the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
September 4 – Toghrül, Turkish conqueror of Persia and Baghdad
King Bela I of Hungary
King Ramiro I of Aragon
Auriga is a constellation in the northern sky.
It is the Latin word for "charioteer" - someone who drives a vehicle that is pulled by an animal.
The astronomer Ptolemy listed Auriga in the 2nd century when he was writing a list of 48 constellations.
Boötes, pronounced with both 'O's as 'boötez', is one of the 88 modern constellations in the northern sky.
The name is from the Greek word , which means herdsman  someone who takes care of animals.
The constellation's shape is like a kite.
Boötes has the third brightest star in the night sky, called Arcturus (α Bootis).
The astronomer Ptolemy listed it in the 2nd century when he made a list of 48 constellations.
Main stars
α Bootis (Arcturus) is the brightest and most important star of the constellation, with a magnitude of -0.04, the 3rd brightest star of the sky.
It is an orange giant star
β Bootis (Nekkar), yellow giant with magnitude 3.49  and 219 light years from the Earth
y Bootis (Ceginus), Delta Scuti variable with magnitude 3,04
δ Bootis (Princeps), another yellow giant.
NGC 5248, spiral galaxy, 10º south of Arcturus
NGC 5466, globular cluster, 9º northwest of Arcturus, near M3, a globular cluster in the constellation Canes Venatici.
Sunset Crater Volcano (present-day Arizona) first erupts.
The Seljuk Turks storm Anatolia, taking Caesarea and Ani, marking the beginning of Turkish invasions into Anatolia.
June 9 – Coimbra is taken by King Ferdinand of Castile.
European warriors go to Spain to participate to the siege of Barbastro.
This expedition is approved by the Pope and is now regarded as an early form of Crusade.
Harold II is shipwrecked at Ponthieu, Normandy and taken captive by Count Guy.
Construction of the Duomo at Pisa in Tuscany begins.
Borivoj II of Bohemia, a Duke of Bohemia
Robert Fitz Richard, a Norman landowner in England
Niels of Denmark, a King of Denmark
Abu Muhammad 'Ali ibn Ahmad ibn Sa`id Ibn Hazm
Ottokar I of Styria
Rabbi Yaakov ben Yakar
Yi Yuanji – Chinese Northern Song painter famous for his realistic paintings of animals (b. 1000)
January 24 – Pope Nicholas II takes over for Pope Stephen IX as the 155th Pope.
He was placed in opposition to Antipope Benedict X.
August – Robert Guiscard signs the Treaty of Melfi with Pope Nicholas II.
Anselm settles at the Benedictine monastery of Le Bec in Normandy.
The Lateran Council makes the College of Cardinals the sole voters in the election of popes.
Muhammed ben Da'ud, known as Alp Arslan, becomes second sultan of the Seljuk Turks.
Peter Krešimir IV is crowned King of Croatia and Dalmatia
Isaac I Comnenus resigns as Byzantine Emperor, appointing Constantine Ducas as his replacement.
Fulcher of Chartres, chronicler historian of the First Crusade
August 30 – Peter Urseolo of Hungary
Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople
Robert Leadam Eddison OBE (10 June 1908 –14 December 1991) was a British actor who was known for his role as the Grail Knight in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.
Eddison was born on 10 June 1908 in Yokohama, Japan to British parents.
His grandparents were from the United States.
Eddison died on 14 December 1991 in London, England from pneumonia, aged 83.
January – Robert de Grantmesnil, his nephew Berengar, half-sister Judith (future wife of Roger I of Sicily), and eleven monks of Saint-Evroul-sur-Ouche are forced to leave Normandy and head to the Mezzogiorno.
October 1 – Pope Alexander II replaces Pope Nicholas II as the 156th pope.
The Normans take over Messina in Sicily.
Construction of the Speyer Cathedral in Speyer, Germany, begins.
Vratislav II becomes duke of Bohemia.
Most of West Frisia (later part of the county of Holland) is taken over by imperial German armies and given to the Bishop of Utrecht.
Estonians destroy the castle of Yuryev in Tartu and carry out raids in the Pskov region in Russia.
Yusuf ben Tashfin succeeds to the throne of Morocco, following the Almoravid conquest.
January 28 – Duke Spytihněv II of Bohemia (b. 1031)
July 18 or July 27 – Pope Nicholas II
March 17 – King Lulach of Scotland is killed in battle against his cousin and rival Máel Coluim mac Donnchada, who later becomes King as Máel Coluim III.
September 20 – Agnes de Poitou and Andrew I of Hungary met to talk about the border-zone in present-day Burgenland.
Antipope Benedict X is crowned pope, but is later removed.
Pope Nicholas II is elected pope in December and started working in the position the following year.
Boleslaus II takes office as duke of Poland.
Construction begins on the Cathedral of Parma, Italy.
Aldred becomes the first English bishop to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.
The Almoravids take over the Berghouata.
Al-Ghazali, Muslim theologian, jurist and mystic.
probable year of birth of Godefroy de Bouillon, the main leader of the First Crusade
March 17 – King Lulach of Scotland
March 29 – Pope Stephen IX
Casimir I of Poland (b. 1015)
Saint Alfwold
The Banu Hilal take Kairouan.
The Zirid dynasty has to move to Mahdiya.
King Anawrahta of Burma takes over Thanton in northern Thailand, strengthening Theravada Buddhism in the country.
King Macbeth of Scotland is killed in battle against Malcolm III of Scotland.
He is replaced as King of Scotland by his stepson Lulach.
William the Conqueror defeats a Franco-Angevin army at the mouth of the Dives River, Normandy in the Battle of Varaville.
Ferdinand I of Castile takes Lamego and Viseu from Christian lords allied to the Muslim taifas.
August 2 – Pope Stephen IX (sometimes referred to as Stephen X) replaces Pope Victor II as the 154th pope.
Hugh I, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1093)
Jōchō, Japanese sculptor
March 1 – Ermesinde of Carcassonne, countess and regent of Barcelona (b. 972)
July 28 – Pope Victor II
August 15 – King Macbeth of Scotland
Late August – Edward the Exile, son of Edmund II of England
August 31 – Leofric, Earl of Mercia
Caelum is a constellation in the southern sky.
It means "the chisel" in Latin.
Before, people called Caelum Scalptorium, which means "the engraver's chisel".
It was created and named by the French astronomer named Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in the 1750s.
The brighest star in Caelum has a magnitude of 4.45.
This means that all of the stars in Caelum are too dark for people who live in cities to see.
Chinese astronomers see a supernova being created in the Crab Nebula
February – Battle of Mortemer: The Normans defeat a French army as it is caught stealing.
King Henry I of France removes his main army from Normandy as a result.
April 30 – Rosdalla, Kilbeggan Ireland: Earliest known European tornado.
July 4 – The SN 1054 supernova is seen by the Chinese, Arab and possibly Native Americans near the star ζ Tauri.
For 23 days it remains bright enough to be seen in daylight.
Whats left of it form the Crab Nebula (NGC 1952).
July 16 – Cardinal Humbertus, a representative of Pope Leo IX, and Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, decree each other excommunication.
Most historians look to this act as the final step in the initiation of the Great Schism between the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christian Churches.
In 1965, those excommunications are cancelled by Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras when they meet in the Second Vatican Council.
However, to this day each church claims to be the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church and each denies the other's right to that name. (
See East-West Schism)
July 27 – Siward, Earl of Northumbria invades Scotland to support Malcolm Canmore against Macbeth, who took the Scottish throne from Malcolm's father, King Duncan.
Macbeth is defeated at Dunsinane.
Lý Nhật Tôn, third king of the Lý Dynasty, begins to rule in Vietnam and changes the country's official name to Đại Việt.
East-West Schism in the Christian church, where the churches got separated and became the Catholic and the Orthodox christian churches.
February 20 – Yaroslav the Wise, prince of Kievan Rus
April 19 – Pope Leo IX (b. 1002)
September 24 – Hermannus Contractus
June 18 – Battle of Civitate: 3,000 horsemen of Norman Count Humphrey defeat the troops of Pope Leo IX.
Byōdō-in, Uji, Kyoto Prefecture, is built.
Heian period (approximate date).
Jōchō makes Amida Buddha, Byodo-in.
July 7 – Emperor Shirakawa of Japan (d. 1129)
St-Hugues, Bishop of Guenette (d. 1132)
Guibert of Nogent, French historian and theologian (d. 1124)
Vladimir Monomakh, Prince of Kiev (d. 1125)
Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Barcelona
Berenguer Ramon II, Count of Barcelona
April 15 – Godwin, Earl of Wessex (b. 1001)
October 25 – Count Enguerrand II of Ponthieu
Godwin, Earl of Wessex, is forced to leave England by King Edward the Confessor for refusing to take action against the townspeople of Dover.
He returns the following year.
Hilarion of Kiev becomes the first native metropolitan of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Kievan Rus.
May 19 – Henry I of France marries Anne of Kiev at the cathedral of Reims.
William of Normandy fights for his life and crown in Normandy.
Heregeld is ended by King Edward the Confessor of England.
Edgar Atheling, uncrowned King of England, 1066, after the Battle of Hastings
Mi Fu, Chinese poet, painter, and calligrapher (d. 1107)
January 22 – Ælfric Puttoc, archbishop of York
Bi Sheng, Song Dynasty Chinese inventor of movable type printing
Beginning of the Banu Hilal invasions in the Maghrib.
They are organized by the Egyptian Fatimid dynasty to punish their former Zirid vassals.
A truce is declared between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Turks.
Construction of the large Iron Pagoda in Kaifeng, China, is completed in this year during the Song Dynasty.
The Pisans successfully complete the take over of Sardegna upon the Andalusian occupiers.
Viking Irish raiders ally with Gruffydd ap Rhydderch of Gwent in raiding along the River Usk.
Ealdred, Bishop of Worcester, is unsuccessful in driving them off.
February 12 – Pope Leo IX replaces Pope Damasus II as the 152nd pope.
Eustace I of Boulogne
Battle of Val-ès-Dunes: William the Conqueror, with assistance from King Henry I of France, takes control of Normandy by defeating the rebel Norman barons at Caen.
Harald III becomes sole king of Norway.
Sweyn II is crowned king of Denmark.
Pope Clement II is replaced by Pope Benedict IX as the 150th pope.
Revolt of Leo Tornikios in the Byzantine Empire
Judith of Swabia, daughter of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor
October 9 – Pope Clement II
October 25 – King Magnus I of Norway (b. 1024)
Biotic means anything living.
Animals, plants, and microbes, for example, are all living organisms so they are considered biotic parts of the environment.
Life, the condition of living organisms
Biology, the study of life
Biotic components in ecology
Biotic potential, an organism's reproductive capacity
Biotic community, all the interacting organisms living together in a specific habitat
Camelopardalis is a constellation in the northern sky.
It is also very large.
It was created and named by the Dutch astronomer named Petrus Plancius in 1612.
It represents a giraffe.
Its brightest star, β Cam, has a magnitude of only 4.03.
This means that Camelopardalis is very dark.
People who live in cities cannot see Camelopardalis.
Callinectes (Blue crabs) is a genus of crabs.
Sixteen species are in this genus.
These species include the Atlantic blue crab, C. sapidus:
Callinectes affinis Fausto, 1980
Callinectes amnicola (Rochebrune, 1883)
Callinectes arcuatus Ordway, 1863
Callinectes bellicosus Stimpson, 1859
Callinectes bocourti A. Milne-Edwards, 1879
Callinectes danae Smith, 1869
Callinectes diacanthus
Callinectes exasperatus (Gerstaecker, 1856)
Callinectes gladiator Benedict, 1893
Callinectes marginatus (A. Milne-Edwards, 1861)
Callinectes ornatus Ordway, 1863
Callinectes pallidus (Rochebrune, 1883)
Callinectes rathbunae Contreras, 1930
Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896
Callinectes similis Williams, 1966
Callinectes toxotes Ordway, 1863
Portunidae
Canes Venatici is a constellation in the northern sky.
It means "the hunting dogs" in Latin.
It was named and created by the Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius in 1687.
The astronomer named Ptolemy included it in Ursa Major when he made a list of 48 constellations in the 2nd century.
Canes Venatici is not a very bright constellation.
Messier 3
Messier 106
Sunflower Galaxy
Whirlpool Galaxy
Callinectes exasperatus (common name: rugose swimming crab) is a species of swimming crab.
They can be found in the western Atlantic Ocean.
This species of crab mainly only eats carrion (dead bodies of other animals).
This species is not commercially fished.
King Anawrahta takes over the throne of Pagan, Myanmar.
Benedict IX gives up his role as pope.
Sylvester III becomes the new pope after him.
The Chinese military essay of the Wujing Zongyao is written and built by scholars Zeng Gongliang (曾公亮), Ding Du (丁度), and Yang Weide (楊惟德) during the Song Dynasty.
It is the first book in history to include formulas for gunpowder and its use for various bombs (thrown by sling or trebuchet catapult).
It also describes the double-piston pump flamethrower and a thermoremanence compass, a few decades before Shen Kuo wrote of the first known magnetic mariners compass.
Although making clear the importance of many weapons, it reserves high respect for the crossbow and ability of crossbowmen to eliminate charging units of nomadic cavalrymen.
Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, known as El Cid (d. 1099)
Gothelo I, Duke of Lotharingia
October 31 – Venus occults Jupiter
Rus'-Byzantine War (1043).
Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England at Winchester Cathedral.
Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor marries Agnes de Poitou.
The revolt of George Maniaces against Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX ends when Maniaces is killed in battle near Thessalonica.
The Ziyarid dynasty of Persia is destroyed by the Seljuks.
In Song Dynasty China, the politicians Ouyang Xiu and Fan Zhongyan start the Qingli Reforms, which are halted by 1045.
The Norman brothers, William Iron Arm and Drogo de Hauteville, take power in Apulia.
The first king of the Kingdom of Nri, Eze Nri Ìfikuánim is created in West Africa.
Fulk IV of Anjou
Abu Muhammad Baghawi, Persian traditionalist
El Cíd Campeador of Castile
George Maniaces, Byzantine general
Gisela of Swabia, Holy Roman Empress (b. 989)
The Zirid dynasty turns down Shi'ite obedience and Fatimid rule and recognizes the Abbasids as their overlords.
December 10 – Empress Zoe of Byzantium raises her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V.
Worcester rebels against the naval taxes of Harthacanute.
Edward the Confessor returns from exile to inherit Harthacanute.
He reduces the Navy from 60 to 32 ships this year due to the tax burden.
The number of enlisted soldiers in the Song Dynasty Chinese military reaches well over 1,250,000 troops, an increase since 1022 when there were a million soldiers.
December 10 – Michael IV, Byzantine Emperor (b. 1010)
The name of Versailles, then a small village, appears for the first time in a Medieval charter.
In the Muslim kingdom of Zaragoza, the ruling Banu Tujibi family is removed by Suleiman Al-Mustain I ibn Hud who starts the Huddid dynasty which rules over the region for a century (possibly 1039).
The Western Xia declare their independence from Liao China.
August 15 – Saint Stephen I, first king of Hungary
October 29 – Aethelnoth, Archbishop of Canterbury
Alhazen, Persian mathematician
William VI of Aquitaine
Construction of the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev is ended.
Ferdinand I becomes the king of Castile and Leon.
Harold I takes control of the crown of England from his half-brother Harthacanute.
George Maniaces begins a war against the Arabs in Sicily.
The Song Dynasty Chinese rime dictionary of the Jiyun is published.
Seljuq dynasty starts.
Su Dongpo, Chinese poet (d. 1101)
March 16 – Robert I, Archbishop of Rouen
September 4 – King Bermudo III of León (b. 1010)
Avicenna, Persian physician, philosopher, and scientist (b. 980)
Duke Boleslaus III of Bohemia
October 21 – Benedict IX replaces John XIX, as the 145th pope.
The first mention of the city of Kursk.
February 16 – Emperor Yingzong of China (d. 1067)
King Vratislav II of Bohemia (d. 1092)
Cheng Hao, Song Dynasty China Neo-Confucian philosopher (d. 1085)
October – Pope John XIX
Bezprym, duke of Poland (murdered)
February 2 – Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, becomes King of Burgundy.
Panic spreads throughout Europe that the end of the universe may be near, on the supposed 1,000th anniversary of the crucifixion of Christ, due to some unusually harsh spring weather.
The Book of Revelation predicts the end of the earth after a 1000 year period.
Saint Anselm of Canterbury, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1109)
Cheng Yi, Song Dynasty China Neo-Confucian philosopher (d. 1107)
King Donald III of Scotland, Scottish royal, brother of King Malcolm III of Scotland (d. 1097)
Robert I, Count of Flanders, nobleman (d. 1106)
Ibno Al-Thahabi, Spanish Moorish encyclopedist
Queen Cunigunde of Luxemburg
Archbishop Ariberto crowns Conrad II King of Italy in Milan.
Pietro Barbolano becomes Doge of Venice.
Henry VI becomes king of Bavaria (later Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor).
The Battle of the Helgeå is fought in Scandinavia.
A Zubu revolt against the Liao Dynasty is stopped, with the Zubu forced to pay an annual tribute.
Tostig Godwinson, Earl of Northumbria (approximate date) (d. 1066)
Henry of Luxemburg, king of Bavaria
The Judge-Governor of Seville takes advantage of the break up of the Caliphate of Córdoba, and takes power as Abbad I, founding the Abbadid dynasty.
Abd ar-Rahman V becomes Caliph at Córdoba.
The Ghaznavid Empire occupies Transoxiana.
Soon after returning from Mecca, the Tarsina king of Zanata, a mountain kingdom between Algeria and Morocco, is killed in battle.
William VII, Duke of Aquitaine (d. 1058)
Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York
Oda of Haldensleben, wife of Mieszko I of Poland
Llywelyn ap Seisyll, King of Gwynedd
Sitt al-Mulk, regent of the Fatimid Caliphate (1021 to 1023) for ʻAlī az-Zāhir, the Seventh Caliph (1021 to 1036)
Upon the death of Olof Skötkonung, he is replaced by his son Anund Jakob as king of Sweden.
Pilgrim, archbishop of Cologne, marches with his army down the Tyrrhenian coast to lay siege to Capua.
The citizens open the gates and surrender the city to the imperial army.
Al-Muizz ibn Badis begins to rule Ifriqiya in his own right.
The Song Dynasty Chinese military has one million registered soldiers, an increase since the turn of the 11th century when the Song military only had nine hundred thousand soldiers.
Aethelnoth, Archbishop of Canterbury, is received at Rome.
Several Catharists are killed in Toulouse.
The Synod of Pavia issues decrees against non-celibate clergy and against simony.
Robert II the Pious burns some canons of St. Croix in Orléans, for holding that the world is inherently evil.
September 2 – Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill, king of Mide and High King of Ireland
November 20 – Bernward of Hildesheim
December 20 – Elvira Mendes, queen of Alfonso V of Castile (b. 996)
Olof Skötkonung, King of Sweden since 995 (b. c. 980)
Emperor Zhenzong of China
Goryeo and the Liao Dynasty exchange embassies following a seven-year territorial disagreement.
The massive Kandariya Mahadeva Hindu Temple is completed in the Chandela capital of Khajuraho.
The city of Saint-Germain-en-Laye is founded.
Henry II of Germany starts his third Italian military campaign .
Canute the Great establishes the laws of England.
Zhang Zai, Song Dynasty Chinese Neo-Confucian philosopher and cosmologist (d. 1077)
Su Song, famous Song Dynasty Chinese scientist and engineer (d. 1101)
June 12 – Lyfing, Archbishop of Canterbury
Ferdowsi Tousi, Persian epic poet (b. 935)
Leif Ericson, Icelandic explorer
Fan Kuan, Chinese landscape painter
July 2 – Caliph Al-Mustansir of Cairo (d. 1094)
Alp Arslan, second sultan of the Seljuk dynasty (d. 1072)
Edith of Wessex, Queen of England (d. 1075)
The city of Yaroslavl is said to have been founded.
Hisham II the Nephast is restored as Umayyad caliph of Córdoba, replacing Muhammad II al-Mahdi.
Allied to Muslim rebels, the count of Barcelona robs and destroys Cordoba.
The Lý Dynasty is started in Vietnam (or 1009) and moves the capital to Hanoi.
Persian poet Ferdowsi finishes writing The Shahnameh (Book of Kings).
The Goryeo king is unseated in a revolt, resulting in an invasion by the Liao Dynasty and the burning of the Korean capital Gaegyeong in the Second Goryeo-Khitan War.
Song Zhun of Song Dynasty China completes the work of the earlier geographer Lu Duosun, a huge atlas of China that is written and illustrated in 1,556 chapters, showing maps of each region, city, town, and village.
The atlas took 39 years to complete.
Viking explorer Thorfinn Karlsefni attempts to found a settlement in North America (approximate date).
The construction of Brihadeeswarar temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India, ends.
Chola Dynasty, Early Medieval period.
Rajaraja I and His Teacher, detail of a wall painting in the Brihadeeswarar temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India, is made.
Chola Dynasty.
Early Medieval period (approximate date).
Lady Murasaki writes The Tale of Genji in Japanese (approximate date).
Beowulf is written by an unknown writer (approximate date).
Eilmer of Malmesbury attempts flight in a glider of his own construction.
May 30 – Emperor Renzong of China (d. 1063)
June 2 – Benno, bishop of Meissen (d. 1106)
King Bermudo III of León (d. 1037)
Ali Ahmad Nasawi, (d. 1075)
Michael IV the Paphlagonian, Byzantine Emperor (d. 1041)
Archbishop Gebhard of Salzburg (d. 1088)
Otto of Savoy (d. 1060)
Adalbero of Würzburg, Bishop of Würzburg and Count of Lambach-Wels (d. 1090)
John Curcuas, Byzantine catepan of Italy
Aimoin, French monk and chronicler
The Italian Province of Spalato (1941-1943) was an administrative section of the "Governorate of Dalmatia", created during World War II by the Italian government with Regio Decreto Legge of May 18, 1941.
The Province of Spalato was part of the Italian Governorate of Dalmatia and had an area of 975 km² with a population of 128,400 inhabitants.
It was included the two main cities of Spalato (Split) and Trau (Trogir) and their hinterland, extending north to Sebenico (Šibenik).
Additionally there were the islands of Lissa, Curzola, Lagosta, Cazza, Pelagosa (these last 3 removed from the "Italian Province of Zara") and Meleda.
The province bordered only the Independent State of Croatia.
The "Capoluogo" (administrative center) was Spalato, where there was the "Tribunal" and was edited the Italian newspaper "San Marco".
There was even the football team AC Spalato, that substituted the local Hadjuk ruled by Slavs.
The new Italian province of Spalato was created by order of Mussolini the next month, with the "May 19 Treaty between Italy and Croatia".
Valerio Paolo Zerbino was named "Prefect" of the Province of Spalato, serving from June 1941 to August 1943.
In summer 1941 the Italian government started a policy of "Italianization" in all the Governorate of Dalmatia.
New Italian schools were opened in Spalato.
Administrative personnel from Italy moved to Spalato and Trau (nearly 6,700 Dalmatian Italians took refuge in Italy after the creation of Yugoslavia in 1919, and many of them were offered work if they returned to settle with their families in the Governorate of Dalmatia).
Bastianini started needed public works, building hospitals, sewage systems and roads in the area.
Even the "Bank of Italy" opened a branch in Spalato
In August 1943 the Governorate administrative personnel left Dalmatia and returned to the Italian peninsula: the area was ruled by the Italian military until mid-September 1943 when was occupied by German troops.
After the disappearance of the province, all the area -that under Italian presence was spared the bloody guerrilla that happened in Ante Pavelic's Croatia- started to be involved in the massacres of the Yugoslavian civil war during WWII.
"Comuni" of the Province of Spalato
Spalato / Split; population 46,900
Blatta di Curzola / Blato; pop.
Castelvecchio Inferiore o Castel Vecchio / Kaštel Stari; pop.
Castel San Giorgio / Kaštel Sućurac; pop.
3,500
Castel Vitturi / Kaštel Lukšić; pop.
Comisa / Komiža; pop.
Curzola / Korčula; pop.
Lagosta / Lastovo; pop.
Lissa / Vis; pop.
Meleda / Mljet; pop.
Solta / Šolta; pop.
Traù / Trogir; pop.
Vallegrande / Vela Luka; pop.
Pavlowitch, Stevan.
Hitler's new disorder: the Second World War in Yugoslavia.
New York, 2008
Rodogno, Davide.
Il nuovo ordine mediterraneo.
Bollati Boringhieri.
Torino, 2003
Year 1013 (MXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
It was one thousand years before 2013.
July  Sweyn Forkbeard, King of Denmark, having invaded England, is declared King within the Danelaw.
December 25  Sweyn is declared King of England in London, forcing Æthelred the Unready to flee to Normandy.
Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a peace treaty at Merseburg with Duke Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland who recognizes him as overlord.
Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, gathers an army at Augsburg to begin his second Italian military campaign.
The Jews are thrown out of the caliphate of Córdoba.
The Poles leave from Pomerania (approximate date).
Estimation: Kaifeng, capital of China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Córdoba in Al-Andalus.
The largest of the Four Great Books of Song, the Song Dynasty Chinese encyclopedia Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau (which had been compiled since 1005), is completed in 1,000 volumes of 9.4 million written Chinese characters.
Lyfing is appointed by Æthelred the Unready as Archbishop of Canterbury.
The Al-Hakim Mosque is completed in Cairo.
Beauvais changes from a county to a bishopric (approximate date).
Sancha of León, wife of Ferdinand I of León
Rabbi Isaac Alfasi (Rif),Moroccan Talmudist and posek(d.
1103)
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, scholar of medicine
February 14 – Pope Benedict VIII recognizes and crowns Henry of Bavaria (who has ruled since 1003) as King of Germany.
April 23 – Battle of Clontarf: Gaelic Irish forces under Brian Boru defeat several allied Viking forces in Ireland, ending their power there but losing Brian in the battle.
July – Battle of Salonica fought in Greece between First Bulgarian Empire and Byzantine Empire.
July 29 – Battle of Kleidion: Basil II defeats the Bulgarian army.
His later blinding of 15,000 prisoners reportedly causes Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria to die of shock.
This earns Basil II the name 'Boulgaroktonos' (Bulgar-slayer).
Following the death of Sweyn I, Ethelred II returns to England and reclaims the English crown.
Cnut the Great returns to Denmark.
Holmgang (a type of duel) is declared illegal in Norway.
In Kashmir, Abhinavagupta, the teacher of the poet Ksemendra, circulates his Greater commentary on the Pratyabhijna Darshana.
Hammad ibn Buluggin recognises the Abbasid Caliphate, beginning the split of the Hammadids from the Zirids.
The Nicene-Constantinopolitan Symbol of the Faith is used for the first time during the Roman Mass after Henry II, the newly crowned Holy Roman Emperor, asks the Pope to add it together with the filioque clause.
Prior to this date, the Creed was not used at all during the liturgy.
In England, Archbishop Wulfstan preaches his Latin homily, "Wulf's Address to the English".
Abū 'Ubayd 'Abd Allāh al-Bakrī, (d. 1094)
Princess Constance of France, daughter of Robert II the Pious
February 3 – Sweyn I Haraldsson Forkbeard, king of Denmark
April 23 – Brian Boru, high king of Ireland
June 25 – Athelstan Aetheling, eldest son of Ethelred the Unready
October 6 – Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria
Sigurd the Stout, Viking earl in Orkney
King Raja Raja Chola I, of the Chola Empire of southern India and great temple builder of the Chola dynasty
March 10 – Emperor Sanjō gives up the throne of Japan and soon afterwards is replaced by his cousin Emperor Go-Ichijō, aged about 8.
Earthquakes partly destroy the Dome of the Rock in the Old City of Jerusalem.
March 25 – Battle of Nesjar (off the coast of Norway): Olaf Haraldsson is victorious over former co-regent Sweyn Haakonsson confirming his status as King of Norway.
April 23 – Æthelred, King of England, dies, and is replaced by his son Edmund Ironside.
c. May – Battle of Brentford (near London): King Edmund defeats the Danes under Cnut, Prince of Denmark.
October 18 – Battle of Ashingdon: Cnut defeats Edmund, leaving the latter as king of Wessex only.
November 30 – King Edmund dies and Cnut takes control of the whole of the Kingdom of England.
The Pisan and the Genoese republics launch a naval offensive against the Muslim strongholds of Sardegna, in particular Porto Torres and defeat the fleet of the taifa king of Denia, Mujahid al-Amiri al-Muwaffaq.
Melus of Bari makes a second attempt against Byzantine-held Southern Italy.
To support his cause, he hires Norman mercenaries, unwittingly triggering the rise of Norman rule over southern Italy.
Georgius Tzul, ruler of Khazaria, is captured by a combined Byzantine Empire–Kievan Rus' force, which effectively ends Khazaria's existence.
July 26 – Duke Casimir I of Poland (Polish: Kazimierz I Odnowiciel)
April 23 – Ethelred the Unready, King of England
November 30 – Edmund II, King of England
Badis ibn Mansur, third ruler of the Zirid dynasty in North Africa.
c. May – Melus of Bari begins a rebellion, supported by Norman mercenaries.
His forces are victorious in three battles against the Byzantine Empire.
c. July – Cnut the Great, King of England, marries Emma of Normandy, widow of the monarch known as Æthelred.
Cnut divides England into the four Earldoms of Wessex, Mercia, East Anglia and Northumbria.
Kiev burns.
Possible date at which construction of Saint Sophia's Cathedral, Kiev, is started.
Abd-ar-Rahman IV replaces Suleiman II as Umayyad caliph.
Hamza ibn-'Ali ibn-Ahmad publicly declares the founding of the Druze religion.
During the reign of the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.
Sunni revolt of Kairouan against the Shi'ite Zirid dynasty.
The city is quickly retaken, robbed and destroyed.
October 29 – Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1056)
Zhou Dunyi, Neo-Confucian philosopher in Song Dynasty China (d. 1073)
July 6 – Genshin, Japanese schoolar (b. 942)
Abd-ar-Rahman IV, Umayyad caliph
Eadric Streona, Earldorman of Mercia
Elvira of Castile (daughter of García I), Regent of Leon (b. 965)
Ramon Borrell, Count of Barcelona, (b. 972)
The Liao Dynasty invades Goryeo.
Largest amphibious invasion force in history at the time.
Chola army that invaded Lanka (Sri Lanka) with a massive manpower of 150,000 troops.
Battle of Kwiju: Korean General Gang Gam-chan gains a victory over Liao Dynasty forces during the Third Goryeo-Khitan War.
January 30 – The Peace of Bautzen is signed between Poland and Germany.
July 22–23 – Bolesław I Chrobry, Duke of Poland, defeats Yaroslav the Wise in the Battle of the River Bug.
Yaroslav retreats to Novogrod, abandoning Kiev.
July 29 – Dirk III, Count of Holland, defeats an army sent by Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, in the Battle of Vlaardingen.
August – Leader of the remaining Bulgarian resistance, Ivats, is blinded and captured by strategos Eustathios Daphnomeles, confirming Bulgaria's position as part of the Byzantine Empire.
August 14 – Bolesław accepts the surrender of Kiev by the Pechenegs.
He reinstates Sviatopolk as Grand Prince of Kiev.
c. October? –
In Southern Italy, at the second battle of Cannae, the Lombard adventurer Melus of Bari and his Norman mercenaries are defeated by the Byzantine army led by the Catepan Basil Boioannes.
Probable date
Battle of Carham: Malcolm II of Scotland and Owen the Bald of Strathclyde are victorious over Eadwulf Cudel, Earl of Bamburgh, confirming Scottish dominance over Lothian.
Cnut replaces his brother Harald II of Denmark on the Danish throne.
Buckfast Abbey is founded.
The city of Koblenz is given to the archbishop of Trier.
Harthacanute (or 1019) (d. 1042)
Michael Psellus, Greek philosopher and historian
June 23 – Margrave Henry I of Austria
Aeddan ap Blegywryd, King of Gwynedd
Harald II of Denmark
Canis Minor is a constellation in the northern sky.
It is Latin for "smaller dog" or "the lesser dog".
The astronomer Ptolemy listed it when he made a list of 48 constellations in the 2nd century.
Both Canis Minor and Canis Major (which means "larger dog" in Latin) represent dogs that follow the hunter named Orion in Greek Mythology.
The main shape of Canis Minor is made by two stars, which are named Procyon (Alpha Canis Minoris) and Gomeisa (Beta Canis Minoris).
These stars are the only stars in Canis Minor that have a magnitude that is brigher than 4.
Procyon has a magnitude of 0.39, which means that it is the seventh brightest star in the night sky.
It is also very close to Earth, since it is only 11.4 light years away.
Procyon is a binary star, which means that it actually has two stars that orbit each other.
It has a white dwarf star and a white type F5 main-sequence star.
Gomeisa has a magnitude of 2.9.
Its temperature is 11,500°K, which means that it is very hot.
It is a blue type B8 main-sequence star.
It is 3 times the mass of the sun and 250 times more luminous than the sun.
Aethelred buys two years of peace with the Danes for 36,000 pounds of silver.
One of Mt. Vesuvius's many eruptions.
Songjiang County, the later city of Shanghai, is founded (approximate date).
King Sharaban is killed by his vizier
Prince Kacalukia becomes king of Persia
The vizier and his army invaded Babylon, Persia
Snow falls in the city of Baghdad.
Henry II of Germany founds the Diocese of Bamberg.
Isaac I Comnenus, Byzantine emperor (died 1062)
Gruoch, wife of King Macbeth (died 1060)
Ouyang Xiu, Chinese historian, essayist and poet (died 1072)
Saint Paul, founder of Saint Paul's Cathedral in London, England (died 1072)
A major eruption of Mount Merapi volcano covers all of central Java with volcanic ash.
This caused devastation throughout central Java, and destroyed a Hindu kingdom on the island of Java.
Holmgang (dueling) is declared illegal in Iceland.
Granaries for famine relief are set up across China.
Aelfheah (St. Alphege) goes to Pope John XVIII at Rome for his pallium and becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.
May 1 – The brightest supernova ever recorded, SN 1006, occurs in the constellation of Lupus.
It is observed and described in China, Japan, the Middle East, Europe, and elsewhere.
Constantine X, emperor of Byzantium (d. 1067)
Gisela of Burgundy
Abraham Cowley (1618-1677) was an English writer, a poet and essayist.
He wrote and published his first book of poetry at the young age of fifteen years, when he was still at school.
His most famous book was a collection of love poems, The Mistress (1647).
Later, he also published a collection of essays in 1668, which was also quite popular.
After taking a Master of Arts degree from Cambridge University he decided to join the church.
He used to write to share his ideas with people.
He wrote many books like The History of the Holy War (1639), The Holy State and Profane State (1642), Good Thoughts in Bad Times (1645), Good Thoughts in Worse Times (1647), A History of the University of Cambridge (1659) and Mixed Contemplations in Better Times (1660).
Thomas Fuller strongly supported the English Royalist party and was very loyal to King Charles I of England.
He suffered a lot after his defeat but later on, after the English Restoration, he became Chaplain to King Charles II of England.
The Lock is an oil painting by Jean-Honoré Fragonard.
It was painted around 1776-79.
The picture measures 71 × 92 cm (28 × 36.2 in).
Fragonard is (and was) famous for mildly erotic scenes.
After his marriage in 1769, he painted family scenes.
A favela () is the term for a shanty town in Brazil.
They are mostly found on the outskirts of urban areas.
The people living in the favelas are the poor, and the rich people live in the city.
Most of the buildings in favelas are made out of cheap materials, like plastic, wood, glass and scrap.
The people usually build their houses themselves and invite their friends to help them build.
Crime is not common in favelas,only 1% of residents are criminals or involved in criminal activity.
The favelas themselves are also considered illegal, because the people do not pay tax.
Settlements in Brazil
An explanation is an attempt to answer the question "why".
Asked of a person, it is a question about motive: "why did you do this?".
Asked of a natural event, it is a question about natural causes (causation).
In science, an explanation is the link between an event which is a cause, and a second event, which is an effect.
The phrase "cause and effect" refers to this.
The relationship between the two events is known as causality.
The philosopher Mario Bunge said, "We do not rest content with finding facts but wish to know why they should occur rather than not".
As a general rule, explanations move from what we know to what we do not know.
This is important because it explains why different kinds of people may need different explanations. "
A child, a lay person and an expert may need different explanations of the same thing, since what is already familiar to them will differ".
The asking of questions depends on language, and is peculiar to humans.
It starts very soon after a child learns how to speak.
A kind of game which young children play with adults is the 'why game'.
Every parent gets the experience of their child asking a never-ending stream of why questions, until at last the adult says "Well, it just is!"
There can be plenty of argument about whether or not an explanation is appropriate, and if so, whether it is correct.
If one asks why the sun gives out heat and light, to say "because it is daytime" is not appropriate, even if it might indeed be daytime.
The real answer was not known until the 20th century.
Before then peoples like the ancient Egyptians thought it was caused by a god (Aten).
Different kinds of why questions need different kinds of explanations.
General explanations
"It is often said that a key difference between historians and political scientists is that historians tend to construct narrative-based explanations while political scientists ... tend to construct theory-based explanations".
Personal explanations
A personal question like "Why did you do that?"
What that explanation might be depends on context: it all depends on circumstance.
This type of question about motives only applies to the people concerned.
Explanation: Because I'm going to build a boat.
Some explanations may appear reasonable, but turn out to be misleading or wrong.
Mrs. Thomas Gainsborough, nee Margaret Burr is an oil painting by Thomas Gainsborough.
It was painted about 1778.
It measures 76.6 cm x 63.8 cm.
It hangs in the Courtauld Institute Galleries in England.
The subject is the artist's wife.
Mr. and Mrs. Andrews is an oil painting on canvas by Thomas Gainsborough.
It was painted circa 1748-1750.
It measures 69.8 × 119.4 cm (27.5 × 47 in).
It hangs in the National Gallery, London, England.
Paintings in the National Gallery, London
In phonetics, a voiceless consonant is a consonant that is made without any vibration of the vocal chords.
Sounds like [] (such as in pet), [] (such as in fun), and [] (such as in sear) are all voiceless consonants.
The Fourth Geneva Convention (full tilte: Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War) is an international treaty signed in 1949.
These treaties are known as Geneva Conventions, because they were originally signed in Geneva.
The fourth geneva convention protects civilians in a war zone.
Currently, 194 countries are party to this treaty of international law.
In 1993, the United Nations Security Council adopted a report from the Secretary-General and a Commission of Experts; this report stated that the Geneva Conventions had passed into the body of customary international law.
If this is the case, the treaties are binding even to countries who did not sign them,whenever they engage in armed conflicts.
John Roxborough Norman was a British ichthyologist.
He was born in 1898 and died on 26 May 1944 in London.
He started as a clerk in a bank.
He was in the military during the First World War.
He got rheumatic fever during this time, and had it his whole life.
He entered the British Museum in 1921 where he worked for Charles Tate Regan (1878-1943).
From 1939 to 1944, he was in charge of the Natural History Museum at Tring.
Norman wrote A History of Fishes (1931) and A Draft Synopsis of the Orders, Families and Genera of Recent Fishes (1957).
Aldemaro Romero Home Page (Archived on 14 September 2006)
Sweyn Forkbeard marries Sigrid the Haughty.
Otto III reaches his majority and begins to rule Germany.
Aethelred II pays £16,000 of Danegeld to Olaf Trygvasson.
September 15 – Battle of the Orontes: Fatimid victory over a Byzantine army led by Michael Bourtzes
November 7 – Ibn Hazm, Arab philosopher (d. 1069)
Simeon, first Norman abbot of Ely Abbey
Imam Bayhaqi Scholar of Islamic Faith
Margrave Leopold I of Austria
Sigeric the Serious
John Weir the Great, King of the Nords
July 4 – Saint Ulrich of Augsburg is canonized.
Samuel ibn Naghrela, assistant to the Berber king in Granada
King Conrad of Burgundy
The fantasy role-playing game Dragon Warriors is set in a fantasy world called "Legend" modeled on medieval Europe in an era near this year.
In the Harry Potter series, Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry is built and founded sometime around this year.
The Ghana Empire captures the Berber town of Awdaghost.
Boleslaus I becomes Duke of Poland.
Battle of Conquereuil: Fulk Nerra defeats Conan I of Rennes, who is killed in the battle.
Viking settlers start a mint in Dublin to make silver pennies.
February 1 – Jawhar as-Siqilli, Fatimid politician
February 29 – Oswald of Worcester, Archbishop of York and Bishop of Worcester
May 25 – Mieszko I, duke of Polans
Borrell II, Count of Barcelona
Conan I of Rennes (in battle)
Battle of Maldon: The Anglo-Saxons are beaten by Viking invaders led by Olaf Tryggvason, later Olaf I of Norway.
Sweyn I of Denmark gets his throne back.
Sigurd Hlodvirsson, Earl of Orkney
Abdullah Yousef, of Kuwait
Theophanu, empress, mother of Otto III (b. 956)
Emperor En'yū, emperor of Japan (b. 959)
Betty Harper Fussell (born July 28, 1927) is an American writer and food historian.
She as write many books about food history, recipes, and her memoir.
She is also a critic and educator.
Fussell worked with the New York Times, The New Yorker, and the Los Angeles Times.
During her career, she won many awards and received many honors.
In 2009, she was made a member of Who’s Who of Food & Beverage in America.
Fussell was born in Riverside, California.
She was raised in both in California and in New York City.
She studied at Pomona College, Radcliffe College, and Rutgers University.
Fussell was married to American writer Paul Fussell from 1949 until they divorced in 1981.
She now lives in New York  City.
Robert George Kardashian (February 22, 1944 – September 30, 2003) was an American lawyer and businessman.
He was the lawyer for O. J. Simpson when he was accused for murder.
David Schwimmer played his role in the 2016 FX miniseries American Crime Story: The People v. O. J. Simpson.
Kardashian was an Armenian-American.
He was the husband of Kris Jenner and the father of Kourtney, Kim, Khloé and Rob,
Kardashian was born on February 22, 1944 in Los Angeles, California.
He studied at the University of Southern California and at the University of San Diego School of Law.
Kardashian was married to Kris Jenner from 1978 until they divorced in 1991.
Then he was married to Jan Ashley from 1998 until they divorced in 1999.
Then he was married to Ellen Pearson from 2003 until his death two months later.
Kardashian was diagnosed with esophageal cancer in July 2003.
Less than eight weeks after his diagnosis, he died at age 59 on September 30, 2003.
The Charioteer of Delphi is a Greek bronze sculpture from the early Classical period, about 477 BC.
It stands 1.8 m tall.
It was discovered in the sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi during excavations by French archaeologists in 1896.
With the statue were found fragments of a sculpted chariot, sculpted horses, and a small, sculpted person, presumably the charioteer's groom.
All would have been part of a large monument.
The charioteer monument was commissioned by Polyzalos, a Sicilian tyrant, to commemorate his victory in the chariot races about 477 BC.
At some point, according to Greek practice, the statue was buried, probably because of irreparable damage.
Dylan D. Olsen (born January 3, 1991 in Salt Lake City, Utah) is an American born-Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman.
He currently plays for the South Carolina Stingrays of the ECHL.
He also played for the Chicago Blackhawks and Florida Panthers of the NHL
He was drafted with the 28th overall pick by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft.
He began his hockey career when he was drafted by the Medicine Hat Tigers in the 2006 WHL Bantam Draft.
He instead played for the Camrose Kodiaks of the AJHL for three seasons before he left to play college hockey.
He played college hockey at the University of Minnesota Duluth with the Bulldogs.
After he finished his college hockey career, he played for the Chicago Blackhawks' AHL farm team, the Rockford IceHogs for 2 seasons.
On November 14, 2013, the Blackhawks traded Olsen along with Jimmy Hayes to the Florida Panthers for Kris Versteeg and Philippe Lefebvre.
Joseph Heller (May 1, 1923 - December 12, 1999) was an American novelist and playwright.
He was born in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City.
He was most famous for the satirical war novel Catch-22 (1961).
He died of a heart attack in East Hampton, Long Island, New York.
Flt.
Harita Kaur Deol (1972 – 25 December 1996) is a pilot with the Indian Air Force (IAF).
She was the first woman pilot to fly solo in the IAF.
The flight was on 2 September 1994.
She was 22 years old at the time.
Harita is originally from Chandigarh.
She joined the Air Force in 1992, when it advertised for the first time 8 jobs for women pilots.
She flew an Avro aircraft.
She landed at the Yelahanka Air Force Station, near Bangalore.
Two more women, Flight Cadets Archana Kapoor and Bindu Sebastian, did their solo flights on the Avro after Harita.
Indian military people
Paul Verhoeven (born 18 July 1938) is a Dutch movie director, producer and writer.
He directed American movies RoboCop, Total Recall, Basic Instinct, Showgirls and Starship Troopers.
He wrote and directed Dutch movie Black Book.
During his youth Verhoeven was for a short time a Pentecostal Christian.
Although he is an atheist,  he takes a great interest in Jesus.
He is a member of the Jesus Seminar and wrote "Jesus of Nazareth" in 2007, a liberal view on Jesus.
He is intending to make a movie about Jesus.
Dutch atheists
Dutch former Christians
Dutch movie directors
Dutch movie producers
Dutch screenwriters
In 1999 Time named Pankhurst as one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century, stating: "she shaped an idea of women for our time; she shook society into a new pattern from which there could be no going back."
She was widely criticized for her militant tactics, but her work helped to achieve women's suffrage in Britain.
After her husband died in 1898, Pankhurst founded the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), an organisation dedicated to "deeds, not words".
The group became infamous when its members smashed windows and assaulted police officers.
Pankhurst, her daughters, and other WSPU activists were sentenced to repeated prison sentences, where they staged hunger strikes to secure better conditions.
As Pankhurst's oldest daughter Christabel took the helm of the WSPU, antagonism between the group and the government grew.
Eventually arson became a common tactic among WSPU members, and more moderate organisations spoke out against the Pankhurst family.
In 1913 several prominent individuals left the WSPU, among them Pankhurst's daughters Adela and Sylvia.
The family rift never healed.
With the advent of the First World War, Emmeline and Christabel called an immediate halt to militant suffrage activism in support of the British Government's stand against the "German Peril".
They urged women to aid industrial production and encouraged young men to fight.
In 1918 the Representation of the People Act granted votes to women over the age of 30 and the WSPU was disbanded.
Pankhurst transformed the WSPU machinery into the Women's Party, dedicated to promoting women's equality in public life.
In her later years she became concerned with the 'Bolshevik menace' and – unhappy with the political alternatives – joined the Conservative Party.
She died in 1928, 17 days before women got equal voting rights and was commemorated two years later with a statue in London's Victoria Tower Gardens.