the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The bogies can turn slightly to allow the rail vehicle to pass easily around curves in the railway track.
Nalchik (; Kabardian:  //;  //) is the capital city of the Kabardino-Balkar Republic, Russia.
It is in the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains.
In 2010, 240,203 people lived there.
Elista ( or ; , Elst) is the capital city of the Republic of Kalmykia, Russia.
In 2010, 103,749 people lived there.
Innamaadhoo (Dhivehi: އިއްނަމާދޫ)
This island is an inhabited island in Raa atoll.
Like other islands, this island is made out of sand from corals.
The economy of Innamaadhoo is built on carpentry.
So, when you look at the whole country, the most carpenting experts are mostly from Innamaadhoo.
From very small fishing boats to giant safari boats are built in this island.
Even if wheat was grown few decades back, farming is not a very wide field.
If we look at fishing, the islanders used to fish a lot in the 90's.
So, putting salt on fish was a very wide field.
But now, as the field perished, fishermen and fish-sellers are very less.
The reason is believed to be because carpentry gives a lot of money (carpentry is a very good money-maker).
In the field of tourism, inhabitants aren't directly contributing.
It may be because there is no resort nearby.
But diving boats, row boats, and ferries, etc. (
needed for resorts) are built a lot here.
Soglio is a village and a former municipality in the district of Maloja in the Swiss canton of the Graubünden close to the border with Italy.
Soglio, Piedmont, a comune in the Province of Asti
Soglio, Switzerland, a municipality in the canton of Graubünden
Schongau, Bavaria, a town in Germany
Schongau, Switzerland, a municipality in the canton of Lucerne
Fontvieille is the southernmost ward in the Principality of Monaco.
It was developed by an Italian architect, Manfredi Nicoletti, between the 1970s and the 1990s.
A universal basic income (UBI) or simply basic income is a social program in which all citizens of a population regularly receive a sum of money from the government.
A pure or unconditional basic income has no means test, much like Social Security in the United States.
Basic income can be implemented nationally, regionally or locally.
The idea gained attention in recent years because people fear that technology will make many jobs obsolete in the future.
In a 2016 survey, 64% of Europeans voted for an UBI.
An UBI is an income for everyone.
There would be neither a social administrative means test nor a requirement of willingness to work.
On the other hand, tax- and contribution-financed social benefits like unemployment benefit, social assistance or child benefit would no longer apply.
The incomes would be:
Unconditional: The sum of an UBI could vary with age, but with no other conditions.
Everyone of the same age would receive the same income.
Regardless of their gender, employment status, family structure, contribution to society, housing costs, or anything else.
Automatic: The basic income of a person would be automatically paid weekly or monthly into a bank account or similar.
Non-withdrawable: Basic incomes would not be means-tested.
Their basic income will not change.
Also when earnings increase or decrease.
Individual: Basic incomes would be paid on an individual basis.
Not on the basis of a couple or household.
A right: Every legal resident would receive a basic income, subject to a minimum period of legal residency and continuing residency and continuing residency for most of the year.
In the 1516 book Utopia, Sir Thomas More describes a society in which every person receives a guaranteed income.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, a petition in Europe called for an "emergency basic income".
It got more than 200,000 signatures.
The public opinion was largely positive.
Reasons and arguments
One of the most popular reasons for an UBI is that artificial intelligence (AI) and automation will make many jobs obsolete in the near future.
However, people still have to get enough money to live, even when there is no work for them anymore.
An UBI could be a good solution for this problem.
Better working conditions
Advocates of UBI say that with basic income, unattractive jobs would have to be better paid and their working conditions improved.
This is because there is still a need for people who do this kind of work.
And if they already get enough money from UBI, there has to be an incentive for doing these jobs.
Better society
Some hope that an UBI will lead to a happier and fairer society with fewer debates about envy.
Some people also think that an UBI could make society more creative because people would no longer have the pressure to work.
For example, people would have more time to educate themselves or find things they are interested in.
Some believe that an UBI will increase the willingness to take risks because everyone would be financially secure to some degree.
This would promote a culture of ingenuity and increase the spirit of invention.
Notable advocates
There are many prominent advocates of universal basic income.
The English-language Wikipedia has a whole article about UBI advocates.
This section here only lists the most notable advocates.
Elon Musk, American entrepreneur
Mark Zuckerberg, founder of Meta
Chris Hughes, co-founder of Meta
Jack Dorsey, founder of Twitter
Pierre Omidyar, founder of eBay
Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web
S. Robson Walton, former Chairman of Walmart
Ray Kurzweil, American inventor and futurist
Stephen Hawking, British theoretical physicist
Pilot programs and experiments
Since the 1960s, there have been a number of basic income pilot programs and experiments.
1960s−1970s
Experiments with negative income tax in United States and Canada in the 1960s and 1970s.
The province of Manitoba, Canada experimented with Mincome, a basic guaranteed income, in the 1970s.
In Dauphin, Manitoba, labor decreased by 13%.
This was less than expected.
2000−2009
The basic income grant in Namibia launched in 2008 and ended in 2009.
An independent pilot implemented in São Paulo, Brazil launched in 2009.
2010−2019
Basic income trials run in 2011-2012 in several villages in India.
It was found that basic income in the region raised the education rate of young people by 25%.
Iran introduced a national basic income program in autumn 2010.
It is paid to all citizens and replaces the gasoline subsidies, electricity and some food products, that the country applied for years to reduce inequalities and poverty.
The sum corresponded in 2012 to approximately US$40 per person per month, US$480 per year for a single person and US$2,300 for a family of five people.
In Spain, the ingreso mínimo vital, the income guarantee system, is an economic benefit guaranteed by the social security in Spain, but in 2016 was considered in need of reform.
The GiveDirectly experiment in a disadvantaged village of Nairobi, Kenya, the longest-running basic income pilot as of November 2017.
It is set to run for 12 years.
A project called Eight in a village in Fort Portal, Uganda that provides income for 56 adults and 88 children.
A two-year pilot the Finnish government began in January 2017 which involved 2,000 subjects In April 2018, the Finnish government rejected a request for funds to extend and expand the program from Kela (Finland's social security agency).
An experiment in the city of Utrecht in the Netherlands, launched in early 2017, that is testing different rates of aid.
A three-year basic income pilot that the Ontario provincial government, Canada, launched in the cities of Hamilton, Thunder Bay and Lindsay in July 2017.
However, it was only made available to people with a low income and funding would be removed if they obtained employment.
This made it more related to the current welfare system than true basic income.
The pilot project was canceled on 31 July 2018 by the Progressive Conservative government under Ontario Premier Doug Ford.
In Israel in 2018, a non-profit initiative GoodDollar started a project.
The goal was to build a global economic framework for providing universal basic income.
The initiative aims to launch a peer-to-peer money transfer network.
There, money can be distributed to those most in need and regardless of their location, based on the principles of UBI.
The project raised US$1 million from eToro.
The Rythu Bandhu scheme is a welfare scheme started in the state of Telangana, India, in May 2018.
It was aimed at helping farmers.
Each farm owner receives 4,000 INR per acre two times a year for rabi and kharif harvests.
To finance the program, a budget allocation of 120 billion INR (US$1.6 million as of June 2020) was made in the 2018–2019 state budget.
2020−present
Social income started paying out basic incomes to people in need in Sierra Leone.
The international initiative is financed by contributions from people world-wide.
They donate 1% of their monthly paychecks.
In May 2020 Spain introduced minimum basic income.
This reached about  2% of the population.
It is expected to cost state coffers three billion euros ($3.5 billion) a year."
In August 2020, a project in Germany started that gives a 1,200 Euros monthly basic income in a lottery system to citizens who apply.
The project will last three years and be compared against 1,380 people who do not receive basic income.
In October 2020, HudsonUP was launched in Hudson, New York, by The Spark of Hudson and Humanity Forward Foundation.
The aim is to give $500 monthly basic income to 25 residents.
It will last five years and be compared against 50 people who are not receiving basic income.
In May 2021 the government of Wales announced the trialling of a universal basic income scheme to "see whether the promises that basic income holds out are genuinely delivered".
Stanford University Basic Income Lab (BIL)
Bryce Covert, "What Money Can Buy:  The promise of a universal basic income – and its limitations", The Nation, vol.
307, no.
6 (10 / 17 September 2018), pp.
Benjamin M. Friedman, "Born to Be Free" (review of Philippe Van Parijs and Yannick Vanderborght, Basic Income:  A Radical Proposal for a Free Society and a Sane Economy, Harvard University Press, 2017), The New York Review of Books, vol.
LXIV, no.
15 (12 October 2017), pp.
John Lanchester, "Good New Idea:  John Lanchester makes the case for Universal Basic Income" (discusses 8 books, published between 2014 and 2019, comprehensively advocating Universal Basic Income), London Review of Books, vol.
14 (18 July 2019), pp.
Ewan McGaughey, 'Will Robots Automate Your Job Away?
Full Employment, Basic Income, and Economic Democracy' (2018) SSRN, part 4(2).
Ailsa McKay, The Future of Social Security Policy: Women, Work and a Citizens Basic Income, Routledge, 2005, .
Paul O'Brien, Universal Basic Income: Pennies from Heaven, The History Press, 2017, .
Karl Widerquist, Jose Noguera, Yannick Vanderborght, and Jurgen De Wispelaere (editors).
Basic Income: An Anthology of Contemporary Research, Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
Karl Widerquist, ed.,
Exploring the Basic Income Guarantee, (book series), Palgrave Macmillan.
Karl Widerquist, Independence, Propertylessness, and Basic Income: A Theory of Freedom as the Power to Say No, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, March 2013.
Early drafts of each chapter are available online for free at this link.
Vladikavkaz (, lit.
ruler of the Caucasus, formerly known as Ordzhonikidze () and Dzaudzhikau (), is the capital city of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Russia.
It is in the southeast of the republic at the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains, on the Terek River.
As of 2010, 311,693 people lived there.
Manufactured products include processed zinc and lead, machinery, chemicals, clothing and food products.
Corcelles, Bern, in the canton of Bern
Corcelles-Cormondrèche, in the canton of Neuchâtel
Corcelles-le-Jorat, in the canton of Vaud
Corcelles-près-Concise, in the canton of Vaud
Corcelles-près-Payerne, in the canton of Vaud
Corcelles-sur-Chavornay, in the canton of Vaud
Corcelles, Ain, in the Ain department
Corcelles-en-Beaujolais, in the Rhône department
Corcelles-Ferrières, in the Doubs department
Corcelles-les-Arts, in the Côte-d'Or department
Corcelles-lès-Cîteaux, in the Côte-d'Or department
Corcelles-les-Monts, in the Côte-d'Or department
A cryptocurrency is a type of currency which uses digital files as money.
Usually, the files are created using the same ways as cryptography (the science of hiding information).
Digital signatures can be used to keep the transactions safe, and let other people check that the transactions are real.
The first cryptocurrencies were made to be free of government-given currencies.
Cryptocurrencies use 'decentralized control'.
That means that government can not control cryptocurrencies.
This is different to 'centralized' electronic money and central banks.
The control of each cryptocurrency works through a distributed ledger (a list of transactions shared by everyone), usually a blockchain, that serves as a public financial transaction database.
Bitcoin, first released as open-source software in 2009.
It is often called the first decentralized cryptocurrency.
Since then, over 4,000 cryptocurrencies (sometimes called altcoins, which is short for alternative coins) have been created.
Despite the large number of altcoins most of them are interchangeable and can be swap at cryptocurrency exchange platforms (a digital platform for exchanging one cryptocurrency for another at a set rate).
The value problem
In many cases, cryptocurrencies cannot be converted to real currencies; it is only possible to convert them to other cryptocurrencies, or to use them to buy things.
Some cryptocurrencies can be converted to real currencies: They usually have a high volatility, and using them carries a high risk.
They are also a target for so-called Pump-and-Dump-Attacks.
They act like a big distributed economic system: as they are not issued or controlled by central banks, their value is difficult to influence: For this reason, they cannot really take the place of a stable currency.
Cryptocurrencies are prone to speculation, which makes building a system of more or less stable exchange rates very difficult.
Another problem is the inequality of distribution: Many cryptocurrencires are held by only few people.
As an example: about 1.000 people hold half of the total amount of bitcoins in the world.
This means that if any of these people start using the Bitcoin that they own, this will have an effect on the exchange rate.
It also means that these people have a great influence on the value of the currency, and are able to change its value easily.
The currency itself only documents ownership changes.
Exchange rates of cryptocurrencies are established outside the system.
Exchange rates are issued by brokers and traders; their indication is no guarantee that the currency is traded at the value proposed.
In itself, the unit of cryptocurrency has no value.
In contrast to cyptocurrencies, real currencies are controlled by central banks.
Certain economic phenomena such as inflation or deflation may change the value (and exchange rate) of a currency.
The people who own units of the currency have no direct influence on its value.
The system does not require a central authority, distributed achieve consensus on its state .
The system keeps an overview of cryptocurrency units and their ownership.
The system defines if new cryptocurrency units can be created.
If new cryptocurrency units can be created, the system defines the how to create new units, and how to determine the ownership of these new units.
Ownership of cryptocurrency units can be proved exclusively cryptographically.
The owner of a unit of cryptocurrency can transfer this unit.
For this transfer to be successful, the current owner must prove the ownership.
If two different instructions for changing the ownership of the same cryptographic units are entered at the same time, the system performs at most one of them.
In March 2018, the word "cryptocurrency" was added to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
Crypto mining
The term crypto mining means gaining cryptocurrencies by solving cryptographic equations through the use of computers.
This process involves validating data blocks and adding transaction records to a public record (ledger) known as a blockchain.
Villeret, Aisne, France
Villeret, Aube, France
Villeret, Switzerland, a municipality in the canton of Bern
Jacques Villeret, French actor
The line opened in stages between 1882 and 1885.
Owing to lack of money, it never reached Southampton, so trains from Winchester to Southampton went by another route.
The line closed between 1960 and 1962 and some sections have become cycle routes.
There are plans to build a cafe, the "Handlebar Cafe", on the cycle route near Winchester.
Closed railway lines in South East England
The duodecimal system (also known as base 12, dozenal, or rarely uncial) is the number system with a base of twelve.
In the duodecimal system, large numbers are expressed by groups of 12.
For example, the number fifty (which we usually write as 50) would be written as 42 in the dozenal system, since it is equal to 4×12+2.
The number 12 is the smallest number that has four factors (2, 3, 4, 6).
If one divide the numbers 10 and 12 with 3, the results will be 3.333... and 4, respectively.
Doing the same thing with 6, the results will be 1.666... and 2.
So, the duodecimal system can control the fractions better than the decimal system.
How to represent 10 and 11 in duodecimal
There are no numerical symbols that represent 10 and 11 in duodecimal, so letters taken from the English alphabet are used, specifically X (from the Roman numeral for ten) and E (from the initial of eleven).
Some people use A and B (as in hexadecimal) as well.
Edna Kramer in her 1951 book The Main Stream of Mathematics used * and # for decimal 10 and 11.
The symbols were chosen because they are available in typewriters and push-button telephones.
Duodecimal values
Alberto Jorge Fouilloux Ahumada  (22 November 1940 – 23 June 2018) was a Chilean football midfielder and striker.
He earned 70 caps and scored 12 goals for the Chile national team during his career.
Phan Huy Lê (23 February 1934 – 23 June 2018) was a Vietnamese historian.
He was born in Lộc Hà district.
He was professor of history at the Hanoi National University.
Phan was the author of many studies on village society and Vietnamese history in general.
He was thought by many as "doyen of Vietnamese historians."
He was also director of the Center for Vietnamese and Intercultural Studies at Vietnam National University, Hanoi.
The Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea (국무총리 / 國務總理, Gungmuchongni) is appointed by the President of South Korea, with the National Assembly's approval.
The officeholder is not required to be a member of the National Assembly.
The Prime Minister is not the head of government but is similar to that of a vice president.
The Sino-Korean word gungmu (/) means "state affairs" and chongni (/) means "prime minister", "premier" or "chancellor", so the full title in Korean means literally "Prime Minister for State Affairs", but it is not used as official English title.
The short title in Korean is just Chongni.
South Korea at worldstatesmen.org
Lee Nak-yeon (, born 20 December 1951), also known as Lee Nak-yon, is a South Korea politician.
He was the 45th Prime Minister of South Korea.
Lee Hong-Koo (born May 9, 1934; Hangul: 이홍구; Hanja: 李洪九) is a former Korean academic and politician.
He served as a former Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea, former South Korean Ambassador to the United Kingdom and United States, and founding Chairman of the East Asia Institute in Seoul.
Lee Hong-koo Naver Profile
Lho Shin-yong (Korean: 노신영, 28 February 1930 – 21 October 2019) was a South Korean politician, diplomat and intelligence chief.
He served as the 18th Prime Minister, the 18th Foreign Minister and the 12th Director of the Agency of National Security Planning (ANSP, now National Intelligence Service) of the fifth South Korean republic.
Ana María Francisca Adinolfi (known by her stage name, Violeta Rivas; 4 October 1937 – 23 June 2018) was an Argentine singer and actress.
She was known for singing in the music program El Club del Clan.
She performed ¡Que Suerte!
in Uruguay, which became her greatest hit.
Rivas toured Latin America singing melodic songs.
After the 1960s, she continued to perform in other films and to sing other songs such as Colorado, El Baile del Ladrillo, El Cardenal, and others.
Pavel Vranský (29 April 1921 – 24 June 2018) was a Czech brigadier general.
He was known for serving during the Siege of Tobruk.
He is a  recipient of the War Cross and Medal of Merit He was born in Lipník nad Bečvou.
Nitish Kumar (born 1 March 1951) is an Indian politician.
He has been the Chief Minister of Bihar since 2017.
He is the President of Janata Dal (United) who is best known for his non tolerance policy against corruption.
Francine Fuhara Muyumba (born 18 February 1987) is a Congolese youth leader serving as President of the Pan African Youth Union.
In 2011, Muyumba became the first International Student to be elected President of the University of Namibia Student Representative Council.
The other International student to have held the position was Joseph Kalimbwe seven years later.
A nickel–zinc battery, abbreviated NiZn, is a type of rechargeable battery with a voltage of 1.6 V. Large nickel–zinc battery systems have been known for over 100 years.
Since 2000, development of a stabilized zinc electrode system has made this technology competitive with other commercially available rechargeable battery systems.
Cells in "AA" and "AAA" sizes are available.
The University of Namibia (UNAM) is the largest university in Namibia.
It was founded by an act of the National Assembly on 31 August 1992 and has 12 campuses, 8 faculties and 5 schools spread across the country.
It has close to 24,000 studying on full time, part time and distance learning.
Windhoek Main Campus
Hage Geingob Campus
Khomasdal Campus
Nuedamm Campus
Rundu Campus
Henties Bay Campus
Southern Campus
Hifikepunye Pohamba Campus
Oshakati Campus
Jose Dos Santos Campus
Katima Mulilo Campus
A depolarizer or depolariser is a substance used in a primary cell to prevent buildup of hydrogen gas bubbles.
This would interfere with the working of the cell.
Manganese dioxide is a widely used depolarizer.
A fire-tube boiler is a type of boiler in which hot gases pass from a fire through many tubes.
These run through a sealed container of water.
The heat of the gases passes through the walls of the tubes, and this heats the water and creates steam.
A motor–generator is a device for converting electrical power to another form.
Motor–generator sets are used to convert frequency, voltage, or phase of power.
They may also be used to isolate electrical loads from the electrical power supply line.
Large motor–generators were widely used to convert industrial amounts of power while smaller motor–generators were used to convert battery power to higher voltages.
Nowadays, motor–generators have largely been replaced by semiconductor devices.
Examples include rectifiers for converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) and inverters for converting DC to AC.
AAR wheel arrangement is a system for classifying locomotives used in North America.
It is a simplified form of the UIC classification of locomotive axle arrangements.
A1A-A1A Two bogies or wheel assemblies under the unit.
Each bogie has two powered axles and one unpowered axle
B-B Two bogies or wheel assemblies under the unit.
Each bogie has two powered axles
C-C Two bogies or wheel assemblies under the unit.
Each bogie has three powered axles
Kenneth Ian Albiston (11 November 1926 – 20 June 2018) was an Australian rules footballer.
He played for Richmond and Melbourne in the VFL.
He served in the royal air force during the last years of World War II.
He was born in Balwyn, Victoria.
DemonWiki profile
Richard Benjamin Harrison Jr. (also known by the nicknames The Old Man and The Appraiser; March 4, 1941 – June 25, 2018) was an American businessman and reality television personality.
He was born in Danville, Virginia, but raised in Lexington, North Carolina.
He was best known as the co-owner of the World Famous Gold & Silver Pawn Shop, as featured on the History channel series Pawn Stars.
Gold and Silver Dealer in USA
Jamsheed Marker (Hilal-e-Imtiaz) (24 November 1922 – 21 June 2018) was a Pakistani diplomat.
He served as Ambassador to the United States serving from 17 September 1986 to 30 June 1989.
He was the head of mission during the administrations of Prime Ministers Muhammad Khan Junejo and Benazir Bhutto.
He helped negotiate the Soviet military withdrawal from Afghanistan.
Francesco Forleo (13 November 1941 – 24 June 2018) was an Italian politician and policeman.
He served as a Deputy from 1987 to 1994.
Etna is a city in the Scott Valley area of Siskiyou County, California, United States.
The population was 737 at the 2010 census, down from 781 at the 2000 census.
Official website of the city of Etna
Settlements in Siskiyou County, California
Montague is a city in Siskiyou County, California, United States.
The population was 1,443 at the 2010 census, down from 1,456 at the 2000 census.
Official website of Montague
Sayed Isma'el Balkhi () was a poet, political activist and cleric in Afghanistan during the twentieth century.
He was one of the thinkers and pioneers of the Islamic Movement of Afghanistan.
Siskiyou County ( ) is a county in the northernmost part of the U.S. state of California.
As of the 2010 census, the population was 44,900.
The county seat is Yreka.
Yreka ( ) is the county seat of Siskiyou County, California, United States.
It is near the Shasta River at 2,500 feet (760 m) above sea level and covering about 10.1 sq mi (26 km2) area, of which most is land.
As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 7,765, reflecting an increase of 475 from the 7,290 counted in the 2000 Census.
Yreka Chamber of Commerce
Siskiyou County Historical Society
Siskiyou County Museum
Siskiyou Daily News
Images of Yreka from the Eastman’s Originals Collection ,  Special Collections Dept.,
Baikonur Cosmodrome (; ) is a spaceport in southern Kazakhstan.
It is the first and most active space port in the world.
It is leased to Russia until 2050, and is managed by Roskosmos and the Russian aerospace forces.
It was originally built by the Soviet Union in the late 1950s.
There are many commercial, military and scientific rocket launches each year  All crewed Russian spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.
Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, was launched from Baikonur in 1957.
Vostok 1, the first human spaceflight, was also launched from Baikonur, carrying Yuri Gagarin.
The launchpad used for both of these missions was renamed Gagarin's Start.
Proton is an expandable launch vehicle used for both commercial and Russian government launches.
It is still in use as of 2018.
All Protons are built at Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center, and are then launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome.
It can launch around 22.8 tonnes to Low Earth orbit, and it can launch around 6.3 tonnes to Geostationary orbit.
It is expected to be retired before 2030.
It was originally created as a super heavy Intercontinental ballistic missile.
The first Proton rocket was launced in 1965.
Proton's design was kept secret until 1986.
It launched several sections of the Mir space station, and also launched two modules to the ISS.
The North British Locomotive Company (NBL) was created in 1903 through the merger of three Scottish locomotive manufacturing companies.
They were Sharp, Stewart and Company and Neilson, Reid and Company  and Dübs and Company.
This created the largest locomotive manufacturing company in Europe at the time.
In economics, the term volatility is used to measure how much the price or value of an economic good or service changes over time.
Goods or services where the price changes a lot are said to have a high volatility, those that don't have a low volatility.
The word come from the Latin verb "volare" meaning "to fly".
In the securities markets, volatility is often associated with big swings in either direction.
For example, when the stock market rises and falls more than one percent over a sustained period of time, it is called a "volatile" market.
An asset's volatility is a key factor when pricing options contracts.
In statistical terms, volatility is the standard deviation of a market or security’s annualised returns over a given period - essentially the rate at which its price increases or decreases.
Historical volatility is calculated using a series of past market prices, while implied volatility looks at expected future volatility, using the market price of a market-traded derivative like an option.
Causes of volatility
Market volatility is caused by a host of several factors
Political and economic factors
Industry and sector factors
Company performance
Volatility overseas
Joshua David Hawley (born December 31, 1979) is an American politician.
He is the junior United States Senator of Missouri since January 3, 2019.
He was the Attorney General of Missouri from 2017 to 2019.
He was born in Lexington, Missouri.
Hawley studied at Stanford University and at Yale University.
He is a former law clerk to Chief Justice John Roberts of the Supreme Court.
In October 2017, Hawley announced his candidacy for U.S. Senate.
He defeated Claire McCaskill in the general election in November 2018.
Missouri Attorney General
Hawley for Senate
Geoff Case (18 September 1935 – 22 June 2018) was an Australian rules footballer.
He played in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Case was a tough midfielder and played his 122 VFL games for Melbourne, which included the 1955, 1957, 1959 and 1960 winning grand finals.
He also represented the VFL, but retired at the relatively young age of just twenty-six in 1962.
Deanna Lund (May 30, 1937 – June 22, 2018) was an American actress.
Lund was best known for her role in the Irwin Allen television series Land of the Giants, where she played the character of Valerie Ames Scott.
Constance Adams (16 July, 1964 – 25 June, 2018) was an American space architect.
He worked in the space program.
In the late 1990s she was employed by Lockheed Martin Space Operations, to support the NASA’s Mars exploration research efforts at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.
Among other projects, Adams was involved in developing the Lockheed-Martin design of an inflatable module for the International Space Station.
Anthony Steven Evers (born November 5, 1951) is an American politician and educator.
He is the 46th and current Governor of Wisconsin.
He was elected Governor on November 6, 2018, defeating Scott Walker.
Before becoming Governor, he served as the 26th Superintendent of Public Instruction of Wisconsin from 2009 to 2019.
Evers serves as President of the Council of Chief State School Officers and was Wisconsin's Deputy Superintendent of Public Instruction from 2001 to 2009.
Evers was the Democratic nominee for Governor of Wisconsin in the 2018 gubernatorial election.
His running mate is community organizer Mandela Barnes.
Evers won the election by 1%.
Governor Tony Evers official State of Wisconsin website
Lance Franklin (or Buddy Franklin) was born on 30 January 1987.
In his early life he had grown up to love AFL and view as many matches as he could, but his passion did not just stop there, he was a star on the AFL field as a young boy and eventually pursued his passion to the point he is at now, an international level.
Franklin was born in Perth, Western Australia, into a family of Indigenous Australians (Noongar-Wajuk) and grew up in Dowerin supporting the Melbourne Football Club.
When he was 15, he won a sports scholarship and was educated at Wesley College.
He played one senior game for the Perth Football Club in 2004, kicking one goal, and represented Western Australia at the 2004 AFL Under 18 Championships.
Franklin has won two premierships, four All-Australian team awards, two Coleman Medals and a Peter Crimmins Medal in his time at Hawthorn, he also kicked the AFL Goal of the Year twice (in 2010 and 2013).
He also was nominated for the AFL Rising Star award in the 2005 season.
After winning his second premiership at Hawthorn, Franklin moved to the Sydney Swans at the end of the 2013 season, before representing Australia in the 2013 International Rules Series.
Franklin had an incredible impact at Sydney, where he won three All-Australian selections and two more Coleman Medals.
Grigory Isaakovich Barenblatt (; July 10, 1927 – June 21, 2018) was a Russian mathematician.
He was an emeritus Professor in Residence at the Department of Mathematics of the University of California, Berkeley and Mathematician at Department of Mathematics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
Applied mechanics: an age old science perpetually in rebirth (pdf).
The Timoshenko Medal acceptance speech by Grigory Barenblatt (to be published by ASME in summer 2006).
William Stanley Merwin (September 30, 1927 – March 15, 2019) was an American poet.
He was mainly active during the anti-Vietnam War era.
He won the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry (in both 1971 and 2009), the National Book Award for Poetry (2005) and the Tanning Prize, one of the highest honors bestowed by the Academy of American Poets, as well as the Golden Wreath of the Struga Poetry Evenings.
Charles Simic (; born Dušan Simić; May 9, 1938) is a Serbian American poet.
He was the co-poetry editor of the Paris Review.
He received the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1990 for The World Doesn't End, and was a finalist of the Pulitzer Prize in 1986 for Selected Poems, 1963-1983 and in 1987 for Unending Blues.
Michelle Renee Clunie (born November 7, 1969) is an American actress, dancer and activist.
She is best known for her roles as Melanie Marcus on Showtime's series Queer as Folk and as Ellen Beals on Make It or Break It.
She is currently a star on MTV’s Teen Wolf as Mrs. Finch.
The following article is a complete discography for Creed, an American rock band.
Formed in 1993 in Tallahassee, Florida, Creed released three studio albums and one compilation album before breaking up in 2004 due to tension between members.
However, they reunited in 2009 to release a new studio album.
Creed have sold over 53 million albums worldwide.
The band's discography consists of four studio albums, two compilation albums, one live video release, one extended play and a host of guest contributions to other albums.
rowspan="2" style="width:33px;"|Year
rowspan="2" style="width:250px;"|Album details
colspan=7|Peak chart positions
rowspan="2" style="width:175px;"|Certifications(sales thresholds)
rowspan="2"|Sales
style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| US
style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| AUS
style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| CAN
style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| NZ
style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| SWE
style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| SWI
style="width:3em;font-size:75%"| UK
| My Own Prison
Released: August 26, 1997
Label: Wind-Up Records
| style="text-align:center;"| 22
| style="text-align:center;"| 75
| style="text-align:center;"| 13
| style="text-align:center;"| —
| style="text-align:center;"| 49
RIAA: 6× Platinum
MC: 3× Platinum
US: 6,500,000
| Human Clay
Released: September 28, 1999
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
| style="text-align:center;"| 4
| style="text-align:center;"| 9
| style="text-align:center;"| 35
| style="text-align:center;"| 29
RIAA: 11× Platinum
ARIA: 4× Platinum
BVMI: Gold
MC: 6× Platinum
BPI: Gold
US: 11,690,000
| Weathered
Released: November 20, 2001
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
| style="text-align:center;"| 20
| style="text-align:center;"| 44
ARIA: 2× Platinum
US: 6,400,000
| [[Full Circle (Creed album)|Full Circle]]
Released: October 27, 2009
| style="text-align:center;"| 27
| style="text-align:center;"| 8
| style="text-align:center;"| 16
| style="text-align:center;"| 56
| style="text-align:center;"| 7
| style="text-align:center;"| 78
US: 444,000
| colspan="11" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"| "—" denotes a release that did not chart.
Creed produced the soundtrack to Scream 3 in 2000, from which the single "What If" was released (the song originally appeared on the band's Human Clay album from 1999).
The song "Is This the End?"
was also specifically recorded for the soundtrack.
Other songs contributed to soundtracks include "Bound & Tied" (Dead Man on Campus), "I'm Eighteen" (The Faculty), "To Whom It May Concern" (The Scorpion King), and "Young Grow Old" (WWF Forceable Entry). "
I'm Eighteen" is a cover of the Alice Cooper song of the same name.
Creed were also at Woodstock 1999, where they played many of their hits as well as The Doors' song "Roadhouse Blues", during which they were joined by Doors' guitarist Robby Krieger.
The performance was later included on the compilation CD of that event.
In 2000, the band contributed a studio cover of "Riders on the Storm" for The Doors tribute album Stoned Immaculate: The Music of The Doors (a song they also performed at Woodstock).
All of these tracks are included on the band's 2015 compilation With Arms Wide Open: A Retrospective'', along with other assorted b-sides and rarities.
Richard Scott Bakker (born February 2, 1967, Simcoe, Ontario) is a Canadian fantasy author.
He also lectures in the South Western Ontario university community.
In 1986 he attended the University of Western Ontario and studied literature.
He later completed an MA in theory and criticism.
After further study in philosophy at Vanderbilt University he returned to London, Ontario where he now lives with his wife and daughter.
He spends his time writing fiction and study.
The Second Apocalypse
R. Scott Bakker's major work is a series known as The Second Apocalypse, which he began developing in the 1980s.
The series was first planned as series of three books.
The first two books were to be the The Prince of Nothing and The Aspect-Emperor.
The third book has been called The Book That Shall Not Be Named by Bakker.
He thought the title of this book was a spoiler for the first two books.
Bakker began writing the books in the early 2000s.
He found he needed to split each of the three books into its own sub-series to include all of the characters, themes and ideas he wished to explore.
The first two books have now become trilogies, and the third book, which is currently two volumes, may expand to a third.
Science Fiction, Thrillers, Mystery, and Other Works
A science fiction novel about a serial killer whose knowledge allows them to control the human brain.
Published in 2008.
The Disciple of the Dog
The story of a private investigator, Disciple Manning, who suffers from a condition like Hyperthymesia.
Published in 2010.
Blind Brain Hypothesis
A short essay about his Blind Brain Hypothesis, published 2008.
It was based on ideas that were part of his novel, Neuropath.
These ideas were about the limits of human consciousness, for example how the eye does not see all the colors because they are beyond our field of vision.
We are only aware of a tiny part of all the information our brains process, and this means that what we experience is largely an illusion.
Bakker wrote that the scientific method and its progress would one day give us insights into human behavior that we could not imagine now.
He argued in the future there would be some kind of brain–computer interface.
The Semantic Apocalypse
In 2008, Bakker presented The End of the World As We Know It: Neuroscience and the Semantic Apocalypse at Western University's Centre for the Study of Theory and Criticism.
This was based on ideas from Neuropath, a  fictional world where the technologies of neuroscience have reached technical and social maturity and prevalence.
Bakker says that science is now used to explain the natural world, rather than folk stories.
He says that one day science will also explain how our brains work, and how that affects our behaviour.
Human behaviour is not always rational, and society has ignored this cognitive bias.
Bakker's Blind Brain Hypothesis is that we are only conscious of a tiny part of the information processed by our brains.
Because of this we do not fully understand our thoughts and behaviours.
Three Pound Brain
In May 2010, Bakker began a blog called Three Pound Brain.
Bakker has used the blog to explore and write about his philosophical ideas.
He also uses it for copies of his past academic work, speculative pieces, and samples and drafts of his fiction writing.
An essay published on Scientia Salon, November 2014.
Crash Space
Science fiction short story released in Midwest Studies in Philosophy.
From Scripture to Fantasy
A paper published in Cosmos and History, January 2017.
On Alien Philosophy
On Alien Philosophy was first published on Three Pound Brain, August 2015, it was later rewritten for the Journal of Consciousness Studies, Feb 2017.
The Prince of Nothing
The Darkness That Comes Before (2004)
The Warrior-Prophet (2005)
The Thousandfold Thought (2006)
The Aspect-Emperor
The Judging Eye (2009)
The White-Luck Warrior (2011)
The Great Ordeal (2016)
The Unholy Consult (2017)
Atrocity Tales
The False Sun, Three Pound Brain, published in 2017 in The Unholy Consult
The Four Revelations of Cinial'jin, Three Pound Brain, published in 2017 in The Unholy Consult
The Knife of Many Hands, published in two parts in Grimdark Magazine #2 & #3, 2015
The Carathayan, published in Evil is a Matter of Perspective
Light, Time, and Gravity, Three Pound Brain
The Long Held Breath, Three Pound Brain
Reinstalling Eden, Nature (2013)
What Was...And What Will Never Be, Three Pound Brain
Crash Space, Midwest Studies in Philosophy (2015)
The Dime Spared, Three Pound Brain
Disciple Manning novels
Disciple of the Dog (2010)
The Enlightened Dead (forthcoming)
Stand-alone novels
Neuropath (2008)
Essay-collections
Through the Brain Darkly: The Blind Brain Theory of R Scott Bakker (2013)
The Digital Dionysus: Nietzsche & the Network-Centric Condition (2016)
Official R. Scott Bakker website
Bakker's blog
Second Apocalypse Forum Independently maintained fan forum endorsed by R. Scott Bakker.
R. Scott Bakker's The Devil's Chirp (Ambrose Bierce homage)
Bakkerfans Twitter
R. Scott Bakker's old SFF Forum  at SFFWorld
The Three-Seas Forum read-only archive
Bakker Subreddit
Deneb (also named Arided, α Cygni, alpha Cygni, α Cyg) is the brightest star in the constellation of Cygnus.
It, along with Vega, and Altair make up the Summer Triangle asterism.
It has an apparent magnitude of 1.25, which means that it is the 20th brightest star in the night sky.
However its distance from the sun and luminosity are difficult to calculate, but it's distance is estimated to be approximately 2,600 light years away.
It is thought to be between 55,000 and 196,000 times as luminous as the Sun.
John Francis Jackson, DFC (23 February 1908 – 28 April 1942) was an Australian fighter ace and squadron commander of World War II.
He had eight aerial victories, and led No.
75 Squadron during the Battle of Port Moresby in 1942.
Born in Brisbane, he was a grazier and businessman.
He had his own private plane when he joined the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Reserve in 1936.
In 1939, at the start of the war, he was called up for active service.
Jackson served with No.
23 Squadron in Australia before he was posted to the Middle East in November 1940.
As a fighter pilot with No.
3 Squadron he flew Gloster Gladiators, Hawker Hurricanes and P-40 Tomahawks during the North African and Syria–Lebanon campaigns.
Jackson was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and Mentioned in Despatches for his actions in the Middle East.
In March 1942, while serving in the South West Pacific theatre, he was promoted to squadron leader.
He was in command of No.
75 Squadron at Port Moresby in Papua, operating P-40 Kittyhawks.
Described as "rugged, simple" and "true as steel", Jackson, aged 34, was nicknamed "Old John" by his much younger squadron members.
He was praised for his leadership during the defence of Port Moresby.
He was killed in action on 28 April 1942.
His younger brother Les took over No.
75 Squadron, and also became a fighter ace.
Jacksons International Airport, Port Moresby, is named in John Jackson's honour.
Omokoroa is a small urban area in the Western Bay of Plenty District of New Zealand.
The suburb is thought part of Greater Tauranga (contributing towards its population of ), and is within the Bay of Plenty electorate.
Falcon 9 is a two-stage rocket.
It was designed and manufactured by SpaceX in the United States.
Parts of the rocket can be used more than one time.
The latest version of the first stage can return to Earth and be flown again many times.
Both the first and second stages are powered by SpaceX Merlin engines.
They use cryogenic liquid oxygen and rocket-grade kerosene (RP-1) as feul.
Its name comesfrom the fictional Star Wars spacecraft, the Millennium Falcon.
The 9 is for the nine engines of the rocket's first stage.
There have been many versions of the rocket.
These include v1.0 (2010–2013), v1.1 (2013–2016) and  v1.2 Full Thrust (2015–present).
It also includes the Falcon 9 Block 5 version.
It also includes the Block 5 Full Thrust version.
This version has been used since May 2018.
Most rockets can only be used one time.
SpaceX has landed Falcon 9 boosters over a hundred times.
The first stages have been used as many as eleven times.
Falcon 9 can carry of up to  to low Earth orbit (LEO).
If fully used, it can carry  to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO).
The rocket can carry  to GTO when the first stage is recovered.
It has a cargo size of ]145 cubic meters of volume The heaviest GTO loads carried have been Intelsat 35e () and Telstar 19V ().
In 2008, SpaceX won a Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) contract in NASA's Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program.
They would take cargo to the International Space Station (ISS) using the Falcon 9 and Dragon capsule.
The first mission under this contract launched on 8 October 2012.
Falcon 9 can take NASA astronauts to the ISS.
It is also certified for the National Security Space Launch program and NASA Launch Services Program as "Category 3".
This means it can be used with the most expensive, important and complex NASA missions.
Falcon 9 is said to be the world's most advanced space launch vehicle by many sources.
As of January 2021, Falcon 9 has the most launches among all U.S. rockets that are currently being used.
It is the only U.S. rocket fully certified for transporting humans to the International Space Station.
It is also the only commercial rocket to take humans to orbit.
On 24 January 2021, Falcon 9 set a new record for the most satellites launched by a single rocket.
It carried 143 satellites into orbit.
Five rockets of the version 1.0 design were launched from June 2010 to March 2013.
Version 1.1 had fifteen launches from September 2013 to January 2016.
The "Full Thrust" version has been used since December 2015.
There are many upgrades to this version.
The latest Full Thrust variant, Block 5, was introduced in May 2018.
It has more thrust, improved landing legs and other minor improvements to help recovery and reuse.
The Falcon Heavy version was first flown in February 2018.
It has a stronger Falcon 9 first stage as its center core.
It also has two added Falcon 9 first stages used as boosters.
SpaceX plans to replace Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy with the much larger Starship launch system.
Development history
Conception and funding
In October 2005, SpaceX said it was going to launch Falcon 9 in the first half of 2007.
The first launch took place in 2010.
SpaceX spent its own money to create the Falcon 1.
Creating the Falcon 9 was faster because NASA helped with the cost.
They also said they would buy several commercial flights.
This started with money from the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program in 2006.
The contract was a Space Act Agreement (SAA) "to develop and demonstrate commercial orbital transportation service".
It included NASA paying for of three demonstration flights.
The contract was US$278 million to provide development funding for Dragon, Falcon 9, and demonstration launches of Falcon 9 with Dragon.
In 2011 other milestones were added, This made the total contract value US$396 million.
NASA became the main user for the vehicle in 2008.
They agreed to buy 12 Commercial Resupply Services launches to the International Space Station.
The money would be paid after the demonstration missions were completed successfully.
The space logistics delivery contract was worth US$1.6 billion for a minimum of 12 missions to carry supplies to and from the International Space Station.
Elon Musk has said that it would have taken longer without the NASA money.