the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
However, in 1899 the SER agreed with the LCDR to share operation of the two railways and work them as a single system, marketed as the South Eastern and Chatham Railway.
Receipts were pooled but it was not a full amalgamation.
The SER and LCDR remained separate companies until they became constituents of the Southern Railway on 1 January 1923 under the Railways Act 1921.
William Oughtred  5 March 1574 – 30 June 1660) was an English mathematician and Anglican clergyman.
John Napier invented logarithms and Edmund Gunter created the logarithmic scales.
Oughtred was the first to use two such scales.
He slid one next to another to do direct multiplication and division.
He is credited with inventing the slide rule in about 1622.
The London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR) was a railway company in south-eastern England (registered 1 August 1859).
It was previously called the East Kent Railway.
Its lines ran through London and northern and eastern Kent to form a part of the Greater London commuter network.
The railway was always in a difficult financial situation.
It went bankrupt in 1867 but was able to continue to operate.
Many of the difficulties were caused by competition and duplication of services with the South Eastern Railway (SER).
However, in 1898 the LCDR agreed with the SER to share the operation of the two railways and work them as a single system under the name South Eastern and Chatham Railway.
The SER and LCDR remained separate companies until they became part of the Southern Railway on 1 January 1923  (Railways Act 1921).
The South Eastern and Chatham Railway (SECR), was a working union of two neighbouring railways, the South Eastern Railway (SER) and London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR), which operated between London and south east England.
Between 1899 and 1923, the SECR had a monopoly of railway services in Kent and to the main Channel ports for ferries to France and Belgium.
In 1923, the SECR became a part of the Southern Railway under the Railways Act 1921.
The Caledonian Railway (CR) was a major Scottish railway company.
It was formed in the early 19th century to form a link between English railways and Glasgow.
It steadily extended its network and reached Edinburgh and Aberdeen.
It also had a dense network of branch lines in the area surrounding Glasgow.
It was absorbed by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923 under the Railways Act 1921.
Many of its main routes are still used.
The original main line between Carlisle and Glasgow is now part of the West Coast Main Line.
The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) was a major British railway company before the 1923 Grouping.
It was created in 1847 from an amalgamation of several existing railways.
It was the third largest railway system based in Northern England.
Only the Midland Railway and the North Eastern Railway were bigger.
It was the first mainline railway to introduce electrification of some of its lines.
It also ran steamboat services across the Irish Sea and North Sea.
It was a bigger shipowner than any other British railway company.
It amalgamated with the London and North Western Railway on 1 January 1922.
One year later, the merged company became the largest constituent of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway under the Railways Act 1921.
Aintree  is a village and civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton, Merseyside, England.
It was historically in Lancashire.
It lies between Walton and Maghull on the A59 road.
It is about  north-east of Liverpool city centre, in North West England.
It is best known as the site of Aintree Racecourse, which since the 19th century has staged the Grand National horserace.
During the 1950s and 1960s, there was also a three-mile-long international Grand Prix motor racing circuit on the site, which used the same grandstands as the horserace.
Civil parishes in Merseyside
Stanley Anderson (October 23, 1939 – June 24, 2018) was an American actor.
He was born in Billings, Montana.
He appeared in Deceived, RoboCop 3 and The Pelican Brief.
He was known for starring as Drew Carey's father in The Drew Carey Show.
He also starred in Seinfeld and in Spider-Man.
Josip Pirmajer (14 February 1944 – 24 June 2018) was a Slovenian footballer.
He played for Yugoslavia and later became a manager.
He was born in Trifail, Nazi Germany.
He played for Novi Sad, Partizan and Vojvodina.
Štefka Drolc (22 December 1923 – 25 June 2018), full name Štefanija Ana Drolc, was a Slovenian actresses.
She was born in Ponikva, Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
Her career began in 1945.
She debuted in the movie On Our Own Land.
She also starred in Blossoms in Autumn (Cvetje v jeseni; 1973), The Story of Good People (Povest o dobrih ljudeh; 1975) and The Tenth Brother (Deseti brat; 1982).
Steve Soto  (August 23, 1963 – June 27, 2018) was an American punk guitarist.
Soto was once part of California punk rock band Agent Orange, and started Adolescents in 1980 performing on bass guitar in both bands.
The Capital Gazette shooting is a mass shooting that happened at the offices of The Capital and the Maryland Gazette newspapers at 888 Bestgate Road in Annapolis, Maryland on June 28, 2018.
The Anne Arundel County Police Department reported that the shooting began around 2:34 PM.
Five people are confirmed dead.
A suspect was captured by police and is in custody.
Five people were killed and several others were injured in the attack.
The five who were killed are Rob Hiaasen, an assistant editor and weekend columnist for The Capital and the brother of novelist Carl Hiaasen, community beat reporter Wendi Winters, columnist and editorial page editor Gerald Fischman, editor and sports reporter John McNamara, and sales assistant Rebecca Smith.
Maryland Governor Larry Hogan tweeted that he was "[a]bsolutely devastated to learn of this tragedy in Annapolis," and asking residents to "heed all warnings and stay away from the area".
President Trump was briefed on the shooting while aboard Air Force One.
Roger Jason Stone (born Roger Joseph Stone Jr.; August 27, 1952) is an American political consultant, lobbyist and strategist.
Stone is known for his use of opposition research, studying opposing candidates to find bad things about them.
Usually he works for candidates of the Republican Party.
Since the 1970s, Stone has worked on the campaigns of key Republican politicians such as Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, Jack Kemp, Bob Dole and Donald Trump.
Stone is the subject of a Netflix documentary movie, titled Get Me Roger Stone, which focused on his past and role in the 2016 presidential campaign of Donald Trump.
Stone officially left the Trump campaign on August 8, 2015; however, it has been reported that, as part of the ongoing investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, two associates of Stone have claimed that he collaborated with WikiLeaks owner Julian Assange in the spring of 2016 to discredit Hillary Clinton's campaign.
Stone has denied this.
On January 25, 2019, Stone was arrested at his Fort Lauderdale, Florida, home in connection with Robert Mueller's special counsel investigation and charged in an indictment with witness tampering, obstructing an official proceeding, and five counts of making false statements.
Stone pleaded not guilty and denied wrongdoing in press interviews.
Ormskirk is a market town in west Lancashire, England.
It is 13 miles (21 km) north of Liverpool, 11 miles (18 km) northwest of St Helens, 9 miles (14 km) southeast of Southport and 18 miles (29 km) southwest of Preston.
The name is Old Norse in origin
Domenico Losurdo (14 November 1941 – 28 June 2018) was an Italian Marxist philosopher and historian.
He was born in Sannicandro di Bari, Italy.
He was Dean of the Faculty of Education at the University of Urbino.
Losurdo wrote Liberalism: A Counter-History.
He was critical of racism, slavery, and genocide.
St Helens is a large town in Merseyside, England.
It is the centre of the metropolitan borough of St Helens.
The town has population of 102,629.
The entire metropolitan borough had a population of 176,843 at the 2001 census.
It was a centre for coal mining and glassmaking.
It was also home to a cotton and linen industry (notably sail making) lime and alkali pits, and brewing.
Brett Michael Kavanaugh (born February 12, 1965) is an American judge.
He is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States since October 6, 2018.
He was the United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.
He was Staff Secretary in the Executive Office of the President of the United States under President George W. Bush.
During the confirmation process, two women (including Christine Blasey Ford), accused Kavanaugh of sexual misconduct during his college years.
Kavanaugh denied the allegations.
Kavanaugh was born in Washington, D.C.. He was born to Martha Gamble (Murphy) and Everett Edward Kavanaugh Jr. He was raised in Bethesda, Maryland.
He attended the same high school as Associate Justice Neil Gorsuch (just two years apart).
Kavanaugh, very active in college sports, attended Yale University.
He graduated from Yale in 1987 with a Bachelor of Arts cum laude.
He graduated from Yale Law School with a Juris Doctor in 1990.
Kavanaugh first worked as a law clerk for Judge Walter King Stapleton of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit.
Kavanaugh was admitted to the Maryland Bar in 1990 and the District of Columbia Bar in 1992.
Kavanaugh then earned a one-year partnership with the Solicitor General of the United States, Ken Starr.
Kavanaugh next clerked for Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy 1993–1994.
From 1997 to 1998, Kavanaugh was a partner at the law firm of Kirkland & Ellis.
In 1998 he rejoined Starr as an Associate Counselor.
Kavanaugh was a principal author of the Starr Report to Congress, released in September 1998, on the Monica Lewinsky–Bill Clinton sex scandal; the report supported Clinton's impeachment.
George W. Bush administration (2001–2006)
In December 2000, Kavanaugh joined the legal team of George W. Bush, which was trying to stop the ballot recount in Florida following the 2000 election.
After Bush became president in January 2001, Kavanaugh was hired as an associate by the White House Counsel, Alberto Gonzales.
U.S. Circuit Judge (2006–2018)
President George W. Bush nominated Kavanaugh to the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit on July 25, 2003.
His nomination stalled in the Senate for nearly three years.
Democratic senators accused him of being too partisan.
In 2003, the American Bar Association had rated Kavanaugh as "well qualified".
The Senate Judiciary  Committee recommended he be confirmed on a 10–8 party-line vote on May 11, 2006, he was confirmed by the Senate on May 26 by a vote of 57–36.
He was sworn in June 1.
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (since 2018)
Kavanaugh was one of four U.S. Court of Appeals judges to receive a personal 45-minute interview by President Donald Trump as a possible replacement for Justice Anthony Kennedy.
On July 9, 2018, Trump nominated Kavanaugh for a seat on the Supreme Court.
Political commentators said that Kavanaugh's nomination would push the Supreme Court to the right for many years.
He is a known critic of abortion and Roe v. Wade decision.
He is a supporter of the Brown v. Board of Education decision calling it the "single greatest Supreme Court decision in history".
On September 28, 2018, the Senate Judiciary Committee voted to confirm Kavanaugh to a full Senate vote in early October 2018.
He was confirmed on October 6, 2018 with a 50 to 48 vote.
Sexual assault allegations
On September 27, 2018, Professor Christine Blasey Ford, accused him of sexual assault when they were both in high school.
Republican members of the committee did not question Ford directly rather a Republican-hired investigator.
Ford said that they were both “visibly drunk” and that Kavanaugh had locked her into a bedroom, where he groped her and tried to take off her clothes.
She said she “believed he was going to rape me” and feared for her life when he held his hand over her mouth.
In his opening statement, Kavanaugh claimed the accusations were politically motivated by Democrats and Bill Clinton.
After Ford opened up about her accusations, two more women accused Kavanaugh of sexual assault/harassment.
Deborah Ramirez accused Kavanaugh of exposing himself when they were at Yale.
Later, former government employee Julie Swetnick, accused Kavanaugh of drugging her and raping her in a gang rape.
After the Senate committee vote, Senators Flake, Manchin and Murkowski called for an FBI investigation into the sexual assault allegations against Kavanaugh.
President Trump ordered a limited investigation.
Kavanaugh met his wife, Ashley Estes Kavanaugh, while working at the White House in 2001.
Kavanaugh is a Catholic.
He lives in Washington, D.C.
Selected Resources on Brett M. Kavanaugh from the Law Library of Congress
Biography from the Bush White House
from the Justice Department's Office of Legal Policy
Contributor profile from the Federalist Society
Brett Kavanaugh Attorney Work Files for Independent Counsel Kenneth W. Starr from the National Archives and Records Administration
Records on Brett M. Kavanaugh  from the George W. Bush Presidential Center
Nomination documents from the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary
These charges were caused from a sexual harassment lawsuit filed against Clinton by Paula Jones.
Clinton was found not guilty of these charges by the Senate on February 12, 1999.
House vote
Mount St. Helens, a volcano in the US state of Washington
Kathleen L. Kraninger (born December 28, 1974) is an American government official.
She was the 2nd Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau from December 2018 to January 2021.
Before she worked in the White House Office of Management and Budget.
She was nominated by President Donald Trump to become the Director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.
Kraninger was confirmed, however, 50-49.
Stephen Miller (born August 23, 1985) is an American political activist.
He serves as a senior advisor for policy for President Donald Trump.
Before, he served as the communications director for then-Senator Jeff Sessions.
He was also a press secretary to Republican Representatives Michele Bachmann and John Shadegg.
Goran Bunjevčević (;, 17 February 1973 – 28 June 2018)  was a Serbian footballer.
He played as a defender in Serbia, England and the Netherlands.
He played for FR Yugoslavia from 1998 to 2003.
He also played for Grafičar, BASK, Rad Belgrade, Red Star Belgrade, Tottenham Hotspur and for ADO Den Haag.
Goran Bunjevčević at reprezentacija.rs
FootballDatabase provides Goran Bunjevčević's profile and stats
The Liverpool Overhead Railway (known locally as the Dockers' Umbrella) was an elevated railway in Liverpool which operated along the Liverpool Docks.
It opened in 1893 with lightweight electric multiple units.
The design of an overhead line probably originated from the New York High Line which was authorised in 1847.
Just five years later, in 1852, the need arose in Liverpool for a similar solution.
The railway had a number of world firsts:
first electric elevated railway,
first to use automatic signalling,
first to use electric colour light signals
first to use electric multiple units
had one of the first passenger escalators at a railway station.
It was also the second oldest electric metro in the world.
The only earlier one was the 1890 City and South London Railway.
In the early 1900s electric trains ran on the electrified Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway to Southport and Aintree.
Special trains to Aintree for the horse race meetings ran twice a year after regular services were withdrawn.
Being a local railway it was not nationalised in 1948.
In 1955, a report into the structure of the many viaducts showed major repairs were needed that the company could not afford.
The railway closed at the end of 1956.
Despite public protests the structures were dismantled in the following year.
Chagrin Falls is a village in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States.
It is a suburb of Cleveland.
The village was created and has grown around a natural waterfall on the Chagrin River.
As of the 2010 census, the village population was 4,104.
The village was made in 1844 from parts of three townships in two counties.
Village of Chagrin Falls official website
Johann Baptist Allgaier (June 19, 1763, Schussenried – January 3, 1823, Vienna) was a German-Austrian chess master and theoretician.
He was also the author of the first chess handbook in German – Neue theoretisch-praktische Anweisung zum Schachspiel (Vienna 1795–96).
Johann Baptist Allgaier was born in 1763 in the Duchy of Württemberg.
His father, Georg Allgaier, worked at a monastery as a Hofmeister, the person in charge of the education of the children of the rich and noble families.
Johann's father wanted him to study theology.
On a trip to Poland he learned to play chess.
In 1798, he moved to Vienna and joined the army.
He was able to improve his chess skills.
In 1780, he won a game with a prize of 1500 florins and became Vienna's best player.
He taught many people to play chess, including the sons and brothers of the Emperor Francis II.
Allgaier fought in the Napoleonic wars between Austria and France.
In 1809, he worked in an army hospital, where he became ill with asthma.
When the hospital was moved to Prague he became its accountant.
He returned to Vienna in 1816 where the Emperor gave him a small pension.
To make extra money, he played chess in the cafés.
His games were said to be brilliant and focused on attacking.
When he played, people would come to watch.
One man, Santo Vito, wrote down some of these games which were included in Allgaier's book.
He would play anyone for the price of one gulden.
The price also included a short lesson after the game.
Allgaier was always looking for ways to make money.
This is probably why he worked with Mälzel to operate the Turk.
Allgaier played hidden inside the chess machine in 1809.
He is believed to be the player controlling the Turk when it won a game against Napoleon at Schönbrunn Palace.
Influence on chess
In 1795 and 1796  he published his book Neue Theoretische-praktische Anweisung zum Schachspiel.
This was said to be the best chess book of the time.
It was reprinted several times, the seventh and final edition was in 1843.
Rob Hiaasen (c. 1959 – June 28, 2018) was an American journalist and editor.
He worked at The Capital.
Hiaasen was born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
He also taught at the University of Maryland's Philip Merrill College of Journalism.
Hiaasen began his career at The Palm Beach Post before joining The Baltimore Sun as a feature writer and later wrote a regular column for the paper.
He worked at The Capital as a columnist and assistant editor until his death in the Capital Gazette shooting.
Benjamin Todd Jealous (born January 18, 1973) is an American civic leader.
He is the Democratic nominee for Governor of Maryland in the 2018 gubernatorial election, facing incumbent Larry Hogan.
Jealous is also former president and chief executive officer of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
Jealous is a progressive Democrat.
He endorsed Bernie Sanders in his 2016 campaign for President.
NAACP Biography
TheLoop21.com (Archive) interview with NAACP President Ben Jealous
Is The NAACP's Relevance Fading?
We Think Not. (
Archive) by Benjamin Jealous and Julian Bond for The New Republic.
Jacklyn Sheryl Rosen (born August 2, 1957) is an American politician.
Rosen is the junior United States Senator from Nevada.
Rosen ran as the Democratic nomination for the U.S. Senate in the 2018 election.
She defeated Republican incumbent Dean Heller in the general election in November 2018.
Congresswoman Jacky Rosen official U.S. Senate site
Jacky Rosen for U.S. Senate official campaign site
Jared Schutz Polis (; born May 12, 1975) is an American politician, businessman, and philanthropist.
He is the 43rd and current Governor of Colorado.
Polis served as the U.S. Representative for  from 2009 to 2019.
He was among the richest members of Congress.
His personal net worth is estimated at nearly $400 million.
In June 2017 Polis announced his candidacy for Governor of Colorado in the 2018 election.
He won the general election in November 2018 defeating Walker Stapleton.
Taisto Kalevi Sorsa (21 December 1930 – 16 January 2004) was a Finnish politician.
He was Prime Minister of Finland three times: 1972–1975, 1977–1979 and 1982–1987.
At the time of his death he still held the record for most days of incumbency as prime minister.
He was also a long-time leader of the Social Democratic Party of Finland.
At the age of 18 Sorsa's involvement with SDP politics started in Lappeenranta.
In 1969, he was brought in from relative obscurity by Rafael Paasio, former Finnish prime minister, to assume the influential post of party secretary, despite not having much previous experience of national politics.
A 2008 book by historian Jukka Seppinen suggested that Sorsa was at this date already receiving support from Soviet backers in the KGB.
Prior to his political career, Sorsa worked in Paris for UNESCO from 1959 to 1965, and was Secretary-General of the Finnish UNESCO board from 1965 to 1969.
In the late 1960s he also was an official in the Ministry of Education.
Prime Minister and Foreign Minister (1972-1989)
Sorsa and domestic politics
Sorsa was a leading political figure during the presidencies of Kekkonen and Koivisto.
He was the chairman of the Social Democratic Party from 1975 to 1987 and was Prime Minister of Finland in four cabinets for a total of ten years (1972–1975, 1977–1979, 1982–1983, 1983–1987).
After his premiership he was the Speaker of the Finnish Parliament from 1989 to 1991.
During his career he also served twice as Deputy Prime Minister, from 1975 to 1976 and from 1987 to 1989.
From 1987 to 1996, Sorsa served on the governing board of the Bank of Finland.
Sorsa is regarded as one of Finland's most influential prime ministers, making major contributions to schools and health care, and increasing social security for families with children and pensioners.
His governments strengthened the welfare state in Finland, by enacting  many reforms—child care laws, longer maternity leave, the annual vacation benefit act, as well as the public health act.
In domestic politics, Sorsa had a particularly difficult relationship with Paavo Väyrynen, the strong-willed head of the Center Party.
Another notable conflict was his rivalry with young rising politician Paavo Lipponen.
In June 1984, Sorsa gave a speech on "infocracy" (i.e. the power of the mass media) at the Social Democratic party convention.
Infocracy challenges parliamentary democracy, is unintelligent and avoids discussing social problems, he said: it takes more interest in individual politicians than political issues and is never critical of its own actions.
Kalevi Sorsa Foundation
Hyacinthe Henri Boncourt (1765? –
March 23, 1840) was one of the leading chess players in France in the years between 1820 and 1840.
The date of his birth, 1765, is based on a comment by an English chess player, George Walker, that in 1839 Boncourt was about 70 years old.
He was a civil servant, and chess was mostly a hobby for him.
He got his best results after he was 60 years old, when after retiring from work, he could spend all his time playing to chess.
In 1818, for a brief period, he was one of the players hidden inside the chess machine, the Turk.
At one time he was sick, and he did not play very well.
While he was hiding inside the Turk, he could not stop coughing and he could be heard by people watching.
After this, the owner of the Turk, Mälzel, added some noisy gears.
This was simply to cover any noise coming from the person inside.
Some of the games of Hyacinthe Henri Boncourt can be found at chessgames.com
Dominique Thimognier: Boncourt Hyacinthe Henri (French)
Aaron Alexandre trained as a rabbi.
He arrived in France in 1793.
He taught German and was a mechanical inventor.
He later became a full-time chess player.
He wrote a book of all the known chess openings, the Encyclopédie des échecs (Encyclopedia of Chess, Paris, 1837).
In the book, he used the algebraic notation and the castling symbols 0–0 and 0–0–0.
His next book was about the endgame and a collection of about 2000 chess problems, which he published in 1846 as Collection des plus beaux Problèmes d'Echecs, Paris.
English and German translations: Beauties of Chess, London, and Praktische Sammlung bester Schachspiel-Probleme, Leipzig.
Both books became standard reference books, demonstrating Alexandre’s great technical knowledge.
Alexandre was also one of the chess players who worked inside the chess playing machine, the Turk.
Stacey Yvonne Abrams (born December 9, 1973) is an American politician, lawyer, romance novelist, and businesswoman.
She was the house minority leader for the Georgia General Assembly and state representative for the 89th House District.
She is a member of the  Democratic Party.
Abrams was the Democratic nominee in the 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election, the first black female major party gubernatorial nominee in the United States.
She narrowly lost the general election to Republican Secretary of State Brian Kemp, who, as Secretary of State was in charge of the election and is widely thought to have manipulated the election in his favor by disenfranchising African-American voters.
On December 1, 2021, she announced she would be once again running for governor in the 2022 gubernatorial election.
The Gazette, founded in 1727 as The Maryland Gazette, is one of the oldest newspapers in America.
Its based on The Capital,.
It was bought by The Baltimore Sun Media Group in 2014.
Before, it was owned by the Capital Gazette Communications group, which published The Capital, Bowie Blade-News, Crofton-West County Gazette, and Capital Style Magazine.
The Capital is a daily newspaper published in Annapolis since 1884.
Its sister newspaper, The Gazette, is one of the oldest newspapers in America.
The Capital serves the city of Annapolis, much of Anne Arundel County, and neighboring Kent Island in Queen Anne's County.
The Capital was bought by The Baltimore Sun Media Group in 2014.
William Lewis (1787–1870) was an English chess player and author.
He is best known for the Lewis Countergambit and for being the first player ever to be described as a Grandmaster of the game.
Born in Birmingham, William Lewis moved to London where he worked for a merchant.
He became a student of chess player Jacob Sarratt.
In later years he showed himself to be very unkind to his old teacher.
He said Sarratt's Treatise on the Game of Chess (1808) was a "poorly written book".
But in 1822 three years after Sarrat died, Lewis published a second edition of it.
This was in competition with a much better revision by Sarrat published in 1821 by Sarratt's poverty-stricken widow.
In 1843, many players gave money to help the old widow, but Lewis' name is not on the list.
Around 1819 Lewis was the hidden player inside the Turk, a fake chess playing machine.
He told Johann Maelzel that Peter Unger Williams, also a student of Sarratt, should be the next person to operate inside the machine.
Maezel took his advice and Williams replaced Lewis.
He was the leading English player in a game played by letters sent between London and Edinburgh in 1824, won by the Scots.
He wrote a book on the match with analysis of the games.
In 1834–36 he was on the Committee of the Westminster Chess Club.
They lost games played by letter with the Paris Chess Club.
The other players were his students McDonnell and Walker, while the French team included Boncourt, Alexandre, St. Amant and Chamouillet.
When De La Bourdonnais visited England in 1825, Lewis played about 70 games with the French master.
Lewis was known as a famous chess player in his time.
The weekly magazine Bell's Life in 1838 called him "our past grandmaster", the first known use of the term in chess.
In 1825 he began a chess club where he taught people to play the game.
He wrote two books on how to play chess, the Series of Progressive Lessons (1831) and Second Series of Progressive Lessons (1832).
Lewis's books, and those of his teacher Sarratt, were based on reworking Philidor's ideas to those of the Modenese school of Del Rio, Lolli and Ponziani.
Lewis gradually stopped playing competition chess.
After his retirement he wrote other chess books, but he was no longer up to date with new ideas.
The Oxford Chess Companion said his last book, A Treatise on Chess (1844), was already "out of date when published".
Some of the games of Lewis can be found at chessgames.com
A video game mod is a change made to a video game.
The word mod is short for modification.
A mod can be a change to any part of a game, including how it sounds, how it plays, the way it looks, or anything else.
They are usually created by fans of a game instead of the people who made the original game.
Mods are usually put on the internet for free when they are released.
Mods can be as small or as large as the creators want it to be.
They can be minor bug fixes, or they can change so many things that they become a completely different game.
Large mods like that are sometimes called total conversions.
Some popular examples of total conversion mods that became separate video games are Counter-Strike, Team Fortress, and Killing Floor.
Mods can help a game become more famous and successful.
Many people think that good mods can make a game more fun and interesting than the original.
Some video game companies saw this and decided to give mod creators tools to help them make even more mods.
Examples of companies that have done this are id Software, Valve Corporation, Mojang AB, and Bethesda Softworks.
Sometimes, a mod of a game might become just as popular as the original game, or more popular.
When this happens, the word vanilla is often used to talk about the original game without mods.
Land's End is a headland in western Cornwall, England.
It is the westernmost point of mainland Cornwall and England.
Land's End is at the end of the Penwith peninsula.
It is about  west-south-west of Penzance at the western end of the A30 main road.
A modern holiday complex has been built nearby.
Land's End is  from John o' Groats in Scotland by road.
Kenneth Kamwi Matengu (born 1978, Katima Mulilo) is a Namibian professor.
He was Pro-Vice Chancellor for Research, Innovation  and Resources Mobilization at the University of Namibia from 2016 to 2018.
On 29 June 2018, Matengu was appointed as the third Vice Chancellor of the University of Namibia becoming the youngest person to assume the position.
Matengu did his high school at Caprivi Senior Secondary.
He holds a
Certificate in International Relations from the University of Tampere, Bachelor's degree in Geography and Sociology from the University of Namibia, Doctor of Philosophy, Ph.
D (exemia cum laudar) in Innovation Diffusion and Development from the University of Eastern Finland.
He has published 50 peer review articles, books and book chapters, as well as international conference papers.
Guizhou is a province of the People's Republic of China in the southwestern part of the country.
Its capital city is Guiyang.
Guizhou is a relatively poor and economically undeveloped province, but rich in natural, cultural and environmental resources.
Demographically it is one of China's most diverse provinces.
Minority groups such as the Miao / Hmong and Yao make up more than 37% of the population.
In 1957-58, an influenza virus spread to most of the world and killed between 1-4 million people.
Ruwen played first international in 2002.
He's a modern defender, so he uses long pips and an attacking rubber on the forehand.
At the European Championships for youth he reached the first place together with the team.
In 2003 he won even gold in the singles and with the team, so he climbs from place 90 in the world rankings for adults to place 70.
Since 2005 he played different tournaments, for example the World Junior Circuit, where Filus reached the Quarterfinal.
At the World Championships he came under the best eight players in the doubles.
His first tournament at the Pro Tour end with the reaching of the last 64.
2006 Filus won bronze at the European Championships for youth, with the team he won gold.
Since 2007 he played in the adult area, too, where he reached the Round of tha last 16 at the Korea Open.
2008 he played some Pro Tour tournaments, since 2009 he played different events, for example the European Championships, where Ruwen came under the top eight, he lost to Timo Boll.
2010 he played only two events, so he fell back to place 60 in the world rankings.
2011 Ruwen played at the World Cup, there he won bronze together with the team.
At the WTTC he came under the last 64 in the singles.
At the European Championships he won gold with the team.
2012 he came under the last 16 at the ETTC, on the Pro Tour he won the Czech Open.
2013 he won bronze at the Czech Open and came to the Quarterfinal at the ETTC.
2014 he had very strong injuries, but in 2015 he reached the Quarterfinal at the ETTC again, with the team he won silver.
2016 the German team lost in the group qualification.
2017 he won gold with the German team at the ETTC, 2018 was it silver at the WTTC.
World Championships (WTTC): 2017- silver
European Championships: 2013, 2015- Quarterfinal
European Championships: 2011, 2017- gold
World Championships: 2017- silver
Data cooling is one of the most fundamental  IT environment processes especially when it concerns a data center.
As the new computer hardware becomes more compact while using the same amount or at times more electricity than the one that has been replaced, more heat is being produced inside the data centers.
For collecting and transferring the remaining heat energy to the external atmosphere, accurate air conditioning and heat removal equipment is needed.
The main goal is to transfer and transport unutilized heat energy from the IT environment to the external atmosphere.
Monitoring our service in real-life situations can be proved most of the times also equally important.
With specific environmental sensors we can regulate,monitor and control data center’s temperature, airflow and hotspots and in general be aware of the quality of the “internal” environment and temperature in the data center.
A computer room air conditioning (CRAC) unit is an apparatus that controls and maintains environmental features in the data center like temperature and humidity.
While CRAC units makes use of mechanical refrigeration, a computer room air handler (CRAH) uses fans, cooling coils and a water-chiller system to remove heat.
Types of Data Center Cooling Techniques
The aim of cooling is to transfer heat from the data center (indoor environment) to the outside environment.
There are two basic approaches for removing the remaining heat, either using air or liquid (typically water).
Air Cooling
Air cooling has some important advantages as it’s practically easy to move and it doesn’t provoke any damage to the IT apparatus.
Since heat flows from the warmer objects to the cooler ones and warm air is increasing with respect to cold air this means that can make us distinguish them in some level.
In fact many manufacturers of air-based cooling designs consider this particular property while constructing IT equipment.
Room based cooling, as an air cooling system, uses the most classical type of refrigerating technique: the basic idea is that coolers push cold air in the environment, extracting warm air to the outside.
Conditioners not only refresh, but also mix the air to avoid hot spots.
This idea results to be efficient if the power load used for mixing the air is a small fraction of the total load of the datacenter.
Simulations show that this approach is valid for relatively low power load densities (320-750 ).
Sometimes, when warm and hot air are being mixed the previous distinction is not plausible and this is where issues arise.
Hot/Cold Aisle Configuration
Hot/cold aisle is a format for racks of servers and generally IT apparatus inside a data center where the rack fronts face the rack fronts of the adjacent row.
When cold aisle containment approach is used, row doors, aisle ceilings or overhead vertical walls are installed to contain the cold air coming from the cooling systems into the cold aisles.
As the opposite, in hot aisle containment the hot air is contained so that the CRAC units just receive hot air.
Blanking Panels
If racks have empty space that it is not used then extra heat is being released into data center’s airflow in order to “fill in” this unused space.
The use of blanking panels can prevent the hot air from being transmitted in the data center’s airflow.
Rack Placement
The top of the rack is considered to be the location which produces the greatest amount of heat.
So, the specific placement of the racks can reduce the heat circulation from racks hot spots.
The way that we can regulate this issue is by ordering rack components in a way that the more loaded equipment is placed on the lower racks and in such way we can ensure an optimal cooling.
Since heavier equipment flow the most air, a lower rack placement will ensure that less heat is spreaded at the top of the rack.
Free Cooling
The free cooling method is composed of two main systems: the air-side economization and the water-side economization.
The first one basically uses the air that comes from the outer environment in order to control and adjust the desired temperature in the IT apparatus.
This technique is quite productive with respect to its cost (since we just take advantage of air from the external environment) but on the other hand has some disadvantages since it is likely to provoke humidity and moisture in the data center.
Liquid Cooling
Liquid cooling can improve the efficiency of a data center as it provides an optimal and more targeted cooling.
For example chilled water can be transferred directly to a rack of servers which is quite helpful as we want to provide cooling to specific places.
Instead of trying to “balance” a desirable temperature throughout an entire room, it initializes the cooling process in the exact point that is needed; at a particular rack or cabinet.
On the other hand, the use of liquid-based systems inside a data center could have some cons.
Possible leaks are definitely a huge threat for the entire IT apparatus, transport of liquid may cause condensation and since the chilled liquid must be contained somewhere it requires more technological equipment and a suitable framework inside the data center; so in this case we need more resources.
For the above reasons, although liquid-based systems are proved to be more reliable and effective, they appear to be quite expensive with respect to air cooling techniques and slightly more difficult to implement.
Single Phase Cooling
Using the setup of a liquid-based system, here the IT apparatus can be cooled by using water, or alternative cooling liquids to be pumped at server or rack level: cold plates are located as close as possible to the heat generating components.
This technology makes use of the higher heat transfer capacity of the liquids, leading to greater savings in terms of energy requirement, in fact, single phase cooling systems can reduce, and sometimes eliminate needing for CRAC units.
One of the most important disadvantages is that they require high pumping power.
Other side effects are microbe formation, electrical conductivity of the liquids and erosive nature due to high fluid velocities.
One of the pioneers of this technology has been IMB, with the Aquasar supercomputer, in 2009.
Two-phase Cooled Systems
Two-phase cooling means using devices that can transform at least part of the cooling fluids into vapour when in contact with warm IT components.
The phase transition permits a much more efficient heat exchange, in terms of cooling medium mass: in other words: to exchange a fixed amount of heat, two-phase cooling uses less refrigerating liquid in comparison with the quantity which is necessary in single-phase cooling.
The core of the evaporator is composed by a mini or microchannel heat-sink by which the plate surface is maximized; minichannels have a pitch of 2 to 8 mm, while microchannels have a pitch of less than 1 mm.
Microchannels are more capable in transferring the heat thanks to their higher surface, but they are more easily clogged, corroded and eroded.
Cooling System Alternatives
There are many options available to services or IT experts when it comes to specifying cooling solutions.
These options may differ according to the size or the particular type of the solution needed.
Airflow direction
Fire, smoke, and water detection devices
These devices are best used in combination with IT monitoring and building management systems for quicker notification.
They also provide early warning or automatic shut off during undesirable events.
Humidifiers
As a device that increases humidity, humidifiers can play an important role in the cooling process by preventing any unexpected overheating which may occur due to static electrical discharge.
They are usually placed inside precision cooling devices in order to replace water vapor lost during the cooling process.
Reassuring that the room has no current high or low humidity-related issues, the use of humidifiers can be in all computer room air conditioners and air handlers.
Reheat systems
When performing the particular technique, rooms should not have vapor barriers and also room temperatures should suggest humid climates.
These systems in order to let the whole system provide increased dehumidification of the "internal" air, they add heat to conditioned cold air coming out of a precision cooling device.
Economizer coils
The advantage of using this approach is that it provides a surprisingly operating cost reduction when used.
In this approach, diol (ethylene glycol) is used to cool the IT environment in a way which is similar to a chilled water system.
Data centers technology is quite complex and advanced and this has as a result to require huge amounts of energy.
Therefore, data centers need to be as efficient as possible and data environmental control has a significant role to this issue.
The recommended temperature for a data center is estimated between 21°C and 24°C.
In addition to,some studies regarding the desired temperature in a data center shown that maybe it is not so optimal (money-wise) for firms to keep the temperature below 21°C.
Furthermore, typical data center limit temperatures have been estimated to be 85°C for processors and DIMMs, while disk drives can usually work in stricter conditions, at a maximum of 45°C.
It is also remarkable that, while the conventional heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems (HVAC) for similar size rooms deal with heat fluxes in the order of 40-90 , cooling systems in data centers work with extremely higher heat loads: modern data center infrastructures can need to refresh apparatus that produces 6-10  as power density.
In the next few years, it is estimated that the power density consumption will still raise up to 15 .
Google for instance mentions the significance of taking serious action to reinforce energy efficiency in case of either  running a small data center or a huge service.
According to Google, many manufactures construct the suitable equipment to be used at temperatures higher than the standard 21°C we aforementioned.
This may lead to next generation servers having the ability of performing at higher temperatures, fact that can make data center using less equipment and therefore save money.
So for an effective  management and control data centers should be able to perform accurate temperature analysis by measuring the amount of energy spent for processes that concern cooling.
Nevertheless, the best solution may be consulting the corresponding equipment manufacturer so with his expertise can point out the suitable approach.
Many opinions of experts about this subject point out that data centers could have better performance if they could adopt a mixture of cooling methods.
Another important factor that could drastically contribute to an optimal performance is the location where data centers are placed.
Constructing data centers either in places with cooler climates or near to sources of cold water not only could increase energy efficiency in a high level but also could reduce costs by deploying the external environment.
Halewood is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley in Merseyside, England.
It lies near the city of Liverpool's southeastern boundary.
It is bordered by the suburbs of Netherley, Hunt's Cross and Woolton.
Halewood was historically a part of Lancashire.
At the 2001 Census, the population of the civil parish was 20,309.
It was similar at the 2011 Census.
The combined population of Halewood's four local government wards was 29,217.
Halewood railway station opened in 1988.
An earlier station, a few hundred metres further east, closed in 1951.
Sefton is a village and civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton in Merseyside, England.
It is located to the south west of Maghull and to the north east of Great Crosby.
It is on the flood plain of the River Alt.
The village is bisected by the B5422, Brickwall Lane.
At the 2001 Census the population was recorded as 772.
This increased to 855 at the 2011 Census.
Julian of Norwich, or Juliana of Norwich (c.1342–c.1416) was an anchoress (a woman who locks herself away to be closer to God).
She wrote "Revelations of Divine Love".
It is the first known English book written by a woman.
Musique Municipale de Versoix and music school
Historical images of extreme weather conditions in Versoix - 1905
Patrice Guillaume Athanase Talon (born 1 May 1958) is a Beninese businessman and politician.
He has been President of Benin since 6 April 2016.
Notable tornadoes
At 9:30 a.m. on November 15, the National Severe Storms Forecast Center issued a strong potential for severe thunderstorms and tornadoes across the Tennessee Valley.
At 10:50 a.m., the Birmingham office issued a major severe weather threat for Alabama and northern Florida.
A tornado watch was issued at 12:45 p.m. CST and was in effect until 8:00 p.m. CST that evening.
Shortly thereafter, warnings were coming out as a squall line passed through.
Spotters reported large hail and damaging winds at this time.
At the time of the tornado, a severe thunderstorm warning was in effect.
Later, they spotted rotation in the wall cloud, but the rotation dissipated shortly thereafter.
At 4:25 p.m., the rotation picked up again.
The tornado hit during the afternoon rush hour, killing 21 people and injuring 463 others.
Most of these deaths happened in cars (similar to the 1979 Wichita Falls tornado).
This was rated an F4 on the Fujita Scale.
A downburst struck East Coldenham Elementary School on November 16, 1989 at 11:35 a.m., blowing down a cafeteria wall, killing nine people and injuring eighteen.
This was considered a F1 tornado.
Former President Ronald Reagan was on the site within minutes.
Heysham is a large coastal village near Lancaster, Lancashire, England.
It overlooks Morecambe Bay.
It is a ferry port, with services to the Isle of Man and Ireland.
Heysham nuclear power station is at Heysham.
Big Bill Bissonnette (February 5, 1937 – June 26, 2018) was an American jazz trombonist, drummer, and music producer.
In the 1960s, he led his own group, the Easy Riders Jazz Band, formed his own label, Jazz Crusade, and organized northern tours for Kid Thomas Valentine, George Lewis, and Jim Robinson.
Bissonnette came in first place as "New Young Artist" in the 1965 Jazzology Jazz Poll.
Over 30 years later he placed No.
5 among all jazz trombonists in the same poll.
The National Railway Museum (NRM) is a museum in York forming part of the British Science Museum Group of National Museums.
It tells the story of rail transport in Great Britain and its impact on society.
It has won many awards, including the European Museum of the Year Award in 2001.
It is the home of the national collection of historically significant railway vehicles.
There is also a collection of other artefacts and both written and pictorial records.
Museums in the United Kingdom
Steven Hilliard Stern (November 1, 1937 – June 27, 2018) was a Canadian-born American television and movie director, producer and screenwriter.
He was born in Timmins, Ontario.
Stern was known for his works with Michael Douglas, Christopher Reeve and Christopher Plummer.
His best known movies are The Devil and Max Devlin, Mazes and Monsters, and Money.