the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
One reason is because the sounds for an endonym may not exist in certain languages.
It would be difficult for speakers of other languages to say them, so speakers of other languages make an exonym.
For example, words in Japanese cannot end in any consonant that is not an "n" sound, and for that reason, Deutsch is Doitsu in Japanese.
Japanese also adds Japanese morphemes so that there is no confusion between the country, the people, and the language.
The German people are Doitsujin, in which -jin means people, and the name of the German language is Doitsugo, in which -go means language.
While the country, people, and language of Laos can all be called Lao in English, they are called Raosu, Rasoujin, and Raosugo in Japanese in that same order.
Another reason why a country might call another country a different name is because people from a certain country might have different ideas about those people or associate them with certain things.
For example, even though Greeks call their country Hellas, their country is known around the world as Greece because the Roman Empire named the region after Magna Graecia, which were coastal areas in southern Italy that were colonized by Greeks in the early days of Rome.
Germany has a very large number of exonyms, being called Allemagne in French, Niemcy in Polish, and Saksa in Finnish.
This is because Germany has interacted with many other European countries and the Germans were a collection of tribes speaking similar languages until they unified into a country in the late 19th century.
Even though the Dutch call themselves Nederlanders in their own language, English speakers call them Dutch (a cognate of the German word Deutsch) because the words German and Dutch used to be interchangeable until Germany unified in the 1800s.
From then on, German was used to describe people from Germany, while Dutch was used to describe people from the Netherlands.
Even though in Mandarin Chinese China is called Zhōngguó, meaning the "Middle Kingdom" or the "Central States", most other countries calls it China.
It is believed that the word China cam from the word Qín, in which the Qin dynasty unified China.
However, there are a few exceptions.
In Japanese, it is called Chūgoku, which has the same meaning as the Chinese name, except it uses the Japanese pronunciation for the Chinese characters for the name 中國 / 中国.
In Korean, it is called Jungguk for the same reason.
In Russian, China is called Kitay.
A third reason why a country might call another place a different name is because a language can borrow a name from another language.
Even though Japan is called Nippon or Nihon in Japanese, the word passed on to Europe through many different languages, all of which were very different from Japanese.
Marco Polo heard about Kublai Khan sending soldiers to Cipangu, which in Chinese characters is 日本, which means "Sun's Origin".
When the Portuguese arrived in Japan in the mid-16th century, who were the first Europeans to directly trade with Japan, they called the country Japão based on an old Malay word, which was borrowed from a southern Chinese dialect.
Thus, most other countries call the country Japan.
A few exceptions are Chinese, which call it Rìběn based on the Mandarin pronunciation of the Chinese characters, and Korean, which call it Ilbon based on the Korean pronunciation of the Chinese characters.
Also, while many countries call European cities by their endonym, including Roma, Praha, Köln, and Napoli, the English names of many European cities are noticeably different, which are called Rome, Prague, Cologne, and Naples in the same order.
These names were borrowed from French.
Since French was the official language of England from the Norman invasion to King Henry V, many of the cities names came into English through French.
Holger Mathew Pihl, Jr. (September 23, 1928 – October 3, 2018) was an American Republican politician and judge.
He was the Circuit Court Judge of Washington County, Oregon until 1995, and then a Senior Judge until his retirement in 2005.
He was appointed to the court by Oregon Governor Tom McCall in 1976.
Pihl was born in Portland, Oregon.
He studied at the University of Oregon and at Northwestern University.
Pihl died on October 3, 2018 in Manning, Oregon at the age of 90.
Manning is an unincorporated community in Washington County, Oregon, United States.
Manning was named for Martin Manning, who took up a land claim there in 1865.
Manning history from VanNatta Forestry
Unincorporated communities in Oregon
Rudolf Gelbard (4 December 1930 – 24 October 2018) was an Austrian Holocaust survivor and political campaigner against.
He fought against anti-Semitism and neo-Nazism.
He taught in schools and universities about his experiences during the Holocaust.
From 1954-1963, Gelbard worked for the Ministry of Social Affairs.
He later worked as a merchant, before becoming editor of the Kurier in 1975.
Tony Joe White (July 23, 1943 – October 24, 2018) was an American singer-songwriter and guitarist.
He was born in Oak Grove, West Carroll Parish, Louisiana.
White was best known for his 1969 hit "Polk Salad Annie" and for "Rainy Night in Georgia", which he wrote but was first made popular by Brook Benton in 1970.
He also wrote "Steamy Windows" and "Undercover Agent for the Blues", both hits for Tina Turner in 1989. "
Polk Salad Annie" was also recorded by Elvis Presley and Tom Jones.
He played professionally in the National Football League.
He was named to three Pro Bowls.
Crow played for the New York Giants and the Los Angeles Rams.
Exeter is a city in Tulare County, California, United States.
It is in the San Joaquin Valley near the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains.
The population was 10,334 at the 2010 census.
Oak Grove is the parish seat of West Carroll Parish in northeastern Louisiana, United States.
The population was 2,174 at the 2000 census, but it declined by 447, or 20.5 percent, to 1,727 in 2010.
Thomas Keating, O.C.S.O. (7 March 1923 – 25 October 2018) was an American Trappist monk and priest.
Keating was known as one of the architects of Centering Prayer.
He was a founder of the Centering Prayer movement and of Contemplative Outreach.
Contemplative Outreach
Summary of Invitation to Love
ONE: The Movie  Participation in ONE: The Movie
Thomas Keatings' books
Michael J. O'Connor (December 15, 1928 – October 24, 2018) was an American politician.
He was born in Sioux Falls, South Dakota.
He was a member of the South Dakota House of Representatives and South Dakota State Senate.
He was President Pro Tempore of the Senate from 1975 to 1976.
Ana González González, more commonly known by her married name Ana González de Recabarren (25 July 1925 – 26 October 2018), was a Chilean human rights activist.
She was born in Tocopilla, Chile.
González joined the Association of Relatives of the Disappeared Detainees (AFDD) and became one of its primary leaders alongside Sola Sierra, Viviana Díaz, and Clotario Blest.
She participated in a hunger strike at the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean headquarters in Santiago.
In 1996, she was the focus of the Televisión Nacional de Chile-broadcast documentary Quiero llorar a mares and in 2001 won the Premios Ondas for Ibero-America for the Best Program or Professional or Television Station.
Nikolai Petrovich Karachentsov (, 27 October 1944 – 26 October 2018) was a Soviet and Russian actor.
He was known for his roles in Juno and Avos, The Dog in the Manger, and in A Man from the Boulevard des Capucines.
In 1989, he was awarded the People's Artist of the RSFSR.
György Károly (Károly György, 31 August 1953 – 26 October 2018) was a Hungarian poet and writer.
He published his first poems in the Élet és Irodalom (“Life and Literature”).
He was poetic silent in the 1980s.
In the nineties Károly began writing again.
His best known novels were Folyamatos május and Dunakanyaró.
Official website of György Károly
Terebess Online
Chappaqua (, ) is a hamlet and census-designated place in the town of New Castle, in northern Westchester County, New York.
It is on  of land on the east bank of the Hudson River.
Bill and Hillary Clinton live here.
Since the 2010 census, 1,436 people live here.
Burlingame () is a city in San Mateo County, California.
It is located near San Francisco on the San Francisco Peninsula and has a significant shoreline on San Francisco Bay.
As of the 2010 U.S. Census, Burlingame had a population of 28,806.
Diabase (also known as dolerite or microgabbro) is an igneous rock that is often blue in colour.
It is rich in magnesium and iron, and  originally found under the crust of volcanoes.
Dikes and sills in igneous rock are often made of diabase.
On October 27, 2018, a mass shooting occurred at the Tree of Life synagogue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Authorities reported several fatalities along with several other wounded people (including three police officers).
One suspect was taken into custody.
On August 26, 2018, a fire broke out in Chicago's Mexican-American Little Village neighborhood.
The fire killed 10 children, including six under the age of 12.
Investigators stated that the fire started in the back of the building in a ground-floor apartment, which was vacant.
The fire is the deadliest residential fire to have occurred in Chicago since 1958.
In the aftermath of the fire, multiple violations were found in the apartment.
Apartment owner, Merced Gutierrez, appearing in court for the 40 violations found at the site of the fire.
Building and structure fires in the United States
was a Japanese engineer and inventor.
He was known for his electronic inventions beginning in the 1950s, including the PIN diode, static induction transistor, and static induction thyristor.
He was a professor at Sophia University.
Many called him the "Father of Japanese Microelectronics".
Jun-ichi Nishizawa – Biographical article on IEEE Global History Network.
Erin Heather Bubley (born March 4, 1989) is an American model and actress.
She is best known for her work for lingerie retailer Victoria's Secret.
Heatherton was born in Skokie, Illinois.
At the age of 17, Heatherton moved to New York City and signed with the Marilyn Agency.
As of December 2013 Heatherton is ranked No.
15 on Models.com top 25 sexiest models list.
In 2013 it was announced that Heatherton had signed with IMG.
The Australian men's para ice hockey team (also known as Aussie Ice Roos) is the ice sledge hockey team representing Australia.
The team will make it's debut at the 2018 World Para Ice Hockey Championships in Pool C in Finland.
2018 World Championships Roster
Team Members - Darren Belling (QLD), Joe Chivers (Tas), Geoff Cook (QLD), Marty Jackson (Vic), Tao Joos (NSW), Tomas Klein (Vic), Jarred Liddicoat (QLD), Ziggy Markovic (Vic), Xavier Player (Vic), Jason Sauer (QLD), Bill Siegloff (Vic) - Management - Andrew McDowell (Chef de Mission), Emma Poynton (General Manager), Gary Farmer (Head Coach), Ben Stadtmiller (Assistant Coach)
Australia men's national ice hockey team
National ice sledge hockey teams
The Statue of Unity is a tribute to the Indian leader Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, unveiled on 31 October 2018.
This statue is a patriotic symbol of the legacy of a man who spent his life in the struggle for freedom.
As a mark of respect, statue is located at his birthplace in Gujarat.
The statue is designed by Ram V. Sutar.
The total amount for the project is US $430 million.
The statue stands 182 metres high, making it one of the tallest monuments in the world, second to the St. Louis Arch.
The Statue of Unity is at Sadhu Bet Island.
A 12 km square lake will create the atmosphere of equality and diversity.
A special trust called as “Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Rashtriya Ekta Trust” has been created for to manage the place.
The statue is made with steel frame and reinforced concrete.
For durability, the statue has been given bronze plating.
The statue has a 153 m high viewing deck able to hold 200 visitors.
It has a panoramic view of the Sardar Sarovar Dam.
It has been designed to withstand winds of velocity of 60 metres/second, and is also claimed to be earthquake resistant.
A total of 22,500 tons of cement forms the core structure of this monument.
The iron used in the construction was collected from old farm equipment throughout India.
A team of 700 Indian workers worked on the smelting and casting.
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (31 October 1875 — 15 December 1950) was a lawyer and influential political leader in the Indian independence movement.
After independence, he played an important role in the integration of over 500 princely states into the Indian Union.
He was deeply influenced by Gandhi’s ideology and principles, having worked very closely with the leader.
Despite being the choice of the people, on the request of Mahatma Gandhi, Sardar Patel stepped down from the candidacy of Congress President, which ultimately turned out to be the election to choose the first Prime Minister of independent India.
He was the first Home Minister of Independent India and his uncompromising efforts towards consolidation of the country earned him the title "Iron Man of India".
Vallabhbhai Patel was born on October 31, 1875 in Nadiad village of modern day Gujarat to Zaverbai and Ladbai.
He belongs to rich class agriculturist Patidar (leva patidar patel) community and Vallabhbhai’s father had served in the army of the Queen of Jhansi, and his mother was a very spiritual woman.
Starting his academic career in a Gujarati medium school, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel later shifted to an English medium school.
In 1897, Vallabhbhai passed his high school and started preparing for law examination.
He went to pursue a degree in law and travelled to England in 1910.
He completed his law degree in 1913 from Inns of Court and came back to India to start his law practice in Godhra, Gujarat.
For his legal proficiency, Vallabhbhai was offered many lucrative posts by the British Government but he rejected all.
He was a staunch opponent of the British government and its laws and therefore decided not to work for the British.
In 1891, he married Zaverbai and the couple had two children.
His daughter, Maniben Patel (1903-1990), was an activist while his son, Dahyabhai Patel (1905-1973) was a member of the parliament of India.
Patel shifted his practice to Ahmedabad.
He became a member of the Gujarat Club where he attended a lecture by Mahatma Gandhi.
Gandhi’s words deeply affected Vallabhbhai and he soon adopted Gandhi’s principles to become a staunch follower of the charismatic leader.
That is how deeply Gandhi’s words had affected him.
He didn’t know that he would change India and start a successful career.
Role in the Indian National Movement
In 1917, Sardar Vallabhbhai was elected as the Secretary of the Gujarat Sabha, the Gujarat wing of the Indian National Congress.
In 1918, he led a massive "No Tax Campaign" that urged the farmers not to pay taxes after the British insisted on tax after the floods in Kaira.
The peaceful movement forced the British authorities to return the land taken away from the farmers.
His effort to bring together the farmers of his area brought him the title of 'Sardar'.
He actively supported the non-cooperation Movement launched by Gandhi.
Patel toured the nation with him, recruited 300,000 members and helped collect over Rs.1.5 million.
In 1928, the farmers of Bardoli again faced a problem of "tax-hike".
After prolonged summons, when the farmers refused to pay the extra tax, the government seized their lands in retaliation.
The agitation took on for more than six months.
After several rounds of negotiations by Patel, the lands were returned to farmers after a deal was struck between the government and farmers’ representatives.
In 1930, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was among the leaders who were imprisoned for participating in the famous Salt Satyagraha movement initiated by Mahatma Gandhi.
His inspiring speeches during the "Salt Movement" transformed the outlook of numerous people, who later played a major role in making the movement successful.
He led the Satyagraha movement across Gujarat when Gandhi was under imprisonment, upon request from the congress members.
Sardar Patel was freed in 1931, following an agreement signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, the then Viceroy of India.
The treaty was popularly known as the Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
The same year, Patel was elected as the President of Indian National Congress in its Karachi session where the party deliberated its future path.
Congress committed itself towards the defense of fundamental and human rights.
It was in this session that the dream of a secular nation was conceived.
During the legislative elections of 1934, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel campaigned for the Indian National Congress.
Though he did not contest, Sardar Patel helped his fellow party mates during the election.
In the 1942 Quit India Movement, Patel continued his unwavering support to Gandhi when several contemporary leaders criticized the latter’s decision.
He continued travelling throughout the country propagating the agenda of the movement in a series of heart-felt speeches.
He was arrested again in 1942 and was imprisoned in the Ahmednagar fort till 1945 along with other Congress leaders.
Sardar Patel’s journey often saw a number of confrontations with other important leaders of the congress.
He voiced his annoyance at Jawaharlal Nehru openly when the latter adopted socialism in 1936.
Patel was also wary of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose and considered him to be "keen on more power within the party”.
Sardar Patel & the Partition of India
The separatist movement lead by Muslim League leader Mohammed Ali Jinnah led to a series of violent Hindu-Muslim riots across the country just before the independence.
In Sardar Patel’s opinion, the open communal conflicts incited by the riots had the potential to establish a weak Government at the centre post-independence which will be disastrous for consolidating a democratic nation.
Patel went on to work on a solution with V.P. Menon, a civil servant during December 1946 and accepted his suggestion of creating a separate dominion based on religious inclination of states.
He represented India in the Partition Council.
Contributions to Post-independence India
After India achieved independence, Patel became the first Home Minister and also the Deputy Prime Minister.
Patel played a very crucial role in post-independence India by successfully integrating around 565 princely states under the Indian Dominion.
The British Government had presented these rulers with two alternatives - they could join India or Pakistan; or they could stay independent.
This clause magnified the difficulty of process to mammoth proportions.
Congress entrusted this intimidating task to Sardar Patel who started lobbying for integration on August 6, 1947.
He was successful in integrating all of them barring Jammu and Kashmir, Junagarh and Hyderabad.
He eventually dealt with the situation with his sharp political acumen and secured their accession.
The India that we see today was a result of the efforts put in by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.
Patel was a leading member of the Constituent Assembly of India and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was appointed on his recommendation.
He was the key force in establishing the Indian Administrative Service and the Indian Police Service.
He took personal interest in initiating a restoration endeavor of the Somnath Temple in Saurashtra, Gujarat.
Patel dealt ruthlessly with the Pakistan’s efforts to invade Kashmir in September 1947.
He oversaw immediate expansion of the army and marked improvement of other infrastructural aspects.
He often disagreed with Nehru’s policies, especially about his dealings with Pakistan regarding the refugee issues.
He organized multiple refugee camps in Punjab and Delhi, and later in West Bengal.
Influence of Gandhi
Gandhi had profound effect on Patel’s politics and thoughts.
He pledged unwavering support to the Mahatma and stood by his principles allowed by night at museum and art is the most beautiful woman and through his life.
While leaders including  Chakravarthy Rajagopalachari and Maulana Azad criticized Mahatma Gandhi's idea that the civil disobedience movement would compel the British to leave the nation, Patel extended his support to Gandhi.
Despite the unwillingness of the Congress High Command, Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel strongly forced the All India Congress Committee to ratify the civil disobedience movement and launch it without delaying further.
Upon Gandhi’s request he gave up his candidacy for the post of the Prime Minister of India.
He suffered a major heart attack after Gandhiji’s death.
Although he recovered, he attributed it to having lamented silently for the loss of his mentor.
Death of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel's health started declining in 1950.
He relized that he was not going to live much longer.
On November 2, 1950, his health became even worse and he had to stay in bed.
He died on December 15, 1950 after he had a heart attack.
Honours after death
1991 - He was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest civilian honour.
2014 - His birthday, October 31, was declared Rashtriya Ekta Divas.
2018 - The Statue of Unity dedicated to Patel is unveiled as the world's tallest statue.
The All India Trinamool Congress (abbreviated AITC, TMC or Trinamool Congress) is an Indian political party based in West Bengal.
Deadwood (Lakota: Owáyasuta; "To approve or confirm things") is a city in South Dakota, United States, and the county seat of Lawrence County.
It is named after the dead trees found in its gulch.
The population was 1,270 at the 2010 census.
The entire city is a National Historic Landmark District, for its well-preserved Gold Rush-era architecture.
Union County is a county located in the U.S. state of South Dakota.
As of the 2010 census, the population was 14,399.
Originally named Cole County, the named was changed to Union because of Civil War sentiment.
It was founded on April 10, 1862.
Progressive Farmer rated Union County second in the 2006 "Best Place to Live" in the U.S., because "its schools are good, its towns neat and its people friendly."
Miner County is a county located in the U.S. state of South Dakota.
As of the 2010 census, 2,389 people lived there.
Its county seat is Howard.
Moody County is a county located in the state of South Dakota in the United States.
6,486 people lived there at the 2010 census.
Oglala Lakota County, known as Shannon County until May 2015, is a county located in the U.S. state of South Dakota.
13,586 people lived there at the 2010 census.
Oglala Lakota County does not have its own county seat.
Instead, Hot Springs in neighboring Fall River County serves as its administrative center.
The county was created as a part of the Dakota Territory in 1875.
Its largest community is Pine Ridge.
Perkins County is a county located in the U.S. state of South Dakota.
As of the 2010 census, 2,982 people lived there.
Bison is a town in the U.S. state of South Dakota.
It is the county seat of Perkins County.
Erie Township
The 2017 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active since 2012.
It officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30.
It was an extremely active and tragic season.
With a damage total of at least $282.16 billion (USD), it was the costliest season on record.
With over 3,300 deaths, 2017 was the deadliest season since 2005.
More than 99.7% of the season's damage was due to Harvey, Irma, and Maria.
Nate, was the worst natural disaster in Costa Rican history.
Harvey, Irma, Maria, and Nate had their names retired due to their high damage costs and loss of life.
Featuring 17 named storms, 10 hurricanes, and 6 major hurricanes, the 2017 season is the fifth active season.
Tropical Storm Arlene in April was the first storm of the season that formed on April 19.
This was the third consecutive season in which storms form before the official start of the hurricane season.
In late August, Hurricane Harvey became the first major hurricane to make landfall in the United States since Wilma in 2005 and the first Category 4 hurricane since Charley in 2004.
It also tied the record for the costliest tropical cyclone on record along with the most rainfall dropped by a tropical cyclone in the United States.
In early September, Hurricane Irma became the first Category 5 hurricane to impact the northern Leeward Islands on record.
It later hit the Florida Keys as a Category 4 hurricane.
Irma is the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Atlantic Ocean outside of the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea.
In late September, Hurricane Maria became the first Category 5 hurricane to strike the island of Dominica on record; and later it made landfall in Puerto Rico as a high-end Category 4 hurricane.
Most of the deaths from this season occurred from Maria, and caused a human crisis in Puerto Rico.
In early October, Hurricane Nate became the fastest-moving hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico while also becoming the fourth hurricane of the year to make landfall in the contiguous United States.
Slightly over a week later, Hurricane Ophelia became the easternmost major hurricane in the Atlantic basin on record, and later impacted most of Northern Europe as an extratropical cyclone.
The season ended with Tropical Storm Rina, which became post-tropical on November 9.
The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 2017.
The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2023 season.
This was the same list used in the 2011 season, with the exception of Irma which replaced Irene.
Irma was previously used in 1978, and it's only used once as an Atlantic hurricane during this season.
Gert
On April 11, 2018, the names Harvey, Irma, Maria, and Nate were retired by the World Meteorological Organization due to the very expensive amount of damage and significant number of deaths they caused.
They will not be used again for a future Atlantic hurricane.
The names will be replaced with Harold, Idalia, Margot, and Nigel for the 2023 season, respectively.
Bell Canada (commonly referred to as just Bell) is a Canadian telecommunications company.
Its headquarters is in Montreal, Quebec.
It is the local exchange carrier for telephone and DSL internet in most of Canada east of Saskatchewan.
It also serves Canada's northern territories.
Its related company, Bell Aliant, provides services in Atlantic Canada.
It provides mobile service through its Bell Mobility division.
It also provides television through its Bell TV and Bell Fibe TV operations.
Bell Canada was originally known as The Bell Telephone Company of Canada.
But in March 1968, the name was shortened to «Bell Canada».
The company also owns Bell Media.
Bell Media has mass media properties, including the CTV Television Network.
It also has significant interests in the Montreal Canadiens ice hockey club and Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment.
Bell Canada is one of the main assets of the holding company BCE Inc. (Bell Canada Enterprises).
BCE ranked at № 262 on the 2011 edition of the Forbes Global 2000 list.
The football team was created in the late 1940s by a group of football fans representing all the Italian colonists of all Italian Somalia with the name Genio Officina, as an antagonist to the AC Mogadiscio (the team of the Italians of only the capital Mogadishu) in the first amauteur championship of Somalia.
The team was officially inscribed in the Somalia first league championship in 1952 as Lavori Publici FC/Genio, winning the tournament of that year.
Damien Steven Hirst (born 7 June 1965) is an English artist.
He is one of the Young British Artists (YBAs).
The YBAs became famous during the 1990s.
He is reportedly the United Kingdom's richest living artist.
In 2010 the Sunday Times estimated his wealth at £215 million.
During the 1990s he worked together with famous art collector Charles Saatchi.
Hirst and Saatchi had disagreements, and they ended their friendship in 2003.
Death is a central theme in Hirst's works.
He became famous for a series of artworks in which dead animals are preserved in formaldehyde.
The animals included a sheep, a cow and a shark.
The best-known of these was The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone Living.
This was a tiger shark immersed in formaldehyde in a transparent display case.
He has also made "spin paintings".
These were created on a rotating canvas.
And "spot paintings", which are rows of randomly coloured circles created by his assistants.
In September 2008, Hirst sold all the artworks of a show during one auction at Sotheby's.
This had never been done before by a living artist.
The auction made him £111 million ($198 million), breaking the record for an auction by a single artist.
It also broke Hirst's own record with £10.3 million for The Golden Calf, an animal with 18-carat gold horns and hooves, preserved in formaldehyde.
Since 1999 some of Hirst's works have been claimed to be plagiarised.
It was discovered that his sculpture Hymn was closely based on a child's toy.
Hirst was sued by the original creator of the toy, and the case was settled out-of-court.
Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha  (; ) (4 April 1958 – 27 October 2018) was a Thai billionaire businessman.
He was the founder, owner and chairman of King Power Duty Free.
He was the owner of Premier League football club Leicester City since 2010.
On 27 October 2018, Srivaddhanaprabha was killed in a helicopter that crashed outside the King Power Stadium in Leicester shortly after taking off.
Club owner Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha was on board, as well as two other passengers and two pilots.
The Air Accidents Investigation Branch is currently leading an investigation into the accident.
It was confirmed all 5 occupants died.
Edgar Starr Harris Jr. (May 14, 1925 – October 13, 2018) was an American Air Force lieutenant general.
His last assignment was commander of Eighth Air Force, Strategic Air Command, with headquarters at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana.
Saint Cecilia () is the patroness of musicians.
At her wedding she "sang in her heart to the Lord".
Her feast day is celebrated in the Latin Catholic, Eastern Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches and in the Anglican Communion on November 22.
She is one of seven women, excluding the Blessed Virgin, commemorated by name in the Canon of the Mass.
While the details of her story appear to be fictional, her existence and martyrdom are considered a historical fact.
An early Roman Christian church, Santa Cecilia, was founded in the fourth century in the Trastevere section of Rome, reputedly on the site of the house in which she lived.
A number of musical compositions are dedicated to her, and her feast day has become the occasion for concerts and musical festivals.
180s deaths
Thuzana (; ), also known as the Myainggyi-ngu Sayadaw (; 1947 – 18 October 2018) was a Karen Theravada Buddhist monk.
He worked in Myaing Gyi Ngu, Kayin State, Myanmar.
He was the leader of the Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA), an ethnic insurgent group, until its dissolution in 2010.
He was born in Kayin State.
Thuzana was responsible for a 1992 campaign of constructing pagodas in Kayin State and held the title Myaing Gyi Ngu Sayadaw.
Cornelius "Sonny" Fortune (May 19, 1939 – October 25, 2018) was an American jazz saxophonist and clarinetist.
Fortune played soprano, alto, tenor, and baritone saxophones, clarinet, and flute.
Fortune can be heard on the albums Big Fun, Get Up With It, Agharta and Pangaea, the last two recorded live in Japan.
It stars Betsy Palmer, Adrienne King, Harry Crosby, Laurie Bartram, Kevin Bacon, Jeannine Taylor, Mark Nelson, and Robbi Morgan.
The movie tells the story of a group of teenagers who are murdered one by one by an unknown killer while attempting to re-open an abandoned summer camp.
Released in May 1980, Friday the 13th was a major box office success, grossing over $39.7 million in the United States alone.
This was the first movie in the a long series of sequels with the creation of serial killer Jason Voorhees.
The original movie, created to cash in on the success of Halloween (1978), was written by Victor Miller and was produced and directed by Sean S. Cunningham.
The films have grossed over $464 million at the box-office worldwide.
Friday the 13th (1980)
Friday the 13th Part 2 (1981)
Friday the 13th Part III (1982)
Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter (1984)
Friday the 13th: A New Beginning (1985)
Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives (1986)
Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood (1988)
Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan (1989)
Friday the 13th (2009)
Friday the 13th: The Game (2017)
Friday the 13th Part 2 is a 1981 American slasher movie  produced and directed by Steve Miner, and the second installment in the Friday the 13th movie series.
It is a direct sequel to Friday the 13th.
The movie marks the first appearance of Jason Voorhees as the killer; his mother was the killer in the last movie.
Steve Daskewisz plays Jason.
Friday the 13th Part III (also known as Friday the 13th Part 3: 3D) is a 1982 American slasher movie directed by Steve Miner and produced by Frank Mancuso Jr.. It is the third installment in the Friday the 13th movie series.
It stars Dana Kimmell, Richard Brooker, Paul Kratka, Larry Zerner, and Tracie Savage.
The plot is about a teenage girl and her friends on vacation at a house on Crystal Lake, where a wounded Jason Voorhees is waiting to kill them.
It was released on August 13, 1982, grossing over $36.6 million at the US box office on a budget of $2.3 million.
The movie was the first to remove E.T.: The Extra Terrestrial from the number-one box office spot and became the second highest-grossing horror movie of 1982.
Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter is a 1984 American slasher movie directed by Joseph Zito and produced by Frank Mancuso Jr.. It stars Corey Feldman, Ted White, Kimberly Beck, and Crispin Glover.
It is the fourth installment in the Friday the 13th movie series.
It was released on April 13, 1984.
It made about $11 million on its opening weekend and grossed $32 million in the United States on a budget of $2.6 million.
Movies directed by Joseph Zito
Friday the 13th: A New Beginning (also known as Friday the 13th: Part V)  is a 1985 American slasher movie directed by Danny Steinmann.
It stars Melanie Kinnaman, John Shepherd, and Shavar Ross.
It is the fifth installment in the Friday the 13th movie series.
The movie was the first in the franchise to become a psychological horror movie rather than focusing on the background mystery of Jason Voorhees.
The movie was controversial because many scenes included nudity and drug use.
1985 horror movies
Friday the 13th Part VI: Jason Lives (also known on screen as Jason Lives: Friday the 13th Part VI) is a 1986 American supernatural slasher movie and the sixth installment in the Friday the 13th movie series.
It was written and directed by Tom McLoughlin.
Because of the unpopularity from removing Jason Voorhees in Friday the 13th: A New Beginning, producers brought back the character to boost up popularity for the franchise.
Many believe that this movie and Freddy vs. Jason are the most popular movies of the franchise.
Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood is a 1988 American supernatural slasher movie directed by John Carl Buechler.
It stars Lar Park Lincoln, Kevin Blair, and Susan Blu.
It is the seventh installment in the Friday the 13th movie series.
Film page at the Camp Crystal Lake web site
Film page at Fridaythe13thfilms.com
Friday the 13th Part VIII: Jason Takes Manhattan is a 1989 American slasher movie written and directed by Rob Hedden.
It stars Jensen Daggett, Scott Reeves, Peter Mark Richman, and Kane Hodder.
It is the eighth installment in the Friday the 13th movie series.
It is about Jason Voorhees stalking a group of high school graduates on a ship en route to, and later in, New York City.
It was the last movie in the series to be distributed by Paramount Pictures in the United States until 2009 as New Line Cinema bought the rights.
Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday is a 1993 American slasher movie directed by Adam Marcus and produced by Sean S. Cunningham.
It stars John D. LeMay, Kari Keegan and Allison Smith.
It is the ninth installment in the Friday the 13th movie series.
Its plot continues the Jason Voorhees story with an FBI ambush in which Voorhees's body is detonated; after, his spirit possesses the coroner examining his remains.
He uses the coroner's body to continue his killings.
Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday premiered in the United States on August 13, 1993, and grossed $15.9 million at the box office.
Many fans did not like the movie because the movie removed Jason as the physical killer.
Its conclusion, which references villain Freddy Krueger, established what would become Freddy vs. Jason, released ten years later in 2003.
Sean Sexton Cunningham (born December 1941) is an American movie director, producer, and writer.
He is best known for creating the Friday the 13th franchise by directing  the first movie (1980) and creating the slasher icon Jason Voorhees.
Jason X is a 2001 American science fiction slasher movie produced and directed by James Isaac.
It is the tenth installment in the Friday the 13th movie series.
It stars Kane Hodder in his fourth and final movie appearance as the undead mass murderer Jason Voorhees being in space.
It received strong negative reviews with a 19% on Rotten Tomatoes.
Roger Ebert gave the movie 0.5 stars out of 4, quoting one of the movie's lines: "This sucks on so many levels."
Pamela Voorhees is a character from the Friday the 13th movie series.
She first appeared in Sean S. Cunningham's original movie.
Voorhees is the vengeful mother of Jason Voorhees, simply known as Mrs. Voorhees.
The character was created by Victor Miller, and was played by Betsy Palmer in the original movie as well as briefly in Friday the 13th Part 2 (1981).
She was portrayed by Paula Shaw in Freddy vs. Jason (2003).
Nana Visitor played Pamela Voorhees in the 2009 remake of Friday the 13th.
Friday the 13th is a 2009 American slasher movie directed by Marcus Nispel and written by Damian Shannon and Mark Swift.
The movie is a reboot of the Friday the 13th movie series.
It stars Jared Padalecki, Danielle Panabaker, Aaron Yoo, Amanda Righetti, Travis Van Winkle and Derek Mears as Jason Voorhees.
Friday the 13th was released in theaters on Friday, February 13, 2009.
Platinum Dunes movies
The movie mainly focus on Chucky (voiced by Brad Dourif), a serial killer known as the "Lakeshore Strangler" whose soul is transferred inside a Good Guy doll following a voodoo ritual in order to avoid going to Hell.
In the 2019 reboot, Chucky (voiced by Mark Hamill) is an AI doll, gone out of control, and determined to kill people.
Seed of Chucky (2004)
Curse of Chucky (2013)
Cult of Chucky (2017)
Child's Play (2019) (reboot)
Child's Play 3 is a 1991 American slasher comedy movie and the third installment in the Child's Play movie series.
The movie is written by Don Mancini, and directed by Jack Bender, with Brad Dourif returning as the voice of Chucky.
Although released only nine months later, the story takes place eight years following the events of 1990's Child's Play 2.
George Donald Mancini (born January 25, 1963) is an American screenwriter and movie director.
He is known for creating the Child’s Play franchise.
Carthage is a village located in the town of Wilna in Jefferson County, New York, United States.
The population was 3,747 at the 2010 census.
The village is named after the historic city of Carthage in Tunisia.
Wilna is a town in Jefferson County, New York, United States.
The population was 6,427 at the 2010 census.
Seed of Chucky is a 2004 American comedy slasher movie.
It is the fifth installment of the Child's Play series, and sequel to 1998's Bride of Chucky.
The movie was written and directed by Don Mancini, who created the series .
The movie, shot in Romania, continues the series' evolution from horror to a horror-comedy.
It was the last Child's Play movie to be released in theaters, with all future installments to be released direct to DVD.
Tiffany Valentine-Ray (also known as "The Bride of Chucky") is a murderous doll and a character in the Child's Play horror-comedy movie series.
She is played by Jennifer Tilly in both live-action and voiceover in Bride of Chucky, Seed of Chucky, Curse of Chucky, and Cult of Chucky.
Curse of Chucky is a 2013 American slasher movie and the sixth installment of the Child's Play franchise.
The movie was written and directed by Don Mancini, who created the franchise.
It stars Brad Dourif as Chucky and Fiona Dourif as Nica Pierce.
The movie made $3.4 million in DVD sales.
Cult of Chucky is a 2017 American slasher movie written and directed by Don Mancini.
The seventh installment of the Child's Play franchise.
It stars Brad Dourif as Chucky, with a supporting cast of Fiona Dourif, Alex Vincent, and Jennifer Tilly.
It was released with rated and unrated versions distributed by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment via Blu-ray, DVD and VOD on October 3, 2017.
As of October 2017, the movie has grossed $2 million from DVD and Blu-ray sales.
Frederick Segrest (December 21, 1926 – October 27, 2018), known professionally as Freddie Hart, was an American country musician and singer-songwriter.
He was best known for his chart-topping country song and lone pop hit "Easy Loving," which won the Country Music Association Song of the Year award in 1971 and 1972.
Loachapoka is a town in Lee County, Alabama, United States.
It is located less than 1/2 mile west of the City of Auburn.
The population was 180 as of the 2010 census.
The name "Loachapoka" means "turtle killing place" in Muskogee, with locha meaning "turtle" and poga meaning "killing place."
Thank you is a common phrase used to show you are thankful of someone.
It is a very old phrase, coming from as early as the 1400s. "
Thank you" is often replied with "you're welcome".
People often say "please" to request something to you.
If they are satisfied, they will say "thank you" back to you.
Madan Lal Khurana (15 October 1936 – 27 October 2018) was an Indian politician.
He was Chief Minister of Delhi from 1993 to 1996.
He also was Governor of Rajasthan in 2004.
He was  the Union Minister of Parliamentary affairs and Tourism in the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government.
He was a member of Rashtriya Swayansevak Sangh and Bharatiya Janata Party.
Ntozake Shange (  ; October 18, 1948 – October 27, 2018) was an American playwright and poet.
She wrote about race and Black power in much of her work.
Shange is best known for the Obie Award-winning play for colored girls who have considered suicide / when the rainbow is enuf.
Her other works were Sassafrass, Cypress & Indigo (1982), Liliane (1994), and  Betsey Brown (1985).
Bowie  is a city in Prince George's County, Maryland.
The population was 54,727 at the 2010 U.S. Census.
It is the largest city in Prince George's County, and the fifth most populous city and third largest city by area in the U.S. state of Maryland.
Luis Miguel Enciso Recio (8 April 1930 – 28 October 2018) was a Spanish historian and politician.
He was a member of the Senate from 1977 to 1982, as a representative of the Union of the Democratic Centre.
In 1999, Enciso was appointed to the Real Academia de la Historia.
Richard James Gill (4 November 1941 – 28 October 2018) was an Australian conductor of choral, orchestral and operatic works.
He was known as a music educator and for his activism for music education of children.
He was awarded Order of Australia Medal in 1994.
In 1969, he was the founding conductor of the Strathfield Symphony Orchestra in Sydney.
He continued as conductor in 1973–74 and returned in 1979 to conduct the orchestra's 10th anniversary concert.
In 2014, he was made musical director of the Sydney Chamber Choir.
He composed the music for Brisbane Girls Grammar School school song, "Nil sine labore".
Konstantīns Konstantinovs (, June 6, 1978 – October 28, 2018) was a Latvian-Russian powerlifter.
His raw deadlift of , set in 2009, was formerly the raw deadlift world record.
It is still the world record for the biggest raw deadlift without a belt in an official competition.
He was born in Liepāja, Latvian SSR, Soviet Union.
Konstantinovs won the 2002 WPC Junior World Powerlifting Championships and the 2003 GPC World Powerlifting Championships both in the  weight class.
Colin Sylvia (8 November 1985 – 28 October 2018) was an Australian rules footballer.
He played for the Melbourne Football Club and Fremantle Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL).
Sylvia was born in Mildura, Victoria.
Jodhpur is a city in Rajasthan, India.
It is the second largest city by area in Rajasthan.
Hari (born 26 December 1968) is an Indian movie director, best known for his action-masala in Tamil cinema.
He made his directional debut in the movie Thamizh (2002).After this breakthrough, he gave many commercial success movies such as Saamy (2003), Kovil (2004), Ayya (2005), Thaamirabharani (2007), Vel (2007) and Singam (2010) movie.
He has directed 15 movies.
Hari was born in the Thoothukudi District of Tamil Nadu, India.
His father, Gopal, is a vessels merchant.
Later, his family moved to Chennai, where Hari graduated with a degree in Commerce.
Hari first joined as an assistant, gaining experience by working with various directors; K. Natraj in  Valli, Nassar in Avatharam and Alex Pandian.
Later, he assisted K. Balachander in his film Kalki and worked as an associate director with Saran in the films Amarkalam, Parthen Rasithen and Alli Arjuna.
His first film, in 2002, was Thamizh, with Prashanth and Simran.
Film critic Balaji commented that it was "one of the few movies in recent times where a lot of importance seems to have been attached to the script.
In spite of the flimsy story and routine screenplay where a youth grows to be a "dada", the dialogs elevate the quality of the movie and make it very enjoyable".
His second film Saamy, under the Kavithaalaya banner, starred Vikram.
It was named the year's biggest hit, grossing 160 million.
Its success led to remakes; in Telugu (Lakshmi Narasimha), Kannada (Ayya) and Hindi languages (Policegiri).
His next two films Kovil, with Silambarasan and Arul also starred Vikram.
In 2005, he made Ayya, starring Sarathkumar, which introduced Nayantara to Tamil cinema.
His next film was Aaru, with Suriya in 2005.
In 2007, he directed two films, Thaamirabharani with Vishal and Vel, with Suriya.
In 2008, he directed Seval, with Bharath.
Ayyappa Prasad from Nowrunning.com stated that Hari "panders to the taste of his rural audience all the way, but the movie is bound to disappoint city-dwellers, since neither the story nor its treatment appeal to anyone with high IQ .
In 2010 Hari directed his tenth film Singam, with Suriya, marking their third collaboration.
although reviewers identified it as a standard masala entertainer.
2004  Kovil
2005 Aaru
2007 Thaamirabharani
2007 Vel
2008 Seval
2010 Singam
2011 Venghai
2017 Singam III
2018 Saamy 2
Robert "Bob" Bushby (February 24, 1927 – October 14, 2018) was an American aircraft mechanic and aviator.
He designed the Bushby Mustang II, later called the Mustang Aeronautics Mustang II.
He started to learn to fly while in high school in Minooka, Illinois.
From 1955 until 1970, Bushby worked for the Sinclair Oil Co. in their engine research laboratory.
Bushby was one of the original founders of the Experimental Aircraft Association in 1953.
Mustang Aeronautics website
Minooka, a suburb of Chicago, is a village in Grundy, Kendall, and Will counties, Illinois, United States.
The population was 10,924 at the 2010 census.
Zimmer's conjecture is a statement in mathematics "which has to do with the circumstances under which geometric spaces exhibit certain kinds of symmetries."
It was named after the mathematician Robert Jeffrey Zimmer.
The conjecture states that there can exist symmetries  (specifically higher-rank lattices) in a higher dimension that cannot exist in lower dimensions.
Lion Airlines Flight 610 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight operated by Lion Air from Soekarno–Hatta International Airport in Jakarta to Depati Amir Airport in Pangkal Pinang.
It crashed shortly after takeoff on 29 October 2018.
Wreckage from the aircraft was found offshore from the island of Java.
According to The Straits Times, 181 passengers, including 178 adults and three children, were on board the aircraft, as well as six cabin crew and two pilots.
Lincolnton is a small city in Lincoln County, North Carolina, United States, within the Charlotte metropolitan area.
The population was 10,683 at the 2010 census.
Lincolnton is northwest of Charlotte.
The city is the county seat of Lincoln County.