He was also a Member of Parliament from 1983 to 1994.
David Llewellyn Snellgrove (29 June 192025 March 2016) was a British Tibetologist.
He was known for his pioneering work on Buddhism in Tibet as well as his many travelogues.
He was born in Portsmouth, Hampshire.
In 1950, after having finishing his studies at Cambridge, he was invited to teach a course in elementary Tibetan at the School of Oriental and African Studies University of London.
He was Professor of Tibetan at SOAS until his retirement in 1982.
Alain Decaux (23 July 1925 − 27 March 2016) was a French writer and historian.
He was born in Lille, France.
He was elected to the Académie française on 15 February 1979.
1979    (Librairie académique Perrin)
1980    (Librairie académique Perrin)
1981    (Librairie académique Perrin)
1982  Les Misérables, d'après Victor Hugo (screenplay, directed by Robert Hossein)
1982    (Librairie académique Perrin)
1999   (in collaboration with Alain Peyrefitte)
1999    (Librairie académique Perrin)
2000    (Librairie académique Perrin)
2002    (Perrin)
2005    (Perrin)
2007    (Perrin)
Antoine Demoitié (16 October 1990 – 27 March 2016) was a Belgian cyclist.
He last rode for Wanty–Groupe Gobert in 2016.
He joined the team in 2016 after leaving Wallonie-Bruxelles at the end of the 2015 season.
He was born in Liège, Wallonia, Belgium.
Demoitié died on 27 March 2016 after he crashed and went down in a pile-up of several cyclists.
He was then hit by a motorcycle in the Gent–Wevelgem road race.
He died that evening in hospital in Lille, Hauts-de-France, France, aged 25.
Cerebrovascular disease, stroke or cerebrovascular accident, is a vascular disease of the cerebral circulation.
Arteries supplying oxygen to the brain are affected resulting in one of a number of cerebrovascular diseases.
Most commonly this is a stroke or mini-stroke and sometimes can be a hemorrhagic stroke.
Causes of cerebrovascular disease can be divided into: atherosclerosis, embolism, aneurysms, low flow states, and other rare causes.
Major modifiable risk factors include:
hypertension
diabetes.
Antiplatelets (Aspirin, Clopidogrel)
Blood thinners (Heparin, Warfarin )
Antihypertensives (ACE inhibitors, Beta blockers)
Anti-diabetic medications
Endovascular surgery and Vascular surgery (for future stroke prevention)
Walter Cronkite, American news journalist.
Died in 2010.
Roberts Blossom, American actor and poet.
Died in 2011.
Shirley Hufstedler, American judge, first United States Secretary of Education.
Died in 2016.
James Wilkes Noble (March 5, 1922 – March 28, 2016) was an American actor.
He was best known for his role of the sweet-natured but naive Governor on ABC's 1980s sitcom Benson.
He retired from acting in 2010.
James Noble at the University of Wisconsin's Actors Studio audio collection
James Noble(Aveleyman)
Jean-Pierre Coffe (March 24, 1938 – March 29, 2016) was a French radio and television presenter, food critic and author.
Coffe then began a career in television in the early 1980s.
He joined Canal+ in 1984.
In 1992 and 1993, he made his first appearances in La Grande Famille hosted by Jean-Luc Delarue.
He then joined the French public television channels where he hosted a cooking program with children titled Comment c'est fait ? ("
How is it done?")
from 1992 to 1993 on France 3.
Official site of Jean-Pierre Coffe
Béla Biszku (13 September 1921 – 31 March 2016) was a Hungarian communist politician.
He served as Minister of the Interior from 1957 to 1961.
He was charged of suspicion of committing war crimes during the suppression of the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.
He became the first and to date only former top-official in Hungary who has been prosecuted because of political role in the communist era.
Cottier was born in Carouge, Switzerland.
He joined the Dominican Order in 1945.
Cottier studied theology and philosophy at the Pontificium Athenaeum Internationale Angelicum, the future Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum until 1952.
While at the Angelicum he was ordained a priest in 1951.
He became secretary of the International Theological Commission in 1989.
He was nominated Pro-Theologian of the Pontifical Household in 1990.
He was appointed Titular Archbishop of Tullia in 2003 and consecrated on 20 October 2003.
He was named Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Domenico e Sisto, the University Church of the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum by Pope John Paul II in the Consistory of October 21, 2003.
He served 10 years as a cardinal-deacon.
He was promoted to cardinal-priest by Pope Francis on June 12, 2014.
Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid DBE RA ( Zahā Ḥadīd; 31 October 1950 – 31 March 2016) was an Iraqi-born British architect.
She was born in Baghdad.
Hadid was elected a Royal Academician in 2005.
She became the first woman to receive the Pritzker Prize (2004).
She received the Stirling Prize in 2010 and 2011.
In 2012, she was created a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire and in 2015 she became the first woman to be awarded the RIBA Gold Medal.
British architects
Gianmaria Testa (17 October 1958 – 30 March 2016) was an Italian singer-songwriter.
In the early 1990s, Testa won two consecutive top prizes at the Recanati Festival.
He was born in Cavallermaggiore, Italy.
Bernard Lamarre (6 August 1931 – 30 March 2016) was a Canadian engineer and businessman.
He was born in Chicoutimi, Quebec in 1931.
Lamarre received a Bachelor of Appled Sciences in Civil Engineering from the École Polytechnique de Montréal in 1952.
He received a Master of Science degree from Imperial College of Science and Technology in 1955.
He started work as a soil mechanics engineer with the firm of Lalonde & Valois eventually becoming president and chief executive officer of the firm now called Lavalin Group.
He was president of Ordre des ingénieurs du Québec from 1993 to 1997.
Bernard Lamarre  at The Canadian Encyclopedia
James "Jim" Harrison (December 11, 1937 – March 26, 2016) was an American author.
He was known for his poetry, fiction, reviews, essays about the outdoors, and writings about food.
He was best known for his 1979 novella Legends of the Fall.
He has been called "a force of nature", and his work has been compared to that of William Faulkner and Ernest Hemingway.
Bedenict of Nursia was the founder of the Benedictine order.
He was born around 480, in Nursia (in Perugia, south of Italy), and died on the 24th of March 547, in Montecassino, about  south of Rome.
Around 521, he founded the monastery at Montecassino which became the first Benedictine abbey.
480s births
547 deaths
Executive Order 9066 was a presidential executive order.
It was signed and issued during World War II by the President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, authorizing the Secretary of War to prescribe certain areas as military zones.
The order cleared the way for the deportation of Japanese Americans to internment camps.
As a result, tens of thousands of Japanese Americans and Japanese nationals were interned during the war.
The same order was also applied to numbers of American residents of Italian or German descent.
After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States was very suddenly at war.
Fear, outrage and hatred of the Japanese over the surprise attack was aimed at the Japanese Americans living in the U.S. It became a common belief that the amount of destruction, including most of the U.S. Naval fleet, was because Japanese Americans helped plan the attack.
There was also the immediate fear that with the Pacific fleet severely damaged, the Japanese would invade the West Coast of the United States.
President Franklin Roosevelt issued the order on February 19, 1942.
It ordered the evacuation of all persons who could be considered a threat to national security from the West Coast to relocation centers further inland.
Over 100,000 Japanese American men, women and children were moved to assembly areas.
From there they were moved to camps which were isolated and guarded.
Executive Order 9066, Densho Encyclopedia
Children of the Camps; Internment Timeline
David Nathaniel Baker Jr. (December 21, 1931 – March 26, 2016) was an American symphonic jazz composer.
He worked at the Indiana University Jacobs School of Music in Bloomington.
He has more than 65 recordings, 70 books, and 400 articles to his credit.
He was born in Indianapolis, Indiana.
Baker was nominated for the 1973 Pulitzer Prize.
He has also been nominated for a Grammy Award (1979).
Indiana University webpage on Professor Baker
Trombone Page of the World webpage on Professor Baker
NPR program about Baker's jazz compositions
Herzig, Monika.
David Baker: A Legacy in Music .
Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011.
Musicians from Indianapolis, Indiana
Igor Anatolyevich Pashkevich (; 1 July 1971 – 26 March 2016) was a Russian figure skating coach and competitor.
He was the 1990 World Junior champion for the Soviet Union and the 1996 European silver medalist for Russia.
He competed at the 1994 Lillehammer Olympics for Russia and the 1998 Nagano Olympics for Azerbaijan.
Norman "Norm" Hadley (2 December 1964 – 26 March 2016) was a Canadian professional rugby union player.
He played professionally first for London Wasps and then Bedford Blues in the 1990s.
He played for James Bay and UBCOB Ravens (British Columbia Rugby Union).
He earned an M.B.A. degree from UBC in 1991.
He played for Western Suburbs in Wellington, New Zealand.
He played for quarter-finalist Canada in the 1991 Rugby World Cup.
In total he earned 15 caps for Canada between 1987 and 1994.
Wasps Tribute to-Stormin' Norm Hadley
London Wasps Squad 1995/1996
Anne Aasheim (22 April 1962 – 30 March 2016) was a Norwegian editor.
She was born in Porsgrunn, Norway.
She started her journalist career in the neighboring city's largest newspaper Varden in the late 1970s.
She worked in Dagen and Bergens Arbeiderblad before being hired in NRK Hordaland in 1988.
William Joseph "Bill" Rosendahl (May 15, 1945 – March 30, 2016) was an American politician.
He served on the Los Angeles City Council.
He represented Council District 11 from 2005 to 2013.
Rosendahl was openly gay.
Rosendahl died at his home in Mar Vista, Los Angeles of ureteral cancer on March 30, 2016 at the age of 70.
Ureteral cancer is cancer of the ureters, muscular tubes that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
It is also known as ureter cancer, renal pelvic cancer, and rarely ureteric cancer or uretal cancer.
This kind of cancer is very rare.
Ureteral cancer is usually transitional cell carcinoma.
Transitional cell carcinoma is "a common cause of ureter cancer and other urinary (renal pelvic) tract cancers."
Artur Cezary Górski (30 January 1970 – 1 April 2016) was a Polish politician.
He was elected to the Sejm on September 25, 2005, getting 2850 votes in 19 Warsaw district.
He was a member of the Law and Justice ticket.
He was re-elected in 2007 and was in office until his death.
Górski was also the first chairman of the Conservative-Monarchist Club.