the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In Bond v. United States (2011), Carol A. Bond had been convicted under the federal Chemical Weapons Implementation Act of 1998 for a local assault using a chemical irritant (a chemical that causes skin burns).
Bond's attorneys argued the federal law was intended for terrorists and rogue states.
Instead, should have been prosecuted under state law.
In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court reversed the decision by the lower court and sent the case back.
Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote: "Bond has standing to challenge the federal statute on grounds that the measure interferes with the powers reserved to States..., etc."
A noble metal is a metal that is resistant to both corrosion and oxidation when exposed to air.
Metals such as gold, silver, platinum, iridium and palladium are examples.
Sometimes, mercury and copper can be regarded as noble metals.
Some metals like titanium are not, even though they are resistant to corrosion.
Noble metals are valuable, because they are not commonly found in the Earth's crust.
They have many uses in everyday things including chemical engineering, electronics, and jewelry.
Title IX (pronounced "title nine") is a portion of the United States Education Amendments of 1972.
It was co-authored and introduced by Senator Birch Bayh after the wave of feminist activism led by Bernice Sandler.
It was renamed the Patsy Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act in 2002, after its late House co-author and sponsor.
Title IX is a federal law that makes it illegal to  discriminate against a person on the basis of sex in any federally funded activity.
But even after Title IX was passed by Congress, women's athletic and academic opportunities in American schools still did not equal men's programs.
This is the Results of the second round of 2014 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.
23rd round
32nd round
The United States Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) was an agency of the Department of Justice from 1933 to 2003.
The agency ceased to exist under that name on March 1, 2003.
This is when most of its responsibilities were transferred to three new agencies.
These were the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP).
All were within the newly created Department of Homeland Security, as part of a major government reorganization following the September 11 attacks of 2001.
In 1890, the federal government, rather than the individual states, regulated immigration into the United States.
The Immigration Act of 1891 established a Commissioner of Immigration in the Treasury Department.
Immigration was transferred to the United States Department of Commerce and Labor after 1903 and the Department of Labor after 1913.
In 1940, with increasing concern about national security, immigration and naturalization was organized under the authority of the Department of Justice.
Salman Natour  (July 3, 1949 – February 15, 2016) was a Druze-Palestinian writer and novelist.
He was a citizen of Israel.
Natour published many books and plays.
He wrote in both Hebrew and Arabic.
He was mainly known for his work Granta.
He was born in Daliyat al-Karmel south of Haifa in 1949.
He graduated from high school in his hometown, and then went on to university in Jerusalem and later in Haifa.
He died on the morning of February 15, 2016 after a severe heart attack.
Admiral Sir William Donough O'Brien (13 November 1916 – 19 February 2016) was a British military leader.
He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Western Fleet.
He was then appointed Naval Secretary in 1964.
He was appointed Flag Officer Aircraft Carriers in 1966, Commander-in-Chief of the Far East Fleet in 1967 and Commander-in-Chief of the Western Fleet in 1970.
O'Brien died on 19 February 2016 from complications of pneumonia.
He had also been suffering from Alzheimer's disease.
Rajesh Raman Pillai (10 July 1974 – 27 February 2016) was an Indian movie director.
He was best known for his work in Malayalam cinema.
He was known for his movie Traffic (2011).
Pillai died on 27 February 2016 at a hospital in Kochi, India.
He had liver disease.
He was aged 41.
Frank Kelly (né Francis O'Kelly; 28 December 1938 – 28 February 2016) was an Irish actor, singer and writer.
He worked in television, radio, theatre, music, screenwriting and movies.
He played Father Jack Hackett in the Channel Four sitcom Father Ted.
He also played Dermont in Emmerdale.
Kelly died on 28 February 2016 from a heart attack.
The heart attack was a complication of Parkinson's disease.
He was recovering from bowel cancer and survived skin cancer.
Everest Base Camp is a campsite at the bottom of Mount Everest.
There are two of them, located on opposite sides of the mountain.
They are used as bases by mountain climbers.
The climbers usually rest at base camp for several days to acclimatise.
This lowers the risks and severity of altitude sickness.
Climbing starts from one of these two camps.
It is used when climbing via the southeast ridge.
It is used when climbing via the northeast ridge.
Food and equipment are brought to the South Base Camp by Sherpas or porters, with the help of animals like yaks.
The North Base Camp has a track that vehicles can access, but usually only during summer.
Lochner v. New York, (1905), was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States.
The Court ruled a New York State law that set the maximum numbers of hours bakers could work per week was unconstitutional.
The Court held that the right of a person to make a contract as a part of his or her business is a liberty protected by the Fourteenth Amendment.
With few exceptions this included the right to buy and sell labor.
The decision was controversial and it made the Supreme Court an adversary to legislatures for over 30 years.
Repeatedly, the Court struck down laws that regulated labor saying they violated the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
This was called the "Lochner Era"; so-named for this decision.
A statute was enacted by the State of New York which limited the number of hours bakers could work to 10 hours a day or 60 hours a week.
The law was a part of the Bakershop Act passed in 1895.
The Journeymen Bakers’ Union wanted to limit the number of hours a day union bakers could work.
Bakers were then typically paid by the day.
The work had a number of health and safety risks due to dust, fumes, the heat of the ovens, etc.
The lobbying was successful and in May 1895 the Governor of New York signed the bill into law.
Joseph Lochner, a baker in Utica, New York, found the law made it hard to operate his business.
He and his bakers often had to work more than 60 hours a week.
Lochner was charged with violating the state law.
He filed the appeal because he felt the law was unconstitutional because it violated his Civil liberties of "Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness".
The case went before the Supreme Court on February 23rd and was decided on April 17, 1905.
The is considered one of the most groundbreaking cases in United States history.
Lochner v. New York - Significance
Doom, known during development as Doom 4, is a first-person shooter game in the Doom series from 2016.
The game is the second reboot of the Doom series and features gameplay similar to the original Doom.
The way Doom (2016) was designed was very different from Doom 3, which was more survival-horror-based and slower paced rather than the usual action-based, faster pace games of Doom and Doom II.
It was released on May 13, 2016.
The game can be played on the PC, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch.
The sequel is Doom Eternal and was released in 2020.
To make both fans of the first game and modern gamers happy, the game developers kept many of the old gameplay features and added some new ones as well.
Older gameplay features include never reloading your weapon, having all weapons on you at all times rather than just two weapons, having a traditional health bar rather than health regeneration, running at full speed at all times, rewarding offensive gameplay rather than defensive gameplay, and defense being based on strafing (moving out of the way) rather than taking cover.
Gameplay features that are new to the series include melee-based finishing moves called Glory Kills, most weapons having two different secondary firing modes that can be bought and switched out at any time, platforming similar to the Metroid Prime games, weapon challenges to upgrade your weapons, and arcade-style challenges to upgrade your suit.
The art style is also a mix of Doom and Doom 3.
The game has all the weapons from Doom and Doom 2.
It also has the Heavy Assault Rifle, which was based on the Assault Rifle in Doom 3.
There is also a completely new weapon, the Gauss Cannon.
The Chainsaw now has fuel limits, unlike the other Doom games, but it can kill most enemies in one hit, and it also gives the player more ammo pick-ups when he or she is low on ammo.
The BFG-9000 also has its own ammo, which can kill every non-boss enemy you can see on-screen.
Six weapons have two different mods that can be switched in battle.
For example, the Shotgun has both Burst Shot and Grenade Launcher mods.
Like in earlier Doom games, certain weapons share ammo.
The Chaingun and Heavy Assault Rifle share bullets, the Combat Shotgun and Super Shotgun share shotgun shells, and the Plasma Rifle and Gauss Cannon share energy cells.
The game begins with the player, the Doom Slayer, wakes up chained to a coffin after hundreds of years being trapped in Hell.
A zombie comes to kill the Doom Slayer, but he breaks free from his chains, kills the approaching zombie, and kills the rest of them with the Pistol.
In the next room, the Doom Slayer finds his suit of armor, the Praetor Suit, and puts it on.
Right after that, the Doomslayer learns that the UAC lab on Mars has been overrun with demons, and that almost everyone on the base is either dead or they turned into zombies or demons.
This is the result of leading scientist Olivia Pierce and her followers performing rituals to literally unleash Hell on Mars.
The CEO of UAC, Samuel Hayden, tells the Doom Slayer that the UAC was sending workers to Hell to get Argent Energy, an extremely powerful and efficient source of energy, and to do research on captured demons.
He says it is absolutely needed to solve Earth's energy shortage.
However, it was not his plan to unleash Hell.
He tells the Doom Slayer that Pierce went insane and went too far.
While the Doom Slayer agrees to help Hayden stop the demons coming on Mars, he also tries to destroy the Argent Energy production as well, which makes Hayden unhappy.
Despite the Doom Slayer's best efforts, Pierce was able to open up the Well, a very large portal of Hell on the UAC base, so that Hell will be unleashed on Mars forever.
Even though the Doom Slayer gets sent to Hell, Hayden created a tether system that allows the Doom Slayer to be teleported out of Hell at anytime.
Hayden tells the Doom Slayer that there is only one way to shut down the Well, go back to Hell to get a key called the Crucible.
Doom Slayer goes back to Hell by fighting the Cyberdemon, who teleports himself and the Doom Slayer there in the middle of the boss fight.
When the Doom Slayer finds the Crucible, it was being guarded by demons called the Argent Guards.
The Doom Slayer kills them and gets the Crucible.
The Doom Slayer then uses the Crucible to close the portal.
After that, he fights Pierce, who has turned into the Spider Mastermind.
After he kills Pierce, Hayden teleports him right back to Mars and takes the Crucible from him.
With the Crucible, Hayden can restart Argent Energy production.
Hayden then teleports the Doom Slayer to an unknown place, and right afterwards, the game's credits are shown.
The at sign (@) is a symbol.
It is used in bills, emails and programming.
In email, it is used to show a specific domain of an email address.
In bills, it used to mean "at a rate of"; for example, "7 widgets @ £2 = £14".
In programming, the at-sign has been used in a wide range of programming languages.
It was invented by Ray Tomlinson.
The Humboldt Current is a cold, low-salinity ocean current.
It flows north along the west coast of South America from the southern tip of Chile to northern Peru.
Also called the 'Peru Current', it flows in the direction of the equator.
It extends 1,000 kilometers offshore.
The Humboldt Current is a large marine ecosystem, named after the Prussian naturalist Alexander von Humboldt.
It is one of the major nutrient systems of the world, bringing nutrients up into the surface waters of the ocean.
This supports an extraordinary abundance of marine life.
Upwelling occurs off Peru year-round but off Chile only during the spring and summer.
This is  because the subtropical center of high pressure is displaced during the summer.
About 18-20% of the world’s fish catch comes from the Humboldt Current.
The species are mostly pelagic: sardines, anchovies and jack mackerel.
This high productivity supports other important fishery resources as well as marine mammals (eared seals and cetaceans) and seabirds.
The cold, nutrient-rich water upwelling to the surface drives the system’s extraordinary productivity.
The 2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A (officially the Brasileirão Petrobras 2011 for sponsorship reasons) was the 55th edition of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, the top-level of professional football in Brazil.
It began on May 21 and was scheduled to end on December 4.
Fluminense comes in as the defending champion having won the 2010 season.
This is the Results of the first round of 2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.
13th round
This is the Results of the second round of 2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.
The following is a list of notable deaths in March 2016.
Stuart Beck, 69, American diplomat, Ambassador to the United Nations for Palau (20032013), kidney cancer.
Jean Miotte, 90, French abstract painter.
Martha Wright, 92, American actress (South Pacific, The Sound of Music) and singer.
Janusz Bolonek, 77, Polish Roman Catholic prelate and diplomat, Apostolic nuncio (1989–2013), cancer.
Prince Johann Georg of Hohenzollern, 83, German royal and art historian.
Marion Patrick Jones, 85, Trinidadian writer, heart failure.
Benoît Lacroix, 100, Canadian Dominican priest and historian, complications from pneumonia.
Aubrey McClendon, 56, American energy and basketball executive, CEO of Chesapeake Energy, part-owner of the Oklahoma City Thunder, traffic collision.
Paul Webley, 62, British educator, president of SOAS, University of London (20062015), cancer.
Berta Cáceres, 42, Honduran indigenous leader, shot.
Martin Crowe, 53, New Zealand cricketer (national team, Wellington Firebirds, Central Districts Stags), complications from lymphoma.
Sophie Dessus, 60, French politician, member of the National Assembly for Corrèze's 1st Constituency (since 2012), cancer.
Ashok Ghosh, 94, Indian politician, General Secretary of All India Forward Bloc (since 1946), multiple organ failure.
Hayabusa, 47, Japanese professional wrestler (Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling), brain hemorrhage.
Thanat Khoman, 102, Thai politician, Foreign Minister (1959–1971), respiratory failure.
Natalia Krachkovskaya, 77, Russian actress (Ivan Vasilievich: Back to the Future), heart attack.
Bud Collins, 86, American sports journalist.
Pat Conroy, 70, American author (The Prince of Tides, The Great Santini), pancreatic cancer.
Thomas G. Morris, 96, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives for New Mexico's at-large district (1959–1969); New Mexico House of Representatives (1953–1958).
Morgan F. Murphy, 83, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois's 3rd congressional district (1971–1981), prostate cancer.
P. A. Sangma, 68, Indian politician, Speaker of the Lok Sabha (1996–1998), heart attack.
Abbas Vaez-Tabasi, 80, Iranian cleric, Grand Imam of Ali al-Ridha mosque (since 1979), respiratory failure.
Hassan al-Turabi, 84, Sudanese Islamic spiritual leader, Secretary of the Popular Congress Party (1999-2016), figure in 1989 Sudanese coup d'état.
James Douglas, 86, American actor (As the World Turns, Another World, One Life to Live).
Nikolaus Harnoncourt, 86, Austrian conductor.
Lester Menke, 97, American politician, member of the Iowa House of Representatives (19731985), dementia.
Ray Tomlinson, 74, American Hall of Fame computer programmer, invented email and chose @ symbol for usage, heart attack.
Al Wistert, 95, American football player (Philadelphia Eagles, Michigan Wolverines), NFL Champion (1948, 1949).
Elizabeth Garrett, 52, American educator, president of Cornell University (20152016), colon cancer.
Znaur Gassiev, 90, South Ossetian politician, Head of State (1991-1992). (
Kalabhavan Mani, 45, Indian actor (Vasanthiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njaanum) and singer, liver disease.
Nancy Reagan, 94, American actress (The Next Voice You Hear..., Hellcats of the Navy, Donovan's Brain), social activist (Just Say No), and First Lady (1981–1989), congestive heart failure.
Paul Ryan, 66, American comic artist (Fantastic Four, Superman, Iron Man), cancer.
Sheila Varian, 79, American horse breeder (Arabian horses), cancer.
Adrian Hardiman, 65, Irish judge, member of the Supreme Court (since 2000), heart attack.
Jean-Bernard Raimond, 90, French politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs (1986–1988).
Michael White, 80, Scottish movie and theatre producer (Monty Python and the Holy Grail, The Rocky Horror Picture Show), Tony Award-winner (1971, 1973), heart failure.
Richard Davalos, 85, American actor (Cool Hand Luke, East of Eden, Kelly's Heroes).
Aldo Ferrer, 88, Argentine economist, Minister of the Economy (1970-1971).
David S. Johnson, 70, American computer scientist.
George Martin, 90, British record producer (The Beatles), composer, arranger and engineer.
Alfred E. Senn, 83, American historian and academic, awarded Order of Vytautas the Great for service to Lithuania.
Sergio Arellano Stark, 94, Chilean military officer, leader of the Caravan of Death, complications from Alzheimer's disease.
Jon English, 66, Australian musician and actor (Against the Wind), complications from surgery.
Ray Griff, 75, Canadian country music singer ("If I Let Her Come In") and songwriter ("Canadian Pacific"), pneumonia.
Robert Horton, 91, American actor (Wagon Train).
Naná Vasconcelos, 71, Brazilian jazz percussionist and vocalist, eight-time Grammy Award winner, lung cancer.
Bill Wade, 85, American football player (Los Angeles Rams, Chicago Bears), NFL Champion (1963).
Sir Ken Adam, 95, British production designer (Dr. Strangelove, James Bond, The Madness of King George), Oscar winner (1975, 1994).
Ernestine Anderson, 87, American jazz and blues singer.
Anita Brookner, 87, British novelist (Hotel du Lac) and art historian, Man Booker Prize winner (1984).
Keith Emerson, 71, English progressive rock and rock keyboardist (The Nice, Emerson, Lake & Palmer), suicide by gunshot.
Claude Estier, 90, French politician and journalist, member of the National Assembly for Paris (19671968, 19811986), MEP for France (19791981).
Bill Gadsby, 88, Canadian Hall of Fame ice hockey player (Detroit Red Wings, Chicago Blackhawks, New York Rangers).
Gogi Grant, 91, American pop singer ("The Wayward Wind").
Roberto Perfumo, 73, Argentine footballer (Racing Club, Cruzeiro, national team), fall.
Jovito Salonga, 95, Filipino politician, Senate President (1987–1992), cardiac arrest.
Iolanda Balaș, 79, Romanian high jumper, Olympic champion (1960, 1964), director of the FRA (19882005), complications from a gastric disorder.
Rómulo Macció, 84, Argentine painter.
Doreen Massey, 72, British geographer, pancreatic cancer.
Louis Meyers, 60, American festival organizer, co-founder of South by Southwest, director of Folk Alliance International, suspected heart attack.
Dragan Nikolić, 72, Serbian actor (Kad budem mrtav i beo), cancer.
Lawrence Van Gelder, 83, American newspaper journalist (The New York Times), cancer.
Rafiq Azad, 74, Bangladeshi poet, stroke.
Erik Duval, 50, Belgian computer scientist, lymphoma.
Lloyd Shapley, 92, American mathematician and economist, Nobel Prize in Economics (2012), complications of a broken hip.
Adrienne Corri, 84, British actress (A Clockwork Orange), coronary artery disease.
Hilary Putnam, 89, American philosopher, mathematician and computer scientist, mesothelioma.
Martin Olav Sabo, 78, American politician, U.S. Representative from Minnesota (1979–2007), respiratory failure.
József Verebes, 74, Hungarian football player (Ferencvárosi TC) and coach (Győri ETO FC, MTK Budapest FC, national team), complications from a stroke.
John W. Cahn, 88, American metallurgist, awarded National Medal of Science (1998), namesake of Cahn–Hilliard equation, leukemia.
Sir Peter Maxwell Davies, 81, English composer and conductor, Master of the Queen's Music (2004–2014), leukemia.
Riccardo Garrone, 89, Italian actor (La Dolce Vita, The Yellow Rolls-Royce, Swordsman of Siena), heart failure.
Suranimala Rajapaksha, 67, Sri Lankan politician and minister, MP (19942004), renal failure.
Davy Walsh, 92, Irish footballer (Limerick F.C., Aston Villa F.C., national team), pneumonia. (
Asa Briggs, Baron Briggs, 94, British historian, codebreaker and life peer.
Tamara Grigsby, 41, American politician, member of the Wisconsin State Assembly (20042012), cancer. (
Ralph C. Johnson, 62, American politician, member of the North Carolina House of Representatives (since 2015), complications from a stroke.
Earline W. Parmon, 72, American politician, member of the North Carolina House of Representatives (20022012) and Senate (20122015).
Seru Rabeni, 37, Fijian rugby union player (national team), heart attack.
Lyubka Rondova, 79, Bulgarian folk singer.
Sylvia Anderson, 88, British television producer and voice actress (Thunderbirds). (
Alexander Esenin-Volpin, 91, American poet and mathematician.
Cliff Michelmore, 96, British television presenter (BBC) and producer.
Frank Sinatra, Jr., 72, American singer ("That Face!")
and actor (The Dean Martin Show, Hollywood Homicide, Family Guy), cardiac arrest.
Shozo Awazu, 92, Japanese judoka.
Meir Dagan, 71, Israeli military officer and intelligence official, Director of the Mossad (2002–2011), liver cancer.
Paul Daniels, 77, British magician (The Paul Daniels Magic Show), brain tumour.
Larry Drake, 66, American actor (L.A. Law, Johnny Bravo, Darkman), Emmy winner (1988, 1989), heart attack.
Zoltán Kamondi, 55, Hungarian movie director (Paths of Death and Angels).
Marian Kociniak, 80, Polish actor (How I Unleashed World War II), heart attack.
Solomon Marcus, 91, Romanian mathematician, heart failure.
Miguel Hernández Agosto, 88, Puerto Rican politician, President of the Senate (1981-1992).
Jan Němec, 79, Czech movie director (A Report on the Party and the Guests) and screenwriter, heart attack.
Joe Santos, 84, American actor (The Rockford Files, The Friends of Eddie Coyle, The Last Boy Scout), heart attack.
Lothar Späth, 78, German politician, Minister President of Baden-Württemberg (19781991), Alzheimer's disease.
Les Tanyuk, 77, Ukrainian theatre and movie director and politician, MP (1990–2012).
Tray Walker, 23, American football player (Baltimore Ravens), dirt bike accident.
Guido Westerwelle, 54, German politician, Foreign Minister (20092013) and Vice-Chancellor (20092011), leukemia.
Roger Agnelli, 56, Brazilian businessman, CEO of Vale S.A. (2001–2011), plane crash.
José Artetxe, 85, Spanish footballer (Athletic Bilbao, national team), complications from Alzheimer's disease.
Léonie Geisendorf, 101, Swedish architect.
Jack Mansell, 88, British football player (England B, Brighton, Portsmouth) and coach (Israel, Reading, Rotherham United).
Robert J. Healey, 58, American politician, political activist and attorney, suspected heart attack. (
Anker Jørgensen, 93, Danish politician, Prime Minister (1972–1973, 1975–1982).
Peter Brown, 80, American actor (Lawman, Laredo, Foxy Brown), complications from Parkinson's disease.
Andrew Grove, 79, American business executive, CEO and Chairman of Intel Corporation, complications from Parkinson's disease.
Joseph Mercieca, 87, Maltese Roman Catholic prelate, Archbishop of Malta (1976–2006).
Carolyn Squires, 75, American politician, member of the Montana Senate (2002–2010) and House of Representatives (since 2010), colorectal cancer.
Richard Bradford, 82, American actor (Man in a Suitcase, The Untouchables, Cagney & Lacey).
Leon Charney, 77, American real estate tycoon and talk show host. (
Glen Dawson, 103, American rock climber and mountaineer.
Phife Dawg, 45, American rap musician (A Tribe Called Quest), complications from diabetes.
Santiago J. Erevia, 70, American soldier (Vietnam War), Medal of Honor recipient.
Rob Ford, 46, Canadian politician, Mayor of Toronto (2010–2014), liposarcoma.
Rita Gam, 88, American actress (The Thief, King of Kings, No Exit) and filmmaker, respiratory failure.
Joe Garagiola, Sr.,
90, American baseball player (St. Louis Cardinals, Chicago Cubs, Pittsburgh Pirates) and sportscaster (MLB GOTW), World Series Champion (1946).
Ken Howard, 71, American actor (1776, The White Shadow)  and union executive, president of the SAG/SAG-AFTRA (20092016), Emmy Award winner (2009), Tony Award winner (1970).
Jimmy Riley, 61, Jamaican reggae musician (The Uniques), cancer.
Maggie Blye, 73, American actress (The Italian Job), cancer.
Roger Cicero, 45, German jazz and pop musician, stroke.
Johan Cruyff, 68, Dutch football player and manager (AFC Ajax, FC Barcelona, national team), lung cancer.
Earl Hamner, Jr., 92, American television writer and producer (Falcon Crest, The Waltons, The Twilight Zone), cancer.
Esther Herlitz, 94, Israeli diplomat and politician.
Marie-Claire Kirkland, 91, Canadian politician and judge, first woman elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec.
Tibor R. Machan, 77, Hungarian-born American philosopher and journalist.
Garry Shandling, 66, American comedian, actor (The Larry Sanders Show, It's Garry Shandling's Show, Captain America: The Winter Soldier) and Emmy Award-winning television writer (Sanford and Son, Welcome Back, Kotter), heart attack.
Leonard L. Northrup Jr., 98, American engineer.
Abu Ala al-Afri, 57/58, Iraqi militant, leading member of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, bombing.
Clodomir Santos de Morais, 87, Brazilian sociologist, heart failure.
Paolo Poli, 86, Italian theater actor (Gulliver's Travels).
Imre Pozsgay, 82, Hungarian Communist politician, Minister of Education (1980-1982).
David Snellgrove, 95, British Tibetologist.
Adam Żurowski, 86, Polish geodesist.
David Baker, 84, American jazz musician.
Norm Hadley, 51, Canadian rugby union player (London Wasps).⋅
Jim Harrison, 78, American author and screenwriter (Legends of the Fall, Wolf), heart attack.
Igor Pashkevich, 44, Soviet-born Russian Olympic figure skater (1994, 1998), World Juniors champion (1990).
Mother Angelica, 92, American Franciscan nun, founder of the Eternal Word Television Network, complications from a stroke.
Vince Boryla, 89, American basketball player and coach (New York Knicks), and general manager (Denver Nuggets), Olympic champion (1948), complications from pneumonia.
Alain Decaux, 90, French historian, member of the Académie française.
Antoine Demoitié, 25, Belgian cyclist, race collision.
Anatoly Savin, 95, Soviet-born Russian weapons designer, Hero of Socialist Labour.
Daan Myngheer, 22, Belgian professional cyclist, heart attack.
James Noble, 94, American actor (Benson, 10, Archie: To Riverdale and Back Again), complications from a stroke.
Jean-Pierre Coffe, 78, French television presenter and food critic.
Patty Duke, 69, American actress (The Miracle Worker, The Patty Duke Show, Valley of the Dolls), President of SAG (19851988), Oscar winner (1963), sepsis.
Anne Aasheim, 53, Norwegian newspaper editor (Dagbladet), lung cancer.
Howard Cable, 95, Canadian conductor, composer and arranger, complications from pneumonia.
Shirley Hufstedler, 90, American lawyer and judge, Secretary of Education (1979–1981), cerebrovascular disease.
Bernard Lamarre, 84, Canadian soil mechanics engineer and businessman, CEO of Lavalin (1962–1991).
Bill Rosendahl, 70, American politician, member of the Los Angeles City Council (2005–2013), ureteral cancer.
Gianmaria Testa, 57, Italian singer-songwriter.
Béla Biszku, 94, Hungarian politician, Minister of the Interior (1957–1961).
Ronnie Corbett, 85, British comedian (The Two Ronnies, The Frost Report) and actor (Casino Royale), motor neurone disease.
Georges Cottier, 93, Swiss Roman Catholic cardinal.
Hans-Dietrich Genscher, 89, German politician, Minister of the Interior (1969–1974), Minister for Foreign Affairs (1974–1982; 1982–1992) and Vice Chancellor (1974–1982; 1982–1992), heart failure.
Dame Zaha Hadid, 65, Iraqi-born British architect, heart attack.
Imre Kertész, 86, Hungarian writer, laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature (2002), complications from Parkinson's disease.
Denise Robertson, 83, British writer and television broadcaster (This Morning), pancreatic cancer.
Khuzaima Qutbuddin, 75, Indian Islamic leader, cancer.
Douglas Wilmer, 96, English actor (Sherlock Holmes, Octopussy, Jason and the Argonauts).
Crimes against humanity are crimes that are committed against a large group of people who have not done anything wrong.
Groups who commit crimes against humanity do not hurt just one person, or just a few people.
They want to hurt an entire group of people that they do not like.
For example, in Nazi Germany during The Holocaust, the Nazis tried to kill all of the Jewish people in Europe.
This is an example of a crime against humanity.
Not every crime committed against a big group is a crime against humanity.
To be crimes against humanity, crimes must be:
Planned by a government, or
Accepted by the government.
Even though the crimes are very common, the government does not do anything to try to stop them.
In this way, the government is giving its approval for the crimes, without actually telling people to do them.
However, in the past, not all of these things were thought of as crimes against humanity.
For example, crimes against humanity were first listed in 1945.
However, it was not until 2002 that many forms of sexual abuse (like sexual slavery) were included as crimes against humanity.pp.
The words "crime against humanity" were first used after the Armenian Genocide.
In 1915, the government of the Ottoman Empire killed up to 1.5 million Armenian people.
The government killed men or made them do forced labor.
They also forced Armenian women and children to leave their homes.
On the way, the Ottoman military raped, robbed, and killed civilians.
After World War II ended, many people who participated in The Holocaust were captured and put on trial at the Nuremberg Trials.
However, the people running the Trials had to figure out how to deal with the crimes these people had committed during the Holocaust.
At that time, courts could try people for war crimes.
But the courts had never seen a case where a government committed such awful crimes against its own citizens.
To allow the court to charge the Nazis for these crimes, the court passed a law.
This law said that the court could put people on trial for crimes against humanity as well as war crimes.
It defined "crimes against humanity" as:
Apartheid is a system of keeping one race separate from another.
One race has all the power, and the other race has none.
This continues through racist laws and attitudes.
South Africa practiced apartheid for decades.
The government passed laws saying that different races could not live in the same areas, have sex, get married, go to school together, go to the same beaches, or even go to the same hospitals.
The schools, hospitals, and other places where non-white people were allowed to go were much worse than the places for white people.
In 1976, the United Nations General Assembly ruled that apartheid is a crime against humanity.
Part of its ruling said:
Considering ... that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights and that everyone is entitled to all ... rights and freedoms ... [we] declare that apartheid is a crime against humanity.
Rape and sexual violence
The International Criminal Court (ICC) opened in 2002.
Its job is to look into war crimes and crimes against humanity.
If possible, it tries and punishes people for these crimes.
When the ICC was formed, it created a new list of crimes against humanity.
This was the first time that any type of sexual abuse, other than rape, was included as a crime against humanity.
The ICC includes all of these as crimes against humanity:pp.
Making women work as prostitutes
Forcing women to get pregnant
Forcing women to get sterilized
Sexual violence (other types of sexual abuse and sexual assault)
The ICC also includes all of these crimes as war crimes, if they happen as part of a war.pp.
Elements of Crimes by the International Criminal Court (a list and explanation of every crime the ICC considers a crime against humanity or a war crime)
Captain Donald Edward "Don" Williams (February 13, 1942 – February 23, 2016) was an American naval officer and aviator, test pilot, mechanical engineer and NASA astronaut.
He has a recorded total of 287 hours and 35 minutes in space.
He was born in Lafayette, Indiana.
Williams died on February 23, 2016 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida from complications of a stroke.
NASA: Astronaut Biography
Louise Rennison (11 October 1951 – 29 February 2016) was an English author.
She wrote the Confessions of Georgia Nicolson, which was a series for teenage girls.
This series records the life of a teenage girl, Georgia Nicolson, and her best friends, the Ace Gang.
Rennison was born in Leeds.
She grew up on a council estate in Seacroft.
She lived in New Zealand for part of her teens.
During that time she had daughter, whom she gave up for adoption.
Her first and second novels, Angus, Thongs and Full-Frontal Snogging and It's OK, I'm Wearing Really Big Knickers  were made into a movie called Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging.
She also wrote a series of books about Georgia's younger cousin, The Misadventures of Tallulah Casey.
Rennison never married.
She died on 29 February 2016.
The Vorkuta mine disaster was a series of explosions that happened in a mine in Vorkuta, Komi Republic, Russia.
It killed 36 people on 25 February 2016.
2016 disasters in Europe
Adriana Benetti (12 December 1919 – 24 February 2016) was an Italian actress.
She was known for her roles in Quattro passi fra le nuvole, C'è sempre un ma!,
Uno tra la folla and Avanti c'è posto.... She was born in Ferrara, Italy.
Benetti died in Rome on 24 February 2016 from complications of pneumonia.
Alan Mark Grayson (born March 13, 1958) is an American politician.
He is the United States Representative for .
He last served as Representative for  from 2009 to 2011.
He was defeated for re-election in 2010 by Republican Daniel Webster.
He was then elected in 2012 for another term in the House of Representatives, defeating Republican Todd Long.
On July 9, 2015, Grayson announced his intentions to run in the United States Senate election in Florida, 2016 to replace Marco Rubio.
In 2016, Grayson said he supported Bernie Sanders to be the Democratic nominee for President of the United States.
Tulsi Gabbard (born April 12, 1981) is an American politician.
She was the United States Representative for Hawaii's second congressional district from 2013 to 2021.
She was also a vice-chair of the Democratic National Committee until 28 February 2016.
She resigned in order to support Senator Bernie Sanders for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination.
Gabbard was elected in 2012.
She is the first American Samoan and the first Hindu member of the United States Congress.
Along with Tammy Duckworth, she is also one of its first female combat veterans.
In January 2019, Gabbard announced her plans to run for President of the United States in the 2020 presidential election.
On October 25, 2019, Gabbard announced that she will not seek another term in Congress.
She dropped out from the primaries on March 19, 2020 and announced her support for Joe Biden.
Gabbard was born on April 12, 1981, in Leloaloa, American Samoa, the fourth of five children.
Her father, Mike Gabbard, is of American Samoan descent.
She graduated from Hawaii Pacific University with a Bachelor of Science degree in Business Administration in 2009.
Hawaii House of Representatives (2002–2004)
In 2002, Gabbard ran to represent the 42nd House District of the Hawaii House of Representatives.
She won the four-candidate Democratic primary with a plurality of 48% of the vote over Rida Cabanilla (30%), Dolfo Ramos (18%), and Gerald Vidal (4%).
Gabbard then defeated Republican Alfonso Jimenez in the general election, 65%–35%.
In 2002, at the age of 21, Gabbard had become the youngest legislator ever elected in Hawaii's history and the youngest woman ever elected to a U.S. state legislature.
She represented the Oahu 42nd District, which covers Waipahu, Honolulu, and Ewa Beach.
Gabbard strongly supported legislation to promote clean energy.
Regarding the environment, Gabbard supported legislation to better protect air quality and the water supply.
Honolulu City Council (2011–2012)
After returning home from her second deployment to the Middle East in 2009, Gabbard ran for a seat on the Honolulu City Council.
Gabbard finished first with 33% of the vote in the primary.
In the November 2 runoff election, she defeated Sesnita Moepono, 58%–42%, to win the seat.
Gabbard introduced a measure to help food truck vendors by loosening parking restrictions.
She also introduced Bill 54, a measure that authorized city workers to confiscate personal belongings stored on public property with 24 hours' notice to its owner.
United States House of Representatives (2013–present)
In early 2011, Mazie Hirono, the incumbent Congresswoman in Hawaii's second congressional district, announced that she would run for a U.S. Senate seat.
Soon after that, in May 2011, Gabbard announced her candidacy for the House seat.
Gabbard won with 62,882 votes or 55% of the total.
The Honolulu Star-Advertiser described her win as an "improbable rise from a distant underdog to victory."
Gabbard resigned from the City Council on August 16 to prevent the cost of holding a special election.
Gabbard was reelected on November 8, 2016, defeating her Republican opponent, Angela Kaaihue, by about 130,000 votes, or 170,848 to 39,668 votes (81.2%–18.8%).
Gabbard was overwhelmingly reelected in 2018.
She defeated her Republican opponent, Brian Evans, by around 110,000 votes, or 153,271 to 44,850 votes (77.4%–22.6%).
Gabbard resigned as DNC vice-chair on February 28, 2016, in order to endorse Senator Bernie Sanders for the Democratic presidential nomination.
She was the first female U.S. Representative to endorse Sanders.
At the 2016 Democratic National Convention, Gabbard gave the nominating speech putting his name forward.
On October 19, 2018, Politico announced that Gabbard was "weighing a 2020 presidential bid", and would wait until after the 2018 midterms for an official announcement.
On January 11, 2019 interview with CNN, Gabbard confirmed her plans to seek the Democratic nomination and officially announced her candidacy the following week.
In 2002, Gabbard married Eduardo Tamayo.
In February 2015, Gabbard got engaged to Abraham Williams, and the two married on April 9, 2015.
Congresswoman Tulsi Gabbard  official U.S. House website
Tulsi Gabbard for Congress
Healthy Hawai'i Coalition (HHC)
Tulsi Gabbard  Video produced by Makers: Women Who Make America
Tulsi Gabbard Marriage  Tulsi Gabbard's marriage in Vedic tradition
"Writing's on the Wall" is a song by British singer Sam Smith.
It was the theme song for the James Bond movie Spectre in 2015.
The song was released as a digital download on 25 September 2015.
The song was written by Smith and Jimmy Napes, and produced by Napes, Steve Fitzmaurice and Disclosure.
It was released on 25 September 2015.
"Writing's on the Wall" received mixed reviews, especially when compared to other Bond theme songs.
The mixed reception to the song led to Shirley Bassey being a popular topic on Twitter on the day it was released.
The single became the first Bond movie theme to reach number 1 in the UK Singles Chart.
It also reached the Top 10 in a few other European countries.
Unlike other James Bond themes, it was not as successful outside Europe.
It only peaked at Number 43 in Canada and Australia and Number 71 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Only the instrumental version of the song appeared on the movie's official soundtrack album.
Sam Smith (singer) songs
Betsy Jochum "Sockum" (born February 8, 1921) is a former American baseball player.
She played as an outfielder and pitcher.
She played from 1943 to 1948 in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League.
She was listed at , .
She batted and threw right-handed.
Jochum played for the South Bend Blue Sox during her whole career.
Jochum was born in Cincinnati, Ohio.
She was raised in South Bend, Indiana.
Repeating decimal (or recurring decimal) is a decimal where the number or pattern repeats forever.
Repeating decimal is resulted when dividing a number by a number that is not divisible except for certain cases like dividing any number by 5.
For example, dividing 7 by 3 would result in a repeating decimal, which is 2.333... or 2.. The number or group of numbers that repeats is called a repetend or reptend and the number of numbers in the repetend is called the period length.
For 2.,
3 is the repetend and the period length is 1.
Azerbaijani wines are wines made in Azerbaijan.
Azerbaijan is one of the oldest wine-making regions in the world.
Azerbaijani wine is made in several areas throughout Azerbaijan.
Azerbaijan has a successful wine industry that dates back to the 2nd millennium BC.
Azerbaijan's long history of wine-making was rediscovered at archaeological digs of settlements in Kültəpə, Qarabağlar and Galajig.
Archaeologists discovered stone fermentation and storage containers that included remnants and grape seeds dating back to the 2nd millennium BC.
The Ancient Greeks were well aware of wine production in the area by at least the 7th century BC according to Herodotus.
Later Strabo would comment in the 1st century BC about an Azerbaijani wine known as Albania.
Arabic historians and geographers described the extensive viticulture around Ganja and Barda that was taking place even after Islamic conquest of the area.
Since the end of the Soviet Union and the independence of Azerbaijan, many attempts have been made to revive and modernize the Azerbaijani wine industry.
Today vineyards are found in the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains and the Kur-Araz lowlands near the Kura River.
In the 21st century, Ganja, Nagorno-Karabakh and Nakhchivan have emerged as centers of wine production in the region.
Azerbaijani cuisine
History of Vine growing and wine making
Wine and Wagons.
Helenendorf: Azerbaijan's First German Settlement, on German wine-growing community of Azerbaijan, by Azerbaijan International
Urinogenital is a term for the common urinal and sex passage (opening) in mammals.
In females it is called the vagina, and in males it is called the penis.
Mammals have a sepate opening for waste (defaecation) called the anus.
The term contrasts with that of reptiles and birds, which have one common opening for sex, urine and defaecation.
This is called the cloaca.
Trade, money, markets, banks, laws and regulations are all part of an economic system.
Examples of economic systems include:
Market economy, where prices are decided by supply and demand.
State capitalism, where the means of production are organized and managed as state-owned business enterprises, and wages are decided by the government.
1066 Harold’s Way is a long-distance path in South East England.
It was developed in 2013.
The path goes from Westminster Abbey to Battle Abbey.
It goes through London, Kent and East Sussex.
The route includes parts of the Thames Path, the Green Chain Walk, the Kent Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and the High Weald AONB.
1066 Harold’s Way commemorates King Harold II’s march to the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066.
It is based on the Roman road network that was still being used in 1066.
That went from London to Rochester along Watling Street and then south through Maidstone, Staplehurst, Sissinghurst, Benenden and Bodiam, a clear route through the former Forest of the Andreasweald and a route that offers some of the best scenic views for walkers.
The route is mixed-category in that it varies throughout the length from footpath (80%) to bridleway, byway and road.
Some 15% of 1066 Harold’s Way is along roads, of which almost all are on minor lanes.
The route is accessible by public transport.
London to Rochester
From Westminster Abbey, 1066 Harold’s Way follows the Embankment and the Thames Path to Greenwich, the O2Arena and the Thames Barrier.
It continues to Erith along the Green Chain Walk through Marryon Park, Charlton Park, Plumstead Common, Bostall Woods, and Lesnes Abbey Woods.
After Cray Marshes, the path follows the River Darent through Dartford to climb up to the North Downs at Beacon Hill Country Park.
It continues through Jeskyn’s Country Park, past the Darnley Mausoleum to join the North Downs Way.
It then goes to Rochester along the Strood Community Trail.
It ends at Rochester Castle (English Heritage).
Rochester to Battle
1066 Harold’s Way leaves Rochester by the Medway Valley Walk.
It joins the North Downs Way (NDW) to go up to Bluebell Hill with views south over the Medway Valley towards Maidstone.
Going downhill, it passes Kit's Coty House (English Heritage).
It leaves the NDW to follow the path through Cobtree Manor Park joining the River Medway, close to Allington Lock, for the final walk, along the Medway Valley Walk, to Maidstone and The Archbishop’s Palace.
The route continues through the Loose Valley Conservation Area up onto the ragstone ridge to join the route of the old Roman road on the descent into the Low Weald.
It continues through Staplehurst, Hocker Edge, Sissinghurst Castle (National Trust), Sissinghurst, Benenden, Iden Green and Sandhurst joining the Sussex Border Path to Bodiam Castle (NT).
1066 Harold’s Way finishes at Battle Abbey (EH) where it links with 1066 Country Walk from Pevensey to Rye.
Battle sites
Hastings (1066)
Medway (AD 43)
Aylesford (455)
Southwark (1066)
Rochester (1215, 1264, & 1667)
Cobham (1554)
Maidstone (1648)
Cobham, Kent
Darnley Mausoleum
Rochester Castle
Kit's Coty House
Archbishop's Palace, Maidstone
Bodiam Castle
Battle Abbey
Battlefields of Kent and Sussex by Rupert Matthews, Frances Lincoln,
1066 Country Walk: Brian Smailes, Challenge Publications,
Long Distance Walkers Association
1066 Country Walk
The Ramblers
Chisholm v. Georgia, , is considered the first great decision by the United States Supreme Court.
Given its early date, there was little available legal precedent in American law.
It was almost immediately superseded by the Eleventh Amendment.
In 1777, needed supplies for the Revolutionary War were purchased from a South Carolina businessman by the Executive Council of Georgia.
The supplies were delivered but Georgia never paid as they had promised.
After the businessman's death, Alexander Chisholm, the executor of his estate, took the case to court trying to collect from the state of Georgia.
Georgia maintained it was not under the jurisdiction of the federal courts.
United States Attorney General Edmund Randolph  argued the case for the plaintiff before the court.
The defendant, Georgia, refused to appear, claiming that, as a sovereign state, it could not be sued without granting its consent to the suit.
In a four to one decision, the court ruled in favor of the plaintiff, with Chief Justice John Jay and associate justices John Blair, James Wilson, and William Cushing constituting the majority.
Only Justice Iredell dissented.
The court ruled that Article 3, Section 2, of the Constitution did not allow the states' sovereign immunity.
In short, the Court ruled that Georgia was subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Supreme Court.
It granted federal courts the power to hear disputes between private citizens and states.
The resulting public sentiment in favor of states' rights led directly to the passage of the Eleventh Amendment in 1795.
In Hollingsworth v. Virginia (1798), the court ruled that pending court actions from Chisholm were dismissed due to passage of the Eleventh Amendment.
This removed federal jurisdiction in cases where citizens of one state or of foreign countries attempt to sue another state.
Supreme Court decisions overturned by Constitutional Amendments