the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In November 2005, Brussels was very minorly affected by the spread of the French riots.
There has been a steep increase in violent armed robberies carried out by minors.
Cybercrime is also growing.
Gangs in Belgium
In the 1990s and early 2000s, attacks were made on vans used to move.
They often killed the security agents in charge.
The country had several large-scale crime scandals, such as those of the Brabant Wallon killers, the Scarface gang and the Belgian Mafia.
More recently, some scandals have been about corruption and misuse of public resources.
In addition, petty crimes such as street thefts, purse snatchings, and pickpocketing are in the main city centers.
There are not very many of these crimes.
Car theft used to happen often.
There have been less in the last decade.
Belgian Mafia
Belgian mafia
Nijvel gang
Haemers gang
Scarface gang
Richard Henry Carmona (born November 22, 1949) is an American physician, policeofficer, public healthadministrator, and politician.
He was the 17th Surgeon General of the United States.
Carmona was chosen as Surgeon General by President George W. Bush in 2002.
He left office at the end of July 2006 at the end of his term.
After leaving, Carmona was highly critical of the Bush administration.
In August 2006, Carmona returned home to Tucson, Arizona.
In November 2011, he said he would try to become the Democratic Party's choice for United States Senate.
He won the nomination, but lost the election to Jeff Flake.
Politicians from Arizona
Bhutan has a low crime rate.
Petty crime is sometimes reported in the country.
Violent crime is very uncommon.
Some cases of drug abuse are reported.
alcohol abuse is a problem.
In general, drug trafficking is low.
The most serious threat to Bhutan's security is terrorism by different groups from India who are staying in the nation.
In June 1999, television was introduced in the country.
Bhutan was the last nation in the world to have television.
Some people think the introduction of television did not fit with Bhutanese culture.
They say it is a reason crime increased.
Non-political crime
Violent crime is very low in Bhutan.
Levels of theft are low.
Petty crime like pickpocketing are sometimes reported in the country.
Juvenile crime has increased.
The highest rate of juvenile crime was reported in 2003 when 63 youths were convicted across the nation.
Rape is not a large problem.
In 1999 only 10 rapes were reported in Bhutan.
Homicide rate is low.
In 1998, homicide rate per 100,000 citizens was 2.78.
Bhutan is a source and transit country for human trafficking.
Women are trafficked from Bhutan to other countries for commercial sexual exploitation.
The first case of corruption in Bhutan was reported on April 5, 2002.
A man was charged with embezzlement.
Four cases of white-collar crime and violent crime were reported in April 2003.
In 2011, Bhutan was ranked 38th out of 182 countries for corruption (least corrupt countries are at the top of the list).
Its score was 5.7 with 10 being the highest possible.
Drug-related crime
Slight drug abuse has appeared in the country.
Free trade with neighboring India and the refugees make Bhutan vulnerable to drug trafficking.
Bhutan is close to certain areas in Nepal and North-East India where intravenous drug use is high.
Because of this, Bhutan has had an increase in intravenous drug use.
Marijuana, which grows as a shrub in Bhutan, was only used to feed pigs before the introduction of television.
Hundreds have now been arrested for using marijuana.
Use of amphetamines and benzodiazepines smuggled from India is rising in Thimpu and in the Southern Bhutan.
Drug trafficking and production of opium, cannabis and other drugs is not a large problem in the country.
Alcohol consumption is the most serious addiction related problem in the nation.
Alcohol abuse is reported in nearly 80% of domestic violence crimes.
In 2004, selling of tobacco products to Bhutanese citizens was outlawed in the country.
This made Bhutan the first nation in the world to ban tobacco sales.
Severe punishment was added for selling of tobacco.
Karma Tshering of the Bhutanese Customs said, "If any foreigner is caught selling tobacco products to Bhutanese nationals, he will be charged with smuggling.
Tobacco will be treated as contraband."
However a black market in tobacco has grown in the country.
Many groups from India have set up training camps in the southern part of the country.
The United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA), the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) and the Bodo Liberation Tigers Force (BLTF) had bases in Bhutan in 2002.
Terrorists were involved in murders, extortion and kidnappings.
Bhutan told the terrorists they must leave the country by December 2001.
In December 2003 there was a military campaign to remove these groups.
Many terrorist camps were destroyed.
It is thought that terrorists are trying to make retaliatory attacks against Bhutan.
On September 5, 2004, a bomb exploded in Gelephu killing two people and injuring twenty seven.
The NDFB was suspected behind the attack.
The First Nonsmoking Nation Slate.com
Timeline: Bhutan BBC News
Has TV changed Bhutan?
Blasts rip through Bhutan CNN
Series of bomb blasts rock Bhutan International Herald Tribune
Crime in Brazil has had an increase in violent and non-violent crimes.
According to most sources, Brazil has high rates of violent crimes, such as murders and robberies.
The homicide rate was getting smaller, but has started going back up from 2006 onwards.
In 2010 it was above 25 homicides per 100,000 people.
This makes is one of the 20 worst rates in the world.
Kidnappings do still happen.
Increased police know-how has helped the problem.
Prostitution per se is not a crime in Brazil, unlike procuring.
The Government of Brazil has increased efforts to combat child prostitution and sex tourism.
In 2010, there were 473,600 people in Brazilian prisons and jails.
Drugs are responsible for 85,000 of the total.
It is believed that most life-threatening crime in Brazil is linked to drug trade and alcoholism.
Brazil is a heavy importer of cocaine.
It is part of the international drug route.
Arms and marijuana used by criminals are mostly locally produced.
New laws have stricter punishment for domestic abuse and driving under the influence.
Thousands of human trafficking and slavery cases are reported each year.
These are usually connected to sugarcane plantations or, in the cities, illegal immigrants from Asia and the surrounding continent Crime rates change greatly across the country, with a higher amount in metropolitan suburbs and in border zones.
The crime of money laundering was introduced in 1998.
The Internet is home to many Brazilian hackers.
Online hate speech, heavily punished by Brazilian law, is difficult for officers to catch.
Land crimes are a problem.
A continuing problem is the human rights violations during capture and custody of suspects.
On the other hand, criminal charges have been described as very easy, allowing violent criminals an early return to society.
The justice system is slow.
This is largely because of loopholes that allow for numerous appeals.
According to the U.S. Department of State, a majority of crimes are not solved.
Express kidnappings, where individuals are taken and forced to withdraw money from automated teller machines, are common in major cities including Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Brasília, Curitiba, Porto Alegre, Salvador and Recife.
Petty crimes such as pickpocketing and bag snatching are common.
Thieves work in outdoor markets, in hotels and on public transport.
Organized crime is a serious problem in Brazil.
It is well established in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo.
Organizations include: Comando Vermelho, Amigos dos Amigos, Terceiro Comando Puro, and Primeiro Comando da Capital.
There are groups of punks and skinheads in São Paulo and Curitiba.
The illegal drug trade is large.
In 2021, at least 25 people were killed in a shootout between police and a gang of drug dealers.
Militias
In some areas, current and former members of the police have formed vigilante gangs.
These gangs say they are protecting people but are widely thought to be dangerous criminal gangs.
They chase out or kill local drug dealers.
They then use protection rackets and tax local businesses of all kinds.
Rio de Janeiro "militias" have been responsible for murders of journalists and a judge.
Areas under "militia" control tend to see a drop in murder rates but a rise in other forms of violent crime.
Efforts to combat crime
The National Security Force
The National Public Security Force (NPSF) was started in June 2004 by the Ministry of Justice.
They are to act in emergency situations.
It brings together the best police states and the Federal Police.
BOPE
BOPE (Batalhão de Operações Policiais Especiais, or Special Police Operations Battalion), is the elite group of the Military Police.
Their missions are: Break barricades made by drug traffickers; get out police officers or civilians injured in fighting; serve high-risk arrest warrants; hostage rescues; stop prison rebellions; and conduct special missions in rough terrain such as swamps or mountainous areas.. They chase out or kill local drug dealers
In 2006 the European Commission made goals for Bulgaria to improve its fight against corruption and organised crime.
In 2011 Bulgaria ranked 86th out of 182 countries on how corrupt they are thought to be.
They scored a 3.3 with 10 the highest possible.
Bulgaria is a source for women and children who are trafficked for prostitution.
Men, women, and children are also used for forced labor.
Crime in Varna
Varna is known to be the main place for Bulgarian organized crime.
Some parts of the economy, including gambling, corporate security, tourism, real estate, and professional sports, are believed to be controlled by these groups.
The Surgeon General of the United States is in charge of the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (PHSCC).
They are the main spokesperson about things dealing with public health in the federal government.
The Surgeon General's office and staff are known as the Office of the Surgeon General (OSG).
Selection and current office-holder
The Surgeon General is chosen by the U.S. President and confirmed by the Senate.
The Surgeon General serves for a four-year period of time.
The Surgeon General is either the highest ranking or second highest ranking uniformed officer of the PHSCC.
This depends on if the current Assistant Secretary for Health is a PHSCC commissioned officer or not.
The position has the grade of a three-star vice admiral .
Surgeons General of the United States
Crocus (plural: crocuses, croci) is a genus of flowering plants in the iris family comprising about 80 species of perennials growing from corms.
Many are cultivated for their flowers appearing in autumn, winter, or spring.
Crocuses are native to woodland, scrub and meadows from sea level to alpine tundra in central and southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, on the islands of the Aegean, and across Central Asia to western China.
A t-test is a statistical hypothesis test.
People use it when they want to compare a mean (average) of a measurement from one group A to some theoretical, expected value.
People also use it when they want to compare the mean (average) of a measurement of two groups A and B. They want to decide if the mean in group A is different to the theoretical value or to the mean in group B.
For example, pretend there are two groups of people.
One group exercises a lot and the other doesn't.
Do the people who exercise tend to live longer than those who don't?
Then the property of interest is the average life time.
Is the average life time of people who exercise different to the average life time of people who don't?
A t-test can help answer this question.
When this is used
The t-test is used when the property's variance in the groups is unknown.
When people want to do the t-test they have to calculate the variance from the sample (the collection of data).
This calculated variance is almost always different to the true variance in the group.
The t-test was created to care about this difference.
Pakpattan (also called Pākpattan Sharīf) is a city in Punjab (Pakistan).
It is the capital city of Pakpattan District.
The United States Census of 1790 was the first United States Census.
It recorded the population of the United States as of August 2, 1790.
In the First Census, the population of the United States was 3,929,214.
Both Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and President George Washington didn't fully believe in the results.
They believed that there were more people in the United States than what the census said.
A reason why there may be more people would be because of the people living farther apart, bad roads that would go to where people may live, limited technology, and people simply not giving any information.
Loss of information
The records for many states were lost sometime between 1790 and 1830.
Almost one third of the original census data have been lost or destroyed since the original census.
These include some 1790 data from: Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Vermont.
The data can still be proven in many secondary sources about the first census.
Census data included the name of the head of the family.
They put people into these categories: free white males at least 16 years old (to figure out the country's industrial and military potential), free white males under 16 years old, free white females, all other free persons (reported by sex and color), and slaves.
The Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson told marshals to get data from all thirteen states (Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia), and from the Southwest Territory.
17.8% of the people were slaves.
This is the highest percentage of slaves in any American census.
City rankings
The United States Census of 1800 was the second Census in the United States.
It was done on August 4, 1800.
It showed that 5,308,483 people were living in the United States.
893,602 were slaves.
The 1800 Census included the new District of Columbia.
The census for the following states were lost: Georgia, Kentucky, New Jersey, Tennessee, and Virginia.
The United States Census of 1810 was the third Census in the United States.
It was done on August 6, 1810.
It showed that 7,239,881 people were living in the United States.
1,191,362 of the total were slaves.
The 1810 Census included one new state: Louisiana.
The original census returns for the District of Columbia, Georgia, Mississippi, New Jersey, Ohio, and Tennessee were lost or destroyed over the years.
The United States Census of 1820 was the fourth census in the United States.
It was completed on August 7, 1820.
The total population was found to be 9,638,453.
1,538,022 of the total were slaves.
Historic US Census data
The Mekan (spelled Maken too) are a caste, or clan of Jat harijan   and are claimed to ancest from Jats  mostly converted to Islam, around the 17 or 18 century AD.
They are mostly settled in the Sargodha District of the Punjab (Pakistan).
most of them are small farmer and they are very hard worker Numerous Makens have been a part of provincial politics alongside tribal politics, for example, Punjab.
Sardar Asim Sher Maken has been serving as the district council chairman of Sargodha, who was previously the chairman of Kot Pehlwan union council.
Sardar Sikandar Hayat Maken and Sardar Fateh Khan Maken have contested and won different elections for a provincial assembly seat.
Chaudry Ghulam Mubashir Maken is serving SSP (DPO) D G Khan.
Sardar Aamir Habib Ullah Maken Air Vice Marshal (General) in Pakistan Air Force.
The United States Census  of 1830 was the fifth Census in the United States.
It was completed on June 1, 1830.
It found the population of the 24 states to be 12,866,020.
2,009,043 of the total were slaves.
The United States Census of 1840 was the sixth census of the United States.
It was completed on June 1, 1840.
It found the population of the United States to be 17,069,453.
This was an increase of 32.7 percent from the 1830 Census.
The total population included 2,487,355 slaves.
In 1840, the center of population was about 260 miles (418 km) west of Washington, D.C., near Weston, West Virginia.
The United States Census of 1850 was the seventh census of the United States.
It was completed on June 1, 1850.
It found the population of the United States to be 23,191,876.
This was an increase of 35.9 percent from the 1840 Census.
The total population included 3,204,313 slaves.
This was the first census where there was an attempt to collect information about every member of every household, including women, children, and slaves.
Hinton Rowan Helper made use of the 1850 census results in his politically notorious book The Impending Crisis of the South.
1850s in the United States
The United States Census of 1860 was the eighth Census in the United States.
It was completed after November 1, 1860.
It found the population to be 31,443,321.
This was an increase of 35.4 percent from the 1850 Census.
The total population included 3,953,761 slaves.
1860 in the United States
Talokar is the name of a village in the Haripur District of Hazara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly North-West Frontier Province) in Pakistan.
It is situated at Latitude 33.9852778 degrees; and Longitude 72.9419444 degrees.
It is quite closely situated to Haripur town (approx 2 km) the local area headquarters.
It was originally founded during the 12th or 13th century AD by the Talokar khoker Awan tribe.
Since then, it has remained the principal seat of a Jagir estate during the British Raj, of a famous aristocratic family which also produced Khan Sahib Abdul Majid Khan Tarin, OBE, Jemadar Abdul Latif Khan Tarin IDSM, and others.
The approximate population of the main Talokar village at the  time of the last major national census  was about 4800-5000.
and it is primarily an agrarian area.
It is well known for its fine vegetables, wheat and maize crops and orchards of loquats, oranges and other fruits.
Although the majority of the residents are engaged in farming activities, a fairly large number are also in government and military service and some few working in local industries or working abroad as immigrant labour.
The main tribes and ethnic groups include Gurjars, Maliars, Pathans, Syeds, Awans and some others.
The principal families and landowners are still mostly Tarin/Tareen Pathans (Pashtuns).
In terms of religious practices, the population is overwhelmingly Muslim, mostly of the Sunni Islamic persuasion.
The main language spoken here are Hindko, Northern Punjabi language (Chhachi dialect) and some Pashto.
The general level of literacy/education is quite high by Pakistani standards, with schooling for both boys and girls available until high school level and an average literacy rate of 74%.
For further education, most students go to colleges in Haripur town or nearby Abbottabad and some even as far as  Peshawar, Islamabad and Rawalpindi.
Popular pastimes
Among popular pastimes here are sports such as Cricket, Football (soccer), Field hockey and Volleyball.
Many people also engage in hunting, horse riding and the traditional martial art of Gatka.
Awan  was the second daughter of Adam and Eve in the Abrahamic religions.
Awan was also the sister-wife of Cain.
Although Awan was first paired in a sibcestual pairing with Abel, after Abel was killed by her twin Cain, her marriage to him became a twincestual marriage.
It is someone living a Sufi Muslim ascetic way or "Tariqah".
They are poor, and live simply.
In this respect, dervishes are most similar to mendicant friars in Christianity, or Hindu/Buddhist/Jain sadhus.
Whirling dervishes
The whirling dance that is associated with dervishes is best known in the West by the performances of the Mevlevi order in Turkey.
It is part of a ceremony known as the Sema.
It is also done by other orders.
The Sema is only one of many Sufi ceremonies performed to try to reach religious ecstasy (majdhb, fana).
The name Mevlevi comes from the Persian poet Rumi, who was a dervish himself.
The Hazara division is an administrative area of the present Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
It includes the Haripur District, Abbottabad District, Mansehra District, Battagram District, Kohistan District and the Kala Dhaka former tribal enclave, now renamed as the Tor Ghar District.
Donald Allan "Don" Dunstan AC, QC (21 September 1926 – 6 February 1999) was a South Australian politician.
He was the leader of the state's Labor Party from 1967, and was Premier of South Australia between June 1967 and April 1968, and again between June 1970 and February 1979.
Dunstan was born in Fiji to a rich Australian couple.
He moved to Adelaide when he was a teenager.
He moved to go to school on a scholarship.
He later studied law and arts at the University of Adelaide.
He entered politics in 1953.
He got a seat in the South Australian parliament at the age of 26.
He became well known for his campaign against the death penalty during the 1950s, and his status in the Labor Party rose quickly.
As a member of the opposition, he was able to get the parliament to pass changes to Aboriginal civil rights.
He was also an important figure in his party's abandoning the White Australia Policy.
Dunstan was a socially progressive premier.
His government recognised native title over Aboriginal lands, decriminalised (made legal) homosexuality, and abolished the death penalty.
Appointed during his term were the first female judge, the first non-British governor, and later, the first indigenous governor.
Dunstan also relaxed censorship and drinking laws in the state, created a ministry for the environment, and made laws against discrimination.
His nine years in office during the 1970s are remembered as the Dunstan Decade.
However, there were also problems: the state's economic growth began to slow down, and led to major infrastructure plans being abandoned.
Unemployment in South Australia began to rise, as well as rumours of corruption.
Dunstan became strained after the death of his wife, and he suddenly resigned from the premiership in 1979 after collapsing from illness.
He lived for another two decades, and remained very outspoken in public about social policies.
Past Premier profile: SA Parliament
Don Dunstan Foundation
Fijian people
Dr David Oliver Tonkin AO (20 July 1929 – 2 October 2000) was the 38th Premier of South Australia, from 18 September 1979 to 10 November 1982.
He was elected to the South Australian parliament in the 1970 election.
He became the state's leader of the Liberal Party in 1975.
His party won the state elections in 1979, after Don Dunstan of the Labor Party had resigned as premier.
Tonkin's government focused on the economy while also continuing the socially progressive ideas of the previous government.
He developed copper and uranium mining in the state, and made laws against discrimination.
He also passed a land rights act through parliament that gave the Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara people ownership over most of their homeland in South Australia.
Kashan is a city in Iran.
It is near Isfahan, about  from Tehran.
The city is known for its textiles.
In the Middle Ages, it was also known for ceramics.
As of 2012, about 275,000 people live in the city, about 317,000 in its metropolitan area.
The city is along the road from Qom to Kerman.
Kashan is located at the edge of a desert, along the first oasis.
The city has a desert climate, with hot summers, and cold winters.
In Natanz, about  south of Kashan, there is an uranium enrichment plant.
This plant uses gas centrifuges.
It is part of the Iranian nuclear program.
The Great Victoria Desert is the largest desert in Australia.
It consists of sand dunes, small sandhills, grassland plains, areas with closely packed  pebbles (called desert pavement or gibber plains) and salt lakes.
The desert is an Australian IBRA.
The desert covers a large area, about  in the states of Western Australia and South Australia.
The distance from east to west is about .
It is very dry, getting only between  to  of rain each year.
It is surrounded by other very dry areas including the Nullabor Plain to the south, the Gibson Desert to the north, Sturt's Stony Desert to the east.
It was named by the explorer Ernest Giles in 1875, after Queen Victoria.
Aboriginal people have lived in the desert for more than 24,000 years.
The area of the Great Victoria Desert is shared roughly equally by the states of South and Western Australia.
It is north of the Nullarbor Plain and south of the Musgrave Ranges.
The desert is bounded on the west by Laverton and the goldfields and to the east by Coober Pedy and the Stuart Highway.
The Great Victoria Desert can be very dry and sandy.
However, plants and animals still live there.
The plants are adapted to the dry, arid climate, otherwise they would not be able to survive.
Wallabies, bandy  snakes, lizards.
kangaroos .
and many birds live in the Great Victoria Desert.
These animals have also adapted to survive in extreme heat and extreme cold.
Natanz is a city in the arid center of Iran.
The city lies in an oasis in the desert.
The city is located about  southeast of Kashan.
About 12,000 people live in the city.
The city is well known for the pears grown there.
There are shrines in the area, for example that of Abdas-Samad Esfahani.
He was a Sufi who died in Natanz in 1299 CE.
King Darius III was killed in the mountains near the city, about 330 BC.
The village Abyaneh, near Natanz is a well-known holiday resort today.
Before Ismail I made Twelver Islam the state religion, it was a center of Zoroastrianism.
Zoroastrianism originated in Iran, around 1000 BC.
Around  east of Natanz, there is a mine for Fluorite and Baryte.
Southeast of the city, there is an uranium enrichment plant which is part of Iran's nuclear programme.
Kings Canyon is a canyon in the Northern Territory of Australia.
It is part of Watarrka National Park, about  southwest of Alice Springs.
The walls of Kings Canyon are over 100 metres high, with Kings Creek at the bottom.
The rock is sandstone.
At the top of the gorge is a maze of weathered rock domes, a lot like those found in Purnululu.
Kings Canyon and the area around it is Aboriginal land.
It is part of the Luritja people's traditional country, and title over the land was granted to them in July 2012.
Before the arrival of Europeans in the region, the damp climate at the bottom of the gorge was an important refuge during droughts.
Rock engravings at the base of the canyon date are many hundreds of years old.
Many of them are sacred sites for Luritja and are closed to visitors.
The name Waṯarrka refers to the area around the sacred Dreaming path that runs through the park; it comes from the Luritja name for the Acacia ligulata tree.
Kings Canyon National Park, in California, United States
Kings Canyon (Australia), in the Northern Territory
Kings Canyon (Utah), in Utah, United States
An Ollie is a basic skateboarding trick.
It is when the person riding the board leaps into the air with the board still attached to their feet.
No hands are used; the board is moved into the air by kicking the back of the board down so the front is raised.
From there it uses a combination of grip and momentum to keep the board with the rider.
Madagascar is a 2005 computer-animated movie mase by Dreamworks.
The story is about a group of animals from the zoo in Central Park, New York City.
The main characters are Alex the Lion (Ben Stiller), Marty the Zebra (Chris Rock), Melman the Giraffe (David Schwimmer) and Gloria the Hippotamus (Jada Pinkett Smith).
With the penguins Skipper (Thomas "Tom" McGrath), Private (Christopher Knights), Kowalski (Chris Miller) and Rico (John DiMaggio) also living in the zoo, they end up in Madagascar with King Julien (Sacha Baron Cohen), Maurice (Cedric the Entertainer) and Mort (Andy Richter).
The movie has two sequels: Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa and Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted, as well as a Christmas special, a spinoff series, and the movie of the same name.
A video game titled Madagascar, is an adaptation on the same name of the movie.
Release in 2005 for
Peter Griffin is a character in the television comedy Family Guy.
He is the husband of Lois Griffin.
He was a redesign of the protagonist Larry from Seth MacFarlane's animated short films.
He is 44 years old.
Herbert Paul Varley (February 8, 1931 – December 15, 2015) is an American academic, historian, author, and Japanologist.
He is a former professor at Columbia University and Sen Sōshitsu XV Professor of Japanese Cultural History at the University of Hawaii.
The Onin War; history of its origins and background with a selective translation of the Chronicle of Onin, 1967
A Syllabus of Japanese Civilization, 1968
Imperial Restoration in Medieval Japan, 1971
Japanese Culture: a Short History, 1973
A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns: Jinnō Shōtōki of Kitabatake Chikafusa, 1980
Warriors of Japan as Portrayed in the War Tales, 1994
Order of the Rising Sun, 1969.
Varley, H. Paul at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
Sen Sōshitsu is the name of the head (iemoto) of the Urasenke school of the Japanese tea ceremony.
The first person in this line of the Sen family to use the name Sōshitsu was the youngest son of Sen Sōtan.
He was a great-grandson of Sen Rikyū.
Urasenke official home page
is a traditional name taken on by a series of tea masters of the Uranseke family.
Sen Sōshitsu is the name of the head (iemoto) of one of the three schools of the Japanese tea ceremony
List of Urasenke tea masters
Sen Rikyū (1522-1591)
Shōan Sōjun (1546-1614)
Genpaku Sōtan (1578-1658)
Brassica rapa L. (syn.
Brassica campestris L.), commonly known as turnip, turnip rape, fast plants, field mustard, or turnip mustard, is a plant widely cultivated as a leaf vegetable (see mizuna and napa cabbage), a root vegetable (see turnip), and an oilseed (but not normally rapeseed oil, from a different Brassica species).
The oilseeds known as canola are sometimes particular varieties of Brassica rapa (termed Polish Canola) but mostly the related species Brassica napus and Brassica juncea.
Energy transition () is the transition of Germany and several other countries to sustainable economies by means of renewable energy, energy efficiency and sustainable development.
The final goal is the abolishment of nuclear, coal, and other non-renewable energy sources.
The key policy document outlining the Energiewende was published by the German government in September 2010, some six months before the Fukushima nuclear accident.
Legislative support was passed in 2011.
Important aspects include:
greenhouse gas reductions : 80–95% reduction by 2050
renewable energy targets : 60% share by 2050
energy efficiency : electricity efficiency up by 50% by 2050
an associated research and development drive
Senso Sōshitsu was first person in the Sen family to use the name "Sōshitsu".
He was the youngest son of Sen Sōtan; and he was a great-grandson of Sen Rikyū.
Today, Sen Sōshitsu is the name of the head (iemoto) of the Urasenke school of the Japanese tea ceremony.
1697 deaths
Metabolic rate is the rate of metabolism, the amount of energy used by an animal per unit of time.
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the amount of energy used daily by animals at rest.
About 70% of a human's total energy use is due to the basal life processes within the organs of the body (see table).
About 20% of one's energy use comes from physical activity and another 10% from the digestion of food after eating.
All of these processes require an intake of oxygen to provide energy for survival, usually from macronutrients like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
The Krebs cycle produces energy-rich ATP molecules, and gives off carbon dioxide.
Basal metabolism
Basal metabolism is usually by far the largest component of total energy used.
The release, and using, of energy in this state is sufficient only for the functioning of the vital organs, the heart, lungs, nervous system, kidneys, liver, intestine, sex organs, muscles, and skin.
For the BMR, most of the energy is taken in keeping fluid levels up in tissues by osmosis, and only about one-tenth is used for mechanical work, such as digestion, heartbeat, and breathing.
The breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules – with release of energy – is catabolism.
The breakdown of proteins into amino acids is an example of catabolism.
Body heat in warm-blooded animals is produced by chemical reactions of the catabolic type.
The building up process is termed anabolism.
The formation of proteins from amino acids is an anabolic process.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the intermediate molecule that drives the transfer of energy used in muscle contraction.
ATP is a high energy molecule because it stores large amounts of energy in the chemical bonds of the two terminal phosphate groups.
The breaking of these chemical bonds in the Krebs cycle provides the energy needed for muscular contraction.
The metabolic rate varies between individuals.
One study of 150 adults representative of the population in Scotland reported basal metabolic rates from as low as 1027 kcal per day (4301 kJ) to as high as 2499 kcal (10455 kJ).
The average was 1500 kcal (6279 kJ) per day.
The researchers calculated that 62.3% of this variation was explained by differences in the mass (weight) minus the fat reserves.
Other factors were the amount of fat (6.7%), age (1.7%), and experimental error including within-subject difference (2%).
The rest of the variation (26.7%) was unexplained.
So there are differences in BMR even when comparing two subjects with the same lean body mass.
The top 5% of people are metabolizing energy 28-32% faster than individuals with the lowest 5% BMR.
For instance, one study reported an extreme case where two individuals with the same lean body mass of 43 kg had BMRs of 1075 kcal/day (4.5 MJ) and 1790 kcal/day (7.5 MJ).
This difference of 715 kcal (67%) is equivalent to one of the individuals completing a 10 kilometer run every day.
Scaling effects
The metabolic rate of mammals is a regular function of their body size, and
The function is significantly different from a direct function of their body surfaces.
On a log-log scale, the metabolism of mammals as related to their body size forms a straight line with a slope of about 0.75.
Later research showed that similar relationships hold for 'cold-blooded' animals and protists.
Kashgar or Kashi is an oasis county-level city with about 350,000 residents in the far west of the People's Republic of China, near the border with Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.
Kashgar is the administrative centre of Kashgar Prefecture of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region which has a population of approximately 4 million.
The city's urban area covers , though its administrative area extends for .
Kashgar was the meeting point for the southern and northern ancient Silk Routes for 2000 years because of its situation.
The Taklamakan Desert is to the east of the city while westwards are the high mountains of Pamir so camels must be exchanged for yaks (or vice versa).
Kashgar remains very much a predominantly Uighur city; its market called Sunday Bazaar  is resorted to by merchants from nearby countries such as Kazakhstan, Tadjikistan, and Kirghizistan and is reputed the largest in Central Asia.
Kashgar Photos
Conrad Vernon (born July 11, 1968) is an American movie director, screenwriter, producer, voice actor and comedian.
He is best known for his work in DreamWorks animated movies.
These include Shrek 2, Monsters vs. Aliens and especially Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted.
Vernon was born and raised in Lubbock, Texas.
He studied at CalArts.
Vernon worked as a storyboard artist in Ralph Bakshi's  Cool World, 2 Stupid Dogs, Rocko's Modern Life, Nightmare Ted and Morto the Magician.
Vernon joined DreamWorks in 1996 and worked as a storyboard artist again in Antz.
After the success of Antz, he became one of the writers for Shrek, where he also made the voice of Gingerbread Man.
He also appeared in Shrek 4-D and Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas.
Conrad also worked in Shrek 2, which was his first work as a director.
The movie was nominated for an Academy Award.
Later, he created the voice of Mason the chimpanzee in the popular DreamWorks movies Madagascar, Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa, Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted and the TV show.
He also co-directed the third Madagascar movie.
Vernon also wrote the original story and directed Monsters vs. Aliens, where he also created the voice of Insectosaurus.
He also produced The Annoying Orange TV series.
Programming paradigms are a way of grouping programming languages by what they do.
Languages can be in more than one paradigm.
Some paradigms look at the way the code is run, such as allowing side effects, or having to do things in a certain order.
Other paradigms look at the way that code is grouped, such as putting code into one or two pieces (or instead, many small pieces).
Some other paradigms look at the order and pieces that make the program the way it is.
There are two main groups of paradigms, imperative and declarative.
A language can be both at the same time.
Imperative programming
In imperative programs, programmers give the computer a set of ordered steps that need to be done in order to do something.
If someone wanted the computer to draw a cat face, they might give directions like "Draw a circle here, draw two smaller circles there, draw two triangles on top" and so on.
Imperative programs sometimes have a lot of side effects.
StructuredThe computer is given directions that are always in a certain order.
Steps like "go back to step 3" (known as goto statements) are not allowed.
ProceduralThe program lets the programmer give a name to a list of orders, which turns those orders into a "procedure" they can use later.
Most structured languages are also procedural.
Object-OrientedIdeas are explained to the computer using objects, pieces of code that have a set of orders they can be given and some information about them.
Declarative programming
In declarative paradigms, the programmer tells the computer what to do instead of how to do it.
If they wanted the computer to draw a cat face, they might give directions like "Draw a face, draw two eyes, two ears, and a mouth".
FunctionalMost of the work is done by functions with no side effects.
LogicA set of facts are stated, and then one or more "questions" are asked.
Event-drivenPieces of code are set to run when certain things happen (like the computer being turned on).
Other paradigms
Some paradigms can be found in both imperative and declarative languages.
These paradigms are usually found with one of the above paradigms instead of going on their own.
Parallel: More than one piece of code is run at the same time.
Meta: Special things in the language let the programmer change the way the language itself acts.
Smalltalk (object-oriented)
Assembly (imperative, but not structured or object-oriented)
Haskell (functional)
Prolog (logic)
Most languages, though, are in more than one paradigm.
Some of the ones that stand out for having more than just one are:
Scala (object-oriented, functional, parallel)
Visual Basic (event-driven, object-oriented)
Common Lisp (procedural, functional, object oriented, meta)
Scheme (functional, procedural, meta)
Perl (functional, procedural, meta, object-oriented, event-driven)
Python (functional, object-oriented, procedural)
Ruby (functional, object-oriented, procedural)
Wolfram Language (functional, procedural, generally declarative)
Oz (logic, functional, imperative, object-oriented)
F# (functional, imperative, object-oriented, meta)
Having more paradigms is not always good.
One time that having fewer paradigms can be a good thing is when there is a language that is only functional.
A function in one of these languages sometimes does less work (like only going over the parts of a group of things it actually needs to) than it might have to if the language was also procedural.
Many programming paradigms are as well known for the things they do not let people do as for those they do let people do.
One time where this is true is functional languages.
When a functional language is only or mostly functional, it usually will not allow side-effects.
Another time where this is true is structured programming: it is different from normal imperative languages because it does not let programmers use "goto statements" (statements telling the program to go to an earlier step).
Because of this and other reasons, people sometimes think new paradigms do not allow enough things.
It is sometimes okay for the computer to not let people do things, though: it can help people avoid problems with their code, and let the computer make guesses that so it can run code faster, or even check code for problems before the code runs!
Problems with paradigms
Some people who study programming languages do not like that paradigms are used to group programming languages, such as Harper and Krishnamurthi.
Those people say that a lot of programming languages can't just be grouped into paradigms because languages borrow things and ideas from lots of paradigms.
New paradigms have been created over time, and people either pointed them out at the time, or when looking back.
One of the first paradigms that was recognized as a new way of programming was structured programming from the 1960s.
The idea of a "programming paradigm" is from 1978 if not earlier, when Robert W. Floyd used it while teaching.
The word "paradigm" in the way Robert meant it was first used by Thomas Kuhn in his book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962).
The lowest-level (closest to how the computer likes to understand things) and oldest programming paradigm is machine code, an imperative paradigm.
The directions in machine code are just a set of numbers in a certain order.
Assembly language is a little bit less low-level (and a little bit less old).
In assembly language, the directions for the computer are given mnemonics (easier-to-remember names), and memory addresses (directions to find a piece of information in the computer) can be given names.
These are sometimes called first- and second-generation languages.
In the 1960s, assembly languages were made better by adding new things like library COPY, macros (bits of "special" code that got transformed to normal code before the program started running), running procedures (sets of directions given a name and saved for later), and variables (items given names and saved for later) from outside the program.
This let people use some code in more than one project, and not have to worry about with hardware-specific problems (problems that only happen one one kind of computer) thanks to commands (names for directions) like READ/WRITE/GET/PUT.
Procedural languages
In the very late 1960s, people started inventing procedural languages.
These third-generation languages (the first few of what we now call high-level languages) had words related to what they were trying to solve.
COmmon Business Oriented Language (COBOL)uses words like file, move and copy.
FORmula TRANslation (FORTRAN)uses mathematical words and symbols ( shapes used in writing and typing).
It was developed mostly for science and engineering.
ALGOrithmic Language (ALGOL)made for writing algorithms (sets of steps telling the computer what to do).
It uses mathematical words and symbols, just like FORTRAN.
Programming Language One (PL/I)was supposed to be useful to everyone.
Beginners All purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC)made to help beginners program.
C a programming language meant to do many things.
Dennis Ritchie worked on it from 1969 to 1973 at AT&T Bell Labs.
After many people had started using procedural languages, they invented object-oriented programming languages.
In these languages, data and its "methods" (ways of manipulating the data) are put in one "object".
Some programmers, such as Richard Stallman, do not agree that object-oriented languages are better for explaining ideas to a computer than procedural languages.
Declarative paradigms
At the same time, some people were making declarative programming languages.
A language that is well known for being declarative is SQL (a language for adding and removing things from tables).
Turing completeness
How programming paradigms evolve and get adopted?
The Qadiri  or Qadiriyya  tarika or tariqah (Way/Path) is one of the major Sufi orders or schools.
It was founded by Hazrat Sheikh Abd al-Qadir al-Gillani a Sufi sage and holy man in Baghdad.
Sufic orders
The Suhrawardi or Suhrawardiyya tarika (Way/Path) is one of the main Sufi orders or schools.
It was founded by the Sufi sage Shahab-ud-din Suhrawardi.
The Naqshbandi or Naqshbandiyya  tarika (Way/Path/School) of Sufism is a mystic order founded by the Sufi sage, Baha-ud-din Naqshband.
The Mevlevi or Mevleviyya order (whirling dervishes) is a  school (tarika) of Sufism was founded by Hazrat Sheikh Mevlana Jalal-ud-din Rumi.
He was also sometimes known as Jalal-ud-din Balkhi as he came from Balkh, Afghanistan, and settled in Konya, (modern Turkey).
This order is also called the 'Order of the Whirling Dervishes' because of the famous sema whirling/dancing ritual that they practice.
The United States Census of 1870 was the ninth United States Census.
It was done by the Census Bureau in June 1870.
The 1870 Census was the first census to give detailed information on the black population.
The population was 38,555,983 individuals.
This was a 22.62% increase since 1860.
The United States Census of 1880 was the tenth United States Census.
It was done by the Census Bureau during June 1880.
It was the first time that women were allowed to be enumerators.
The 1880 census found the population of the United States to be 50,189,209.
This was an increase of 30.2 percent from the 1870 Census.
Frank Yamma (born 1960s) is an indigenous Australian musician.
He writes and sings songs in both English and Pitjantjatjara, and plays them in a mix of country and folk music.
He plays guitar, usually an acoustic.
He is often classified as a world musician, mixing styles from many different cultures, including traditional indigenous elements.
Yamma's music is about the outback, the history of his homeland and the issues faced by his community.
Early music
Frank belongs to the Pitjantjatjara nation.
He was born at a waterhole near Kaltukatjara, in the Northern Territory.
He has seven older brothers.
Frank's father was Isaac Yamma, a country singer who was one of the earliest musicians in Australia to become well known singing Western-style songs in a native language.
Frank grew up in Alice Springs and played in a band with his brothers from an early age.
As a teenager, Frank would often play in his father's band, the Pitjantjatjara Country Band.
In 1988, he played with them at the Festival of Aboriginal Rock in Darwin.
He performed his own music for the first time at another festival in Darwin later that year, playing with an acoustic guitar.
His biggest hit, though, was "Make More Spear", written by his father.
He played it again at the Port Fairy Folk Festival in Victoria later in the year.
In 1989, Yamma recorded an album with a project called Ulpanyali, released through the Central Australian Aboriginal Media Association (CAAMA).
The song "History" was the biggest success and was later included in CAAMA's 25-year anniversary compilation album.
Frank's father died in 1990.
In that year, he began playing in a band called the Secret Admirers, put together by Bill Davis.
They travelled and played around the Northern Territory.
They played at the Barunga Festival in Darwin in 1992.
In 1995, he recorded songs with Bart Willoughby, Warren Williams and Tiddas.
His solo song "Everybody's Talking" was recorded in Sydney for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
In 1997, Yamma recorded an album with a project called Terrasphere.
He also released his first short solo album, Solid Eagle.
Both albums were released through CAAMA.
Piranpa and solo work
During the late 1990s, Frank began playing songs with David Bridie, and formed a new project called Digital Dreaming with Jim Lampi, Simon MacDonald and Zeus B. Held.
The band produced the album Inma Wiru in January 1998.
In 1999, Yamma formed the band Piranpa.
The name means "white" in Pitjantjatjara, which is a reference to the fact that all the other band members are "whitefellas".
They released the album Playing with Fire later in the same year.
It included their version of Frank's song "Everybody's Talking".