the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Cells are surrounded by a protective membrane made of lipid bilayer.
For this reason, only lipid soluble, (lipophillic) drugs can enter cells.
The acidity of a pharmaceutical compound can also affect absorption.
It is important to know how acid or basic the substance is in order for the body to accept it, giving our bodies a biological effect.
If the drug is a weak acid, it absorbs better in the stomach (e.g. aspirin or penicillin).
If it is a weak base, it absorbs better in the intestine (e.g. atropine, codeine).
If a weak base drug is given orally, it will get destroyed by stomach acid and bile, and not produce any beneficial effect.
Parental route of administration
One way to overcome the need to absorb the drug in the stomach (where it can be destroyed by bile), is to inject it  in the skin (intradermal), subcutaneously, in the muscle (intramuscular) or directly into the bloodstream (intravenously).
Intravenous (IV) delivers the drug directly into the blood stream, taking on its full affect.
There is 100% absorption, which means all of the drug enters the circulation system.
This method takes around 2 minutes to start taking effect.
However, there is a downside; initial local concentration is high when injected quickly, meaning there is a lot of drug in one place.
To avoid this, some drugs need to be injected slowly (e.g. chemotherapy).
Intramuscular injection is the second fastest method, taking around 30 minutes to enter the blood system.
This works well because muscles have a rich blood supply.
The rate of absorption can be increased when the blood flow to the muscle is increased, for example with exercise.
Subcutaneous injections are submitted between the muscle and dermis (skin).
They're less painful and can be self-administered.
The downside is that absorption tends to be much slower than the previous two routes.
Other routes include the topical route, where the drug is applied directly to the skin or mucosal surface on which it is intended to act.
These drugs are also known as ointments and include eye drops, thrush cream and eczema lotion.
Though absorption is slow, there is a high concentration of the substance in this one area, meaning a pharmacological affect at only the site of application is produced.
Vd is a hypothetical volume of fluid that will contain the total amount of drug administered to the body.
One inside thebody, the drug can move around either by diffusion (soaking through a membrane due to a lower concentration), or by transport in the blood.
The body should be considered as being multicompartmental, where drugs can be distributed into plasma (blood) - 8% , interstitial fluid (a liquid that surrounds tissues) - 24%,  intracelullar fluid (which surrounds cells) - 65% and also fat.
Factors affecting drug distribution
Physiochemical properties (molecular weight, lipophilicity...): smaller compounds cross the capillary membrane more easily and therefore are quicker in producing a biological affect.
Highly lipid soluble drugs are likely to accumulate in the brain and fat deposits.
Blood flow to the tissues: drugs accumulate faster in tissues with a good blood supply, like the heart, lungs and liver, as opposed to adipose tissue and bone.
Plasma protein binding: many drugs bind strongly to blood proteins, and because these stay inside the blood vessels, such drugs remain within without being redistributed.
For this reason, only free (unbound) drug is pharmacologically active and available for metabolism and excretion.
Diseases: Some diseases reduce plasma protein binding, increasing the concentration of free drug.
In meningitis and encephalitis, the blood vessels become more permeable and polar antibiotics like penicillin can cross through.
In contrast, shock and heart failure can cause capillaries to become less permeable, decreasing drug distribution.
Special compartments and barriers: These prevent movement of the drug into areas where their effects may be dangerous, such as the brain, which has a highly selective barrier.
Metabolism describes the process by which a drug is altered chemically in the body into its metabolite, which may be more or less active.
This process usually occurs in the liver, but can also take place in the plasma, lungs, stomach, small intestine, kidney and skin.
It contains two phases: phase 1 and phase 2.
Phase 1 reaction: oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis - mediated by the Cytochrome P450 enzyme.
This process makes the drug chemical more reactive, often makes it more toxic, or even more pharmacologically active.
Phase 2 reaction: Glucuronidation, sulfation, glutathione conjugation, N-acetylation, methylation.
The 'activated' drug molecule is combined with another molecule to produce an inactive compound which is usually more water soluble (polar) than the original chemical.
It is also easier for excretion.
First pass metabolism
All drugs that are absorbed from the small intestine are first transported to the liver by the hepatic portal vein, in many cases a large proportion of the drug is then metabolized immediately before the drug enters the systemic circulation.
This process is called first pass metabolism.
Kinetics of drug elimination
This is an elimination process by which a drug or its metabolite is removed from the body.
Usually this occurs in the kidneys (urine), but can also take place in the biliary system (faeces), gastrointestinal tract (GIT), skin (sweat) and lungs (expired air).
Factos effecting drug excretion
Drugs and metabolites that are in free aqueous solution may also be excreted in sweat or expired air.
Where the drug or metabolite is not freely water soluble, it is normally excreted into the gut via the bile duct from when it is excreted in the faeces.
One complication of this route of excretion is the enterohepatic shunt.
In this process the drug is excreted into the guy from the bile duct, but is then reabsorbed and transported back to the liver.
The consequence of this is that the presence of the drug or metabolite within the body is extended, which, if the metabolite is pharmacologically active, may extend the duration of action of the drug.
Factors effecting plasma drug concentration
The actual concentration of drug present within the plasma (bloodstream) following administration is dependent on absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
Plasma concentrations of a drug after administration of identical doses either by intravenous injection or orally.
Only about half of the dose administered orally actually enters circulation, however the plasma half-life of the drug is approximately 3 hours both orally and via IV.
In most therapeutic circumstances, drugs are not given as a single dose but as multiple doses.
This has profound effects on the plasma concentrations achieved.
The state of constant maxima and minima is called "steady state".
This is the point where rate of drug availability equals rate of elimination, and the optimum therapeutic effect is reached.
The British Mount Everest expedition of 1953 was the first expedition that made it to the summit of Mt. Everest.
Edmund Hillary, an explorer, and Tenzing Norgay, a Nepalese mountain climber, were the pair who got to the top.
It was the ninth attempt to reach the summit.
The expedition was lead by Colonel John Hunt, who was hired by the Everest organizing committee.
The military-style expedition was "bottom heavy" by today's standards.
There were tons of equipment hauled by 350 porters to support only ten climbers.
Other teams would also try.
Finally, on May 29, Hillary and Tenzing made it to the top.
They could only stay on the summit for 15 minutes or risk running out of oxygen.
They began the long climb back down to the base camp.
They arrived exhausted and unable to speak.
When Hunt saw them he thought they failed and began arranging for another team to try.
But the two gestured that the climb had been a success.
Hillary and Norgay became instant heroes.
Reynaldo Rey (born Harry Reynolds; January 27, 1940 – May 28, 2015) was an American actor, comedian, and television personality.
He started his career in 1973.
He was best known for roles in the movies Harlem Nights (1989), White Men Can't Jump (1992), and Friday (1995).
He also appeared in the television series 227.
Rey was born in Sequoyah County, Oklahoma.
He was of African American and Native American ancestry.
Rey died from problems caused by a stroke on May 28, 2015 in Los Angeles, California.
Anna-Rose Levinson (8 January 1939 – 13 May 2015) was a German zoologist and entomologist.
She worked at the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology from 1971 and the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology from 2004.
Levinson was born in Tel Aviv, Israel and graduated from the University of Jerusalem in 1966.
She later moved to Germany, living in Starnberg, Bavaria.
She was married to Hermann Levinson until his death in November 2013.
Israeli biologists
A subcompact car is the American term for an automobile with a class size smaller than  a compact car.
Usually they are not longer than .
They are larger than a microcar.
According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a passenger car is classified as subcompact if it has between  and  of interior volume.
The subcompact group is roughly the same as A-segment and B-segment cars in Europe.
They also are similar in size to a city car and supermini in British terminology.
In 2012, the New York Times described the differences, saying "today’s small cars actually span three main segments in the global vehicle market".
They’re extremely short and very light.
The most popular subcompact cars include the Chevrolet Sonic/Aveo and the Ford Fiesta.
Medcezir is an Turkish teenage drama television series based in Istanbul.
It was on for 2 seasons between September 13, 2013 and June 12, 2015.
Ilicz Glejzer (4 January 1934 – 16 May 2015), better known as Elias Gleizer, was a Brazilian actor.
He started acting in 1959.
He was best known for appearing in O Meu Pé de Laranja Lima (1980), Pedra sobre Pedra (1992), Sonho Meu (1994), Terra Nostra (1999), Uga-Uga (2000), India – A Love Story (2009), and Flor do Caribe (2013).
Gleizer was born in São Paulo.
He was the son of Polish Jewish immigrants.
Gleizer was hospitalised after a fall on 6 May 2015 in Rio de Janeiro.
He later died from heart failure and bronchopneumonia on 16 May, aged 81.
Ali Raymi (7 December 1973 – 23 May 2015) was a Yemeni boxer.
He was a four division flyweight Boxing World Champion.
His professional boxing record was 26-0 (26 KOs), twenty of which happened in the first round versus undefeated fighters.
He was a Yemeni amateur champion in 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007.
He was born in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
Sète is a commune in the Hérault department of France.
Sète is a port and a seaside resort.
It is on the Mediterranean.
It has its own culture, traditions, cuisine and dialect.
It is the hometown of artists including Paul Valéry, Jean Vilar, Georges Brassens, Gregory Del Piero, Hervé Di Rosa, Manitas de Plata and Robert Combas.
Sir John Augustus Fitzroy Watts  (1921 or 1922 – 11 May 2015) was a Grenadian dentist and politician.
He served as the President of the Senate twice, from 1988 until 1990 and 1995 until 2004.
He was also the co-founder of the Grenada National Party.
Watts was born in St. Patrick.
He died on 11 May 2015 in St. George's, aged 93.
Humphrey (c. 1988 – March 2006) was a cat who worked at 10 Downing Street, the home of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
He lived there from October 1989 to 13 November 1997.
His title was "Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office".
He first came as a one-year-old stray cat.
He served as chief cat for Margaret Thatcher, John Major and Tony Blair.
He went into retirement six months after the Blairs moved into Downing Street.
He took over for the previous cat, Wilberforce.
He was sometimes said to be a real employee at Number 10, by journalists.
Start of employment
Humphrey was found as a stray by a Cabinet Office civil servant.
He was named in honour of Sir Humphrey Appleby, a civil servant character on British televsion.
After the previous mouser, Wilberforce, had died, the Cabinet Office and Number 10 were in need of a replacement, so Humphrey began his work.
He was often seen posing for pictures in front of the famous Number 10 front door.
His main job was catching mice and rats in the maze of Downing Street buildings.
The poor quality of the buildings, some of which were built in the 16th century, and the nearby St. James's Park made them a sure place for pests.
Goes missing
In June 1995, Humphrey went missing.
Downing Street did not tell the public about this until Sheila Gunn, a writer for The Times, found out.
Gunn had told a member of staff that her own cat had died and they shared about the missing cat.
He was then found in a nearby medical college.
He had been taken in as a stray and renamed PC, short for "patrol cat".
When he came back to Downing Street,  Humphrey gave a news report saying:  "I have had a wonderful holiday at the Royal Army Medical College, but it is nice to be back and I am looking forward to the new parliamentary session."
Humphrey and the Blairs
Within a week of Tony Blair moving to 10 Downing Street after the May 1997 general election, newspapers said that Humphrey and Cherie Blair, the new Prime Minister's wife, were not getting along.
Mrs Blair was said to either be allergic to cats or believed them to be unclean.
Sheila Gunn, later said that she was the source of these reports.
Her obituary says they were based "on a hunch for which she had no evidence".
At the time, an official for the family said that Humphrey would not be moving out, saying that Number 10 "is Humphrey's home and, as far as the Blairs are concerned, it will remain his home".
A photo of Humphrey and Mrs Blair was given to the press.
This did not calm fears that the cat would be forced out.
Rumours went around that Humphrey was drugged by press secretary Alastair Campbell, before being taken away.
In November 1997, Humphrey's personal caregiver, Jonathan Rees, who worked for the Prime Minister, wrote a letter saying that the cat should retire to a "stable home environment where he can be looked after properly".
While kidney problems were given as the reason for his retirement, many believed that Mrs Blair caused it.
Humphrey moved to his new home with an older couple in the suburbs of London on 13 November 1997.
The news of his retirement was not told until the next day, because there was fear that the cat might be kidnapped.
Little was heard about Humphrey over the next few years.
Many people though that he had died.
The Daily Telegraph made a "Freedom of Information Act" request for documents about him in early 2005.
This led to more information being uncovered about his time at Downing Street.
In its March 2005 report about Humphrey, the Telegraph sadly said "Where Humphrey is now - or even whether he is still with us - remains a mystery. '
I am not having much luck,' a Cabinet Office spokesman confessed last night.
His official minder has not heard from him in seven years."
Finally, on 22 July 2005, The Independent reported that "the 17-year-old mouser is alive and well and living in south London."
In March 2006, an official for Tony Blair reported that Humphrey had died the week before.
He died at his offical retirement home.
Purr-n-Fur UK: Humphrey, the Downing Street cat
Doris Hart (June 20, 1925 – May 29, 2015) was an American tennis player.
She played singles and doubles and was ranked in the world top ten from 1946 through 1955, becoming World No.
1 during 1951.
She won four Australian Championships, ten French Championships, ten Wimbledon titles, and eleven U.S. Championships.
In total, she had 35 Grand Slam titles before retiring in 1955.
Hart was born in St. Louis, Missouri.
As a child, she suffered from osteomyelitis which left her with an impaired right leg.
She also attended the University of Miami.
Hart died on May 29, 2015 in Coral Gables, Florida.
She was 89.
Doris Hart at the International Tennis Hall of Fame
Wabasha is a city in Wabasha County, Minnesota, USA.
The population was  2,495 in 2013.
Wabasha is located in southeastern Minnesota on the Mississippi River.
Established in 1830, Wabasha is the oldest town in Minnesota.
It is also the oldest continuously occupied city in the upper Mississippi River valley.
Wabasha is named after chief Wa-pa-shaw of the Sioux Nation.
Wabasha was the setting of the movies Grumpy Old Men and Grumpier Old Men.
James Wilson Marshall (October 8, 1810 – August 10, 1885) was an American carpenter and sawmill worker.
He reported finding gold at Coloma on the American River in California on January 24, 1848.
This started the California Gold Rush.
The mill was owned by John Sutter.
Marshall had been hired to help build it.
Gold discovery
On the morning of January 24, 1848 Marshall was fetching water for his new-built water-powered sawmill by the river when he suddenly saw gold flakes in the water.
He later said:
Joseph Robinette "Beau" Biden III (February 3, 1969 – May 30, 2015) was an American attorney and politician for the Democratic Party.
He served as the 44th Attorney General of Delaware from January 2, 2007 until January 6, 2015.
He also was a Major in the Delaware Army National Guard.
He was the son of President Joe Biden and stepson of First Lady Jill Biden.
Biden was born in Wilmington, Delaware to Joe and Neilia Biden.
He and his wife, Hallie, had two children: a daughter, Natalie, and a son, Hunter.
In 1972, his mother and younger sister, Naomi Christina Biden, were killed in an car accident, in which Beau and his brother Hunter were badly injured.
Biden died from brain cancer on May 30, 2015 in Bethesda, Maryland.
Lowell Tom Perry (August 5, 1922 – May 30, 2015) was an American businessman and religious leader.
He was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from April 6, 1974 until his death.
Perry was born in Logan, Utah.
His first wife, Virginia Lee, died from cancer in December 1974.
He was married his second wife, Barbara Dayton, from 1976 until his death.
Perry died from thyroid cancer on May 30, 2015 in Salt Lake City, Utah.
Annarita Sidoti (25 July 1970 – 21 May 2015) was an Italian race walker.
She was the 1997 world champion.
She also won the European Championships twice and the European Indoor Championships once.
She competed  in the 1992, 1996 and 2000 Summer Olympics.
She appeared in the 1998 movie Le complici.
Sidoti was born in Gioiosa Marea, Sicily.
She was married and had three children.
Sidoti died from breast cancer on 21 May 2015 in Gioiosa Marea.
She was 44.
Bill O'Herlihy (26 September 1938 – 25 May 2015) was an Irish television broadcaster and public relations executive.
He worked for Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ), and was best known for his work on RTÉ Sport.
He presented for 10 FIFA World Cups and 10 Summer Olympic Games before retiring in 2014.
He also appeared in current affairs programs Newsbeat and 7 Days.
O'Herlihy was born in Glasheen, Cork.
He was married to Hilary and had two daughters, Jill and Sally.
He had an operation in 2007 because of a colon cancer tumour.
The Ontario New Democratic Party (ONDP) is a social democratic political party in Ontario, Canada.
It is part of the national New Democratic Party.
It formed in 1961 when the Ontario section of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation merged with the Ontario Federation of Labour.
The party formed the government in the 1990 Ontario general election.
This was the first provincial government formed by the NDP east of Manitoba.
However, the party was blamed for a recession that hit Canada and lost the 1995 general election.
The leader of the party since 2009 is Andrea Horwath.
After the 2018 election, the NDP became the Official Opposition.
New Democratic
Eastern Ontario is a subregion of Southern Ontario in the Canadian province of Ontario.
It is a wedge-shaped area between the Ottawa River and the Saint Lawrence River.
Quebec is to the north and the U.S. state of New York is to the east and south.
The subregion is sometimes called Southeastern Ontario.
According to the Canada 2011 Census, it had a population of 1,603,625.
Prescott and Russell
Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry
Lanark County
Renfrew County
Leeds and Grenville
Frontenac County
Lennox and Addington County
Sometimes Hastings County, Prince Edward County, and Northumberland County are also included in Eastern Ontario but usually they are considered part of Central Ontario.
Large cities in Eastern Ontario include Ottawa, Cornwall, and Prescott.
French explorers and fur traders were the first Europeans in the subregion.
A large number of Franco-Ontarian still live in Eastern Ontario.
After the American Revolutionary War, many United Empire Loyalists moved into Eastern Ontario.
Robert James "Bob" Hornery (28 May 1931 – 26 May 2015) was an Australian actor.
He was known for his appearances on Neighbours, Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome, The Importance of Being Earnest, Blue Heelers and Doctor Who.
The United Counties of Prescott and Russell are two consolidated counties in Ontario, Canada.
The county seat is L'Orignal.
It was created by a merger between Russell County and Prescott County in 1820.
It is in Eastern Ontario.
The county covers an area of .
The Alfred Bog is in the county.
Many species  of birds, plants, and butterflies live in the bog.
According to the Canada 2011 Census, Prescott and Russell has a population of 85,381 people.
Many Franco-Ontarian people live in Prescott and Russell.
Two thirds of the people speak French as their first language.
Township of Alfred and Plantagenet
Township of Champlain
Township of East Hawkesbury
Township of Russell
Municipality of Casselman
Municipality of The Nation
Town of Hawkesbury
City of Clarence-Rockland
1820 establishments
Manitoba Highway 2 is a provincial highway in Manitoba, Canada.
It starts at the border with Saskatchewan, where it is called Saskatchewan Highway 13.
It ends southwest of Winnipeg where it meets Highway 100.
It doesn't pass through any major cities.
It passes through several rural municipalities, including Oakland-Wawanesa, Glenboro-South Cypress, and Norfolk Treherne.
The following is a list of notable deaths in June 2015.
June 1 - Shone An, 31, Taiwanese singer (Comic Boyz) and actor, liver cancer.
June 1 - Joan Kirner, 76, Australian politician, Premier of Victoria (1990–1992), oesophageal cancer.
June 1 - Nobutaka Machimura, 70, Japanese politician, Speaker of the House of Representatives (2014–2015), cerebral infarction.
June 1 - Charles Kennedy, 55, British politician, Leader of the Liberal Democrats (1999–2006), MP (1983–2015), haemorrhage.
June 1 - Jacques Parizeau, 84, Canadian politician, Premier of Quebec (1994–1996).
June 1 - Nicholas Liverpool, 80, Dominican politician, President (2003–2012), heart attack.
June 1 - Jean Ritchie, 92, American folk singer and song collector.
June 1 - Kirill Pokrovsky, 53, Russian composer.
June 2 - Alberto De Martino, 85, Italian movie director (O.K. Connery, Holocaust 2000, The Pumaman).
June 2 - Irwin Rose, 88, American biologist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2004).
June 2 - Theo Saat, 87, Dutch Olympic sprinter (1952).
June 2 - Fernando de Araújo, 52, East Timorese politician, President of the National Parliament (2007–2012), Acting President (2008).
June 2 - Miguel-Ángel Cárdenas, 80, Colombian-born Dutch artist.
June 3 - Avi Beker, 64, Israeli academic, secretary-general of the World Jewish Congress (2001–2003), cancer.
June 3 - Margaret Juntwait, 58, American radio host, host of Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts (since 2014), ovarian cancer.
June 4 - Kurt Weber, 87, Polish cinematographer (Salto).
June 4 - Bengt Berndtsson, 82, Swedish footballer (IFK Göteborg).
June 4 - Leonid Plyushch, 77, Ukrainian Soviet dissident and mathematician.
June 4 - Hermann Zapf, 96, German typeface designer.
June 4 - Albert West, 65, Dutch singer (The Shuffles) and record producer.
June 5 - Alan Bond, 77, Australian businessman, figure of the WA Inc scandals, complications from heart surgery.
June 5 - Roger Vergé, 85, French chef, co-founder of Nouvelle Cuisine, complications of diabetes.
June 5 - Jerry Collins, 34, New Zealand rugby union player (national team), car accident.
June 5 - Jane Briggs Hart, 93, American aviator, member of the Mercury 13, Alzheimer's disease.
June 5 - Sadun Boro, 87, Turkish sailor, bladder cancer.
June 5 - Tariq Aziz, 79, Iraqi politician, Foreign Affairs Minister (1983–1991), heart attack.
June 5 - Giacomo Furia, 90, Italian actor (The Band of Honest Men, The Gold of Naples).
June 5 - Kazuo Chiba, 75, Japanese Aikido teacher.
June 6 - Pierre Brice, 86, French actor (Old Shatterhand, Mill of the Stone Women), pneumonia.
June 6 - Ludvík Vaculík, 88, Czech writer and journalist.
June 6 - Richard Johnson, 87, English actor (The Amorous Adventures of Moll Flanders, The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas, The Haunting).
June 6 - Ronnie Gilbert, 88, American singer-songwriter (The Weavers) and activist, natural causes.
June 6 - Aarthi Agarwal, 31, American Telugu cinema actress, cardiac arrest.
June 7 - Vasili Zhupikov, 61, Russian footballer.
June 7 - Sir Christopher Lee, 93, British actor and singer (Dracula, The Lord of the Rings, Star Wars), heart failure.
June 8 - Chea Sim, 82, Cambodian politician, president Cambodian People's Party.
June 8 - David Rotem, 66, Israeli politician, Member of the Knesset for Yisrael Beiteinu (2007–2015), cardiac arrest.
June 8 - Frank Cappuccino, 86, American boxing referee, Alzheimer's disease.
June 9 - James Last, 86, German composer.
June 9 - Fred Anton Maier, 76, Norwegian Olympic champion speed skater, cancer.
June 9 - Douglas Danforth, 92, American businessman, CEO of the Pittsburgh Pirates.
June 9 - Pedro Zerolo, 54, Venezuelan-born Spanish politician, pancreatic cancer.
June 10 - Wolfgang Jeschke, 78, German science fiction author (The Last Day of Creation).
June 10 - Robert Chartoff, 81, American movie producer (Rocky, Raging Bull, Ender's Game), Oscar winner (1977), pancreatic cancer.
June 11 - Ornette Coleman, 85, American saxophonist and free jazz pioneer, cardiac arrest.
June 11 - Jack King, 84, American public affairs officer (NASA), congestive heart failure.
June 11 - Ron Moody, 91, British actor (Oliver!,
The Animals of Farthing Wood, EastEnders).
June 11 - Dusty Rhodes, 69, American professional wrestler (NWA, WCW, WWE), kidney failure.
June 11 - Jim Ed Brown, 81, American country singer (The Browns), cancer.
June 11 - Sebastiano Mannironi, 84, Italian Olympic weightlifter (1956, 1960, 1964).
June 12 - Monica Lewis, 93, American singer and actress (Earthquake).
June 12 - Fernando Brant, 68, Brazilian poet and composer, surgical complications.
June 13 - Magnus Härenstam, 73, Swedish actor (Sällskapsresan, Göta kanal eller Vem drog ur proppen?)
and comedian (Fem myror är fler än fyra elefanter), spinal cancer.
June 13 - Sergio Renán, 82, Argentine actor, director and screenwriter (The Truce), pneumonia.
June 13 - Drs.
P, 95, Dutch singer-writer, composer and poet.
June 13 - Buddy Boudreaux, 97, American jazz saxophonist and band leader.
June 14 - Hugo Blanco, 74, Venezuelan musician and composer.
June 14 - Anne Nicol Gaylor, 88, American atheism and reproductive rights advocate; co-founder of the Freedom from Religion Foundation, complications from a fall.
June 14 - Zito, 82, Brazilian footballer, World Cup-winning team member (1958, 1962), complications of a stroke.
June 14 - Qiao Shi, 90, Chinese politician, Chairman of the National People's Congress.
June 15 - Jean Doré, 70, Canadian politician, Mayor of Montreal (1986–1994), pancreatic cancer.
June 15 - Blaze Starr, 83, American stripper, burlesque comedienne and club owner, subject of Blaze.
June 15 - Jeanna Friske, 40, Russian singer (Blestyaschie), glioblastoma.
June 15 - Harry Rowohlt, 70, German author.
June 15 - Kirk Kerkorian, 98, American businessman.
June 15 - Mighty Sam McClain, 72, American soul blues singer, stroke.
June 16 - Charles Correa, 84, Indian architect.
June 16 - Tony Ranasinghe, 77, Sri Lankan actor (Hanthane Kathawa, Duhulu Malak, Ahasin Polawata) and writer.
June 17 - Süleyman Demirel, 90, Turkish politician, President (1993–2000), lung infection.
June 17 - Ron Clarke, 78, Australian long distance runner, Olympic bronze medalist (1964), Mayor of the Gold Coast, Queensland (2004–2012), kidney failure.
June 17 - Clementa C. Pinckney, 41, American politician and pastor, member of the South Carolina House of Representatives (1997–2000) and Senate (since 2000), shot.
June 17 - Nelson Doubleday, Jr., 81, American publisher (Doubleday) and Major League Baseball team owner (New York Mets), pneumonia.
June 17 - Roberto M. Levingston, 95, Argentine politician, President (1970–1971).
June 17 - John David Crow, 79, American Heisman Trophy-winning football player (Chicago/St. Louis Cardinals) and coach (Northeast Louisiana).
June 17 - Jeralean Talley, 116, American supercentenarian, world's oldest person.
June 17 - Nicola Badalucco, 86, Italian screenwriter (The Damned) and journalist.
June 17 - Chang Ch'ung-ho, 101, Chinese-American poet, calligrapher, and Kunqu opera singer.
June 18 - Phil Austin, 74, American comedian, writer, and musician (Firesign Theatre).
June 18 - Ralph J. Roberts, 95, American businessman, founder of Comcast.
June 18 - Jack Rollins, 100, American movie producer (Midnight in Paris, The Purple Rose of Cairo, Irrational Man).
June 18 - Allen Weinstein, 77, American historian, Archivist of the United States (2005–2008), pneumonia.
June 18 - Sir Patrick Eisdell Moore, 97, New Zealand surgeon.
June 19 - Harold Battiste, 83, American jazz and R&B composer, arranger and musician (Sam Cooke, Sonny & Cher, Dr. John).
June 19 - Fredrik Fasting Torgersen, 80, Norwegian convicted murderer, complications of pneumonia.
June 19 - Wendell Holmes, 71, American musician (The Holmes Brothers), complications from pulmonary embolism.
June 19 - Jack Aeby, 91, American photographer.
June 19 - James Salter, 90, American novelist.
June 20 - François Delapierre, 44, French politician, brain tumour.
June 20 - Elson Floyd, 59, American educator, President of Washington State University (since 2007), complications from colon cancer.
June 20 - Angelo Niculescu, 93, Romanian football manager.
June 20 - Takanonami Sadahiro, 43, Japanese sumo wrestler and coach, heart failure.
June 20 - Esther Brand, 92, South African athlete, complications of a fall.
June 20 - William Brantley Aycock, 99, American educator.
June 21 - Veijo Meri, 86, Finnish author.
June 21 - James Carnegie, 3rd Duke of Fife, 85, Scottish nobleman.
June 21 - Gunther Schuller, 89, American composer, conductor, historian and jazz musician, leukemia.
June 21 - Alexander Schalck-Golodkowski, 82, East German politician.
June 22 - Laura Antonelli, 73, Italian actress (Malicious, Till Marriage Do Us Part, The Innocent), heart attack.
June 22 - James Horner, 61, American composer (Titanic, Field of Dreams, Apollo 13), Oscar winner (1998), plane crash.
June 23 - Helmuth Lohner, 82, Austrian actor and theatre director.
June 23 - Magali Noël, 84, French actress (La Dolce Vita) and singer ("Fais-moi mal, Johnny").
June 23 - Marujita Díaz, 83, Spanish singer and actress (Música y estrellas), complications from colon cancer.
June 23 - Dick Van Patten, 86, American actor (Eight is Enough, The Love Boat, Charly), complications from diabetes.
June 23 - Harvey Pollack, 93, American sport statistician, last surviving employee in first NBA season.
June 23 - Sir Chris Woodhead, 68, British educationalist, Chief Inspector for Ofsted (1994–2000), motor neurone disease.
June 23 - Thé Lau, 62, Dutch singer and guitarist (The Scene), lung cancer.
June 24 - Walter Browne, 66, Australian-born American chess Grandmaster, six-time U.S. champion.
June 24 - Cristiano Araújo, 29, Brazilian singer and songwriter, traffic collision.
June 24 - Mario Biaggi, 97, American politician, U.S. House of Representatives from New York (1969–1988).
June 24 - Marva Collins, 78, American educator.
June 25 - Patrick Macnee, 93, English-American actor (The Avengers, This Is Spinal Tap, A View to a Kill).
June 26 - Yevgeny Primakov, 85, Russian politician and diplomat, Prime Minister (1998–1999).
June 26 - Richard Matt, 49, American convicted murderer and prison escapee, shot.
June 26 - Kája Saudek, 80, Czech comics illustrator.
June 27 - Zvi Elpeleg, 89, Polish-born Israeli diplomat and academic.
June 27 - Don McNeill, 80, Canadian journalist (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, CBS News).
June 27 - Chris Squire, 67, English bass guitarist (Yes), acute erythroid leukemia.
June 28 - Jack Carter, 93, American comedian and actor (Viva Las Vegas, Alligator), respiratory failure.
June 28 - Todor Slavov, 31, Bulgarian rally driver, rally accident.
June 28 - Wally Stanowski, 96, Canadian ice hockey player (Toronto Maple Leafs, New York Rangers).
June 29 - Charles Pasqua, 88, French politician, Minister of the Interior (1986–1988, 1993–1995).
June 29 - Josef Masopust, 84, Czech football player and manager (Dukla Prague, national team).
June 29 - Jackson Vroman, 34, American-born Lebanese basketball player (Phoenix Suns, New Orleans Hornets).
June 30 - Eddy Louiss, 74, French jazz organist.
June 30 - Leonard Starr, 89, American cartoonist (ThunderCats, Little Orphan Annie).
June 2015 events
Robert Paul "Bob" Kraft (June 16, 1927 – May 26, 2015) was an American astronomer.
He performed ground breaking work on Cepheid variables, stellar rotation, novae, and the chemical evolution of the Milky Way.
He also served as director of the Lick Observatory (1981–1991), president of the American Astronomical Society (1974–1976), and president of the International Astronomical Union (1997–2000).
Kraft was born in Seattle, Washington.
He graduated from the University of Washington and the University of California, Berkeley.
Julie Harris (26 March 1921 – 30 May 2015) was a British costume designer.
She won an Academy Award for Best Costume Design in 1966 and was nominated for five BAFTAs, winning one in 1967.
Her works included Swiss Family Robinson (1960), Psyche 59 (1963), Darling (1965), Help! (
1965), The Wrong Box (1966), Casino Royale (1967), The Slipper and the Rose (1976) and Candleshoe (1977).
Tony McNamara (3 October 1929 – 30 May 2015) was an English footballer who played as a midfielder.
He played for Everton, Liverpool, Crewe Alexandra, Bury and Runcorn between 1947 and 1960.
Bloomingdale Trail or also known as 606  (The 606 Park and Trail) is an elevated urban trail in Chicago.
It was made by replacing elevated railroad tracks with a path for bicyclists, walkers and runners.
The trail is on Chicago's Northwest Side, at Bloomingdale Ave. (
1800N), between Armitage and North.
It is 2.7 miles long.
It runs east and west.
The eastern end is at Walsh Park, on Ashland Avenue (1600W).
The park's western end will be at Ridgeway Trailhead (3750W), when Phase 2 is completed.
The official opening was on June 6, 2015.
In September 2020, the City of Chicago officially renamed the trail from  Park 527 to The Bloomingdale Trail.
The first construction phase of the 606 was completed in 2015.
It was developed by the City of Chicago, the city's park district and the Trust for Public Land.
The name comes from the first three digits of Chicago's ZIP Code.
"In its original state, it was the elevated Bloomingdale [train] Line, completed in 1915 along Bloomingdale Avenue...."
The trail is about 17.5 feet above street level at its highest point.
Original retaining walls are on each side.
The walls are filled with a subsoil from when the structure was first built.
The ballast and railroad ties and trackes were removed in the conversion to a trail.
On top of the subsoil are other soil layers.
These were re-built as part of the conversion.
On top of the soil is an 8-inch layer of concrete.
This top layer is 14 feet wide.
In the middle is a 10-foot wide section for bicyclists.
On either side is a 2-foot shoulder for runners and walkers.
Beyond the shoulders are planted areas with grass, trees and lighting.
At some places, there are benches A fence or railing of varying height runs along the length of the path.
There are 17 ramps and one staircase along the trail.
Since its opening, the trail has had a lot of use by walkers, runners and bicyclists.
Local alderman Brian Hopkins the second has advocated extending the trail east across the North Branch of the Chicago River.
The trail has caused the price of houses that are near it to rise.
This rise is much greater west of Western Avenue than east of that street.
https://forgottenchicago.com/features/the-bloomingdale-line/
Transport in Chicago
Ice fishing is the practice of catching fish through an opening in the ice on a frozen body of water.
The methods include fishing with fishing rods, lines and hooks or spears.
Ice fishermen may fish in the open or in heated enclosures called ice shacks.
Basic ice fishing equipment is fairly simple.
A short fishing rod, some bait, hooks and a way to drill or chop a hole in the ice.
The right clothing is also important to keep warm on the ice.
Or, you could get into highly specialized ice fishing gear.
Ice fishing rods are small light fishing rods designed just for ice fishing.
One is type called a jigging rod.
They are short and designed for moving the bait up and down in a jigging motion.
Ice augers and drills are for cutting a hole in the ice.
A basic ice auger is cranked by hand.
A power auger may be gas or battery powered.
They are for drilling multiple holes.
Fairly new to ice fishing is using a battery-powered drill with an auger attached.
An ice chisel may also be used to chop through the ice.
Fishing lures are brightly colored fishing lures designed for jigging vertically.
They are specific to the species of fish the fisherman is after.
Bait ranges from wax worms to minnows, from corn (fish will eat corn but can't digest it) to salmon eggs.
Tip-ups are made of wood or plastic.
They have a spool of fishing line attached.
When a fish takes the bait it trips a small flag to tell the fisherman he has a fish on the line.
Fishermen may have several holes each with a tip-up.
How many depends on the fishing laws of the state or jurisdiction.
Spear fishing is done with the fisherman, usually from a darkened ice shack or enclosure, watches the water carefully through the hole.
When a fish appears a multi-tipped fishing spear is thrown.
Then it is retrieved by the attached line, with or without a fish.
A decoy is used to attract the fish to the area under the hole.
Ice shacks
An important part of ice fishing in the northern parts of North America is the ice shack (ice house, ice shanty, dark house).
These are dragged or towed onto the lake using a vehicle such as a snowmobile, ATV or truck.
Most portable ice houses which are often made of anything from light tent-like structures to heavy material that designed to shelter fishermen from cold and wind.
They can take many different forms.
Some are simple structures that are just a place to get in out of the cold.
Others are elaborate expensive shelters, warm and safe enough to withstand any weather.
They are also loaded with electronics.
Modern ice shacks can have equipment like underwater cameras, sonar fish-finders and lake-mapping apps for their smartphones.
Some have all the comforts of home such as big-screen TVs, poker tables, king-size beds and stereo systems.
They can have refrigerators, fireplaces and bathrooms with hot showers.
Many ice fishermen spend weekends in their comfortable ice shack retreats all winter.
In the northern parts of North America, ice fishing is often a social activity.
Some resorts have fish houses that are rented out by the day; often, shuttle service by Snow Track or other vehicles modified to drive on ice is provided.
They can appear to a city on the ice where fishing is best.
Some even elect a mayor.
Most municipalities have requirements to remove ice houses by a certain date before the ice melts.
In Finland, peace and quiet in isolation is often the object of the pastime.
In Finland, fish houses are a rare.
But wearing a sealed and insulated dry suit designed with space age fabric is not.
is a third-person shooter video game.
2 and published by Nintendo.
The game was released on May 28, 2015 in Japan, May 29, 2015 in Europe, May 29, 2015 in North America, and on May 30, 2015 in Australia.
It was released for the Wii U. In Splatoon, the player controls a character called an Inkling.
They can change between human and squid forms.
The object of the game is to shoot colored ink across the game's map and cover the most territory with their team's color before the match ends.
By transforming into a squid, it lets players swim through their own colored ink and can even let the player swim up walls and through grates.
Hiding in their own ink recharges the players’ ink supply.
Nintendo announced that a series of Splatoon Amiibo figures would be released along with the game, Boy and Girl Inklings are sold separately and a Squid figure is sold only as a bundle with either the game or the two other Amiibos.
People who pre-ordered Splatoon at GameStop were given a download voucher that gave them Splatoon-themed Mii costumes to use in Super Smash Bros. For Wii U.
Splatoon was met with positive reviews.
GamesRadar rated the game a 3.5 out of 5 stars.
They said that the game was a refreshing take on the shooter genre but criticized some of the features like lobbies and Amibo-locked content.
Destructoid rated the game 8.5.
Chris Carter of Destructoid, said that "most of (the game's) shortcomings can be forgiven in my mind because of how damn fun it is."
The 1948 Palestine War, also known as the War of Independence to Israelis (people from Israel), was a war between the new state of Israel, the east Israelian Arabs, and the other states around Israel.
The war began in 1947 after the announcement (tell information) of the end of the British Mandate in Palestine (the British control of the region) and the separation of the land into two countries of the same size.
By the end of the war in 1949, Israel had expanded (made bigger) its land beyond its given borders.
The Arab state created in the UN Partition Plan (UN Separation Plan) never came into existence as its two largest parts of land, the Gaza Strip (small piece of land south of Palestine on the coast) and the West Bank (region east of Jerusalem and west of the Jordan River), went into the control of Egypt and Jordan one by one.
The war continues to be an issue in the Middle East today.
For Israelis, it shows the change from the Yishuv (the Jewish group in Palestine) to the state of Israel (even though the War of Independence took place).
Other countries had to deal with the idea of loss and the difficulties of local diplomacy (arguments) caused by the creation of a special Jewish State in a highly Arab region.
Palestinians remember the war as The Nakba (lit.
Catastrophe (bad event), , al-Nakba), or the war that broke up a growing nation and pushed its people away.
Jewish settlement
Beginning in 1881, European Jews began to move to Palestine in large numbers.
These new immigrants mainly settled in the region under the banner of Jewish nationalism, known as Zionism.
The goal of this nationalist movement was the creation of a Jewish state.
Although at first friendly, relations between Arabs in Palestine and Jews from Europe became more bitter as the number of Jews moving grew.
Palestinian Nationalism and the Great Revolt
During World War One, Arabs and Jews were under the rule of the Ottoman Empire.
To weaken the Empire, her enemies (Britain and France), began to offer land to peoples in sections of the Empire for launching resistance to the Ottomans.
This included offering Palestine to various Arab leaders (including the Husayn family of Saudi Arabia).
At the same time, the British offered control of Palestine to a Jewish state that didn't yet exist.
Although this action led to nothing, it still encouraged greater movement of Jews to Palestine as well as a fear of losing regional control for the Palestinians.
In 1936, responding to the growing Jewish population, Palestinian Arabs led an armed revolt against the British and Jews in Palestine.
The revolt, led by the mufti and head of the Arab Higher Committee Hajj Amin al-Husayni, was the first large-scale expression of a sense of Palestinian nationalism.
Though it ended with the British and Jews putting down the revolt, the resulting White Paper of 1939 proved it had been an influential piece of resistance.
Under the 1939 White Paper, Jews could only send a further 75,000 immigrants over 5 years and the goal of giving over Israel to Palestine.
This situation, two cultures competing against each other for Palestine, continued to be the case throughout World War Two.
At the end of that conflict, the British Mandate in Palestine was near ending and the peoples of the region wanted a solution to the issue.
UN Resolution
In 1947, the British gave the issue of competing peoples within Palestine to the United Nations.
The United Nations Special Committee on Palestine was tasked with fizing the issue of violence between the two groups and treating each side with fairness in the giving-out of land.
On November 29, 1947, the Partition Plan was announced.
Palestine would be divided into separate Jewish and Arab states of roughly equal size.
Jerusalem would remain an independent city run by the UN.
Finally, the British would leave the Mandate of Palestine by May 1948.
At first, most of the international community supported the plan (including both the US and USSR) as well as the Yishuv.
Palestinian Arabs, as well as the nations of Egypt, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Transjordan (now Jordan) argued against the plan and pushed for a new one with an Arab state and a recognized Jewish minority.
When that was not accepted, these nations moved for war by raising armies to fight the new state of Israel.
Jewish Community (Israel after May 15, 1948)
Given its recent status as a state, the Yishuv actually had one of the most well-organized and well-armed military forces in the region.
This force fell under the control of the Haganah, a single state army and the army that would become the modern Israeli Defense Force (IDF)(the switch was made in late May 1948).
By mid-May, the state of Israel had called up an army of 35,000.
As the war continued into July, that number trended up to 65,000.
At the end of the war, Israel had successfully brought up and armed 96,441 men to fight against the Palestinians and Arab nations.
Additionally, Israel was unique for having a developed strategic plan and a simple command system.
Under the leadership of David Ben-Gurion, the minister of defense, the state of Israel could count on a force with unified leadership and a plan.
Palestinian Forces
Unlike the Yishuv, the Palestinians had no unified force before the war began in late 1947.
There were several paramilitary groups, but no single leader, structure or plan.
Al-Husayni and the Arab Higher Committee tried to give the fighters a system.
Yet, many disliked his leadership and did not think of the committee as the voice of Palestinians.
Still, al-Husayni successfully created a rag-tag force known as the Holy War Army made up of new volunteers and paramilitary forces.
This army and the other Palestinian fighters, however, lacked modern weapons and supplies.
Though al-Husayni pushed the Arab League (a collection of majority Arab nations) for greater support and control to direct the course of the war, the League blocked him.
Arab League Forces
The nations of the Arab League that joined in the war against Israel were Egypt, Transjordan, Iraq, Lebanon, and Syria (there was a smaller force from Saudi Arabia and Yemen under Egyptian command).
Despite having the League to bind them, at the start of the war there was no single League commander.
Each country mobilized its own force for its own goals.
The force was thus not one League force but a collection of forces.
The final force from the Arab League, the Arab Liberation Army, was a force of 4,000 volunteers from across the Middle East which worked out of Syria.
While the nations of the Arab League surrounded Israel, they did so as different countries.
Yishuv/Israel
Israel's objectives for the war were originally based on the Haganah's 1946 Plan and run by David Ben-Gurion.
The plan called for the rapid build-up of forces to fight against what the army saw as the greatest threat: invasion from the many Arab states.
By using the 1946 Plan, Ben-Gurion hoped to secure the land given to Israel in the UN Partition Plan.
As the war went on, the goals changed slightly with the introduction in March 1948 of Plan Dalet (Plan D).