the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Her work was about researching, writing on, and teaching about corporate law, securities and derivatives regulation, law and economics, and prosocial behavior and law.
Webpage at Cornell University
The study of platonic crystals is referred to as platonics and does not refer to the teachings of Plato or the Platonic solids.
Platonic crystals are also named after plate, not Plato.
The term is now used very commonly by many research groups in Australia, New Zealand, France, and the United Kingdom.
T. V. R Shenoy (1941 – April 17, 2018) was an Indian journalist and columnist.
Shenoy had served as the editor of the weekly news magazine The Week and Sunday Mail and held many posts in The Indian Express and Malayala Manorama.
He was born in Kerala, India.
He was a  member of the Board of Trustees of  India First Foundation.
He was awarded the Padma Bhushan award in 2003.
India First Foundation
Kamat.com
Henk Schouten (16 April 1932 – 18 April 2018) was a Dutch footballer.
He was active as a midfielder.
Schouten made his debut at Excelsior Rotterdam and also played for Holland Sport and Feijenoord.
Metropolitan Cornelius Jakobs ( or secular name Vjatšeslav Vassiljevitš Jakobs, or Vyacheslav Vasilyevich Yakobs, ; 19 June 1924 – 19 April 2018) was the Metropolitan bishop of Tallinn and All Estonia, the head of the Estonian Orthodox Church of Moscow Patriarchate from 1992 until his death in 2018.
He became the oldest bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church and celebrated his 90th birthday in 2014.
Корнилий, митрополит Таллинский и всея Эстонии (Якобс Вячеслав Васильевич) on Official site of the Russian Orthodox Church
Tallinna ja kogu Eesti metropoliit Kornelius
Message of Kornelius Mitropolitan of Tallinn and all Estonia
ESTONIA: MOSCOW ORTHODOX CHURCH FINALLY REGISTERED (Keston News Service, 19 April 2002)
Call for the Dead is John le Carré's first novel.
It introduces George Smiley.
Smiley is the most famous character who appears often in  le Carré's books.
The story is about East German spies in Great Britain.
Call for the Dead was made into a movie called The Deadly Affair that came out in 1966.
A Murder of Quality is the second novel by John le Carré.
The main character is George Smiley.
This is the only book about Smiley that is not about spying.
It is a murder mystery.
George Smiley is a retired spy.
Ailsa Brimley was a spy with him during World War II.
Brimley is the editor of a small Christian magazine.
She tells Smiley that she got a letter from a reader, Stella Rode.
Rode wrote that her husband wants to kill her.
Stella Rode is murdered.
Smiley travels to Carne to investigate.
John le Carré changed the novel to make a television program for Thames Television.
A Murder of Quality was shown on ITV in 1991.
It stars:
Denholm Elliott as George Smiley
Glenda Jackson as Ailsa Brimley
Joss Ackland as Terence Fielding
Billie Whitelaw as Mad Janie
David Threlfall as Stanley Rode
Christian Bale as the murdered student, Tim Perkins
The Spy Who Came in from the Cold is a 1963 Cold War spy novel by the British author John le Carré.
Alec Leamas is a British agent.
He is sent to East Germany as a part of trick to spread lies and confusion about a powerful East German spy.
In 1965 Martin Ritt directed the movie of the novel, The Spy Who Came in from the Cold, with Richard Burton as Leamas.
Alec Leamas: A British field agent in charge of spying in East Germany.
Hans-Dieter Mundt: Leader of the East German Secret Service, the Abteilung.
Fiedler: East German spy, and Mundt's deputy.
Liz Gold: English librarian and member of the Communist Party.
Control: Head of The Circus
George Smiley: British spy
Peter Guillam: British spy.
Karl Riemeck: East German bureaucrat and British spy
1963 Gold Dagger award from the Crime Writers' Association for "Best Crime Novel"
1965 Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for "Best Mystery Novel"
1966 Edgar Award, "Best Motion Picture Screenplay", Screenwriters Paul Dehn and Guy Trosper changed the story of the book into the 1965 screenplay.
2005 "Dagger of Daggers" a one-time award given to the Golden Dagger winner on the fiftieth anniversary of the Dagger Awards,   for the best of the fifty winners
Le Carré describes how he came to write the book (in an article published in The Guardian newspaper (April 2013) on the novel's 50th anniversary): "After a decade in the intelligence service, John le Carré's political disgust and personal confusion 'exploded' in The Spy Who Came in from the Cold."
Retrieved Saturday, 29 October 2016
Luis Montes Mieza (1949 – 19 April 2018) was a Spanish anesthetist and pro-euthanasia activist.
He was the Federal President of the association "Derecho a Morir Dignamente" from 2009 till his death in 2018.
Walter Leroy Moody, Jr. (March 24, 1935 – April 19, 2018) was an American convicted murderer.
He was sentenced to death in Alabama for the 1989 letter bomb murder of Robert S. Vance, a US federal judge serving on the Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit.
After an extensive investigation, Moody and his second wife, Susan McBride, were arrested on July 13, 1990.
McBride was released on $250,000 bail within a week and later testified against Moody.
Moody was executed by lethal injection on April 19, 2018 in Escambia County, Alabama at the age of 83.
He became the oldest death row inmate to be executed in modern United States history.
The Picolo trumpet is a smaller version of the trumpet, that is also tuned an octave higher than the regular trumpet.
Since the 19th century, regular trumpets have three valves.
The piccolo usually has four valves.
Note also that the piccolo trumpet is different from the pocket trumpet.
A pocket trumpet has the same tonal range as a regular trumpet; it is just built differently (to be smaller).
The piccolo was developed in the first quarter of the 20th century, mostly by Julius Kosleck.
Kosleck used it to make it easier to play baroque music.
Note however, that at the time of Johann Sebastian Bach, the trumpets had no valves; these were added in the 19th century.
The trumpet is a "noble instrument"; it is often used to play high-pitched notes.
Such notes are easier to play with a Piccolo.
Because of its construction, the piccolo cannot play the first octave of the classical trumpet.
Jim Halpert is a fictional character in the U.S. version of the television sitcom The Office (U.S. TV series).
He is played by actor John Krasinski.
His character serves as the intelligent, mild-mannered straight man role to Michael Scott.
Jim Halpert's personality is usually sarcastic and he is known for his quick-witted comments.
He is 6 foot 3 inches and weighs 180 pounds.
He has a relationship with Pam Beesly and eventually got married to her later on in the seasons.
Alex Simeon Janvier (born February 28, 1935) is an aboriginal artist from Canada.
He is often called the "first Canadian aboriginal modernist".
He is of Denesuline and Saulteaux descent.
Robert L. Butler (January 23, 1927 – April 22, 2019) was an American politician.
He served as the Mayor of Marion, Illinois from May 1963 until he resigned on January 31, 2018 for health reasons.
At the time of his resignation, he was the second longest serving mayor in the United States.
Butler was born in Marion.
He studied law at the University of Illinois.
He died on April 22, 2019, at the age of 92.
Luisa Pastor Lillo (10 October 1948 – 18 April 2018), was a Spanish politician.
In the Spanish local elections, 2003,  Luisa Pastor obtained the absolute majority for the first time for her party in San Vicente, taking 11 of the 21 council members of the Plenary.
In the 2015 municipal elections, Luisa Pastor was presenting her fifth term as mayor.
On 10 October 2014, a judge decided to investigate her for the possible relations with the corruption scandal "Brugal case".
On 22 October 2015, after 5 months as a councilor in the opposition, she decided to renounce her councilor's act for personal reasons.
Jeanne Elizabeth Wilson (February 18, 1926 – April 18, 2018) was an American competition swimmer.
She represented the United States at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.
She competed in the 200-meter breaststroke, recording a time of 3:18.3.
Roy Thomas Frank Bentley (17 May 1924 – 20 April 2018) was an English football player and manager.
Bentley was an England international for six years from 1950 to 1956.
With his death in 2018, he was the last surviving player from England's 1950 World Cup squad.
Bentley played 367 games for Chelsea and captained the club to their first League Championship in the 1954–55 season.
He also won 12 caps for the England national side.
He later became a manager.
Bentley was, for a time, one of England's top centre forwards.
Pedro Erquicia López de Montenegro (24 March 1943 – 20 April 2018) was a Spanish journalist and television producer.
He was born in San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa, Spain.
His career began in 1956 when he began working for Televisión Española.
He hosted the TVE's newscast Telediario (1972-1973).
In 1973 Erquicia created one of the longest running programs in Spanish television: Informe Semanal.
In 1987 he was fired by TVE and later he joined the then recently created public broadcaster Telemadrid.
In April 2008, Erquicia announced his retirement.
He died ten years later, on 20 April 2018 in Madrid of a long-illness at the age of 75.
Rajindar Sachar (22 December 1923 – 20 April 2018) was a Pakistani-born Indian lawyer and political activist.
He served as Chief Justice of the Delhi High Court in 1985.
He was a member of the United Nations Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights.
He has served as a counsel for the People's Union for Civil Liberties.
Jaroslav Seifert (; 23 September 1901 – 10 January 1986) was a Nobel Prize–winning Czechoslovak writer, poet and journalist.
In 1984, Seifert won the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Timeline of Nobel Winners
Pavel Šrut (3 April 1940 – 20 April 2018) was a Czech poet, translator and children's writer.
He was known for his written works Brožované básně and Šišatý švec a myšut.
Apart from his celebrated poetry and books for children, he was also a translator from English and Spanish.
His translations include books of Dylan Thomas, Robert Graves, D. H. Lawrence, Leonard Cohen, John Updike, Federico García Lorca, and others.
Shane Yarran (2 June 1989 – 20 April 2018) was a professional Australian rules footballer.
He was raised in Midvale, Perth, Western Australia.
He played for the Fremantle Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).
He was drafted with the 61st selection in the 2015 national draft.
WAFL playing statistics
"No Tears Left to Cry" (written in lowercase) is a song by American singer Ariana Grande.
It is the lead single from her fourth studio album, Sweetener.
The song and its music video were released on April 20, 2018.
The song became Grande and Grimes's first chart-topper in Australia when it entered at the top of the ARIA Singles Chart.
It entered at number two in the UK and at three in her home country of the US.
With the song, she became the first act to have the first singles from four albums enter in the top ten of the Hot 100.
After taking a break from social media since New Year's Eve 2017, Grande promoted the release of the song on social media using upside-down, flipped font (ʎɹɔ oʇ ʇɟǝl sɹɐǝʇ ou).
Meaghan Garvey from Pitchfork called the song "diva house" and the beat "UK garage-inspired," perhaps as a "nod to Manchester," referring to the May 2017 Manchester Arena bombing in England that occurred on Grande's Dangerous Woman Tour.
The video features Grande and Grimes in a city with dancers and climbing up buildings and streets at right angles.
It was nominated at the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards for Best Pop Video, Best Cinematography, Best Visual Effects, and Video of the Year, winning the first of these.
Jörg Schüttauf (born 26 December 1961) is a German actor.
He was born in Karl-Marx-Stadt, Germany.
He studied at the Theaterhochschule Leipzig.
He is known for his role in Hessischer Rundfunk version of the popular television crime series Tatort.
Jesper Christensen (; born 16 May 1948) is a Danish actor.
He is known for his roles in The Interpreter and Revelations.
He has also appeared as Mr. White in the James Bond movies Casino Royale, Quantum of Solace, and Spectre.
Udo Kier (born Udo Kierspe; 14 October 1944) is a German actor and voice actor.
He has appeared in over 200 movies.
He was born in Cologne, Germany.
Kier is known for his roles in Ron Camp in Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (1994), Curly in Barb Wire, as a NASA flight psychologist in Armageddon, and as Ralfi in the movie Johnny Mnemonic.
Patrick Lafcadio Hearn (; ; 27 June 1850 – 26 September 1904) was a writer.
People know him for his books about Japan, especially his collections of Japanese legends and ghost stories, such as Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things.
In the United States, Hearn also wrote about the city of New Orleans.
He also used the Japanese name .
Hearn was born in and named after the island of Lefkada, one of the Greek Ionian Islands, on 27 June 1850.
He was the son of Surgeon-Major Charles Bush Hearn (of County Offaly, Ireland) and Rosa Antoniou Kassimatis, a Greek woman.
Emigration to Ireland, abandonment
In 1857, he was seven years old.
Both his parents were still alive, but his great aunt, Sarah Brenane, took care of him.
Hearn began exploring Brenane's library and read a lot of Greek literature, especially myths.
Catholic education, abandonment
In 1861, Hearn's aunt sent him to the Institution Ecclésiastique, a Catholic church school in Yvetot, France.
Hearn learned to dislike Catholic education.
Hearn became fluent in French and would later translate into English the works of Guy de Maupassant, who coincidentally attended the school shortly after Hearn's departure.
In 1863, entered St. Cuthbert's College, Ushaw, a Catholic seminary at what is now the University of Durham.
At age 16,  Hearn injured his left eye in a schoolyard accident.
The eye became infected.
He left school for one year.
He became blind in that eye.
Hearn also myopia, so he had poor vision for the rest of his life.
Hearn was embarrassed by his appearance, so he covered his left eye.
In 1867, Henry Molyneux, who had become Sarah Brenane's financial manager, went bankrupt, along with Brenane.
There was no money for tuition, and Hearn was sent to London's East End to live with Brenane's former maid.
She and her husband had little time or money for Hearn, who wandered the streets, spent time in workhouses, and generally lived an aimless, rootless existence.
His main intellectual activities consisted of visits to libraries and the British Museum.
Emigration to Cincinnati
By 1869, Henry Molyneux had some money.
He bought Hearn a one-way ticket to New York and told him to go to Cincinnati, find Molyneux's sister and her husband, Thomas Cullinan, and ask them for help.
Cullinan gave him $5 and wished him luck.
He was very poor and lived in stables or store rooms in exchange for hard work.
Hearn lived in New Orleans for nearly a decade.
He worked for several newspapers and magazines.
He also translated the French author Gautier into English.
Hearn also published in Harper's Weekly the first known written article (1883) about Filipinos in the United States, the Manilamen or Tagalogs, one of whose villages he had visited at Saint Malo, southeast of Lake Borgne in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana.
Harper's sent Hearn to the West Indies as a correspondent in 1887.
He spent two years in Martinique, He wrote for the magazine and wrote two books: Two Years in the French West Indies and Youma, The Story of a West-Indian Slave, both published in 1890.
Later life in Japan
In 1890, Hearn went to Japan as a newspaper correspondent.
In Japan, he found a home and his greatest inspiration.
Basil Hall Chamberlain helped Hearn get a teaching job during the summer of 1890 at the Shimane Prefectural Common Middle School and Normal School in Matsue.
The Lafcadio Hearn Memorial Museum and his old home are still two of Matsue's most popular tourist attractions.
In Matsue, Hearn married Koizumi Setsu, the daughter of a local samurai family.
He became a naturalized Japanese and changed his name to Koizumi Yakumo, in 1896.
He followed many religions: first Greek Orthodox, then Roman Catholic, and, later on, Spencerian.
Finally, he became Buddhist.
During late 1891, Hearn started teaching in Kumamoto, Kyūshū, at the Fifth Higher Middle School.
He worked there for three years and completed his book Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan (1894).
In October 1894, he got a job as a journalist with the English-language newspaper Kobe Chronicle.
In 1896, he began teaching English literature at Tokyo Imperial University.
He taught there until 1903.
In 1904, he became a professor at Waseda University.
On 26 September 1904, he died of heart failure.
He was 54 years old.
His grave is at the Zōshigaya Cemetery in Toshima, Tokyo.
In the late 19th century, Westerners knew little about Japan.
However, the Exposition Universelle of 1900 made Japanese styles fashionable in Western countries.
So, Hearn became well-known because of his books about Japan.
Later, some critics said Hearn made Japan seem too exotic.
But, he gave the West some of its first descriptions of pre-industrial and Meiji Era Japan, so his work has value.
Books by Hearn about Japan
Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan (1894)
Out of the East: Reveries and Studies in New Japan (1895)
Kokoro: Hints and Echoes of Japanese Inner Life (1896)
Gleanings in Buddha-Fields: Studies of Hand and Soul in the Far East (1897)
The Boy who Drew Cats, (1897)
Exotics and Retrospectives (1898)
Japanese Fairy Tales (1898, and sequels)
In Ghostly Japan (1899)
Shadowings (1900)
Japanese Lyrics (1900)
A Japanese Miscellany (1901)
Kottō: Being Japanese Curios, with Sundry Cobwebs (1902)
Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things (1903, later made into the movie Kwaidan by Masaki Kobayashi)
Japan: An Attempt at Interpretation (1904)
The Romance of the Milky Way and other studies and stories (1905)
Books by Hearn about Louisiana
La Cuisine Creole: A Collection of Culinary Recipes (1885)
Gombo Zhèbes": A Little Dictionary of Creole Proverbs, Selected from Six Creole Dialects. (
Chita: A Memory of Last Island (1889)
Creole Sketches (1924, Houghton Mifflin)
One of Cleopatra's Nights and Other Fantastic Romances (1882, translation of stories by Théophile Gautier), Richard Worthington
Stray Leaves From Strange Literature; Stories Reconstructed from the Anvari-Soheili, Baital Pachisi, Mahabharata, Pantchantra, Gulistan, Talmud, Kalewala, etc.(1884,  James R. Osgood and Company)
Some Chinese Ghosts (1887)
Youma, the Story of a West-Indian Slave (1889)
Two Years in the French West Indies (1890)
Amenomori, Nobushige (1905). "
Lafcadio Hearn, the Man," The Atlantic Monthly, October 1905.
Bisland, Elizabeth (1906).
The Life and Letters of Lafcadio Hearn, Vol.
II, New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Company.
Dawson, Carl (1992).
Lafcadio Hearn and the Vision of Japan, Johns Hopkins University Press.
Kunst, Arthur E. (1969).
Lafcadio Hearn, Twayne Publishers.
Langton, D. H. (1912). "
Lafcadio Hearn: Journalist and Writer on Japan," The Manchester Quarterly, Vol.
Mais, S. P. B. (1920). "
Lafcadio Hearn."
In Books and their Writers, Grant Richards, Ltd.
McWilliams, Vera (1946).
Lafcadio Hearn, Houghton Mifflin Company.
Miner, Earl Roy (1958).
The Japanese Tradition in British and American Literature, Princeton University Press.
Monaham, Michael (1922). "
Lafcadio Hearn," An Attic Dreamer, Mitchell Kennerley.
More, Paul Elmer (1905). "
In Shelburne Essays, Second Series, G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Noguchi, Yone (1905). "
Lafcadio Hearn, A Dreamer," National Magazine, Vol.
XXII, No.
; republished in .
Setsu, Koizumi (1918).
Reminiscences of Lafcadio Hearn, Houghton Mifflin Company.
Savina, Zoe. "
The Golden Book" Dedicated to Lafcadio Hearn.
Haiku Poems and Collages.
Trilingual Book:  Greek, English tr.
Constantine Fourakis, Japanese tr.
Ban'ya Natsuishi
Thomas, Edward (1912).
Hearn's Works, by T Russel
Works by Lafcadio Hearn, at Unz.org
Works by Lafcadio Hearn, at Hathi Trust
Hearn's influence in literature
Lafcadio Hearn's papers at the Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia
Japan and the Japanese as Seen by Foreigners
Two Years in the French West Indies From the Collections at the Library of Congress
Waseda University faculty
Kevin Levi Austin (12 February 1973 – 23 November 2018) was an English-born Trinidadian professional footballer.
He worked as a youth team coach for Scunthorpe United.
As a player, he was a defender from 1992 until 2012.
He played over 100 league matches each for Leyton Orient, Lincoln City and Swansea City.
He also played in the Football League for Barnsley, Brentford, Cambridge United, Bristol Rovers and Chesterfield.
Austin was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in April 2018.
He died on 23 November 2018 from the disease at the age of 45.
Unofficial Kevin Austin Profile at The Forgotten Imp
Gabriel James Byrne (born 12 May 1950) is an Irish actor, movie director, movie producer, writer and audiobook narrator.
In 2008, Byrne won a Golden Globe Award.
In movies, he is known for his roles in Excalibur (1981), Miller's Crossing (1990), The Usual Suspects (1995), Stigmata (1999), End of Days (1999), Spider (2002), Jindabyne (2006), Vampire Academy (2014) and The 33 (2015).
Byrne co-wrote The Last of the High Kings (1996).
Byrne has also produced several movies, including the Academy Award–nominated In the Name of the Father (1993).
In television, Byrne is known for his role as Paul Weston in the HBO drama In Treatment (2008–2011).
Gabriel Byrne profile, artforamnesty.org; accessed 11 August 2017
Gabriel Byrne video interview, jewreview.net; accessed 11 August 2017
Gabriel Byrne discusses his role on In Treatment , npr.org, 30 May 2009
Gabriel Byrne tells of childhood sexual abuse, Guardian.co.uk, 19 January 2010
Reginald Smyth (10 July 1917 – 13 June 1998), known by his professional name Reg Smythe, was a British cartoonist.
He created the popular, long-running Andy Capp comic strip.
The pancreas is a large organ behind the stomach that produces digestive enzymes and a number of hormones.
Signs and symptoms of pancreatitis include pain in the upper abdomen, nausea and vomiting.
The pain often goes into the back and is usually severe.
The Democratic Governors Association (DGA) is a Washington, D.C. based 527 organization.
It started  in 1983.
Members are U.S. state and territorial governors who are also members of the Democratic Party.
The mission of the organization is to create party support to the election and re-election of Democratic governors.
There is a similar Republican organization called the Republican Governors Association.
The DGA is not directly connected with the non-partisan National Governors Association.
DGA Official Website
Hayatabad is a suburb in Peshawar, the capital of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
It was named after Hayat Sherpao, former Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and a famous leader of Pakistan Peoples Party.
There are several different schools, colleges, a national University, public and private hospitals, private clinics, public parks etc.
Mitzi Hoag (born Margaret Hoag; September 25, 1932 – February 26, 2019) was an American actress.
She appeared in more than 73 different TV shows and movies.
Her best known roles are in We'll Get By, Bonanza, Here Come the Brides, The Facts of Life and The Partridge Family.
Michael Edward Gross (born June 21, 1947) is an American actor.
He is known for his role as Steven Keaton from the sitcom Family Ties (1982–1989) and the graboid hunter Burt Gummer from the Tremors movie franchise.
Michael Gross at Internet Off-Broadway Database
A cation is an ion with fewer electrons than protons.
Therefore, it has a positive charge.
The electric charge on a proton is equal in amount to the charge on an electron.
So, the total electric charge on an ion is the number of protons in the ion minus the number of electrons.
Westwood Memorial Park Cemetery is a cemetery in the Westwood Village of Los Angeles.
It is located at 1218 Glendon Avenue in Westwood.
Although it is the resting place of some of the entertainment industry's greatest names, it also contains the graves of many uncelebrated people.
For example, when Marilyn Monroe died in 1962, Joe DiMaggio, responsible for Monroe's arrangements, chose Westwood not because of its celebrities but because it was the resting place of Monroe's mother's friend, Grace Goddard, and Goddard's aunt, Ana Lower, both of whom had cared for Monroe as a child.
Marathon Media (now known as Zodiak Kids Studios), is a worldwide French television production company based in Neuilly-sur-Seine that produces scripted live-action and cartoon shows for children.
The company was co-founded by Vincent Chalvon-Demersay and David Michel.
Marathon Media Group was acquired by Zodiak Entertainment in 2008 and renamed Marathon Media.
In February 2016 Zodiak Entertainment merged with the Banijay Group.
P. goliah  was the largest kangaroo known to have  existed.
It stood about  tall.
They weighed about .
Other members of the genus were smaller.
Procoptodon gilli was the smallest of the genus, only about  tall.
They were browsers, not grazers like kangaroos today.
They ate leaves from trees and shrubs.
Their weight makes it likely that they did not hop as their relatives do today.
A combination of climate change (cooling and shrinking of forest areas) would have reduced their natural habitat.
Predation (hunting) by aboriginal humans probably happened.
Saltbushes were their main food source, so Procoptodon goliah relied on free-standing water to help process its salt-laden diet.
A microatoll is a circular colony of corals, near the surface of the ocean.
Because the top is not in the water all the time, the corals at the top are dead.
The corals which are not exposed to fresh air are still alive.
The atoll will only grow in the areas which are in the water all the time.
Microatolls may be up to  in diameter.
They are named for their resemblance to island atolls formed during the subsidence of volcanic islands, as originally suggested by Darwin (1842).
They have been used to monitor sea levels, in response to global warming.
They have also been used to quantify and date changes in sea level in seismically active areas.
Using microatolls, scientists were able to provide information about the water temperature at the surface of the sea.
2015 he became vice-world champion.
He beat amongst other things Xu Xin and Zhang Jike, but he lost in the final to Ma Long.
was a Japanese supercentenarian who was the oldest verified living person following the death of Nabi Tajima on April 21, 2018 until her own death three months later.
Upon the death of Violet Brown in September 2017, she became the second oldest living person.
She would hold the title for six months until become the world's oldest living person.
Robert Braden (January 12, 1934 – April 15, 2018) was an American computer scientist.
He played a role in the development of the Internet.
His research interests included end-to-end network protocols, especially in the transport and internetwork layers.
Braden worked at the University of California, Los Angeles, Carnegie Mellon University and at the Internet Architecture Board (1981–1994).
He retired in 2016.
Carl Malamud interviews Bob Braden, Internet Talk Radio, 29 September 1993
Oral history interview with Robert Braden, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota
Obituary sent to the IETF mailing list
Constantine II (, Konstantínos II; born 2 June 1940) reigned as the King of Greece, from 1964 until the abolition of the monarchy of Greece in 1973.
He is a distant relative of George I of Greece and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.
Official website of the Greek Royal Family
Kings of Greece
Virginia Dighero (married Zolezzi, 24 December 1891 – 28 December 2005) was an Italian supercentenarian.
On 14 September 2005, she became the longest-lived person of Italian descent ever, having surpassed Amalia Ruggieri Barone, who was an emigrant to the United States.
Dighero-Zolezzi died of ischaemia on 28 December 2005.
At the time of her death, she was the oldest ever documented person from Italy at the age of 114 years, 4 days - a title she held for more than five years, until being surpassed by Venere Pizzinato on 28 November 2010.
She was also the oldest verified living person in Europe.
George I (, Geórgios I; born Prince William of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg; ; 24 December 1845 – 18 March 1913) was King of Greece from 1863 until his assassination in 1913.
George's reign of almost 50 years (the longest in modern Greek history) was characterized by territorial gains as Greece established its place in pre-World War I Europe.
He is the grandfather of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.
While out on an afternoon walk near the White Tower on 18 March 1913, he was shot at close range in the back by Alexandros Schinas, who was "said to belong to a Socialist organization" and "declared when arrested that he had killed the King because he refused to give him money".
George died instantly, the bullet having penetrated his heart.
Vilhelm (Georg I) at the website of the Royal Danish Collection at Amalienborg Palace
Ricardo Froilán Lagos Escobar (; born 2 March 1936) is a Chilean lawyer, economist and social democrat politician.
He served as President of Chile from 2000 to 2006.
Democracy and Development Foundation
Extended biography by the CIDOB Foundation
BBC Profile: Ricardo Lagos (January 2000)
Lagos's undergraduate thesis: "The Concentration of Economic Power"
The Lagos Legacy and Chile's Upcoming Elections  The Council on Hemispheric Affairs
Ricardo Lagos Freedom Collection interview
Chilean economists
Chilean educators
Eduardo Alfredo Juan Bernardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle  (; born June 24, 1941) is a Chilean politician and civil engineer.
He was President of Chile from 1994 to 2000.
He was also a Senator and later served as President of the Senate from 2006 to 2008.
He ran again for President, but was narrowly defeated in 2009.
His father was Eduardo Frei Montalva who was President of Chile from 1964 to 1970.
Senado's Personal profile
Biography by CIDOB Foundation (in Spanish)
Genealogical chart of Frei-Montalva Family
With Chronos’ Permit ()  is a novel by Russian writer Andrei Gusev, published in 1995.
Perestroika started in 1986.
That was a period of restructuring in the Soviet Union.
Hundreds of scientific workers are no longer needed.
The main character of the novel is Ivan Zhuravlev and he is one of such unclaimed experts.
He is looking for a new application.
From the prestigious physics Zhuravlev goes in for journalism.
Later, he uses journalistic contacts and comes in connection with an entrepreneur Boris Iossifovich Sytin.
Zhuravlev calls him Ossi.
Ossi is a chief of the “Chronos” company.
Ossi convinces Zhuravlev to involve in the deal to resell to the West of rare metal osmium.
This affair ends tragically for Ivan Zhuravlev – he dies because of the intentional air crash.
Love to the girl was the best in the short life of Ivan Zhuravlev.
Her name is Nastia.
In their relationship something is from the famous movies by Claude Lelouch, who always glorifies man and woman created for each other.
This novel is a mix of a thriller and crime story.
Some parts of the novel have a mystical component.
Russian Wikiquote has the article   С  мандатом Хроноса (With Chronos’ Permit).
НА ПОРОГЕ  ХХI ВЕКА, Всероссийский ежегодник, М., «Московский Парнас», 2002 (с.92)
Всероссийский ежегодник НА ПОРОГЕ  ХХI ВЕКА, М., «Московский Парнас», 2006  (с.85)
И.С.Горюнова  «Современная русская литература: знаковые имена (статьи, рецензии, интервью)»,  “Litres”, 2015. —
278 c. (М., «Вест-Консалтинг», 2012)  ISBN 5457199517, ISBN 9785457199514
Rekawka - a Polish folk festival celebrated on the first Tuesday after Easter Sunday in Krakow, on the Krak Mound (also known as Krakus Mound).
It is an ancient tumulus, not far from one of the oldest churches in Krakow –  St. Benedict’s church.
Rekawka’s beginnings go back to the ancient Slavic springtime celebrations, called Dziady.
For ancient Slavs, spring was a time of burning sacred fires to celebrate the dead, and of planting sacred groves.
They also had the custom of leaving food for the dead.
The Krak Mound might have been one of such places where they held their celebrations.
These ancient Slavic traditions evolved over time, and customs changed.
In the 19th century, it was customary for rich citizens of Krakow to throw coins, apples, sweets and boiled eggs down the grassy slope of the Krak Mound to be picked up by poor local people.
Some historians see it as a continuation of the Slavic traditions of leaving food for the dead.
The name of the festival
The name of the festival, Rekawka, might go back to the times of a legendary Slavic prince, Krak (or, Krakus).
The legend says that Krak was the founder of the city of Kraków, and a great ruler.
After his death, the people of Kraków built a high mound in his honour.
To build the mound, they were carrying up the earth in their sleeves (Polish rekaw – sleeve) – and, that is why the festival is called Rekawka.
However, the festival’s name might also come from the Old Slavic words raka, rakev, meaning grave or burial.
While excavating the mound, archaeologists found man-made objects from many different cultures and different periods – from the Stone Age to modern times.
And, they also found some burial remains.
These finds give evidence to the Old Slavic origin of the mound’s name.
Rekawka in modern times
Nowadays, Rekawka has a popular, folk character.
If the weather is warm and sunny, it can be an occasion for a pleasant family outing.
There are stalls selling sweets and toys, merry-go-rounds, and street musicians.
More recently, the festival has been featuring medieval knights fighting each other in mock duels,and medieval craftsmen at work.
There is also an opportunity to taste traditional dishes such as kołacze.
The Guantanamo Bay detention camp (which is also called Guantanamo or Gitmo) is a United States military prison in Guantanamo Bay Naval Base on the coast of Guantanamo Bay in Cuba.
The prison is said to be breaking international human rights laws, as prisoners have been held without trial , and there have been reports of prisoners being tortured.
Bush administration
The prison was established under the presidency of George W. Bush, in 2002 during the War on Terror.
The Secretary of Defense at the time was Donald Rumsfeld, who said that the prison was built to hold dangerous people, question them, and charge them with war crimes: "These men are particularly dangerous... at least one detainee now in Cuba has been threatening to kill Americans.
Another has bitten a guard... To stop future terrorist attacks, we have detained these people, and we have and will be questioning them to gather additional intelligence information...The reality is that they have been charged with something.
They have been found to be engaging on the behalf of Al-Qaeda or the Taliban and have been captured."
Since January 2002, 779 men have been kept in Guantanamo.
These men have been from over 50 countries.
Nearly 200 were released in mid 2004.
Although the Bush govenrnment said that most of the men had been captured at war, a 2006 report found that over 80% of the prisoners were captured by Pakistanis and Afghans for bounty payments.
The US had offered $5,000 for each prisoner.
A report by the Institute on Medicine as a Profession in 2013 said that health professionals in Guantanamo "designed and participated in cruel, inhumane and degrading treatment and torture of detainees."
This involved:
Abusive interrogation
Creating conditions designed to increase anxiety and confusion in prisoners
Using medical information for questioning
Force feeding
Morris Davis (former chief prosecutor for the terrorism trials at Guantanamo Bay), began an e-petition to close Guantanamo.
The e-petition got over 72,000 signatures, and called attention to the huger strikes that 'involves more than 100 prisoners, including come 21 who are being force-fed to keep them from starving to death."
On 12 December 2013, retired US marine Major General Micheal R Lehnert (who oversaw the building of the Guantanamo prison camp) published a piece in the Detroit Free Press.
He called Guantanamo "out nation's most notorious prison - a prison that should never have been opened", and provided a short description of its history:
"Our nation created Guantanamo because we were legitimately angry and frightened by an unprovoked attack on our soil on September 11, 2001.
We thought that the detainees would provide would provide a treasure trove of information and intelligence.
"I was ordered to construct the first 100 cells at Guantanamo within 96 hours [4 days].
The first group of 20 prisoners arrived 7 days after the order was given.
We were told that the prisoners were the 'worst of the worst', a common refrain for every set of detainees sent to Guantanamo.
The US has held 779 men there, most of them cleared for transfer, but stuck by politics.
"Even in the earliest days of Guantanamo, I became more and more convinced that many of the detainees should never have been sent in the first place.
They had little intelligence value, and there was insufficient evidence linking them to war crime [they didn't know anything, and there was little proof they had committed war crimes].
That the remains the case for many, if not most, of the detainees."
In his 2008 presidential campaign, Barack Obama described Guantanamo bay as a sad chapter in America's history and promised to close the prison in 2009.
He changed this statement after he was elected.
President Obama was not able to close Guantanamo before he left office, but he did reduce the prison's population to 41.
Trump administration
President Trump has promised to keep the prison open, and to use it keep "bad dudes".
He also wants to bring back waterboarding and "worse".
Torture claims
Chained in the fetal position on the floor
Kept in very hot or very cold temperatures
Gagged with duct-tape
Held in stress positions (uncomfortable, caused joint problems) while shackled
shackled in a baseball catcher's position
made to listen to loud music with flashing floodlights for over 24 hours
kept in bare 6x8 foot cells
chained for 18–24 hours in own urine and feces
being sexually degraded
forced drugging
religious mistreatment
pepper spray to the face
fingers pushed into eyes
repeated beatings
sexual assault
torture with broken glass
torture with barbed wire
torture with burning cigarettes
:simple:Sensory deprivation  Sensory deprivation
head slammed into concrete
anal penetration
routine :simple:Sleep deprivation  Sleep deprivation
forced drug injections
sexual assault by female officers
smeared with fake menstrual blood
releasing medical information including photographs
forced to soil self
12 hour interrogations
woken by being doused in water
intimated with dogs
forced to salute the American National Anthem
had pictures of 9/11 victims stuck to body
forcibly shaved
forced to bark like a dog
forcibly stripped
made to wear a bra and make up
intimidated with :simple:Semi-automatic firearm  semi-automatic weapons and power tools
given threats to assualt their mothers
:simple:Waterboarding  waterboarded over 100 times
Murder accusations
On 10 June 2006, three prisoners (Mani al-Utaybi, Yasser al-Zahrani, Ali Abdullah Ahmed died in Guantanamo Bay.
The Pentagon told the media that the prisoners had been hanged with clothing and bedsheets.
"Medical teams responded quickly and all three detainees were provided immediate emergency medical treatment in attempts to  revive them.
The three detainees were pronounced dead by a physician after all life saving measures were exhausted."
Families of all three detainees doubted the post mortems and wanted second post mortems done.
Patrice Malign (the pathologist who re-examined al-Zahrani's body) said that the organs of al-Zahrani's throat were missing.
His team could not find if al-Zahrani had hanged himself or died of another form of asphyxiation.
The team said that there is no reason for there organs to have been removed.
The US government has never given the missing organs back to the family.
President Bush's military order
On 14th September 2001, Congress pushed for the Authorisation for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists, which would have given the President broad powers to start The War on Terror in response to the 9/11 attacks.
However, Secretary of State Colin Powell and State Department Legal Advisor William Howard Taft IV said that the president must observe the Geneva conventions.
On 13th November 2001, President Bush signed a military order titled Detention, Treatment and Trial of Certain Non-Citizens in the War Against Terrorism.
Rasul v Bush
On 19th February 2002, Guantanamo detainees petitioned to review their detentions and the reasons for them.
US District Judge Collen Kollar-Kotelly rejected the petition, finding that non-US citizens in Cuba could not access or use US courts.
On 28th June 2004, the Supreme Court of the United States decided against this in Rasul v Bush (UK prisoner in Guantanamo petitioning against Judge Kollar-Kotelly's decision in 2002).
Justice John Paul Stevens said that the prisoners had the right to petition the court to review their cases.
Hamden v Rumsfeld
The Bush government said that the Geneva Conventions did not apply to the prisoners.
Supreme Court decisions since 2004 have said different: it decided in the Hamden v Rumfeld trial  that Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions (which sets rules for the treatment of prisoners of war) applies to the prisoners
The CSRTs  were completed in March 2005.
Thirty-eight of the prisoners were found innocent.
After the autobiography of Murnat Kurnaz (Turk-German held in Guantanamo 2002-2007) was published, military lawyer Eugene R. Fidell said that the book "suggested the [CSRT] procedure is a sham; if a case like that can get through then the [smallest trace] of evidence against someone would [win over] for the governments, even if there's a mountain [of evidence] on the other side."
On 15 July 2005, a panel on the Court of Appeals threw out all of the prisoners' petitions.
On 7 November 2005 Supreme Court agreed to review that decision.
Boumedine v Bush
The Military Commissions Act 2006 was passed on 17 October 2006, allowing trial in military court for war criminals.
On 12 June 2008, the US Supreme Court decided against the government.
Justice Antony Kennedy said that Guantanamo prisoners had the right to petition in federal court.
Other court rulings
On 3 March 2006, on order of US District Judge Jed S. Rakoff, the Department of Defense released the names of 317 of the 500 prisoners being held in Guantanamo Bay.
The remaining 183 were held for privacy reasons.
On 27 September 2007, French Judge put back a conviction of six former Guantanamo prisoners.
Defense lawyers for the men (who were all French citizens), accused the French government of working with the US on their detentions.
Access to court
In the summer of 2012, the US government rejected a bid to limit lawyers' access to Guantanamo prisoners.
Instead lawyers were required to sign a Memorandum of Understanding, meaning that they agreed to certain restriction when visiting the prisoners, including losing access to some classified information.
This gave the Commander of the Joint Task Force of Guantanamo full control over lawyers' contacct with prisoners, including visits and letters.
On 6 September,  US District Judge Royce.
C Lamberth rejected the argument that prison officers to take charge of meetings between lawyers and prisoners
In April 2004,  Cuban diplomats called for a United Nations investigation of Guantanamo Bay
In April 2011, a report published in the Public Library of Science Medical Journal looked at nine prisoners for evidence of torture.
They found that medical doctors at Guantanamo ignored or hid medical evidence of intentional harm and torture.
Guantanamo lease agreement
The base containing the prison camp is on territory that is recognized as sovereign Cuban territory.
It is legally leased (rented) to the American Navy by the Cuban government through the 'Agreement between the United States and Cuba for the Lease of Lands for Coaling and Naval sites'.
This suggests it is illegal for the US to hold a prison on the land.
Actions of some released prisoners.
Abdallah Salih al-Ajmi committed a successful suicide attack in Mosul on 25 March 2008.
Al-Ajmi had been released from Guantanamo in 2005 and transferred to :simple:Kuwait  Kuwait where he was from.
A Kuwati court later dropped all his terrorism charges.
Moussa Zenmouri (37, Belgian of Moroccan descent) and Soufiane A (Algerian) were arrested on 24 July 2015 on charges of terrorism.
They were release from Guantanamo in April 2005 and had been under police :simple:Surveillance  surveillance for suspected robbery.
Ibrahim al Qosi was featured in a video for 'Guardians of Shariah'as a religious leader in a high position in Al-Qaeda.
Al Qosi was Osama bin Laden's accountant in the early 90's, and moved to Afghanistan with bin Laden in 1996.
He was also bin Laden's chauffer.
He was in Guantanamo from 2002 to 2012.
On 8th March 2016, Reuters reported that 111 of 532 prisoners released by the Bush administration and 7 of 144 released by the Obama administration have returned.
So, 118 of 676 (17%) are confirmed to have returned to fighting, and a further 86 (13%) are suspected to have returned to fighting.
Criticism and condemnation
Human Rights Watch criticised the Bush administration in its 2003 world report, stating "Washington has ignored human rights standards in its own treatment of terrorist suspects.
It has refused to apply the Geneva conventions to prisoners of war from Afghanistan, and has misused the designation of 'illegal combatant' to apply to criminal suspects on U.S. soil."
In November 2005, a group of experts from the United Nations on Human Rights called off their visit to Guantanamo Bay Camp Delta, saying that the US was not allowing them to hold private interviews with the prisoners.
The group continued to write a report on the conditions in the prison based on interviews with released prisoners, lawyers, and human rights groups that had already visited.
In February 2006, that report was published.
The report called on the US to either charge or release all suspected terrorists, and included the US ambassador's reply to the draft versions of the report.
On 10 March 2006, a letter in the Lancet (a weekly medical journal) was published, signed by over 250 medical experts, calling for the US to stop force-feeding prisoners and close the prison.
Dr David Nicholl (who wrote the letter), said that the definition of torture (that the US was using) as only actions that cause "death or major organ failure" was "not a definition anyone on the planet is using."
Polls run by the Program of International Policy (PIP) found that "large majorities in Germany and Great Britain, and pluralities in Poland and India, believe the US has committed violations of international law at its prison on Guantanamo Bay in Cuba, including the use of interrogations." (
This means that large amounts of people in Germany, Great Britain, Poland and India thought that the US was breaking international laws at Guantanamo Bay.)
PIP found that a lot of the people who filled the polls said that they no longer saw the US as leaders of human rights because of Guantanamo.
They are also called the "American moth-butterflies".
Butterflies evolved from moths, and this group is rather moth-like.
They are living sister group to the butterfly superfamily Papilionoidea.
In 1986, Scoble combined all 35 species into a single genus Macrosoma.
They are all entirely neotropical species from central and southern America and the Caribbean.
Hon-Kawagoe Station (本川越駅, ほんかわごええき) is a railway station of Seibu in Kawagoe, Saitama Prefecture, Japan.
This station is the neareset station of Koedo.
Koedo limited express, Commuter express
Sayamashi - Hon-Kawagoe
Minami-Ōtsuka - Hon-Kawagoe
Kawagoeshi Station
Hon-Kawagoe Station (Official Site)
Tōbu Tōjō Line
Fujimino - Kawagoe - Sakado (up services)/Kawagoeshi (down services)
Shiki - Kawagoe - Kawagoeshi
Rapid, Express
Fujimino - Kawagoe - Kawagoeshi
Semi Express, Local
Shingashi - Kawagoe - Kawagoeshi
Kawagoe Line (For Saikyō Line)
Minami-Furuya - Kawagoe
Kawagoe Line (For Hachikō Line)
Nishi-Kawagoe - Kawagoe
Tobu Kawagoe Station (Official Site)
JR East Kawagoe Station (Official Site)