the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The treatment began in mice aged 20 months, the equivalent of 60 human years.
Later, rapamycin has been shown to extend mouse lifespan in several separate experiments.
It is now being tested for this purpose on nonhuman primates (the marmoset monkey).
A study on dogs is also planned.
It is thought that some dietary regimes, like restricting calories and methionine, cause lifespan extension by decreasing mTOR activity.
It is believed that this is achieved by limiting the essential amino acid leucine, a potent activator of mTOR.
The administration of leucine into the rat brain has been shown to decrease food intake and body weight via activation of the mTOR pathway.
According to the free radical theory of aging, reactive oxygen causes damage to mitochondrial proteins, and decreases ATP production.
Then, the mTOR pathway is inhibited and ATP consuming protein synthesis is downregulated.
This means the proportion of damaged proteins grows.
Moreover, disruption of mTORC1 directly inhibits mitochondrial respiration.
The Bristoe Campaign was a series of minor battles fought in Virginia during October and November 1863, in the American Civil War.
Major general George G. Meade, commanding the Union Army of the Potomac, began an unsuccessful attempt to defeat General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia.
Lee countered with a turning movement.
Not willing to do battle on ground he did not choose, Meade gradually withdrew his army back toward Centreville.
His object was to keep Lee from getting between his Union forces in Virginia and Washington, DC.
In September, Lee was forced to send his I Corps commanded by general James Longstreet to the Western Theatre around Chattanooga, Tennessee.
Meade lost his Union XI and XII Corps who were also sent to Tennessee.
Lee was left with about 55,000 men while Meade’s forces now numbered about 80,000.
Meade was unhappy about having to give up two Corps and felt he did not have a large enough force to defeat Lee.
Lee, however, proceeded with his plan for a turning movement, to get between Meade and Washington DC.
Early on the morning of October 9, the Confederates broke camp to try to move unnoticed around Meade's flank.
They avoided hills and dusty roads where marching might raise clouds of dust that could be seen for miles.
Lee knew that if Meade discovered his movements he would either commit to battle or move north of the Rappahannock.
But Union pickets reported there were no drum or bugle calls and no smoke from the morning cooking fires coming from the Confederate camps.
Word was sent to Meade's headquarters that the rebel army seemed to be moving westward.
Meade still did not know what was happening but was very uneasy about these reports.
Lee might be moving south to Richmond or he could be moving north trying to turn Meade's flank.
Meade also realized that Lincoln was unhappy with his letting Lee escape after Gettysburg.
So Meade knew he had to do something.
Throughout the day on October 9, Meade waited on news of Lee's movement.
That evening his sent orders for general John Buford’s 1st Cavalry Division to cross the Rapidan at Germanna Ford to find out where the Confederates were.
But Buford did not get the orders until the following morning.
His cavalry left right away but did not get to the area where the Confederates had been camped before 11:00 a.m.. It wasn't until sunset they made contact with Confederate troops at Morton’s Ford.
Meade did not get word of this until the next day, October 11.
At Culpepper Courthouse, Meade was beginning to think Lee was moving north around his flank.
But he still had no reports showing this was the case.
By the night of October 10, Meade decided a fight in the constricted area of Culpepper was dangerous and might give Lee an advantage.
He ordered his entire army north of the Rappahannock.
Buford had not received word of the Union army moving north and waited for support from I Corps on the morning of October 11.
Instead, he was attacked by Confederate cavalry.
The Union and Confederate cavalry units fought throughout the day and by evening Buford had fought his way back across the Rappahannock.
But this had distracted the Union cavalry from discovering where Lee's army was.
Auburn (October 13–14)
On October 13, in what became known as the First Battle of Auburn, Confederate general J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry was riding ahead of Lee's army.
He blundered into Federal troops guarding a supply train.
Seeing he was outnumbered, Stuart's cavalry hid in the thick bushes waiting for a chance to attack.
But they quickly found themselves surrounded by Union troops who did not know Stuart's men were there.
The Confederate cavalry remained in hiding, gathering information about what they saw.
The next morning, in what was called the Second Battle of Auburn, Stuart's cavalry fought its way out of the area.
Bristoe Station (October 14)
On October 14, 1863 Hill's Corps attacked two Union corps who were retreating north.
Hill's mistake was in not ordering any reconnaissance before the attack to see what they were up against.
One of Hill's divisions was badly beaten and one artillery battery was lost.
After reinforcing his line Hill was not able to make any progress against the Union corps who were dug in behind the Orange and Alexandria Railroad embankment.
After beating Hill, the Union army continued on to Centerville, Virginia.
Lee was angry with Hill over his mistakes at Bristoe Station.
He told hill, "bury your dead and say no more about it!"
Buckland Races (October 19)
After defeat at Bristoe Station and an aborted advance on Centreville, Stuart's cavalry shielded the withdrawal of Lee's army from the vicinity of Manassas Junction.
Union cavalry under general Judson Kilpatrick pursued Stuart's cavalry along the Warrenton Turnpike.
But they were lured into an ambush near Chestnut Hill and were routed.
The Federal troopers were scattered and chased five miles (8 km) in an affair that came to be known as the "Buckland Races".
Across the Rappahannock (November 7)
Lee returned to his old position behind the Rappahannock but left a fortified bridgehead on the north bank.
This protected the approach to Kelly's Ford.
On November 7, Meade forced passage of the Rappahannock at two places.
A surprise attack by general John Sedgwick's VI Corps at dusk overran the Confederate bridgehead at Rappahannock Station.
They captured two Confederate brigades (more than 1,600 men) of general Jubal A. Early's division.
Fighting at Kelly's Ford was less severe, but the Confederates retreated, allowing the Federals across in force.
A turning movement , also called a wide envelopment is a maneuver designed to pass around the enemy's front to strike a vital part of the enemy's rear.
It is a military tactic where a command is divided into two parts.
The first part holds the enemy from the front while the other part moves around to attack the enemy's rear or flank.
Unlike an envelopment or a flanking maneuver, the two forces operate beyond the distance where they could usually support each other.
It is often easier for an enemy force to avoid an envelopment than it is to avoid a turning movement.
To counter a turning movement, the enemy must either abandon their position or turn to meet the new threat.
The turning movement is a variation of the envelopment tactic.
Another difference is that the turning movement often seeks to avoid enemy contact until they are deep in the enemy's rear.
Faced with a new threat in his rear area, the enemy is "turned" out of his defensive position and forced to act.
An early example of a turning movement was by Julius Caesar in 48 BC.
One of Napoleon I of France's favorite tactics was the "Strategy of Indirect Approach" or the turning movement.
One corps of his army would hold the enemy's attention while the main force would move behind the enemy in a wide circle.
Ideally he would use the terrain to hide the turning movement.
He used this to great effect during his 1805 Ulm Campaign.
He repeated his success with this tactic at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806, and at the Battle of Friedland in 1807.
The famous "left hook" maneuver by American and French troops during Operation Desert Storm was another example of a turning movement.
Paratroopers of the American 82nd Airborne Division in vehicles along with the French 6th Light Armoured Brigade moved up the flanks.
At the same time the 101st Airborne Division made the largest helicopter assault in history in the rear of Saddam Hussein's Republican Guard to cut off their retreat.
Top 5 Ancient Military Tactics
1990-91 Gulf War briefing General Norman Schwarzkopf part 2 (Left hook); YouTube
The Geoffroea decorticans  or  Chañar  is a small tree in the pea family, Fabaceae.
It is found in very arid places of southern South America.
It is a deciduous tree that loses its leaves in winter with the cold and also in summer if it gets too dry.
The trunk of Geoffroea decorticans grows vertically when grows alone but the plant looks like a shrub when it grows inside the forest.
The tree grows up to  tall.
The trunk could have up to  in diameter, with yellow bark that peels off, revealing the underneath young green bark.
The plant has many branches and many leaves, and the tree have a rounded look in its upper part.
The flowers are very visible, small, papery and yellow-coloured.
The tree produces flowers in spring (September to October, in the Southern hemisphere), either singly or in groups ("clusters)", and produces fruits from November to January.
Geoffroea decorticans is unique among legumes in that it produces fleshy, oval pods that hold a single seed.
Fruits are initially green but turn deep orange as they mature.
The second name of the species,  decorticans, means that the bark of the trunk peels off.
Common names for this tree are chañar, Chilean palo verde and kumbaru.
Gourliea decorticans var.
subtropicalis Lillo
Geoffroea decorticans var.
subtropicalis (Lillo) Burkart
Geoffroya spinosa (Molina) M. de Moussy
Gourliea spinosa (Molina) Skeels
Gourliea chilensis Clos
Gourliea decorticans Gillies ex Hook. &
Gourliea decorticata Walp.
Lucuma spinosa Molina
The plant grows naturally in very dry regions in South America.
Geoffroea decorticans is found in Argentina (northwest and central), Bolivia, northern Chile, western Paraguay, southern Peru and western Uruguay.
The chañar grows from sea level up to  above sea level.
In Chile, it grows in the Arica and Parinacota, Tarapacá, Antofagasta, Atacama and Coquimbo regions, and grows in groups called , in plural  ( in singular).
Geoffroea decorticans is an average tree with a wood moderately hard and dense, good for carpentry and furniture making.
It is also used as firewood and to make cheap posts (tall sticks) for fences.
The fruits are sweet and can be eaten, as well as the seeds; both are used as human and animal feed.
The fruits are very commonly used for both cooking and medical purposes in the processed form of chañar molasses.
Because they produce many bright, yellow flowers, Geoffroea decorticans is also used as ornamental plants.
Arid Zone Trees
Pictures and information of Geoffroea decorticans in Northern Chile
Geoffroea Notes
Image of G. decorticans branch - sample stored at FieldMuseum (Chicago)
Cyclone Bobby took place on February 19, 1995.
The cyclone hit parts of Western Australia.
It moved slowly before hitting the east of Onslow.
Cyclone Bobby had 40mm of rain and a maximum winds of 270km/h.
Three people died from Bobby and many were injured.
Cyclone Bobby was one of the most devastating cyclones in the history of Western Australia.
The four-digit postcode shows the nationwide format AZ NNNN.
The first two digits show the regions of Azerbaijan in accordance with the modern administrative divisions, including the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic and occupied Nagorno-Karabakh.
From 1970 until 1991, when Azerbaijan was part of the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan SSR, the entire territory of the Soviet Union used the six-digit postcode 37NNNN.
After gaining independence, Azerbaijan switched to the current four-digit postcode.
Azərpoçt – the national postal service of Azerbaijan
ENSAE Paris (officially École nationale de la statistique et de l'administration économique Paris) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France.
Ingénieur ENSAE ParisTech (ENSAE ParisTech Graduate engineer Masters level program)
Academic activities and industrial applied research are taught mainly in French and English languages.
The students are from a dozen nationalities.
Finance, insurance
Statistical
Hamza Ben Driss Ottmani, Moroccan economist and writer.
The Hayflick limit (or Hayflick phenomenon) is a phenomenon of cell division in tissue culture.
It is the number of times a normal human cell population divides until cell division stops.
The idea of the Hayflick limit was suggested by American anatomist Leonard Hayflick in 1961, at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Hayflick showed that a population of normal human fetal cells in a cell culture will divide between 40 to 60 times.
The population then goes into senescence.
This refutes the idea of Nobel laureate Alexis Carrel that normal cells are potentially immortal.
Each mitosis slightly shortens each of the telomeres on the chromosomes of the cells.
Telomere shortening eventually makes cell division impossible, and this ageing of the cell population may cause the overall physical ageing of the human body.
The process of telomere shortening leads to apoptosis, the technical name given to programmed cell death.
Although the Hayflick experiments were done on human cells in tissue culture, there is nothing special about human cells which would not be found in the cells of other living organisms.
Apoptosis is thought to happen in all multicellular organisms.
The 2002 Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded to Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John E. Sulston for their work identifying genes that control apoptosis.
The genes were found by studies in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
These same genes function in humans for apoptosis.
Cantor's diagonal argument is a mathematical method to prove that two infinite sets have the same cardinality.
Cantor  published articles on it in 1877, 1891 and 1899.
His first proof of the diagonal argument was published in 1890 in the journal of the German Mathematical Society (Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung).
According to Cantor, two sets have the same cardinality, if it is possible to associate an element from the second set to each element of the first set, and to associate an element of the first set to each element of the second set.
This statement works well for sets with a finite number of elements.
It is less intuitive for sets with an infinite number of elements.
Cantor's first diagonal argument
The example below uses two of the simplest infinite sets, that of natural numbers, and that of positive fractions.
The idea is to show that both of these sets,   and   have the same cardinality.
Next, the numbers are counted, as shown.
Fractions which can be simplified are left out:
To show that all natural numbers and the fractions have the same cardinality, the element 0 needs to be added; after each fraction its negative  is added;
That way, there is a complete bijection, which associates a fraction to each natural number.
In other words: both sets have the same cardinality.
Today, sets that have the same number of elements than the set of natural numbers are called countable.
Sets which have fewer elements than the natural numbers are called at most countable.
With that definition, the set of rational numbers / fractions is countable.
The set of real numbers does not have the same cardinality than those of the natural numbers;  there are more real numbers than natural numbers.
The idea outlined above influenced his proof.
In his 1891 article, Cantor considered the set T of all infinite sequences of binary digits (i.e. each digit is zero or one).
If s1, s2, … , sn, … is any enumeration of elements from T, then there is always an element s of T which corresponds to no sn in the enumeration.
To prove this, given an enumeration of elements from T, like e.g.
| s1 = || (0, || 0, || 0, || 0, || 0, || 0, || 0, || ...)
| s2 = || (1, || 1, || 1, || 1, || 1, || 1, || 1, || ...)
| s3 = || (0, || 1, || 0, || 1, || 0, || 1, || 0, || ...)
| s4 = || (1, || 0, || 1, || 0, || 1, || 0, || 1, || ...)
| s5 = || (1, || 1, || 0, || 1, || 0, || 1, || 1, || ...)
| s6 = || (0, || 0, || 1, || 1, || 0, || 1, || 1, || ...)
| s7 = || (1, || 0, || 0, || 0, || 1, || 0, || 0, || ...)
| ...
The sequence s is constructed by choosing the 1st digit as complementary to the 1st digit of s1 (swapping 0s for 1s and vice versa), the 2nd digit as complementary to the 2nd digit of s2, the 3rd digit as complementary to the 3rd digit of s3, and generally for every n, the nth digit as complementary to the nth digit of sn.
In the example, this yields:
| s1 || = || (0, || 0, || 0, || 0, || 0, || 0, || 0, || ...)
| s2 || = || (1, || 1, || 1, || 1, || 1, || 1, || 1, || ...)
| s3 || = || (0, || 1, || 0, || 1, || 0, || 1, || 0, || ...)
| s4 || = || (1, || 0, || 1, || 0, || 1, || 0, || 1, || ...)
| s5 || = || (1, || 1, || 0, || 1, || 0, || 1, || 1, || ...)
| s6 || = || (0, || 0, || 1, || 1, || 0, || 1, || 1, || ...)
| s7 || = || (1, || 0, || 0, || 0, || 1, || 0, || 0, || ...)
| s || = || (1, || 0, || 1, || 1, || 1, || 0, || 1, || ...)
By construction, s differs from each sn, since their nth digits differ (highlighted in the example).
Hence, s cannot occur in the enumeration.
The set T is uncountable.
He assumes for contradiction that T was countable.
In that case, all its elements could be written as an enumeration s1, s2, … , sn, … .
Applying the previous theorem to this enumeration would produce a sequence s not belonging to the enumeration.
However, s was an element of T and should therefore be in the enumeration.
This contradicts the original assumption, so T must be uncountable.
There are 3 arrondissements in the Deux-Sèvres department.
1790 : creation of the department, with six districts: Melle, Niort, Parthenay, Saint-Maixent, Thouars and Châtillon (now Mauléon).
The capital of the department was Niort alternating with Parthenay and Saint-Maixent but soon was changed and Niort was kept as the only capital.
1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Melle, Niort, Parthenay and Thouars.
Saint-Maixent and Châtillon were left out.
1804 : the subprefecture of Thouars is moved to Bressuire.
1926 : the arrondissements of Bressuire and Melle were eliminated.
1942 : the Bressuire was made again an arrondissement.
The arrondissement of Bressuire is an arrondissement of France, in the Deux-Sèvres department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.
Its capital is the city of Bressuire.
When the Deux-Sèvres department was created on 1790, Bressuire was not one of the original districts but, in 1804, it was made one of the arrondissements of the department when the subprefecture of Thouars was moved to Bressuire.
Bressuire is the northernmost arrondissement of the department.
It is bordered to the north by the Maine-et-Loire department, to the east by the Vienne department, to the south by the arrondissement of Parthenay and to the west by the Vendée department.
It has an area of , and a population of 96,703 inhabitants for a density of  inhabitants/km².
In the arrondissement of Bressuire, there are 3 cantons with all their communes  in the arrondissement: Bressuire, Mauléon and Thouars,
The following table shows the distribution of the communes in the arrondissement of  Bressuire:
The arrondissement of Bressuire has 53 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Argentonnay (79013)
Argenton-l'Église (79014)
Boismé (79038)
Bouillé-Loretz (79043)
Bressuire (79049)
Bretignolles (79050)
Brie (79054)
Brion-près-Thouet (79056)
Cerizay (79062)
Chiché (79088)
Cirières (79091)
Combrand (79096)
Coulonges-Thouarsais (79102)
Courlay (79103)
Faye-l'Abbesse (79116)
La Forêt-sur-Sèvre (79123)
Geay (79131)
Genneton (79132)
Glénay (79134)
Louzy (79157)
Luché-Thouarsais (79159)
Luzay (79161)
Mauléon (79079)
Mauzé-Thouarsais (79171)
Missé (79178)
Montravers (79183)
Nueil-les-Aubiers (79195)
Oiron (79196)
Pas-de-Jeu (79203)
La Petite-Boissière (79207)
Pierrefitte (79209)
Le Pin (79210)
Saint-Amand-sur-Sèvre (79235)
Saint-André-sur-Sèvre (79236)
Saint-Aubin-du-Plain (79238)
Saint-Cyr-la-Lande (79244)
Sainte-Gemme (79250)
Sainte-Radegonde (79292)
Sainte-Verge (79300)
Saint-Jacques-de-Thouars (79258)
Saint-Jean-de-Thouars (79259)
Saint-Jouin-de-Milly (79261)
Saint-Léger-de-Montbrun (79265)
Saint-Martin-de-Mâcon (79274)
Saint-Martin-de-Sanzay (79277)
Saint-Maurice-Étusson (79280)
Saint-Pierre-des-Échaubrognes (79289)
Saint-Varent (79299)
Taizé (79321)
Thouars (79329)
Tourtenay (79331)
Val en Vignes (79063)
Voulmentin (79242)
Cynthia Jane Kenyon (born February 21, 1954) is an American molecular biologist and geneticist.
She does research on the genetics of aging in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, which is a roundworm.
Kenyon did postdoctoral studies with Nobel laureate Sydney Brenner at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England, studying the development of C. elegans.
Since 1986 she has been at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), as the Herbert Boyer Distinguished Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and now as an American Cancer Society professor.
She is also Vice President of Aging Research at Calico, a new company focused on health, well-being, and longevity.
Her early work led to the discovery that hox genes, known to pattern the body segments of the fruit fly Drosophila, also pattern the body of C. elegans.
These findings showed that hox genes were part of an ancient and fundamental metazoan patterning system.
Michael Klass discovered that lifespan of C. elegans could be altered by mutations, but he believed the effect was due to reduced food consumption (calorie restriction).
Later, Thomas Johnson showed that the 65% life extension effect was due to the mutation itself, not calorie restriction.
In 1993, Kenyon discovered that a single gene mutation (daf-2) could double the lifespan of C. elegans and that this could be reversed by a second mutation in daf-16m. This set off an intensive study of the molecular biology of aging.
Kenyon's findings led to the discovery that an evolutionarily-conserved hormone signaling system influences aging in other organisms, perhaps also mammals.
The company she founded, Elixir Pharmaceuticals, is trying to make a pill that would slow down the process that makes people age.
It would mimic gene manipulation.
Kenyon has received many honors, including the King Faisal Prize for Medicine, the American Association of Medical Colleges Award for Distinguished Research, the Ilse & Helmut Wachter Award for Exceptional Scientific Achievement, and La Fondation IPSEN Prize, for her findings.
She is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
She is now the director of the Hillblom Center for the Biology of Aging at UCSF.
She is also one of featured biologists in the 1995 science documentary Death by Design / The Life and Times of Life and Times.
Personal diet
Kenyon's research prompted her to make personal dietary changes.
She stopped eating high glycemic index carbohydrates when she discovered that putting sugar on the worms' food shortened their lifespans.
Senescence
NIH Profile: Cynthia Kenyon, Ph.D.
Basic Research: Cynthia Kenyon by Steven Kotler in Discover, vol.
11, 2004
Kenyon Lab at UCSF
Cynthia Kenyon's seminar: Genes that Control Aging
Cynthia Kenyon: "A GENETIC CONTROL CIRCUIT FOR AGING"
Cynthia Kenyon Seminar: "Longevity Mutants"
Elixir Pharmaceuticals
Kenyon Lab website
In Methuselah's Mould, an open-access interview discussing Kenyon's research and her personal low carb diet.
Randall Woolf (born 23 August 1959) is an American composer.
Woolf received Guggenheim Fellowship in 1999.
One of his piaces is called White Heat.
He is a long time collaborator of Welsh musician John Cale.
He arranged Cale's score for Mary Harron's movie American Psycho.
His wife Kathleen Supové is a pianist.
The arrondissement of Niort is an arrondissement of France, in the Deux-Sèvres department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.
Its capital is the city of Niort.
Niort is the southernmost arrondissement of the department.
It is bordered to the north by the arrondissement of Parthenay,  to the east by the  Vienne department,  to the south by the  Charente-Maritime department and to the west by the Vendée department.
It has an area of , and a population of 212,425 inhabitants for a density of  inhabitants/km².
In the case of the arrondissement of Niort, all its cantons have their communes within the arrondissement.
The following table shows the distribution of the communes in the arrondissement:
The arrondissement of Niort has 163 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Aiffres (79003)
Aigonnay (79004)
Alloinay (79136)
Amuré (79009)
Arçais (79010)
Ardilleux (79011)
Ardin (79012)
Asnières-en-Poitou (79015)
Aubigné (79018)
Augé (79020)
Avon (79023)
Azay-le-Brûlé (79024)
La Bataille (79027)
Beaussais-Vitré (79030)
Beauvoir-sur-Niort (79031)
Béceleuf (79032)
Belleville (79033)
Bessines (79034)
Le Beugnon (79035)
Boisserolles (79039)
Bougon (79042)
Bouin (79045)
Le Bourdet (79046)
Brieuil-sur-Chizé (79055)
Brioux-sur-Boutonne (79057)
Brûlain (79058)
Le Busseau (79059)
Caunay (79060)
Celles-sur-Belle (79061)
Chail (79064)
Champdeniers-Saint-Denis (79066)
La Chapelle-Bâton (79070)
La Chapelle-Pouilloux (79074)
La Chapelle-Thireuil (79077)
Chauray (79081)
Chef-Boutonne (79083)
Chenay (79084)
Chérigné (79085)
Cherveux (79086)
Chey (79087)
Chizé (79090)
Clussais-la-Pommeraie (79095)
La Couarde (79098)
Coulon (79100)
Coulonges-sur-l'Autize (79101)
Cours (79104)
Couture-d'Argenson (79106)
La Crèche (79048)
Crézières (79107)
Échiré (79109)
Ensigné (79111)
Épannes (79112)
Exireuil (79114)
Exoudun (79115)
Faye-sur-Ardin (79117)
Fenioux (79119)
Fontenille-Saint-Martin-d'Entraigues (79122)
Fors (79125)
Les Fosses (79126)
La Foye-Monjault (79127)
François (79128)
Fressines (79129)
Frontenay-Rohan-Rohan (79130)
Germond-Rouvre (79133)
Granzay-Gript (79137)
Hanc (79140)
Juillé (79142)
Juscorps (79144)
Lezay (79148)
Limalonges (79150)
Lorigné (79152)
Loubigné (79153)
Loubillé (79154)
Luché-sur-Brioux (79158)
Lusseray (79160)
Magné (79162)
Mairé-Levescault (79163)
Maisonnay (79164)
Marigny (79166)
Mauzé-sur-le-Mignon (79170)
Mazières-sur-Béronne (79173)
Melle (79174)
Melleran (79175)
Messé (79177)
Montalembert (79180)
La Mothe-Saint-Héray (79184)
Mougon-Thorigné (79185)
Nanteuil (79189)
Niort (79191)
Paizay-le-Chapt (79198)
Paizay-le-Tort (79199)
Pamplie (79200)
Pamproux (79201)
Périgné (79204)
Pers (79205)
Pioussay (79211)
Pliboux (79212)
Pouffonds (79214)
Prahecq (79216)
Prailles (79217)
Priaires (79219)
Prin-Deyrançon (79220)
Prissé-la-Charrière (79078)
Puihardy (79223)
La Rochénard (79229)
Rom (79230)
Romans (79231)
Saint-Christophe-sur-Roc (79241)
Saint-Coutant (79243)
Sainte-Blandine (79240)
Sainte-Eanne (79246)
Sainte-Néomaye (79283)
Sainte-Ouenne (79284)
Sainte-Soline (79297)
Saint-Étienne-la-Cigogne (79247)
Saint-Gelais (79249)
Saint-Génard (79251)
Saint-Georges-de-Rex (79254)
Saint-Hilaire-la-Palud (79257)
Saint-Laurs (79263)
Saint-Léger-de-la-Martinière (79264)
Saint-Maixent-de-Beugné (79269)
Saint-Maixent-l'École (79270)
Saint-Martin-de-Bernegoue (79273)
Saint-Martin-de-Saint-Maixent (79276)
Saint-Martin-lès-Melle (79279)
Saint-Maxire (79281)
Saint-Médard (79282)
Saint-Pompain (79290)
Saint-Rémy (79293)
Saint-Romans-des-Champs (79294)
Saint-Romans-lès-Melle (79295)
Saint-Symphorien (79298)
Saint-Vincent-la-Châtre (79301)
Saivres (79302)
Salles (79303)
Sansais (79304)
Sauzé-Vaussais (79307)
Sciecq (79308)
Scillé (79309)
Secondigné-sur-Belle (79310)
Séligné (79312)
Sepvret (79313)
Sompt (79314)
Soudan (79316)
Souvigné (79319)
Surin (79320)
Thorigny-sur-le-Mignon (79328)
Tillou (79330)
Usseau (79334)
Vallans (79335)
Vançais (79336)
Le Vanneau-Irleau (79337)
Vanzay (79338)
Vernoux-sur-Boutonne (79343)
Le Vert (79346)
Villefollet (79348)
Villemain (79349)
Villiers-en-Bois (79350)
Villiers-en-Plaine (79351)
Villiers-sur-Chizé (79352)
Vouillé (79355)
Xaintray (79357)
The arrondissement of Parthenay is an arrondissement of France, in the Deux-Sèvres department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.
Its capital is the city of Parthenay.
The territory of the present arrondissement of Parthenay is the historical region of Gâtine vendéenne; several communes are named after this region:  La Boissière-en-Gâtine, Mazières-en-Gâtine, Saint-Paul-en-Gâtine, Vernoux-en-Gâtine.
Parthenay is the central arrondissement of the department.
It is bordered to the north by the arrondissement of Bressuire, to the east by the  Vienne department, to the south by the arrondissement of Niort and to the west by the Vendée department.
It has an area of , and a population of 64,425 inhabitants for a density of  inhabitants/km².
In the arrondissement of Parthenay, there are 2 cantons with all their communes  in the arrondissement: La Gâtine and Parthenay.
The arrondissement of Parthenay has 77 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Adilly (79002)
Airvault (79005)
Allonne (79007)
Amailloux (79008)
Assais-les-Jumeaux (79016)
Aubigny (79019)
Availles-Thouarsais (79022)
Azay-sur-Thouet (79025)
Beaulieu-sous-Parthenay (79029)
Boussais (79047)
Chantecorps (79068)
Chanteloup (79069)
Châtillon-sur-Thouet (79080)
Clavé (79092)
Clessé (79094)
Coutières (79105)
Doux (79108)
Fomperron (79121)
Fénery (79118)
Gourgé (79135)
Irais (79141)
L'Absie (79001)
La Boissière-en-Gâtine (79040)
La Chapelle-Bertrand (79071)
La Chapelle-Saint-Laurent (79076)
La Chapelle-Saint-Étienne (79075)
La Ferrière-en-Parthenay (79120)
La Peyratte (79208)
Lageon (79145)
Largeasse (79147)
Le Breuil-Bernard (79051)
Le Chillou (79089)
Le Retail (79226)
Le Tallud (79322)
Les Forges (79124)
Les Groseillers (79139)
Lhoumois (79149)
Louin (79156)
Maisontiers (79165)
Marnes (79167)
Mazières-en-Gâtine (79172)
Moncoutant (79179)
Moutiers-sous-Chantemerle (79188)
Ménigoute (79176)
Neuvy-Bouin (79190)
Oroux (79197)
Parthenay (79202)
Pompaire (79213)
Pougne-Hérisson (79215)
Pressigny (79218)
Pugny (79222)
Reffannes (79225)
Saint-Aubin-le-Cloud (79239)
Saint-Georges-de-Noisné (79253)
Saint-Germain-de-Longue-Chaume (79255)
Saint-Germier (79256)
Saint-Généroux (79252)
Saint-Jouin-de-Marnes (79260)
Saint-Lin (79267)
Saint-Loup-Lamairé (79268)
Saint-Marc-la-Lande (79271)
Saint-Martin-du-Fouilloux (79278)
Saint-Pardoux (79285)
Saint-Paul-en-Gâtine (79286)
Saurais (79306)
Secondigny (79311)
Soutiers (79318)
Tessonnière (79325)
Thénezay (79326)
Trayes (79332)
Vasles (79339)
Vausseroux (79340)
Vautebis (79341)
Vernoux-en-Gâtine (79342)
Verruyes (79345)
Viennay (79347)
Vouhé (79354)
Envelopment is the military tactic of attacking the enemy's flank or rear.
This is done while keeping the enemy's attention focused on his front by the use of diversionary attacks.
The envelopment makes the enemy fight in a direction they are the least prepared for.
The maneuver requires a flank that can be attacked.
Unlike a flanking maneuver, which uses the enemy's forward movement to create an attackable flank, envelopment depends on the enemy's defensive position, any obstacles and the terrain.
The envelopment has both advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages include being able to capture or defeat all or part of an opposing army.
It offers less risk than other offensive maneuvers.
Disadvantages include the possibility of an enemy counterattack on the weakened center or on the other flank.
Types of envelopment
Turning movement where the object is to "turn" the enemy from his defensive position and force them to act.
Single envelopment is an attack on one flank or the enemy rear from one direction while holding their attention to their front.
Double envelopment, also called a Pincer movement, requires three forces.
One holds the center while the other two attack the right and left flanks.
Once both flanking attacks reach the rear, the enemy is encircled.
Vertical envelopment is an envelopment from the sky.
First thought of by Benjamin Franklin, it was not practical until the invention of the airplane.
Vertical envelopment uses paratroopers or other soldiers that arrive by air on the enemy's flank or rear.
Famous examples of the single envelopment include Alexander the Great who used it at the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC.
Robert E. Lee used the tactic at the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863.
During World War II, German General Erwin Rommel used it successfully at the Battle of Gazala, which led directly to his capture of Tobruk in 1941.
Some of the famous double envelopments include Hannibal at the Battle of Cannae where he defeated the Roman army in 216 BC.
In 1781 during the American Revolutionary War, American general Daniel Morgan used it successfully against British general Banastre Tarleton, causing many of the British soldiers to surrender.
In the 1944 Falaise Gap during Operation Overlord, German troops were caught in a double envelopment by British and American forces.
Rome 2 - Advanced Tactics - Double Envelopment at Cannae; YouTube
Knap of Howar is a neolithic settlement on Papa Westray (one of the Orkney Islands) in Scotland.
The farm was occupied from about 3700 to 2800 BC.
The farm consists of two buildings: One has been interpreted as house where people lived, the other as a workshop of sorts.
The houses have no windows, both entries face the sea.
It is believed that the houses where lit by fires.
Settlements in Scotland
The Sèvre Nantaise river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .
Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Nantes, where the Sèvre Nantaise joins the Loire river.
Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Nantes
The Sèvre Nantaise starts in the Gâtines plateau, commune of Neuvy-Bouin, near the commune of Secondigny in the Deux-Sèvres department, at an elevation of about .
It then flows to the northwest through the departments of Vendée, Maine-et-Loire and Loire-Atlantique.
The Sèvre Nantaise flows through 2 regions, 4 departments and 44 communes:
Deux-Sèvres: 15 communes.
Vendée: 15 communes.
Maine-et-Loire: two communes.
Loire-Atlantique: 12 communes.
Banque Hydro - Station M7502410 - La Sèvre Nantaise à Nantes
Visite virtuelle du basin de la Sèvre Nantaise
Ricardo Samuel Lucarelli Santos de Souza (born February 14, 1992) is a Brazilian volleyball player.
He is a member of the Brazil national volleyball team and Brazilian club Funvic Taubaté.
He competed on the winning volleyball team at the 2016 Summer Olympics.
http://poland2014.fivb.org/en/competition/teams/bra-brazil/players/ricardo-lucarelli-santos-de-souza?id=40937
Aaron Russell (born June 4, 1993) is an American volleyball player.
He competed in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.
Since late 2015, he plays for an Italian volleyball club.
Bio in Centre Daily Times
Artem Aleksandrovich Volvich (born 22 January 1990) is an Russian volleyball player.
He is a member of the Russian National Volleyball Team.
Lazarus is a given name and surname (family name).
It is derived from the Hebrew אלעזר, Elʿāzār (Eleazar) meaning "God has helped".
People with the given name Lazarus
Lazarus (rapper), U. S. rapper, songwriter and physician from Detroit
Lazarus of Bethany, a figure in the Gospel of John, which describes him being raised by Jesus from the dead
Rich man and Lazarus, a parable of Jesus which is unrelated to the Lazarus raised from the dead
Lazarus of Persia (died 326), Persian martyr
Saint Lazarus of Aix (died 441), bishop and saint
Saint Lazarus (bishop of Milan), reigned 438 to 449
Lazarus Zographos (died 867), Christian saint
People with the surname Lazarus
Abraham Lazarus (1911–1967), British politician
Bob Lazarus (1956–2009), comedian from the USA
Celestine Lazarus (born 1992), Nigerian footballer
Charles Lazarus, businessman, founder of Toys "R" Us
Edward Lazarus (born 1959), author and lawyer from the USA
Emma Lazarus (1849–87), poet from the USA
Fred Lazarus, Jr. (1884–1973), businessman from the USA
Glenn Lazarus (born 1965), Australian politician and former rugby league footballer
Henry Lazarus (1815–95), British clarinettist
John Lazarus (born 1947), Canadian writer of dramas
Joseph Lazarus (1903–43), U.S. Olympic boxer
Leon Lazarus (1919–2008), comics writer
M. E. Lazarus (1822–95), anarchist from the USA
Mark Lazarus (born 1938), football player
Mell Lazarus (1927-2016), cartoonist
Moritz Lazarus (1824–1903), German philosopher
Richard Lazarus (1922–2002), psychologist and creator of the coping theory
Richard Lazarus, professor of law at the Harvard Law School
Stephanie Lazarus (born 1960), U.S. police officer convicted of murdering a romantic rival
Ardfern ( = "the head-land of alder-trees") is a village in Argyll and Bute, Scotland.
It is on the south coast of the Craignish peninsula, facing Loch Craignish.
Rosh Chodesh or Rosh Hodesh (; trans.
Head of the Month) is the name for the first day of every month in the Hebrew calendar, marked by the birth of a new moon.
It is considered a minor holiday, like the middle days of Passover and Sukkot.
When a Hebrew calendar month is 30 days long, day 30 is considered Rosh Chodesh of the next month.
Then Rosh Chodesh is two days long: day 30 of the old month and day 1 of the new month.
The Sèvre Niortaise river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .
Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Niort.
Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Niort
The Sèvre Niortaise starts in the commune of Sepvret in the Deux-Sèvres department, at an elevation of about .
It then flows to the northwest through the departments of Vendée and Charente-Maritime.
The Sèvre Nantaise flows through 2 regions, 3 departments and 38 communes:
Deux-Sèvres: Sepvret, Chey, Exoudun, La Mothe-Saint-Héray, Saint-Maixent-l'École, La Crèche, François, Chauray, Saint-Gelais, Échiré, Saint-Maxire, Sciecq, Niort, Magné, Coulon, Arçais
Charente-Maritime: Marans, Charron
Vendée: Damvix, Maillé, L'Île-d'Elle.
The main tributaries of the  Sèvre Niortaise river are:
Banque Hydro - Station N4300623 - La Sèvre Niortaise à Niort (La Tiffardière)
Intersectionality or intersectional theory studies the relation between the many different ways that people are kept in a lower social position, controlled, and left out of important parts of society because of their differences.
Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw gave the name "intersectionality" to this concept in 1989.
Sometimes a society decides that a group of people are different from themselves.
When they do this, they other that group, or marginalize them.
Intersectionality points out that people are often othered for more than one reason.
sexual orientation
caste
or other parts of identity.
Because of this, it suggests that these types of othering cannot be looked at by themselves.
They must be looked at together.
For example, a person can be othered because they are a woman, a person of color, a poor person, and a disabled person at the same time.
These different forms of othering make each other worse, shape each other, and prop each other up.
This means that the experience of being othered for all of these reasons is different from what would happen if you added them all up.
Because of this, fighting each one alone would not help the people who experience many of them at the same time.
Intersectionality says that the different ways people are othered and forced into a lower social position, such as racism, sexism, classism, ableism, homophobia, transphobia, xenophobia and bigotry based on belief, create an entire system.
In this system, each of the ways people are held down by society contributes to the other.
So if someone wanted to understand how a society began to other a group of people as a race apart from themselves (racialization), they would have to look into the ways that gender, class, sexuality, and other parts of identity shaped this process.
Intersectionality began as a way to understand the ways that women of color in American society were othered.
The women who developed the theory were challenging the feminism of their time.
They saw it as being too focused on the issues of wealthy white women.
They felt that this left behind the women who needed feminism the most, and only helped the women who already had the most power.
They were also criticizing the Civil Rights Movement.
They saw it as being too focused on men and leaving women of color behind.
They believed they had a place in both of these movements, and that these parts of their lives could not be separated.
Intersectional theory quickly grew to include the relation between all of the many other ways that people are othered and kept in a lower social position, such as sexuality, ability, and the gender binary.
Daniel Edgar Sickles (1819–1914) was a controversial New York politician, diplomat, and political general during the American Civil War.
He was the first person to successfully use the Insanity defense as a legal defense.
As a result, he was acquitted of killing his wife’s lover, Francis Barton Key (son of Francis Scott Key).
As a general, he was a political appointee who gained his high rank strictly through political influence.
Without any military experience or training, Sickles found it difficult to follow orders.
In spite of his battlefield failures, he managed to get himself awarded the Medal of Honor.
Sickles was born in New York City on October 20, 1819.
He was the son of George Garrett Sickles and Susan Marsh Sickles.
At a young age he kept running away from home.
His parents sent him to boarding school when he was 15 years old but he had to leave after a fight with a teacher.
He became a printer's helper for a year before returning to New York City.
There he developed the habit of hanging out with prostitutes and others with poor reputations.
His parents decided he needed a good education and arranged for him to live in the Da Ponte household.
Sickles was to be tutored by the elderly Professor Lorenzo Da Ponte.
He was already friends with the younger Professor Da Ponte, who was in his 30s at the time.
Sickles' parents hoped the friendship would be a good influence on Sickles.
Maria Cooke, a young American girl also lived in the household.
She was about the same age as Sickles.
She was thought to be the natural daughter of the elder Da Ponte who adopted her.
Her husband, Antonio Bagioli and their infant daughter, Maria, also lived with the Da Ponte family.
At the time she was 3 years old, Sickles was 20.
They would marry some 13 years later.
Sickles then studied law at New York University.
Afterwards he became involved in politics and was a key figure in the Tammany Hall political machine.
He also served as their legal counsel.
Through political influence he became the Corporate Council for New York City, Secretary of the United States Legation in London and later a US congressman from New York.
In 1852 he married Teresa Bagioli.
At the time he was 33 years old and she was 15.
Both families were opposed to the marriage at the time.
Only a few years later, living in Washington, D.C. as the wife of a congressman, she was described as "more like a schoolgirl than a polished woman of the world" with a "sweet, amicable manner".
Leaving for London, as the assistant to James Buchanan, American minister to Great Britain, he left his young pregnant wife Teresa at home.
Instead, as his traveling companion, he brought Fanny White, a notorious prostitute.
In London Sickles embarrassed the American delegation on more than one occasion.
He refused to drink a toast to Queen Victoria.
Another time he introduced Fanny White to the Queen under a false name.
Murder trial
In 1859 Sickles was arrested for murder.
His wife had turned to another man for attention.
This was Francis Barton Key, son of Francis Scott Key.
Sickles repeatedly shot Key in front of his home (which was also in front of the White House.
Sickles had a team of lawyers represent him, led by Edwin M. Stanton (future Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln).
Sickles was released on what was the first successful plea of "temporary insanity".
Sickles already had a questionable reputation, but this incident made him a pariah.
Sickles saw the outbreak of the civil war as an opportunity to save his reputation.
Rank as colonel
In Congress, Sickles had aligned himself with Southern Democrats and was himself a pro-slavery Democrat.
But after the outbreak of the war, Sickles suddenly became Pro-Union.
His last session in Congress had ended in March so Sickles was back in New York City practicing law when the war started.
In later versions of his motives for joining the Union Army he stated he thought he could best serve the Union by raising a regiment.
Republican President Lincoln needed the support of Democrats and apparently saw Sickles as one he could use.
After raising a regiment, then a brigade which he named the Excelsior Brigade, Sickles assumed he would be given the rank of brigadier general (a colonel commanded a regiment while a brigadier general commanded a brigade).
But officially, he remained a colonel of the first regiment, even though he commanded the entire brigade.
New York Governor Edwin D. Morgan decided there were too many regiments from New York City and ordered Sickles to disband some of the regiments.
As a result, Sickles would not get a brigadier general's commission.
Going around the governor, Sickles went to Washington to meet with Lincoln.
The President agreed to enlist the disbanded regiments as United States Volunteers.
Finally on July 20, 1861 they received orders to report to Harpers Ferry, West Virginia.
In September, Sickles was nominated as a brigadier general of volunteers, but his confirmation was delayed for several months by the United States Senate.
Sickles brigade spent most of 1861 in lower Maryland.
Sickles frequently visited the Lincolns in Washington during this time.
In March 1862, his command was attached to General Joseph Hooker in the Army of the Potomac.
That same month, Sickles' brigadier general commission was turned down by the Senate.
The Excelsiors saw their first combat that month.
Sickles personally led a reconnaissance.
Then on April 6, he left the Excelsiors for Washington to protest his not being commissioned a brigadier general.
While his unit fought in the Peninsula Campaign, Sickles remained in Washington.
Lincoln again nominated him for general and on May 3, 1862 the Senate confirmed him.
On May 24, "brigadier general" Sickles was ordered to report back to Hooker.
He was given command of Hooker's 2nd Brigade.
Sickles saw his first major engagement at the Battle of Seven Pines.
Sickles next saw action at the Seven Days Battles.
Hooker's advance did not go well due in part to Sickles' brigade having difficulties moving through the swamps then meeting heavy Confederate resistance.
When some of his men broke and ran to the rear, Sickles was only able to get a few to return.
Nonetheless, Hooker's report noted Sickles gallantry in trying to rally his men.
He did not stay long and missed the Second Battle of Bull Run and the Battle of Antietam, being in New York recruiting men for his brigade.
When Ambrose Burnside replaced George B. McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac, both Hooker and Sickles were moved up to command larger units.
Sickles still had hardly any battlefield experience yet was now leading Hooker's old second division of III Corps.
Sickles was busy getting New York newspapers and Washington insiders to promote his image as a battle hardened fighting general.
In December 1862, at the Battle of Fredericksburg, Sickles brigade did not see battle until the third day.
He and his troops watched as Union troops fought uphill against Lee's Confederates.
After 2:00 p.m. Sickles was finally ordered to the front.
Leading his men they found the battle to mostly be over in their section.
They secured their position against limited sniper fire and a few Skirmishes but otherwise did not see any fighting.
When Burnside was replaced as commander of the Army of the Potomac, Hooker was moved up to replace him.
In the new assignments resulting from the change, and even though he had little battlefield experience, Sickles was given temporary command of III Corps.
But again, the Senate did not confirm his promotion to Major General.
Finally, on March 9 (with his rank to date back to November 29), the Senate confirmed his promotion.
By the end of March Sickles was officially a major general.
Unlike earlier battles, at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Sickles saw action.