the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
She captured by slave trader and brought to America in 1761, which she was only a seven or eight years old young girl.
Her front teeth was missing that time.
When she arrived America, she got sold to Wheatley family in Boston, Massachusetts.
The reason John Wheatley purchased her was that he needed some young girls to serve his wife, who has weak body.
In addition, the Wheatley family educated her.
After sixteen months, she can read the Bible, and books in different three languages.
Wheatley family saw the talent from her, so they allow her to focus on her study.
When she at fourteen years old, she began writing the poem and published her first poem in 1767.
Her marriage and life after marriage
On April 1, 1778, Wheatley married John Peters, a handsome and well-mannered free black.
They knew each others for five years,then they married.
He likes to call himself Dr. Peters, practicing law and keeping a grocery store at the court.
But, his business did not work well and match his dream.
Soon after their marriage, they moved to Wilmington, Massachusetts.
Shortly returning to Boston they set up their home in the run-down section of the city.
Since John Peter could not find a job and that made them became very poor.
She had three children with John Peter but they all died when they were still a baby.
The debt from John Peter makes Wheatley go to work as a charwoman.
Her writing style
Her writing style seems to affect by different things.
Her writing style also embraced the elegy, likely from her African roots.
It was the role of girls to sing and perform funeral dirges.
Religion was also a key influence, and it led Protestants in America and England to enjoy her work.
Wheatley’s poems reflected several influences on her life.
She is strongly against slavery, she emphasizes that all the different people should all have their freedom.
For example, America separates from England, and African American set free from slavery.
She wrote several letters to ministers and others on liberty and freedom.
That shows she put her belief in her letters and her poems to tell the people what she thinks is right.
Two of Wheatley's writings were printed after she died.
Vincent Carretta wrote a book about Wheatley's life called Phillis Wheatley: Biography of a Genius in Bondage.
It was published in 2011.
In 2012, Robert Morris University named the new building for their School of Communications and Information Sciences after Phillis Wheatley.
A statue of Wheatley is part of the Boston Women's Memorial on Commonwealth Ave in Boston.
John Caspar Wild (1804 - August 12, 1846) was an American painter and lithographer.
He was also called J.C. Wild.
He moved to Paris, France.
In 1832 he moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
He painted and printed landscapes.
He painted a lot of cities in the United States.
He painted pictures of Philadelphia, St. Louis, Cincinnati, and Davenport, Iowa.
His artwork is owned by the Library Company of Pennsylvania.
Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce, OD (born December 27, 1986) is a Jamaican sprinter.
She became famous in 2008 when she became the first Caribbean woman to win 100 meters gold at the Olympics at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing.
At the 2012 London Olympic Games she won another gold medal in the same event.
She also won silver in 200 meters and 4 x 100 meters relay.
She is one of the fastest women to run 100 meters of all time.
As an architect, he made drawings of what the Pennsylvania Hospital should look like.
His designs were used and continued to be used after he died.
He was the Mayor of Philadelphia in 1774.
He also was a delegate in the First Continental Congress.
He was friends with Benjamin Franklin.
He was director of the Library Company of Philadelphia.
He was also involved in the American Philosophical Society, where he was Vice President.
Biographical Sketch at Philadelphia Architects and Buildings
Brief biography at Virtualology.com
Ornithomimidae ("bird-mimics") is a group of theropod dinosaurs which bore a superficial resemblance to modern ostriches.
They were fast, omnivorous or herbivorous dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Laurasia (now Asia and North America).
Members of the Ornithomimidae include Gallimimus, Archaeornithomimus, Anserimimus, Struthiomimus, and Ornithomimus.
Ornithomimids are a sister group to the troodontids.
These groups had many bird-like features, including feathers, but they were not birds.
The skulls of ornithomimids were small, with large eyes, above relatively long and slender necks.
All had toothless beaks.
The fore limbs ('arms') were long and slender and bore powerful claws.
The hind limbs were long and powerful, with a long foot and short, strong toes terminating in hooflike claws.
Ornithomimids probably acquired most of their calories from plants.
Many ornithomimosaurs, including primitive species, have been found with numerous gastroliths in their stomachs, characteristic of herbivores.
Henry Fairfield Osborn suggested that the long, sloth-like 'arms' of ornithomimids may have been used to pull down branches on which to feed, an idea supported by further study of their strange, hook-like hands.
The sheer abundance of ornithomimids – they are the most common small dinosaurs in North America – is consistent with the idea that they were plant eaters, as herbivores usually outnumber carnivores in an ecosystem.
The Grace Gates (or the WG Grace Memorial Gates) are a pair of gates at Lord's Cricket Ground in London, England.
They were built in 1923.
They are a Grade II listed building.
"Rapper's Delight" is a song by The Sugarhill Gang.
It is fourteen minutes and thirty-five seconds long.
The single reached number one in the Netherlands and Canada.
The song made hip hop popular around the world.
Rolling Stone magazine put "Rapper's Delight" at number 248 in their 500 Greatest Songs of All Time list.
The Sugarhill Gang is an American hip hop group.
They are best known for their 1979 single "Rapper's Delight".
It was the first hip hop song to enter the top 40 in the United States.
The song was on their first album Sugarhill Gang.
The group formed in 1973.
They broke up in 2007.
Bon Iver is an American indie folk band.
The band was started in Eau Claire in 2007 by Justin Vernon.
The band has seven members.
Their most well known song is "Skinny Love".
In 2007 they self released their first album, For Emma, Forever Ago.
In 2008 the independent record label Jagjaguwar released it in the United States.
It sold over 30,000 copies in its first three months.
4AD later released the album in the UK and Europe.
The first single from the album was "Skinny Love".
In 2008 Bon Iver designed a T-shirt for the Yellow Bird Project.
In 2009 Bon Iver released their first EP Blood Bank.
In 2011 they released their second album Bon Iver, Bon Iver.
Pitchfork gave the album a score of 9.5 out of 10.
They chose it as the best album of 2011.
The album won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album in 2012.
In 2012 Bon Iver also won the Grammy for Best New Artist. "
Holocene" was nominated for Song of the Year and Record of the Year.
Wilko Johnson (born John Peter Wilkinson; 12 July 1947) is an English singer, guitarist and songwriter.
He is best known for his time with the pub rock band Dr. Feelgood.
He is said to be one of the founding influences of the English punk movement.
Johnson was featured in the first and second seasons of the HBO series Game of Thrones.
He played a mute executioner named Ilyn Payne.
In January 2013, he was diagnosed with metastatic pancreatic cancer.
He chose not to receive any chemotherapy.
He said in an interview with John Wilson on the BBC Radio 4 programme Front Row that the doctors told him he only had nine or ten months to live.
He also said during the interview that he was going to do a "farewell tour" of the UK set for March.
When he finished his tour, he announced that he was going to spend his final days recording a farewell album with Roger Daltrey, lead singer of The Who.
Lolita fashion is a fashion subculture that started in Japan.
It is based on Victorian era clothing.
There are many types of lolita fashion.
These include Gothic lolita, sweet lolita, and classic lolita.
Lolita fashion brands include Baby, The Stars Shine Bright, Moi-même-Moitié, Angelic Pretty, and Manifesteange Metamorphose temps de fille.
Gothic lolita began in the late 1990s in Harajuku.
The visual kei musician Mana dresses in the gothic lolita style.
He helped make the style popular.
Some people outside of Japan wear lolita fashion.
The 2002 novel Kamikaze Girls has a sweet lolita character called Momoko.
Palmyra is a borough of Lebanon County, in Pennsylvania, in the United States.
It is near Harrisburg in the southeastern part of Pennsylvania.
In 2000, the population of Palmyra was almost 7,100.
Palmyra was settled during 1717.
Its local council was formed in 1913.
Tea gowns are woman's at-home dresses for informal events.
They became popular in mid-to-late 1800s.
The earliest tea gowns were European developments influenced by Asian clothing and historical approach from 18th century.
A polonaise is a type of gown that has a bodice and an attached skirt.
They started in the late 18th century.
Polonaises have a cutaway, drapes and an overskirt, worn over a petticoat.
Pantalettes are female undergarments that cover the legs.
They used to be worn by boys before they were old enough to wear trousers.
A basque is a type of jackets, bodice or long corset worn by women.
In Victorian fashion, basque means a closely fitted bodice or jacket extending past the waistline over the hips.
From 20th century or later, basque also refers to certain lingerie articles.
Victorian fashion refers to the various fashions and trends of Europe during the Victorian Era, which lasted from 1837 to 1901, and is named after the reigning queen of England at the time, Queen Victoria.
The period saw many changes in fashion, including changes in clothing, architecture, literature, and visual arts.
During this period, fashion changed a lot.
In the 1800s, you had small silhouettes and pastel colors.
In the 1830s, there was very exaggerated fashion.
The 1860s are also famous for this along with the 1870s, the 1880s, and the 1890s.
But during the early part of the 20th century, fashion was toned down in the sense of exaggeration and playfulness.
The main woman who inspired was the Queen of England and Empress of India, Victoria.
She was at the peak of royalty and ruled for many years, therefore influencing many trends during the century.
By 1907, clothing was increasingly factory-made and often sold in large, fixed price department stores.
Custom sewing and home sewing were still significant, but on the decline.
New machinery and materials developed clothing in many ways.
The introduction of the lock-stitch sewing machine in mid-century simplified home and boutique dressmaking.
It made it easy to add trimmings which would be costly if done by hand.
Lace machinery made lace at a fraction of the cost of the old hand-made lace.
Inventors developed new, cheap, bright dyes like mauveine which replaced the old animal or vegetable dyes.
Eodromaeus (meaning "dawn runner") is an extinct genus of basal theropod dinosaur from the Upper Triassic of Argentina.
An almost complete articulated skeleton (the bones were still mostly connected) was found in 1996.
Eodromaeus has been cited by Paul Sereno as "close to the root of the dinosaurs".
It is the earliest known definite theropod.
Eodromaeus was a relatively small dinosaur, with a total length of about  from nose to tail, and a weight of about .
The trunk was long and slender.
It is unknown how fast Eodromaeus could run: about  has been suggested.
The animal was, like all early dinosaurs, bipedal.
The forelimbs were much shorter than the hindlimbs, ending in hands with five digits.
Digits IV and V were very reduced in size.
Gothic fashion (also goth fashion) is very dark, exotic or complex clothing worn in goth subculture.
Both female and male goths use dark eyeliner or nail polish.
He was born with the name Suidger von Morsleben in Hornburg, Lower Saxony, Germany.
His parents were Count Konrad of Morsleben and Hornburg and his wife Amulrad.
In the year 1040, von Morsleben became the Bishop of Bamberg.
In 1046 he went with King Henry III to Italy and in December, he took part in the Council of Sutri.
This took Popes Benedict IX and Sylvester III out of power, and also convinced Pope Gregory VI to resign.
King Henry nominated (suggested) Suidger to be the new pope and the council elected him.
Suidger took the name Clement II.
Shortly after he was elected, Pope Clement and Henry moved to Rome.
There, Clement crowned Henry III as Holy Roman Emperor.
Clement II's short pontificate (time as pope) began an improvement in the way the Roman Church worked, especially by making laws against simony.
Simony is when people would pay to have sacraments given to them.
Clement and the Emperor went on a journey through southern Italy to celebrate his election.
Benevento was placed under an interdict (they were prevented from taking part in some Church rites) because they wouldn't allow Pope Clement to enter.
Afterwards they went to Germany, where Clement made Wiborada a saint.
Wiborada was a martyr who was killed praying for the people of her city.
On Henry III and Pope Clement's way back to Rome in October 1047, Pope Clement suddenly died.
His body was taken to Bamberg, a place he had loved, and was buried near the Bamberg Cathedral.
Scientists studied Clement's body in the mid-20th century.
They confirmed that the pope had been poisoned with lead sugar.
They do not know whether he was poisoned or whether he was using the chemical as medicine.
1047 deaths
The Division of Page is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales.
It is in the far north-east of the state, next the border with Queensland and the Tasman Sea.
It is named after the Right Honourable Sir Earle Page, the first leader of the Country Party of Australia and the caretaker Prime Minister of Australia after the death of Joseph Lyons in 1939.
Ian Causley had been in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as the member for Clarence.
He resigned in 1996 to stand for the Division of Page, and defeated Harry Woods.
Woods then stood for Causely's vacant state seat of Clarence which he won.
Causley  was the Deputy Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives
Division of Page - Australian Electoral Commission
The Division of Parkes is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales.
It is the largest electorate in the state.
It is located in the far north of the state, next to the border with Queensland.
It is named after Sir Henry Parkes, seventh Premier of New South Wales and sometimes known as the 'Father of Federation'.
It includes the towns of Dubbo.
It also includes the towns of Mudgee, Dunedoo, Gunnedah, Coonabarabran, Coonamble, Walgett, Narrabri, Moree, Warren, Nyngan, Cobar and Bourke.
The division does not include the town of Parkes.
This is the second Division of Parkes.
The first Division of Parkes (1901-69) was in suburban Sydney.
Michael Cobb was found guilty of fraud in 1998.
He claimed money for staying in hotels, but he was actually seeping in his car.
John Cobb was Minister for Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs and later Community Services in the Howard government.
In the 2007 election Cobb moved to the Division of Calare.
Since the 2013 election, Parkes is the safest seat in Australia.
It would need more votes than any other seat to change to another political party.
Division of Parkes - Australian Electoral Commission
Juanita Moore (October 19, 1914 - January 1, 2014) was an American movie and television actress.
She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in Imitation of Life.
She was the fifth African-American actor to be nominated for an Academy Award and the third in that category.
Moore died on January 1, 2014 from natural causes at her home in Los Angeles.
She was aged 99.
James La Rue Avery, Sr. (
November 27, 1945 – December 31, 2013) was an American actor.
He was born in Virginia and raised in Atlantic City, New Jersey.
He was best known for his role on the television show The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air.
He played father and lawyer Philip Banks, Will Smith's character's uncle.
Avery died from problems after open-heart surgery in a hospital in Los Angeles.
He was aged 68.
The HistoryMakers  Biography, photos and video clips
The Linguini Incident is a comedy movie.
It was released in May 1991.
Marlee Matlin and David Bowie are in this movie.
Albert Newsam (May 20, 1809 – November 20, 1864) was an American artist.
He was a painter and made lithographs of people and places.
Albert Newsam was born in the city of Steubenville in the state of Ohio in the United States.
He was born deaf and mute.
He was also an orphan.
Newsam was making art when he was a little boy.
When he was still a little boy, he met a man named William P. Davis.
Davis acted like he was also deaf and mute, but he wasn't.
He took Newsam to the city of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania and forced Newsam to make art and Davis would sell it and make money off of it.
In 1820, Newsam was saved from being with Davis and went to school at the Pennsylvania School for the Deaf.
Job as an artist
In the year 1827, Newsam started to make art as an apprentice to a printmaker named Cephas G. Childs.
Newsam had a lot of artists who taught him when he worked for Childs.
One of the artists was George Catlin.
Newsam started making art all the time as an artist in 1829.
His pictures were published and sold for money.
Childs retired and another man named Peter S. Duvall became owner of the company.
Newsam worked for him and became the main artist at the company.
Newsam painted and drew pictures of politicians, preachers, and rich people.
He also made pictures of landscapes, medical illustrations, and sheet music.
Newsam started to lose his eyesight in the year 1857.
In 1859, he had a stroke, which made him stop making art.
He had to move to a place called the Living Home for the Sick and Well in the state of Delaware.
Since he could not sell art anymore, his friends paid for him to move to the home.
He died there in the year 1864.
Books about Albert Newsam
Pyatt, Joseph O. Memoir of Albert Newsam.
Philadelphia: Self-published (1868).
Stauffer, DMN.
Lithographic Portraits of Albert Newsam.
Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography (1901).
Steubenville is a city in Jefferson County in the state of Ohio in the United States.
The city is next to the Ohio River.
18,659 people lived there in the year 2010.
A fort used to be located where the city is.
The fort was called Fort Steuben.
It was there in 1786.
The fort was named after Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben.
Steubenville has a nickname.
It is the "City of Murals".
There are over 25 different murals around the city.
Franciscan University of Steubenville and Eastern Gateway Community College are located in the city.
Famous people from Steubenville
Dean Martin (1917-1995) - singer and actor
Albert Newsam (1809-1864) - artist
Edwin M. Stanton (1814-1869) - United States Attorney General
Traci Lords (born 1968) - actress
Richard Timberlake (1922-2020) - economist
Big Bully Busick (1954-2018) - professional wrestler
The Pennsylvania School for the Deaf is a school for deaf people.
It is in the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States.
It is the third oldest deaf school in the United States.
It was built in 1890 and is on the list of the National Register of Historic Places.
It used to be called the Pennsylvania Institute for the Deaf and Dumb.
Albert Newsam, artist
Historic districts in the United States
George Catlin (July 26, 1796 – December 23, 1872) was an American painter and author.
He traveled a lot, and painted a lot of pictures of Native American people in the Western United States.
He was born in Wilkes-Barre in the state of Pennsylvania.
He died in the city of Jersey City in the state of New Jersey.
The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts is a museum and art school in the city of Philadelphia in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States.
It was started in 1805.
It is the oldest art museum and art school in the United States.
Katherine Milhous, American illustrator and author
1800s establishments in Pennsylvania
Katherine Milhous (November 27, 1894 – December 5, 1977) was an American artist, illustrator and author.
She wrote and made the art for the book The Egg Tree.
In 1951, the book won the Caldecott Medal for best illustrations.
Milhous mainly wrote children's books.
Katherine Milhous was born November 27, 1894 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Her parents were named Osborn and Katherine Daly Milhous.
They were Quakers and printmakers.
The family moved to Pitman, New Jersey when Milhous was a little girl.
A lot of Quakers lived in Pitman so the family wanted to move to be close to them.
Milhous moved back to Philadelphia.
She went to school at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and the Pennsylvania Museum of Industrial Art.
She made art for magazines to pay for school.
She also traveled outside of the United States with a fellowship she was given.
Milhous worked for the Federal Art Project in Philadelphia from the year 1935 until she stopped in 1940.
She made a lot of posters to advertise the state of Pennsylvania.
A lot of the art showed people and things from the Pennsylvania Dutch community.
Milhous met Alice Dalgliesh and the two women would write books together.
Milhous would make the art for the books.
Milhous went to work for Charles Scribner's & Sons where Dalgliesh worked.
Milhous started to write and make art for her own books, too.
She died in Philadelphia in the year 1977.
The University of Minnesota and the Free Library of Philadelphia own her archives.
Rural Pennsylvania from the World Digital Library
Yeezus is the sixth studio album by American hip hop recording artist Kanye West.
It was released on June 18, 2013, by Roc-A-Fella Records and Def Jam Recordings.
The album was given very good reviews by music critics.
Yeezus entered the Billboard 200 at number one.
It also reached number one in 30 other countries.
Yeezus is a hip hop album.
"Black Skinhead" was released as the first single from the album on June 19, 2013.
It reached 34 in the UK Singles Chart. "
Bound 2" was released as the album's second single.
The music video for the single had West's fiancee at the time, Kim Kardashian in it.
The album was nominated for Album of the Year at the 2014 Grammy Awards.
The fourth song on the album, "New Slaves", was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rap Song.
Time magazine chose Yeezus as the best album of 2013.
In Pitchfork's 2013 Readers Poll, Yeezus was chosen as 2013's best album.
On October 19 2013 West started The Yeezus Tour.
A Tribe Called Quest gave their last performance there.
The tour ended on December 23 2013.
"I Am a God" features vocals by Justin Vernon.
"New Slaves" features vocals by Frank Ocean.
"Hold My Liquor" features vocals by Chief Keef and Justin Vernon.
"I'm In It" features vocals by Justin Vernon and Assassin.
"Guilt Trip" features vocals by Kid Cudi.
"Send it Up" features vocals by King L.
"Bound 2" features vocals by Charlie Wilson.
"On Sight" contains interpolations of "Sermon (He'll Give Us What We Really Need)", written by Keith Carter, Sr.,
and performed by Holy Name of Mary Choral Family, re-sung by a different choir.
"I Am a God" contains samples of "Forward Inna Dem Clothes", written by Clifton Bailey III and H. Hart, and performed by Capleton; and samples of "Are Zindagi Hai Khel", written by Anand Bakshi and Rahul Burman, and performed by Burman, Manna Dey, and Asha Bhosle.
"New Slaves" contains samples of "Gyöngyhajú lány", written by Gábor Presser and Anna Adamis, and performed by Omega.
"I'm In It" contains samples of "Lately", written by Vidal Davis, Carvin Haggins, Andre Harris, Kenny Lattimore, and Jill Scott, and performed by Lattimore.
"Blood on the Leaves" contains samples of "Strange Fruit", written by Lewis Allan, and performed by Nina Simone; and samples of "R U Ready", written by Ross Birchard and Lunice Pierre, and performed by TNGHT.
"Guilt Trip" contains interpolations of "Chief Rocka", written by Keith Elam, Kevin Hansford, Dupre Kelly, Christopher Martin, Alterick Wardrick and Marlon Williams, and performed by Lords of the Underground; and samples of "Blocka (Ackeejuice Rockers Remix)", written by Terrence Thornton and Tyree Pittman, and performed by Pusha T featuring Travis Scott and Popcaan.
"Send It Up" contains samples of "Memories", written by Anthony Moses Davis, Collin York and Lowell Dunbar, and performed by Beenie Man.
"Bound 2" contains samples of "Aeroplane (Reprise)", written by Norman Whiteside, and performed by Wee; samples of "Bound", written by Bobby Massey and Robert Dukes, and performed by Ponderosa Twins Plus One; and samples of "Sweet Nothin's", written by Ronnie Self, and performed by Brenda Lee.
Alvin Fields – choir director
Arca – additional programming
Benji B – additional production
Brodinski – additional production
Carmen Roman – choir
Ché Pope – A&R, additional programming, co-executive producer
Chris Galland – assistant mixing
Chris Gehringer – mastering
Crystal Brun – choir
Daft Punk – producer
Dave "Squirrel" Covell – assistant engineer
David Rowland – assistant engineer
Delbert Bowers – assistant mixing
Dylan Wissing –drums
Eric Lynn – assistant mixing
Frank Ocean – additional vocals
Gesaffelstein – additional production
Gloria Ryann – choir
Hudson Mohawke – additional programming, co-producer
Jack Donoghue – additional production
Jessenia Pena – choir
Joe Perez – graphic design
John Morgan – choir
Josh Smith – assistant engineer
Justin Vernon – additional vocals
K. Nita – choir
Kanye West – creative director, executive producer, producer, vocals
Keith Parry – assistant engineer
Ken Lewis – choir producer, engineer, noises, vocal sounds
Kenta Yonesaka – assistant engineer
Kevin Matela – assistant engineer
Khoï Huynh – assistant engineer
Lorraine Berry – choir
Lupe Fiasco – additional production
Marc Portheau – assistant engineer, engineer
Matt Teitelman – percussion
Mike Dean – additional production, engineer
Nabil Essemlani – assistant engineer
Natalis Ruby Rubero – choir
Noah Goldstein – additional production, additional programming, associate producer, engineer, mixing
Raoul Le Pennec – assistant engineer
Rick Rubin – executive producer
Ronnie Artis – choir
Sean Drew – choir
Sean Oakley – assistant engineer, assistant mixing
Sham Joseph – additional production
Teachers – co-producer
Timeka Lee – choir
Travis Scott – additional programming
Ultra$ound - producer
Uri Djemal – choir engineer
Guns, Germs and Steel is a book by Jared Diamond about the history of humans.
The book is about why some humans societies (from small tribes to big countries) were able to use more inventions and conquer (take over) others.
Diamond thinks that the answer is because of geography and not because of differences in the people themselves.
The book deals with many topics like history, geography, biology, anthropology and sociology.
In 2005, a TV program was made about the book's ideas, with Diamond as the presenter.
This was shown on PBS.
In the introduction, Diamond writes about the time he met Yali, a man from New Guinea, in 1972.
Yali asked "Why is it that you white people [made] so much cargo and brought it to New Guinea, but we black people had little cargo of our own?"
By "cargo", Yali meant inventions and objects that are made in a factory.
Diamond thought about this question for years, which led to him writing the book.
Diamond says that sometimes, one society has been far better at fighting wars and using inventions than another.
This has led to times when one society found it very easy to conquer another.
One example is when the Spanish conquered the Inca Empire in the 1530s.
The Spanish won because they had far better weapons, and they also had horses.
This is why thousands of Incas died fighting against 168 Spaniards at the Battle of Cajamarca.
Another important reason why the Spanish won was diseases.
The Spanish did not know that they had brought diseases to South America that killed many people.
This also weakened the Inca Empire.
The Spanish conquered the Inca Empire with their "guns, germs and steel", and other things.
Diamond starts by talking about how modern humans (homo sapiens) spread out of Africa and around the world.
Diamond believes that it is unlikely that some modern humans could be born more intelligent than others, because if a more intelligent type of human appeared, they would spread around the world very quickly.
How farming began
At first, humans lived in hunter-gatherer societies.
This means that they lived by hunting animals and picking up foods from plants.
The journey towards modern inventions began about 9,000 years ago when humans first learned to grow crops.
In order to start farming these crops, humans first had to domesticate the crops, meaning that they had to change them so that they were better for farming.
They did this by using selective breeding.
This means that they planted the seeds from the best plants, to make sure that better plants appeared the next year.
Diamond talks about why this happened to some plants and not others.
For example, most trees are not useful for farming because they take a very long time to grow.
The most useful plants were plants that took only a year to grow.
The Fertile Crescent (an area now mostly in Iraq, Syria and Turkey) was the first place where humans learned to farm.
China and New Guinea were also early places where humans learned to farm.
Later, farming also began in other regions.
However, some regions had more useful crops than others.
Crops were more useful if they had more nutritious, meaning they had things like proteins that humans need from their food.
They were also more useful if they were easier to grow and were less likely to fail in bad weather.
This is why crops from the Fertile Crescent and China spread a long way, while those from New Guinea did not spread far from the island.
Farming was a big change.
In a farming society, more people could live in the same area (population density) than a hunter-gatherer society.
This is why they could easily take over the lands of hunter-gatherers, if their crops could grow there.
Diamond notes that it was usually easier for crops to spread east or west than north or south, because crops could only grow in a similar climate.
Humans from farming societies spread to regions where their crops could grow, such as from the Fertile Crescent to Europe, North Africa and South Asia and from China to the rest of East Asia.
Eurasia (Europe and Asia) became home to far more farming societies than the rest of the world, and they had better crops.
Meanwhile, these crops could not spread from North Africa into the middle of Africa, and therefore they did not spread to South Africa (where the crops could grow).
Meanwhile, until Europeans discovered the Americas, crops from Central America did not spread to South America, and crops from South America did not spread to Central America.
Humans also domesticated animals.
As with plants, only some animals were good for this.
For example, animals that lived in herds were easier to control than animals that lived alone.
Mostly for similar reasons, Eurasia had more farm animals than the other parts of the world.
Only two large animals were domesticated outside of Eurasia: llamas and alpacas in South America.
Living with animals caused humans to catch more diseases.
These spread through Eurasia and Africa.
This is why many Native Americans died of diseases after European people travelled to the Americas, but the Europeans did not catch diseases from the Native Americans.
On the other hand, in tropical areas, diseases like malaria stopped Europeans from moving into those areas until the late 19th century.
Farming by region
Diamond writes about what each region was like before European explorers started travelling around the world:
Eurasia and North Africa: Many crops and animals were domesticated in the Fertile Crescent and spread to these regions, as far west as Ireland and as far east as Japan.
They also used crops and animals that were domesticated in other areas, such as rice from China and horses from the Steppes, a region in Central Asia.
These areas had more crops than any other part of the world.
This is why they had the best farming.
Inventions and countries appeared in Eurasia and North Africa much earlier than anywhere else.
Eurasia had so many people who lived near to each other and near to farm animals that many diseases like smallpox spread around the region.
The Americas: The Americas were too far away from Eurasia, so did not have their crops.
Although many Eurasian crops are grown in North America today, there were few that the Native Americans could domesticate and those that could were not very useful.
In some places, people domesticated more useful crops, such as maize in Central America and potatoes in South America.
This led to inventions being made; Central America is the only place outside of Eurasia to invent writing on their own.
They became home to empires like the Aztec Empire and Inca Empire.
But this happened later than in Eurasia, and they did not have as many crops.
Because they were too far away from Eurasia, they did not have Eurasian diseases like smallpox.
The rest of Africa: The Sahara Desert was one of several things that made it hard for farming to spread from North Africa to the other parts of Africa.
Some farming did spread through Africa, such as cows.
Africans also domesticate some crops, such as yams in West Africa and coffee beans in Ethiopia, but their crops were not as good as Eurasia.
Most African societies also caught Eurasian diseases like smallpox, although the Khoisan in South Africa did not.
New Guinea: New Guinea was one of the first places to begin farming, with crops such as bananas.
However, their crops were not as useful as Eurasian crops or maize, so this farming did not spread far.
Because it already had farming societies, New Guinea was one of the few islands in the area that was not settled by Austronesians.
The people did get some things from the other islands, such as chickens and Eurasian diseases.
Australia: Australia is the smallest continent.
This is one reason why the Australian Aborigines did not domesticate any crops or animals.
Although the Aborgines did trade with farmers in New Guinea and Indonesia, they did not start growing their crops.
This was because they were far away and because the climate was different in Australia.
The Aborigines also did not have Eurasian diseases.
Other Southeast Asian and Pacific islands: Apart from the areas with New Guinean farming, these areas either had no humans or hunter-gatherers until the Austronesian farmers came.
The Austronesians probably came from Taiwan.
From 3000 BC to 1500 BC, the Austronesians used their boats to sail across the oceans.
Some of the last islands that humans reached were Hawaii around 500 AD and New Zealand around 1300 AD.
These were reached by Austronesians hundreds of years before European explorers.
Some Austronesians did have Eurasian diseases, in places like Indonesia, but those who lived further away in the Pacific Islands did not have Eurasian diseases.
Diamond believes that farming was important because humans had to start farming before they could invent things like cities, metal, the wheel and writing.
Farming led to humans living in larger groups, so they had to form more complicated societies.
They began to live in countries rather than tribes.
In a farming society, not everyone may work on a farm.
Some people can do other jobs, like rulers, writers and inventors, because there is so much food.
The societies with the best farming were the ones that were more likely to have inventors.
This is different to a hunter-gatherer society, where everyone must help find food.
Later in the book, Diamond talks about why European countries developed more inventions than the rest of Eurasia.
Because of this, some European countries were the first places to be changed by the Industrial Revolution and they also formed empires that ruled over distant lands (known as colonialism).
Until the 15th century, China actually had more inventions than Europe.
Diamond suggests that this changed because many European countries were in competition with each other.
European countries had to keep changing and using new inventions, to avoid being conquered by other countries.
Meanwhile, China was ruled as one empire that did not have to worry about this.
Diamond also believes that geography affected this pattern.
Geography made it hard for Europe to unite into large countries, but made it easy for China.
Argentavis magnificens is one of the two largest flying birds ever discovered.
This bird, sometimes called the Giant Teratorn, is an extinct species known from three sites from the late Miocene of central and northwestern Argentina or Alaska, where a good sample of fossils have been obtained.
Wingspan:  approximately 8 m (23 ft)
Wing area: 8.11 m² (87.3 ft²)
Wing loading: 84.6 N/m²
Body Length: 1.26 m (4.1 ft)
Height: 1.7–2 m (5.6–6.6 ft)
Mass: 70–72 kg (154–171.6 lb)
Joseph Curtis "Joe" Hennig (born October 1, 1979) is an American professional wrestler.
He is better known by his ring name Curtis Axel and previous ring name Michael McGillicutty.
He is a former Intercontinental Champion and former WWE Tag Team Champion with David Otunga.
He was also a member of The New Nexus  which was led by CM Punk.
Axel was born in Champlin, Minnesota.
His father was "Mr. Perfect" Curt Hennig and his grandfather is Larry "The Axe" Hennig.
He chose his ring name Curtis Axel as a tribute to them.
FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (three times) (with Heath Miller (one), Brett DiBiase (one) and Kaval (one))
PWI Rookie of the Year (2008)
He was ranked #47 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2013.
WWE Intercontinental Championship (one time)
WWE Tag Team Championship (one time) (with David Otunga)
Insider trading means the trading of public companies' stocks and other assets on stock markets using secret information.
This is done by getting people who have confidential or non-public facts about how much a stock is really worth to tell traders so they can buy or sell to make profit and manipulate that particular
A stock could be worth more or less than the public knows, depending on how well a company is doing in making money, new innovations, sales and demand.
In many countries, insider trading with secret information is against the law.
Arlene Francis (or Arline Francis Kazanjian; October 20, 1907 – May 31, 2001) was an American actress and radio talk show host.
She hosted What's My Line?
from 1950 to 1975.
She was also a stage performer.
Francis was born in New York City.
She died from Alzheimer's disease.
Frances Bean Cobain (born August 18, 1992) is an American visual artist and former model.
She is the only child of Kurt Cobain and Courtney Love.
Isaac Vorsah (born 21 June 1988) is a Ghanaian football player.
He began his career at Oscar FC in Kpando, Ghana and FC Maamobi.
He transferred to Gamba All Blacks F.C. in 2005.
In January 2007 Asante Kotoko bought Vorsah.
The German team TSG 1899 Hoffenheim offered him a trial.
After the trial he was loaned until 30 June 2008.
On 1 April 2008 TSG 1899 Hoffenheim bought him and he signed until 30 June 2011.
For Hoffenheim he played 106 times and shot 4 goals.
He moved to Red Bull Salzburg in August 2012.
After he came back from the Africa Cup 2013 he was injured badly and missed the 2013/14 season.
Vorsah played his first match for Ghana in 2007 against Senegal.
For Ghana he played the Africa Cup 2010 and 2013.
He was also part of the team for the FIFA World Championship 2010.
In total he played 16 matches for Ghana.
The leopard danio (Brachydanio rerio or Brachydanio frankei) is a species of freshwater fish.
They are native to India.
The leopard danio is an active fish that likes to live in shoals (groups).
They are peaceful fish.
They are often kept in community fish tanks.
They grow to about 40-50 mm.
They like to live in a water temperature of about 18–25°C.
Leopard danios are omnivores.
In the wild, they mostly eat invertebrates.
In tanks, they can eat bloodworms, brine shrimp and flake foods.
http://www.aquaticcommunity.com/fish/leoparddanio.php
http://www.aquaticstoyourdoor.co.uk/Leopard-Danio.html
Elizabeth Jane Howard, Lady Amis, CBE, FRSL (26 March 1923 – 2 January 2014) was an English novelist.
Before being a writer, Howard was an actress and a model.
She married Sir Peter Scott in 1942.
They had a daughter, Nicola (born 1943).
Howard left Scott in 1946 and they divorced in 1951.
Her second marriage to Jim Douglas-Henry in 1958 was brief.
Her third marriage to novelist Sir Kingsley Amis lasted from 1965 until their divorce in 1983.
Her stepson, Martin Amis, has said that she encouraged him to become a more serious reader and writer.
Malin Maria Åkerman (born 12 May 1978) is a Swedish-Canadian actress.
She acted in 27 Dresses in 2008 and in Watchmen in 2009.
She also does singing and modeling.
She played Kate Harrison in the ABC comedy Trophy Wife.
She will appear as Claire Wyden in the 2018 science fiction movie Rampage.
Åkerman was born in Stockholm.
She moved to Canada at age two and was raised partly in Sweden and partly in Ontario.
Joost van der Westhuizen (20 February 1971 – 6 February 2017) was a South African former rugby union player.
He played as a scrum-half for the national team.
He played in the 1995 and 1999 Rugby World Cups.
On 12 May 2011, van der Westhuizen's publicist announced that he had a muscle-related neural disease.
It was believed to be a form of motor neurone disease.
Doctors at the Cleveland Clinic in the United States have since confirmed that he had motor neurone disease.
They believed he had only a 20% chance of living for two to five years.
J9 Foundation
The Great Seal of the State of Missouri is an emblem that represents the U.S. state of Missouri.
It was officially adopted on January 11, 1822.
The center of the seal has two bears with the motto: "United we stand, divided we fall".
The outer circle has the words "The Great Seal of the State of Missouri".
The year 1820 is shown in Roman numerals.
Missouri, however, did not become a state until August 1821.
1820s establishments in Missouri
The Great Seal of the State of Iowa is an emblem that represents the U.S. state of Iowa.
It was created in 1847, one year after Iowa became a state.
The seal shows a soldier over fields of wheat surrounded by symbols important to Iowa's history.
They include transportation, farms and mining.
The Great Seal of the State of Louisiana is an emblem that represents the U.S. state of Louisiana.
It was adopted in 1902.
It has four pelicans (one adult, the other three are little).
Mother Pelican wounds her breast to feed her young. "
Union, justice, confidence" are the words of the motto surrounding these four pelicans.
The state seal of Arkansas was adopted in 1864.
It was changed to its present style on May 23, 1907.
The inner seal contains an Angel of Mercy, Sword of Justice and Goddess of Liberty around a bald eagle.
1860s establishments in Arkansas
Luhman 16 is a binary brown dwarf in the southern constellation Vela at 6.6 light-years from the Sun.
It is also known as WISE 1049-5319.
The primary has a stellar classification of L8 ± 1, and the secondary is probably near the L/T transition.
The pair orbit each other at a distance of about 3 AU with an orbital period of about 25 years.
Springhill is a city in the north of Louisiana.
It is next to the border with Arkansas.
The city was originally called "Barefoot".
Settlements in Webster Parish, Louisiana
Yolanda's father was killed when she was only 12 years old.
On April 4, 1968, the day that he was killed, her mother got a phone call from Jesse Jackson.
Yolanda was the only one of her four brothers and sisters to realize that their father had been killed.
She went to his funeral and tried to act like her mother after that.
She graduated from her high school when she was 16 years old.
She got bullied when she went to Smith College because she was her father's daughter, and did not know how to deal with the issue.
She got over the bullying by reading his books and started thinking he was correct on his views when he was alive.
After finishing her first year at the college, she went back home and at that point her grandmother Alberta Williams King was shot and killed.
The Giver is a science fiction movie that will be released August 2014.
It is about the sacrifices of humanity.
This movie was based on the book of the same name.
Viva Bianca (or Viva Skubiszewski; 17 November 1983) is an Australian actress.
She stars on the television show Spartacus.
She was also on other shows.
Her maiden name is pronounced scooby-shev-ski.
She is from Victoria.
Serena is a drama movie that will be released in April 2014.
The story is about a wife that cannot have children.
Jennifer Lawrence plays Serena, Bradley Cooper plays her husband George.
The movie is based on the novel Serena (2008) by Ron Rash.
Dirk Sager (August 13, 1940 – January 2, 2014) was a German journalist.
He was a member of P.E.N.. He worked for German broadcaster ZDF from 1968.
Sager was born in Hamburg.
He studied at Free University Berlin.
He died in Potsdam from a stroke.
He was aged 73.
1997: Deutscher Kritikerpreis (together with Friedhelm Brebeck and Friedrich Schreiber)
2002: Hanns-Joachim-Friedrichs-Award
Dirk Sager - ZDF trauert um Reporter Dirk Sager
Herman Pieter de Boer (9 February 1928 – 1 January 2014), also known as Johnny Austerlitz, was a Dutch writer, journalist and lyricist.
He began his career during the late 1950s, and continued for more than 55 years.
During this time, he wrote over 65 novels.
De Boer was born in Rotterdam, South Holland.
He was married twice during his life.
He also had a long relationship with Dutch singer-songwriter Lenny Kuhr from 1981 to 1993.
Lee Louis Daniels (born December 24, 1959) is an American actor, movie producer and director.
He produced Monster's Ball and directed the movie Precious: Based on the Novel "Push" by Sapphire.
He has received six Academy Award nominations, including Best Director for Precious.
In 2013, Daniels directed The Butler, a historical drama about the White House and its presidents during the 20th century.
The movie had an ensemble cast.
It received positive reviews and became a box office success.
Daniels lives in New York City.
He is openly gay and adopted his biological niece and nephew.
Lee Daniels Entertainment website
NPR interview
Blackfilm.com interview
IndependentFilm.com interview
Gay Life biography
Eugene Allen (July 14, 1919 – March 31, 2010) was an American waiter and butler.
He worked for the White House for 34 years until he retired in 1986.
He served eight presidents of the United States.
He began working at the White House in 1952.
Allen's life was the inspiration for the movie The Butler, released in 2013.
Allen earned the highest rank of butlers serving in the White House.
At the Maître d'hôtel in 1981, President Ronald Reagan invited Allen and his wife Helene to a state dinner at the White House.
The dinner was in honor of Helmut Kohl.
Allen was born in Scottsville, Virginia on July 14, 1919.
He received no formal schooling.
He began working as a waiter at a pool club.
Allen met his wife Helene in 1942.
They had a son, Charles Allen.
Helene wanted to vote for Barack Obama in 2008, but she died the day before the election, on November 3, 2008.
Allen died at a hospital in Takoma Park, Maryland, from kidney failure.
The Independent: Eugene Allen: White House butler who worked for eight US presidents
People from Takoma Park, Maryland
Phyllis Dorothy James, Baroness James of Holland Park, OBE, FRSA, FRSL (3 August 1920 – 27 November 2014) was an English writer of crime fiction.
She was commonly known as P. D. James, which was the name her books are published under.
She was most famous for a series of detective novels starring policeman and poet Adam Dalgliesh.
James was a life peer in the House of Lords.
James died peacefully at her home in Oxford on 27 November 2014, aged 94.
The British Council's Contemporary Writers.
Accessed 2010-09-15
Faber and Faber (U.K.), publisher.
Random House (U.S.), publisher.
Penguin Books (U.K.), publisher .
Robert James "Bob" Keeshan (June 27, 1927 – January 23, 2004) was an American television producer and actor.
He is known for his role as the title character of the children's television program Captain Kangaroo.
It became an icon for millions of people during its 30-year run from 1955 to 1984.