the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
It  is the second arrondissement of the department in area, after the arrondissement of Châteauroux, with, but the one with the lowest population (31,821 inhabitants).
The lowest point in the arrondissement is  high,  in the "commune" of Néons-sur-Creuse, and the highest is  high,  in the "commune" of Mouhet.
It is bordered to the north by the Indre-et-Loire department, to the east by the arrondissement of Châteauroux, to the southeast by the arrondissement of  La Châtre, to the south by the Creuse department, to the southwest by the  Haute-Vienne department and to the west by the Vienne department.
There are only two cantons in the arrondissement of Le Blanc:
Le Blanc (3603), with 27 "communes", all in the arrondissement; and
Saint-Gaultier (3612), with 30 "communes" in the arrondissement and 4 in the arrondissement of Châteauroux.
The arrondissement of Le Blanc has 57 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Azay-le-Ferron (36010)
Beaulieu (36015)
Bélâbre (36016)
Le Blanc (36018)
Bonneuil (36020)
Chaillac (36035)
Chalais (36036)
La Châtre-Langlin (36047)
Chazelet (36049)
Chitray (36051)
Ciron (36053)
Concremiers (36058)
Douadic (36066)
Dunet (36067)
Fontgombault (36076)
Ingrandes (36087)
Lignac (36094)
Lingé (36096)
Lurais (36104)
Lureuil (36105)
Luzeret (36106)
Martizay (36113)
Mauvières (36114)
Mérigny (36119)
Mézières-en-Brenne (36123)
Migné (36124)
Mouhet (36134)
Néons-sur-Creuse (36137)
Nuret-le-Ferron (36144)
Obterre (36145)
Oulches (36148)
Parnac (36150)
Paulnay (36153)
La Pérouille (36157)
Pouligny-Saint-Pierre (36165)
Preuilly-la-Ville (36167)
Prissac (36168)
Rivarennes (36172)
Rosnay (36173)
Roussines (36174)
Ruffec (36176)
Sacierges-Saint-Martin (36177)
Saint-Aigny (36178)
Saint-Benoît-du-Sault (36182)
Saint-Civran (36187)
Saint-Gaultier (36192)
Sainte-Gemme (36193)
Saint-Gilles (36196)
Saint-Hilaire-sur-Benaize (36197)
Saint-Michel-en-Brenne (36204)
Saulnay (36212)
Sauzelles (36213)
Thenay (36220)
Tilly (36223)
Tournon-Saint-Martin (36224)
Vigoux (36239)
Villiers (36246)
The arrondissement of Châteauroux is an arrondissement of France, in the Indre department of the Centre-Val de Loire region.
Its capital is the city of Châteauroux.
When the Indre department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Châteauroux was part of that original department.
The arrondissement of Châteauroux is a central arrondissement in the Indre department.
It  is the largest arrondissement of the department both in area with , and in population (126,428 inhabitants).
The lowest point in the arrondissement is  high,  in the "commune" of La Vernelle, and the highest is  high, in the "commune" of Chavin.
It is bordered to the north by the Indre-et-Loire department, to the east by the arrondissement of Issoudun, to the southeast and south by the arrondissement of  La Châtre, to the west by the arrondissement of Le Blanc and to the northwest by the Indre-et-Loire department.
The arrondissement of Châteauroux has 86 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Ardentes (36005)
Argenton-sur-Creuse (36006)
Argy (36007)
Arpheuilles (36008)
Arthon (36009)
Baraize (36012)
Baudres (36013)
Bazaiges (36014)
Bouesse (36022)
Bouges-le-Château (36023)
Bretagne (36024)
Brion (36026)
Buzançais (36031)
Ceaulmont (36032)
Celon (36033)
La Chapelle-Orthemale (36040)
Chasseneuil (36042)
Châteauroux (36044)
Châtillon-sur-Indre (36045)
Chavin (36048)
Chezelles (36050)
Cléré-du-Bois (36054)
Clion (36055)
Coings (36057)
Cuzion (36062)
Déols (36063)
Diors (36064)
Écueillé (36069)
Éguzon-Chantôme (36070)
Étrechet (36071)
Faverolles (36072)
Fléré-la-Rivière (36074)
Fontguenand (36077)
Francillon (36079)
Frédille (36080)
Gargilesse-Dampierre (36081)
Gehée (36082)
Heugnes (36086)
Jeu-les-Bois (36089)
Jeu-Maloches (36090)
Langé (36092)
Levroux (36093)
Luant (36101)
Luçay-le-Mâle (36103)
Lye (36107)
Mâron (36112)
Le Menoux (36117)
Méobecq (36118)
Montierchaume (36128)
Mosnay (36131)
Moulins-sur-Céphons (36135)
Murs (36136)
Neuillay-les-Bois (36139)
Niherne (36142)
Palluau-sur-Indre (36149)
Le Pêchereau (36154)
Pellevoisin (36155)
Badecon-le-Pin (36158)
Le Poinçonnet (36159)
Pommiers (36160)
Le Pont-Chrétien-Chabenet (36161)
Préaux (36166)
Rouvres-les-Bois (36175)
Saint-Cyran-du-Jambot (36188)
Saint-Genou (36194)
Saint-Lactencin (36198)
Saint-Marcel (36200)
Saint-Maur (36202)
Saint-Médard (36203)
Saint-Pierre-de-Lamps (36206)
Sassierges-Saint-Germain (36211)
Selles-sur-Nahon (36216)
Sougé (36218)
Tendu (36219)
Le Tranger (36225)
Valençay (36228)
Velles (36231)
Vendœuvres (36232)
La Vernelle (36233)
Veuil (36235)
Vicq-sur-Nahon (36237)
Villedieu-sur-Indre (36241)
Villegongis (36242)
Villegouin (36243)
Villentrois (36244)
Vineuil (36247)
Chateauroux
The law of Azerbaijan is made up of many levels of codified forms of law.
The laws of Azerbaijan are based on civil law.
As the country was a republic of the Soviet Union until 1991, its laws have also been influenced heavily by socialist law.
Today Azerbaijani law is heavily based on the laws Germany, France and Italy which also use civil law.
The current Criminal Code of Azerbaijan came into force in September 2000, replacing the older Criminal Code of 1960 which was based on Soviet law.
The current Azerbaijani criminal law is based on the criminal laws of Germany, France and Italy.
Sources of law
Unlike common law systems such as the United States and the United Kingdom, Azerbaijani courts do not rely on case law and judicial precedent and there are no unwritten laws in Azerbaijani law.
Except for decisions of the Constitutional Court of Azerbaijan, decisions of the courts are not usually counted as a source of law.
The sources of law in the Azerbaijani legal system are:
The Constitution of Azerbaijan.
Acts adopted via referendum.
Laws passed by the National Assembly of Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan's legislature.
Decrees.
Resolutions of the Cabinet of Minister.
International treaties to which Azerbaijan is a participant.
Court system
The Constitutional Court of Azerbaijan as the highest court of the country, makes the most important and final decisions on civil, criminal and other cases.
It is the court of last resort and it has more power than all other courts.
Decisions of lower courts can be cancelled here.
The Constitutional Court of Azerbaijan has the power to interpret and apply the Constitution of Azerbaijan, especially if laws violate the constitution.
Supreme Court of the Republic of Azerbaijan
The arrondissement of La Châtre is an arrondissement of France, in the Indre department of the Centre-Val de Loire region.
Its capital is the city of La Châtre.
The arrondissement of La Châtre is in the southeast of the Indre department.
It  has an area of  and a population of 32,962 inhabitants.
The lowest point in the arrondissement is  high,  in the "commune" of Ceaulmont, and the highest is  high, in the "commune" of Crevant.
It is bordered to the north by the arrondissement of  Châteauroux, to the northeast by the arrondissement of Issoudun, to the east by the Cher departmen, to the south by the Creuse department and to the west by the arrondissement of  Le Blanc.
The arrondissement of La Châtre has 51 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Aigurande (36001)
La Berthenoux (36017)
Briantes (36025)
La Buxerette (36028)
Buxières-d'Aillac (36030)
Champillet (36038)
Chassignolles (36043)
La Châtre (36046)
Cluis (36056)
Crevant (36060)
Crozon-sur-Vauvre (36061)
Feusines (36073)
Fougerolles (36078)
Gournay (36084)
Lacs (36091)
Lignerolles (36095)
Lourdoueix-Saint-Michel (36099)
Lourouer-Saint-Laurent (36100)
Lys-Saint-Georges (36108)
Le Magny (36109)
Maillet (36110)
Malicornay (36111)
Mers-sur-Indre (36120)
Montchevrier (36126)
Montgivray (36127)
Montipouret (36129)
Montlevicq (36130)
La Motte-Feuilly (36132)
Mouhers (36133)
Néret (36138)
Neuvy-Saint-Sépulchre (36141)
Nohant-Vic (36143)
Orsennes (36146)
Pérassay (36156)
Pouligny-Notre-Dame (36163)
Pouligny-Saint-Martin (36164)
Saint-Août (36180)
Saint-Chartier (36184)
Saint-Christophe-en-Boucherie (36186)
Saint-Denis-de-Jouhet (36189)
Saint-Plantaire (36207)
Sainte-Sévère-sur-Indre (36208)
Sarzay (36210)
Sazeray (36214)
Thevet-Saint-Julien (36221)
Tranzault (36226)
Urciers (36227)
Verneuil-sur-Igneraie (36234)
Vicq-Exemplet (36236)
Vigoulant (36238)
Vijon (36240)
La Chatre
The arrondissement of Issoudun is an arrondissement of France, in the Indre department of the Centre-Val de Loire region.
Its capital is the city of Issoudun.
When the Indre department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Issoudun was part of that original department.
The arrondissement of Issoudun is in the northeast of the Indre department.
It is the smallest arrondissement of the department in area, with , but the second in population, with 34,964 inhabitants.
It is bordered to the north by the Indre-et-Loire department, to the east by the Cher department, to the south by the arrondissement of Arrondissement of La Châtre and to west the arrondissement of  Châteauroux.
The arrondissement of Issoudun has 49 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Aize (36002)
Ambrault (36003)
Anjouin (36004)
Bagneux (36011)
Bommiers (36019)
Les Bordes (36021)
Brives (36027)
Buxeuil (36029)
Chabris (36034)
La Champenoise (36037)
La Chapelle-Saint-Laurian (36041)
Chouday (36052)
Condé (36059)
Diou (36065)
Dun-le-Poëlier (36068)
Fontenay (36075)
Giroux (36083)
Guilly (36085)
Issoudun (36088)
Liniez (36097)
Lizeray (36098)
Luçay-le-Libre (36102)
Menetou-sur-Nahon (36115)
Ménétréols-sous-Vatan (36116)
Meunet-Planches (36121)
Meunet-sur-Vatan (36122)
Migny (36125)
Neuvy-Pailloux (36140)
Orville (36147)
Paudy (36152)
Poulaines (36162)
Pruniers (36169)
Reboursin (36170)
Reuilly (36171)
Saint-Aoustrille (36179)
Saint-Aubin (36181)
Saint-Christophe-en-Bazelle (36185)
Sainte-Fauste (36190)
Sainte-Lizaigne (36199)
Saint-Florentin (36191)
Saint-Georges-sur-Arnon (36195)
Saint-Pierre-de-Jards (36205)
Saint-Valentin (36209)
Ségry (36215)
Sembleçay (36217)
Thizay (36222)
Val-Fouzon (36229)
Vatan (36230)
Vouillon (36248)
Jonas Malheiro Savimbi was an Angolan political and military leader.
He founded and led the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA).
Babrak Karmal was an Afghan politician.
Karmal was made President of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union at the beginning of the Soviet–Afghan War.
Under Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet Union deposed Karmal and replaced him with Mohammad Najibullah.
Following his loss of power, Karmal was exiled to Moscow.
The Truyère () is a river in southwestern France.
It is the main tributary of the Lot river.
The Truyère river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of .
The Truyère flows to the west, in general, and passes through 2 regions, 3 departments and 44 communes:
Lozère: Le Malzieu-Ville, Chaulhac, Saint-Léger-du-Malzieu, Rimeize, Blavignac, Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux, Fontans, Saint-Gal, Serverette
Cantal: Saint-Martial, Chaliers, Oradour, Fridefont, Alleuze, Faverolles, Neuvéglise
Aveyron: Entraygues-sur-Truyère, Thérondels, Cantoin, Montézic, Brommat
Finally, it flows, as a right tributary, into the Lot river, in Entraygues-sur-Truyèret, in the Aveyron department, at  of altitude.
The Garabit viaduct is a bridge over the Truyère near Ruynes-en-Margeride that was built by Gustave Eiffel.
Rimeize - 37.3 km
Bès - 66.7 km
Lebot - 22.7 km
Argence Vive - 23.9
Selves - 44.5 km
Ander - 36.2 km
Brezons - 28.5 km
Bromme - 28.7 km
Goul - 52 km
La Truyère (O7--0250)
Military terminology is the words and acronyms used by military organization and members of various militaries.
Military terms may have the same spelling as common words but mean something very different.
Common terms may also differ between militaries of English-speaking countries.
They also differ in their use of abbreviations.
For example, British and American abbreviations for the same thing may be very different.
Military terms can also be specific to one branch of a nation's military or to a specific war or period of time.
Some terms are intentionally intended to obscure, disguise, distort, or otherwise change the meaning of words.
This is called "doublespeak".
For example, the United States reduction of troop strength in Afghanistan is called by American troops "the retrograde."
This is from an old military euphemism meaning to retreat (no military likes to admit it retreats).
Some phrases are so strange that nobody outside the military understands them. "
15 minutes prior to 15 minutes prior" refers to military people being told to show up 15 minutes early for everything.
So when a commanding officer says there will be a meeting at "06:00" (6:00 a.m. on the 24-hour clock), it means to show up at 05:45.
When junior officers repeat the order to the sergeant, to him it means 05:30, and so on.
By the time it filters down to the lowest ranking soldier, it can mean be there by midnight.
To listen to military people talking, everything seems to be in acronyms.
For instance, "I was on the FOB when the IDF hit, so I radioed the TOC" (I was on the Forward Operating Base when the Ineffective Direct Fire hit, so I radioed the Tactical Operations center).
Military people seem to love using acronyms which is probably why there are so many of them.
New recruits, military families and even seasoned veterans are expected to know most if not all the current acronyms.
Phonic alphabet
To say letters out loud, over the phone or when it might be unclear what letter is being pronounced a phonic alphabet is used.
On ships, a navy would use flags for different letters of the alphabet.
The NATO phonetic alphabet (with flags) is:
This is used often in military acronyms.
For example, Bravo Zulu means "well done", a compliment.
It was taken from naval signal manuals meaning the same thing.
However, if someone were to say "B Z" nobody would understand.
if someone used the term Whisky Tango Foxtrot it means "what the fuck?"
Posed as a question or used as an interjection, it is at least a little more polite than saying the words.
Terms most people get wrong
Soldier – Does not mean marine s (called marines), navy personnel (called sailors or seamen) or air force personnel (called airmen).
A soldier is a member of an army.
Commander – Is a rank of naval officer or the person in command of a military unit.
However, the highest ranking officer in each branch of the military is not a commander nor is the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Gun – Most soldiers and marines carry rifles and in military terminology a rifle is not a gun.
A pistol is a gun and a machine gun is a gun.
Confusingly, in civilian terminology a rifle is a gun.
The movies and television are usually responsible for getting this wrong.
An exception is the 21-gun salute.
Historically, when a ship entered port it fired all its cannons (called guns in navy-speak) emptying them to show it was friendly.
Bazooka — A bazooka was a World War II shoulder-fired anti-tank rocket launcher that was used up to about the end of the Vietnam War.
However, modern portable rocket launchers are not bazookas.
Hummer – A Hummer is a civilian vehicle not to be confused with the Humvee or HMMWV which stands for the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle.
A soldier or marine would never call a Humvee a Hummer or vice versa.
Military Acronyms, Initialisms, and Abbreviations
War & Military Vocabulary: Understand the news; YouTube
Top 10 Military Acronyms; YouTube
The Célé is a river in southern France.
It is a right tributary of the Lot river; it is the second largest tributary of the Lot, after the Truyère.
The Célé river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of .
The Célé flows to the west, in general, and passes through 2 regions, 2 departments and 26 communes:
Cantal: Calvinet, Saint-Constant, Maurs, Le Trioulou, Mourjou, Fournoulès, Cassaniouze
Lot: Viazac, Linac, Saint-Jean-Mirabel, Bagnac-sur-Célé, Figeac, Marcilhac-sur-Célé, Lunan, Corn, Camboulit, Boussac, Brengues, Saint-Sulpice, Espagnac-Sainte-Eulalie, Béduer, Cabrerets, Orniac, Sauliac-sur-Célé, Saint-Chels
Finally, it flows, as a right tributary, into the Lot river, in Bouziès, in the Lot department, at  of altitude.
Ressègue - 22.4 km
Rance - 35.9 km
Veyre - 32.9 km
Bervezou - 24 km
Drauzou - 22.6 km
Banque Hydro - MEDDE, « Synthèse de la Banque Hydro - Le Célé à Orniac
Patty Judge (born November 2, 1943) is an American nurse and politician.
She was the 46th Lieutenant Governor of Iowa.
She was also previously the Secretary of Agriculture for Iowa.
In 2010, she ran for re-election, though was not successful.
She had been elected to the office with the Governor Chet Culver.
In March 2016, she announced her run for the Democratic nomination for the United States Senate.
She won the primary on June 7.
She lost the general election to the incumbent Chuck Grassley.
Suntec City is a major multi-use development located in Marina Centre, a subzone of the Downtown Core in Singapore.
Construction began on 18 January 1992 (with earthworks) followed by full completion and opening on 22 July 1997.
It had Suntec Convention Centre, the five towers and a shopping mall.
Suntec City was renovated between 2012 and 2015.
Suntec city
Esplanade MRT Station (CC3) is an underground Mass Rapid Transit station on the Circle Line in Downtown Core, Singapore, at the junction of Bras Basah Road, Raffles Boulevard and Nicoll Highway.
The station was opened on 17 April 2010 along with the rest of Stages 1 & 2 of the Circle Line.
It is located next to the War Memorial Park, the Suntec City Mall and the Suntec Singapore International Convention and Exhibition Centre.
The station also has a link to Raffles City, CityLink Mall, Suntec City Mall and Marina Square.
There is a link from Esplanade station to City Hall station via the underground shopping centre CityLink Mall or basement 2 of Raffles City shopping mall.
iExperience Gallery is also located here.
City Hall MRT station (NS25/EW13) is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station in Singapore, that has received very high passenger number all the while.
It is named after the national monument - City Hall before National Gallery took over in 2015.
It provides cross platform interchange between the two lines.
It is located in the Civic District in the Downtown Core, which is within the Central Area, the city centre of Singapore.
It is situated underground, beneath the junction of Stamford Road and North Bridge Road, and is thus east of the Singapore River.
The commercial district of Raffles Place and its respective station is located across the Singapore River.
Before this station was built, it was called St Andrew's.
It was renamed to City Hall in 1984.
This station was part of the series of 2011 MRT train disruptions on 15 and 17 December 2011.
The disruption was caused by a misalignment between the trains' current collector shoes and the third rail.
The disruption was one of Singapore's two largest MRT disruptions at the time of occurrence.
A power failure and blackout occurred at the station on 6 July 2012 at about 1.30 pm, causing the platforms for north and west-bound trains to turn pitch black.
However, train services were not affected by the incident.
Lighting was progressively restored from 2 pm, and was back to normal at 3.15 pm.
All escalators have also been turned on.
SMRT has apologised for any inconvenience caused.
Raffles Place MRT station (EW14/NS26) is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station on the North South Line and the East West Line in Downtown Core, Singapore.
It is directly underneath the centre of the financial area of Raffles Place, located in the Downtown Core area, south of the Singapore River.
It is one of the more prominent and busier stations within Singapore's transport system during peak hours, especially being an interchange station located within the Central Area.
The station has many entrances/exits, the two main ones facing the Raffles Gardens, with the building being a miniature facade of the historic John Little building, just before the Telok Ayer and Downtown MRT Station came on board.
This station used to be the largest and deepest MRT station in Singapore, but the record was broken by Dhoby Ghaut in 2003 and then by Bras Basah in 2010, then by Promenade in 2013 which is 43 metres below ground.
It is also one of the four MRT stations to appear in "Uniquely Singapore Edition" of the board game Monopoly.
The station is the only MRT station to ever participate in three terrorist exercises, which are Exercise Northstar IV on January 11, 2004, Exercise Northstar V, when it was one of four stations which participated in the exercise on January 8, 2006, as well as Exercise Northstar VII on July 7, 2009 together with Sentosa and VivoCity.
At Raffles Place, most southbound trains will then terminate at Marina Bay while few others at Marina South Pier.
Marina Bay MRT station (NS27/CE2/TE20) is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station on the North South Line and Circle Line, located on the boundary of Downtown Core and Straits View planning areas in Singapore.
The station is designed by Aedas.
It was the southern terminus of the North South Line until late November 2014.
However, most trains terminate at Marina Bay instead of Marina South Pier possibly due to the low passenger demand at Marina South Pier.
Passengers who are going to Marina South Pier should observe the television screens on the station platforms and listen to announcements which will notify commuters when a train that is terminating at Marina South Pier arrives.
Circle Line trains that begin from here terminate at Stadium MRT station, with a few trains terminating at HarbourFront MRT station during peak hours.
When the Thomson-East Coast MRT Line opens, it will become 3-line interchange.
A: Marina Station Road, Marina South Pier, Marina Barrage, Bayfront Avenue Taxi Stand
B: Asia Square, Central Boulevard, Marina Bay City Gallery, Marina Bay Financial Centre, Marina Bay Link Mall, Marina Bay Residences, Marina Bay Sands, Marina Bay Suites, Marina Boulevard, The Promontory @ Marina Bay
Bishan MRT station (NS17/CC15) is a Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station along the North South Line and Circle Line in Bishan, Singapore.
It was one of the original five stations on the North South Line.
It also serves the Circle Line which opened on 8 October 2017.
The north south line platforms are one of the few on the MRT that has split side platforms.
This station is also only one of four to have faregates on the same level as the platforms, with the others being Expo, Changi Airport and Stevens
2017 establishments in Asia
Stadium MRT Station is a MRT station in Singapore, that connects to the Singapore Sports Hub and Kallang Wave.
The SAF has three services: the Singapore Army, the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) and the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN).
The SAF protects the interests, sovereignty and territorial integrity of Singapore from external threats.
The SAF relies heavily on a large pool of conscripts in the active and reserve forces.
It has an active strength of around 71,600 personnel and is capable of mobilising over 900,000 reservists.
National Servicemen (NSmen) make up more than 80% of its military defence system and form the backbone of the SAF.
Ebikon (Swiss German: Äbike) is a municipality of the district Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
Official Homepage of Ebikon
Qapik (or gapik, from ) is a monetary unit of Azerbaijan, equal to 1/100 of the Azerbaijani manat.
The 2006 currency denomination of the Azerbaijani manat introduced 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 and 50 qapik into circulation.
The 1, 3 and 5 qapik are made of copper-covered steel.
The 10 and 20 qapik are made of brass-covered steel, the 50 qapik are in two colors.
The word qapik comes from the Russian word "kopek" which means spear, and which was a currency since the time of Ivan the Terrible in the 16th century and is now the monetary unit of the Russian ruble, Ukrainian hryvnia and Belarusian ruble.
The history of baseball in the United States can be traced to the 19th century.
This is when amateurs played a baseball-like game by their own informal rules using equipment they made themselves.
The popularity of the sport inspired the semi-pro national baseball clubs in the 1860s.
The earliest known mention of baseball in the United States was a 1791 Pittsfield, Massachusetts, law banning the playing of the game within  of the town meeting house.
In 1903, the British sportswriter Henry Chadwick wrote an article saying that baseball came from a British game called rounders.
A game  which Chadwick had played as a boy in England.
But baseball executive Albert Spalding disagreed.
Baseball, said Spalding, was basically an American sport and began in America.
To decide they agreed to let Abraham G. Mills settle the question by heading a commission.
After three years they found that Abner Doubleday had invented the national pastime.
In 2004, baseball historian John Thorn discovered the 1791 town ordinance, putting Pittsfield's connection to baseball 48 years before Abner Doubleday accepted invention of the game in 1839 in Cooperstown, New York.
This is where the National Baseball Hall of Fame now stands.
The Hall of Fame recognized the ordinance as the first known reference to the game and honored the town with a plaque.
Another early reference reports that base ball was regularly played on Saturdays in 1823 just outside of New York City in an area that today is Greenwich Village.
Betting scandals
Baseball started out being a game children played.
Baseball's rise in popularity coincidee with professional gamblers noticing the game.
Those who ran gambling games thought adults would be more interested if they could bet on who would win.
This would also add profits for gambling halls.
Very soon gamblers were paying players to lose intentionally (called "throwing" a game) for a percentage of the profits.
Players, fans and probably even umpires, all gambled on every part of a game.
This is how most players made any money playing baseball.
The 1919 Black Sox Scandal took place during the 1919 World Series.
The Chicago White Sox lost the series to the Cincinnati Reds.
Eight White Sox players were later accused of intentionally losing the games in exchange for money from gamblers.
The players were found not guilty in court but were still banned for life from baseball.
But game-fixing dates dates back to 1865.
That was the first scandal where three players were banned from playing again.
Blackmail, a 1929 UK film directed by Alfred Hitchcock
Blackmailer (1936 film), a 1936 US film directed by Gordon Wiles
Blackmail (1939 movie), a 1939 US film starring Edward G. Robinson
Blackmail (1947 movie), a 1947 film noir
Blackmailed (1951 film), a 1951 film with James Robertson Justice
Black Mail (1973 film), a 1973 Hindi film starring Dharmendra
Black Mail (1985 film), a 1985 Malayalam film
Black Mail (1991 film), a 1991 US television film starring Susan Blakely
Blackmail (2005 film), a 2005 Hindi film starring Ajay Devgan
Blackmail (2015 film), a Bangladeshi film
Blackmail (band), a German indie rock band
Blackmail (album), the self-named debut album of the band
Blackmail (webisodes), a spin-off series of mini-episodes of The Office
"Blackmail" (Law & Order), a 2010 episode of the long-running NBC legal drama, Law & Order
"Blackmail", a song by 10cc from the album The Original Soundtrack
Qom is the second religious city of Iran and one of the bases of Shi'ism.
The city dates back to before the rise of Islam.
The city was conquered by Muslims in 23/644-645 but the people of Qom converted to Islam with the immigration of Ash'ariyyun in 85/704-705, the beginning of the development of Qom as a Shi'a city was from that time.
Immigration of Lady Fatima al-Ma'suma (a) to Qom and his shrine in the city, and after that, immigration of other Imam's descendants and Sayyids, made the city the base of Shi'ism in Iran.
Foundation of Qom seminary added to the Shi'a fame of the city.
The material for writing this article is mainly taken from قم  in Farsi WikiShia.
Sensory deprivation makes it impossible for a person to use one or more of their senses.
Sensory deprivation devices can be simple, like blindfolds or hoods, which make it impossible to see.
More complicated sensory deprivation devices can cut off a person's sense of smell, touch, taste, thermoception (ability to sense heat), and their sense of gravity.
Sensory deprivation can be used in good or bad ways.
If a person chooses to go through sensory deprivation for a short time, they may feel relaxed, and it may be easier for them to meditate.
However, if a person is forced to go through sensory deprivation, or the deprivation lasts for a long time, it can cause hallucinations, very bad anxiety, strange thoughts, and depression.
Sensory deprivation as treatment
Restricted environmental stimulation therapy (REST) uses sensory deprivation to help a person relax and treat problems like pain.
The sensory deprivation sessions are short, and the person can choose to stop the session at any time.
There are two basic kinds of REST.
Chamber REST
In Chamber REST, a person lies on a bed in a completely dark, sound-proof room for up to 24 hours.
They have food, drink, and a toilet in the room with them.
They can choose to leave the room at any time.
However, fewer than 10% of people who go through Chamber REST actually leave the room before 24 hours.
Flotation REST
Flotation REST uses a tank or pool filled with warm water and Epsom salts.
The Epsom salts make the water so dense that a person floats in the tank like they do not weigh anything.
People usually stay in a flotation tank (also called an isolation tank for about an hour.
Less than 5% of people leave the flotation tank before the hour has passed.
Researchers in the United States and Sweden have found that flotation REST decreases pain and stress.
Flotation REST also makes some people feel more creative, helps them solve problems more easily, and lowers their blood pressure.
Studies that lasted from one to five years showed that 25% of smokers who used REST were able to stop smoking.
If smokers also used other ways to stop smoking along with REST (like changing their behaviors), 50% were able to stop smoking.
When smokers used REST and went to weekly support groups, 80% were able to stop smoking.
(To compare, only 5% of smokers who use only a nicotine patch are able to stop smoking.)
Alcoholics who got two hours of REST, along with anti-alcohol educational messages, drank 56% less alcohol - less than half than they were drinking before - within two weeks.
Three and six months after the first treatment, these alcoholics were still drinking 56% less alcohol than they did before REST.
The University of Arizona studied the use of chamber REST to treat substance abuse.
They treated one group of people with both REST and regular substance abuse treatment.
43% of these people stopped using drugs and were still drug-free after four years.
They treated another group with regular substance abuse treatment, but no REST.
None of these people were still drug-free after eight months.
Sensory deprivation on prisoners
Security forces in Northern Ireland used sensory deprivation on prisoners in the early 1970s.
They used "the five techniques" of sensory deprivation on prisoners they suspected of belonging to paramilitary organizations:
Wall-standing (forcing prisoners to stay for hours in stress positions - positions that cause pain or put stress on one part of the body, like the fingers)
Hooding (putting a dark bag over the prisoner's head so they cannot see, and leaving it there all the time, except during interrogations)
Noise (keeping prisoners in rooms where there was a constant loud hissing noise, except during interrogations)
Not letting prisoners sleep
Not giving prisoners food or drink
In 1976, the Irish government sued the United Kingdom in the European Commission on Human Rights (Ireland v. United Kingdom, 1976 Y.B. Eur.
on Hum.
Rts.
512, 748, 788-94 (European Commission of Human Rights)).
Ireland argued that the "five techniques" were torture.
The Commission agreed, and said that if the five techniques were used together, they "amount to torture".
However, this decision was reversed on appeal.
In 1978, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) looked at the United Nations' definition of torture.
They decided that the five techniques "did not [cause] suffering of the particular intensity and cruelty implied by the word torture".
However, they also said the five techniques were "a practice of inhuman and degrading treatment", which is not allowed under the European Convention on Human Rights, article 3.
Official website of Willadingen
A lanyard is a cord or strap.
It is made to help the wearer keep and use some basic items of equipment, especially small items.
It is usually worn around the neck with an ID card or keys.
Lanyards were first introduced in the 15th century.
In the military, lanyards are worn on the shoulders of uniforms to denote the wearer's qualification or regimental affiliation.
Lanyards - a historical view
A controlled flight into terrain (CFIT, usually pronounced cee-fit) is an accident in which an airworthy aircraft, under pilot control, is unintentionally flown into the ground, a mountain, a body of water or an obstacle.
In a typical CFIT scenario, the crew is not aware of the situation until it is too late to stop it.
The term was coined by engineers at Boeing in the late 1970s.
Accidents where the aircraft is out of control at the time of impact, because of mechanical failure or pilot error, are not considered CFIT (they are known as uncontrolled flight into terrain).
Accidents resulting from the deliberate action of the person flying the aircraft, such as acts of terrorism or suicide by pilot.
According to Boeing, CFIT is a leading cause of airplane accidents involving the loss of life.
It has caused over 9,000 deaths since the beginning of the commercial jet age.
CFIT was identified as a cause of 25% of USAF Class A mishaps between 1993 and 2002.
Fatal Plane Crash Recorded From Inside The Plane (CFIT); YouTube
Controlled Flight Into Terrain - by Cessna; YouTube
The Savio () is a river that starts in the Apennines mountain and flows to east into the Adriatic Sea.
It is the longest river of the Romagna region.
Its discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) depends of the season: in the autumn could be as high as 1,000 cubic metres per second but is very low during summer.
Most of the time, the discharge is about 6 cubic metres per second.
The Savio river starts, with the name of Fosso Grosso, in the Mount Fumaiolo, a mountain in the Apennines, at an elevation of about , in the commune of Verghereto, in the border between Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna regions.
At its source there is monument with symbols that represent the Romagna region and the Verghereto commune.
In Montecoronaro, a frazione (an Italian subdivision of a municipality) of Verghereto, the river takes the name of Savio.
The river flows through the communes of Bagno di Romagna and San Piero in Bagno and, after a few kilometres, it forms an artificial reservoir, the Lago di Quarto, where it is joined, on the right side, by its first important tributary, the stream Para.
It flows through the communes of Sarsina, Mercato Saraceno and Cesena, all in the province of Forlì-Cesena.
In Botello (a frazione of Cesena), it is joined on the left side by its main tributary, the stream Botello.
Then it goes into the province of Ravenna and flows through Castiglione di Cervia (commune of Cervia) and Castiglione di Ravenna (commune of Ravenna).
F.I.P.S.A.S. Sezione Provinciale di Forlì-Cesena: Fiume Savio
Weather statistics for Fiume Savio
Alexander Dubček was a Slovak politician.
He was briefly leader of Czechoslovakia (1968–1969).
Dubček tried to change the communist government during the Prague Spring.
He was made to quit after the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia.
He became a politician again after the Velvet Revolution.
Walter Hallstein (17 November 1901 – 29 March 1982) was a German academic, diplomat, and politician.
He was the first president of the Commission of the European Economic Community.
He was one of the founding fathers of the European Union.
Hallstein is also the person behind the Hallstein Doctrine, wich the former state of West Germany proclaimed in 1955.
It meant that West Germany wouldn't have diplomatic relations with countries that recognized East Germany.
Todor Hristov Zhivkov ( ; 7 September 1911 – 5 August 1998) was the communist head of state of the People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB) from March 4, 1954 until November 10, 1989.
Zhivkov was the longest-serving leader of any Eastern Bloc nation.
He is one of the longest ruling non-royal leaders in history.
The term decisive victory refers to a military victory that decides a matter or a conflict.
A decisive victory has to result in a positive outcome for the victor and create a condition of peace between the two warring states.
By comparison, an inconclusive victory is one in which one side won, but the issues between them are not resolved.
A desirable goal for all armies fighting conventional wars is a quick and decisive victory with few casualties.
For example, in the Six-Day War that started on 5 June 1967, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) achieved a decisive victory over the combined armies of Egypt, Syria and Jordan.
This established Israel as a regional power in the Middle East with about six years of peace.
During the Cold War (1947-1991) the idea of a decisive victory (or any victory) seemed obsolete.
Instead, the theory of limited war seemed more practical in the age of nuclear weapons as it would not escalate into a full-scale war that would result in mutual assured destruction.
What makes a victory decisive
In his book On War (Vom Kriege), Carl von Clausewitz stated a decisive victory “is to throw [an] opponent in order to make him incapable of further resistance.
War is thus an act of force to compel our enemy to do our will.”
He wrote that, to cripple an enemy, a general must find that enemy's "center of gravity".
This is the core of what gives an enemy their power.
It can be different for different wars and for different enemies, but it is often the enemy's army, people or economy.
According to Clausewitz, a war can only end in a decisive victory or it will continue.
Clausewitz also wrote: “There is only one decisive victory: the last.”
Sun Tzu (544 BC – 496 BC) also wrote about decisive victory.
In his book The Art of War, he wrote: “Therefore the clever combatant imposes his will on the enemy but does not allow the enemy’s will to be imposed on him”.
Later in the book he added: “And therefore those skilled in war bring the enemy to the field of battle, and are not brought by him”.
The Battle of Marathon was a decisive victory for the ancient Greeks over the Persians.
It marked the end of the first Persian invasion of Greece.
In the battle, the English King Harold Godwinson was killed by an arrow through his eye.
The victor, William Duke of Normandy, was crowned as King William I of England 10 weeks later.
Another example of a decisive victory is the Battle of Yorktown (1781) fought at the end of the American Revolutionary War.
The American and the French forces defeated the British Army, led by General Lord Charles Cornwallis.
Cornwallis believed he could end the rebellion in The Carolinas and Georgia by setting up a fortress and naval base at Yorktown, Virginia.
Seeing an opportunity to trap the British on the Virginia Peninsula, American General George Washington and French General Rochambeau marched their armies to Yorktown and established a siege.
The French navy prevented the British fleet from reinforcing Cornwallis.
A month later Cornwallis surrendered, effectively ending the war.
The World War II Battle of Midway took place from June 4, 1942 to June 7, 1942.
It was a decisive victory for the United States Navy over the Japanese Navy.
It was the turning point in the war allowing the U.S. forces to go on the offensive against the Japanese.
The Japanese fleet commander, Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku, chose to attack Midway Island to draw out the few remaining U.S. Aircraft carriers and ambush them.
Unknown to the Japanese, the Americans had been able to decypher their coded messages.
Reading the coded messages, they knew what the Japanese plan was.
The result was the complete destruction of the Japanese carrier fleet (the Akagi, Kaga, Soryu, and Hiryu) with 322 aircraft and over five thousand sailors.
The Americans lost 147 aircraft and about three hundred sailors.
While the battle did not directly end the war, it crippled Japanese sea power and ended the Japanese capability to stop the Americans and their allies.
Strategic victory
The Crimean War : Malakoff, the Decisive Victory; YouTube
Blek le Rat is Xavier Prou.
He was one of the first graffiti artists in Paris, and has been described as the "Father of stencil graffiti".
Early career and influence
Blek began his artwork in 1981, painting stencils of rats on the walls of Parisian streets.
He described the rat as "the only free animal in the city", and one which "spreads the plague everywhere, just like street art".
His name comes from the comic book Blek le Roc, using "rat" as an anagram for "art".
Murray Gell-Mann (September 15, 1929 – May 24, 2019) was an American physicist who received the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the theory of elementary particles.
He was the Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Theoretical Physics Emeritus at the California Institute of Technology, a Distinguished Fellow and co-founder of the Santa Fe Institute, Professor in the Physics and Astronomy Department of the University of New Mexico, and the Presidential Professor of Physics and Medicine at the University of Southern California.
He was known for his study of particle physics, the smallest parts that make up the universe.
These small particles behaved in ways that did not appear to follow the known laws of physics, and Gell-Mann came up with the idea of giving them a strangeness number which could allow them to be compared and put into categories.
He also came up with idea that parts of an atom, the proton ad the neutron were made up of even smaller particles.
He called the quarks, a nonsense work from James Joyce's book, Finnigan's Wake.
Gell-Mann then developed the idea that quarks were held together inside the nucleus by a force he called "color", and this force could be given a quantum number.
With Richard Feynman he discovered a weak interaction between sub-atomic particles.
He researched string theory which could explain what makes up the smallest particles and forces.
Gell-Mann was an agnostic.
Gell-Mann supported Barack Obama for the United States presidency in October 2008.
Gell-Mann's Home Page at SFI
"Beauty, truth and ... physics?" (
TED2007)
"The ancestor of language" (TED2007)
Murray Gell-Mann Video Interview with the Academy of Achievement in 1990
Murray Gell-Mann talks quarks (Video)
A limited war is a war carried out by a state that uses less than its total resources and has a goal of less than total defeat of the enemy.
Very often it is the high cost of war that makes limited war more practical than total war.
In a limited war a state's total survival does not depend on the outcome of the war.
For example, when Augustus sent his Roman legions to conquer Germania, the fate of the Roman Republic was not at stake.
Since 1945 and the advent of nuclear weapons, limited war has become the normal type of warfare.
Following World War II, because of its world position, the United States has found itself involved in a number of limited wars.
The Korean, Vietnam, Persian Gulf and Iraq wars were all examples of limited wars.
The goal of at least one of the parties in a limited war is to maintain its freedom and preserve itself.
Often the strategy used, especially against a much stronger enemy, is to draw out the fighting until the other side gets tired and finally decides to quit.
This worked for George Washington in the American Revolutionary War.
Although the British Army was the strongest army in the world at the time, the war dragged out until the British got tired of the war draining its resources.
Today the Taliban and other Islamist groups keep their wars going trying to wear out their Western world enemies.
Limited wars are rarely successful.
From the time of the Roman Republic to modern times, limited warfare has usually not had the desired results.
It also runs contrary to what military leaders are taught, which is to win at all costs.
Those who make policy often choose the middle ground of limited war when faced with decisions between total war or do nothing at all.
The only problem with doing nothing is the example of Adolf Hitler.
While the world powers did nothing, he continued to invade weaker countries until finally a world war was all that could stop him.
The concept of limited war is not new.
The military theorist Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1831) wrote about two kinds of war.
In the first kind, the goal is total destruction of an enemy.
When that is not possible, the second type is limited war.
This is most often because one of the parties to the war does not have the capability of completely annihilating their enemy.
The Napoleonic wars (1803-1815), World War I (1914-19) and World War II (1939-1945) are considered total wars.
Any war that is limited by geography, resources,  goals or a war that is intentionally limited by the participants is a limited war.
Crimean War (1853–1856) was a war fought between Russia on one side, and France, the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire on the other side.
It was a limited war, limited mainly by geography.
From 1815 to 1854, Britain and Russia were the two main world powers.
In September 1854 the allies invaded the Crimea in order to protect the Ottoman Empire against Russia.
Britain used its ships to control the region.
In 1855, the allies captured Sevastopol.
But they did not have the manpower to capture the Crimean Peninsula.
Russia was bankrupt and could not continue fighting.
Alexander II of Russia finally agreed to the peace demands and signed the Treaty of Paris in 1856.
The Falklands War (1982) was an example of a limited war which was limited by geography, time and means.
After a long dispute over ownership with the United Kingdom, Argentine troops invaded the Falkland Islands on April 2, 1982.
On June 14, 1982, the Argentine forces in the Falklands surrendered.
On June 20, the British declared the war was ended.
Despite the settlement, Argentina still maintains claims on the Falklands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.
The Vietnam War (1955–1975) was fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam.
North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union, China and North Korea.
South Vietnam was supported by the United States, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines.
This conflict between communist and capitalist countries was part of the Cold War and also a proxy war.
American leaders did not recognize Vietnam as a limited war.
This was clear from the Pentagon Papers in 1961 and 1962.
Instead, they focused on how to engage in fighting a counter-insurgency war against guerilla forces.
They though the solution lay in military operations and political reforms.
At first the U.S. began to send military advisors to help train and support the South Vietnamese Army.
After the Gulf of Tonkin resolution, the President of the United States was given the power to run large-scale military operations in Southeast Asia without declaring war.
After 58,193 American deaths in Vietnam, President Richard Nixon decided to get out of Vietnam.
Under the Paris Peace Accords, signed January 27, 1973, U.S. military forces withdrew from South Vietnam and prisoners were exchanged.
On April 30, 1975, Saigon fell to the North Vietnamese and the war ended.
She began working in the radio at Onda Mancha from Almadén (currently Cadena SER Almadén).
Afterwards she went to the University of California where she got a degree in journalism.
At same time, Montañez worked in several Spanish language radio stations in the U.S., Telemundo and Radio KLVE among others.
In 2006 began to work in LaSexta's El Intermedio as anchorwoman and El Gran Wyoming as host.
Tele 5
In 2013 was hired by Tele 5 to present along Jordi González: El gran debate.
In March, 2014 hosted Hable con ellas, an interview TV-magazine at the same channel until July.
Gōjū-ryū is Japanese for "hard-soft style."
It is one of the main traditional Okinawan styles of karate.
Gōjū-ryū uses a combination of hard and soft techniques.