the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Leirpollen  was a concentration camp in Norway - in municipality Sør-Varanger in Finnmark, during World War Two.
Norway was occupied by Germany's military during Adolf Hitler's rule of Germany.
The camp had 150 prisoners, and [at least] it had Soviet prisoners.
In 1943, 11 prisoners were killed, by being hit with one [or more] clubs.
The prisoners were moved (out of the prison camp) in February 1944,  to another prison camp - Storskog - closer to the border between Soviet and Norway;
Palézieux () is a village and former municipality of the district Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.
Since 2012 it forms part of the municipality of Oron.
Palézieux was first mentioned in 1134 as de Palaisol.
Under the rule of Savoy, the family de Palézieux - mentioned in texts from 1154 - had their castle near the village, of which remains can be seen today (mainly a wall).
The castle controlled a bridge on the River Broye, which was a source of profit through the various tolls and taxes.
The bridge over the Broye was washed away in 1700, following a flood.
It was rebuilt in 1750, following several petitions.
The creation of the separate settlement at Palézieux-Gare came about with the commissioning of the railway line between Lausanne and Bern in 1862, which was built away from the original village (which became known as Palézieux-Village).
In 1876 the line from Payerne was added, which runs adjacent to Palézieux-Village, and in 1903 the metre gauge line leading to the Gruyère was constructed, with its terminus at Palézieux-Gare.
Palézieux-Village
Palézieux-Gare
Serix
Villages in Vaud
Jackson is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio.
Jackson County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio.
In 2010, 33,225 people lived there.
Medina County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio.
In 2010, 172,332 people lived there.
The county seat is Medina.
Buchheim is a municipality in the district of Tuttlingen in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
Acetylcholine is a chemical in human nerves that carries information from the sense of touch, sense of smell, etc.
This chemical is produced inside the brain in the pituitary gland.
In October 2010, the Thai parliament decided to continue planning for a high speed rail (HSR) network.
Five different lines - which would touch Bangkok - were to be planned.
The lines would be able to handle speeds of 250 km/h.
As of 2019, construction in Nakhon Ratchasima Province of [a] high-speed rail, had become around 3.5 kilometers of high-speed rail.
In January 2021, a government spokesperson said that construction had started on a second high-speed railway: "the high-speed railway linking three airports" [from Bangkok to Rayong (province)].
High Speed Routes
Traveline Cymru
Bus times
bus stations
A bus station is a structure where buses stop to pick up and drop off passengers.
A bus station is larger than a bus stop, which is usually a place on the roadside where buses stop.
Some bus stations are terminal stations, which means that station is the end of the route.
Other stations are called transfer stations, which is a station where the routes continue.
Bus stations can be outside, or inside, above or below ground.
Some are under shopping centres.
Bus depot (bus garage)
Hessenstein Castle (German: Burg Hessenstein) is a castle in Hesse, Germany.
Hessenstein Castle at Vöhl Website
A bus stop is a designated place where buses stop for passengers to get on and off the bus.
Bus stops at busy locations may have shelters, seating, and possibly electronic passenger information systems; less busy stops may use a simple pole to mark the location.
Automatic vehicle location
Bus bulb
Bus Safety Act
Hail and ride
Intermodal passenger transport
Wait/walk dilemma
The city of Langres is on the southen part of the Haute-Marne department in northeast France; the city is on a promontory that is to the north of the Plateau de Langres.
Montpellier -  ;
The commune of Langres is surrounded by the communes Balesmes-sur-Marne, Champigny-lès-Langres, Chatenay-Mâcheron, Humes-Jorquenay, Peigney, Perrancey-les-Vieux-Moulins, Saint-Ciergues, Saint-Vallier-sur-Marne and Saints-Geosmes.
The Marne river flows through the commune of Langres.
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Langres is .
The average temperature for the year in Langres is .
The inhabitants of Langres are known, in French, as Langonais (women: Langonaises) or Langrois (women: Langroises).
The city of Langres has a population, in 2014, of 7,850 and its population density is of  inhabitants/km2.
Langres is a subprefecture of the Haute-Marne department, the capital of the arrondissement of Langres and the administrative centre () of the canton Langres formed by 18 communes (including Langres), with 12,160 inhabitants (2014).
It is part of the intercommunality Le Grand Langres ().
Beaconsfield, United Kingdom - since 1995.
Ellwangen, Germany - since 1964.
Abbiategrasso, Italy.
Site officiel de la ville de Langres
Français fondamental is a simplified version of French language with a goal to teach French to foreigners and the populations of the French Union, while France wanted to improve the spreading of its language in the world.
A series of surveys conducted in the 1950s and 1960s show that a limited number of words are used in the usual way, both orally and in writing and in all circumstances, As well as a limited number of grammatical rules necessary for the functioning of the language.
Even though the idea was given up in the 1970s, Radio France internationale, broadcasts a daily news bulletin, in what it calls Français  facile.
This news bulletin uses a vocabulary of about 300 words, and is broadcast every day at 20.00 Universal Time.
Daily news bulletin of RFI, in Français facile
New Philadelphia is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio.
It is the county seat of Tuscarawas County.
Shopkins are tiny toys that you can collect.
You can put them on pencils.
You can play when them and make things out of them like earrings, keychains etc.
Augustin Buzura (; September 22, 1937 – July 10, 2017) was a Romanian novelist and short story writer.
He was also known as a journalist, essayist and literary critic.
He was a member of the Romanian Academy, he has been the president of the Romanian Cultural Foundation since 1990 and president of the Romanian Cultural Institute between 2003 and 2004.
Mangesh Tendulkar (1934 – 10 July 2017) was an Indian artist as cartoonist and humourist.
He has also written in many magazines on cartoons.
He was born in Kolhapur, Maharashtra.
In a series of 100 cartoons, he set forth his concerns about the cities Maharashtra and the preservation of Pune’s once-leafy environs with his trademark good-humoured, gentle skepticism.
Luigi Ferdinando Tagliavini (7 October 1929 – 11 July 2017), was an Italian organist, harpsichordist, musicologist and composer.
He was born in Bologna.
He has conducted studies in music classes organ, piano and composition with Riccardo Nielsen to Conservatory of Bologna and Paris Conservatory (in the class of Marcel Dupré).
1991 – Andrea and Giovanni Gabrieli, Gli organi della Basilica di San Petronio, with Liuwe Tamminga (Tactus)
1991 – Maestri Padani e Fiamminghi.
Gli organi storici della Basilica di San Petronio in Bologna, with Liuwe Tamminga (Tactus)
1993 – Giuseppe Gherardeschi, Messa per organo, with the Corale S. Michele Arcangelo di Corsanico (Fonè)
1996 – Luigi Ferdinando Tagliavini and his collection of harpsichords (Ermitage)
2004 – L'organo Gaetano Callido (La Bottega Discantica)
Studi sui testi della cantate sacre di J. S. Bach, Padova-Kassel 1956
La situazione degli antichi organi in Italia: problemi di censimento e di tutela, in collaborazione con Oscar Mischiati (in "L'organo" 1969)
Note introduttive alla storia del temperamento in Italia (in "L'organo" 1980)
J.S.Bach Musik in Italien im 18.
und 19.
Jahrhundert (in AA.VV.,
Bachiana et alia musicologica: Festschrift A. Dürr, Kassel, 1983)
Luigi Ferdinando Tagliavini in "Dizionario Enciclopedico Universale della Musica e dei Musicisti", Torino 1988
E. Darbellay, Luigi Ferdinando Tagliavini in "The New Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians", Londra 1980
biografia dettagliata e bibliografia di Luigi Ferdinando Tagliavini
Gerardus Johannes Maria "Gerrit" Braks (23 May 1933 – 12 July 2017) was a Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA).
He was born in Uden, North Brabant.
He was a member of the Catholic People's Party from 1975 until 1980 when this party became part of the Christian Democratic Appeal.
He was a member of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands in 1977–1980, 1981–1982, 1986 and 1989.
He was minister of farming and fishery in 1980–1981, and 1982–1989, and was in this function during the Chernobyl disaster.
In 1989 he was minister of education and sciences and he was minister of farming, nature management and fishery in 1989–1990.
He was a member of the Senate of the Netherlands from 11 June 1991 until 10 June 2003.
And as such he was parliamentary group leader in the senate from 18 June 1999 until 2 October 2001 when he became president of the Senate until 2003.
G.J.M. (Gerrit) Braks Parlement & Politiek
G.J.M. Braks (CDA) Eerste Kamer der Staten-Generaal
The division of Korea between North and South Korea happened because of the Allied victory in World War II in 1945.
After Japan surrendered, the Allies made Japan give up all the colonies they took through military force, even those before WWII started.
Even though Korea was a colony of Japan before WWII, Japan still had to give it up because it used military force to take it over.
So after 35 years, Korea no longer became a colony of the Empire of Japan.
However,        on the same day Japan surrendered, the  Soviet Union invaded Korea, after having occupied Northeast China.
With the rise of the Cold War, negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union failed to create an independent, unified Korea.
In 1948, the elections led by the UN were held only in the southern part of Korea, which was occupied by the United States.
This led to the creation of the Republic of Korea in South Korea, which was afterwards followed by the creation of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in North Korea.
The United States supported the South, and the Soviet Union supported the North, and each government claimed sovereignty, or the right to rule itself, over the whole Korean Peninsula.
In 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea in order to take over all of Korea, which began the Korean War.
Just before North Korea took over all of Korea, the United States sent its military to take back South Korea.
After it took back South Korea, the United States tried to take over North Korea until China, North Korea's communist ally, pushed back the United States.
This led to a tug-of-war that lasted throughout the war.
In 1953, the fighting ended in stalemate, meaning neither side won the war, and the border was once again put on the 38th parallel, but this time it became the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ).
Due to this division, North and South Korea have become two extremely different countries.
Now it has major differences between cultures, economies, health, politics, and even languages.
Charles Gordon "Chuck" Blazer (April 26, 1945 – July 12, 2017) was an American former soccer administrator.
He held a number of high level positions before becoming a government informant on widespread corruption within organized soccer.
In 2013, Blazer admitted to conspiring with other FIFA Executive Committee members to accept bribes with the failed bid of Morocco and the successful bid of South Africa to become World Cup hosts in 1998 and 2010 respectively.
Blazer's admissions came during testimony given at a sealed sentencing proceeding in a New York federal court.
He was a FIFA Executive Committee member from 1996 to 2013, the CONCACAF General Secretary from 1990 until 2011, and Executive Vice President of the U.S. Soccer Federation.
Blazer died of colorectal cancer on July 12, 2017 in a hospital in New Jersey at the age of 72.
At the time of his death, Blazer suffered from coronary artery disease and diabetes.
Glanzman was best known for his Charlton Comics series Hercules, about the mythological Greek demigod; his biographical war stories about his service aboard the U.S.S. Stevens for DC Comics and Marvel Comics; and the Charlton Comics Fightin' Army feature "The Lonely War of Willy Schultz", a Vietnam War-era serial about a German-American U.S. Army captain during World War II.
Sam Glanzman Bio .
U.S.S. Stevens (DD-479), NavSource.org.
Sam Glanzman  at Mike's Amazing World of Comics
Sam Glanzman at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators
Raymond Chikapa Enock Phiri (23 March 1947 – 12 July 2017) was a South African jazz guitarist, singer, fusion and mbaqanga musician.
He was born in Mpumalanga to Malawian immigrant worker and South African guitarist nicknamed "Just Now" Phiri.
Phiri became founding member of the Cannibals in the 1970s.
When the Cannibals disbanded Ray founded Stimela, with whom he conceived gold and platinum-selling albums like Fire, Passion and Ecstasy (1991), Look, Listen and Decide (1992) as well as the controversial People Don't Talk So Let's Talk.
Profile on music.org.za
Profile on allmusic.com
Aloysius Martin "Tod" Sloan (November 30, 1927 – July 12, 2017) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player.
Sloan played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Toronto Maple Leafs and Chicago Black Hawks.
Sloan was a member of three Stanley Cup championship teams: 1949 and 1951 in Toronto, and 1961 in Chicago.
Sloan also played for the Pittsburgh Hornets and Cleveland Barons of the American Hockey League in the earlier stages of his career.
Marxheim is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany.
Ephedra is a group of plants.
It is the only one in its family, Ephedraceae.
Ephedra species are found naturally in many places, like southwestern North America, southern Europe, northern Africa, southwest and central Asia, northern China and western South America.
Ephedra species often grow in the temperate zone.
They often grow on shores or sandy places where they get a lot of sunlight.
In English, they are often called joint-pine, jointfir, Mormon-tea.
In Chinese, it is called mahuang ().
Some species, like Ephedra sinica, are used in medicine.
Taichung’s 7th Redevelopment Zone（）（7th Redevelopment Zone）located in Xitun District and Nantun District, this area have many  apartment, department store and office.
New London is a city in Wisconsin, United States.
There were 7,295 people living there according to 2010 census.
Conneaut is a city in Ashtabula County, Ohio, United States.
It is along Lake Erie at the mouth of Conneaut Creek.
12,841 lived there at the 2010 Census.
Derrinturn () is a village in County Kildare, Ireland.
It is about  from Dublin.
Emlingen is a commune.
Manuela Schwesig (born May 23, 1974 in Frankfurt an der Oder) is a German politician of the SPD.
She is the current Minister-President of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.
The Ekamai bus terminal (sometimes transcribed as  Ekkamai-)  is a bus terminal (or bus station) on Sukhumwit Road in Bangkok.
Bangkok Bus Terminal (Eastern)" is written on signs (both with Thai and English) - on the roof of the terminal and in front of the entrance.
Ekkamai Eastern Bus Terminal
Deilingen is a municipality of the district Tuttlingen in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
Villadossola (Piedmontese: Vila d'Òssola) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Italian region Piedmont.
Lemi is a municipality in south Finland.
There were 3,070 people living there on 31 March 2016.
It is next to the municipalities of Luumäki, Savitaipale and Taipalsaari.
The official Lemi page
Olshany (, ) is a town in Republic of Belarus.
It is located in Stolin Raion, Brest Voblast.
Its documental records began in 1392.
Olshany at Radzima.org
Olshany  at tut.by
Canet d'Adri is a municipality in the province of Girona and autonomous community of Catalonia in Spain.
Ensisheim is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.
The exact shape of printed letters changes depending on the typeface (and font).
The shape of handwritten letters can be very different from the standard printed form (and between individuals), especially when written in cursive style.
See the individual letter articles for information about letter shapes and origins (follow the links on any of the uppercase letters above).
Written English uses 18 digraphs (strings of two letters to represent just one sound), such as ch, sh, th, ph, wh, etc.,
but they are not considered separate letters of the alphabet.
Some traditions also call two ligatures, æ and œ, and the ampersand (&) part of the alphabet.
The English language was first written in Anglo-Saxon futhorc runes, used since the 5th century.
This alphabet was brought to what is now England, along with Old English itself, the earliest form of the language, by Anglo-Saxon settlers.
Very few examples of this form of written Old English have survived, with most of these being short writings or pieces.
The Latin script, introduced by Christian missionaries, began to replace the Anglo-Saxon futhorc from about the 7th century, although the two continued to be used alongside each other for some time.
Futhorc influenced the new Latin-based English alphabet by giving it letters thorn (Þ þ) and wynn (Ƿ ƿ).
The letter eth (Ð ð) was later devised as a rewriting of the letter dee (D d), and finally yogh ( ) was created by Norman scribes from the insular g in Old English and Irish, and used alongside their Carolingian g.
The a-e ligature ash (Æ æ) was adopted as a letter in its own right, named after a futhorc rune æsc.
In very early Old English the o-e ligature ethel (Œ œ) also appeared as its own letter, likewise named after a rune, œðel.
Also, the v-v or u-u ligature double-u (W w) was in use.
In the year 1011, a monk named Byrhtferð recorded the traditional order of the Old English alphabet.
He listed the 24 letters of the Latin alphabet first (including ampersand), then 5 additional English letters, starting with the Tironian note ond (⁊), an insular symbol for and:
A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X Y Z & ⁊ Ƿ Þ Ð Æ
In the alphabet of Modern English, thorn (þ), eth (ð), wynn (ƿ), yogh (), ash (æ), and ethel (œ) do not exist.
Latin borrowings reintroduced homographs of ash and ethel into Middle English and Early Modern English, though they are not thought to be the same letters but rather ligatures, and in any case are somewhat old-fashioned.
Thorn and eth were both replaced by th, though thorn continued in existence for some time, its lowercase form becoming more and more difficult to tell  from the minuscule y in most handwriting.
Y for th can still be seen in pseudo-archaisms (modern writings spelled to look like older words or phrases), such as "Ye Olde Booke Shoppe".
The letters þ and ð are still used in present-day Icelandic while ð is still used in present-day Faroese.
Wynn disappeared from English around the 14th century when it was supplanted by uu, which ultimately developed into the modern w. Yogh disappeared around the 15th century and was typically replaced by gh.
In the 16th century, the letters u and j were being written as letters distinct from v and i respectively, whereas before the former two letters were just different forms of the latter two letters.
w also became its own letter, rather than be thought of as 2 different letters.
With these changes, the English alphabet now has 26 letters:
Proposed reforms
Diacritic marks (extra marks to help non-native speakers with pronunciation) mainly appear in loanwords such as naïve and façade.
As such words become a normal part of English vocabulary, there is a tendency to remove the diacritics, as has happened with old borrowings such as hôtel, from French.
Informal English writing tends to get rid of diacritics because of their absence from the keyboard, while professional copywriters and typesetters tend to include them, such as Microsoft Word.
Words that are still thought to be foreign tend to keep them; for example, the only spelling of soupçon found in English dictionaries (the OED and others) uses the diacritic.
Diacritics are also more likely to be kept where there would otherwise be confusion with another word (for example, résumé (or resumé) rather than resume), and, rarely, even added (as in maté, from Spanish yerba mate, but following the pattern of café, from French).
Sometimes, especially in older writing, diacritics are used to show the syllables of a word: cursed (verb) is pronounced with one syllable, while cursèd (adjective) is pronounced with two.
È is used widely in poetry, e.g. in Shakespeare's sonnets.
J.R.R. Tolkien uses ë, as in O wingëd crown.
Similarly, while in chicken coop the letters -oo- represent a single vowel sound (a digraph), in outdated spellings such as zoölogist and coöperation, they represent two.
This use of the diaeresis is rarely seen, but is still used in the 2000s in some publications, such as MIT Technology Review and The New Yorker.
An acute, grave, or diaeresis may also be placed over an "e" at the end of a word to indicate that it is not silent, as in saké.
In general, these markings are often not used even when they could ease some level of confusion.
The & has sometimes appeared at the end of the English alphabet, like in Byrhtferð's list of letters in 1011.
Historically, the figure is a ligature for the letters Et.
In English and many other languages it is used to represent the word and and occasionally the Latin word et, as in the abbreviation &c (et cetera).
The apostrophe, while not considered part of the English alphabet, is used to contract, or shorten, English phrases.
A few pairs of words, such as its (belonging to it) and it's (it is or it has), were (plural of was) and we're (we are), and shed (to get rid of) and she'd (she would or she had) are distinguished in writing only by having or not having an apostrophe.
The apostrophe also distinguishes the possessive endings -'s and -s' from the common plural ending -s, a practice that began in the 18th century; before, all three endings were written -s, which could lead to confusion (as in, the Apostles words).
Letter names
The names of the letters are rarely spelled out, except when used in compound words (for example tee-shirt, deejay, emcee, okay, aitchless, etc.),
derived forms (for example exed out, effing, to eff and blind, etc.),
and in the names of objects named after letters (for example em (space) in printing and wye (junction) in railroading).
Vowels stand for themselves, and consonants usually have the form consonant + ee or e + consonant (e.g. bee and ef).
The exceptions are the letters aitch, jay, kay, cue, ar, ess (but es- in compounds ), wye, and zed.
Plurals of consonants end in -s (bees, efs, ems) or, in the cases of aitch, ess, and ex, in -es (aitches, esses, exes).
Plurals of vowels end in -es (aes, ees, ies, oes, ues); these are rare.
Of course, all letters may stand for themselves, generally in capitalized form (okay or OK, emcee or MC), and plurals may be based on these (aes or As, cees or Cs, etc.)
Some groups of letters, such as pee and bee, or em and en, are easily confused in speech, especially when heard over the telephone or a radio communications link.
Spelling alphabets such as the ICAO spelling alphabet, used by aircraft pilots, police and others, are made to get rid of this confusion by giving each letter a name that sounds quite different from any other.
palatalization before front vowels of Latin  successively to , , and finally to Middle French .
Affects C.
palatalization before front vowels of Latin  to Proto-Romance and Middle French .
Affects G.
fronting of Latin  to Middle French , becoming Middle English  and then Modern English .
Affects Q, U.
the inconsistent lowering of Middle English  to .
Affects R.
the Great Vowel Shift, shifting all Middle English long vowels.
Affects A, B, C, D, E, G, H, I, K, O, P, T, and presumably Y.
The novel forms are aitch, a regular development of Medieval Latin acca; jay, a new letter presumably vocalized like neighboring kay to avoid confusion with established gee (the other name, jy, was taken from French); vee, a new letter named by analogy with the majority; double-u, a new letter, self-explanatory (the name of Latin V was ū); wye, of obscure origin but with an antecedent in Old French wi; zee, an American leveling of zed by analogy with the majority; and izzard, from the Romance phrase i zed or i zeto "and Z" said when reciting the alphabet.
The letters A, E, I, O, and U are considered vowel letters, since (except when silent) they represent vowels; the remaining letters are considered consonant letters, since when not silent they generally represent consonants.
However, Y commonly represents vowels as well as a consonant (e.g., "myth"), as very rarely does W (e.g., "cwm").
Conversely, U and I sometimes represent a consonant (e.g., "quiz" and "onion" respectively).
Letter numbers and frequencies
Alphabet song
English spelling reform
American manual alphabet
Two-handed manual alphabets
English braille
American braille
New York Point
Little Canada is a city in Minnesota, United States.
It has a population of 9,773 residents as of 2010.
Tamara Grigoryevna Miansarova (née Remnyova, ; 5 March 1931 – 12 July 2017) was a Soviet and Russian lyric soprano.pop singer and professor of Russian Academy of Theatre Arts, She best known for her hit May There Always Be Sunshine.
She was born Kirovohrad, Soviet Union.
Américo Ferreira Amorim (21 July 1934 – 13 July 2017) was a Portuguese heir and businessman.
He was ranked by Forbes as the 385th richest person in the world in January 2015.
His wealth was at $4.8 billion (July 2017) He was known for having a 50% interest in Corticeira Amorim.
He was born in Mozelos, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal.
Vincent "Vince" Farrar (birth registered January→March 1947 – 13 July 2017) was an English professional rugby league footballer.
He was born in Pontefract, England.
He played in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, and coached in the 1980s.
Joaquim Molins i Amat (9 February 1945 – 13 July 2017) was a Spanish politician.
He was a member of the Congress of Deputies (1979–1986 and again from 1993–2000) and Parliament of Catalonia (1988–1993).
Información de Joaquim Molins en el Congreso de los Diputados
Khas people () are people of Indo-Iranian ethno-linguistic group.
They are indigenous native speakers of Nepali language (Khas Kura; translit.
Khas speech) which is an Indo-Iranian language.
Khas people have been referred as Parbatiya and Pahari or Gorkhali.
Khas are most dominant faction in Nepal.
They are around 31% of Nepal but nearly two thirds of government officials.
The word “Khas” is little used in modern times.
Khas peoples call themselves by their group names such as Bahun, Kshetri, Sanyasi/Sannesi, Kami, Damai, etc.
Khas people have been described as of Indo-Iraian genes thus unrelated to darker Indic people of India. .
Khas people consists of Bahun (Khas Brahmin), Chhetri & Thakuri (Khas Kshatriyas), Sanyasi, Kami, Damai, Gandharbha/Gaine, Badi and Sarki people.
Many historians referred dominant Thakuri and Chhetri as Khas Rajputs.
Khas family names
Bahun, Chhetri & Thakuri
Acharya, Adhikari, Aryal, Bam, Baral, Basnet/Basnyat, Bhandari, Bhattarai, Bista/Bisht, Budathoki, Chand, Chauhan,Chaulagain, Chhetri, Dahal, Devkota, Dhakal, Dhungel, Dulal, Gautam, Ghimire, Karki, Kattel, Katuwal, Khand, Khadka, Khanal, Khatri/K.C., Koirala, Kunwar, Lohani, Oli, Mainali, Pathak, Panta, Pandey, Hamal, Malla, Poudel/Paudyal/Poudar(hill), Pokharel, Rana, Rijal, Regmi, Rimal, Sitoula, Sapkota, Shah, Sen, Shahi, Silwal, Singh, Thakuri, Thapa, Upadhyay, Wagle, Wasti, etc.
Sanyasi (Dasnami)
Khas Dalits
Megesheim is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany.
The mayor is currently Karl Kolb.
Chitral (, ) is the capital of the Chitral District in Pakistan.
It is on the western bank of the Chitral River.
It has a population of 20,000.
Mertingen is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany.
The mayor is currently Albert Lohner.
The Roman Via Claudia Augusta was built nearby.
Thapa (; IAST:Thāpā) is a family name or surname used by Nepalese belonging to both Magar caste within Khas people of Indo-Aryan group and Magar caste of Sino-Tibetan group.
Thapa was a title given to warriors in the ancient Khas Kingdom.
Both Magar Thapa and Kshetri Thapa has done remarkably significant for Nepal.
Magar Thapa who servers the British Army,Indian Army and Nepali Army in abundance are the main warriors for Nepal unification.
The father of Greater Nepal Shreepach Prithivi Narayan Shah told to be a Magar King.
In present Nepal both Thapa Kshetri and Thapa Magar are doing great in Politics and enhancing National Pride.
According to many famous Historian,all the Khas of Nepal were originated in the western region of Nepal from the Mongolian community of Magar and Gurung</ref-youtube video on Shah Dynesty>.This is the main reason the so called Cheetri in Nepal has Magar and Gurung caste and genetically and physically alike the Magar and Gurung.
It is proved many inscriptions in the present day region of Old Khas Kingdom.
There were names of Thapa warriors in pillar inscription as:
The above inscription also proved that Thapas and Khadkas (Khadgas) had same Kshatriya father but their actual clan name was not given.
Thapas has been involved in politics of Nepal for long time.
Thapas were prominent military heads in various princely states in ancient Nepal.
Thapas led military and civil administration in the unified Kingdom of Nepal after 1806 AD.
Bhimsen Thapa of Bagale Thapa clan rose to prominence after the assassination of King Rana Bahadur Shah of Nepal by King's step-brother in 1805 AD.
After the event, an investigation was run by Bharadars (Ministers) which caused massacre of 55 senior officers at Bhandarkhal garden by Thapa Kaji (ministers) group making them as most dominant faction in Nepalese politics.
After Bhimsen rose to power, member of another Thapa family, Bada (senior) Kaji Amar Singh Thapa and his family were added to make Thapa Khalak dynasty stronger.
Large number of Thapa leaders took part in Anglo-Nepalese War in 1814-16 AD.
The immediate family of Bhimsen and Senior Kaji Amar Singh took over all the military commands in that war.
Another unrelated warrior Bhakti Thapa also led the war at Deuthal aged 71 and died too.
Thapas were out of power after the rise of Rana dynasty who were blood relatives of Thapas.
Later Panchayat government of Nepal that began in 1961 AD saw large number of Thapas in the cabinet.
Khas Kshatri Thapa
Khas Thapa or Chhetri/Kshatri Thapa are Khas people of Indo-Aryan group.
They are categorized into Kshatriya in Hinduism.
They follow Hinduism and are divided by Khas clans and Hindu Gotra system.
The clan names of Khas Kshatri Thapas are: Bagale Thapa, Punwar Thapa, Godar Thapa, Lamichhane Thapa, Suyal Thapa, Kalikote Thapa, Hrikshen Thapa, Khulal Thapa, Deoja Thapa, Thakuryal Thapa, Gamle Thapa, Sonal Thapa, and many others.
Bagale Thapa is the most prominent clan within Khas Thapa.
They fall under Atreya Gotra in Hinduism.
The most famous Thapa Khalak dynasty of Prime Minister Bhimsen Thapa in the Nepalese politics belonged to this Bagale Thapa clan.
They trace their origin to legendary Khas King Kalu Thapa.
Puwar Thapa
Puwar Thapa is also a clan within Khas Thapa.
They claim descent from Parmar/Punwar Rajputs of Rajasthan.
They fall under Kapil Gotra in Hinduism.
The most famous Thapa Khalak dynasty of warrior Bhakti Thapabelongs to this Puwar Thapa.
Godar Thapa
Godar Thapa clan is also populous Khas Kshatri clan.
They belong to Kashyap Gotra in Hinduism.
Magar Thapa
Magar Thapa or Thapa Magar are member of Magar caste which falls under Sino-Tibetan or Tibeto-Burman group.
They speak Magar language and follow tradition of Magar caste.
They can be found as core soldiers in Gurkha armies around the world.
They also served as one of the six noble clans in the thargah of King prithvi Narayan Shah and were prominent nobles until the kot massacre.
Khas/Kshetri or Khas/Chhetri () are Turanid Ab-Original Native From  of people belonging to Turkic-Mongol Mixed caste in Khas group, a Altaic ethno-linguistic group.
Generally, the Parvate/Pahari (hilly) Kshatriyas are called as Kshetris or Khas Kshetris.
Many historians called Kshetris as Decendents Of Magars.
Kshetris served as rulers, administrators, governors and warriors as per their Occupational caste.
They were able to dominate most of the Nepalese history through monopolizing government and military upto 1951 AD.
After democracy in Nepal, Kshetris were still visible in the government especially dominating Panchayati government and still monopolizing military.
According to 1854 Muluki Ain (Legal Code) of Nepal, Kshetris belong to sacred thread bearers (Yagyopavit) and twice born (Dvija) Hindus.
Chhetri is Nepalese local colloquial term for Kshatriya.
Kshetri () is considered a derivative form of the Sanskrit word Kshatriya.
Hill-Kshetri, Kshetri, Chhetri, Pahadi Chhetri and Khas Kshetri are all used to denote this caste.
They are descended from old warriors of Khas Kingdom.
Chhetri dominated the military forces of Shah dynasty of Nepal.
The 5 main Chhetri families at Royal court of Nepal formed group called Kaji Khalak (Aristocrats).
They are; Basnyat, Pande, Thapa, Kunwar and Bista.
Basnyat, Pande and Thapas were most powerful Chhetri groups led by Shivaram Singh Basnyat, Kalu Pande and Birbhadra Thapa at the Unification of Nepal.
The Kunwars were led by Ramkrishna Kunwar and Bista/Bisht were led by Gajabal Bista and Atibal Bista.
Sometimes, Bhandari Kshetri family of Jaswanta Bhandari was also considered as Kaji Khalak family of the Royal court of Nepal.
In the court struggle for power, Pande Khalaks and Thapa Khalaks were fierce opponents.
They often opposed each other.
Pandes were supported by Basnyats due to blood relations.
Thapas were supported by Kunwars due to blood relations.
In the end, Kunwars betrayed Thapa groups by murdering the Thapa leader Mathabar Singh Thapa.
That caused Kunwars to rise to power and all Kshetris were thrown of power.
The Kunwar high rank officers escalated quickly between 1841 AD to 1854 AD.Kunwars claimed royalty and changed their surname to Rana (meaning: King) from Kunwar (meaning: Prince).
In 1951AD, democracy was established and Kshetri rule were stopped.
Kshetris are the second largest Hindu group with Hindu population of 43,65,113 (99.3% of Kshetris) as per the 2011 Nepal census.
Kshetris are largest group in 20 districts in Nepal.
Kathmandu consists largest Kshetri population.
Kshetris has second highest civil service representation with 19.59% of Nepal's bureaucracy after Bahuns while having 16% of Nepal's total population.
The civil service representation to population ratio is 1.18 times for Kshetri.
Kshetri dominate the military forces with nearly all high ranked officers belonging to either Kshetri or Thakuri caste.
Nearly, only one Chief of Army Staff (Chhatraman Singh Gurung) belonged to Non-Chhetri/Thakuri caste.
Thus, the highest military rank (Chief of Army Staff previously Commander-in-Chief) is completely monopolized by Chhetri caste.they also recruit in british army in large numbers, chhetri/thakuris dominant 40% of total nepal army strength , and they have reserved regiment the 9 gorkha rifles in indian army.
Kshetri are almost all Hindus as per 2011 Nepal census.
Historically, they practiced Hindu polytheism and shamanism.
They generally worship their clan deity (Kul Devta), friendly deity (Ishta Devta) and Khas Masto deities.
Kshetri commonly have warrior like deities as  Bhadrakali, Kalika Bhawani and different forms of Goddess Kali as female deity and Rudra, Veerbhadra (ferocious forms of Shiva) as male deity.
Bhadrakali, a popular form of Goddess Kali, is the main deity of the Nepalese Army (previously Gorkhali Army) due to prevalence of Kshetri commanders.
Worship to these deities were necessary before wars.
There was a popular folk legend that the Chinese failed the strategic attacks on 1792 AD due to the effect of religious war cry of Jai Bhawani.
In the times of unification of Nepal, Kshetris were more rigid to worship of ferocious forms of Godess Kali and Lord Shiva.
Amar Singh Thapa based on religious values developed Nishankalika flag after ceremoniously inviting Kalika Bhawani, ancestors, friendly deities and 49 Maruts to reside on the flag.
Many Kshetris triennially celebrate clanwise Masto deity worship called Dewali Puja.
Dewali Puja is common among Bahuns too.
In the Dewali Puja, Kshetris of the same clan give male goat sacrifices at a particular place.
It is a form of millennium old ancient worship continued till date.
Kshetris celebrate many Hindu festivals like Dashain (Dussehra), Tihar (Deepawali), Maghe Sankranti, Janai Purnima, Holi, etc.
Dashain and Tihar are primary festivals of Pahadi Hindu castes.
Most Kshetri families give goat sacrifices on either Maha Ashtami day or Maha Nawami day of Dashain festival.
Few Kshetri clans give male buffalo sacrifices on Maha Ashtami day.
Rajputs and Thakuris are sometimes considered as subcaste of Kshetri while they have distinct cultural difference with mainstream Kshetris.
Kshetri is an endogamous unit.
They donot practice maternal cousin marriages as Thakuri caste which is the basis of cultural distinction.
Kshetri has hundreds of clans.
They are categorized by family deity and single gotra.
They do not marry with the members of their whole maternal clan and members of their parents' maternal families as per popular quote
{{Quote|मावलीको थर जोगाउनु, बुढामावलीको घर जोगाउनु ।
Transliteration: Maawali ko thar jogaunu, Budamaawaliko ghar jogaunu.}}
The maternal clan marriage prohibition also include non marriage prohibition with the Bahun counterpart of that clan.
For example; Those having maternal clan as Khilchine Adhikari Chhetri cannot marry in the clan of Khilchine Adhikari Bahun as there is brotherhood between these clans.
They never marry in their paternal clan and those having same gotra.
Jaari marriage i.e. marrying others' wife, is not allowed.
Also Gandharva and Rakshas marriages are not allowed.
Dieting rules for Kshetri were decided by Kshetri Birandala'' (brotherhood).
Kshetri do not consume pork like Rajputs which is a basis of cultural difference.
Kshetri are not allowed to eat beef, buffalo, pig, felines and all wild forms of them as per Hindu rituals for Kshatriya.
Goats, sheep and all variations and forms of them, are fully allowed.
Chicken, duck and goose are debatable and allowance is regionally dependent.
Historically, Kshetri has been part of the some of the powerful Pahari empires as Khas Empire and Gorkha Empire.
Warriorhood, governance, administration, honesty and integrity has been linked to Kshetris.
Kshetris are noted for resourcefulness and charity.
Sanskrit verse from Geeta explains the basis of ethics Kshetris have derived from:
The above verse explains the duties, characters and behaviours of Kshatriya warrior.
These were adapted by Kshetri community which includes exhibition of bravery and skill, prohibition of escaping any war, giving charity and Hindu governance.
Khas/Chhetri Family Names
Adhikari, Aidi, Ayer, Bagale, Bogati, Baruwal, Bohara, Balair, Bakheti, Batala, Balayer, Baniya,  G.C.(Gharti Chhetri), Basnyat/Basnet, Bham, Majhi, Mudula,  Bhandari, Bista/Bisht, Budha, Budhathoki, Gaura bagale,  Ghatala, Heita, Heta, Hetal, Chauhan, Thakulla, Thagunna, Chhetri, Dhami, D.C(Dangi Chhetri), Deoja, Kottari, Godar, Kalikote, Karki, Katawal, Khadga, Khadka, Kharka, Khati, Khati Khadka, Khadgaha,  khaptari,  berma, Kadayat, Kathayat, Khadka, Khatri/Khatri Chhetri(K.C.), Khulal, Kshetri, Mahat, Mahatara, Pande/Pandey, Punwar, Pwar, Kunwar, Lama, Rana, Mhyak Rana, Ranabhat, Rayamajhi, Raya, Rathor, Raut, Rawat, Rawal, Rayamajhi, Rokaya/Rokka/Rokaha,  Pulami, Silwal, Suyal, Swar, Sauka, Sijapati, Sinjapati, Sakya, Sutar, Saod, Saud, Tandon, Thapa etc.
Bahun (Khas Brahmin) () are group of people belonging to Brahmin caste in Khas group, an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group.
Generally, the Parvate/Pahari (hilly) Brahmins are called as Bahuns or Khas Bahuns.
Bahuns mainly served as priests, teachers and astrologers as per their caste.
Bahuns were able to hold government offices, administration and politics.
According to 1854 Muluki Ain (Legal Code) of Nepal, Bahuns belong to sacred thread bearers (Yagyopavit) and twice born (Dvija) Hindus.
Maithili Bahun family names
Mishra, Chaudhary, Jha, Thakur, Ray and Pathak
All Mishra and Jha are Bahuns but not mandatory for others.
Khas Bahun family names
Acharya, Adhikari, Amgain/Apagain, Aryal/Arjyel, Awasthi, Banjara, Bajgain, Banjade, Banskota, Banstola, Baral, Bartaula, Bastakoti, Brahmin Bhandari(not to be mistaken from Chhetri Bhandari), Bhatta, Bhattarai, Bhurtel, Bhusal, Bist, Burlakoti, Chalise, Chataut, Chapagain, Chaugain, Chaulagain, Dangal, Dahal, Dawadi/Duwadi, Devkota, Dhakal, Dhital, Dhungana, Dhungel, Dixit, Gaire, Gautam, Ghimire, Ghorasaini, Guragain, Gyawali, Humagain, Jamarkattel, Joshi, Kafle, Kalauni, Kattel, Khanal, Khaniya, Kharel/Kharal, Kuikel, Khatiwada, Koirala, Lamichhane, Lamsal, Lekhak, Lohani, Luintel, Mainali, Marasini, Mishra, Nepal, Neupane, Niroula, Ojha, Oli, Padhya, Pandey, Pandit, Paneru, Panta, Parajuli, Pathak, Phuyal, Pokharel/Pokhrel, Poudel/Paudyal/Poudar(hill), Prasain, Pudasaini, Rijal, Rimal, Regmi, Rupakheti, Sanjel, Sangroula, Sapkota, Sedhain, Sharma, Shiwakoti, Sigdel, Sitoula, Silwal, Subedi, Thapaliya, Timsina/Timalsina/Timilsina, Tiwari, Tripathi, Trital, Upadhyaya, Upreti, Wagle, Wasti/Osti etc
Clara Ponsatí i Obiols (born in 1957 in Barcelona) is a Catalan economist.
She was appointed Counsellor of Education of the Generalitat of Catalonia by President Carles Puigdemont the 14  July 2017.
Ponsatí was born in Barcelona in 1957.
She was the daughter of Josep Maria Ponsatí i Capdevila and Montserrat Obiols i Germà.
After studying in the Faculty of Economics of the UB.
In 1988 she got the terminal degree from the Department of Economics, of the University of Minnesota, (Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA), where she remained several years as a teacher.
Of liberal trend, Ponsatí directed the Institute of Economic Analysis of the CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas) between 2006 and 2012, where she  was a teacher as well.
She has been a visiting teacher in the universities of Toronto, San Diego and Georgetown.
The year 2013 the Spanish government exercised a veto against her, after she exposed her opinion about the independence of Catalonia in different mediae.
The Alexander ALX200 was a single-decker bus body built by Alexander in 1996 to 2001.
It was created for low-floor bus chassis produced from the late 1990s.
Arkansas City  is a city in Kansas, United States.
Cities in Cowley County, Kansas
The Alexander ALX300 (later known as the TransBus ALX300 and the Alexander Dennis ALX300) was a single-decker bus body.
It was built by Alexander and then Transbus International and then Alexander Dennis from 1997 to 2007 respectively.
It was made for low-floor bus chassis produced from the late 1990s.
A courtship is a time in the relationship of a couple.
During a courtship, a couple gets to know one another.
They later decide if they will get engaged, married or other such agreement.
A courtship may be a private and informal matter between two people.
On the other hand, it may be public.
Or it could be a formal arrangement with the approval of a family.
There is a great difference between couples.
The average extent of a courtship differs quite a bit across the world.
Courtship may be entirely omitted, as in some cases of arranged marriage.
In the United Kingdom, there was a poll of over 3,000 engaged or married couples.
The average time between first meeting and an accepted marriage proposal was two years and eleven months.
The women felt ready to accept at an average of two years and seven months.
In the earlier 1800s, young adults were expected to court with the intention of finding a marriage partner, not social reasons.
In the more traditional forms of Christianity, this concept of courtship has been kept.
In recent research, it has been found that marriage rates have dropped with people.
There are not so many courted relationships in the society of today.
This means that fewer people are getting married and practicing premarital sex.
Many families are started with children, and then marriage.
Traditions are referred to as a thing of the past.
However, there are many people who still follow the old-fashioned courting route for their relationships.
The Kyrgyzstan League (Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан футбол чемпиондугу) is a football league which is top division in Kyrgyzstan.
The current champions are Alay from Osh.
The team with the most titles is Dordoi Bishkek from Bishkek.
Clubs 2018
League  at fifa.com
at RSSSF.com
The Alexander ALX400 (later known as the TransBus ALX400 and the Alexander Dennis ALX400) is a 2-axle double-decker low-floor bus body.
It was built from 1997 to 2006 by Alexander and then TransBus International and then Alexander Dennis respectively.
The Alexander ALX500 (later known as the TransBus ALX500) is a 3-axle double-decker low-floor bus body.
It was built by Alexander and then TransBus International from 1997 to 2002.
The Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg (German: Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, shortened MLU) is a German public university in Halle and Wittenberg, in the state of Saxony-Anhalt.
Commugny is a municipality of the district of Nyon in the Swiss canton of Vaud.
Celerina/Schlarigna (German/Italian Celerina; Romansh ) is a municipality in the district of Maloja in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.
Celerina - Tourist office
Eschbach-au-Val is a commune.
Atlanta  is a city in Kansas, United States.
Atlanta  is a city in Missouri, United States.
While travelling between Bromley South and London Victoria, the trains can either travel on the Main Line, through Beckenham Junction, Herne Hill and Brixton, or can go via the Catford Loop Line, travelling through  and , and then just past  it either picks up the Southeastern line all the way, or can follow the Southern (Atlantic) Line through  before crossing back over to the Southeastern Line to London Victoria.
Some services travelling via  now stop at .
One service will call at , ,  and , then all stations to  via .
The other train service will only call at  and  then all stations to  and .
There is an hourly service from Victoria calling at  (via the Catford Loop), ,  then all stations to Gillingham.
It then becomes a semi-fast service, calling at Rainham, , , , terminating at .
A High Speed Service consists of two trains per hour from  to  via  and .
One service terminates at  before travelling back to  via  and .
The other service continues coastbound as a semi-fast service calling at , , , ,  and .
It then carries on, stopping at , , , , , ,  and , before picking up the High Speed Line to ,  and arriving back at .
There is one other High Speed Service that runs on a small part of the line, starting from  and calling at  and  before heading to , and , then picking up the High Speed Line and calling at the remaining stations to .
Altered services because of emergency repairs
In December 2015, engineers carried out a survey of the railway line running between Dover Priory and Folkestone Central and discovered that a section of sea wall carrying the line had eroded away, and suspended the service.
A replacement bus service operated between Dover Priory and Folkestone Central.
The High Speed services via Chatham terminated at Ramsgate, with a shuttle bus service running between Ramsgate and Dover Priory via Sandwich.
After just over 8 months, this section of line reopened on 5 September 2016 and normal services have resumed.
Trains used
South Eastern Main Line
Atlanta  is a city in Texas, United States.
Lorand Hegyi studied History, Art History and Aesthetics and received his PhD from Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE) in Budapest.
He worked as researcher at the Institute of Art History in the 1980s and taught at ELTE University in Budapest as well as at Karl-Franzens-Universität in Graz.
He dedicated himself to curating contemporary art exhibitions in Hungary, Austria and Germany while writing art historical and theoretical texts about Modernism and Post-Modernism.
Career in the Public Institutions
1977-1999  Researcher at the Institute of Art History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest
1990-2001  Director of the Ludwig Museum (Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig) in Vienna, Austria