the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Both principles, hard and soft, come from the famous martial arts book used by Okinawan masters during the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bubishi ().
Gō, which means hard, refers to closed hand techniques or straight linear attacks.
Jū, which means soft, refers to open hand techniques and circular movements.
Gōjū-ryū uses both circular and linear movements.
It combines hard striking attacks such as kicks.
It also uses close hand punches with softer open hand circular techniques.
These are used for attacking, blocking, and controlling the opponent.
This includes locks, grappling, takedowns and throws.
In Jainism, a tirthankara (Sanskrit tīrthaṅkara) is an all knowing Teaching God who teaches the path to liberation from the cycle of births and deaths, called saṃsāra.
According to Jains, over time, Jain teachings are gradually forgotten.
Then, a rare individual is born who at some point in his life renounces the world to conquer the saṃsāra, the cycle of death and rebirth, on his own.
After Tirthankara attains Kevala Jnana (omniscience) he refounds Jainism.
Tirthankara provides a bridge for others to follow him from saṃsāra (worldy existence) to moksha (liberation).
According to Jains, exactly twenty-four tirthankaras grace this part of the universe in each half of the Jain time cycle.
The first tirthankara was Rishabhanatha, who is said to have taught men various arts and professions including agriculture.
The 24th and last tirthankara of present half-cycle was Mahavira (599-527 BC).
His predecessor, Parshvanatha, the twenty-third tirthankara was a historical figure.
The teachings tirthankara are compiled as scriptures called Agamas.
All tirthankaras teach same philosophy and ethics and their teachings do not contradict.
While tirthankaras are worshiped by Jains, there grace is said to be available for all living beings, regardless of religious orientation.
Tirthankaras are called Jina (victor), which means one who has conquered inner enemies such as anger, attachment, pride and greed.
They are entirely free of all passions, and personal likes and dislikes.
After attaining omniscience, they are free from eighteen imperfections like hunger, thirst, sleep etc.
The word tirthankara signifies the founder of a tirtha which means a fordable passage across the sea of repeated births and deaths (called saṃsāra).
Tirthankaras are also called "Teaching Gods", "Ford-Makers", "Crossing Makers" and "Makers of the River-Crossing.
The tīrthaṅkara nama-karma, a special type of karma is mentioned in the Jain texts.
Bondage of this karma raises a soul to the supreme status of a Tīrthaṅkara.
Tattvartha Sutra, a major Jain text, list down sixteen observances which lead to the influx of this karma-
Panch Kalyanaka
Five auspicious events called, Pañca kalyāṇaka happen in the life of every tirthankara:
Gārbha kalyāṇaka (conception): When soul of the tirthankara comes into his mother's womb.
Janma kalyāṇaka (birth): Birth of a tirthankara.
Indra, the head of celestial beings performs a ritual on tirthankara on Mount Meru.
Dīkṣā kalyāṇaka (renunciation): When a tirthankara renounces all worldly possessions and become an ascetic.
Jñāna kalyāṇaka: The event when a tirthankara attains omniscience and becomes all knowing.
After this celestial beings erect a divine preaching hall called samavasarana from where he delivers sermons.
Nirvāṇa kalyāṇaka (liberation): When a tirthankara leaves his mortal body, it is known as nirvana.
It is followed by the final liberation, moksha.
Their soul goes to Siddhashila (topmost part of the Universe as per Jains) forever where they enjoy everlating happiness.
Samavasarana
After attaining omniscience, a tirthankara preaches the path to liberation in the samavasarana.
According to Jain texts, the heavenly pavilion is erected by devas (heavenly beings) where devas, humans and animals assemble to hear the tirthankara.
A tirthankara's speech is listened by all humans and animals in their own language.
It is believed that during this speech, there is no unhappiness for miles around the site.
Tīrthaṅkaras of present cosmic age
Jainism teaches that time has no beginning or end.
It moves like the wheel of a cart.
Jains divide the time cycle in two halves, Utsarpiṇī or ascending time cycle and avasarpiṇī, the descending time cycle.
24 tirthankaras are born in each half of this cycle.
In Jain tradition the tirthankaras were royal in their final lives, and Jain texts record details of their previous lives.
Twenty-one of the tirthankaras are said to have attained moksha in the kayotsarga (standing meditation posture), while Rishabhanatha, Neminatha and Mahavira are said to have attained moksha in the Padmasana (lotus position).
List of the 24 tirthankaras
Present cosmic age
In chronological order, the names, emblems and colours of the 24 tirthankaras of this age are mentioned below: Dhanuṣa means "bow" and hatha means "hands".
Palmiro Togliatti was an Italian politician.
He was leader of the Italian Communist Party from 1927 until his death.
Togliatti began his political life in the Italian Socialist Party.
After World War I he created the Communist Party of Italy with others.
In 1926 Benito Mussolini outlawed the party.
Togliatti became the leader in exile.
In 1943, the name was changed to the Italian Communist Party.
In 1944 Togliatti returned to Italy.
He died of a cerebral hemorrhage in Ukraine.
Sir Keith Jacka Holyoake,  (; 11 February 1904 – 8 December 1983) was the 26th Prime Minister of New Zealand.
He served for a brief period in 1957 and then from 1960 to 1972.
He was also the 13th Governor-General of New Zealand, serving from 1977 to 1980.
Holyoake was a Member of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.
He used the following Post-nominal letters:
KG Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter
GCMG Knight Grand Cross of The Most Distinguished Order Of Saint Michael And Saint George
CH Order of the Companions of Honour
QSO Companion of the Queen's Service Order
KStJ Knight of Justice of The Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem
Gaafar Muhammad an-Nimeiry was the President of Sudan from 1969 to 1985.
His name is also spelled Jaafar Nimeiry, Gaafar Nimeiry or Ga'far Muhammad Numayri.
Nimeiry came to power after a military coup in 1969.
In 1972 he signed the Addis Ababa Agreement, ending the First Sudanese Civil War.
In 1983 he imposed Sharia law.
This led to the Second Sudanese Civil War.
He was removed from power in 1985.
Nimeiry went into exile in Egypt.
Prime Ministers of Sudan
Alikovsky District (; , Elĕk rajonĕ) is an administrative and municipal district (raion), one of the twenty-one in the Chuvash Republic, Russia.
It is located in the northwestern central part of the republic and borders with Morgaushsky and Yadrinsky Districts in the north, Krasnoarmeysky District in the east, Vurnarsky and Shumerlinsky Districts in the south, and with Krasnochetaysky District in the west.
The area of the district is .
Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Alikovo.
Population:  The population of Alikovo accounts for 14.5% of the district's total population.
There is a museum, a people's theater, a folk band, a veteran's orchestra, a school's brass band, and a chorus.
Regional Chuvash music festival "Vir'yal shevlisem" (lit.
Viryal's pancakes) takes place in May of each year.
Alexander Artemiev, writer and poet
Anatoly Serep, writer and poet
Arcady Aris, writer
Arkady Malov, poet and translator
Boris Markov, actor, director
Gerasim Pileš, writer and playwright
Ille Toktash, writer and poet
Nikita Larionov, writer and poet
Nikolai Yut, writer, folklorist, and literature critic
Stanislav Voronov, artist
Thirunallar is a small town in the district of Karaikal, Puducherry Union territory, India.
It is on the banks of Noolaaru River and Vanchiaaru River in the north and the banks of Arasalar River in the south.
Thirunallar is specially famous for the temple dedicated to Lord Shani, or Lord Saturn.
The temple is named after him, Thirunallar Saniswaran temple.
The main deity of the town is Lord Dharbharanyeshwarar, a form of Lord Shiva.
The temple of this town is the only temple dedicated to Lord Shani in the whole world.
Whenever Lord Saturn passes from one zodiac sign to the other (Sani Peyarchi), millions of people comes to Thirunallar for worshiping the lord.
The Nala theertham or Nalan kulam is the temple tank of this temple, which is said to be washing away all misfortunes caused by karma.
That is why Lord Shani is renowned as "the dispenser of Karma".
Tirumalairayanpattinam is a census town in Karaikal district, Puducherry Union territory, India.
This is also a religious town like the other main renowned towns in the Karaikal district.
The town's name is often shortened to TR Pattinam.
This town is on the banks of Thirumalairajanar River
TR Pattinam is named after a king like the town of Thirunallar.
Tirumalairayanpattinam is named after King Thirumalai Raja, who ruled this town from 1453 to 1468.
At his time both the river and the town was named after him.
But later the name of the town changed to Tirumalairayan pattinam.
Famous things in the Tirumalairayan Pattinam
A 160 year old bridge still stands in the Tirumalairajan River.
Aayiram Kaali Amman Temple is an ancient temple.
The deity is made entirely of wood.
Maasi magam festival
Arulmigu Abhirami Amman Temple is also a famous temple.
TR Pattinam has its own railway station under the control of the Indian Railways.
It is also well connected with the port city and the district headquarters, Karaikal.
Germania was a Roman name originally given to tribe of people who lived along the Rhine River.
They were a Teutonic people, who were first mentioned in the 4th century BC.
The Gauls changed it from a name for a people to the name for the territory.
This was a vast forested wilderness to the north that Rome knew very little about.
It ran from the west on the River Rhenus (Rhine) to the east and the Carpathian Mountains and the River Vistula.
On the north it was bounded by the North Sea and on the south by the River Hister (Danube).
Germania Inferior
Germania was home to a very large number of Germanic and a few Celtic tribes.
The northern provinces of Germania were called "Germania Inferior".
Some of the tribes known to live here were the Menapii, Batavi, Condrusi, Atuataci and Eburones.
Close to the Roman fortifications on the east side of the Rhine lived the Frisii, Chauci, Istavones, Sicambri, Marsii, Cattii, and Ubii tribes.
The Ubii were friendly with the Romans and provided cavalry as well as guarded the border for the Romans.
Germania Superior
"Germania Superior", or southern Germania was home to the Triboci, Rauraci (Celtic), Nemetes, Caeroesi, Sequani (Gallic) and Helvetii (Gallic) tribes.
To the east of the Rhine and along the Danube lived the Marvingii, Varisci (also called Nariscii), Burgundians, Hermunduri, Suebi and the Cherusci tribes.
Roman conquest
During the Gallic War, Julius Caesar ended the Germanic presence in Alsace by destroying Ariovistus.
He built a bridge across the Rhine in 55 BC and entered Germania.
He convinced the Suebi and other tribes not to interfere in Gaul, which was Roman territory.
Other than venturing into Germania a second time in 53 BC and warring against several tribes, he left Germania alone.
This established the Rhine as the boundary between Germania and Roman Gaul.
From 49–45 BC, Caesar was occupied by the Civil War.
He was then assassinated in 44 BC.
The beginnings of the occupation of Germania by Rome was in 15 BC.
The Foothills of the Alps were conquered during the reign of Augustus.
This, together with the lands west of the Rhine conquered by Caesar became their foothold.
The Romans attempted to bring under Roman rule the lands as far north as the River Elbe.
In 7 AD Rome assumed Germania was under Roman rule when Publius Quinctilius Varus became governor of Roman occupied Germania.
Since they were so powerful, the Romans did not count on any resistance from the German tribes.
In 9 AD Varus with three legions of top Roman troops, were moving up to a permanent base on the Rhine.
There had been reports of a Rebellion by local tribes which Varus intended to deal with.
Varis was confident that it would be easy to occupy Germany.
He was a good administrator but not a soldier.
While marching through the Teutoburg Forest, three crack legions of Rome’s army were caught in an ambush.
For three days up to 30.000 Roman soldiers, their families and slaves were killed by the peoples they called barbarians.
The battle was Rome's greatest defeat.
Arminius, the German leader, understood both the strengths and weaknesses of the Roman army.
He knew not to attack Roman legions in open battle.
In the Teutoburg Forest he lured the 17th, 18th and 19th legions into an ambush.
The battle was fought in several places during the encounter.
Those who were not killed were taken captive.
When Emperor Augustus heard the news he supposedly cried out "Quintilius Varus, give me back my legions!"
The numbers XVII (17), XVIII (18) and XIX (19) were never again used as legion numbers.
Germanicus was ordered to avenge the loss of the legions.
In 14 AD he started the conquest of Germania again.
However after two years he decided he had done enough to avenge Rome's great loss and returned to Rome.
He left Germania to their own feuds.
Arminius was murdered in 21 AD by relatives because of internal fighting.
The Germanic Tribes Histoy
Germania A Roman Province Too Far 1/2 [Documentary
Cornelius Tacitus, Germany and its Tribes, complete text
The Paraguarí department () is a department of Paraguay.
The capital is the city of Paraguarí.
Its ISO 3166-2 code  is PY-09.
At the end of the 16th century, the Franciscan missionaries founded the city of Yaguarón with Guarani people.
More towns were founded on which today form part of this department:
Carapeguá (1725)
Quiindy (1733)
Ybycuí (1766)
Pirayú (1769)
Paraguarí (1775), the present capital of the department
Quyquyhó (1776)
Ybytimí and Acahay (1783)
Caapucú (1787)
The department was created in 1935.
In 1945, the old department of Quyyndy was made part of Paraguarí.
The Paraguarí department is in the southwest of the Oriental region.
It is one of the smallest of the departments of Paraguay, with an area of .
It has a population of 239,633 for a population density of .
To the north: Cordillera and Caaguazú departments.
To the east: Guairá and Caazapá departments.
To the south: Misiones department.
To the west: Ñeembucú and Central departments.
Gobernación de Paraguarí website
Secretaria Nacional de Turismo
Oswald the Lucky Rabbit is the first animal-based character made by Disney productions.
In 1927, Universal Studios hired Disney studios to make him for Alice Comedies.
Universal Studios owned the character by law.
Oswald was called the lucky rabbit because of the idea of rabbits' feet being lucky.
In his cartoons, Oswald would pull off his own foot, rub it for luck, and then put it back.
When Disney separated from Universal Studios, the artists there made a new character called Mickey Mouse.
Meanwhile, Universal used Oswald the Lucky Rabbit in comics in 1935 and in animated programs until 1943.
Disney bought Oswald back in 2006.
Disney put him in the video game Epic Mickey in 2010 for the Nintendo Wii
Ataxia is trouble with balance that is not caused by a person's muscles being weak.
Instead, ataxia is caused by a neurological problem.
Ataxia is not a diagnosis.
It is a neurological sign.
It is a sign of damage to the parts of the nervous system that control balance.
There are three different types of ataxia.
Each type has many possible causes.
Cerebellar ataxia
Cerebellar ataxia is ataxia that is caused by a problem with a person's cerebellum.
The cerebellum is the part of the brain that controls balance and coordination.
It makes the body move smoothly and controls movements like walking.
Controlling how hard their muscles contract, how fast, and in what direction
Getting their muscles to work together (asynergy)
Walking (gait abnormality)
Moving their eyes
Swallowing (dysphagia)
Saying words (dysarthria)
Judging how far away something is (dysmetria)
Reacting quickly
Sensory ataxia
Sensory ataxia is caused by the loss of proprioception (knowing where parts of the body are).
It is usually caused by damage to the parts of the spinal cord that carry information about proprioception to the brain.
However, it can also be caused by damage to the parts of the brain that receive that information (the cerebellum, the thalamus, and the parietal lobes of the brain).
They may have trouble walking.
They may stomp their feet and hit their heels hard against the ground while they walk
Trouble walking that gets worse when the person cannot see well
For example, if the person stands with their feet together and their eyes closed, their balance problems will get much worse, and they may fall.
Doctors call this a "positive Romberg's test.
Vestibular ataxia
Vestibular ataxia is caused by problems with the vestibular system.
This is the body's main sensory system that controls balance and movement.
It includes the inner ear.
There are many different causes of ataxia.
The National Ataxia Foundation breaks up these causes into three categories: acquired, genetic, and idiopathic.
Acquired ataxia
A person is not born with acquired ataxia.
Acquired means that something happened during the person's life to cause the ataxia.
Stroke, brain tumor, or multiple sclerosis
A person can acquire (get) any of the three types of ataxia from these problems in the brain, depending on where the problem happens.
For example, if a person has a brain tumor in their cerebellum, they may get cerebellar ataxia.
If the tumor is in the vestibular system, the person may get vestibular ataxia.
Problems that damage parts of the cerebellum.
Alcohol abuse, drug abuse, or use of certain medications which can cause ataxia
Viral illnesses, like viral meningitis
Vitamin B12 deficiency (not having enough vitamin B12 in the body)
Genetic (hereditary) ataxia
Genetic ataxia is caused by hereditary disorders that damage the cerebellum or spine.
People are born with these disorders.
In most cases, they get worse over time.
Idiopathic ataxia
Idiopathic means that doctors cannot find a cause for a person's ataxia.
Idiopathic ataxias often cause symptoms that come and go.
Many doctors and scientists think these ataxias are caused by a combination of things inside the body (like gene problems) and things outside the body (like the things happening in a person's life).
However, they are still researching the causes of idiopathic ataxias.
Ataxia can be treated.
However, treatment usually does not make ataxia go away completely.
Using a cane or walker to help with balance
Fátima Bernardes (born September 17, 1962) is a Brazilian journalist and talk show host.
She has worked at Rede Globo since 1987.
In this television network she  started to work in TV newscasts and became very famous.
In 2011, she trended worldwide on Twitter after announcing her new professional phase as show host.
Forbes has said Bernardes could become as popular as Oprah''.
San Felipe de Aconcagua Province () is one of eight provinces of the central Chilean region of Valparaíso (V).
The city of San Felipe is the capital of the province.
(last national census), there were 131,911 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².
The largest city of the province is San Felipe, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 57,760 inhabitants.
Other cities are Llaillay (16,215), Santa María (8,126) and Putaendo (7,214).
As a province, San Felipe de Aconcagua is a second-level administrative division, consisting of six communes (comunas).
The city of San Felipe serves as the provincial capital.
Province of San Felipe de Aconcagua website
The 1926 Miami Hurricane (or the Great Miami Hurricane) was a very large and violent tropical cyclone.
The hurricane caused a lot of damage in the Miami metropolitan area of southern Florida and in the Bahamas.
The storm caused $78.5 million in damage to the United States.
Estimates from 2010 put the damage at $165 billion, meaning the storm surpasses Katrina as the costliest U.S. hurricane.
The Miami metropolitan area is the metropolitan area including Miami and its nearby communities.
As of 2015, there were more than six million inhabitants.
This makes the Miami metropolitan area the most populous in Florida and the second-most populous in the Southeastern United States.
The Miami metropolitan area includes Miami-Dade County, Broward and Palm Beach counties in southeastern Florida.
This area is also called the Gold Coast.
Valparai is a town in the district of Coimbatore of Tamil Nadu.
Valparai is 100 km away from the district headquarters Coimbatore.
Areas in Valparai are mostly owned by private tea companies and large forest areas.
It is a hill station, located 3500 feet(1100m) height above sea level on the Anaimalai Hills range of the Western Ghats.
Earliest records say that in 1846 Ramasamy Mudaliar started a coffee plantation here.
Later in 1864, the Karnatic coffee company started a coffee plantation in this area.
In 1890, W.Wintil and Nordan bought this area from the Madras State Government (present Tamil Nadu) under the British Raj.
Mr.Wintil deforested the forest areas in Valparai to cultivate tea and coffee.
According to the 2011 census, Valparai has a population of 70,859 with sex ratio of 1013 per 1000 males and literacy rate 78.47%.
59.68% of the population consist of Scheduled Castes and 1.75% population of the Scheduled Tribes.
Yanam is a small territory of just 20 km2.
It is in Andhra Pradesh.
But Yanam district, Mahe district, Karaikal district and Puducherry district comes under Puducherry Union territory, as they were French colonies up to 1954.
Yanam is surrounded by the district of East Godavari of Andhra Pradesh.
Yanam district consists of 7 revenue villages and a town.
Yanam is a town as well as the district headquarters.
The other villages are Agraharam, Darialatippa, Farampeta, Guerempeta, Kanakalapeta, Kurasampeta and Mettakur.
The total population of the district is just 55,616, roughly equal to the population of Greenland.
Mahe district is one of the four districts of Puducherry Union Territory.
Mahe is the smallest district in India by size and sixth district in India with least population.
Mahe is surrounded on three sides by Kannur district and a side by Kozhikode district, as it is located in Kerala state.
Puducherry union territory consists of four unconnected districts.
Mahe district has a very small area of just 8.69 sq.kms.
The total population of the district is 41,934, roughly equal to Liechtenstein.
The literacy rate of the district is 98.35%.
The population density of Mahe district is 4659 inhabitants/1 square km and 12070 inhabitants/1 square miles.
Article 63 of the Indian Constitution states that "there shall be a Vice-President".
The person who holds the post of Vice-President acts as the President of India during the absence of the President due to resignation, death, impeachment and other reasons.
The Vice President is also the Ex-officio Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha.
The Vice-President is elected indirectly by members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both houses of the Parliament of India.
The present Vice President of India is Venkaiah Naidu.
He began his term 11 August 2017.
It is the first true single reed instrument.
The plural for chalumeau is chalumeaux.
The 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War.
They were nicknamed the "Swamp Angels".
The regiment was one of the first official African-American units in the United States during the Civil War.
Many African-Americans also had fought in the American Revolution and the War of 1812 on both sides.
In March 1863, after the Emancipation Proclamation, Massachusetts Governor John A. Andrew gave his approval for the creation of the 54th Riegiment.
The regiment was commanded (led) by Colonel Robert Gould Shaw.
Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton had decided that white officers would be in charge of all "coloured" units.
Andrew chose Robert Gould Shaw to be the regiment's colonel, and Norwood Penrose "Pen" Hallowell to be its lieutenant colonel.
Many of the other officers in charge of the 54th Regiment were from abolitionist families.
Governor Andrew chose several of them himself.
The 54th trained at Camp Meigs in Readville near Boston.
While training, the unit got a lot of support from abolitionists in Massachusetts, including Ralph Waldo Emerson.
Supporters also donated things like warm clothing items, battle flags, and $500 for a regimental band to be set up and trained.
Soon, more people were volunteering for the 54th than the regiment needed.
Because of this, the medical exam that volunteers needed to pass to get into the 54th was very thorough.
This meant that those who were accepted into the 54th were very strong and healthy.
The Surgeon General of Massachusetts said about the 54th: "a more robust, strong and healthy set of men were never mustered into the service of the United States."
On December 23, 1862, Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America, gave an order.
This order said that if African-American soldiers or their white officers were captured while fighting for the Union, they would be put to death.
In January 1863, the Confederate Congress made this order a law.
This Confederate law said that if captured, both African-American soldiers and their white officers would be turned over to the states where the African-American soldiers had been slaves.
Entering battle
Even so, the 54th left Boston with high morale (they felt good about serving in the 54th).
After finishing their training, the regiment officially began serving in the United States military on May 13, 1863.
They left Boston on May 28, with many supporters cheering them on.
When they arrived in Beaufort, South Carolina, local blacks and Northern abolitionists greeted them and celebrated their arrival.
In Beaufort, the 54th joined with the 2nd South Carolina Volunteers, a unit of ex-slaves from South Carolina led by James Montgomery.
Montgomery led both units in a raid on the town of Darien, Georgia.
The people who lived in the town had run away.
Montgomery ordered the soldiers to loot and burn the empty town.
Shaw argued against doing this, and made official complaints about his soldiers being ordered to burn and loot.
The 54th fought in its first battle on July 16, on James Island, South Carolina.
They were able to stop a Confederate attack.
45 members of the 54th were killed during this fight.
Fort Wagner
The 54th became famous on July 18, 1863, when it led an attack on Fort Wagner near Charleston, South Carolina.
272 of the 600 men who charged Fort Wagner were "killed, wounded or captured."
At this battle, Colonel Shaw was killed, along with 29 of his men.
24 more later died of wounds; 15 were captured; 52 were missing in action and never found; and 149 were hurt.
In total, the 54th suffered 272 casualties during this battle.
This was the highest number of casualties the 54th would ever see in a single battle during the war.
Union forces were not able to take and hold control of Fort Wagner.
However, the 54th was widely celebrated for its courage during the battle.
This helped encourage more African-American people to join the Union Army, and encouraged Army commanders to use them in battles.
This was a very important step in the Civil War.
Later, President Abraham Lincoln said it helped the Union win the Civil War.
Other battles
After Colonel Shaw died, Edward Hallowell became a Colonel and started leading the 54th.
Under his command, the 54th fought in the Battle of Olustee.
Then they were ordered to march to a train station.
A train carrying wounded Union soldiers had broken down, and the wounded soldiers were in danger of being captured.
When the 54th arrived, the men attached ropes to the train pulled the train by hand about  to Camp Finnegan.
There, they picked up horses to help pull the train.
After that, the soldiers and horses pulled the train to Jacksonville, Florida.
In all, the 54th pulled the train for a total of .
This took forty-two hours.
As part of an all-black brigade under Colonel Alfred S. Hartwell, the 54th unsuccessfully attacked entrenched Confederate militia at the November 1864 Battle of Honey Hill.
In mid-April 1865, they fought at the Battle of Boykin's Mill, a small fight in South Carolina that was one of the last battles of the war.
Pay controversy
When they joined the 54th, soldiers were promised that they would be paid the same as white soldiers: $13 a month (plus food and supplies).
Instead, once they arrived in South Carolina, the 54th was told they would be paid only $7 a month ($10 with $3 taken out to pay for clothing.
White soldiers did not pay for clothing at all.)
Colonel Shaw and many others immediately began protesting this rule.
The state of Massachusetts offered to make up the difference in pay.
However, the entire regiment began to refuse to accept their pay on paydays as a form of protest.
Refusing their lower pay became a point of honor for the men of the 54th.
In fact, at the Battle of Olustee, when they were ordered to move forward to protect the other Union forces while they were retreating, the men moved forward shouting, "Massachusetts and Seven Dollars a Month!"
On June 16, 1864, the United States Congress passed a law that would give full, equal pay to any soldiers who had been free men as of April 19, 1861.
Not all the soldiers qualified; some had still been slaves at this time.
Colonel Hallowell, a Quaker, decided that because he did not believe in slavery, he could have all the soldiers swear that they were free men on April 19, 1861.
Before being given their back pay, the entire regiment was given what became known as "the Quaker oath".
Colonel Hallowell carefully wrote the oath to say: "You do solemnly swear that you owed no man unrequited labor unpaid work on or before the 19th day of April 1861.
So help you God".
On September 28, 1864, the United States Congress took action to pay the men of the 54th.
By this time, most of the men had served 18 months in the 54th.
Confederate Army
Written in Glory, Letters from the Soldiers and Officers of the 54th Massachusetts
54th Massachusetts at the Battle of Olustee
Photograph of Sgt.
Major Lewis Douglass
Photograph of Charles Douglass
American Civil War Battles of Fort Wagner
Typhoon Meranti, also known in the Philippines as Typhoon Ferdie, was one of the strongest tropical cyclones on record.
The storm struck the Philippines, Taiwan and mainland China.
In terms of pressure, Meranti was the strongest typhoon since Typhoon Megi in 2010.
It was also the strongest in terms of wind speeds since Typhoon Haiyan in 2013.
Furthermore, it was the strongest tropical cyclone in 2016.
The storm caused more than $2.6 billion in damage.
It led to more than 30 deaths.
San Felipe was founded on 3 August 1740 by José Antonio Manso, who conquered the Aconcagua Valley.
The city was named, after the king Philip V of Spain (), as San Felipe el Real.
The commune of San Felipe is in the valley of the Aconcagua river and has an area of .
It is   north of the national capital of Santiago and at about  to the west of the Aconcagua, the highest mountain of the Americas.
(last national census), there were 64,126 people living in the commune, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².
The city of San Felipe has an urban area of  and a population, in 2002, of 53,017 inhabitants.
Its inhabitants are called Sanfelipeños (women, Sanfelipeñas).
Municipalidadnde San Felipe website
Macmillan Cancer Support is one of the largest British charities.
It provides health care, information and financial support to people affected by cancer.
As well as helping with the medical needs of people affected by cancer, Macmillan also looks at the social, emotional and practical impact cancer can have.
Macmillan campaigns for better cancer care.
Macmillan Cancer Support's goal is to reach and improve the lives of everyone living with cancer in the UK.
They are one of Britain's top 1,000 charities.
Conventional weapons are those weapons that are not weapons of mass destruction.
They can include weapons such as armoured fighting vehicles, armed helicopters, combat aircraft, artillery and warships.
They can also include (but are not limited to) small arms, ammunition, cluster munitions and land mines.
There is no single definition of conventional weapons.
But they are the main weapons used in modern conventional warfare.
UN Register of Conventional Arms
The United Nations set up the UN Register of Conventional Arms (UNROCA) in 1991.
UN member nations add details of their imports and exports of conventional weapons.
There are seven categories of conventional weapons in the register.
Category I – Battle tanks.
Category II – Armored combat vehicles.
Category III – Large-calibre artillery systems.
Category IV – Combat aircraft.
Category V – Attack helicopters.
Category VI – Warships.
Category VII – Missiles and missile launchers.
Nuclear and Conventional Weapons
Small Arms: The Real Weapons of Mass Destruction | Military Update; YouTube
Edward Gierek (; 6 January 1913 – 29 July 2001) was a Polish communist politician.
Gierek is known for opening communist Poland to Western influence.
He made economic changes.
For a time these changes helped Poland's economy stabilize.
He modernized industry and increased access to products.
Later the 1973 oil crisis made prices increase.
Poland had many foreign debts.
There were several revolts because of the economy.
The Polish people were unhappy with Gierek and he was removed from power.
Chiang Ching-kuo (27 April 1910 – 13 January 1988) was a Taiwanese politician.
He held numerous posts in the government of the Republic of China (ROC).
Chiang Ching-kuo was the son of Chiang Kai-shek.
He succeeded his father to serve as Premier of the Republic of China.
He was the President of the Republic of China from 1978 until his death in 1988.
The Aconcagua River is a river that flows from east to west through the Valparaíso region in north central Chile and flows into the Pacific Ocean  north of Valparaíso.
Although it has the same name, the Aconcagua river does not starts in the slopes of Aconcagua, which is in Argentina about  from the beginning of the river, in Chilean territory.
Juncal river, that starts in the Nevado Juncal mountain; it is  long.
Blanco river, that is  long.
From its start, the river flows through the Aconcagua valley.
Before the city of Los Andes, the river is joined, as a right tributary, by the Colorado river,  long, and then, after the city of San Felipe, by the Putaendo river, also a right tributary with a length of .
The river keeps flowing to the west, running through the cities of La Calera and Quillota, in the Quillota province.
Finally, the Aconcagua river flows in the Pacific Ocean at the city of Concón, in the Valparaíso province.
Estero Los Loros - 18 km
Colorado- 58 km
Putaendo - 34 km
Estero Quilpué - 47 km
Estero Limache
Cuenca Río Aconcagua
Saneamiento de los ríos Aconcagua y La Ligua
Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko was a Soviet statesman during the Cold War.
He was responsible for many top decisions on Soviet foreign policy.
Twice Hero of Socialist Labour
7 Orders of Lenin
Order of the Badge of Honour
Lenin Prize
Luis Carrero Blanco, 1st Duke of Carrero Blanco, Grandee of Spain (4 March 1904 – 20 December 1973) was a Spanish admiral.
He was a trusted associate of dictator Francisco Franco.
He was assassinated by a member of ETA, a Basque group.
Marshal Lon Nol (, also ; 13 November 1913 – 17 November 1985) was a Cambodian politician and military leader.
He led a coup against Prince Norodom Sihanouk in 1970.
Nol made himself President of the newly created Khmer Republic.
The Khmer Rouge took leadership of Cambodia.
Lon Nol fled from Cambodia to Indonesia and then to the United States.
Hu Yaobang was a political ally of Deng Xiaoping.
They fought together in the Chinese Civil War.
Both were part of the communist force that took power of Sichuan in 1949.
Hu became the leader of the Communist Youth League from 1952–1966.
During the Cultural Revolution, Hu Yaobang was said to not be true to the Communist Party of China and Mao Zedong.
He was rehabilitated twice.
He was an important supporter of Deng Xiaoping's rise to power.
Yanayev held several political positions.
He served during the rules of Khrushchev, Brezhnev, Andropov and Chernenko.
With the help of Mikhail Gorbachev, Yanayev was elected the first and only Vice President of the Soviet Union.
He later led the "Gang of Eight" to depose Gorbachev.
The coup ended after 3 days.
Yanayev was arrested.
In 1994 he was pardoned by the State Duma.
Order of the Red Banner of Labour, twice
Order of the Badge of Honour, twice
Tinnitus is a symptom of hearing loss and other hearing problems.
It is described as hearing sound in the head or ears that does not come from an outside source.
Many people will hear ringing, buzzing, hissing or whistling sounds, but tinnitus can be other sounds such as roaring and humming as well.
Different people will hear different sounds from tinnitus but how they hear it can also be different.
Tinnitus can be loud or quiet and it can be continuous or occasional and some people will not notice their tinnitus but some people become very annoyed from it, especially when then feel tired or stressed.
There are many things that can cause people to get tinnitus.
These are the main reasons:
Listening to loud noises
Extreme stress
Some diseases
Some medicines
Treatments and therapies
People of different range of age can develop tinnitus.
It is not a disorder but the symptom of some underlying health condition.
People with tinnitus may take part in yoga, exercise regularly, perform sound therapies or join a tinnitus community .
Playing a faint background noise in the background also helps in keeping the phantom noise at bay.
National Hearing Care Find an audiologist in Australia and get more information on hearing problems.
Bay Audiology Find an audiologist in New Zealand and get more information on the hearing problem.
Ernest Bevin was a British statesman, trade union leader, and Labour politician.
Bevin strongly opposed Communism.
He helped in the creation of NATO.
During this era: Greek culture, art and power expanded all over the Eastern Mediterranean (including Anatolia, Egypt, the Levant and the Balkans).
Of all the Hellenistic empires that were established, the Seleucid Empire was the largest.
The Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt is the most famous and the longest lasting due to its famous Library of Alexandria and members like Cleopatra VII.
The club was formed in 2007.
Previously Frankfurt had the NFL Europa team Frankfurt Galaxy.
In late 2014 the club announced that it had purchased the rights for the Galaxy name.
Once again they played under the name Frankfurt Galaxy.
In the official 2015 table of the German Football League however the team is still listed as Frankfurt Universe.
It was renamed again as Frankfurt Universe in 2016.
The team won the GFL 2 south in 2015 with a perfect season.
They earned a promotion to the GFL after the eighth placed GFL team, the Franken Knights, withdrew from the promotion/relegation round.
German Bowl
Runners-up: 2018
EFL Bowl
Champions: 2016
Eurobowl
Runners-up: 2017, 2018
German Football League – Southern Division
Runners-up: 2016, 2017
League membership: 2016–present
German Football League 2 – Southern Division
Champions: 2015
Runners-up: 2012, 2013
German Football League official website
Football History  Historic American football tables from Germany
There are 4 arrondissements in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department.
1790 : creation of the department with five districts: Barcelonnette, Castellane, Digne, Forcalquier and Sisteron; the capital was Digne.
1800 : creation of five arrondissements: Barcelonnette, Castellane, Digne, Forcalquier and Sisteron.
1926 : the arrondissements of Castellane and Sisteron were eliminated.
1942 : Castellane was made again an arrondissement.
The arrondissement of Barcelonnette is an arrondissement of France, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.
Its capital is the city of Barcelonnette.
When the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Barcelonnette was part of that original department.
The arrondissement of Barcelonnette is in the northeast of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department.
It is bordered to the northeast by Italy, to the southeast by the Alpes-Maritimes department, to the south by the Castellane and Digne-les-Baines arrondissements and to the west and north by the Hautes-Alpes department.
The arrondissement of Barcelonnette is the smallest arrondissement of the department both in area, , and population (8,004 inhabitants).
There is only one canton in the arrondissement of Barcelonnette, with all its communes in the arrondissement: the canton of Barcelonnette  (0401).
The arrondissement of Barcelonnette has 14 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Barcelonnette (04019)
Ubaye-Serre-Ponçon (04033)
La Condamine-Châtelard (04062)
Enchastrayes (04073)
Faucon-de-Barcelonnette (04086)
Jausiers (04096)
Le Lauzet-Ubaye (04102)
Val-d'Oronaye (04120)
Pontis (04154)
Méolans-Revel (04161)
Saint-Paul-sur-Ubaye (04193)
Saint-Pons (04195)
Les Thuiles (04220)
Uvernet-Fours (04226)
The arrondissement of Castellane is an arrondissement of France, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.
Its capital is the city of Castellane.
When the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Castellane was part of that original department.
The arrondissement was eliminated in 1926 but became again an arrondissement in 1952.
The arrondissement of Castellane is in eastern Alpes-de-Haute-Provence.
It is bordered to the north by the arrondissement of Barcelonnette, to the east by the Alpes-Maritimes department, to the south by the Var department and to the west by the arrondissement of Digne-les-Bains.
The arrondissement of Castellane is the second smallest arrondissement of the department, after the arrondissement of Barcelonnette,  both in area, , and population (9,493 inhabitants).
There is only one canton in the arrondissement of Castellane, with all its communes in the arrondissement: the canton of Castellane  (0402).
The arrondissement of Castellane has 41 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Allons (04005)
Allos (04006)
Angles (04007)
Annot (04008)
Barrême (04022)
Beauvezer (04025)
Blieux (04030)
Braux (04032)
Castellane (04039)
Castellet-lès-Sausses (04042)
Val-de-Chalvagne (04043)
Chaudon-Norante (04055)
Clumanc (04059)
Colmars (04061)
Demandolx (04069)
Entrevaux (04076)
Le Fugeret (04090)
La Garde (04092)
Lambruisse (04099)
Méailles (04115)
Moriez (04133)
La Mure-Argens (04136)
La Palud-sur-Verdon (04144)
Peyroules (04148)
La Rochette (04170)
Rougon (04171)
Saint-André-les-Alpes (04173)
Saint-Benoît (04174)
Saint-Jacques (04180)
Saint-Julien-du-Verdon (04183)
Saint-Lions (04187)
Saint-Pierre (04194)
Sausses (04202)
Senez (04204)
Soleilhas (04210)
Tartonne (04214)
Thorame-Basse (04218)
Thorame-Haute (04219)
Ubraye (04224)
Vergons (04236)
Villars-Colmars (04240)
The arrondissement of Digne-les-Bains is an arrondissement of France, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.
Its capital, and prefecture of the department, is the city of Digne-les-Bains.
When the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Digne-les-Bains was part of that original department.
The arrondissement of Digne-les-Bains is in the central part of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department.
It is bordered to the north by the arrondissement of Barcelonnette, to the east by the  arrondissement of Castellane, to the south by the Var department and to the west by the arrondissement of Forcalquier.
The arrondissement of Digne-les-Bains is the largest arrondissement of the department in area, , but the second in population (55,758 inhabitants), after the arrondissement of Forcalquier.
In the arrondissement of Digne-les-Bains, there are 6 cantons and 4 of them with all their communes in the arrondissement:
Oraison (0410) (partly)
Seyne (0413) (partly)
The arrondissement of Digne-les-Bains has 46 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Aiglun (04001)
Archail (04009)
Auzet (04017)
Barles (04020)
Barras (04021)
Beaujeu (04024)
Beynes (04028)
Bras-d'Asse (04031)
Le Brusquet (04036)
Le Castellard-Mélan (04040)
Le Chaffaut-Saint-Jurson (04046)
Champtercier (04047)
Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban (04049)
Châteauredon (04054)
Digne-les-Bains (04070)
Draix (04072)
Entrages (04074)
L’Escale (04079)
Estoublon (04084)
Ganagobie (04091)
La Javie (04097)
Majastres (04107)
Malijai (04108)
Mallefougasse-Augès (04109)
Mallemoisson (04110)
Marcoux (04113)
Les Mées (04116)
Mézel (04121)
Mirabeau (04122)
Montclar (04126)
Moustiers-Sainte-Marie (04135)
Peyruis (04149)
Prads-Haute-Bléone (04155)
La Robine-sur-Galabre (04167)
Sainte-Croix-du-Verdon (04176)
Hautes-Duyes (04177)
Saint-Jeannet (04181)
Saint-Julien-d'Asse (04182)
Saint-Jurs (04184)
Saint-Martin-lès-Seyne (04191)
Selonnet (04203)
Seyne (04205)
Thoard (04217)
Verdaches (04235)
Le Vernet (04237)
Volonne (04244)
Conductive hearing loss is one of the main types of hearing loss.
It happens when sound is blocked from going through the outer and middle ear into the inner ear and will only make noises sound less loud.
Ear infections - some infections can cause the ear to swell and can make pus that blocks the ears
Ruptured ear drums - a hole in the ear drum that makes it harder for sound to travel through the ears
Objects blocking ear canal - some objects such as cotton tips and sometimes even ear wax can block the ears
Medical - some ear infections can be treated by medicine
Surgery - sometimes surgery is needed to remove ojects that are blocking the ears
Hearing aids - since conductive hearing loss usually makes noises sound quieter, hearing aids can help by making the sounds louder for users
Bay Audiology Find an audiologist in New Zealand and get more information on hearing problems.
The arrondissement of Forcalquier is an arrondissement of France in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.
Its capital is the city of Forcalquier.
When the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Forcalquier was part of that original department.
The arrondissement of Forcalquier is the most western of the arrondissements of the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department.
It is bordered to the north by the Hautes-Alpes department, to the east by the arrondissement of Digne-les-Bains, to the south and west by the Vaucluse department and to the northwest by the Drôme department.
The arrondissement of Forcalquier is the second largest arrondissement of the department in area, after the arrondissement of Digne-les-Bains, , but first in population (88,333 inhabitants).
In the arrondissement of Forcalquier, there are 9 cantons and 7 of them with all their communes in the arrondissement:
The arrondissement of Forcalquier has 97 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Allemagne-en-Provence (04004)
Aubenas-les-Alpes (04012)
Aubignosc (04013)
Authon (04016)
Banon (04018)
Bayons (04023)
Bellaffaire (04026)
Bevons (04027)
La Brillanne (04034)
Brunet (04035)
Le Caire (04037)
Le Castellet (04041)
Céreste (04045)
Châteaufort (04050)
Châteauneuf-Miravail (04051)
Châteauneuf-Val-Saint-Donat (04053)
Clamensane (04057)
Claret (04058)
Corbières (04063)
Cruis (04065)
Curbans (04066)
Curel (04067)
Dauphin (04068)
Entrepierres (04075)
Entrevennes (04077)
Esparron-de-Verdon (04081)
Faucon-du-Caire (04085)
Fontienne (04087)
Forcalquier (04088)
Gigors (04093)
Gréoux-les-Bains (04094)
L’Hospitalet (04095)
Lardiers (04101)
Limans (04104)
Lurs (04106)
Mane (04111)
Manosque (04112)
Melve (04118)
Mison (04123)
Montagnac-Montpezat (04124)
Montfort (04127)
Montfuron (04128)
Montjustin (04129)
Montlaux (04130)
Montsalier (04132)
La Motte-du-Caire (04134)
Nibles (04137)
Niozelles (04138)
Noyers-sur-Jabron (04139)
Les Omergues (04140)
Ongles (04141)
Oppedette (04142)
Oraison (04143)
Peipin (04145)
Piégut (04150)
Pierrerue (04151)
Pierrevert (04152)
Puimichel (04156)
Puimoisson (04157)
Quinson (04158)
Redortiers (04159)
Reillanne (04160)
Revest-des-Brousses (04162)
Revest-du-Bion (04163)
Revest-Saint-Martin (04164)
Riez (04166)
La Rochegiron (04169)
Roumoules (04172)
Sainte-Croix-à-Lauze (04175)
Saint-Étienne-les-Orgues (04178)
Saint-Geniez (04179)
Saint-Laurent-du-Verdon (04186)
Saint-Maime (04188)