the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Ten tables would be exclusively for white passengers and one table of four seats would be exclusively for black passengers with a curtain drawn between this and the other tables.
White passengers could no longer be seated at the black table.
This satisfied the ICC and the federal court.
However, Henderson was not satisfied and, with the backing of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) appealed the decision to the Supreme Court.
The US Supreme Court did not rule on the constitutionality of "separate but equal" in this instance, but did find that the railroad had failed to provide the passenger with the same level of service provided to a white passenger with the same class of ticket.
The Court found this violated the Interstate Commerce Act, which made it illegal for a railroad in interstate commerce “to subject any particular person… to any undue or unreasonable prejudice or disadvantage in any respect whatsoever.”
With the permission of the Court, Sam Hobbs, a member of the United States House Committee on the Judiciary filed a brief as amicus curiae in support of the lower court decision.
Several other amicus curiae briefs were filed in support of Henderson, the appellant.
Complete text of Supreme Court case on Justia Brown at 50  FindLaw Black Past
A plaque in biology is a flat growth-form.
The term is used for
bacteria growing on an agar plate
dental plaque, a bacterial biofilm around teeth.
senile plaques: protein deposited outside cells in the brain in Alzheimer's disease
fatty deposits inside arteries in atherosclerosis
The New York International Auto Show is an annual auto show that is held in Manhattan in late March or early April.
It usually opens on or just before Easter weekend and closes on the first Sunday after Easter.
In 2016 the show started on March 25 and ended April 3.
19th-century establishments in New York (state)
Santali is the official language of the Santal community.
Most Santal people live in Jharkhand, Odisha, or West Bengal.
Chiang Mai  (Thai เชียงใหม่) is the second-largest province (changwat) of Thailand.
It is in the country's north.
It is bordered by Chiang Rai to the northeast, Lampang and Lamphun to the south, Tak to the southwest, Mae Hong Son to the west, and Shan State of Burma to the north.
The capital, Chiang Mai, is 685 km north of Bangkok.
Chiang Mai Province is about  from Bangkok.
The highest mountain in Thailand, Doi Inthanon at , is in Chiang Mai Province.
In 1932, the province Chiang Mai moved up to the second level subdivision of Thailand when the administrative unit of Monthon Phayap, the remains of the Lanna Kingdom, was dissolved.
Types of People
Chiang Mai has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen Aw), tempered by the low latitude and moderate elevation, with warm to hot weather year-round, though nighttime conditions during the dry season can be cool and are much lower than daytime highs.
The maximum temperature ever recorded is 42.4 °C in May 2005.
Chiang Mai is on Highway 11 (Super Highway Rd).
Chiang Mai is the northern terminus of the northern railway route.
Samlor.
Samlors (rickshaws) can be found in the urban core.
Tuk-tuks are used for short distances.
Chiang Mai is served by buses from Bangkok and many other cities.
Bicycle and motorbike.
Both forms of transport can be hired in Chiang Mai city.
Chiang Mai International Airport (CNX) is one of the seven Thai international airports
New Brunswick, Canadian province
New Brunswick Southwest, federal electoral district in New Brunswick, Canada
New Brunswick Railway, Canadian railway and land holding company
New Brunswick, Indiana, unincorporated town in Harrison Township, Boone County, Indiana
New Brunswick, New Jersey, city in New Jersey, USA
New Brunswick (NJT station), railroad station on the New Jersey Transit Northeast Corridor Line and the Amtrak Northeast Corridor
East Brunswick is a township in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States.
The suburban community is part of the New York City metropolitan area and is located on the southern shore of the Raritan River.
It is adjacent to the city of New Brunswick.
Marie Thérèse Félicité d'Este (; October 6, 1726 – April 30, 1754) was born a princess of Modena.
By marriage, she was the Duchess of Penthièvre.
She was the mother-in-law of Philippe Égalité and a grandmother to the future Louis Philippe I.
One of nine children, she was the first daughter of the family but her mother eventually returned to France to live.
In France she was eventually engaged to the hugely wealthy Duke of Penthièvre, who was a distant cousin of hers.
In France she was known as Marie Thérèse Félicité.
in 1744 at the Palace of Versailles she was married to a second cousin, the French Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre.
A very happy marriage the couple had seven children in total but only two of them survived childhood.
Louis Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Rambouillet (2 January 1746 – 13 November 1749) died young.
Louis Alexandre de Bourbon, "Prince of Lamballe" (6 September 1747 –6 May 1768), married Princess Marie Louise of Savoy, Mademoiselle de Carignan but had no children.
Jean Marie de Bourbon (Hôtel de Toulouse, Paris, 17 July 1748 – Hôtel de Toulouse, Paris, 19 May 1755), Duke of Châteauvillain died young.
Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon, Mademoiselle d'Ivoy and later Mademoiselle de Penthièvre (13 March 1753 – , 23 June 1821), married Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans and had children.
Marie Thérèse Félicité died in childbirth in 1754 giving birth to a son who also died.
Her husband refused to remarry and died in 1793.
Her daughter Marie Adélaïde moved Marie Thérèse Félicité's body to the Royal Chapel, in Dreux.
6 October 1726 - 29 December 1744 Her Most Serene Highness Princess Maria Teresa Felicitas.
29 December 1744 - 30 April 1754 Her Most Serene Highness The Duchess of Penthièvre.
Gonzales v. Oregon was a landmark case decided by the United States Supreme Court in 2006.
In 2001, Attorney General John Ashcroft tried to stop Oregon's Death with Dignity Act.
This law allowed terminally ill people to get a prescription for a medication that they could take to kill themselves.
(This is called "physician-assisted suicide.")
Ashcroft tried to stop doctors from prescribing medicines for physician-assisted suicide.
He threatened to use a federal anti-drug law to punish them.
The state of Oregon went to court to fight Ashcroft.
Eventually, the Supreme Court ruled that Ashcroft did not have the power to stop doctors from prescribing legal drugs in a way that was legal in Oregon.
This decision allowed physician-assisted suicide to continue in Oregon.
The Oregon Death with Dignity Act
In 1994, the people of Oregon voted to pass the Death with Dignity Act.
Under this law, if a terminally ill adult wants to, they can get a lethal prescription from a doctor.
They can only do this if they are a competent adult (they are able to make decisions on their own).
They must also meet many other requirements.
By the end of 2001, when Ashcroft got involved, 150 people had gotten prescriptions under the Death with Dignity Act.
Ninety-nine of these people used their prescriptions to end their lives.
The other 51 (about one out of every three people) chose never to use their prescriptions.
The Controlled Substances Act
The Controlled Substances Act is a federal law sets the United States' rules about legal and illegal drugs.
It includes rules about what medicines doctors can and cannot prescribe.
It also includes a list of medicines, called "controlled substances," which doctors cannot prescribe without a special license from the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA).
This means that doctors can only prescribe controlled substances if their patients need them for real medical problems.
Basically, the doctor has to be acting like a doctor, not a drug dealer.
The goal of this rule was to stop doctors who prescribed drugs to people who abused them.
If doctors did this, they would be violating the Controlled Substances Act.
The punishment for doctors who do this is to lose their DEA license to prescribe controlled substances.
The Ashcroft Directive
In 1994, when Oregon first passed the Death with Dignity Act, Janet Reno was the Attorney General.
She decided the Death with Dignity Act did not violate the Controlled Substances Act.
However, in November 2001, Attorney General Ashcroft put out a new rule (which became known as "The Ashcroft Directive").
He reversed Reno's position.
He said the Death with Dignity Act did violate the Controlled Substances Act.
Ashcroft had decided physician-assisted suicide was not a "legitimate medical purpose" for any medication.
Because of this, he said, any doctor in Oregon who wrote another prescription for physician-assisted suicide would be breaking the Controlled Substances Act.
As punishment, the DEA could take away these doctors' licenses to prescribe controlled substances.
This would make it impossible for those doctors to prescribe medicines for physician-assisted suicide.
The DEA could also fine the doctors or even charge them with crimes.
The day after Ashcroft issued his Directive, the state of Oregon went to federal court to fight it.
Doctors, other health care providers, and people with terminal illnesses joined Oregon's lawsuit against Ashcroft.
On April 17, 2002, U.S. District Judge Robert Jones ordered an injunction  a judge's order saying that Ashcroft's rule could not be enforced.
However, the court did not have the jurisdiction to hear the whole lawsuit.
It moved the case to a higher (more powerful) court: the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
The Ninth Circuit agreed with Judge Jones's injunction.
They ruled that Congress obviously did not mean for the Controlled Substances Act to be used to control physician-assisted suicide.
They meant for it to control illegal drug dealing.
They also ruled that Ashcroft did not have the power to control a state's medical practices.
That was the state's own business to control, the Court said.
Ashcroft asked the Supreme Court to hear the case.
By the time they did, there was a new Attorney General: Alberto Gonzales.
However, Gonzales supported the Ashcroft Directive, and continued Ashcroft's fight against the Death with Dignity Act.
The Supreme Court did not rule on whether physician-assisted suicide, or the Oregon Death with Dignity Act, were legal.
Instead, they made their decision based on the ideas of federalism  the separation between the powers of the United States government and the individual states.
Like the Ninth Circuit, the Supreme Court ruled that the Controlled Substances Act was meant to fight drug use and drug dealing.
Congress never meant for the law to deal with physician-assisted suicide.
The Court said that Congress also never meant for the Controlled Substance Act to control medical practices.
The states had always had the right to control their own medical practices.
Ashcroft decided that he could create a meaning of "legitimate medical practice" that every state would have to follow.
The Court ruled that the Attorney General did not have this power to take away the states' rights to decide this for themselves.
Also, since he was not a medical expert, he should not be deciding what "legitimate medical practice" was.
Finally, the Court ruled that under the Controlled Substances Act, the Attorney General had a very small role.
He did not have the power to cancel a state law.
He also did not have the right to punish doctors like criminals for acting in ways that were legal in Oregon.
The Attorney General did not have the power to take these rights from Oregon.
Their ruling in Gonzales showed the states that the Supreme Court would not stop them from making physician-assisted suicide legal.
As of 2016, four more states have made physician-assisted suicide legal: Washington, Montana, Vermont, and California.
Now physician-assisted suicide is legal in five states  10% of the states in the country.
If the Supreme Court had made a different ruling in Gonzales, this never would have been possible.
A different ruling in Gonzales would have also given the Attorney General much more power over the states and their doctors.
It would have taken away the states' rights in some important areas.
Instead, it ruled in favor of states' rights and the separation of powers between the states and the federal government.
László Sárosi (27 February 1932 – 2 April 2016) was a Hungarian footballer and coach.
He played as a defender for Vasas and Hungary between the 1940s and 1960s.
Gallieno Ferri (21 March 1929 – 2 April 2016) was an Italian comic book artist and illustrator.
In 1960, he met writer Sergio Bonelli.
His partnership with Bonelli lead to the creation of the comic books Zagor and Mister No.
Italian comics artists
Colobus are a genus of monkeys native to Africa.
The word "colobus" comes from Greek κολοβός which means "docked".
This refers to their thumbs, which are just stumps.
Colobus are herbivorous.
They eat leaves, fruit, flowers, and twigs.
Their habitats include primary and secondary forests, riverine forests, and wooded grasslands.
Their ruminant-like digestive systems help them occupy niches which other primates do not live in.
Colobus live in territorial groups of about nine individuals, with a single male with a number of females and their offspring.
Newborn colobus are completely white.
Mothering is shared: other members of the troop the biological mother care for an infant.
Colobus are eaten regularly by the common chimpanzee.
She watched a hunting group isolate a colobus high in a tree, block all possible exits, then a chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus.
This was a major scientific find which challenged previous conceptions of chimp diet and behavior.
The Cave nebula is an emission nebula in the constellation of Cepheus.
NGC 7538 is a diffuse nebula in the constellation of Cepheus.
It is about 9,100 light-years away from Earth.
NGC 6946, also known as the Fireworks galaxy, Arp 29, and Caldwell 12, is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Cepheus and Cygnus.
It is about 22.5 million light-years away from Earth.
It was discovered by William Herschel in September 9, 1798.
It's highly obscured by interestellar matter, and it's very close to the galactic plane.
It has a third of the Milky Way’s size.
Supernovae in NGC 6946
Fireworks Galaxy has this name because of how many supernovae happened in the galaxy.
The supernovae in this galaxy occur very frequently.
In the last century a total of 9 supernovae were seen from this galaxy: SN 1917a, SN 1939c, SN 1948b, SNSN 1968d, SN 1969p, SN 1980k, SN 2002hh, SN 2004et, SN2008s.
APOD:2005 January 25 - NGC 6946
Gemini Observatory Welcomes 2005 with Release of Galactic Fireworks Image - Gemini Observatory
Convict leasing was a form of forced labor used by prisons in the Southern United States.
("Convict" is a rude word for "prisoner"; leasing is like renting something.)
Under the system, prisons leased prisoners out as free workers to corporations, business owners, and plantation owners.
Basically, the prisons were selling prisoners like slaves, except that they were not sold forever.
This system made a lot of money for prisons and the contractors.
The contractors got workers who they did not have to pay, and who they could treat however they wanted.
The prisons got payments from the contractors.
Also, they no longer had to pay for food, clothing, or housing for the prisoners who they leased out; the contractors did.
In 1898, for example, about 73% of Alabama's entire yearly state revenue came from convict leasing.
For this reason, convict leasing lasted almost 100 years in the South.
The state of Louisiana leased out convicts as early as 1844.
However, convict leasing began to spread throughout the South during the Reconstruction Era (1865–1877).
This was just after the end of the American Civil War, which ended slavery.
With no more slaves to work for them, Southern farmers and businessmen needed to find new workers.
Southern legislatures passed laws called Black Codes to keep blacks from moving freely and to force them to work for whites.
As historian Douglas Blackmon explains:
At this time, the Southern states did not have much money, and they found that convict labor gave them a big source of revenue.
Contractors also made money off the system because they did not have to pay the prisoners the wages they would have to pay to white workers.
The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution had made slavery illegal  except as punishment for a crime.
So the states passed laws that would make it easy to convict innocent black people of crimes.
Once they were prisoners, they could be treated like slaves.
The states basically used this process as a way to continue slavery in the South.
Northern states sometimes contracted for prison labor.
However, in the South, the state gave complete control of prisoners to contractors.
Also, according to historian Matthew Mancini, the Southern convict labor system was "one of the harshest and most exploitative labor systems known in American history."
'If one [prisoner] dies, get another' was the attitude of many contractors, Mancini writes.
He says this was caused by corruption, racism, racial violence, and the fact that contractors could do whatever they wanted without getting into trouble.
Prisoners were often treated very badly.
Unlike during slavery, the contractors had not paid very much for the prisoners, and they would not have them forever.
For these reasons, contractors had very little   Prisoners could be beaten or whipped if their bosses did not think they were working hard enough.
They were abused by guards.
One source says: "Mines and plantations that used convict laborers commonly had secret graveyards containing the bodies of prisoners who had been beaten and/or tortured to death.
Convicts would be made to fight each other, sometimes to the death, for the amusement of the guards and wardens."
Almost all of the prisoners who were leased out were African Americans, mostly adult males.
This was because laws were enforced much more against black people, and blacks usually got much more severe sentences for "crimes" because of racism.
Convict leasing was most common around 1880.
It was formally outlawed by the last state (Alabama) in 1928.
However, it continued in different forms until President Franklin D. Roosevelt made it illegal on December 12, 1941.
The system in different states
Once they stopped using the convict labor system, many states switched to the trusty system.
This was also a way to save money, but it caused abuses just like the convict labor system did.
Finally, in a landmark case called Gates v. Collier, 501 F.2d 1291 (5th Cir.
1974), a federal court forced the states using the trusty system to stop.
Effects on the prison population
Scholar Randall Shelden argues that the convict lease system created an incentive to convict black people.
Because the convict lease system brought in so much money, the states and counties had a reason to want to convict African-Americans.
This is why the people in Southern prisons became mostly African-American after the Civil War, Sheldon writes.
For example, in Louisiana's main prison in Nashville:
On October 1, 1865, African-Americans made up 33% of the prison's population (at this time, the Civil War had just ended five                                                                                                                                              months before)
On November 29, 1867, African-Americans had increased to 58.3% of the prison's population
By 1869 they made up 64%
Between 1877 and 1879, they made up 67%
During the times when Southern states used the convict leasing system, their prison populations grew across the South.
Reconstruction Era
Trusty system
NGC 7090 is a spiral galaxy in the Indus constellation.
It is about 30 million light-years away from Earth.
NGC 7049 is an elliptical galaxy in the Indus constellation.
It is about 101 million light-years away from Earth.
A dust ring surrounds the galaxy, and can be observed in silhouette.
The galaxy's center in enveloped in a polar gas cloud.
The Tadpole galaxy is a barred spiral galaxy in the Draco constellation.
It is about 420 million light-years away from Earth.
Barred spiral galaxies
NGC 5907 is a spiral galaxy in the Draco constellation.
It is about 50 million light-years away from Earth.
NGC 6503 is a dwarf spiral galaxy in the Draco constellation.
It is about 17 million light-years away from Earth.
NGC 6543 is a planetary nebula in the Draco constellation.
It is about 3.3 thousand light-years away from Earth.
The Pelican nebula (also known as IC 5067 or IC 5070) is an H II region in the Cygnus constellation.
It is about 1,800 light-years away from Earth.
The North America nebula (also known as NGC 7000 or Caldwell 20) is an emission nebula in the Cygnus constellation.
The Sneaker Pimps are a British trip hop group.
They formed in Hartlepool, England in 1994.
They are best known for their songs "6 Underground" and "Spin Spin Sugar".
Their song, "6 Underground", went to #7 on Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart.
The band's founding members were Liam Howe and Chris Corner.
They then hired Kelli Dayton as a singer, and longtime friend Ian Pickering to write lyrics.
Dayton was the original singer of the Sneaker Pimps.
After the first album, the band felt that demos for the 1999 album Splinter was better for the voice of Corner.
Following the tour for their first album, Becoming X, they kicked Dayton out of the group.
Dayton later had a solo career under the name "Kelli Ali".
The Sneaker Pimps broke up in 2005.
They got back together in 2015.
Louis Alexandre de Bourbon (Louis Alexandre Joseph Stanislas; 6 September 1747 – 6 May 1768) was the son and heir of Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, grandson of Louis XIV by the king's legitimised son, Louis Alexandre de Bourbon, Count of Toulouse.
He was known as the Prince of Lamballe from birth.
He died before his father, and did not have children.
Louis Alexandre was born on 6 September 1747, at the Hôtel de Toulouse in Paris.
The prince de Lamballe, as he was known all his life, was the couple's only surviving son.
His father chose his bride, the Italian born Princess Maria Luisa Teresa of Savoy "Mademoiselle de Carignan".
The wedding celebration lasted from 17 January 1767, until 27 January with feasts in Turin and Nangis.
Prior to the wedding, His father had arranged the marriage to try and get his son to settle down as he was a well known womaniser.
However after three months of happiness, Louis Alexandre soon tired of his young wife and resumed his life of débaucherie.
He eloped with Mademoiselle de La Chassaigne, an opera dancer, five months into his marriage.
At one point, Louis Alexandre even sold his wife's diamonds to raise money to pay his debts.
After a dissipated short life, Louis Alexandre died on 6 May 1768, sixteen months after his marriage, of a venereal disease at the Château de Louveciennes in the arms of his wife.
He died without any children.
His wife inherited part of his considerable fortune.
He was eventually buried at the Royal Chapel, Dreux, France by his younger sister Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon.
6 September 1747 – 6 May 1768 His Serene Highness the Prince of Lamballe
The Iran men's national volleyball team is the national men's volleyball team of Iran.
It is managed by the Islamic Republic of Iran Volleyball Federation (I.R.I.V.F.).
It joins international volleyball competitions.
They are currently the strongest team in Asia.
They won the 2011 and 2013 Asian Volleyball Championships.
They rank 10th in the FIVB World Rankings (as of September 2014).
The team's home venues are Azadi Indoor Stadium and Azadi Volleyball Hall.
Emil Keres (9 July 1925 – 1 April 2016) was a Hungarian actor and theatre director.
He started his career in 1950.
He starred in over 100 stage productions.
He also appeared in over ten movies, including Twenty Hours (1965).
He was awarded the Kossuth Prize in 1965.
He was born in Szombathely.
IC 2118, also known as the Witch head nebula, is a reflection nebula in the constellation of Eridanus.
It is about 900 light-years away from Earth.
NGC 1300 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Eridanus.
It is about 61 million light-years away from Earth.
It has around 110,000 light-years of diameter, about the same size of the Milky Way galaxy.
It is a member of a galaxy cluster, the Eridanus Cluster, consisting of at least 200 galaxies.
It was discovered by John Herschel in 1835, and was included in the New General Catalogue as the 1300th member.
The galaxy is well known for its long, bright, barred galactic bulge.
The core of larger spiral arms of NGC 1300, the nucleus shows another inner grand-design spiral structure that is about 3,300 light-years long.
These cases are rare, since it requires a galaxy with a large galaxy bars, to have the inner spiral.
In a nutshell, the nucleus basically has another spiral arms in it, which makes it — a spiral in another spiral.
Some models suggested that the arms can be pulled inwards, shaping a spiral into the nucleus, which may be pulled by the extreme gravity of a supermassive black hole at the very center of the galaxy.
NGC 6302, also known as the bug nebula or the butterfly nebula, is a planetary nebula in the constellation of Scorpius.
It is about 3.4 thousand light-years away from Earth.
The spectrum of NGC 6302 shows that its central star is one of the hottest stars in the galaxy.
Its surface temperature is over 250,000 degrees Celsius.
This means the star from which it formed must have been very large.
The star now has a mass of about 0.64 solar masses.
It is surrounded by a dense disc of gas and dust.
This dense disc may have caused the star's outflows to form a bipolar structure like an hour-glass.
This bipolar structure shows many interesting features seen in planetary nebulae such as ionization walls, knots and sharp edges to the lobes.
Messier 7, also known as NGC 6475 or the Ptolemy cluster, is an open star cluster in the constellation of Scorpius.
It is about 980 light-years away from Earth.
The Lagoon nebula, also known as Messier 8 and NGC 6523, is an emission nebula, H II region and interstellar cloud in the constellation of Sagittarius.
It is about 4,100 light-years away from Earth.
NGC 1672 is a barred spiral galaxy in the Dorado constellation.
It is about 60 million light-years away from Earth.
The Owl nebula is a planetary nebula in the constellation of Ursa Major.
It is about 2,300 light-years away from Earth.
NGC 4102 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Ursa Major.
It is about 69 million light-years away from Earth.
NGC 4605 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Ursa Major.
It is about 15 million light-years away from Earth.
Messier 74, also known as NGC 628 and Phantom Galaxy is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Pisces.
It is about 32 million light-years away from Earth.
NGC 488 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Pisces.
It is about 90 million light years away from Earth.
Its diametre isn't more than 171000 light years.
This galaxy is considered a prototype galaxy with multiple arms.
It has a group, the NGC 488 Group and it's the unique galaxy of the group that it's insolated.
It was discovered by William Herschel on 13 December 1784.
In NGC 488 appeared 2 supernovae.
NGC 488-Adam Block
NGC 520 is a pair of colliding spiral galaxy in the constellation of Pisces.
It is about 90 million light-years away from Earth.
NGC 3521 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Leo.
It is about 26 million light-years away from Earth.
In 1994, the people of Oregon voted to approve Oregon Ballot Measure 16.
This measure created the Oregon Death with Dignity Act (ORS 127.800-995).
The Death with Dignity Act made physician-assisted suicide legal in some cases.
This means that if a competent adult with a terminal illness wanted to, they could get a prescription from a doctor.
They could then use that prescription to kill themselves.
The Death with Dignity Act made Oregon the first state in the United States to made physician-assisted suicide legal.
The law survived many legal challenges.
The Attorney General of the United States even tried to stop the law.
However, in 2006, in a case called Gonzales v. Oregon, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that Oregon could continue to use the Death with Dignity Act.
Over the next ten years, four more states made physician-assisted suicide legal for terminally ill people.
Some states, like Oregon, allow citizens to vote on whether a law should be created.
This is called a ballot measure.
In 1994, Ballot Measure 16 was added to the voting ballot (the voting ticket) in the state of Oregon.
The ballot measure asked if Oregon should pass a law that "Allows Terminally Ill Adults to Obtain Prescription for Lethal Drugs."
The vote was close, but most voters said yes:
Since the voters had approved the ballot measure, the Oregon Death with Dignity Act (DWDA) was created.
However, the law did not go into effect until 1997.
This was because a judge ordered an injunction  a judge's order blocking the law from being used.
Eventually, on October 27, 1997, the injunction was removed.
In November 1997, the Oregon state legislature put another ballot measure on the voting ticket.
They did this after the Supreme Court decided Washington v. Glucksberg.
In that case, the Supreme Court ruled in support of laws against physician-assisted suicide.
This new ballot measure asked the voters if the Death with Dignity Act should be repealed.
60% of the voters said no; they wanted the Death with Dignity Act to stay:
The Oregon Death with Dignity Act (DWDA) allows a terminally ill person to get a prescription from a doctor that they can use to end their life.
(The DWDA specifically says that people who use the DWDA are not committing suicide.)
However, there are many requirements.
The person must be over 18, live in Oregon, and be competent (able to make decisions for themselves)
Two doctors must agree that the person has a terminal illness
The person must make three different requests to their doctor and wait at least 15 days
The person must get a psychological exam if their doctor thinks a mental illness, like depression, is affecting their decision
Their doctor must speak to them about other choices, like hospice care
Legal challenge
In 2001, Attorney General John Ashcroft decided to try to stop the DWDA.
He threatened to use a federal anti-drug law to punish doctors who wrote prescriptions under the DWDA.
He threatened to take away their prescription licenses and even charge them as criminals.
The state of Oregon, joined by a doctor, a pharmacist, and terminally ill patients, sued to stop Ashcroft.
The case went all the way to the Supreme Court.
The Court ruled in favor of Oregon.
The Death with Dignity Act could continue.
Between 1998 and the end of 2015, 1,545 people have gotten prescriptions through the Death with Dignity Act.
Of these people, 991 have chosen to use the medicine to end their lives.
The other 554 (36%, or almost 2 in every 5 patients) chose never to use their prescriptions.
Most (77.1%) had cancer.
The next most common disease (in 8% of patients) was amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; also called Lou Gehrig's disease).
Just over half were men (51.4%)
The median age at death was 71 years old
Almost all (90.5%) were getting hospice treatment, and almost all (94%) died at home
Almost all (95.6%) chose to tell their families that they were using the Death with Dignity Act.
Forty patients (4.4%) chose not to tell their families, and 19 patients (2.1%) had no families to tell.
Many of the 991 people who used their medications had the same worries about dying.
The most common were:
Losing control over life and the ability to do things for themselves.
Almost everyone (91.6%) had this worry.
Not being able to do activities that made them enjoy life (89.7%)
Losing dignity (78.7%)
The law says that a person has to wait at least 15 days between asking to use the DWDA and getting a prescription.
However, some people waited up to 1009 days (over two and a half years} before using their prescriptions.
After the Supreme Court's decision in Gonzales v. Oregon, other states realized they could also legalize assisted suicide without getting into trouble with the federal government.
Since the Death with Dignity Act was decided in 2006, four other states have made physician-assisted suicide legal: Washington, Montana, Vermont, and California.
Frequently Asked Questions about the Death with Dignity Act (from the Oregon Department of Public Health)
Nikolai Bayev (, Nikoghayos Gevorkovich Bayev; October 6, 1875 – August 5, 1949) was an Armenian architect, who worked in Baku and in the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic.
Baev was born in Astrakhan in 1875.
He was a relative and childhood friend of Mariinsky Theatre singer Nadezhda Papayan.
He studied in local gymnasium and then attended the Saint Petersburg Institute of Civil Engineering, from which he graduated in 1901.
From 1911 to 1918 he worked as the main architect of Baku.
During this period he constructed more than 100 buildings in Baku, including the Great Theatre of the Mailov Brothers (modern days Azerbaijan State Opera Theatre, 1911), Sabunchi Railway Station, a residential sector in the former Armenikend area of Baku, and other buildings.
In 1927 Bayev moved to Yerevan and from 1929 to 1930 worked as the head of ArmSelStroy (Armenian agency for rural construction), where he constructed about 200 buildings, among them Pioneer's Palace of Yerevan, State Bank of Armenian SSR, Ministry of Justice, Yerevan Mechanical factory, old hall of Sundukyan Theatre, "Ararat" trust buildings, etc.
In 1945 he was awarded by the Honorary diploma of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR.
He was a member of Armenian Union of Architects (1942).
Bayev's personal archive (1896-1949) is a part of Yerevan State Archive.
Edmond Tigranyan «Activity of Armenian architects in South Caucasus», Yerevan, 2003 - ISBN  978-99930-0-052-5
(in Russian) Ерканян В.С. Армянская культура в 1800-1917 гг. /
Пер.
с арм.
К.С. Худавердяна.
Ер.,
(in Armenian)  The Historical-Cultural Heritage of the Armenian Highland, International Conference, Armenia, 2012 / The Role of Armenian Architects in the Formation of Architectural image of City Baku, by Ter-Minasyan A., National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Institute of Arts
Nikoghayos Baev
It is a taboo in Azerbaijan that some of best buildings in Baku were constructed by Armenian architects, says Yerevans major architect.
Aravot daily, february 2013
The Sundays were an English alternative rock band.
They formed in the late 1980s.
They released three albums in the 1990s.
The Sundays got a record deal with the Rough Trade Records.
Their first single, "Can't be Sure", was released in 1989.
Their first album, Reading, Writing and Arithmetic, was released in 1990.
The album got very positive reviews.
It entered the UK chart at #4.
Later in 1990, the album peaked at #39 in the United States.
Its success came mostly from radio stations playing "Here's Where the Story Ends".
In late October 1992, the next album, Blind, was released.
This album was also successful when it peaked at #103 on the Billboard 200.
Blind sold half a million copies.
Some critics thought the album didn't have the quality songwriting of the first album.
In autumn 1997, after five years, their third record, Static & Silence, was released.
It got mixed reviews. "
Summertime", the first song on the album, was their most successful song the UK Charts up to that time.
The Sundays took a break after the album Static & Silence.
Supreme Court rulings
Since 1972, the Supreme Court has tried to make capital punishment in the United States fairer and more consistent.
The Court has ruled that state laws cannot say a person must get the death penalty if they commit a certain crime, no matter what.
As Supreme Court Justice Harry Blackmun wrote in a 1994 case:
In Lockett v. Ohio, , the Court ruled that state laws may not limit what mitigating factors judges and juries can consider.
The Court added that mitigating factors should include:
Things about the defendant's character (what they are like, and how they act)
What the defendant has done in the past
Anything about the crime that the defendant brings up as an argument for why they should not get the death penalty
Each state has its own death penalty law.
Each law gives a list of capital crimes in the state; aggravating factors that can make person more likely to get the death penalty; and specific mitigating factors.
However, the mitigating factors listed in each state law are only examples of possible mitigating factors.
Even if a state does not list a certain thing as a mitigating factor, a defendant can still bring up that factor in court.
The United States' federal courts can try people for federal crimes and can sentence them to death.
Federal law includes a death penalty law, 18 U.S. Code § 3592.
It says that when deciding whether or not to give a defendant the death penalty, the judge or jury must "consider any factor, including these:
The defendant was forced or severely pressured to commit the crime
Somebody else committed most of the crime
Another defendant who is just as guilty will not be given the death penalty
The defendant never committed a crime before
The victim agreed to the criminal behavior that caused their death
Any other things about the defendant's past, behavior, crime, or anything else that might be a mitigating factor
State laws
While each state law is a little different, most of them list the same mitigating factors as the federal law.
Examples of other mitigating factors in some of the states' laws include:
Age (the defendant is old enough to be given the death penalty, but is still young)
Intoxication with drugs or alcohol
Cooperation with law enforcement officers and prosecutors
The defendant was severely abused as a child, or was abused by the victim
All of Moreschi's recordings were made in Rome in two recording sessions for the Gramophone & Typewriter Company.
The first series of recordings were made on 3 and 5 April 1902 by Will and Fred Gaisberg.
Eighteen usable sides by the members of the Sistine Chapel Choir were made on wax.
Four of them were solos by Moreschi.
Sistine choir
Alessandro was a member of the Sistine choir until Easter 1913.
He then retired and got a pension after thirty years' service.
In retirement, Moreschi lived in his apartment, a few minutes' walk from the Vatican.
He died there at sixty-three, possibly of pneumonia.
His funeral mass was a large and public affair in the church of San Lorenzo in Damaso.
1904 Recording of Bach/Gounod: Ave Maria
Sagas are stories mostly about ancient Nordic and Germanic life.
Some are entirely invented, and some have an historical basis.
They tell about early Viking voyages, the battles that took place during the voyages, about migration to Iceland and of feuds between Icelandic families.
They were written in the Old Norse language, mainly in Iceland.
The texts are tales in prose which share some similarities with the epic, often with stanzas or whole poems in alliterative verse embedded in the text, of heroic deeds of days long gone, "tales of worthy men," who were often Vikings, sometimes pagan, sometimes Christian.
They are sometimes romanticised and fantastic, but always dealing with human beings one can understand.
The best sagas are recognised as fine literature.
Njál's Saga, or the Saga of Burnt Njál, is one of the most famous.
In Old English (Anglo-Saxon), Beowulf is a saga written in England, and so is the later Gawain and the Green Knight, written in a West Midlands dialect.
These are both works of the imagination, but Layamon's Brut (about 1200 AD) is based on English history since the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
Sagas of Icelanders
"The Icelandic sagas are the backbone of all ... literature" from the Nordic countries, says Roy Jacobsen  (en), a translator of Sagas of Icelanders, and author.
List of the Sagas of Icelandic’s
The saga of Gísli Súrsson; or Gísla saga - (two versions) of an outlaw poet – Gísla saga
The saga of the people of Eyri; or Eyrbyggja saga
Ljósvetninga saga
Vatnsdøla
The Saga of the People of Laxárdalr; or Laxdøla saga
Valla-Ljóts saga
The Saga of Hen-Thorir; or Hænsna-Þóris saga
The saga of Gunnlaugr Snake-tongue; or Saga of Gunnlaugr Serpent-Tongue
Bandamanna saga
Hardar saga; or Harðar saga ok Hólmverja
Rankel saga
Bárðar saga Snæfellsáss
Bjarnar saga Hítdœlakappa
Droplaugarsona saga
Eiríks saga rauða – Saga of Erik the Red
Færeyinga saga
Finnboga saga ramma
Fljótsdæla saga
Flóamanna saga
Fóstbrœðra saga (two versions)
Grettis saga - Saga of Grettir the Strong
Grœnlendinga saga – Greenland saga
Gull-Þóris saga
Gunnars saga Keldugnúpsfífls
Hallfreðar saga (two versions)
Harðar saga ok Hólmverja
Hávarðar saga Ísfirðings – The saga of Hávarður of Ísafjörður
Heiðarvíga saga
Hrafnkels saga
Hrana saga hrings (post-medieval)
Kjalnesinga saga
Kormáks saga
Króka-Refs saga
Laurentius Saga
Ljósvetninga saga (three versions)
Njáls saga
Reykdœla saga ok Víga-Skútu
Svarfdœla saga
Víga-Glúms saga
Víglundar saga
Vápnfirðinga saga
Þorsteins saga hvíta
Þorsteins saga Síðu-Hallssonar
Þórðar saga hreðu
Ölkofra saga
The Institut aéronautique Jean Mermoz (IAJM) is a French airline pilot school created in 1957.
It is in Rungis, Ile-de-France
The Rosendale Trestle is a bridge in Ulster County, New York.
It was completed in 1872.
It also was a railroad.
It is 940 feet.
Least squares is the name of a procedure in mathematics, to construct a function from a number of observed values.
The basic idea is to construct the function in such a way that the sum of the difference between the observed value and its data point is minimized.
Since the difference may go in either direction, the value of the difference is squared, for each value.
Carl Friedrich Gauss said he developed the method in 1795.
He used it to recover the lost asteroid 1 Ceres and published it in 1807.
He used ideas from Pierre-Simon Laplace.
Adrien-Marie Legendre developed the same method independently, in 1805.
Lawson, C. L., & Hanson, R. J. (1995).
Solving least squares problems (Vol.
Bjorck, A. (1996).
Numerical methods for least squares problems (Vol.
The Assistance of Counsel Clause is a part of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
It says: "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right...to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense."
This means that anyone being accused of a crime has the right to have a lawyer help defend them.
Since the Constitution was written, many questions have come up about what exactly the Assistance of Counsel Clause means.
The Supreme Court of the United States has made many decisions to answer these questions.
The Court has decided that Americans have five different rights under the Assistance of Counsel Clause:
The right to a lawyer who does not have any conflicts of interest
The right to choose what lawyer they want
The right to have a free lawyer assigned to them if they cannot pay for a lawyer
The right to a lawyer who is good enough at their job to be effective
The right to defend themselves, and act as their own lawyer
When the right to counsel starts
The Supreme Court case Brewer v. Williams, , answered the question of when a person's right to a lawyer begins.
In this decision, the Court said a person has the right to have a lawyer's help "at or after":
They are charged with a crime
They have a court hearing
They are indicted or arraigned (formally charged with a crime)
In the case Escobedo v. Illinois, , the Court also decided that suspects have the right to a lawyer when they are being interrogated by the police, even if they have not been charged with a crime yet.
People who go in front of grand juries do not have the right to have a lawyer with them.
This is because the Supreme Court does not think of grand juries as "criminal prosecutions."
(A grand jury cannot find someone guilty of a crime or punish anyone; they can only decide that a person should be charged with a crime.)
Conflict-free counsel
Every defendant has the right to a lawyer without a conflict of interest.
Here is an example of a conflict of interest: a lawyer is defending two different people.
A client named Smith wants to blame his crime on another client named Jones.
A lawyer is supposed to do what is best for their clients.
Here, the lawyer cannot do that for both clients.
If the lawyer blames Smith's crime on Jones in court, he is hurting Jones.
If he does not blame the crime on Jones, he is refusing to defend Smith the way Smith wants.
This is not fair to either client.
Also, the lawyer cannot do the best possible job for both clients at the same time.
To make sure they get a fair trial, every defendant has the right to a lawyer without a conflict of interest.
It does not matter whether the defendant is paying the lawyer, or the lawyer was assigned for free.
If a lawyer has a conflict of interest, and it hurts their defense of their client, an appeals court will automatically cancel the defendant's conviction.
Right to counsel of choice
Defendants being charged with a crime have the right to be represented by the lawyer they want.
That lawyer must be licensed to practice law in the jurisdiction where the defendant is being tried
The lawyer must be willing to be the defendant's lawyer (either for free or for pay)
The lawyer cannot have a conflict of interest
Appointment of counsel
They are being charged with a capital crime
They are too poor to pay for a lawyer, and they are being charged with:
A felony
Any other crime that they could be sent to prison for
Ineffective assistance of counsel
The Supreme Court has ruled that Americans have the right to an effective lawyer.
For example, if a defendant is charged with a crime, a court cannot appoint just any lawyer.
The defendant must be given a lawyer who can try a criminal case, and can defend their client effectively.
The Supreme Court explained what "ineffective assistance of counsel" means in a case called Strickland v. Washington (1984).
In this case, a defendant was convicted.
He appealed, saying that his lawyer did not do a good enough job defending him.
The Court ruled that he could only have a new trial if he proved:
His lawyer did not do an adequate job of defending him; and
If the lawyer did a better job, the defendant may not have been convicted.
If a defendant can prove these things to an appeals court, they have proved that their lawyer was ineffective (not effective).
This means they have proved their Sixth Amendment rights were violated.
They will then get a new trial with a different lawyer.
Self-representation
In most cases, a defendant being charged with a crime has the right to defend himself.
This is called pro se representation.
It means the defendant has given up their right to have a lawyer.
The defendant has decided to act as their own lawyer.
However, a court can rule that the defendant will not be able to give himself a good enough defense.
If that happens, the court can rule that the defendant has to have a lawyer.
Americans do not have the right to defend themselves in appeals courts.
In these courts, a defendant must have a lawyer.
Escobedo v. Illinois (created the right to a lawyer during interrogation)
Gideon v. Wainwright (created the right to a free lawyer for poor defendants)
The Rights of Englishmen is an assumed group of rights that had its roots in the basic rights granted in the Magna Carta.
The idea reached its peak during the British settlement of North America.
By this time colonial Englishmen felt they were entitled to certain additional rights and liberties.
These were over and above those already granted them by the English Monarchy.
One of these perceived rights was the idea of no taxation without representation.
This was a grievance of British colonists who believed that they were not directly represented in the British Parliament.
They believed that any laws it passed affecting the colonists (such as the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act) were illegal under the Bill of Rights 1689, and were a denial of their rights as Englishmen.
This led to the American Revolution and is expressed in the Declaration of Independence as "certain unalienable rights".
They stopped thinking of themselves as Englishman and became Americans.
Sodomy laws in the United States were laws that made certain kinds of sexual activity illegal.
In the past, there were federal laws against sodomy.
Every state also had a sodomy law, even in the 20th century.
Starting in the 1960s, some states began to repeal (throw out) their sodomy laws.