the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
He chose Auschwitz "[because] of its easy access by rail [train] and also because the extensive site offered space for measures ensuring isolation."
This meant that Auschwitz was big enough that the genocide of the Jews could be kept secret.
Himmler described the project as a "secret Reich matter."
Höss later said that "no one was allowed to speak about these matters with any person and that everyone promised upon his life to keep the utmost secrecy."
Höss began testing and perfecting mass murder techniques on 3 September 1941.
His experiments made Auschwitz the camp that would kill the most prisoners during the Holocaust.
Höss later said that, during a regular day at Auschwitz, two to three trains carrying 2,000 prisoners each would arrive every day for periods of four to six weeks.
The prisoners were unloaded in the Birkenau death camp.
Prisoners who were strong, healthy, and able to work were marched to barracks in either Birkenau or one of the other Auschwitz camps.
Prisoners who were elderly, very young, sick, or unable to do forced labor were killed in gas chambers, which were disguised as showers.
At first, small gassing bunkers were located deep in the woods, to keep them secret.
Later, four large gas chambers and crematoria were built in Birkenau to make it easier for the Nazis to kill more people, more quickly.
Höss experimented with different poison gases.
At first, he used cotton filters soaked in sulfuric acid.
Höss later started using hydrogen cyanide (prussic acid), made from the pesticide Zyklon B, after his deputy Karl Fritzsch tested it on a group of Russian prisoners in 1941.
Höss said that when he used Zyklon B, it took 3–15 minutes for prisoners to die, and that "we knew when the people were dead because they stopped screaming."
After Auschwitz
On 10 November 1943, Arthur Liebehenschel became the Commandant at Auschwitz.
Höss took over Liebehenschel's last job as the chairman of Amt D I in Amtsgruppe D of the SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt (WVHA), which ran the concentration camps.
Höss also was made the deputy (assistant) of Richard Glücks, the inspector of all of the concentration camps.
On 8 May 1944, Höss returned to Auschwitz to supervise operation Aktion Höss.
In Aktion Höss, 430,000 Hungarian Jews were sent to Auschwitz and killed in 56 days.
Even the huge facility that Höss had built could not handle the huge number of victims' corpses.
The camp's staff had to burn thousands of bodies in open fire pits.
Capture, trial, and execution
In the last days of the war, Himmler told Höss to disguise himself among German Navy sailors.
Höss avoided arrest for nearly a year.
When he was captured by British soldiers on 11 March 1946 in Gottrupel, he was disguised as a gardener and called himself Franz Lang.
His wife, who feared that her son, Klaus, would be shipped off to the Soviet Union to be imprisoned or tortured, had told the British where Höss was.
The British soldiers that captured Höss were led by Hanns Alexander, a young Jewish man from Berlin who was forced to flee to England with his entire family during the rise of Nazi Germany.
Höss initially denied who he was, until Alexander noticed his wedding ring and demanded to see it.
Höss refused to remove it, saying it was stuck on his finger.
But when Alexander threatened to cut his finger off, Höss removed the ring.
It had the names "Rudolf" and "Hedwig" engraved inside.
After being questioned and beaten with axe handles by the British soldiers, Höss admitted who he really was.
Höss appeared at the Nuremberg Trials on 15 April 1946, where he explained his crimes in detail.<ref>Kevin Jon Heller.
The Nuremberg Military Tribunals and the Origins of International Criminal Law.
p.149.</ref> Affidavits (sworn statements to the court) that Rudolf Höss made while imprisoned in Nuremberg were also used at the Pohl and IG Farben trials.
On 25 May 1946, Höss was handed over to Polish authorities, and the Supreme National Tribunal in Poland tried him for murder.
His trial lasted from 11 to 29 March 1947.
During his trial, when accused of murdering three and a half million people, Höss replied, "No.
Only two and one half million—the rest died from disease and starvation."
Höss was sentenced to death by hanging on 2 April 1947.
He was executed on 16 April next to the crematorium of the former Auschwitz I concentration camp.
He was hanged on a gallows built specifically for his execution, at the location of the camp's Gestapo.
Today, a board that marks the site reads:
Höss wrote his autobiography while awaiting execution.
It was published in 1956 as , and later as Death Dealer: the Memoirs of the SS Kommandant at Auschwitz (among other editions).
Shortly before his execution, Höss returned to the Catholic Church.
On 10 April 1947, he received the sacrament of penance from Friar Władysław Lohn, S.J.  On the next day, the same priest gave Höss Holy Communion as Viaticum (the Eucharist given to a person who is dying).
Handwritten confession
Höss's original confession, with his signature, is displayed in a glass case in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C.  Behind the confession is a photo showing Hungarian Jewish women and children walking to one of the four gas chambers in the Birkenau death camp on 26 May 1944.
Dates of rank and awards
{| width="100%"
{| class="wikitable float-right" style="font-size: 90%;"
|+ Höss's SS-ranks
|20 September 1933
||SS-Anwärter (candidate)
|1 April 1934
|SS-Mann (Private)
|20 April 1934
|SS-Sturmmann (Lance corporal)
|28 November 1934
|SS-Unterscharführer (Corporal)
|1 April 1935
|SS-Scharführer (Sergeant)
|1 July 1935
|SS-Oberscharführer (Staff Sergeant)
|1 March 1936
|SS-Hauptscharführer (First Sergeant)
|13 September 1937
|SS-Untersturmführer (Second Lieutenant)
|11 September 1938
|SS-Obersturmführer (First Lieutenant)
|9 November 1938
|SS-Hauptsturmführer (Captain)
|30 January 1941
|SS-Sturmbannführer (Major)
|18 July 1942
|SS-Obersturmbannführer (Lieutenant colonel)
Awards and decorations
Iron Cross (1914) First & Second Class
War Merit Cross (with Swords) First & Second Class
SS Long Service Award (12 years)
Police Long Service Award (18 years)
General Service Gau Badge (1925)
Baltic Cross
SA Sports Badge (in Bronze)
German Sports Badge (in Bronze)
Wound Badge (1914) in Silver
Gallipoli Star (Ottoman Empire)
Baden Military Bravery Medal
Austrian War Service Medal
Honour Chevron for the Old Guard
SS Honour Ring
SS Honour Sword
SS Julleuchter
Autobiography, edited by Steven Paskuly and translated by Andrew Pollinger: Death Dealer: The Memoirs of the SS Kommandant at Auschwitz.
Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1992. .
Höß, Rudolf.
Kommandant in Auschwitz; autobiographische Aufzeichnungen.
Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte.
Quellen und Darstellungen zur Zeitgeschichte, Bd.
Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1958.
Höss, Rudolf.
Commandant of Auschwitz: The Autobiography of Rudolf Hoess. (
Constantine FitzGibbon, trans.)
London: Phoenix Press, 2000. . (
A different translation of Kommandant in Auschwitz.)
Gilbert, Gustave. [
1947] 1995.
Nuremberg Diary.
USA: Da Capo Press. .
SS Personnel Service Record of Rudolf Höss, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland, US.
Ravenswood, Linda, Frau Kommandant Hoess' Pink Cardigan, Rivets Literary Magazine, 2010.
Fest, Joachim C. and Bullock, Michael (trans.) "
Rudolf Höss - The Man in the Crowd" in The Face of the Third Reich New York: Penguin, 1979 (orig.
published in German in 1963), pp.
415–432.
ISBN  978-0201407143.
Modern History Sourcebook: Rudolf Hoess, Commandant of Auschwitz: Testimony at Nuremberg, 1946
Hanns and Rudolf
Bloons Tower Defense (also Bloons TD or BTD) are a series of tower-defense games that were created by Ninja Kiwi.
The focus of the games is to use towers to defeat an enemy called Bloons to progress through the game.
As you play the game, the Bloons become more difficult to defeat.
Players are able to upgrade their towers to help defeat stronger enemies.
Bloons can come with power ups, such as camouflage and regeneration.
Most of the Tower Defense games can be played on computers and mobile/tablets.
On mobile, all of the Bloons Tower Defense Games (except Bloons Monkey City and Bloons TD 3, which are free on the App Store) cost $2.99 to play and download.
A free game is also on their website.
Some of the Bloons games have lite versions, such as Bloons TD or Bloons TD 4, which are free to play, but have limitations.
The enemies of the series are "Bloons". (
The trademarked word Bloons is a spinoff of the word "balloons".)
Once the Bloons come, a monkey will have to be placed to pop them.
These monkeys pop the bloons.
Red Bloons release no "children".
B.A.Ds also have no "parents".
Children & parents are terms determining what Bloons release when pop (children) and what Bloon releases that Bloon (parents).
For example, the child of a Blue Bloon is a Red Bloon, and the parent of a Blue Bloon is a Green Bloon.
A Red Bloon Equivalent (RBE) value is the number of Red Bloons it is equivalent to.
In Bloons, there are a lot of towers.
All towers can be upgraded four tiers.
You can only upgrade one side of the tower to the fourth tier but upgrade the other side to the second tier.
As of BTD6, here are the list of towers and camo status:
Bloons Tower Defense Games
The Bloons Tower Defense series has been a top seller on the Apple app store.
Bloons TD 4 reached No.
6 on Apple's list of top paid iPhone and iPad games in 2010.
Bloons TD 5 was able to reach No.
8 on Apple's list of top paid iPhone app downloads in 2013.
Tower Defense is a type of game where players use strategy to build towers to help defeat an enemy.
In many tower defence games the player's towers must stop an enemy from invading a base.
If the towers cannot stop the enemy, the player loses the game.
The first game that was thought to be a tower defense game was Rampart (Atari Games, 1990).
Other games started to be used for tower defense by using tools in the games to change them.
Those games were ones like Starcraft (Blizzard Entertainment, 1998), Age of Empires II (Microsoft Games, 1999), and Warcraft III (Blizzard Entertainment, 2002).
Tower defense games were made by independent developers also.
The first game made in Flash was Flash Element Tower Defense (January 2007).
The next game was made quickly after and was called Desktop Tower Defense (Handdrawngames, March 2007).
Desktop Tower Defense won an award from the Independent Games Festival.
Lonnie Melvin "Mel" Tillis (August 8, 1932 – November 19, 2017) was an American country music singer and songwriter.
He recorded songs since the late 1950s.
His biggest success occurred in the 1970s, with a long list of Top 10 hits.
His biggest hits include "I Ain't Never", "Good Woman Blues", and "Coca-Cola Cowboy".
On February 13, 2012, President Barack Obama awarded Tillis the National Medal of Arts for his contributions to country music.
He also has won the CMA Awards' most coveted award, Entertainer of the Year.
He was also known for his stutter, which does not affect his singing voice.
His daughter is country music singer Pam Tillis.
Mel Tillis at the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum
Noreen M. Corcoran (October 20, 1943 – January 15, 2016) was an American actress, singer and dancer.
Her career began in 1951.
She was best known for her co-starring role as the teenager Kelly Gregg in the television sitcom Bachelor Father.
She also appeared in movies such as Gidget Goes to Rome and in The Girls on the Beach.
She retired in 1965.
Corcoran was born in Quincy, Massachusetts.
She studied at California State University.
Corcoran died in Van Nuys, Los Angeles, California from heart and lung disease (cardiopulmonary disease) at the age of 72.
Bachelor Father  at TV.com
William Craig (November 13, 1918 – January 13, 2016) was an German-born American professor of Philosophy at University of California, Berkeley.
His interests included mathematical logic, and philosophy of science.
He was mostly known for the Craig interpolation theorem.
Craig received his Ph.D. at Harvard University in 1951.
Abbey Simon (January 8, 1922 – December 18, 2019) was an American concert pianist, teacher, and recording artist.
He was a student of Josef Hofmann at the Curtis Institute of Music.
He was the winner of the Naumburg International Piano Competition in 1940.
He was called a "supervirtuoso" by the New York Times.
Simon was born in New York City, New York.
He studied at Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
His career began in 1940.
Simon died in Geneva on December 18, 2019 at the age of 99.
Moores School of Music Faculty Profile: Abbey Simon
Yamaha Artists: Abbey Simon
A Chat with Piano Legend Abbey Simon  by Mike Emery, The Houston Chronicle, January 31, 2014
Interview with Abbey Simon by Bruce Duffie, February 19, 1988
Abbey Simon dedicated photo 1965, from first of two acclaimed tours of Southern Africa.
Rudolf Haag (17 August 1922 – 5 January 2016) was a German theoretical physicist.
He was born in Tübingen, Germany.
A picture of Rudolf Haag at II.
Institute for Theoretical Physics, Hamburg University (Photographer: Ralf D. Tscheuschner, a pupil of Haag)
Jean-Noël Rey (23 December 1949 – 16 January 2016) was a Swiss socialist politician.
He was the Secretary of the Socialist Group of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland.
He was a member of the National Council of Switzerland between 2003 and 2007.
He was also the CEO of the national postal service Swiss Post.
Rey was born in Sierre.
Rey was shot and killed by terrorists on 16 January 2016 in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
Francisco Xavier Alarcón (February 21, 1954 – January 15, 2016) was an American poet and educator.
He was awarded the American Book Award for Snake Poems in 1993.
He taught at University of California, Davis.
He published over twenty works of poetry between 1985 and 2010.
He wrote poetry in English, Spanish and Nahuatl.
His works were often translated into other languages including Gaelic and Swedish.
Alarcón was born in Wilmington, Los Angeles, California.
He grew up in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
He studied at Stanford University and California State University, Long Beach.
Eva Carina Kvistborg Jaarnek (26 December 1962 – 16 January 2016), better known as Carina Jaarnek, was a Swedish singer.
She was a member of several dansbands during the 1970s and 1980s, most notably Carina Jaarneks orkester.
She recorded many songs with Elvis Presley artists.
Jaarnek was born in Säbrå, Ångermanland.
She was married to her manager Niels Kvist Borg and had two daughters.
Her sister, Towe, is also a singer.
Lawrence Harvey Cohn (March 11, 1937 – January 9, 2016) was an American heart surgeon, researcher, and medical educator.
He was best known for his heart valve repair and replacement surgeries.
He was on the surgical staff at Harvard Medical School from 1971 until his death.
He was also Professor of Surgery at Harvard Medical School from 1980 until his death.
He was awarded the Chair in Cardiac Surgery at Harvard Medical School in 2000.
Cohn was born in San Francisco, California.
Cohen died from a stroke on January 9, 2016 in Boston, Massachusetts.
A batch file is a special kind of computer file that tells a computer a list of instructions to do in order.
Batch files were used a lot when DOS was used by many people.
They are good for automating many small pieces of work.
Some people still use batch files today.
This is an example of a batch file.
It is called a "Hello World" example because it prints the text "Hello World!"
to the screen.
<syntaxhighlight lang="dos">
When that text is put into a file with an extension of .bat, saved, and run, it will put this on the screen:
Demand forecasting is when a business predicts future demand for its products.
A business looks at many things when they do demand forecasting.
Some of these things are past sales, data from test markets, and statistics.
Businesses can also use educated guesses to help predict future demand.
Businesses use demand forecasting to help them come up with the amount of demand for their products so they know how much supply to make.
Aldebaran (α Tau, α Tauri, Alpha Tauri) is an orange giant star.
It is about 65 light years away in the zodiac constellation of Taurus.
With an average apparent magnitude of 0.87 it is the brightest star in the constellation and is one of the brightest stars in the nighttime sky.
The name Aldebaran is Arabic ( ) and means "the Follower", presumably because it rises near and soon after the Pleiades.
The diameter of Aldebaran is larger than 50 million kilometers.
In 1993 a companion body was reported.
A paper recently accepted shows evidence for a planetary companion.
Tau Ceti (τ Cet, τ Ceti) is a star in the constellation Cetus.
It can be seen with the unaided eye as a third-magnitude star.
It has a spectrum similar to the Sun, but is only 78% of the Sun's mass.
It is just under 12 light-years from the Solar System, a relatively nearby star.
It is the closest solitary G-class star.
The star appears stable, and is "metal-deficient" because (like the Sun) it is mostly made of hydrogen and helium.
There is more than ten times as much dust surrounding Tau Ceti as in the Solar System.
There are probably five planets orbiting Tau Ceti,  two in the habitable zone.
Because of its debris disk, any planet orbiting Tau Ceti would get far more impact events than Earth.
Despite this, its Sun-like characteristics have led to widespread interest in the star.
Tau Ceti is consistently listed as a target for the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (SETI), and it appears in some science fiction literature.
Project Ozma searched for intelligent life (SETI) by examining selected stars for artificial radio signals.
It was run by the astronomer Frank Drake, who selected Tau Ceti and Epsilon Eridani as the first targets.
Both are near the Solar System and are similar to the Sun.
No artificial signals were found after 200 hours of observations.
Subsequent radio searches of this star system have also turned up negative.
Planets?
On December 19, 2012, evidence was presented for a system of five planets orbiting Tau Ceti.
The planets' estimated minimum masses are between two and six times the Earth's mass.
Their orbital periods range from 14 to 640 days.
One of them, Tau Ceti e, appears to orbit about half as far from Tau Ceti as Earth does from the Sun.
With Tau Ceti's luminosity of 52% that of the Sun and a distance from the star of 0.552 AU, the planet would receive 1.71 times as much stellar radiation as Earth does.
This is slightly less than Venus, which gets 1.91 times Earth's.
Some research places it within the star's habitable zone.
The habitable zone for a star is where liquid water could be present on an Earth-like planet.
For Tau Ceti, this is at a radius of 0.55–1.16 AU, where 1 AU is the average distance from the Earth to the Sun.
References in Science Fiction
The Expanse (TV): Destination of the Nauvoo, on a 100 year voyage.
The ship is 500m cylinder, 2000m long.
It would require a continuous acceleration of 0.05 m/s for 50 years, and an equal deceleration at the halfway point.
Oliver Jeffers (born 1977) is an artist, illustrator and writer from Belfast, Northern Ireland.
He now lives and works in Brooklyn, New York.
He graduated from the University of Ulster in 2001.
He creates art for children and adult alike.
His picture books, including 'How to catch a star, Lost and found, Stuck have been highly acclaimed.
This Moose Belongs to Me won the Irish Book Awards Children's Book of
Originally from Belfast, Oliver now lives and works in Brooklyn, New York.
His favourite colour is striped.
In 2013, Jeffers illustrated the vinyl record cover for the U2 song "Ordinary Love".
It is a drawing of Nelson Mandela.
Oliver Jeffers at British Council: Literature
Discover author Oliver Jeffers  at publisher HarperCollins
Clarence Henry Reid (February 14, 1939 – January 17, 2016), better known by the stage name Blowfly, was an American musician, singer, comedian, rapper and producer.
He released over 25 parody albums as "Blowfly" and another three albums as "Clarence Reid".
He also wrote ten songs for Gwen McCrae.
Blowfly was born in Cochran, Georgia.
His daughter, Tracy Reid, was a professional basketball player.
Bob Harkey (June 23, 1930 – January 16, 2016) was an American racecar driver.
He was in the USAC Championship Car series.
He raced in the 1963–1979 seasons.
He had 85 career starts, including the Indianapolis 500 in 1964, 1971 and 1973–1976.
He finished in the top ten 23 times.
His best finish in 4th position in 1964.
Bob Harkey profile at Driver Database
Nazi eugenics were a set of beliefs and rules that were very important to Nazi Germany during World War II.
These beliefs said that the Aryan race was the master race – the best race of all – and all other races were inferior (not as good).
There were also many other people who the Nazis believed were "life unworthy of life," like people with disabilities.
These ideas about eugenics were at the center of the Nazis' beliefs and eventually helped lead to the Holocaust.
Because they did not want these "inferior" people in German society, the Nazis decided to get rid of them, using many different strategies.
They began with people with disabilities.
The Nazis forced more than 400,000 people with disabilities to be sterilized (to have surgery that would make it impossible for them to have children).
They also killed over 300,000 people with disabilities in a program called Action T4.
In this program, the Nazis sent people with disabilities to places like Hadamar  and Hartheim Euthanasia Centres to be killed.
These people were killed with lethal injections and poison gas, in vans and gas chambers at the Euthanasia Centres.
Using what they learned by killing people with disabilities, the Nazis soon built extermination camps (death camps).
The Nazis' goal was to use these death camps to exterminate (kill all of) the Jewish and Roma people in Europe.
The Nazis also sent many other people who they thought were inferior to the death camps and to concentration camps, where they were forced to work as slaves.
Groups targeted by the Nazis
The Nazis' ideas about eugenics said that many different groups of people were "inferior" or "unworthy of life."
Jewish people
People with mental and physical disabilities
These included people with epilepsy, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, deafness, and blindness
People who disagreed with the Nazis' political beliefs (like communists and socialists)
People who could not work
Role of the United States
The eugenics movement was very popular in the United States by the time it spread to Germany.
California eugenicists began writing things that encouraged eugenics and sterilization, and sent them to German scientists and medical professionals.
By 1933, California had forced more people to get sterilized than all of the other U.S. states combined.
The Nazis got the idea for their compulsory (forced) sterilization program partly from California's program.
In 1927, The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Anthropology (KWIA) was created in Berlin with a lot of financial support from the American philanthropic group, the Rockefeller Foundation.
The KWIA's director was Eugen Fischer, a German professor of medicine, anthropology, and eugenics.
Fischer said he had found scientific proof of the Nazis' eugenics ideas, and the Nazis used his work to justify their eugenics policies.
In 1934, California eugenics leader C.M. Goethe visited Germany.
At that time, more than 5,000 people per month were being forcibly sterilized in Germany.
Goethe bragged to a coworker:
"You will be interested to know that your work has played a powerful part in shaping the opinions of the group of intellectuals who are behind Hitler in this epoch-making program.
Everywhere I sensed that their opinions have been tremendously stimulated by American thought . . .
I want you, my dear friend, to carry this thought with you for the rest of your life, that you have really jolted into action a great government of 60 million people."
Eugenics researcher Harry H. Laughlin often bragged that his Model Eugenic Sterilization laws had been put into action in Germany's Nuremberg Laws.
In 1936, Laughlin was invited to an award ceremony at Heidelberg University in Germany. (
The ceremony was scheduled on the anniversary of the day Hitler fired all Jews from the Heidelberg faculty two years earlier.)
Laughlin was offered an honorary doctorate for his work on the "science of racial cleansing."
Laughlin could not afford to attend, and had to pick his doctorate up from the Rockefeller Institute.
Afterwards, he proudly shared the award with his co-workers, remarking that he felt that it showed the "common understanding of German and American scientists of the nature of eugenics."
Hitler's views on Eugenics
Adolf Hitler read racial hygiene books while he was in Landsberg Prison.
"Racial hygiene" was a set of ideas that said that only certain people should be allowed to have children.
People who belonged to races that were seen as "inferior" would not be allowed to have children.
This way, those races would eventually die out.
Hitler believed Germany had become weak, and had been poisoned by "inferior" people.
He believed these "inferior" people were ruining Germany's society, and were the cause of Germany's problems.
In his Second Book, which was never published during the Nazi era, Hitler praised the ancient Greek city of Sparta.
In Sparta, all newborn infants were examined carefully.
Any infant that seemed weak, sick, or had any kind of disability was killed.
Only the healthy, strong children were allowed to live.
This meant that they were the only people alive to have children and continue the Spartan race.
Hitler praised this early model of eugenics:
<blockquote>The exposure of the sick, weak, deformed children, in short, their destruction [murder], was more decent and in truth a thousand times more humane than the wretched insanity of our day [in which the most disabled people are allowed to survive], and indeed at any price ... in order subsequently to breed a race of degenerates burdened with illnesses.</blockquote>
Basically, Hitler was saying it was better (and cheaper) to kill people with disabilities than to allow them to live and have children.
He thought that if people with disabilities were allowed to have children, their children would also have disabilities.
So people with disabilities should be killed to prevent them from "breeding [creating] a race of" "inferior" people.
Hitler would later apply these same ideas to other people he thought were "inferior."
The Holocaust was based on the idea that all of these "inferior" people should be killed so they would no longer exist in the Third Reich, Hitler's planned Nazi empire.
Nazi eugenics program
On July 14, 1933, the Nazis passed the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring.
("Hereditary diseases" are genetic disorders which are passed down from parents to children.
"Offspring" means "children.")
This law did a few things:
It required everyone with a genetic disorder to be sterilized.
It required doctors to report any patient with a genetic disorder to the Nazis (except in women over age 45).
It created fines to punish doctors who did not cooperate with the law.
In 1934, nearly 4,000 people appealed against court decisions saying they would have to be sterilized.
A total of 3,559 of the appeals (89%) failed.
By the end of the Nazi regime, the Nazis had created over 200 Hereditary Health Courts ().
Based on their rulings, over 400,000 people were forced to be sterilized.
Nazi eugenics institutions
The Nazis made six psychiatric hospitals into "Euthanasia Centres," where people with disabilities (including children) were taken to be killed.
These six hospitals were Bernburg, Brandenburg, Grafeneck, Hadamar, Hartheim, and Sonnenstein Euthanasia Centres.
At first, the Nazis killed patients in gas vans.
The patients would be put into vansand exhaust gas from the vans' engines would be pumped into the vans.
The carbon monoxide in the exhaust gas killed the patients.
Later, gas chambers were built into the Euthanasia Centres and used pure carbon monoxide gas to kill the patients.
Identifying 'genetically sick' people
In July 1934, Nazi Germany passed the Law for Simplification of the Health System.
This law set out rules for how the Nazis would decide whether a person was 'genetically sick.'
The person would be sent to a Genetic Health Court, which would decide whether the person should be sterilized.
Nazi eugenics policies regarding marriage
The Nuremberg Laws of 1935 made anyone who wanted to get married get tested for genetic disorders.
The goal of this rule was to make sure the "Aryan race" would stay "pure," without people with disabilities in it.
While dating, everyone was encouraged to question their dating partner carefully about whether anyone in their family ever had a genetic disorder.
Members of the Schutzstaffel'' (SS) were ordered to carefully interview possible marriage partners to make sure they had no family history of hereditary disease or insanity, but to do this carefully to avoid hurting the woman's feelings.
They were told that if they had to reject the woman for eugenic reasons, they should do it politely and not upset the woman.
Bern Herbolsheimer (September 2, 1948 – January 13, 2016) was an American composer and pianist.
He was born in Great Falls, Montana.
Herbolsheimer served on the music faculty at Cornish College in Seattle.
He performed for the National Endowment for the Arts and for the Chamber Music America.
He has composed over 500 pieces of work.
Gottfried Honegger (12 June 1917 – 17 January 2016) was a Swiss artist and graphic designer.
From 1955 through 1958, he was art director at Geigy.
He worked at the University of Dallas until his death in 2016.
Honegger was born in Zürich, Switerland.
He was married to the Swiss illustrator Warja Lavater.
He studied shop-window display at the Zurich Kunstgewerbeschule and taught there from 1948.
His early work was commercial graphic design.
Honegger died at his home in Zürich, Switzerland from a short-illness, aged 98.
Gottfried Honegger on artnet
Gottfried Honegger by Museo Cantonale d’Arte von Lugano
Paris School of Business (formerly the ESG Management School) is a European business school.
The school has two locations, one in Paris and one in Rennes, France.
It was created in 1974.
PSB offers degrees in the fields of economics, social sciences, luxury markets, arts and management.
PSB Paris School of Business (in English)
Monster Strike (モンスターストライク: Monsutā Sutoraiku) is a mobile game with elements of RPGs, strategy games and cooperative multiplayer.
It is developed by Mixi for the iOS and Android platforms.
The game was co-created by Yoshiki Okamoto.
In Japan, its name is often shortened to .
As of June 30, 2015, the game has daily revenues of $4.2 million.
A more traditional RPG of Monster Strike was released for the Nintendo 3DS in December 2015.
Official website of Monster Strike
The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was the first virus to be discovered.
That is to say, it was the first to be known as a virus.
It is a single stranded RNA virus which infects many plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae.
The infection causes "mosaic"-like discolouration on the leaves.
Although it was known from the late 19th century that an infectious disease was damaging tobacco crops, it was not until 1930 that the infectious agent was known to be a virus.
In 1892, Dmitri Ivanovsky gave the first concrete evidence for the existence of a non-bacterial infectious agent.
He claimed that infected sap remained infectious even after filtering through finest filters.
In 1898, Martinus Beijerinck independently replicated Ivanovsky's filtration experiments and then showed that the infectious agent was able to reproduce and multiply in the host cells of the tobacco plant.
Beijerinck coined the term of "virus" to indicate that the causal agent of tobacco mosaic disease was of non-bacterial nature.
It was achieved by Wendell Meredith Stanley in 1935 who also showed that TMV remains active even after crystallization.
For his work, he was awarded 1/3 of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1946, The first electron microscopical images of TMV were made in 1939.
The crystallographer Rosalind Franklin worked for Stanley for about a month at Berkeley, and later designed and built a model of TMV for the 1958 World's Fair at Brussels.
In 1958, she speculated that the virus was hollow, not solid, and hypothesized that the RNA of TMV is single-stranded.
This conjecture was proved correct after her death.
A business school is a university-level school that offers degrees in a variety of business-related subjects.
It may often be a department or institution within a university or it can be a separate school.
Instead of a general education, business schools prepare students to enter into the business world.
ESCP Europe is considered to be the world's oldest business school.
business strategy
human resources management
organizational psychology
organizational behavior
public relations
Best Business Schools 2015
The 50 best business schools in the world (2015)
Martinair is currently a cargo airline from The Netherlands.
It started in 1958.
In 1991, Martinair started flying cargo.
KLM became the only shareholder of Martinair in December 2008.
Originally, Martinair flew passengers.
On October 30, 2011, Martinair stopped flying passengers and now only flies cargo.
Close Encounters of the Third Kind is an 1977 American science fiction movie written and directed by Steven Spielberg, and starring Richard Dreyfuss, Teri Garr, Melinda Dillon, Bob Balaban, Cary Guffey, and François Truffaut.
The movie tells the story about Roy Neary, an everyday blue-collar worker in Indiana, whose life changes after an encounter with an undentified flying object (UFO).
Made on a production budget of $19.4 million, Close Encounters was released in a limited number of cities on November 16, 1977 and November 23, 1977 before expanding into wide release the following month.
It was a critical and commercial success, grossing over $300 million worldwide.
The movie received numerous awards and nominations at the 50th Academy Awards, 32nd British Academy Film Awards, the 35th Golden Globe Awards and the 5th Saturn Awards, and has been widely acclaimed at the American Film Institute.
He was the Prime Minister of Italy for eight years, between 1945 and 1953.
That is longer than any other Italian prime minister except Benito Mussolini, who was a dictator.
De Gasperi was born in Austria-Hungary, and did not become an Italian citizen until after the First World War.
In 1927, he was put in prison for one and a half years because he did not support Mussolini's Fascist government.
Mussolini released him from prison because the Pope asked him to.
A water tower is a building that is used to hold and give out water.
It is almost always built on a high place.
It works because a pump gives water to the tower, and gravity makes the saved water go out to the places that need water.
Those places are connected to the tower by pipes.
A water tower is good when there is no power because it uses gravity to send out the water.
A notary is a person who has learned some laws and has been appointed by a government to do some certain things using those laws.
A notary is most often used to witness signatures on legal papers.
A notary does this to help stop fraud and to help a person prove that they are who they say they are.
Notaries in some locations can also perform marriage ceremonies.
Gaheris is a legendary character, a member of the Knights of the Round Table in Arthurian legend.
He was a nephew of King Arthur.
He was the third son of Arthur's sister Morgause and her husband Sir Lot.
He was described as being valiant, agile, handsome, and his left arm was shorter than his right arm.
He was killed by Lancelot in the Prose Lancelot He was Sir Gawain's brother.
S7 Airlines is a Russian airline.
It is the second largest airline.
It was created in May 1992.
Originally, it was named Siberia Airlines.
In 1994, the airline joined IATA.
The airline's name was changed to S7 Airlines in 2005.
In 2010, the airline joined Oneworld.
S7 Airlines stopped flying Soviet planes in 2008.
As of 2015, the airline has Airbus A319s, Airbus A320s, Airbus A321s, Boeing 737s and Boeing 767s.
Crispus Attucks (circa 1723 – March 5, 1770) was the first person to die in the Boston Massacre.
This made him the first American to die in the American Revolutionary War.
After being killed at the Boston Massacre, Attucks became a martyr of the American Revolution.
He also became a symbol for the abolitionist (anti-slavery) movement, both in the 18th century and the 19th century.
Attucks had a big impact on important historical events like the American Revolution and the abolitionist movement.
However, he continues to have an impact on American culture today.
Even 250 years after his death, modern songs, stories, and television shows still talk about Attucks.
Children go to schools that are named after him.
In 2002, Attucks was named one of the "100 Greatest African Americans" in United States History.
Aside from how he died, historians do not know much about Attucks' life.
His father, Prince Yonger, was a slave who had been born in Africa; his mother, Nancy Attucks, was a Wampanoag Native American.
One of Crispus Attucks' ancestors was John Attucks of Massachusetts, who was hanged during King Philip's War.
Attucks himself may have been a freeman, or may have escaped slavery.
However, some evidence suggests that Attucks was born a slave in Framingham, Massachusetts, but escaped from slavery.
In 1750, William Brown, a slave-owner in Framingham, put out an advertisement about a runaway slave named Crispus.
In the advertisement, Brown offered a reward of 10 pounds to whoever found and returned Attucks to him.
The description in the advertisement fit Crispus Attucks.
This suggests that Attucks was a runaway slave.
Still, people have argued for decades about whether Attucks was a free black man or a runaway slave.
Attucks may have worked as a dockworker or a merchant seaman.
He definitely became a sailor and spent most of the rest of his life at sea.
He often worked on whalers, which involved long trips at sea.
Many historians also believe that he went by the alias "Michael Johnson" in order to avoid being caught and sent back to slavery.
He may only have been temporarily in Boston in early 1770, having recently returned from a voyage to the Bahamas.
He was due to leave shortly afterwards on a ship for North Carolina.
Reaction and trials
John Adams successfully argued that most of the accused British soldiers fired their guns in self-defense.
He got all but two of the soldiers acquitted of murder (found not guilty).
Two of the soldiers were found guilty of manslaughter.
They were punished by being branded (burned) on their thumbs.
While defending the British soldiers, Adams called the crowd "a motley rabble of saucy boys, negros and molattoes, Irish teagues and outlandish Jack Tarrs."
In particular, he accused Attucks of having decided "to be the hero of the night," and of having started a conflict with his "mad behavior."
After being killed in the Boston Massacre, Attucks was held up as the first martyr of the American Revolution.
The deaths of Attucks and four other Americans enraged the American people and helped trigger the start of the American Revolution.
Attucks also became a symbol of the abolitionist (anti-slavery) movement in the 18th century.
In the early 19th century, as the abolitionist movement gained strength in Boston, supporters praised Attucks as an African American who played a heroic role in the history of the United States.
Because Attucks was of mixed African and Native American heritage, he also became an important figure in Native American history.
1858: Boston-area abolitionists, including William Cooper Nell, created "Crispus Attucks Day" to honor Attucks.
1888: A monument honoring Attucks and the other victims of the Boston Massacre was created on Boston Common.
It is over 25 feet high and about 10 feet wide.
It shows the Boston Massacre, with Attucks lying in the foreground.
Under the scene is the date: March 5, 1770.
Above the scene stands a female figure, Free America, holding the broken chain of oppression in her right hand.
Beneath her right foot, she crushes the royal crown of England.
At the left of the figure is an eagle.
Thirteen stars are cut into one of the faces of the monument.
Beneath these stars in raised letters are the names of the five men who were killed that day: Crispus Attucks, Samuel Gray, James Caldwell, Samuel Maverick, and Patrick Carr.
Some men died a day later.
In 1888, the Massachusetts Historical Society and the New England Historic Genealogical Society did not want the Attucks memorial to be created.
However, since the 20th century, both organizations have acknowledged his importance in history, and have created museum exhibits about black history and genealogy.
1998: The United States Treasury released "The Black Revolutionary War Patriots Silver Dollar" featuring Attucks' image.
Funds from sales of the coin were intended for a proposed Black Revolutionary War Patriots Memorial in Washington, DC.
2002: The Afrocentrist scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Crispus Attucks as among the 100 Greatest African Americans.
Places named for Attucks include the Crispus Attucks High School in Indianapolis, Indiana; Attucks Middle School in Sunnyside, Houston, Texas; the Crispus Attucks Elementary School in Kansas City, Missouri; the Attucks Theatre in Norfolk, Virginia; the Crispus Attucks Association in York, Pennsylvania; Crispus Attucks Road in Spring Valley, New York; Crispus Attucks Elementary School in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn; Crispus Attucks Park in Carbondale, Illinois; Crispus Attucks Elementary School in East St. Louis, Illinois; Crispus Attucks Park in Washington, D.C.; the Crispus Attucks Center in Dorchester, Massachusetts; and the Crispus Attucks Bridge in Framingham, Massachusetts.
"First man to die for the flag we now hold high was a black man" is a line from Stevie Wonder's song "Black Man".
"Crispus Attucks, the first blasted" is a line from Nas's song "You Can't Stop Us Now".
The poet John Boyle O'Reilly wrote the following poem when the monument was finally unveiled:
And to honor Crispus Attucks who was the leader and voice that day: The first to defy, and the first to die, with Maverick, Carr, and Gray.
Call it riot or revolution, or mob or crowd as you may, such deaths have been seeds of nations, such lives shall be honored for aye...
Melvin Tolson begins his poem "Dark Symphony" with the lines:
"Black Crispus Attucks taught / Us how to die / Before white Patrick Henry’s bugle breath / Uttered the Vertical / Transmitting cry: / 'Yea, give me liberty or give me death.'”
Martin Luther King, Jr. spoke about Attucks in the introduction of Why We Can't Wait (1964), as an example of a man whose contribution to history provided a strong message of moral courage.
In an unsourced, popular book about Attucks, James Neyland wrote his appraisal of the man's significance:
He is one of the most important figures in African-American history, not for what he did for his own race but for what he did for all oppressed people everywhere.
He is a reminder that the African-American heritage is not only African but American and it is a heritage that begins with the beginning of America.
Attucks is discussed at length in the book "Rush Revere and the First Patriots" by Rush Limbaugh.
The book is second in a series celebrating "Exceptional Americans."
Nat King Cole mentions Crispus Attucks in the spoken introduction to his Capitol Records recording of "We Are Americans, Too".
Glenn Lewis Frey () (November 6, 1948 – January 18, 2016) was an American singer, songwriter, producer and actor.
He was best known as a founding member of rock band the Eagles.
During the seventies, Frey played guitar with the band, as well as piano and keyboards.
Frey was one of the primary singers of the Eagles, he sang lead vocals on songs such as "Take It Easy", "Peaceful Easy Feeling", "Tequila Sunrise", "Already Gone", "Lyin' Eyes", "New Kid in Town", and "Heartache Tonight".
On January 18, 2016, Frey died in New York City at the age of 67 from rheumatoid arthritis, acute ulcerative colitis, and pneumonia.
He had been recovering from intestinal surgery.
He was replaced by Bob Mothersbaugh from Devo, who continues to perform with the Eagles to this day.
Michel Tournier (19 December 1924 – 18 January 2016) was a French writer.
He has won awards such as the Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française in 1967 for Friday, or, The Other Island and the Prix Goncourt for The Erl-King in 1970.
He was a member of the Académie Goncourt.
His autobiography has been translated and published as The Wind Spirit (Beacon Press, 1988).
He had been named as a contender for the Nobel Prize in Literature.
A viral envelope is the outermost layer of a virus.
It protects the virus when it moves between host cells as part of its life-cycle.
Not all viruses have envelopes.
The envelopes are made from parts of the host cell membranes (phospholipids and proteins), but include some viral glycoproteins.
They may help viruses avoid the host immune system.
Glycoproteins on the surface of the envelope help to identify and bind to receptor sites on the host's membrane.
The viral envelope then fuses with the host's membrane, allowing virus genome to enter and infect the host.
Some enveloped viruses also have a capsid.
This is another protein layer, between the envelope and the genome.
The cell from which a virus buds often dies or is weakened.
The lipid bilayer envelope of these viruses is sensitive to desiccation, heat, and detergents This makes it easier to sterile these viruses than non-enveloped viruses.
They can not survive for very long outside host environments, and usually need to move directly from host to host.
They are very adaptable and can change in a short time in order to evade the immune system.
Enveloped viruses can cause persistent infections.
Examples of enveloped viruses
DNA viruses
Herpesviruses
Poxviruses
Hepadnaviruses
Asfarviridae
RNA viruses
Alphavirus
Togavirus
Orthomyxovirus
Rhabdovirus (Rabies)
Bunyavirus
Filovirus
Retroviruses
Bulworth is a 1998 American political comedy movie.
Halle Berry plays Nina.
Don Cheadle plays L.D.. Paul Sorvino plays Graham Crockett.
Christine Baranski plays Constance Bulworth.
In the movie, California Senator Jay Bulworth is losing his bid for re-election to a fiery young populist.
His socialist views, formed in the 1960s and 1970s, have lost favor with voters.
He has changed to more conservative politics.
He also accepts donations from big corporations.
Furthermore, he and his wife have been having affairs for years, with each other's knowledge.
Bulworth is tired of politics.
He is also unhappy with his life in general and planning to commit suicide.
He negotiates a $10 million life insurance policy with his daughter as the beneficiary.
Knowing that a suicide will void his daughter's inheritance, he plans to have himself murdered in two days' time.
Bulworth turns up in California extremely drunk.
He also smokes marijuana and raps in public.
His frank and offensive remarks make him an instant media darling and re-energize his campaign.
Along the way he becomes romantically involved with a young black activist named Nina.
Nina tags along with him on his campaign stops.
As the movie progresses, he gets pursued by paparazzi, his insurance company and the public.
Warren Beatty as Senator Jay Billington Bulworth
Halle Berry as Nina
Oliver Platt as Dennis Murphy
Don Cheadle as L.D.
Paul Sorvino as Graham Crockett
Jack Warden as Eddie Davers
Isaiah Washington as Darnell
Christine Baranski as Constance Bulworth
Amiri Baraka as Rastaman
Joshua Malina as Bill Feldman
Sean Astin as Gary
Barry Shabaka Henley as the bartender
Helen Martin as Momma Doll
William Baldwin as Constance's lover
Larry King as himself
Michael Clarke Duncan as Bouncer
George Hamilton as himself
Bulworth made a great deal of controversy.
However, it received a positive reception from movie critics.
It has a 75% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.
The movie was released on May 15, 1998.
It did extremely well in limited release.
It took in more than $29 million in the box office.
Paul Sorvino (born April 13, 1939) is an American actor.
He often plays authority figures on both sides of the law.
He played Paulie Cicero in the 1990 gangster movie Goodfellas.