the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Only a real princess is so sensitive that she can feel a pea beneath a huge pile of bedding!
216-218
"Prinsessen på ærten"  Original Danish text
"The Princess and the Pea" English translation by Jean Hersholt
Archived audio version of the story
He was born in Huntington Beach, California and started playing the drums when he was 10 years old.
Before he joined Avenged Sevenfold, he was a member of the third wave ska band Suburban Legends.
The last album that Sullivan was featured on was Nightmare which was released on July 27, 2010.
On the morning of December 28, 2009, Sullivan was found dead in his Huntington Beach home.
Toxicology results later revealed that his death was from an overdose of Oxycodone, oxymorphone, diazepam, nordiazepam and alcohol.
The coroner also said that an enlarged heart may have played a role in his death.
Loftus Road is a football stadium in Shepherd's Bush, West London.
It is the home of Queens Park Rangers F.C..
Christine Joy "Chrissy" Amphlett (25 October 1959 – 21 April 2013) was an Australian singer-songwriter who was the lead singer of the rock band Divinyls.
She had many hits with the group and in solo.
Amphlett was born in Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
She died from breast cancer.
She also had multiple sclerosis.
She died in New York City at age 53.
Father Divine (c. 1876September 10, 1965), also known as Reverend M. J. Divine, was an African American spiritual leader from about 1907 until his death.
His full self-given name was Reverend Major Jealous Divine, and he was also known as "the Messenger" early in his life.
He founded the International Peace Mission movement, formulated its doctrine, and oversaw its growth from a small and predominantly black congregation into a multiracial and international church.
Father Divine claimed to be God.
Some people who lived at the same time claimed he was a charlatan; others say he was one of the first modern cult leaders.
Father Divine made numerous contributions toward his followers' economic independence and racial equality.
Father Divine was a contemporary of other religious leaders at that time such as Daddy Grace, Charles Harrison Mason, Noble Drew Ali and James F. Jones, also known as Prophet Jones.
Another minister by the name of Jones would play an important part in a brief struggle to gain control of the Peace Mission following Divine's death - Jim Jones, of the 'apostolic socialist'  movement Peoples Temple.
1870s births
Defiance is a 2008 American war-drama movie.
The movie directed by Edward Zwick.
The movie stars Daniel Craig, Liev Schreiber, Jamie Bell and Mia Wasikowska.
Inspired by a true story, director Edward Zwick's epic World War II drama Defiance tells the tale of three Jewish Eastern European brothers (Daniel Craig, Liev Schreiber, and Jamie Bell) who narrowly escape certain death at the hands of the Nazis, subsequently vowing to avenge the deaths of their loves ones by launching a desperate battle against the forces that seek to exterminate their entire race.
The year is 1941, and the setting is Nazi-occupied Belarus.
The Final Solution is in full effect, and the Jews of Eastern Europe are being slaughtered wholesale.
Tuvia, Zus and Asael have miraculously managed to escape into the dense surrounding forest.
Having played in these woods since childhood, the brothers have a distinct advantage over their adversaries, and soon decide that simply surviving is not enough.
In order to make a difference, they must take action, but in order to take action they will need support.
As whispers of their bravery take wind, others like them appear determined to lay their lives on the line for the cause of freedom.
Tuvia has become the de facto leader of the group, but he's still somewhat reluctant to take on such a heavy responsibility and his brother Zus expresses concern that his idealistic plan will ultimately bring about the group's downfall.
With winter setting in, everyone works to create a functioning community that will help them endure the frigid months that lie ahead, and Asael reluctantly finds himself caught in the crossfire of his older siblings' rivalry.
Is it possible to keep faith alive in a time when the world seems devoid of humanity and survival becomes a way of life?
Movies directed by Edward Zwick
Ruby, Alaska, a city in the U.S. state of Alaska
Ruby Tjangawa Williamson, Australian artist
Sam Ruby, software developer
Ruby is the name of a programming language that was created in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto in Japan.
Like other programming languages, such as Python, its structure (the way it works) is very similar to the English language.
It has these qualities:
Short, but still easy to understand.
Easy to change, anytime and anywhere.
Duck typing.
If you think you understand it, you probably understand it.
def somefunction(arg1, arg2) # creates a function with 2 arguments.
the args can be called anything
arg = arg1 + arg2 # this joins them into 1 string
arg = arg.tr("1234567890","") # this replaces all the numbers with a nothing.
erases them essentially.
arg = arg.capitalize # read that out loud
5.times do # read that out loud too
puts arg # prints it on a new line
Ruby documentation site
Ruby Draft Specification- Sep 2010
Wiki: Ruby language and implementation specification
Hurricane Earl was an intense and long-lived hurricane that was also the first such storm to threaten New England since Hurricane Bob nineteen years earlier.
The storm's center passed eighty six miles east of North Carolina on September 3, 2010.
The storm then moved northeast, eventually being downgraded to tropical storm status and then becoming a hurricane again shortly before the storm made landfall in Nova Scotia.
Before lashing the eastern United States, the hurricane passed extremely close to the Leeward Islands; the damage there totaled $40 million (2010 USD).
"The Snow Queen" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen.
It was first published 21 December 1844 with "The Fir Tree" in New Fairy Tales (Nye Eventyr).
It is one of Andersen's longest stories and is divided into seven chapters.
It tells the story of a mirror fashioned by demons that is shattered.
A piece of the glass enters the eye and the heart of a little boy named Kai.
He is carried by the Snow Queen to her palace in the far north.
He is rescued by his friend Gerda.
His vision and his heart are restored.
The story was adapted to movies and television.
It is also in the book the land of stories the enchantress returns.
Inspired Works
Walt Disney Animation Studios' Frozen is inspired by "The Snow Queen", although the film's plot deviates from the original fairy tale.
Frozen (2013) at the Internet Movie Database
"The Snow Queen" English translation by Jean Hersholt
The Italian Province of Spalato (1941-1943) was an administrative section of the Governorate of Dalmatia.
It was created during World War II by the Italian government with Regio Decreto Legge of May 18, 1941.
The Province of Zara was part of the Italian Governorate of Dalmatia and had an area of 3,179 km² with a population of 211,900 inhabitants.
It had included the two main cities of Zara (Zadar) and Sebenico (Sibenik).
The province bordered the Independent State of Croatia and to the south the Province of Spalato.
The "Capoluogo" (administrative center) was Zara, where there was the "Tribunal" and the main administrative offices.
Zara / Zadar
Bencovazzo / Benkovac
Bosavia / Božava
Chistagne / Kistanje
Eso Grande / Iž Veliki (Iž Veli)
Nona / Nin
Novegradi / Novigrad
Obbrovazzo / Obrovac
Oltre / Preko
Sale / Sali
Scardona / Skradin
Sebenico / Šibenik
Selve / Silba
Stancovazzo / Stankovici
Stretto / Tijesho
Timeto di Zara / Smilčić
Vodizze / Vodice
Zaravecchia / Biograd
Zemonico / Zemunik
Zlarino / Zlarin
Territory of Zara
The province was an enlargement of the "Territory of Zara" obtained by the Kingdom of Italy after WWI.
Indeed in 1937 this small territory had an area of just 110.21 km² and a population of 25,000 inhabitants, concentrated in the city of Zara.
Gambaro, Francesca.
La città della memoria.
Storie di vita di esuli da Zara nel secondo dopoguerra, Venezia: Alcione editore, 2010,
Lago, Valentino.
Memorie sulla Dalmazia.
Venezia: Stabilimento Grimaldo, 1868.-1870.
Popolazioni dell'Istria, Fiume, Zara e Dalmazia.
Vignoli, Giulio, I territori italofoni non appartenenti alla Repubblica Italiana, Giuffrè editore, Milano, 1995
"The Gingerbread Man" (sometimes, "The Gingerbread Boy") is an American fairy tale.
It is a variant of the European runaway pancake story.
The American version first appeared in the May 1875 issue of St. Nicholas Magazine.
The story tells of a Gingerbread Man who runs away from the old woman who baked him.
He is chased by several people and animals.
A crafty fox finally eats him.
The tale is known for the title character's chant: "Run, run, run as fast as you can! /
You can't catch me, I'm the Gingerbread Man!"
Gingerbread men were popular characters in children's stories of the late 19th century.
The most notable gingerbread character was L. Frank Baum's John Dough.
The Gingerbread Man is also in the commonly known movie Shrek.
Richard "Richie" Havens (January 21, 1941 – April 22, 2013) or Richard P. Havens; was an American folk singer and guitarist who performed at Woodstock 1969.
He also performed cover versions of famous popular songs.
Havens was born on January 21, 1941 in Brooklyn, New York City.
He died due to a heart attack in Jersey City, New Jersey, April 22, 2013 at 72.
Jessica McClure Morales (March 26, 1986), better called Baby Jessica, became famous at eighteen months because of an ordeal in Midland, Texas in which she tumbled into a well on Wednesday, October 14, 1987.
Between then and October 16, workers spent almost 58 hours to free her from the 8 inch wide well casing 22 feet below the ground.
This story gained worldwide attention, and became the subject of a television movie two years following the incident.
GoldenEye 007 is a first-person shooter video game for the Nintendo Wii and Nintendo DS.
It is a modern retelling of the GoldenEye movie, and a remake of the 1997 Nintendo 64 game GoldenEye 007.
It was released in North America on November 2, 2010, in Europe on November 5, 2010, and in Japan on June 30, 2011.
The game's main character is James Bond, Agent 007.
A version of the game with better graphics and sound titled GoldenEye 007: Reloaded was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in 2011.
While keeping the same gameplay as the Nintendo 64's GoldenEye 007, modern elements of first-person shooter games such as environments that can be destroyed and a health meter that fills up after a while of not taking damage are added to the game.
Levels from the Nintendo 64's GoldenEye 007 have been changed due to the game's changed storyline.
Players can use the Wii Remote and Nunchuk combination, the Wii Zapper, Classic Controller, Classic Controller Pro, or Nintendo GameCube controller.
The game features both local multiplayer for four players and online multiplayer for up to eight players.
Online play is done through the free Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection service.
The Constitution of Japan is the legal document that lays out the rules of how Japan is governed.
It dates 3 November 1946 on creation and from 3 May 1947 it entered into force, when it replaced the earlier Meiji Constitution, by legal process of earlier Constitution.
This Constitution consists Preamble, affirming that Japanese people should contribute for all human being to live in peace and tolerance, free from fear and want and 11 Chapters, and contrary to former Constitution, it ensure all human rights as unalienable, both civil rights and economic, social and cultural rights (at Chapter III), Article 98 affirms that any laws or orders against the Constitution are invalid and international law must be earnestly observed, Article 99 says that Empire and all public sector have duty to respect and observe the Constitution and the Article 9 of Chapter II prohibits all war and army for purpose of making war.
Full Text of Constitution
In the case of Dalmatia, after Napoleon, there was the development of Slav nationalism against Italian irredentism.
But until 1848 there was still some convergence between these two ethnic groups, in order to create an independent Dalmatia inside the Hapsburg Empire.
Dalmatian Italians always felt connected to the Italian Risorgimento, and among them were widely followed the ideas, intentions and ideals that flourished in the Peninsula.
At Zara, in 1822, the Imperial Government made an 'Inquisition of State' to twenty-five Dalmatian Italians "Carbonari", another twenty-five were "persecuted" and sixty declared "suspicious."
One of the supporters of this initial irredentism was Niccolo Tommaseo, born in Sebenico.
He was an Italian Dalmatian linguist, journalist and essayist who become internationally famous because editor of the first Dizionario della Lingua Italiana.
In 1848, many young Italians from Istria and Dalmatia formed a 'Legion', crossed the Adriatic, and fought with Niccolo Tommaseo for the "Republic of Venice".
And in the same year, six Dalmatian Italians also fought for the "Roman Republic".
One of them was Federico Seismit-Doda from Ragusa, who became a member of the Italian Parliament and even Finance Minister of the Kingdom of Italy under Benedetto Cairoli (1878) and Francesco Crispi (1889–1890).
In the battle of Curtatone, as a first lieutenant of the Battalion 'Bande Nere', fought against the Austrians the Dalmatian Giurovich Marino: he was killed by the Austrian soldiers in Livorno as a promoter of the ideals of Giuseppe Mazzini.
Twenty were the Dalmatians in the Italian independence war of 1859-1860 enrolled in the Italian army, or in the red shirts of Giuseppe Garibaldi.
Among others, Marco Cossovich, a former lieutenant of the "Guardia Nobile" for the protection of Venice, fought in Calatafimi and Palermo: one of the few that Garibaldi recalled by name in his book "I Mille".
In the third Italian war of Independence, George Caravan from Tenin (near Zara), commanded the 5th Regiment of Grenadiers; after promotion, he became adjutant general of the King of Italy Umberto I.
The most renowned Dalmatian Italian in those years was Antonio Bajamonti, the last Italian mayor of Spalato.
He spent his entire life and his own activity for this city, but his economic expenses were never reimbursed by the Austrians despite repeated promises.
He was a moderate irredentist who was the propeller of important public works in his city, including the introduction of lighting gas, building the aqueduct and the hospital, creating technical schools, and doing the foundation of the Dalmatian Bank.
For his initiative Split was also given a square surrounded by galleries.
His most famous work was the construction of the big fountain that was named later after him.
Three months later after the second opening of the fountain, Antonio Bajamonti died (the fountain was destroyed in 1947 by Yugoslav authorities who considered it as a symbol of fascism and Italian domination of the city).
He created the Società Politica Dalmata in 1886 in order to defend the Italian characteristics of Spalato but died at age 69 in 1891 with debt up to his neck.
Another famous Dalmatian irredentist was Arturo Colautti.
He was a writer and journalist who -from his native Zara- relocated to Spalato in 1876, where he founded the magazine of culture and literature, Rivista Dalmatica.
The magazine did not last long, because strongly pro-Italian and related to Antonio Bajamonti.
In the same year, he was asked to direct L'Avvenire and, from 1876 al 1880, he developed it as an irredentist newspaper.
Following the publication of an anti-Austrian article on his newspaper, in September 1880, Colautti was attacked by a group of Croatian soldiers who rendered him impaired for a few months.
Shortly after, also because of the threat of a lawsuit for crimes against the stringent Austrian press laws and for his support of Italian irredentism, Colautti chose the path of exile and took refuge in the Kingdom of Italy (where he strongly supported the intervention of Italy in World War I).
In 1885 a group of young Dalmatian Italians created a sort of secret pact that pledged to fight on a united front against the government of Vienna.
They chose to use all legal means available.
They were: John Marino Bonda Avoscan (from Ragusa), Stefano Smerchinich (from Curzola) and Ercolano Salvi Pezzoli Leonardo (from Premuda), John Lubin (from Trau), Emanuele Fenzi and Louise Pini (from Sebenico), Christmas Krekich, Luigi and Roberto Ziliotto Ghiglianovich (from Zara), all representatives of the Italian irredentistm with the most sincere patriotism.
The same (precisely Ghiglianovich, Krekich, Lubin, Pini, Salvi, Ziliotto, Smerchinich) in 1919, during the crisis in the city of Fiume (Rijeka), wrote the articles "Application of the Dalmatians" and "Cry of Sebenico" published on 2 October by the national newspaper "The national responsibility" (according to one of the few Italian newspapers promoting the union of Dalmatia to Italy).
In the late nineteenth century were created in Dalmatia some Italian cultural associations, as the irredentist "Philological circle" in Ragusa and the "National Union Committee," the "Diadora" and "Iuventus Iadertina" in Zara.
Also active in these years was the "National Association" in Spalato, based on the Bajamonti theater, which was set on fire (officially by unknown people) in 1893.
In Spalato, the city of Emperor Diocletian, in the year 1910 there were 1,046 Italians officially counted when in the same year more than 3,000 were enrolled in the cultural and patriotic public association "Dante Alighieri."
In Zara a group, under the leadership of irredentists Desanti and Boxich (dissatisfied followers of the "Dalmatian Autonomist Party" of Luigi Ziliotto), founded the newspaper Il Risorgimento in 1908, promoting openly the unification to Italy of Dalmatia, but was closed in 1914.
About 3,500 Italians in Dalmatia during World War I took refuge as exiles in Italy.
They were led by Antonio Cippico, Alessandro, and Roberto Dudan Ghiglianovich: more than 250 volunteers enrolled in the Italian army and risked the gallows, as when the Austrians killed Francesco Rismondo (executed in Gorizia in 1915 and active member of the irredentist organization "Pro Patria" in Spalato).
To Francesco Rismondo the Kingdom of Italy awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valor.
The number of volunteers from the remote ports of Montenegro (as Cattaro, Castelnuovo di Cattaro, and Perasto) appears very high in proportion to the total number of enrolled in the Italian Army.
In fact, these volunteers in Spalato, Cattaro, Ragusa, Perasto, Castelnuovo di Cattaro, Trau, and Macarsca (not less than 90 in total, almost half of all volunteers in Dalmatia) fought in Italy despite the "Treaty of London", which categorically excluded the possible "Redemption" and annexation to Italy of their cities.
Dalmatia "Redenta"
Dalmatian Italians obtained their "Redenzione" (meaning redemption or union to Italy) in the years following the Italian victory in World War I. In the peace treaty, the territory of Zara and some Dalmatian islands (Cherso, Lussino and Lagosta) was united to the Kingdom of Italy.
But the full agreements reached in 1915 in the Treaty of London were not respected by the Allies, because of the opposition from US president Woodrow Wilson.
This created huge resentment, that was pinpointed in the phrase "Vittoria mutilata" (mutilated victory) created by the nationalist D'Annunzio.
As a direct consequence in 1920 Gabriele D'Annunzio made his famous Occupation of Fiume.
The so-called "Poeta imaginífico" did a dramatic attack with paramilitaries and a group of "Legionnaires" from the Italian city of Monfalcone and occupied the city of Fiume, which the Allied powers had assigned to Italy as the winner of the war.
With this gesture D'Annunzio reached the pinnacle of the process of building their own personal and political myth.
D'Annunzio personally entered Fiume with a column of Dalmatian Italian volunteers (mostly irredentist).
On 12 November 1920 was signed the Treaty of Rapallo: Fiume became a free city (Free State of Fiume), while Zara was given to Italy.
But D'Annunzio did not accept the agreement and the Italian Government, on 26 December 1920, evicted from Fiume the Legionaries by force.
Fiume and the more northern islands of Dalmatia were incorporated in 1924 to the Kingdom of Italy, thanks to the large contribution of the Italian irredentists in town.
Even in Trau the irredentists attempted to repeat what D'Annunzio did in Fiume: the local Count Farfogna in September 1919 occupied Trau with some Italian troops, but the Us intervention blocked him.
Other problems arose in Spalato in 1920, in the so-called Incidents of Spalato.
The irredentist aspiration of the Dalmatian Italians was fully met when Yugoslavia in April 1941 was conquered and occupied by Italy and Germany.
At the end of that month almost all of the Dalmatian coast, with the major cities of Spalato, Sebenico, and Cattaro was annexed to Italy with the name Governatorate of Dalmatia.
The coastal area between Fiume and Segna was not incorporated in the Governorate and went to the fascist Croatia of Ante Pavelić (although it was controlled militarily by the Italian army).
Even the area around Ragusa was theoretically Croatian, but the Italians ruled everything in the city, opening even Italian schools.
The Governorate was divided between the three provinces of Zara, Spalato, and Cattaro.
Many families of Dalmatian Italians were forced to move to Italy after World War in these provinces (mainly in order to administer it).
Though Italy had initially larger territorial aims that extended from the Velebit mountains to the Albanian Alps, Mussolini decided against annexing further territories due to a number of factors.
One was that Dalmatian irredentists like Antonio Tacconi complained that a larger annexation would have included hundreds of thousands of Slavs, who were partially hostile to Italy within the enlarged national borders.
Incidents of Spalato.
Roman expeditions to Lake Chad and western Africa were a group of military and commercial expeditions by the Romans across the Sahara Desert, into the interior of Africa and its coast.
They were made by the Roman Empire between the first and the fourth century AD.
One of the main reasons of the explorations, according to academics like Jonathan Roth, was to procure gold and spices
through the western Sahara, toward the Niger river and actual Timbuktu.
through the Tibesti mountains, toward Lake Chad and actual Nigeria
through the Nile river, toward actual Uganda.
though the western coast of Africa, toward the Canary Islands and the Cape Verde islands.
through the Red Sea, toward actual Somalia and perhaps Tanzania.
All these expeditions were supported by legionaries and had mainly a commercial purpose.
Only the one done by emperor Nero seemed to be a preparative for the conquest of Ethiopia or Nubia: in 62 AD two legionaries explored the sources of the Nile river.
The first Roman expedition was done by Lucius Cornelius Balbus, following Augustus' wish to expand his Empire.
In 19 BC he conquered the Garamantes (who lived in the Fezzan of Libya) and sent an expedition under Septimus Flaccus south across the Tibesti mountains, reaching the River Niger.
Gaius Suetonius Paulinus did another expedition to what is now Western Sahara and Mauretania in 41 AD.
He reached the northern area of the Senegal river and probably the western Niger river's affluents.
In the year 41 AD Suetonius Paullinus, afterwards Consul, was the first of the Romans who led an army across the Atlas Mountains.
At the end of a ten days' march he reached the summit,—which even in summer was covered with snow,—and from thence, after passing a desert of black sand and burnt rocks, he arrived at a river called Gerj...he then penetrated into the country of the Canarii and Perorsi, the former of whom inhabited a woody region abounding in elephants and serpents, and the latter were Ethiopians, not far distant from the Pharusii and the river Daras (modern river Senegal).
From the first century of the common era there is evidence (coins, fibulas) of Roman commerce and contacts in Akjoujt and Tamkartkart near Tichit in actual Mauritania.
The third was done a few years before by Julius Maternus, a Roman explorer who reached the Lake Chad area and described the abundance of animals like hippopotamus and rhinoceros in that northern Nigerian region.
His travel lasted four months.
In the eastern Sahara was done the Nero expedition to Ethiopia: it was an exploratory expedition promoted by the Roman emperor Nero to discover the sources of the Nile River.
Seneca wrote that around 62 AD Nero sent some legionaries to the city of Meroe in Nubia in order to explore all the Nile southward from that capital.
Another expedition was recorded by Plinius the Elder in 68 AD.
This expedition was the first in history from Europe to the interior of equatorial Africa.
It probably lasted several months and bypassed the Sudanese swamps called Sudd during the dry season, possibly reaching the northern portion of present-day Uganda.
The western coast of Africa was explored by the Romans after the conquest of northern Morocco (then called Mauretania Tingitana): the Roman vassal king Juba II organized a successful trade from the area of Volubilis.
Pliny the Elder, a 1st century Roman author and military officer, drawing upon the accounts of Juba II, king of Mauretania, stated that a Roman expedition from Mauritania visited the islands of the archipelago of the Canaries and Madeira around 10 AD and found great ruins but no population, only dogs (from those animals he called the islands, using the latin word "canarius" or "canis" for dog).
Furthermore, according to Pliny the Elder and his citation by Gaius Julius Solinus, the sea voyage time crossing the Gorgades (Cape Verde islands) to the islands of the Ladies of the West ("Hesperides", actual São Tomé and Príncipe and Fernando Po) was around 40 days: this fact has created academic discussions about the possibility of further Roman travels toward Guinea and even the Gulf of Guinea.
A Roman coin of the emperor Trajan has been found in Congo.
Aelius Gallus in 25 BCE led an expedition across the Red Sea against the Sabaeans of Arabia Felix (modern Yemen).
In order to control Sabaea the Romans took control of both sides of the entrance to the Red Sea, the Bab-el-Mandeb strait, since Cornelius Gallus had established a garrison at Arsinoe (near Assab, in actual Eritrea) on the Ethiopian shore.
Maritime commerce
Emperor Augustus decided that the circumnavigation of Africa should also be attempted (in 1 BC).
Romans had two naval ouposts in the Atlantic coast of Africa: Sala near present Rabat and Mogador in southern Maroc (north of Agadir).
The island of Mogador prospered for the local exploitation of purple (highly esteemed in imperial Rome) from Augustus until Septimius Severus times.
Augustus, based even in the discovery of a sunken merchant ship from southern Spain in the Djibuti area (done by his adoptive son Gaius Caesar when he sailed toward Aden), wanted to organize an expedition from Egypt to Mogador and Sala around Africa.
Roman books such as the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea and Ptolomey's "Geography" list a string of market places (emporia) along this coast.
Finds of Roman-era coins along the coast confirm the existence of this huge trade even in coastal Tanzania, and Ptolomey's Geography refers to a town of Rhapta as "metropolis" of a political entity called Azania near actual Zanzibar.
Archaeologists have not yet succeeded in identifying the location of Rhapta, though many believe it lies deeply buried in the silt of the delta of the Rufiji River.
Mattern, Susan.
Rome and the enemy: imperial strategy in the principate.
San Francisco, 2002
Miller, J. Innes.
The Cinnamon Route in the Spice Trade of the Roman Empire.
University Press.
Oxford, 1996
Milne, Joseph.
A history of Egypt under Roman rule.
Publisher Methuen.
London, 1898
Roth, Jonathan.
The Roman Army in Tripolitana and Gold Trade with Sub-Saharan Africa.
APA Annual Convention.
New Orleans, 2002
Sirago, Vito.
Breve excursus sull'Arabia da Augusto a Maometto.
Rivista storica del Sannio.
Arte tipografica.
Benevento, 2006
The Cambridge history of the British Empire, Volume 7, Part 1
Walker, Eric Anderson.
The Cambridge History of the British Empire.
Volume 7.
CUP archive.
London, 1963.
"The Little Match Girl" is a story by Hans Christian Andersen.
It was first published in December 1845.
Andersen got the idea to write the story after seeing a print by Johan Thomas Lundbye of a little girl selling matches.
The story has been adapted to various media including an animated movie.
A little match girl in poverty lights all the matches she carries to keep herself warm on a cold New Year's Eve.
In the glow of the firelight, she sees wonderful visions of a Christmas tree and a festive dinner.
The last vision is her dead grandmother, the only person to ever show her any love.
The little match girl dies in the cold, and ascends into Heaven with her grandmother.
"The Little Match Girl" Jean Hersholt's English translation
Den Lille Pige med Svovlstikkerne  Original Danish text
Surlalune : The Annotated Little Match Girl
"The Little Matchgirl" Creative Commons audiobook
"The Steadfast Tin Soldier" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen.
The story was first published in Copenhagen, Denmark by C.A. Reitzel on 2 October 1838 in the first booklet of Fairy Tales Told for Children.
The booklet includes Andersen's "The Daisy" and "The Wild Swans".
The story was Andersen’s first story not based upon a folk tale or a literary model.
"The Steadfast Tin Soldier" has been adapted to various media including ballet and animated movie.
The story tells of a tin soldier who loves a paper ballerina.
He falls from the window in the toy room.
After many adventures, he is returned to the toy room.
A little boy throws the tin soldier in the fire.
A breeze blows the paper ballerina into the fire.
The two toys are destroyed together.
Joan G. Haahr writes in The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales: "The story is unusual among Andersen's early tales, both in its emphasis on sensual desire and in its ambiguities.
Blind fate, not intention, determines all events.
Moreover, the narrative questions the very decorum it praises.
The tin soldier's passive acceptance of whatever happens to him, while exemplifying pietistic ideals of self-denial, also contributes to his doom.
Were he to speak and act, the soldier might gain both life and love.
Restrained, however, by inhibition and convention, he finds only tragedy and death.
The tale is often read autobiographically, with the soldier viewed as symbolizing Andersen's feelings of inadequacy with women, his passive acceptance of bourgeois class attitudes, or his sense of alienation as an artist and an outsider, from full participation in everyday life."
"Den Standhaftige Tinsoldat" .
"Den Standhaftige Tinsoldat".
Original Danish text (Royal Library)
“The Steadfast Tin Solder“.
Haley Bennett (born January 7, 1988) is an American singer and actress.
Her movies include The Haunting of Molly Hartley and Music and Lyrics By.
She was born in Fort Myers, Florida.
Bennett also acted in other movies.
Jessica Charlotte Poland (born January 15, 1988), more often called via her stage name Charlotte Sometimes, is an American singer-songwriter.
She is from New York State.
She grew up around New Jersey.
Historically, Turpan is an important ancient stop on the Silk Road in China.
Turpan means 'the lowest place' in Uygur and 'the fertile land' in Turki.
Now the city is a tourist spot with unique landscape, abundant historical relics and fertile farmland.
Photos of Turpan Attractions
Ürümqi is the capital city of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (East Turkestan) in northwest China.
It is at the foot of the Tianshan Mountains.
With a population of two million people, this prairie city is a major hub on the ancient Silk Road , leading to Central Asia and even as far as Europe.
It developed its reputation as a leading cultural and commercial center during the Qing Dynasty.
Ürümqi, whose name means "beautiful pasture" in the Mongolian language of the Dzungar people, is the largest city in China's western interior.
Since the 1990s Ürümqi has developed economically and is now a regional transport node, cultural, and commercial centre.
Images & Photos of Urumqi Sights
It was influenced by Fluxus, the international artistic movement of the 1960s, well known for blending different disciplines and artistic media.
Willard Bohn: The Aesthetics of Visual Poetry, 1914-1928.
University Of Chicago Press, 1993.
Dick Higgins: Synesthesia and Intersenses: Intermedia.
1965, Originally published in Something Else Newsletter 1, No.
1 (Something Else Press, 1966).
Litsa Spathi: Rail Track.
2008, Originally published by Fluxus Heidelberg Center, 2008
Crag Hill and Nico Vassilakis (editors): The Last Vispo Anthology: Visual Poetry 1998-2008.
Fantagraphics, 2012.
Visual Poetry in the Avant Writing Collection at The Ohio State University Libraries
e-motive: Visual Poetry in the Digital Age
From Concrete to Visual Poetry by Klaus Peter Dencker
Example of Visual poetry found on Youtube.com today
Billy the Kid is the story of a boy who has a dream to become a professional footballer.
The book was published in 2000 and was written by Michael Morpurgo.
It is illustrated by Michael Foreman.
Most of the book is set during World War II.
Throughout the story, Billy, the main character, has to cope with a lot of sadness and loss.
Whilst playing football in the local park, he is scouted by the club of his dreams: Chelsea FC.
But his mood quickly changes when his brother dies in the war.
This persuades Billy to join the army.
Inspiration for the book
The idea for the book came about when Michael Foreman took Michael Morpurgo to a Chelsea game and pointed out the Chelsea pensioners, who get free tickets for every game.
Morpurgo was fascinated to learn that one pensioner chose to pay for his ticket still so he could sit with the same fans he did during his childhood.
MIMAROPA, also known as Southern Tagalog Islands, is a region of the Philippines.
The provinces of the region are Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, and  Palawan.
The capital is Calapan.
The MIMAROPA region was created by Executive Order No.
103 in 2002.
Palawan () is a province of the Philippines.
It is in the western MIMAROPA region.
Mainland municipalities
Aborlan
Bataraza
Brooke's Point
Dumaran
El Nido (Bacuit)
Rizal (Marcos)
Roxas
Sofronio Española
Taytay
Island municipalities
Agutaya
Araceli
Balabac
Busuanga
Cagayancillo
Coron
Culion
Kalayaan (Spratly Islands)
Palawan Province website
Kalayaan is a Philippine municipality in the province of Palawan.
It is in the eastern part of the South China Sea.
In 1978, the Presidential Decree No.
1596 established the municipality as part of Palawan.
Control of the seas around Kalayaan is disputed.
The 2010 Philippine census identifies a population of 200+ people.
Kalayaan is in the eastern part of the South China Sea.
The Phillipines claims that these mostly uninhabited off-shore islands are in an area which is distinct from the Spratly Islands.
""Kalayaan Islands group," Atlas of Philippine Coral Reefs
The San Diego Convention Center is the main convention center in San Diego, California.
It is in the Marina district of downtown San Diego.
The center is managed by the San Diego Convention Center Corporation.
The convention center has  of exhibit area.
As of 2009 it was the 24th largest convention center in North America.
The building can hold 125,000 people.
The center's best known feature is the Sails Pavilion.
It is a  exhibit and special event area.
The Sails Pavilion's roof includes Teflon-coated fiberglass "sails".
They are intended to show San Diego's maritime history.
The Pavilion was first built as an open-air facility under the roof.
This made it hard to get people to use it.
Because of this, the Pavilion area was enclosed in glass.
This made it much more usable.
San Diego  approved the construction of a new convention center in 1983.
It was built on land owned by the Port of San Diego.
Construction of the building began in March 1987 and was finished in November 1989.
The center was made larger in September 2001 by doubling its square footage.
Notable events hosted at the convention center include the Comic Con International convention.
It hosted the 1996 Republican National Convention, which nominated Bob Dole and Jack Kemp for President and Vice President of the United States.
Major ports
Humber
Kingston-upon-Hull
Immingham
Port of King's Lynn - King's Lynn docks, Norfolk
Thames estuary
Tilbury Docks
Kent coast
Port of Medway - Sheerness docks
Port of Whitstable
Port of Ramsgate
South coast
Northwest England
The burning of the Jaffna Public Library () was an attack at the central library in the city of Jaffna, Sri Lanka.
It was one of the events that led up to the Sri Lankan Civil War.
The first attack on the library building was on 1 June 1981.
A group of Sinhalese rioters burned the library that was one of the important libraries in Sri Lanka and one of the biggest in Asia.
This was one of the most violent examples of ethnic-based book burnings of the 20th century.
At the time of its destruction, the library was one of the biggest in Asia, containing over 97,000 books and manuscripts.
In 1984 the library was repaired.
However, the civil war had begun the previous year.
The building was burned several times during the years of fighting, until 1998 when the president tried to make peace between the Sinhalese and Tamil sides.
In 2003 the rebuilt library reopened again.
About Jaffna Library in Tamil
Official website of the Jaffna library
Jaffna library vandalized 2010
Documentary on the burning of the library by Someetharan
History of the Jaffna public library
Burning Books  - Reported by Kevin Sites
1981 in Asia
1980s crimes in Asia
Building and structure fires in Asia
The Mayflower was a ship which is famous for its sailing to North America in 1620 bringing pilgrims and other settlers to  create the Plymouth colony in Massachusetts.
This is a list of the passengers who traveled on that voyage in 1620.
Some of these people were looking for a new home so that they could practice their own religion.
Others were passengers who came for other reasons.
Mary (Norris) Allerton*, wife of Isaac
Bartholomew Allerton, 7, son
Remember Allerton, 5, daughter
Mary Allerton, 3, daughter
Dorothy (May) Bradford* of William, wife
Mary Brewster, wife of William
Love Brewster 9, son
Wrestling Brewster, 6, son
Catherine Leggett (White) Carver, wife
Mrs. James Chilton*, wife of James.
Her first name is unknown.
Mary Chilton, 13, daughter
John Cooke, 13, son
Humility Cooper, baby daughter of Robert Cooper, in company of her aunt Ann Cooper Tilley, wife of Edward Tilley
John Crackston, son
Mrs. (Edward) Fuller*, wife
Samuel Fuller, 12, son
Samuel Fuller, Mayflower physician (brother to Edward)
Goodman, John*
Joseph Rogers, 17, son
Henry Samson, youth Henlow, Bedfordshire child in company of his uncle and aunt Edward and Ann Tilley
Ann (Cooper) Tilley Henlow, Bedfordshire wife of Edward and aunt of Humilty Cooper and Henry Samson
Joan (Rogers) Tilley*, wife
Elizabeth Tilley, 13, daughter
Mrs. Thomas Tinker*, wife of Thomas
boy Tinker*, son, died in the winter of 1620.
John Turner  son, died in the winter of 1620.
boy Turner*, younger son.
died in the winter of 1620.
Edward Winslow Droitwich, Worcestershire
Elizabeth (Barker) Winslow, wife of Edward
Eleanor Billington, wife
John Billington, 16, son
Francis Billington, 14, son
Britteridge, Richard*
Peter Browne Dorking, Surrey
Clarke, Richard*
Francis Eaton Bristol,
Sarah Eaton*, wife
Francis Eaton 1, son
Gardiner, Richard
Elizabeth (Fisher) Hopkins, wife
Giles Hopkins, 12, son by first marriage
Guild, John,
Constance Hopkins, 14, daughter by first marriage
Damaris Hopkins, 1-2, daughter
Oceanus Hopkins, born en route
Margesson, Edmund*
Mary (Prower) Martin*, wife
William Mullins)
Alice Mullins*, wife of William
Priscilla Alden, 18, daughter
Joseph Mullins*, 14, son
Solomon Prower
Rigsdale, John*
Alice Rigsdale*, wife of John
Rose Standish, wife of Myles
Winslow, Gilbert, brother to "Pilgrim" Edward Winslow but not known to have lived in Leiden.
Susanna White, wife of William, widowed February 21, 1621, subsequently married Edward Winslow -  first Plymouth wedding
Resolved White, 5, son, wife was Judith Vassal
Peregrine White, son (born aboard the Mayflower in Provincetown Harbor)
John Alden  (Harwich, Essex) - considered a ship's crewman (he was the ship's cooper, a maker of barrels and other vessels).
He worked on the ship but decided to stay in Plymouth Colony.
John Allerton*, was listed as a hired man but was apparently related to one of the Pilgrim families on board.
He sailed in order to settle in North America, and was to return to England to help the rest of the group immigrate, but died during the first winter of the Pilgrims' settlement.
He may have been a relative of the "Pilgrim" Allerton family.
Richard Ely,  hired as seaman, returned to England after term was up but later returned to New England and died there.
He is mentioned briefly as a sailor by name of Ely in "Of Plymouth Plantation."
Thomas English*, hired to master a shallop but died in the winter
Trevore, William, hired as seaman, returned to England after term was up
Thirteen of the eighteen persons in this category were attached to Pilgrim families, the other five were with non-Pilgrim families.
Four of those listed here were small children, given over by Samuel More to Thomas Weston and then to agents John Carver and Robert Cushman, who assigned them to senior Mayflower Pilgrims to be classed as indentured servants.
William Butten, "a youth", servant of Samuel Fuller, died during the voyage
Robert Carter, teenager, servant or apprentice to William Mullins, shoemaker.
--?--, Dorothy, teenager, maidservant of John Carver.
Edward Doty, servant to Stephen Hopkins
William Holbeck, servant to William White
John Hooke*, age 13, apprenticed to Isaac Allerton, died during the first winter
John Howland, manservant for Governor John Carver
John Langmore, servant to the Christopher Martin
William Latham, age 11, servant/apprentice to the John Carver family
Stephen Hopkins also spelled Leitster.
aged over 21, servant to Stephen Hopkins
Desire Minter, servant of John Carver
Mary More,* sister, age 6, assigned as a servant of William Brewster.
She died sometime in the winter of 1620/1621.
Her burial place is unknown, but may been on Cole's Hill in Plymouth in an unmarked grave as with so many others buried there that winter.
As with her sister Ellen, she is recognized on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb in Plymouth,  but she was thought to be a "boy".
George Soule, 21-25, servant or employee of Edward Winslow
Elias Story, in the care of Edward Winslow
Edward Thompson/Thomson*, age under 21, in the care of the William White family, first passenger to die after the Mayflower reached Cape Cod.
Roger Wilder*, age under 21, servant in the John Carver family
Thomas Williams*
Edward Winslow writes that a female dog which is called an English Mastiff, and a small English Springer Spaniel came ashore on the first explorations of what is now Provincetown, Massachusetts.
There may have been other animals on the Mayflower, but only these two dogs had been mentioned.
Polk County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa.
As of the 2010 census, 430,640 people lived there.
It the most populous county in Iowa.
The county seat is Des Moines,.
Des Moines is also the capital city of Iowa.
Polk County is one of the five counties that make up the Des Moines-West Des Moines Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Polk County was formed on January 13, 1846.
The first courthouse was built in 1846.
Construction of a second courthouse was begun in 1858.
It was finished in 1866.
Of this,  (or 96.19%) is land and  (or 3.81%) is water.
The county is bisected by the Des Moines River
Boone County  (northwest)
Story County  (north)
Jasper County  (east)
Marion County  (southeast)
Warren County  (south)
Madison County  (southwest)
Dallas County  (west)
Polk County government's website
[Historic Polk County Church: Ankeny Christian Church, Dave Clark pastor]
1846 establishments in Iowa Territory
A book of hours is a breviary containing prayers, Psalms, antitphons, and other materials to be recited at the canonical hours.
These books were popular during the Middle Ages for common use among the nobility and the clergy.
One of the most famous is the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry.
Books of the Roman Catholic Church
A breviary is a liturgical book that contains the Divine Office assigned to the canonical hours.
They must be recited by those in religious orders.
Defender of the Faith (Latin: Fidei Defensor) is a title belonging to the leader of the Church of England.
It was originally conferred upon King Henry VIII of England by Pope Leo X on 11 October 1521 as a reward for the king having written a pamphlet in defense of the sacraments against Martin Luther (Declaration of the Seven Sacraments Against Martin Luther).
King James V of Scotland received a similar title from Pope Paul III.
When Henry broke with the Roman Catholic Church, Pope Paul III took the title away.
It was returned to the king by Parliament in 1544.
The abbreviation Fid.
or the letters F.D. have appeared on British coinage from the time of George I. Defender of the Faith is a title still carried by British monarchs.
Johnson County (county code JO) is a county in northeast Kansas.
The county is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area.
It contains many of the richer suburbs of Kansas City.
As of the 2010 census, 544,179 people lived there.
Its county seat is Olathe.
The most populous city is Overland Park.
In 2010, Money magazine ranked Overland Park 7th and Shawnee 17th in its list of the 100 Best Cities in the United States in which to live.
In 2008 the same magazine had ranked Olathe 11th.
Johnson County is named for Thomas Johnson.
It was one of the first counties in the Kansas Territory in 1855.
The well known gunfighter Wild Bill Hickok lived in the county for a time.
He was the constable of Monticello Township in 1858.
Johnson County was the site of many battles dealing with slavery during Bleeding Kansas.
The county was mostly rural until the early 20th century.
There was a large amount of urban development from 1914 though  World War II.
After the war, the development grew even greater.
Of this,  (or 99.30%) is land, and  (or 0.70%) is water.
Wyandotte County (north)
Jackson County, Missouri (east)
Cass County, Missouri (southeast)
Miami County (south)
Franklin County (southwest)
Douglas County (west)
Leavenworth County (northwest)
Incorporated cities
Overland Park,* 173,372
Olathe, 125,872 (county seat)
Shawnee,* 62,209
Lenexa,* 48,190
Leawood,* 31,867
Prairie Village,* 21,447
Gardner, 19,123
Merriam,* 11,003
Mission,* 9,323
Roeland Park,* 6,731
Bonner Springs (also in Wyandotte County and Leavenworth County)
De Soto, 5,720
Spring Hill, 5,437
Fairway,* 3,882
Mission Hills,* 3,498
Edgerton, 1,671
Westwood,* 1,506
Lake Quivira,* 906 (also in Wyandotte County)
Westwood Hills,* 359
Mission Woods,* 178
*Cities included in Shawnee Mission.
The main Shawnee Mission post office is in Mission.
Ocheltree
Johnson County was divided into nine townships.
Two of these no longer exist.
They were made part of independent municipalities.
All of the cities are considered governmentally independent.
They are not included in the census numbers for the townships.
Johnson County History
Johnson County Library
Johnson County Genealogical Society and Library
Frontier Military Historic Byway
Blue Skyways
Kansas Statistical Abstract
Johnson County Map, KDOT
Kansas Highway Map, KDOT
Kansas Railroad Map, KDOT
Kansas School District Boundary Map , KSDE
1855 establishments in Kansas Territory
Epistolary is something written in the form of a letter.
It may refer to the following art forms:
Epistolary poem
It can also be called Mary chapel or a Marian chapel.
Lammas Day is August 1.
It is an old and seldom used name for the feast of Saint Peter-in-Chains.
The Catholic Concise Encyclopedia.
p. 217.
Epic Mickey is a platform video game for the Nintendo Wii game console.
It was developed by Junction Point Studios and published by Disney Interactive Studios.
It was released in Europe on November 26, 2010, in North America on November 30, 2010, and in Japan on August 4, 2011.