the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Each session he brought up the issue until finally on December 3, 1844 it was overturned.
Bleeding Kansas was another case of Southerners fighting against states' rights.
Most settlers came to Kansas from Northern States.
They were not interested in the conflict over slavery, they just wanted to create farms and live in peace.
Kansas was on the border with Missouri, a slave state.
Many in Missouri were driven to believe that all the settlers in Kansas were "negro thieves" and abolitionist.
Missourians believed they had to defend slavery and attacked Kansas communities across the border trying to kill or drive out those who would vote against slavery.
Abolutionists also came to Kansas to make certain it would vote to become a free state.
It turned Kansas into a battleground.
Northern states' rights
While many in the North were in favor of states determining their own course, when it came to slavery there was a considerable anti-slavery political faction at work in the North.
Although many in New England had grown wealthy in the slave trade before it was banned, that part of the North became a center for abolitionist movements.
Beginning in the 1830s, Northern churches and politicians became prominent in the movement.
This contributed to the resentment felt by Southerners.
Abolitionists took a hard line against slavery and wanted all slaves freed and an immediate end to racial segregation everywhere in the country.
Other groups in the North, notably free-soilers wanted to end slavery in the new western territories, but for different reasons.
While they didn't have slaves themselves most were prejudiced against black people.
They believed the popular idea at the time that blacks were inferior.
They wanted the new lands to be for whites only.
Southern slaveholders saw little difference between the two groups and only saw they both were against slavery.
During the Civil War era, the struggle over states' rights was between the individual Southern states and the federal government over who ultimately had the political power.
While some historians argue slavery was the man cause of the war and others say states' rights was the cause, the two were very closely connected.
At issue was whether the federal government could regulate or even end slavery within a state's borders.
There were other factors that divided the country between Southern slaveholding states and Northern industrial states.
The South saw the institution of slavery as necessary to their economy and their way of life.
Even Southern churches supported slavery when Northern churches saw the ownership of another person as an abomination.
Those who defended Southern states' rights pointed to the Tenth Amendment.
The Constitution does not even mention the word "slave".
The framers of the Constitution (many of them slave owners) wanted to avoid the problem at the federal level.
The only reference was to the three-fifths rule which counted three-fifths of a state's slave population which gave a state extra representation and extra votes in the Electoral College.
There, the framers did not say slaves, but rather "all other persons" meaning slaves.
By 1863, two years into the war, Lincoln changed the focus of the war to slavery and issued the Emancipation Proclamation.
The Proclamation made freeing the slaves a goal of the Civil War.
As Union troops advanced into Confederate territory, they freed thousands of slaves per day.
Thus, Lincoln did not have authority to free slaves in those states so this Proclamation was not applied to those states.
Passed on December 6, 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery in the United States.
It also gave Congress the power to enforce the provisions.
Supreme Court cases on states' rights
The following Supreme Court decisions had to do with states' rights.
Some were later overturned.
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) The court decided the federal government did have the power to set up a federal bank.
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) The Court ruled that New York's licensing requirement for out-of-state boat operators was inconsistent with a federal law regulating coastal trade.
Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) The court ruled African Americans, whether free or slaves, were not citizens of the United States.
Also, to be a citizen of any state a person had to first be a U.S. citizen.
The decision also held that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional.
Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918) This was a question of a federal law banning the shipments across state lines of goods made in factories that employed underage children as workers.
The court ruled that Congress could not regulate the production of goods.
Wickard v. Filburn (1942) An Ohio farmer (Filburn) was growing wheat for animal feed on his own farm.
The U.S. government had established limits on wheat production in order to stabilize wheat prices and supplies.
The court ruled in favor of the federal government.
This ruling greatly expanded the federal government's regulation powers.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) The Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional and a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Jefferson and Hamilton Debate Federal vs. States' Rights
The Mk 19 (or Mark 19) is a grenade machine gun capable of firing one grenade every second at a maximum range of .
The Mk 19 fires 40mm grenades at a rate of 325-375 rounds per minute (rpm).
It has a maximum effective range of .
It was originally used by the U.S. Navy in Vietnam for river patrol boats.
Later it was adopted and improved upon by the U.S. Army.
It is a man portable crew-served weapon that can fire from a tripod mounted position.
It also fires from a vehicle mounted position (this is the preferred method since the weapon alone weighs ).
The ammunition comes in 32 or 48 round ammunition boxes weighing  and .
MK-19 training day; YouTube
Lampeter (), also known locally as Llambed, is a town and community in Ceredigion, Wales.
In 2011, it had a population of 2,970 people.
It is the United Kingdom's smallest university town.
The town's Welsh name "Pont Steffan" means Stephen's Bridge.
Saint-Germain-sur-Moine, France
Champex, tourist office
A scripting or script language is a programming language that supports scripts.
Scripts are usually short computer programs that do steps that could be done one at a time by a person.
This automates a job to make it easier and more reliable.
A scripting language is often a simpler language, and easier to learn than other languages, but still can do many things.
Scripts may run inside of another program, like in a web browser or Microsoft Excel.
They may also be a shell that runs from a command line interface and makes calls to the operating system (OS).
The shell is considered interactive - the user can choose what to type, and the shell responds to the command.
These can be used to control jobs on mainframes and servers.
Some people say a scripting language must be tied to a specific use.
Others use a wider definition and include general-purpose programming languages that are interpreted, not compiled.
General-purpose means it can be used in many ways for different things.
Some general-purpose languages (such as Java) have variations that can be scripted (Javascript).
There is no specific rule on what is, or is not, a scripting language.
Bash and C shell, as control languages for the Unix or Unix-like operating systems
Scripts that run inside another applications are called an extension language.
Web browsers allow several kinds of scripts, including ECMAScript (JavaScript) or XUL.
For instance, the Google home page uses JavaScript.
Visual Basic for Applications is used inside Microsoft Office.
Lua is a language purposely made as an extension language, and can be used within many applications.
Games that have scripting extensions include the Second Life virtual world and the Trainz Railroad simulators.
In other games like Wesnoth, the variety of actual games played are scripts written by other users.
Text-processing languages sed and AWK
General purpose: Perl, Tcl, and Python are high-level programming languages (closer to human language than to machine code) that can be used for a many different things.
Some of these languages were first made for a particular use, and then were changed into general-purpose languages.
Most scripting languages are made to be easy to learn.
They often can be either short files with source code, or entered one command at a time in a command line interface, which has a read–eval–print loop (REPL, language shell).
This usually means a simple set of commands.
There might not be functions or a main, it just runs from start to finish.
If something doesn't work, a programmer can make quick changes and run it again.
This makes a scripting language good for making a rapid prototype to see if an idea works.
For example, most people do not call Java a scripting language, because of its lengthy syntax and rules about which classes exist in which files, and because Java cannot be executed interactively in a REPL.
It needs files with source code, and they can only contain definitions that must be used by a host application or application launcher. (
Java is not the same as JavaScript).
This one line of Python code prints "Hello World"; no main() function or anything else is needed.
A scripting language is usually interpreted from source code or bytecode.
However, something has to run the script (interpret it) so the computer understands it.
This is an application, or something in the OS.
That is often written in a compiled language and distributed in machine code form (as an executable that doesn't make sense to humans).
Scripting languages may be designed to be used by the people using a program — end-user development.
Other times they may be built by programmers for their own use.
Scripting languages often use abstraction, a form of information hiding.
This means users do not need to know the details of variable types, data storage, and memory management.
Scripts are often made or changed by the person executing them, but some are shared or sold to others.
For example, when large parts of games are written in a scripting language.
Sometimes a script can be compiled before others use it.
Once compiled, it will run faster and doesn't need another application to run it.
And this prevents end users from changing the code.
Early mainframe computers (in the 1950s) were not interactive, but used scripts stored in batch files.
IBM's Job Control Language (JCL) is the common example of a scripting language used to control batch processing.
The first interactive shells were made in the 1960s to help remote operation of the first time-sharing systems.
These used shell scripts, which can run computer programs within a computer program, the shell.
Calvin Mooers in his TRAC language is generally given credit with inventing command substitution.
This lets commands change the script (self-modifying code).
Multics calls these active functions.
Louis Pouzin wrote an early processor for command scripts called RUNCOM for CTSS around 1964.
Stuart Madnick at MIT wrote a scripting language for IBM's CP/CMS in 1966.
He originally called this processor COMMAND, later named EXEC.
Multics included an offshoot of CTSS RUNCOM, also called RUNCOM.
EXEC was eventually replaced by EXEC 2 and REXX.
Languages such as Tcl and Lua were made from the start to be general-purpose scripting languages that could be put into any application.
Other languages such as Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) could do much of the same, but needed to work only with certain applications.
Using a general-purpose scripting language instead of making a new language for each application usually makes it easier for both the person writing the application and the user writing the scripts.
Types of scripting languages
Glue languages
Scripting is sometimes used to connect different applications.
This is called glue code, and a language made just for this purpose is a glue language.
Pipelines and shell scripting are common examples of glue languages.
But if a lot of logic is written in a script file, it is better to think of it as simply another software application, not "glue".
custom commands for a command shell;
smaller programs than those that are better implemented in a compiled language;
"wrapper" programs that do some automated things before or after running an application like a spreadsheet, data base, compiler, etc.;
scripts that may change often;
Unix Shell scripts (ksh, csh, bash, sh and others)
Work Flow Language
Devices like programmable calculators may also have their own glue languages.
For example, the Texas Instruments TI-92, by factory default can be programmed with a command script language.
The TI-NSpire calculator understands the Lua language.
Others understand some kind of Basic language, or maybe Lisp or something else.
Job control languages and shells
This group has come from the automation of job control, which relates to starting and controlling the behavior of system programs, starting from IBM's JCL.
Many of these languages' interpreters also work as command-line interpreters such as the Unix shell or the MS-DOS COMMAND.COM.
Others, such as AppleScript offer the use of English-like commands to build scripts.
GUI scripting
When building graphical user interfaces, a way of testing it is needed.
Specialized scripting languages were made to control graphic windows, menus, buttons, and so on just like a human user would.
Many times, these can be used to copy exactly what a person does (moving a mouse, clicking or typing on a keyboard).
This action or set of actions that is copied and remembered is called a macro.
Application-specific languages
Many large applications include a scripting language built just for that application.
The application can be a game or a business program.
This type of language is made for a single application.
They make look like a general-purpose language (e.g. QuakeC, modeled after C), they have custom features that distinguish them.
Extension/embeddable languages
JavaScript started as a language for scripting inside web browsers; but it is now a general-purpose embeddable language.
It is also used in  Adobe products for instance.
Emilia Lanier (1569-1645) was an English poet, the author of only one book of poems named (in Latin) Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum.
Emilia Lanier was the first woman in England who published a sepatate book of poems.
Her name and surname were written in many ways, Emilia, Aemilia, Amelia, Lanier or Lanyer.
She was born in the beginning of 1569.
She was baptised on 27 January 1569.
She was partly of Italian origin.
Her father was Baptist Bassano.
He came from Venice.
Her mother was Margaret Johnson.
For some years she was in informal relation with Henry Carey.
He was a cousin and chamberlain of the queen Elizabeth the Great.
She got pregnant.
She married her cousin Alphonso Lanyer, who was a musician like her father.
In 1593 she gave birth to her son Henry who was named after his father, Henry Carey.
In 1598 she gave birth to a daughter, Odillya, who lived for only ten months.
The poet lived with her son's family.
In 1623 he married Joyce Mansfield.
Emilia Lanier had two grandchildren, Mary (born 1627) and Henry (born 1630).
Emilia Lanier published her collection of poems in 1611.
It contains pieces of religious poetry.
They differ from each other in the field of poetic form.
Emilia Lanier used many stanzas, build of six lines (rhymed ababcc), seven lines (ababacc or ababbcc that is rhyme royal) or eight lines (abababcc that is ottava rima).
Emilia Lanier or Dark Lady
Emilia Lanier is considered to be the Dark Lady of William Shakespeare's sonnets.
John Hudson suggests that she was the real author of some Shakespeares plays.
Æmilia Lanyer, Salve Deus Rex Iudæorum at luminarium.org
"Satyameva Jayate" ( ; lit. "
Truth alone triumphs.")
is a mantra from the ancient Indian scripture Mundaka Upanishad.
Upon independence of India, it was adopted as the national motto of India.
The emblem and the words "Satyameva Jayate" are inscribed on one side of all Indian currency.
The emblem is an adaptation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka which was erected around 250 BCE at Sarnath, near Varanasi in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.
Hives are often called welts.
They are a surface swelling.
It is possible to have angioedema without hives.
Angioedema may be caused by an allergic reaction.
During the reaction, histamine and other chemicals are released into the bloodstream.
The body releases histamine when the immune system detects a foreign substance called an allergen.
Animal dander (scales of shed skin)
Exposure to water, sunlight, cold or heat
Foods (such as berries, shellfish, fish, nuts, eggs, and milk)
Insect bites
Medicines (drug allergy) such as antibiotics (penicillin and sulfa drugs), Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and blood pressure medicines (ACE inhibitors)
A form of angioedema happens in families and has different triggers, complications, and treatments.
This is called hereditary angioedema.
Institut d'études politiques de Saint-Germain-en-Laye is a special university in France.
The school is in Saint-Germain-en-Laye.
Sciences Po Saint-Germain-en-Laye website
The Ain (in Franco-Provençal: En) is a river in eastern France.
It gave its name to the French department of Ain.
Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Chazey-sur-Ain in the Ain department.
The source of the Ain is a karst spring (a spring that is part of a karst system) in the Jura mountains, between the Conte an the La Favière communes (Jura department), at an altitude of about .
From here, the Ain flows to the south.
The Ain river flows through 2 regions, 2 departments and 66 communes.
Jura:  Sirod, Syam, Champagnole, Crotenay, Pont-de-Poitte, Moirans-en-Montagne, Thoirette
Ain: Poncin, Neuville-sur-Ain, Pont-d'Ain, Priay, Châtillon-la-Palud, Chazey-sur-Ain, Saint-Jean-de-Niost, Saint-Maurice-de-Rémens
Finally, it flows into the Rhône river in the commune of Saint-Maurice-de-Gourdans, on the border with the Isère department.
Saine - 19 km
Hérisson - 21 km
Drouvenant - 18 km
Cimante - 11 km
Bienne - 69 km
Oignin - 44 km
Riez - 13 km
Oiselon - 14 km
Cozance - 12 km
Albarine - 59 km
Serpentine - 11 km
Angillon - 27 km
Valouse - 42 km
Suran - 74 km
Toison - 15 km
La Basse Rivière d'Ain
They are known because of their debut song, "In2", which was released on 13 October 2015 and peaked at number 4 on the UK Singles Chart.
Louis Rei was formerly known as LB, Akelle was formerly known as A-Star and is Haile's cousin.
The human skeleton is the internal framework of the body.
It is made up of about 300 bones at birth.
As some bones join together, there are 206 bones in adulthood.
The bones are at their strongest around age 20.
The human skeleton can be divided into the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.
The axial skeleton is formed by the vertebral column, the rib cage, the skull and other associated bones.
The appendicular skeleton, which is attached to the axial skeleton, is formed by the shoulder girdle, the pelvic girdle and the bones of the upper and lower limbs.
The human skeleton performs six major functions.
These are: support, movement, protection, production of blood cells, storage of minerals, and endocrine regulation.
The male and female skeletons are not so different as those of many other primates.
There are subtle differences between sexes in the morphology of the skull, teeth, long bones, and pelvis.
In general, female skeletal elements tend to be smaller and less robust than corresponding male elements.
The human female pelvis is different from that of males in order to facilitate child-birth.
The hips on a female are proportionately wider than males, and so the ball joints at the top of the legs are set more apart than in males.
This, and the pelvic shape, gives a birth channel which allows the newborn foetus to pass through.
The critical factor is the baby's head, which is much larger than in other primates.
This is an adaptation to the human upright stance.
human skeletal system; YouTube
Skull Development: YouTube
Brihadeshwara Temple (also called Gangaikonda Cholapuram temple and Gangaikondacholeeswaram) is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva located in Gangaikonda Cholapuram, Ariyalur district, in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
Unesco Great Living Chola Temples
Didier Guillemot (born in 1960) is a French doctor, specialized in infection.
He is President of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines from May 2016 to Septembre 2017.
Graduate from the Paris Diderot University in innovation and public health, he starts his career at Inserm in 1994.
He moved to Institut Pasteur in 2001.
On April 2016, he is elected President of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, succeeding Jean-Luc Vayssière.
He left his in September 2017 due to health reason.
Gérard was beatified by Pope John Paul II on September 15, 1988.
His feast day is on May 29.
Ambattur is a neighbourhood place of Northern Chennai.
It is located in the Ambattur taluk of the Chennai Corporation, Tamil Nadu.
It was added in the part of the Chennai Corporation in the year 2011.
It is one of the fast growing residential area in the Chennai Corporation.
The area of the place is 45 km2.The neighbourhood is served by the Ambattur Railway Station.
In the time of 1960s Ambattur was a village with large extends of agricultural lands.
The Ambattur Lake supported the irrigational purpose.
The growth of the village heightened when the Ambattur industrial estate was established in the year 1964.
T21, originally T2 is a diesel-hydraulic locomotive operated by Swedish State Railways () and Nora Bergslags Järnväg (NBJ) of Sweden.
60 units were built during the 1950s by Maschinenbau Kiel and Svenska Järnvägsverkstäderna based on the German DB Class V65.
The T21 was technically identical with the MaK 800D. The T21 was used to replace steam locomotives on branch lines.
They were used until the 1990s.
The order consisted of 56 locomotives, of which ten were to be built in Sweden with a Swedish hydraulic shift, designated T3, later T22.
The shift did not work particularly well, and only four were delivered, the rest with a German shift.
Later two units were rebuilt to T21s.
NBJ bought four T21 units in 1963.
Järnväg.net on T21
MaK locomotives
The Vossloh DE 18 is a Bo-Bo diesel-electric locomotive.
It is the first new diesel-electric locomotive to be built in Kiel since production of the DE 1002 ended in 1993.
Up to 60% of the components are shared with the diesel-hydraulic G 18.
The prototype locomotive was shown together with the smaller, diesel-hydraulic G 12 on InnoTrans 2010.
The launch customer for the DE 18 was BASF, ordering 2 DE 18 locomotives for services at its plants in December 2011.
Official Vossloh DE 18 product page
DE 18
The SNCF Class BB 61000 diesel locomotives were built by Vossloh to their G1206 design between 2002-2005 for the French state railways.
Twenty three locomotives were built, numbered 61001-61023.
As they are operated by the freight sector, the locomotives carry a '4' prefix (i.e. they are numbered 461001-461023).
Fleet List
Vossloh locomotives
SNCF locomotives
TCDD DH3600 were diesel-hydraulic locomotive built for shunting operations on the Turkish State Railways.
38 units were built by Tüvasaş under licence from Maschinenbau Kiel (MaK).
In 1980-81 the shunters were rebuilt with Cummins Diesel KT1150L engines.
Trains of Turkey page on DH3600
The SNCF Class BB 7200 is a 1.5 kV DC electric locomotive.
It is operated by the SNCF in France.
The BB 7200 are part of the "Nez Cassé" family of locomotives.
SNCF Class BB 15000 is the alternating current (AC) version.
The Class BB 22200 is a dual-voltage version.
They are numbered to show that the DC and AC class make the dual-voltage locomotives (7200 + 15000 = 22200).
Another similar model is the NS Class 1600.
It is operated in the Netherlands.
It is a DC locomotive based on the BB 7200.
The class are numbered 7201 - 7440.
Some have cast plates.
In 2012 and 2013, the locomotives numbered 7311, 7312, 7314, 7325, 7327, 7330m 7332, 7335, 7337, 7339, 7341 and 7342 were modified.
They became BB 7600 locomotives.
They were operated on the Transilien Paris – Montparnasse line.
This locomotive was reproduced in H0 scale by Jouef, Lima, Märklin and Roco.
This locomotive was reproduced in N scale by Fleischmann and Minitrix.
07200
The federal structure of Russia includes 83 regional parliaments.
The biggest regional parliament is the State Assembly of Bashkortostan which consists of 120 deputies.
The smallest one is the Assembly of Deputies of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug which consists of 11 deputies.
Parties in Each Parliament
Crêt de la Neige is a  high mountain in the commune of Thoiry.
It is the highest peak in the Jura Mountains and the department of Ain in France.
Crêt de la Neige is between the communes of Lélex (to the northwest) and Thoiry (to the southeast) in the Ain department.
It is found in the Haute Chaîne, the most eastern and highest chain of the French Jura mountains; it is in the Pays de Gex (the Arrondissement of Gex, Ain department), about  to the northwest of the city of Geneva.
The Crêt de la Neige is surrounded by the plain of the Pays de Gex to the east and the Valserine valley (a valley among the Jura mountains formed by the Valserine river) to the west.
From the summit (or near the summit because it is covered with shrubs and trees), it is possible to see Geneva and the Pays de Gex and there is a 360° view over the Lake Geneva, the Valserine valley, La Dôle (a peak of the Jura mountains that is in Switzerland) and the Alps.
On a clear day, it is possible to see the Vosges mountains and the Black Forest.
In the past, the official elevation given for the Crêt de la Neige was , and so it appears in old maps, only  higher than the near peak of Reculet .
But recent studies made by the Institut géographique national (IGN) in Villeurbanne found that the true altitude of the Crêt de la Neige is  above sea level.
Crêt de la Neige in Camp-to-Camp
Crêt de la Neige in GeoFinder.ch
Crêt de la Neige at Altituderando.com
American Independent
Peace and Freedom
2016 United States presidential election by state
Udara is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.
The species are found in the Indomalayan and the Australasian realms.
President-elect of the United States is the title used for an incoming president of the United States between the general election on Election Day in November and noon Eastern Standard Time on Inauguration Day, January 20.
During this time, the elected nominee is not in office yet.
Since the election for U.S. president is not by popular vote, the title is used for the apparent winner.
The decision is finalized when votes of the Electoral College, cast in December, are counted by a joint session of Congress in early January.
If the current president has won re-election, they are not given the title of president-elect because he or she is already in office and not waiting to become president.
If a new president is scheduled to enter, then the current-standing one is said to hold the office on a lame duck basis.
List of presidents-elect
Odis Oliver Flores (born June 19, 1987) is an American hip hop recording artist.
His stage name is O.T Genasis.
He is well known for his songs "CoCo", "Do It" and "Cut It".
Laura Ashley (née Mountney; 7 September 1925 – 17 September 1985) was a fashion designer and business woman from Wales.
She began by making simple items out of her own printed cloth, but when her work became more popular she opened factories making clothes and furniture too.
Ashley, along with her husband Bernard, set up a large business to sell her designs, with 219 across the world.
The business faced difficult times in the 1990s, after Ashley's death, but there are still many Laura Ashley shops today, in Europe, Asia and Australia.
The Itapúa department () is a department of Paraguay.
The capital is the city of Encarnación.
Its ISO 3166-2 code  is PY-7.
The Itapúa department is in the southeastern part of the country, in the Oriental region.
It has an area of , with a estimated population for 2013 of 551,128 for a Population density of .
To the north: Caazapá and Alto Paraná departments.
To the south and east: Argentina, separated by the Paraná river.
To the west: Misiones department.
, the total amount of precipitation for the year 2012 in the city of Encarnación was .
The month with the most precipitation was December with  of precipitation.
The month with the least precipitation was January with .
The average temperature for the year 2012 in Encarnación was .
Gobernación de Itapúa website
The 2016 United States presidential election in Alaska was held on 8 November 2016.
It was part of the 2016 United States presidential election, in which all other states plus the District of Columbia voted.
Below is a table with the polling results in Alaska.
Alaska has voted Republican in the general election since 1968.
Caucuses
Decision Desk Headquarter Results for Alaska
The Dakota people are a Native American tribe.
They are also a part of the First Nations.
They make up two of the three main subcultures of the Sioux people.
They are usually divided into the Eastern Dakota and the Western Dakota.
The Eastern Dakota are also called the Santee, and are located in the eastern Dakotas, central Minnesota and northern Iowa.
They have many federally recognized tribes.
The Western Dakota are also called the Yankton or Yanktonai, and are located in the Missouri River area.
They also have many notable federally recognized tribes.
They were often mistaken to be the Nakota (who are actually a group of tribes that broke away from the main branches of the Sioux nation in earlier times).
The Dakota lived in Wisconsin and Minnesota in the 17th century.
By 1700 some had moved to present-day South Dakota.
Late in the 17th century, the Dakota became alliances with French merchants.
The French tried to use this alliance to help them control the North American fur trade against the English.
Dakota War of 1862
In the late 1850's, treaty violations by the United States and unfair payments by Indian agents (governmental people who were allowed to interact with the natives) led to increasing hunger and hardship among the Dakota.
Even though the Dakota tried to negotiate with the U.S. government, nothing was successful.
On 16 August 1862, a group of Dakota hunters killed a family of settlers.
This led to more attacks on settlers, and soon a full war had begun.
On 5 November 1862, 38 Dakota warriors were sentenced to death by hanging.
This would later become the largest mass execution in U.S. history.
During and after the revolt, many Eastern Dakota and their family left Minnesota and Eastern Dakota to go to Canada, or settle in the James River Valley in a short-lived reservation.
They were then forced to move to the Crow Creek Reservation on the east bank of the Missouri river.
Some joined the Western Dakota and moved further west to help the Lakota tribes to continue their fight against the U.S. military.
Others remained in Minnesota and the east, in small reservations that still exist, including Sisseton-Wahpeton, Flandreau, and Devils Lake (Spirit Lake or Fort Totten) Reservations in the Dakotas.
Some moved to Nebraska, where the Santee Sioux Tribe today has a reservation on the south bank of the Missouri river.
The Dakota language is part of the Siouan languages.
People who speak Dakota can also understand the Lakota language.
Dakota is written in the Latin script.
The language has two major dialects between the Eastern and Western Dakota tribes.
Dakota Language Texts, from the Boston Athenæum: Schoolcraft Collection of Books in Native American Languages.
Digital Collection.
Mie Leth Jans (born 6 February 1994) is a Danish football defender.
She plays for Brøndby IF of Denmark's Elitedivisionen.
Jans started her football career at Dragør Boldklub.
She moved to Brøndby and then Ballerup-Skovlunde Fodbold (BSF) in 2012.
After two seasons playing in BSF's first team, she went back to Brøndby in June 2014.
Jans's first match for Denmark came in November 2013.
She was a substitute for future Brøndby team-mate Nanna Christiansen after 79 minutes of a 5–0 win over Malta in Valetta.
President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers were the militia of the loyal U.S. states called up on April 15, 1861 following the attack on Fort Sumter by the forces of the Confederate States of America.
This was the beginning the American Civil War.
President Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers for a period of 90 days.
These limits were established by laws that had been passed in the late eighteenth century and were not necessarily a reflection of the number of troops or the amount of time Lincoln actually thought it would take to put down the rebellion.
The proclamation
There was a great deal of tension over the issue of slavery in the Western territories during the presidency of James Buchanan (1857-61).
People were taking sides in the issue as never before.
When open war broke out in the Kansas Territory (called Bleeding Kansas), Southern slaveholders, Northern abolitionists and Free-soilers flooded into Kansas.
Each was trying to influence the vote whether Kansas would join the Union as a slave state or a free state.
President Buchanan sent part of the Regular Army to stop the violence but they were too few and too scattered to stop the fighting.
The abolitionist John Brown who played a part in Bleeding Kansas, seized the Harpers Ferry Armory in 1859.
He intended to use the weapons to start a slave uprising in the South.
Federal troops were called on to put down the outbreak and capture Brown.
On November 6, 1860, when Abraham Lincoln was elected President of the United States.
South Carolina seceded from the Union.
Followed by six more Southern states, on February 18, 1861, at Montgomery, Alabama they formed the Confederate States of America.
Their elected president, Jefferson Davis, called for 100,000 volunteers to serve for one year.
In less than six weeks, other Southern states seceded.
The Confederates seized federal property in the South including several military posts.
The exceptions were Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina and Fort Pickens near Pensacola, Florida.
When these seven states seceded, it caused a breakup in the U.S. Army.
Many were from the South and felt they had a responsibility to resign from the U.S. Army and join the Confederate Army.
In April of 1861, the United States Army had only 16,000 men organized into fewer than 200 companies.
Most of them were at posts west of the Mississippi River.
While the army was made up of trained professional soldiers, Lincoln realized he could not put down a rebellion of this size with the army he had.
State Militias before 1861
During the Colonial Period in North America, each colony had the right to summon all able-bodied white males to provide for the defense of that colony.
Colonies had militia laws that required every able-bodied man to be available for militia duty and to provide his own arms.
This caused the colonists to form private militias, independent of any control by the governors who were appointed by the British government.
The American colonies saw standing armies as tools of a despotic monarch.
After the formation of the United States, the founding fathers saw state militias as the main force to defend the new country.
They were controlled by the individual states and not by a central government.
When the United States Constitution was ratified, it gave the federal government the right to raise a standing army but the feeling at the time was that such an army was to be kept small.
This was the prevailing thought up to the 20th century.
The Second Amendment to the United States Constitution and other laws of 1792 gave the President the power to call out the state militias to put down rebellion and to fight against any foreign invaders.
But, the call for militias had to be authorized by the state legislatures, the militias themselves could only serve for three months in any given year and the size of the militia the President was allowed to call up was limited to 75,000.
During the War of 1812 militia units had the reputation of being poorly trained and poorly disciplined.
Massachusetts and Connecticut refused to call out their militias during this time.
Vermont would not allow its militia to serve outside of state borders.
From 1815 until 1845, many of the Northern states did not require militia service by their citizens.
The Mexican-American War was fought mainly by the regular army and volunteers served for one year terms of service.
Very few state militias participated.
By the 1840s, with no state laws requiring militia service in many states, the militias were replaced by voluneteer groups who served on weekends and provided their own weapons.
In exchange for state-supplied weapons and uniforms, many agreed to become part of their respective state militias, especially in Northern states.
State militias had several shortcomings.
During the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, they developed a reputation as poor fighters and frequent deserters.
Lincoln's volunteers
When Lincoln called for 75,000 men for federal service, members of his cabinet had advised him to ask for as many as 200,000.
However, Lincoln knew that he would be breaking the law if he tried to call up that many men, and on a more practical note he probably also recognized the army did not have the arms or supplies to equip a larger number and so he settled for the legal limit of 75,000.
This was still four times the size of the regular army.
Each state was given a quota it had to meet based on its population.
New York's quota was 17 regiments (13,280 men).
Pennsylvania was to send 16 regiments.
Other states were given their quotas as well.
The slave states refused to send any men, with four of them joining the Confederacy instead.
The free states filled out their quotas quickly.
Some states did not send any more than their quota required while other states sent more so that Lincoln still got the 75,000 men he asked for.
Rhode Island sent four times their quota.
Connecticut and Missouri each sent three times their quota.
Massachusetts sent two and a half times their quota.
All the new officers and soldiers had to undergo military training.
Officers spent their evenings learning tactics and other military matters from books and field manuals.
Soldiers spent their days learning to drill and shoot their weapons.
Many quickly found that military life was not as romantic as they had pictured it.
None realized that training could be the difference between life and death on a battlefield.
So training suffered, but the Confederate army had the same problems with their militia units.
When the war started, both sides had to depend on their militias.
Abraham Lincoln’s Call for 75,000 Troops to Fight in the U.S. Civil War, 1861 - Hear and Read; YouTube
Survivor Series (2016) was a wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) made by WWE for the Raw and SmackDown Live brands.
It happened on November 20, 2016.
It happened at the Air Canada Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
It was the thirtieth time a Survivor Series PPV was held and the first to be held in Canada after the Montreal Screwjob in 1997.
Eight wrestling matches were performed at the event.
In the most important match, Goldberg beat Brock Lesnar in one minute and 26 seconds in his first match in 12 years.
In addition, there were three Survivor Series matches between the wrestlers of Raw and SmackDown.
Brock Lesnar vs. Goldberg
At WrestleMania XX, Goldberg beat Brock and the next day, both men left WWE.
Brock wrestled in New Japan Pro Wrestling, fought in Ultimate Fighting Championship and returned to WWE in April 2012 but Goldberg hardly wrestled again.
In 2016, the covers and commercials for the WWE 2K17 video game were shown for the first time and Goldberg was on/in both of them.
This made many people think that he would return to WWE and maybe get a rematch with Brock.
The two started talking about the match they could have at conventions like the ones for the video game.
In October 2017, Paul Heyman said Brock was challenging Goldberg because he was the one wrestler Brock could never beat.
That month, Goldberg returned and agreed to fight Brock.
To start the match, Brock pushed Goldberg into the corner and rammed him between the ropes but Goldberg pushed him back hard and Brock fell back.
When Brock got up, he took a spear from Goldberg.
This happened again and then Goldberg picked Brock up and performed a Jackhammer and won the match.
Survivor Series elimination matches
Official website for the Survivor Series (2016)
November 2016 events
Hérémence is a municipality of the district of Hérens in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
Corporate tax is tax paid by a corporation.
Usually, the taxes are paid on the revenue.
In the case of cooperatives, or associations the taxes may be very low.
A cooperative (also spelled co-operative, or co-op) is when several people come together in cooperation to reach a common goal.
It is a type of organization used to make the lives of its members easier; it is usually not focused on making profit, instead focusing on serving member needs.
Cooperative ownership can have different details about what ownership means and how cooperation works.
A basic cooperative-ownership structure has the following characteristics:
Ownership is based on voluntary participation
Members of the cooperative are also users (also known as patrons)
Decisions are made on a basis of one member = one vote
Co-operatives are democratic organizations owned by the people who use them.
Cooperative organizations help people adapt to capitalism.
History and examples
The first cooperative was a store in Rochdale, England started in 1844.
The people who started it wanted food that was cheaper and better quality.
Since then, people have found many ways to cooperate.
Farmers provide their own transport and marketing to get better prices for their crops
Poor people protect themselves from money-lenders, and workers save for their retirement (as in a credit union)
Fishers package their fish to get a better price
Villagers provide themselves with electricity or water
Residents own their apartment building
The International Cooperative Alliance was started in 1885.
It reports that there are 800 million cooperative members in the world.
Rochdale - Birthplace of Cooperation
International Cooperative Alliance
For the original WWE Tag Team Championship that was active from 1971 through 2010, see World Tag Team Championship (WWE).
The WWE Raw Tag Team Championship is a professional wrestling world tag team championship of WWE, and it's wrestled for on the Raw brand.
From April 5, 2009 to August 16, 2010 it was made into one with the World Tag Team Championship until the other title was retired.
After the Brand Extension in World Wrestling Entertainment, the WWE Undisputed Championship and WWE Women's Championship became the only titles allowed to be fought for on both the Raw and SmackDown!
brands, while the remaining titles were made where they could only be fought for on their own brands.
Originally a part of the SmackDown brand after the company's first brand extension in the spring of 2002, the Tag Team Championship was moved to the Raw brand that following summer.
The Tag Team Championship became apart of the Raw brand only, leaving the SmackDown!
brand without a tag team title.
As a result, SmackDown General Manager Stephanie McMahon, introduced the new "WWE Tag Team Championship" and made it the tag team title for the SmackDown!
She stated that the first champions would be the winners of an eight-team tournament.
On October 20, 2002, the team of Kurt Angle and Chris Benoit beat Rey Mysterio and Edge at No Mercy 2002 in the tournament final to become the first ever WWE Tag Team Champions.
On October 17, 2007, SmackDown!
and ECW announced a talent sharing agreement that made it where talent from either brand's roster can compete on both brands.
As a result, the title was fought for on both brands.
In late 2008 through early 2009, WWE Tag Team Champions The Colóns (Carlito and Primo) engaged in rivalry with the World Tag Team Champions John Morrison and The Miz, which resulted in the announcement on the March 17 edition of ECW that at WrestleMania XXV both teams would fight for their titles against each other and the winning team would hold both titles.
The result was the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship, a combination of the two titles though both were kept active by themselves (and thus keeping their own title histories), they were defended as one by one tag team.
The champions could appear on and defend the titles on any WWE brand.
Though eventually, on August 16, 2010, the World Tag Team Championship was retired in favor of continuing the history of the WWE Tag Team Championship following the introduction of new championship belts to then-champions David Hart Smith and Tyson Kidd of The Hart Dynasty.
The champions continued to compete on any brand until the end of the brand extension in August, 2011.
However, WWE decided to bring back the brand split in July 2016.
During the draft for this, the champions at the time, The New Day, were chosen to wrestle on Raw.
This meant that SmackDown didn't have a tag team title.
So, SmackDown's general manager Daniel Bryan and commissioner Shane McMahon created the SmackDown Tag Team championship.
After this, the WWE Tag Team Championship was renamed the Raw Tag Team Championship.
At WrestleMania 34 on April 8, 2018, the champions at the time, Cesaro and Sheamus, were going to fight Braun Strowman and a partner for him to choose.
At the show, Strowman said that his partner would be a fan from the audience.
Then, he went out into the crowd and picked a 10-year-old named Nicholas and they beat Cesaro and Sheamus for the titles.
This made Nicholas the youngest person to ever win a championship in WWE.
The two gave up the titles the next night on Raw.
WWE Tag Team Championship official title history
"Perfect Illusion" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Lady Gaga.
It is the lead single from her fifth studio album, Joanne.
The song was released on September 9, 2016.
It reached the top twenty in the US, UK, Australia, and Canada.
It reached number one in France and Spain.
The Georgian Wikipedia is a Georgian language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Georgian Wikipedia started November 2003.The Georgian Wikipedia has more than 130,000 articles.
Administrators and Users
Origin of Edits
Georgian editors-91.8%
United States of America-1.6%
Others-5.6%
Georgian Wikipedia home page
Malagasy Wikipedia is the Malagasy language edition of Wikipedia.
Malagasy is an austronesian language mostly spoken in Madagascar as the first language.
It is also the national language of Madagascar.
Breton Wikipedia is the Breton language version of Wikipedia.
It was established in June 2004.
Breton Wikipedia reached 20,000 articles in August 2008.
It reached 30,000 articles in October 2009.
On 2014 July it reached 50,000 articles.
It has 69,790 articles as of August 2021.
It also became the 71st largest Wikipedia by the article count.
Breton Wikipedia is the second largest Wikipedia of a Celtic language after the Welsh Wikipedia.
The total number of registered users in Breton Wikipedia is 34,786.
Tessellation of a flat surface refers to the repeated placement of shapes with no overlaps and no gaps.
These shapes are also called tiles.
In mathematics, tessellations can be generalized to higher dimensions and a variety of geometries.
Vítězslav Nezval (26 May 1900 – 6 April 1958) was a Czech poet.
Vítězslav Nezval was born in the village of Biskoupky on 26 May 1900.
In 1919 started to study law at the University of Brno, but quickly realised that he did not want to be a lawyer.
He went to Prague instead and entered the Faculty of Philosophy of Prague University.
He attended lectures given by František Xaver Šalda, a famous literary critic, there.
He was active in the Devětsil literary group.
In 1926 he met Františka Řepová, who later became his wife.
During the Second World War he was shortly imprisoned.
After the war he worked for the Ministry of Information.
He died on 6 April 1958 in Prague.
Vítězslav Nezval was a poet, playwright, author of novels, translator and literary critic.
He was a representative of  Poetismus, which was Czech avantgarde.
He was also a leading Czech surrealist.
His poetry was strongly influenced by modern French literature.