the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The longest river in the country, the Belize River, passes through the district and joins the Caribbean Sea along its coast.
The Northern River, Sibun River, and Manatee River are also in this District.
Atelopus longirostris, a harlequin frog or jambato, is a member of the family of true toads: Bufonidae.
It has only been found in northern Ecuador.
It was believed to be extinct extinct, and species had not been seen since 1989, until its rediscovery im 2016
Atelopus longirostris has a slender body with long legs.
Males have legs up to 35 mm, and females up to 47 mm.
The dorsum is brown with yellow or cream rounded spots.
The flanks are dark brown or black.
The venter is whitish with some brown in the throat and chest.
Atelopus, commonly known as harlequin frogs, is a large genus of true toads.
They live in Central and South America.
They go as far north as Costa Rica and as far south as Bolivia.
Atelopus are small, generally brightly colored and diurnal.
Most species live near mid- to high-elevation streams.
Many species are now considered endangered, while others already are extinct.
The cause of these declines mostly appears to be the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
New Atelopus species are discovered with some regularity.
Many new species have been described in the last ten years.
Adenomus is a small genus of true toads.
It only has three species.
These all live in Sri Lanka.
Adenomus kandianus was thought to be extinct for 133 years.
It was rediscovered in October 2009 in the Kandy area.
amphibiaweb.org Adenomus kandianus
Global Amphibian Assessment - Adenomus kandianus
Manamendra-Arachchi, K., Pethiyagoda, R. (1998).
A synopsis of the Sri Lankan Bufonidae (Amphibia: Anura), with description of two new species.
J. South Asian nat.
Hist.,
3(2), 213-248.
Dutta, S.K. & Manamendra-Arachchi, K. (1996).
The Amphibian Fauna of Sri Lanka.
WHT, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Altiphrynoides is a genus of toads.
They are commonly called Ethiopian toads.
They only live in the highlands of south-central Ethiopia in the Arussi, Bale, and Sidamo provinces.
Both species are threatened by habitat loss.
They used to be included in Nectophrynoides.
Now they are separate because they lay eggs, while Nectophrynoides give birth to fully developed young.
ITIS report Altiphrynoides
amphibiaweb.org Altiphrynoides malcolmi
Amietophrynus is a large genus of true toads.
They live in Africa.
At first Amietophrynus species were included in the genus Bufo.
They have been split because they are considered different enough.
Frost, D.R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R.H., Haas, A., Haddad, C.F.B., de Sá, R.O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S.C., Raxworthy, C.J., Campbell, J.A., Blotto, B.L., Moler, P., Drewes, R.C., Nussbaum, R.A., Lynch, J.D., Green, D.M. & Wheeler, W.C. 2006, "The Amphibian Tree of Life", Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History no.
297: 1-370. [
15 Mar 2006]
Andinophryne is a small genus of true toads.
There are only three species.
They are found in the Andes.
Ansonia (commonly known as stream toads) is a small genus of true toads.
They are found in South India; northern Thailand; Malay Peninsula; Tioman Island; Borneo and Mindanao (Philippines).
These are a small forest species.
They spawn in streams and have torrent-adapted tadpoles.
L Lee Grismer, 2006: A new species of Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 (Anura: Bufonidae) from a lowland rainforest in Southern Peninsular Malaysia.
Herpetologica 62,4: pp.
466–475
Darryl Francis Zanuck (September 5, 1902 – December 22, 1979) was an American producer, writer, actor, director and studio executive.
He played a major part in the Hollywood studio system.
He earned three Academy Awards.
His career lasted 48 years.
Zanuck was born in Wahoo, Nebraska on September 5, 1902 to Louise (née Torpin) and Frank Zanuck.
Zanuck was married to Virginia Fox from 1924 until they separated in 1956.
One of their children was movie producer Richard D. Zanuck who produced Jaws.
Zanuck died on December 22, 1979 in Palm Springs, California from jaw cancer.
Deaths from jaw cancer
Bufoides is a genus of true toad.
Bufoides meghalayanus is the only species.
They are known as "Mawblang Toad" or "Khasi Hills Toad".
They live in north-eastern India.
Capensibufo is a genus of true toads with only two species.
The common English name is Cape Toads.
They live in the Republic of South Africa from Breede River to north of Knysna, Western Cape Province.
Capensibufo.
Accessed: May 01, 2008).
Berkeley, California: Capensibufo.
AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 01, 2008).
taxon Capensibufo at http://www.eol.org.
Taxon Capensibufo at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (
Churamiti is a genus of the true toads.
The only species is Churamiti maridadi.
They live in Tanzania.
This is due to a restricted range and habitat loss.
Crepidophryne is a genus of toads commonly called Cerro Utyum Toads.
The genus has three species.
They live throughout the Costa Rican and Panamian highlands.
Version 5.1 (10 October 2007).
Crepidophryne.
Accessed: May 1, 2008).
Berkeley, California: Crepidophryne.
AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 1, 2008).
taxon Crepidophryne at http://www.eol.org.
Taxon Crepidophryne at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (
Taxon Crepidophryne at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm
Dendrophryniscus is a genus of true toads.
They live in the forests of Brazil, amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and the Guianas.
They prefer to live in subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
Dendrophryniscus.
Berkeley, California: Dendrophryniscus.
taxon Dendrophryniscus at http://www.eol.org.
Taxon Dendrophryniscus at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (
Taxon Dendrophryniscus at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm
Virginia Fox (April 2, 1902 – October 14, 1982) was an American actress who starred in many silent movie of the 1910s and 1920s, her career spanned 14 years.
Fox was born in Wheeling, West Virginia to Marie (née Oglseby) and Frederick Fox.
She was married to Darryl F. Zanuck from 1924 until they separated in 1956.
They had three children, one of them was movie producer Richard D. Zanuck.
Fox died on October 14, 1982 in Palm Springs, California from emphysema and from cerebral thrombosis, she was 80 years old.
People from Wheeling, West Virginia
Didynamipus is a genus in the Bufonidae family.
Didynamipus sjostedti, also called the four-digit toad, is the only species.
They live in Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, and Nigeria.
They prefer to live in subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and heavily degraded former forest.
They are threatened by habitat loss.
Gartshore, M., Amiet, J.-L. & Drewes, R. 2004.
Didynamipus sjostedti.
Duttaphrynus is a genus of true toads.
They live in southwestern and southern China (including Taiwan and Hainan)  and throughout southern Asia from northern Pakistan and Nepal through India to Sri Lanka, Andaman Island, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali.
These toads have heads with bony ridges.
The nose area is short and blunt.
The first finger of these toads is longer than the second.
The toes are half webbed.
The toads are brown above and yellow beneath, marbled with brown.
Duttaphrynus.
Accessed: May 02, 2008).
The natterjack toad (Epidalea calamita, formerly Bufo calamita) is a toad.
They live in the sandy and heathland areas of Europe.
Adults are 60–70 mm in length.
They are different from other toads because they have a yellow line down the middle of the back.
They have relatively short legs.
This gives them a distinctive gait, which is different than the hopping movement of many other toad species.
Natterjacks live for up to 15 years and feed on insects, worms and small reptiles.
At night they move around open land with little vegetation.
Their tracks can often be seen in loose sand.
They move large distances each night.
The Natterjack Toad spawns between the end of April and July.
They lay 'strings' of eggs in shallow, warm pools.
Because the Natterjack Toad is often present in low numbers, its loud mating calls are important so that the sexes can find each other.
For Natterjacks, pools need to have a small slope with little vegetation on the banks and in the water.
Sometimes the larvae die when the pools dry out.
The Natterjack mates a few times each summer.
The age of the young can vary from a month to 3 months in September.
There are toads in seventeen European countries.
In the British Isles the toad is mostly in coastal areas.
In mainland Europe, particularly in the southern part of its range, it lives inland in a variety of places.
The Natterjack Toad is the only species of toad native to Ireland.
It is found on the Dingle peninsula and Derrynane in County Kerry and also in County Wexford.
Frostius — also called Frost's Toads — is a small genus of true toads.
There are only two species.
Frost, Darrel R. 2007.
Frostius accessdate=2008-04-13
AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [
web application].
Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb.
Available: http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: April 13, 2008).
Frostius pernambucensis
Ingerophrynus is a genus of true toads with eleven species.
Ten of the species in this genus used to be thought to be species of the genus Bufo.
In 2007 a new species, Ingerophrynus gollum, was added to this genus.
This species is named after the character Gollum created by J. R. R. Tolkien.
These species live in Southern Yunnan and Indochina; peninsular Thailand and Malaya to Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Nias Island, and Sulawesi.
Ingerophrynus.
Accessed: May 2, 2008).
In Macroeconomics, the liquidity preference is the demand to hold cash as risk-free wealth.
This is also known as Cash preference.
The idea was first developed by John Maynard Keynes in his book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936).
Miroslava Olegovna Karpovich (, ; born on March 1, 1986 in Berdyansk, Ukrainian SSR, USSR) is a Ukraine-born Russian movie, television and theatre actress, comedian, model.
Most famous for role of Maria Vasnetsova in sitcom "Daddy's Daughters", where she has been playing since July 13, 2007.
Russian comedians
Ukrainian comedians
Saina Nehwal  (born March 17, 1990) is an Indian female athlete.
She is best known as a badminton player who competed in the Summer Olympic Games.
In 2016, the Government of India awarded Saina Nehwal the Padma Bhushan.
It is the 3rd highest civilian honour in the country.
Laurentophryne parkeri, also called Parker's tree toad, is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.
It is the only species in the genus Laurentophryne.
They live in the Kivu region in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Channing, A. & Poynton, J.C. 2004.
Laurentophryne parkeri .
Leptophryne is a small genus of true toads.
They are found in southeast Asia, in Peninsular Thailand through the Malay Peninsula.
Leptophryne.
Berkeley, California: Leptophryne.
AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 02, 2008).
taxon Leptophryne at http://www.eol.org.
Taxon Leptophryne at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (
Taxon Leptophryne at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm
Melanophryniscus (South American Redbelly Toads) is a genus of toads.
There are 25 amphibian species located in Argentina, south of Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.
Melanophryniscus.
Accessed: May 03, 2008).
Berkeley, California: Melanophryniscus.
AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 03, 2008).
taxon Melanophryniscus at http://www.eol.org.
Taxon Melanophryniscus at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (
Taxon Melanophryniscus at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm
Mertensophryne or "Snouted Frogs" is a genus of true toads.
They live in eastern and southern Democratic Republic of Congo to Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, southeastern Zimbabwe and Mozambique.
, 2006, The Amphibian Tree of Life.
Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 297: 206
Mertensophryne.
Accessed: May 3, 2008).
Berkeley, California: Mertensophryne.
AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 3, 2008).
The Sapito Rugoso Del Marahuaka (Metaphryniscus sosae) is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.
It is the only species in the genus Metaphryniscus.
It lives in Venezuela.
La Marca, E. & Señaris, C. 2004.
Metaphryniscus sosae.
Nectophryne, or African tree toads, is a genus of true toads.
They live in western Africa - Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, northeastern Congo, Bioko and Equatorial Guinea.
Nectophryne.
Accessed: May 04, 2008).
Berkeley, California: Nectophryne.
AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 04, 2008).
taxon Nectophryne at http://www.eol.org.
Taxon Nectophryne at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (
Taxon Nectophryne at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm
Filling Station is a one-act ballet.
The libretto (story) is based on a newspaper report.
Virgil Thomson wrote the music.
Lew Christensen choreographed (designed) the dances.
Christensen performed the role of Mac, the filling station attendant.
Paul Cadmus designed the sets and costumes.
The ballet was first performed in Hartford, Connecticut by Ballet Caravan in November 1937.
A performance was given at the Martin Beck Theater in New York City on May 18, 1939, with Christensen again in the role of the attendant.
Mac is a young, good-looking filling station attendant.
His evening solitude is broken by two young and greasy but good-natured truck drivers.
The State Trooper (policeman) enters in pursuit.
He lectures the boys on their disregard for the speed limit.
A brash motorist, his wife, and bratty child interrupt.
The Rich Boy and The Rich Girl enter.
They are drunken refugees from a country club dance.
They rhumba and the others join them.
Suddenly, a gangster enters shooting his gun.
Mac, the truck drivers, and The State Trooper thwart his attempt to stage a robbery.
The Rich Girl however is caught in the gangster's line of fire and dies on the pavement.
Her limp body is carried off.
The spectators drift away.
Mac settles down with his radio and a newspaper to wait for business.
Dance historian Grace Robert praises the ballet in her book The Borzoi Book of Ballets.
She singles out the characterizations in particular, noting that they are "definite and well-rounded" and that all of them are seen in terms that are "balletic".
She points to the pursuit of the gangster as an especially effective moment.
On a darkened stage, several figures with flashlights perform grand jetée (leaps).
The beams of light and flying figures create an effect "dramatic out of all proportion to the simplicity of the means employed."
The ballet was popular in South America when it was performed there in 1941 by an American company assembled by Lincoln Kirstein.
Writing in 1949, Robert noted that only the score survived at that date but a suite arranged from it was heard occasionally in concert or on the radio.
Billy the Kid is a one-act ballet.
The libretto (story) is attributed to Lincoln Kirstein and is based on the life of Billy the Kid.
The music was written by Aaron Copland.
Eugene Loring designed the dances.
Jared French designed the scenery and costumes.
The ballet was first performed in Chicago in October 1938.
It was performed in New York City at the Martin Beck Theater on May 24, 1939 with Loring as Billy and Marie-Jeanne in the dual role of Mother and Mexican Sweetheart.
During Christmas week 1939, the ballet was presented at the St. James Theater in New York City with Michael Kidd as Billy and Alicia Alonso as Mother and Mexican Sweetheart.
The ballet opens with pioneers heading west led by Pat Garrett in "March".
In "Street Scene", cowboys, Indians, dance hall girls, and other western types throng the street of a town.
Billy and his Mother enter as a brawl breaks out.
Alias (as cowboy) kills Billy's Mother with a wild shot.
Billy stabs Alias and runs away.
In "Billy's Soliloquy", Billy shoots Alias (as land agent) during a card game.
In "Card Game on the Desert" and "Gun Battle", Garrett accuse Billy of cheating at cards and goes off.
The posse approaches led by Alias (as sheriff).
Billy's gang is killed, but Billy kills Alias.
The posse takes him to jail.
At the end of "Macabre Dance", the Mexican Sweetheart enters looking for Billy.
In "Jail Scene" Billy escapes by killing Alias (as jailer).
In "Desert", Alias (as Indian Guide) leads Billy to the Mexican Sweetheart's hide-out.
Billy has no thought for anyone but himself and the Sweetheart leaves.
The Indian Guide returns with Garrett, and, when Billy lights a cigarette in the darkness, Garret kills him ("Billy's Death").
Mexican women mourn Billy's death in "Pietà".
The ballet ends with Garret leading pioneers in "Closing March".
Compositions by Aaron Copland
Calico (textile), a plain-woven cotton textile
Calico butterfly
Calico goldfish
Calico grouper
Calico Pennant, a dragonfly
Calico Cooper (born 1981), American actress and the daughter of rock and roll musician Alice Cooper
Calico Jack Rackham (1682–1720), English pirate captain in the early 18th century
Tyrone Calico (born 1980), American football wide receiver
Calico Mountains (California)
Calico Ghost Town
Calico Peaks
Calico Early Man Site
Calico Mountains (Nevada)
Calico Mountains Wilderness
Calico Mills
Calico Rock, Arkansas, a city in Izard County, United States
Ballet d'action is an 18th-century ballet movement.
It was started by French choreographer Jean Georges Noverre in 1760.
The movement focused on character and emotional expression through dancers' bodies and faces, instead of elaborate costumes and props.
Noverre started the movement because he was unhappy with the attention focused on technical expertise.
He expressed his views in his book Lettres sur la danse et les ballets.
He stated there that the purpose of ballet is "to represent characters and express their feelings" through movement rather than costume.
Nectophrynoides is a genus of true toads.
They live in Eastern Arc forests and wetlands in Tanzania.
All but N. tornieri are threatened.
Species of the genus are ovoviviparous: fertilization is internal, and the females give birth to fully developed, small toadlets.
Together with the West Africa Nimbaphrynoides, they are the only frogs/toads in the world that do not lay eggs.
Nectophrynoides accessdate=2008-04-14
Nimbaphrynoides is a genus of true toads.
They live in the highlands in the Mount Nimba region of the West African countries of Guinea, Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire.
They are Critically Endangered due to habitat loss, and iron and bauxite mining in their small ranges.
The two species are viviparous.
This means they have internal fertilisation.
The female gives birth to fully developed, tiny toadlets.
Nectophrynoides and Nimbaphrynoides are the only frogs/toads that do not lay eggs.
Nimbaphrynoides access date: 2008-04-17
eol - Encyclopedia of Life at  Taxon  Nimbaphrynoides
GBIF - Global Biodiversity Information Facility at   Taxon Nimbaphrynoides
Oreophrynella (bush toads) is a genus of true toads.
They live in southern Venezuela, Guyana and far northern Brazil.
Oreophrynella.
Berkeley, California: Oreophrynella.
taxon Oreophrynella at http://www.eol.org.
Taxon Oreophrynella at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (
Taxon Oreophrynella at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm
The black-knobbed map turtle (Graptemys nigrinoda) is a species of aquatic turtles.
Their skin is light gray and have spikes on their shell.
They are part of the Graptemys genus and were once called the black-knobbed sawback turtle.
They live in rivers in the Mobile Bay in Alabama and Mississippi.
Tortoise & Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group 1996.
Graptemys nigrinoda .
Amazonas is one of the 23 states into which Venezuela is divided.
Amazonas State covers a total surface area of 176,899 km² and, in 2007, had a population of 142,200.
Amazonas has Venezuela's highest proportion of indigenous peoples of Venezuela.
Municipalities and Municipal Seats
In this state comes the main river of Venezuela, the Orinoco, in the mount delgado Chalbaud.
Other rivers in the state are: Ventuari river, Yatití, Parú, Asita, Manapiare, Marieta, Guapachí, Ocamo, Putaco, Padamo, Cuntinamo, Botamo,  Matacuní, Ugueto, Mavaca, Manaviche, Cunucunuma, Guanane, Yagua, Guaviare, Sipapo, Cataniapo Atabapo, Uesete, Siapa, Ararí,  Manipitare,  Casiquiare, Pamoni, Pasiba, Pasimoni, Negro and Guainía.
Parima Tapirapeco National Park.
Serranía La Neblina National Park.
Yapacana National Park.
National Park Duida Marahuaca.
Piedra del Cocuy.
Cerro Autana.
Piedra de la Tortuga.
Piedra Pintada.
Mammals: puma, jaguar, tapir, monkey, anteater, & fox.
Reptiles: Orinoco crocodile, baba, turtle, tortoise, snakes, anaconda, tragavenado,  cuaima, & mapanare.
Fish: Sapoara, shaker or electric eel, bay, caribbean, piranha, catfish, and guabina.
Birds: eagle, harpy eagle, hawk, macaw,  katana, carpenter, helmeted,  & toucan.
Governor's page
Osornophryne (Plump Toads) is a genus of true toads.
They live in Colombia and Ecuador.
Osornophryne.
Accessed: May 05, 2008).
Berkeley, California: Osornophryne.
AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 05, 2008).
taxon Osornophryne at http://www.eol.org.
Taxon Osornophryne at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (
Taxon Osornophryne at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm
Pedostibes (Asian Tree Toads) is a genus of true toads.
They live in South India, Malay Peninsula to Borneo and Sumatra.
They have horizontal pupils and webbed fingers and toes.
Pedostibes.
Accessed: May 7, 2008).
Berkeley, California: Pedostibes.
AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 7, 2008).
taxon Pedostibes at http://www.eol.org.
Taxon Pedostibes at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (
Taxon Pedostibes at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm
Pelophryne (Flathead Toads) is a genus of true toads.
They live in the Philippines, Borneo, Malaya, Singapore and Hainan Island, China.
Pelophryne.
Accessed: May 07, 2008).
Berkeley, California: Pelophryne.
AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 07, 2008).
taxon Pelophryne at http://www.eol.org.
Taxon Pelophryne at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (
Taxon Pelophryne at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm
Pseudobufo subasper is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.
It is the only species in the genus Pseudobufo.
They are found in Indonesia and Malaysia.
They live in subtropical or tropical swamps.
This toad can only be found in peat swamps.
They have fully webbed back feet.
van Dijk, P.P., Iskandar, D. & Inger, R. 2004.
Pseudobufo subasper.
Amphibian and Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia - Pseudobufo subasper
Rhinella (Beaked Toads or Rio Viejo Toads) is a subgenus of Bufo.
Some people call it its own genus.
It has 71 species of true toads.
Note: Species below are shown as species of Rhinella.
They are treated as species of Bufo by many authors.
A new species of arboreal Rhinella (Anura: Bufonidae) from a cloud forest of southeastern Peru.
Herpetologica.
63 (2): 203-212.
(2006). "
The Amphibian Tree of Life".
Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1–371.
Rhinella.
The African red toad or African split-skin toad (Schismaderma carens) is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family.
It is the only species in the genus Schismaderma.
It lives in many habitats.
These are dry savanna, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marches, arable land, pastureland, urban areas, water storage areas, ponds, canals and ditches, and man-made karsts.
Poynton, J.C., Howell, K., Minter, L. & Tandy, M. 2004.
Schismaderma carens .
Truebella is a genus of true toads.
They live in Peru at the Ayacucho and Junín regions.
, 1995.
A new taxon of Bufonidae from Peru, with descriptions of two new species and a review of the phylogenetic status of supraspecific bufonid taxa .
Herpetologica, 51(2), 105-131.
Truebella.
Accessed: May 08, 2008).
Berkeley, California: Truebella.
AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 08, 2008).
taxon Truebella at http://www.eol.org.
Taxon Truebella at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (
Werneria (smalltongue toads) is a genus of true toads.
They live in Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea.
, 2004 Revision of the genus Werneria Poche, 1903, including the descriptions of two new species from Cameroon and Gabon (Amphibia: Anura: Bufonidae) Zootaxa 720: 1–28
Version 5.1 (October 10, 2007).
Werneria.
Accessed: May 8, 2008).
Berkeley, California: Werneria.
AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 8, 2008).
taxon Werneria at http://www.eol.org.
Taxon Werneria at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (
Taxon Werneria at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm
Wolterstorffina (Wolterstorff Toads) is a genus of true toads.
They live in Nigeria and Cameroon.
Wolterstorffina.
Accessed: May 9, 2008).
Berkeley, California: Wolterstorffina.
AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 9, 2008).
taxon Wolterstorffina at http://www.eol.org.
Taxon Wolterstorffina at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (
Taxon Wolterstorffina at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm
The common toad or European toad (Bufo bufo) is an amphibian.
They are found in most of Europe, except for Ireland, Iceland and some Mediterranean islands.
The toad usually lies hidden during the day.
It becomes active at dusk and spends the night hunting for the invertebrates on which it feeds.
It moves with a slow ungainly walk or a short jump.
It has a greyish brown skin covered with wart-like lumps.
The toads in this genus are known as true toads.
They have no teeth, a dry warty skin and horizontal pupils to the eyes.
The common toad can grow to about  in length.
Females grow larger than males.
Those in the south tend to be larger than ones in the north.
The head is broad with a wide mouth.
The nose has two small nostrils.
There are no teeth.
The large, protruding eyes have yellow or copper coloured irises and horizontal slit-shaped pupils.
They have a noxious substance called bufotoxin.
It is used to keep away predators.
The head joins the body without a noticeable neck.
There is no external vocal sac.
The body is broad and squat.
The front limbs are short with the toes of the front feet turning inwards.
At breeding time, the male gets nuptial pads on the first three fingers.
These are to hold the female.
The back legs are short and the back feet have long, unwebbed toes.
There is no tail.
The skin is dry and covered with small warts.
The colour is brown, olive-brown or greyish-brown.
Sometimes it is partly blotched or banded with a darker shade.
The common toad tends to be sexually dimorphic.
The females are browner and the males greyer.
The underside is a dirty white spotted with grey and black patches.
Common toads can live for many years.
They have lived for fifty years in captivity.
In the wild, common toads are thought to live for about ten to twelve years.
Their age can be found by counting the number of yearly growth rings in the bones of their phalanges.
The common toad usually moves by walking rather slowly or in short jumps using all four legs.
It spends the day hiding.
It comes out at dusk.
It may travel some distance in the dark while hunting.
It is most active in wet weather.
By morning it has returned to its base.
It may live in the same place for several months.
It has a large appetite and eats woodlice, slugs, beetles, caterpillars, flies, worms and even small mice.
Small, fast moving prey may be caught by a flick of the tongue.
Larger items are grabbed with the jaws.
Having no teeth, it swallows food whole in a series of gulps.
It will try to eat any small, dark coloured, moving object it encounters at night.
A research study showed that it would snap at a moving  piece of black paper as if it were prey.
It would ignore a larger moving piece.
On occasion, the common toad sheds its skin which comes away in tattered pieces.
The skin is then eaten.
When attacked, the common toad puffs up its body and stands with its back end raised and its head lowered.
Its main means of defence is a foul tasting secretion.
It has a bufotoxin called bufagin and is enough to keep away many predators.
Grass snakes seem to be unaffected by it.
Other predators of adult toads include hedgehogs, rats and mink, and even domestic cats.
Birds that feed on toads include herons, crows and birds of prey.
The tadpoles also have noxious substances which keep fishes from eating them but not the great crested newt.
Aquatic invertebrates that feed on toad tadpoles include dragonfly larvae, diving beetles and water boatmen.
These usually avoid the noxious secretion by puncturing the tadpole's skin and sucking out its juices.
A parasitic fly, Lucilia bufonivora, attacks adult common toads.
It lays its eggs on the toad's skin.
When these hatch, the larvae crawl into the toad's nostrils and eat its flesh.
The common toad comes out of hibernation in spring.
Large numbers of toads move towards the breeding ponds.
The toads meet on certain ponds that they favour.
Adults use the same pond year after year.
Over 80% of males marked as juveniles have been found to return to the pond at which they were spawned.
The males arrive first and stay for several weeks.
The females only stay long enough to mate and spawn.
Rather than fighting for the right to mate with a female, male toads use the pitch of their voice.
Croaking gives a sign of body size and prowess.
Fights do sometimes happen.
Male toads outnumber female toads at breeding ponds.
The males mount on the females' backs.
They hold the females with their front limbs in a grip called amplexus.
The males are very enthusiastic.
They will try to grasp fish or inanimate objects and often mount on the backs of other males.
Sometimes several toads form a heap, each male trying to grasp the female at the base.
It is a stressful period and deaths are high among breeding toads.
A successful male stays in amplexus for several days.
The female lays a long, double string of small black eggs.
He fertilises them with his sperm.
The egg strings may have 3,000 to 6,000 eggs and be  in length.
They get tangled in plant stalks.
The strings of eggs absorb water and swell in size.
Small tadpoles hatch out after two to three weeks.
At first they hold onto the remains of the strings and feed on the jelly.
They later attach themselves to the underside of the leaves of water weed before becoming free swimming.
The tadpoles look like those of the common frog (Rana temporaria).
They are a darker colour, being blackish above and dark grey below.
They can be told apart from the tadpoles of other species by the fact that the mouth is the same width as the space between the eyes, and this is twice as large as the distance between the nostrils.
Over a few weeks their legs develop and their tail slowly gets reabsorbed.
By twelve weeks of age, they are small toads measuring about  long and ready to leave the pond.
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species says the common toad is of Least Concern.
This is because it lives in many areas and is common in those areas.
It is not threatened very much by habitat loss.
It can live in many different areas.
Chytridiomycosis, an infectious disease of amphibians, has been reported in common toads in Spain and the United Kingdom.
This may affect some populations.
The toad has long been thought to be an animal of ill omen or a connection to the other world.
This may be because it is at home both on land and in the water.
It may cause people to not like it because of its blackish, warty skin, its slow movements and the way it comes from some dark hole.
One of the earliest references to toads as being linked to the forces of darkness was when Zoroaster said in 600 BC that all toads should be killed.
In Europe in the Middle Ages, the toad was associated with the Devil, whose coat-of-arms has three toads on it.
It was thought that the toad could poison people.
It was also thought that it was the witch's familiar and thus had magical powers.
In France it was thought that witches could be found because they were marked by a toad's foot somewhere on their body.
In Dorset it was believed that if one found a toad in the house it should be removed without harming it or the householder would face the wrath of the witch whose familiar it was.
In some areas, the finding of a toad in a house was seen as evidence that a witch was present.
The saliva of the toad was thought to be poisonous.
It was believed that it could spit or vomit poisonous fire.
It was thought unlucky for a toad to jump over one's foot and in some regions, this was a sign of death.
Toads were associated with devils and demons and in "Paradise Lost".
John Milton showed Satan as a toad when he poured poison into Eve's ear.
The First Witch in Shakespeare's Macbeth gave instructions on using a toad in the making of spells:
The toad is also associated with female fecundity.
Models of toads were left at shrines by women who wanted to conceive.
In Romania it was believed that someone who killed a toad was able to kill their own mother.
In Scottish folklore it was said that the tongue of a toad, carried by a man in his breast pocket, would let him have his way with any woman.
It was also believed that there was a jewel inside a toad's head called a "toadstone".
It was said that when worn as a necklace or ring would warn the wearer of attempts to poison them.
Shakespeare mentioned this in As you like it:
Touching a toad has long been thought to cause warts.
This has been shown to be a myth and warts are actually caused by the human papillomavirus.
They are transferred by direct contact from person to person.
Mr. Toad Esq.
is one of the main characters in the children's novel, The Wind in the Willows, by Kenneth Grahame.
This has been dramatized by several authors including A. A. Milne who called his play Toad of Toad Hall.
Mr Toad is a very conceited,anthropomorphic toad.
BBC nature on the common toad
The European spadefoot toads are a family of frogs, the Pelobatidae.
There is only one living genus, called Pelobates.
They live in Europe, the Mediterranean, northwestern Africa and western Asia.
The European spadefoot toads are small to large sized frogs.
They grow up to  in length.
They burrow in sandy soils.
They have a hardened growth on their feet to help in digging.
They will come out from the ground during times of rain and breed in pools, which are usually temporary.
The eggs are laid in temporary ponds that may quickly evaporate.
The tadpole stage is very short.
They grow to adult form in as little as two weeks.
To further speed their growth, some of the tadpoles are cannibalistic, eating their brood-mates to increase their supply of protein.
Genus †Elkobatrachus
†Elkobatrachus brocki
Genus Pelobates
Western Spadefoot Toad  (Pelobates cultripes)
Common Spadefoot  (Pelobates fuscus)
Eastern Spadefoot Toad  (Pelobates syriacus)
Moroccan Spadefoot Toad  (Pelobates varaldii)
Archaeobatrachia is a suborder of Anura.
It has various primitive frogs and toads.
Many of the species (28 in total) show certain body features which are not in other frogs and toads.
They are mostly found in Eurasia, New Zealand, the Philippines and Borneo.
In addition, the family Ascaphidae is found in the Pacific Northwest of the United States.
They are only represented by two species.
Mesobatrachia is the second largest of the Anura suborders of amphibians.
It has 6 families, 20 genera and 168 species.
The name suggests they are moderately old.
Mesobatrachia are a newer group.
They were identified in 1993.
Anthony David "Tony" Scott (21 June 1944 – 19 August 2012) was a British movie director.
He was the younger brother of movie director Ridley Scott.
Scott was born in North Shields, the son of Elizabeth and Colonel Francis Percy Scott.
Scott was educated at the Royal College of Art and at the University of Sunderland.
His movies include The Hunger, Top Gun, Beverly Hills Cop II, The Last Boy Scout, True Romance, Crimson Tide, Enemy of the State, Spy Game, Man on Fire, Déjà Vu, The Taking of Pelham 123 and Unstoppable.
In 2010, the Scott brothers produced The A-Team of the television series.
Scott's film, Unstoppable, again starring Washington (with Chris Pine), the movie was released in November 2010.
Scott was married to Gerry Scott from 1967 until they divorced 1974.
Second he married 1986 until they divorced in 1987.
Lastly he married Donna W. Scott from 1994 until his death in 2012.
He had 2 children.
On 19 August 2012, Scott had committed suicide by jumping off the Vincent Thomas Bridge in the San Pedro, Los Angeles, port district of Los Angeles, California.
A memorial service was held and celebrities also attended; Tom Cruise, Val Kilmer, Eddie Murphy, Denzel Washington, Gene Hackman, Elijah Wood, Dane Cook, Dwayne Johnson, Stephen Fry, Peter Fonda, and Keira Knightley where some that attended the memorial service.
British cinematographers
British movie editors
Suicides by jumping in the United States
James Joseph Gandolfini Jr. (September 18, 1961 – June 19, 2013) was an American actor.
He was best known for playing Tony Soprano in the HBO television series, The Sopranos.
He won three Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe Award for his performance in the role.
Gandolfini was born on September 18, 1961 in Westwood, New Jersey.
He was of Italian ancestry.
He was raised in New Jersey.
Gandolfini studied at Paramus Catholic High School.
He grew up in Park Ridge, New Jersey.
Gandolfini graduated from Park Ridge High School in 1979.
He played basketball and acted in school plays.
He won the title "Class Flirt" in his senior yearbook.
Gandolfini earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in communication studies from Rutgers University.
While at Rutgers University, Gandolfini worked as a bouncer at local school pub.
He also worked as a bartender and club manager not including his acting career.
He first got his acting job as a young man living in New York City.
Gandolfini became famous for his role as Tony Soprano, a New Jersey Mafia boss and family man who was the lead character in the HBO drama The Sopranos.
The series started in 1999 and ran until 2007.
He won three Emmy Awards for "Best Actor in a Drama" for his role as Soprano.
Entertainment Weekly listed him as the 42nd Greatest TV Icon of All Time.
Gandolfini earned fame for this role, winning both the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series three times.
With a career span of 20 years, Gandolfini's other roles include Virgil in True Romance, Bobby Dougherty in Crimson Tide, Bear in Get Shorty, and Carol in Where the Wild Things Are.
In 2012, Gandolfini appeared in two major movies, Killing Them Softly and in Zero Dark Thirty.
He starred in the main role in the 2013 movie Enough Said.
It was released three months after his death.
Gandolfini's last movie was the 2014 movie The Drop.
Gandolfini was married to Marcy Wudarski from 1999 until they divorced in 2002.
He was then married to Deborah Lin from 2008 until his death in 2013.
With Wudarski he had a son named Michael (born 1999).
He had one daughter with Lin, named Liliana Ruth (born 2012).
A fan of motorcycles, Gandolfini owned a Harley-Davidson and a Vespa scooter.
On May 4, 2006, he was riding the Vespa in New York City traffic when it was hit by a taxi cab.
Gandolfini had knee surgery because of the accident.
The incident caused the production for The Sopranos to stop shooting for three months.
The accident happened when Gandolfini was filming of the final Sopranos episodes.
On October 31, 2009, Gandolfini was in New York City when a photographer wanted to take a picture of him.
Gandolfini lost his temper and punched the photographer.
A year before the incident, Gandolfini punched a paparazzi at the John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City.
On June 19, 2013, Gandolfini died suddenly while vacationing in Rome.
Ambulance staff arrived around 10:40pm and tried to save Gandolfini's life.
It was said that Gandolfini was still alive at the hotel but died on the way to the hospital.
Early reports thought the cause of death was either a heart attack or stroke.
Later on June 20, 2013, hospital official said that Gandolfini died from cardiac arrest.
It wasn't until on June 21 an autopsy was performed on Gandolfini.
It was confirmed that he had died of a heart attack.
The Sopranos creator David Chase called Gandolfini "a genius" and "his partner and brother".
New Jersey Governor Chris Christie said he was "a New Jersey treasure".
Gandolfini's body was returned to the United States on June 23.
Broadway dimmed theater marquee lights on the night of Wednesday, June 26 in Gandolfini's honor.
His funeral was held at Saint John the Divine cathedral in Manhattan, New York on June 27.
His remains were later cremated and given to his family.
Word of his death spread quickly with many of Gandolfini's friends.
Former co-stars, many fans throughout the entertainment business along with politicians such as John McCain and Chris Christie taking to the internet to respond to his sudden death.
Christie ordered all State buildings to fly flags at half-staff on June 24, to honor Gandolfini.
The day following his death, Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band, which features Gandolfini's Sopranos co-star Steven Van Zandt on guitar, gave a full album performance of their 1975 classic Born to Run.
His performance was dedicated it to Gandolfini.
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Rome
Sleep hygiene is a set of of practices and changes in behavior that make it easier to get restful sleep.
The concept of sleep hygiene was developed in the late 1970s as a method to help people with mild to moderate insomnia.
Sleep hygiene recommendations include setting up a sleep schedule, using naps with care, not exercising physically or mentally too close to bedtime, reducing stress, reducing nighttime activity, and limiting bed use if not sleeping, to name a few.
Other recommendations include avoiding alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, and other stimulants in the hours before bedtime, and having a peaceful, comfortable and dark sleep environment.
Doctors study the sleep hygiene of people who present with insomnia and other conditions, such as depression, and offer recommendations based on the assessment.
Parupalli Kashyap () (born 8 September 1986), also known as Kashyap Parupalli, is an Indian athlete.
He is best known as a badminton player who competed in the Summer Olympic Games.
Kashyap Parupalli at London2012.com
Sushil Kumar is an Indian sportsman.
He is best known as a wrestler who competed in two Summer Olympic Games.
Gagan Narang (born 6 May 1983) is an Indian sportsman.
His is best known as an shooter (marksman) who competed in three Summer Olympic Games.
Gagan was born in Madras in Tamil Nadu.
He was raised in Hyderabad.
ISSF World Medal Tally
Zara Anne Elizabeth Tindall MBE (née Phillips; born 15 May 1981) is a British equestrian and the second-eldest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.
Tindall is the second child, and only daughter, of Anne, Princess Royal and her first husband, Mark Phillips.
She is married to Mike Tindall, who used to be a rugby player for England.
She is better known by her maiden (old name before marriage) name.
In the line of succession, she is called "Mrs Michael Tindall".
She was given an Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) honour in the 2007 New Year's Honours List, by her grandmother for her services to equestrianism.
In 2012, she carried an Olympic flame at a racecourse in Cheltenham.
Tindall was born at St Mary's Hospital in London.
She is the eldest granddaughter of Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.
When she was born, she was sixth in line to the throne.
She is now 18th in line.
She has an older brother, Peter Phillips (born 15 November 1977).
She has two half-sisters, Felicity Tonkin (born in 1985 after her father had an affair) and Stephanie Phillips, born 2 October 1997, from her father's second marriage.
The children of the Princess Royal do not hold a title.
It is thought their mother did not want them to have one.
On 21 December 2010, Buckingham Palace said she was engaged to Mike Tindall MBE.
She got a diamond and platinum engagement ring from Tindall.
They married in 2011.
Her first daughter and child, Mia Grace Tindall, was born on 17 January 2014 at Gloucestershire Royal Hospital in Gloucestershire.
Her second daughter and child, Lena Elizabeth Tindall was born on 18 June 2018 in Stroud Maternity Hospital at Stroud.
A son, Lucas Philip Tindall, was born March 24, 2021 at Gatcombe Park in Gloucestershire.
Jean-Georges Noverre (29 April 1727 – 19 October 1810) was a French dancer and ballet master (choreographer).
He is considered the creator of the ballet d'action.
He performed or held posts across Europe.
His first great success was the ballet Les Fêtes Chinoises.
Other ballets include Jason et Médée, La Toilette de Venus, Les Jalousies du sérail, La dour corsaire and Le Jaloux sans rival.
He expressed his views on dance in the book Lettres sur la danse et les ballets in 1756 (published in 1760).
The French Revolution reduced Noverre to poverty.
He died in 1810.
A ballet blanc (literally, white ballet) is a ballet in the style of the 19th century romantic ballet.
The ballerinas and the female members of the corps de ballet wear bell-shaped, calf-length, white ballet tutus.
The second acts of La Sylphide and Giselle are representatives of the ballet blanc.
Fokine's Les Sylphides is a 20th-century homage to the ballet blanc.
Jean-Claude Juncker (born 9 December 1954) is a politician from Luxembourg.
Juncker studied Law.
He was one of the people who designed the Maastricht Treaty.
Junker was Prime Minister of Luxembourg from 1995 to 2013.
In 2014, he was elected President of the European Commission.
Government ministers of Luxembourg
Prime Ministers of Luxembourg
Usually it is created by people who have little or no artistic training in art schools.
Some may have a mental illness like schizophrenia.
People who do outsider art are called outsider artists.
They create their art from their own inner experience, not caring or knowing what other artists maybe doing.
The term outsider art was first used by art critic Roger Casement in 1972.
These artists often create buildings with strange architecture they build alone.
Some of them also do more conventional arts like painting, sculpture.
William Windom (September 28, 1923 – August 16, 2012) was an American movie, radio, stage, voice, and mostly television actor who's career has lasted for 56 years.
Windom is mostly known for his roles in popular television series such as; Matt Decker in Star Trek, as Dr. Seth Hazlitt in Murder, She Wrote, Glen Morley in The Twilight Zone, and is also known for his voice as Puppetino in Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night.
Windom was married to Carol Keyser from 1947 until they divorced in 1955.
Secondly he married Barbara Joyce from 1958 until they divorced in 1963.
Thirdly he married Barbara Goetz from 1963 until they divorced in 1968.
Fourthly he married Jacqulyn Hopkins from 1969 until they divorced in 1974.
Lastly he married Patricia Tunder from 1975 until his death in 2012.
Her brother Genki Nagasato and sister Yuki Nagasato are footballers.
Nagasato was born in Atsugi on January 24, 1989.
She joined Nippon TV Beleza from the youth team in 2007.
In 2012 season, she was selected Best Eleven.
In 2013, she moved to German Bundesliga club Turbine Potsdam.
In 2016, she retired.
In November 2008, Nagasato was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2008 U-20 World Cup.
She scored two goals including a winner against Germany.
On July 29, 2009, Nagasato debuted for the Japan national team against Germany.
She was a member of Japan for 2015 World Cup.
She played 11 games and scored 1 goals for Japan until 2015.
is a Japanese Shinto shrine in Kurume, Fukuoka Prefecture.
Kōra taisha was founded in the fifth century.
It is mentioned in the Engishiki.
It was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Chikugo Province and it is one of four in Fukuoka Prefecture.
In 1915, the shrine was recognized in the system of State Shinto.
It was one of six most highly ranked, nationally significant shrines or .
Kōra Taisha homepage
Gamepro was an American video game magazine.
It focuses on anything to do with video games (such as the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii), PCs and even mobile devices (such as the PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, iPhone).
Gamepro Media had owned and published the monthly magazine issue and the official website Gamepro.com.
The company was also a partly-owned subsidiary of International Data Group (IDG), a technology media, events and research company.