the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Artpop sold 258,000 copies in its first week in America and became Gaga's second number-one album in the US, after Born This Way.
"Sexxx Dreams" is titled "X Dreams" on the edited version of the album.
"Jewels n' Drugs" is titled "Jewels n' *****" on the edited version of the album.
"Applause" — 3:32
"Do What U Want" (feat.
R. Kelly) — 3:47
"G.U.Y." — 3:53
"Venus" — 3:54
"Dope" — 3:42
Genaro Anthony "Tony" Sirico, Jr. (born July 29, 1942) is an American character actor.
He is known for his role as the mobster Paulie "Walnuts" Gualtieri in the television series The Sopranos.
He also provided the voice of Vinny Griffin on the sitcom Family Guy.
Hamilton was born Foreststorn Hamilton in Los Angeles, California on September 20, 1921.
His brother was actor Bernie Hamilton.
Hamilton died on November 25, 2013 in Manhattan, New York from unknown causes, aged 92.
Chico Hamilton - Drummer Café
Bloody Sunday ()—sometimes called the Bogside Massacre—happened on 30 January 1972, in the Bogside area of Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
During this protest against internment, some protesters threw stones.
26 unarmed civil rights protesters and spectators were shot by British soldiers.
Thirteen males, most of whom were in their teens and twenties, were killed.
A fourteenth man died from his injuries four-and-a-half months later.
Two protesters were also hit by army vehicles.
Five of the wounded were shot in the back.
The incident happened during a Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association march.
The soldiers involved were members of the First Battalion of the Parachute Regiment (1 Para).
Two investigations have been held by the British government.
The Widgery Tribunal, held soon after the event, said that the soldiers and British authorities were almost reckless.
Critics said the report made it seem like the British did nothing wrong.
The Saville Inquiry was held in 1998 to investigate the events a second time.
The inquiry took 12 years.
The report was made public on 15 June 2010.
The report said that some soldiers were wrong to have shot the protesters.
The report found that all of the people shot were unarmed, and that the killings were "unjustified".
When the Saville report was published, the British prime minister, David Cameron, said sorry to the victims.
The Provisional Irish Republican Army's (IRA) war against the partition of Ireland had begun in the two years before the incident.
The incident helped the IRA to recruit new members.
Bloody Sunday remains among the most important events in the Troubles of Northern Ireland.
The reason it is seen as so important is because those who died were shot by the British Army rather than paramilitaries.
Crime in Northern Ireland
Mass murder in the 1970s
Murders by firearm in the United Kingdom
Silliness is when a person acts like a fool, or shows a lack of good sense or judgment.
In television, movies, and the circus, silliness such as exaggerated, funny behavior is used to make audiences laugh.
Clowns and jesters act in a silly way to make people feel better.
In The Art of Roughhousing, Anthony DeBenedet and Larry Cohen say that "wild play" between a child and a parent can cause "joy, love and a deeper connection".
They say parents should be silly and pretend, for example, to fall over.
Michael Christianson from New York's Big Apple Circus teaches jesters, clowns and comedians how to help hospital patients feel better.
A doctor named Patch Adams travels to places where there is crisis or suffering to help people feel better.
Maven Klint Huffman (born March 26, 1976) is a retired American professional wrestler.
He is best known for working with World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment under his real first name.
He was the co-winner of the first season of Tough Enough along with Nidia Guenard.
During his time in the WWF/E, he had notable feuds with The Undertaker after eliminating after Maven eliminated Undertaker from the 2002 Royal Rumble and Evolution.
He also won the WWF Hardcore Championship three times.
PWI Rookie of the Year (2002)
He was ranked #88 of the Top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2003.
WWF Hardcore Championship (three times)
Tough Enough co-winner with Nidia Guenard
The Saar Offensive was a French ground offensive (attack) into Saarland during World War II.
It was done from 7 to 16 September 1939.
This area of Saarland was defended by the German 1st Army.
The purpose of the attack was to help Poland, which was under attack at the time.
The offensive was to have been done by 40 divisions, including one armored division, three mechanised divisions, 78 artillery regiments and 40 tank battalions.
The offensive was stopped and the French forces eventually retreated when the Germans attacked them on 17 October.
The Battle of Hatfield Chase was fought on 12 October 633 at Hatfield Chase near Doncaster in present-day Yorkshire.
The pagan King Penda of Mercia and the Christian king of Gynedd, Cadwallon ap Cadfan joined forces to attack Northumbria.
King Edwin met them in the southern part of his kingdom.
In the battle Edwin was killed and his army was defeated.
Cadwallon destroyed as much of Northumbria as he could.
This led to the end of Northumbrian dominance over southern England for a short time.
Edwin of Northumbria (ruled 616–633) was recognized as overlord over all of Britain.
In his wars he conquered the kingdom of Elmet (western Yorkshire).
He then drove out its king, Cerdic.
This gave him access all the way to the Irish Sea.
Elmet was one of the last kingdoms of the Britons.
Edwin next moved against Wales: he invaded the Welsh north and captured Anglesey.
He drove Cadwallon to the far eastern part of the island and laid siege to him at Priestholme.
This caused Cadwallon, a Christian king, to ally himself with Penda, the pagan king of Mercia.
Cadwallon's motive was revenge on the powerful Northumbrian ruler who had invaded his kingdom.
Penda resented Northumbria's being Christianized by Kent.
He also wanted Edwin's power over the other kingdoms.
The site of the battle suggests Edwin and his forces may have had to fight on ground not suited for defence.
He may have been trapped by the grassy wetlands to the north and the river Don to the east.
The armies of Cadwallon and Penda came at him from the west.
In the battle one of Edwin's sons, Osfrid, was killed before his father.
Edwin was killed and his army scattered.
Another son, Eadfrith, was taken prisoner by Penda.
Edwin's queen escaped to Kent with two of her children, Osfrid's young son and Bishop Paulinus.
Cadwallon and Penda began slaughtering the people of Northumbria.
This included men, women and children.
Cadwallon, according to Bede, although Christian was more barbarous than any pagan.
Northumbria fell apart and divided back into its two former kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia.
Oswald reunited Deira and Bernicia back into Northumbria.
As King he restored Northumbria to the power it had under Edwin.
He is known for competing in the World Wrestling Federation from 1982 to 1986 and from 1988 to 1989.
Minton was also an actor in both .
Minton died on March 20, 1995 from liver cancer and Hodgkin's disease.
Lou Albano revealed in 2000 that Minton had also suffered from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
NWA Florida Global Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Jimmy Garvin)
NWA National Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Super Destroyer)
Maple Leaf Wrestling
NWA Canadian Heavyweight Championship (Toronto version) (one time)
NWA Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship (four times) (with Ric Flair (one), Ken Patera (one), Masked Superstar #1 (one), and Roddy Piper (one))
NWA Texas Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Bull Ramos)
NWA North American Heavyweight Championship (Hawaii version) (one time)
NWA Hawaii Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Buddy Rose)
NWA Southern Championship Wrestling
NWA Tennessee Southern Heavyweight Championship (one time)
PWI Tag Team of the Year (1976) (with Killer Kowalski)
He was ranked #60 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003.
WCW Hall of Fame (Class of 1995)
WWA World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ox Baker)
WWWF World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Killer Kowalski)
Royal Rumble (1989)
Most Overrated (1984)
"What About Your Friends" is a song by TLC.
It is the third single from their debut album, Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip.
It reached #7 on the Billboard Hot 100.
This made it the group's third consecutive top-ten single.
The Favor is a 1994 romantic-comedy movie.
It is about friendship betrayals and heartbreak.
The Favor was shot in 1990 although not released until late April-early May in 1994.
Elizabeth McGovern and Brad Pitt are part of the cast.
The reviews of the movie were not good.
Anne Anastasi (December 19 1908 – May 4 2001) is one of the founders of American Psychology and contributed to Psychometrics.
She helped improve psychological testing.
She wrote a textbook, Psychological Testing, which is still used today.
She made psychological testing more reliable and personal.
She also helped improve the number of women in going into psychology.
Anne Anatasi was born on December 19th 1908 in New York City.
Anne's father was Anthony Anastasi and her mother was Theresa Gauiosi.
When Anne was young her father died, which left her and her mother very distant from her father’s side of the family.
Due to the death of her father, her family was in desperate need of money.
Anne's mother took on many different jobs such as bookkeeping, opening up her own piano store, and working for an Italian newspaper to support the family.
Since her mother was always busy working, Anne’s grandmother took care of her and taught her at home because she believed that  public education was bad for her.
Due to her home schooling, when she went to public school she had difficulties  because the classes were overcrowded.
Eventually, Anne would go to public school.
The school Anne went to was PS 3 and Evander Childs High School Bronx, New York.
Due to the difficulty of public school and family problems she was often in and out of school but eventually graduated and went to a private school called Rhodes Preparatory school.
At the age of 15, in 1923, she was accepted into Barnard College.
Annie’s favorite subject was math.
Once she entered Barnard College she fell in love with psychology and switched subjects because of a famous psychologist named Charles Spearman and her college Professor Harry Hollingworth.
Anne would eventually become a professor at Barnard.
During her stay at Barnard College, Anne completed her PH.D at Columbia University.
Later on she would teach at Queens College and Fordham College in New York.
Anne made many contributions to psychology.
She changed the way people thought about human action and emphasized that humans are unique people.
She was more interested in individual differences among people than in descriptions of average people.
Individual differences are the behaviors and ways of thinking that make one person different from another.
On May 4th 2001 in New York, Anne died but her ideas and her scientific research continue to influence psychology.
Heredity and environment: original theory
In 1937 Anastasi wrote a book about the role of genes and environment and how it affects people.
During this time, this issue caused many arguments.
Anne believed that labeling psychological traits, like intelligence, was unreliable because of the current methods used to define and measure was wrong.
This caused Anne to change the way people define psychological traits and how it was measured.
Her main theory on the matter is that people should understand how genetic works first before defining psychological traits because they can be wrong.
Anne pointed out that there were two problems when talking about genetics.
The first problem was how people thought that genes were only from your parents.
She said genes are not just from the parents but from relatives and extended families.
The second problem was people believed that certain gene affects the body and will make certain traits appear.
She says that it may be true but not all the times.
She talks about how the lack of traits can cause and effect developmental issues but genes are not always involved.
Heredity and environment: theory refined
In 1957 Anne wrote a book called Psychological Review and said "heredity and environment are inseparable because there would be no one in an environment without heredity and there would be no place to see the effects of heredity without environment".
Anne refined her theory on Heredity and Environment and wrote a paper to the American psychological association to talk about how genes and environment effect psychological testing and what future actions should be taken.
She talks about how the past research on heredity and environment has been lacking because of faulty research.
Anne believed that the people doing the research are doing it the wrong way.
During this time Anne believed that the way to view the research is “How” genes and environment effect behavior, instead of “Why” genes and environment effect behavior.
Once Anne started her research, she believed that there is an indirect relationship between genes and behavior.
Anne believed that environmental factors affect the genetic and behavior of a human.
Genetics is more of an indirect factor were it affects behavior indirectly.
Behavior is more of a direct factor where it affects the environment directly.
First study was selective breeding.
Anne wanted to see how genes can effect behavior physically where one can see the changes in a human
Second study was physiological variations.
Anne believed that behavioral and physiological can effect genetic factors
Third study was prenatal environmental factor.
Anne believed that factors like money, baby problems, and other environmental factors can cause psychological disorder
Fourth study was early perpetual experience.
Anne focused on how experience leads to better performance later on.
Fifth study was child rearing practice.
Anne wanted to find out how certain practice effects the behavior development from different culture
Sixth study was somatopsychological relationships.
Anne wanted to look at the disease and disabilities effecting the environment and the genetics
Seventh study was twin studies.
Annie wanted to expand her ideas not just twins but on siblings and how nature and nurture comes to play.
Psychometrics and experimental methodology
In 1991, Annie was interested in Psychometrics which is the study of testing.
She had published a journal article within the journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences called “The Gap Between Experimental and Psychometric Orientations”.
She used this article to tell other psychologists and researchers that psychology testing is becoming more popular but because of its other psychology parts are not being advanced researchers need to concentrate on other parts as well.
Anne was worried that if other parts were not improved psychology testing will come to a stop in advancement and that the research will be lost.
She talks about how psychometric tests have random things to consider, but to be able to do reliable experiments the researchers have to be specialized in certain areas and not the general issues.
Anne is considered to be a test expert.
Her second book published, Psychological Testing, is considered to be the guide for her field.
She has published more than 150 books within her lifetime that remain a staple for the psychological community.
Anne won many awards for her contributions to research.
Anne was the president for the Eastern Psychological Association.
Eventually she became the third woman to be President of the American Psychological Association (APA) and was on the board of directors for the APA and Psychonomic Society.
Anne was honored with honorary doctrines from multiples colleges and universities, such as La Salle University, University of Windsor, Villanova University, Cedar Crest College, and Fordham.
She was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi honor societies.
1971 - APA Distinguished Scientific Award
1977 – Distinguished Service to Measurement from the Educational Testing Service
1983 – American Educational Research Association
1983 – Thorndike Medal
1984 – Gold Medal for Lifetime Achievement by the American Psychological Foundation
1987 – National Medal of Science
1937 – Differential Psychology
1954 – Psychological Testing
1958 – Heredity, Environment, and the Question “How” – Psychological Review
1964 – Fields of Applied Psychology
1981 – Sex differences: historical perspectives and methological implications – Developmental Review
1988 – Autobiography – Models of Achievement: Reflections of Eminent Women in psychology
Anne believed that intelligence tests served three purposes.
The first purpose is to assess the availability of knowledge.
The second purpose is to provide an indirect way of how a person has developed learning approaches, problem solving methods, and work habits.
Lastly, the third purpose is to gain a prerequisite of intellectual skills.
Anne said one of the most important parts of intelligence tests is the counselor or the person giving the test.
The person giving the test plays a big role in the proper and effective application of psychological testing.
Since knowledge of both testing technology and psychological behavior are growing, the counselor has to be up to date with the new advances in testing.
Two of the most important advances is being able to understand mathematical and technical knowledge about tests and understanding psychological behavior.
A portion of the accuracy of the test relies on the counselor.
Anne did criticized intelligence testing in her article called Indestructible Strawperson.
She believed there is a developing range of disabilities which interacts with the results of the test.
She talks about the main problem of intelligence test lies in the ability of communication and understanding that everyone is different and take test differently.
In order for these tests to be statistically evaluated the test itself must be done under strict standards.
In order to accomplish this she set ethical restrictions that were eventually adopted by the APA.
The misuse of these tests become valueless and could cause harm to the individual or group that is taking these tests.
Eventually, Anne Anastasi’s theories about Psychological Testing would be addressed by Robert Sternberg, Frank Yekovich, and Raymond Cattell.
All of these researchers represented Anastasi’s work.
There have been many breakthroughs, improvements and setbacks made in research upon the conclusion of what contributes to a person’s intelligence test, whether it is genetics or environmental factors.
The following researchers have shown evidence for their particular theories about intelligence testing.
Evidence for Genetics
There are some researchers who believe intelligence testing results is due to only genes.
One way psychologists came to this conclusion by doing twin and adoption studies.
Psychologists believe if identical twins have similar intelligence scores than fraternal twins we can assume that genes are correlated with intelligence.
Bouchard and Mcgue (1981) looked at twins and how they were raised, whether it was in the same home or different homes.
The study concluded that identical twins who were raised in separate homes had more similar intelligence test scores than fraternal twins raised in separate homes.
Polmin, Fulker, Corely, and Defries (1997) found that adoptive children's intelligence scores are highly correlated with their biological parents suggesting that IQ is based on genetics instead of environment.
Evidence for environment
There are some researchers who believe intelligence testing results is due to environmental factors.
One way researchers came to this conclusion is by conducting twin and adoption studies.
In the same study conducted by Bouchard and Mcgue (1981), found that identical twins who were raised with their biological parents had better intelligence scores than those twins living with adoptive parents.
Waldman, Weinberg, and Scarr (1994) studied adoptive children and found that those raised by their poor biological parents had lower intelligence scores than those raised by adoptive middle-class families.
Malnutrition during a pregnancy and the early years of a child's life limits the neurological development of a child.
Ricciuti (1993) and Rose (1994) found that malnutrition which caused neurological effects has long term impact on a child's cognitive development and intelligence.
Sigman and Whaley (1998) found that adverse effects of malnutrition have more damaging effects which affect attention, memory, abstract reasoning, and general school achievement.
Different types of toxic substances that are present during pregnancy or early post pregnancy environments can have damaging effects on a child's intelligence scores.
A study completed by Michel (1989), Neisser (1996), Streussguth (1994), Vogel (1997), and Vorhess (1987) showed that alcohol, drugs, radiations, lead based paint dust affected the neurological development which contributed to the lower scores of children's intelligence scores.
Children who grow up in home environments that have poor financial resources and low levels of education are correlated with low intelligence scores.
Bradely and Calwell (1984) did correlational studies which showed that a stimulating home environment is associated with higher intelligence scores.
These researchers said that those children who had frequent interactions with their parents, had access to many learning and reading materials and were encouraged to grow new skills were better off.
The Flynn Effect is a recent trend found in how general intelligence scores of the population have increased over time.
Flynn (1987,1999,2003) discovered that the recent changes in the industrialized world has increased peoples average psychological test performances.
The Lesser Sunda Islands (or Nusa Tenggara) are a group of islands in southern Southeast Asia, north of Australia.
Together with the Greater Sunda Islands to the west they make up the Sunda Islands.
The islands belong to Indonesia and East Timor.
The Sunda Islands are part of a volcanic arc, the Sunda Arc.
This arc is formed by subduction along the Java Trench in the Java Sea.
The Lesser Sundas are made up of many islands.
Most of these islands are part of Indonesia.
The islands that are part of Indonesia are governed as the provinces of Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara and southern part of Maluku.
In the Lesser Sunda Islands there are two geologically different groups of islands.
The northern group is volcanic.
It is made up of Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores and Wetar.
Some of the volcanoes, like Mount Rinjani on Lombok, are still active.
However, there are some other volcanoes, such as Kelimutu on Flores, which are extinct.
The northern group of islands started forming during the Pliocene, about 15 million years ago.
They formed because of the collision between the Australian and the Asian tectonic plates.
The southern group of islands include Sumba, Timor and Babar.
They are not volcanic and are probably part of the Australian plate.
Since colonial times in Indonesia, people have been studying the geographical history of the islands.
However, we still do not fully understand how the islands were formed.
Ideas of how the islands were formed changed in many ways during the last decades of the 20th century.
At the point where two tectonic plates collide, the Lesser Sunda Islands are some of the most geologically complex and active regions in the world.
There are several volcanoes located on the Lesser Sunda Islands.
The Lesser Sunda Islands are different from the large islands of Java or Sumatra because it is made of many small islands.
These small islands are sometimes divided by deep oceanic trenches.
Because flora and fauna cannot move between the islands easily, there are many localised species like the Komodo dragon because of evolution.
In The Malay Archipelago, Alfred Wallace writes about the "Wallace Line" that passes between Bali and Lombok, along the deep waters of the Lombok Strait.
In this imaginary line between Bali and Lombok, even when sea levels were lower, the sea stopped flora and fauna from moving between islands.
The islands east of the Lombok Strait are part of Wallacea, and have wildlife of Asian and Australasian origin in this region.
In the Lesser Sundas, there are many plants and animals that come from Asia, because Weber's Line, which separates the parts of Wallacea that have both Asian and Australasian species, is east of the Lesser Sundas.
These islands have the driest climate in Indonesia.
Some of the islands east of the Wallace line, from Lombok and Sumbawa east to Flores and Alor, have original vegetation of dry forest and not the rain forest that covers most parts of Indonesia.
These islands have been designated by the World Wildlife Fund as the Lesser Sundas deciduous forests ecoregion.
The higher slopes of the islands contain forests of tall Podocarpus conifers and Engelhardias with an undergrowth of lianas, epiphytes, and orchids such as Corybas, Corymborkis, and Malaxis (Adder's Mouth).
The islands' coastal plains used to be savanna grasses like the savanna with Borassus flabellifer palm trees on the coasts of Komodo, Rincah and Flores.
While most of the vegetation on these islands is dry forest there are small areas of rainforest on these islands too, especially in lowland areas and riverbanks on Komodo.
There is also a special area of dry thorny forest on the southeast coast of Lombok.
Thorn trees used to be more common in coastal areas of the islands but have mostly been cleared.
Man unique species live on the Lesser Sundas.
They include seventeen endemic birds (of the 273 birds found on the islands).
The endemic mammals are the endangered Flores Shrew (Suncus mertensi), the vulnerable Komodo Rat (Komodomys rintjanus), and Lombok Flying Fox (Pteropus lombocensis), Sunda Long-eared Bat (Nyctophilus heran)  while the carnivorous Komodo dragon, which is the world's largest lizard, is found on Komodo, Rincah, Gili Motang, and the coast of northwestern Flores.
More than half of the original vegetation of the islands are cleared.
This is because people cleared the forest to grow food, like rice, for settlements or because there were forest fires.
Only Sumbawa now contains a large area of intact natural forest, while Komodo, Rincah and Padar are now protected as Komodo National Park.
A larger amount of the landmass will be affected by volcanic activity, earthquakes, landslips, and cyclone damage;
Climates are more likely to be maritime influenced;
Catchment areas are smaller and amount of erosion higher;
A higher amount of the landmass is made up of coastal areas;
A higher amount of environmental specialisation, including a higher proportion of endemic species in an overall Depauperate community;
Societies may keep a strong sense of culture because they have not been contacted by other people;
Small island populations are more likely to be affected by economic migration.
Little Pixie Geldof (born 17 September 1990) is a British model and singer-songwriter.
She was born in London to Paula Yates.
She is the youngest daughter of Bob Geldof and the second youngest of Yates' four daughters.
When she was 17 she was on the cover of Tatler magazine.
This was the first magazine cover she was on.
She has a band called Violet.
She is the singer and writes the songs.
They released their first single in 2012.
She was Paula Yates' and Bob Geldof's second daughter.
She was born in Westminster.
She was raised in Chelsea and Faversham, Kent.
She wrote for the UK version of Elle Girl until it stopped being made in October 2005.
In September 2007, she modeled on a catwalk for the first time at London Fashion Week.
Geldof presented a show on ITV2 called OMG!
with Peaches Geldof in 2011.
On 5 August 2008, Geldof married Max Drummey in Las Vegas.
She had met him one month before.
On 7 February 2009, Geldof and Drummey said that they were going to divorce.
She married Thomas Cohen on 8 September 2012 at the church in Davington, Kent, where her parents married.
They lived in North London before moving to Wrotham, Kent.
On 21 April 2012, Geldof had her first son with Cohen, Astala Dylan Willow.
On 24 April 2013, their second son, Phaedra Bloom Forever, was born.
Geldof was found dead on 7 April 2014 at her house in Wrotham, Kent.
She was 25 years old.
Her cause of death was an accidental heroin overdose.
Clipstone is a village near Mansfield, in the county of Nottinghamshire, England.
It was built in the early 20th century as a model village for the workers of the nearby colliery.
Gillian Flynn (born 1971) is an American writer.
Her first novel, Sharp Objects, was published in 2006.
It is being made into a movie.
In 2009 she was fired from her job as a writer for Entertainment Weekly.
Dark Places, Flynn's second novel, was published May 2009.
It is a mystery novel.
In June 2012, Gone Girl was published.
It is about a serial killer in Missouri.
In 2013, it was nominated for the 2014 Impac Dublin International Literary Award.
She lives in Ukrainian Village, Chicago with her husband and two children.
Sir Roger Cholmeley's School at Highgate (commonly referred to as Highgate School) is a private school in Highgate in North London, England.
It was started as a charity called the Free Grammar School in 1565 by Sir Roger Cholmeley.
It is still a charity.
Girls and boys aged 3–18 go there.
People who were students at the school become a part of the Cholmeleian Society.
The Reverend John Galbraith Graham MBE (16 February 1921 – 26 November 2013) was a British crossword maker.
He wrote his first crossword for The Guardian in July 1958.
From 1970 until he died, he made crosswords for The Guardian under the name "Araucaria".
Araucaria is a monkey puzzle tree.
In 1984, he made a crossword magazine called 1 Across.
He died of oesophagal cancer in 2013.
Collections of his crosswords have been published.
In 2005 he was made a MBE (Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire).
Graham went to King's College, Cambridge in 1939.
In 1942 he joined the Royal Air Force.
His job was flying planes.
In 1946 he went back to King's College.
He studied theology there.
Then he went to Ely Theological College.
In 1948, the Church of England made him a priest.
Roger Squires (born 22 February 1932) is a British crossword maker.
He lives in Shropshire with his wife Anna.
He has made more crosswords than anyone else in the world.
He makes the Monday crossword for The Telegraph.
On 22 February 2012, it was Squires' 80th birthday.
The Guardian and Financial Times held a party for him at The Guardian's offices in London.
The Telegraph held a lunch party for him in Birmingham.
John Galbraith Graham wrote him a sonnet.
Squires has two sons.
He is married to Anna Squires.
Neutral Milk Hotel is an American indie rock band.
They started in Ruston, Louisiana in 1989.
They were formed by singer, songwriter, and guitarist Jeff Mangum.
He was the only member at first.
Then Robert Schneider joined the band for its first album, On Avery Island.
It was released on Merge Records.
After On Avery Island was released, Julian Koster, Scott Spillane and Jeremy Barnes joined the band.
They then released an album called In the Aeroplane Over the Sea in 1998.
Pitchfork scored their second album 10/10 when it was released again in 2005.
In 2009, Amazon.com's editors put In the Aeroplane Over the Sea at number two on their list of "The 100 Greatest Indie Rock Albums of All Time".
On December 11, 2011, the band released their first release since 1998.
It was an EP called Ferris Wheel on Fire.
Invent Yourself a Shortcake (1991)
Beauty (1992)
Hype City Soundtrack (1993)
Shannon's Monroe House Demos (1994)
Unreleased Demo #1 (1993–1995)
Unreleased Demo #2 (1994)
On Avery Island (1996)
In the Aeroplane Over the Sea (1998)
Everything Is (EP) (2001)
Ferris Wheel on Fire (2011)
Everything Is (single) (1994)
Little Birds (2011)
You've Passed / Where You'll Find Me Now (2011)
In Will Grayson, Will Grayson, a 2010 novel by John Green and David Levithan, Will Grayson 1 is a Neutral Milk Hotel fan.
Oh Comely magazine is a named after the song of the same name on In the Aeroplane Over the Sea.
John Michael Green (born August 24, 1977) is an American writer.
He writes young-adult fiction novels.
His first novel, Looking For Alaska, was published by Dutton Children's Books in 2005.
Green's second novel, An Abundance of Katherines, was published in 2006.
On October 2 2008, Let It Snow was published.
It was a book that Green wrote with Maureen Johnson and Lauren Myracle.
On October 16 2008 Paper Towns was published.
In 2009 it was given the Edgar Award for best Young Adult novel.
Green wrote a book with another young adult novel writer called David Levithan, Will Grayson, Will Grayson.
It was published in 2010.
It is about two boys who are both called Will Grayson.
Half of the book is written from the perspective of Will Grayson 1.
The other half is written by Will Grayson 2.
Green wrote half of the book and Levithan wrote the other half.
The Fault in Our Stars was released in 2012.
It is about a girl with cancer.
Time magazine called it "damn near genius".
Booklist called it his best novel yet.
It won Teen Book of the Year at the 2013 Children's Choice Book Awards.
A movie of it was released in June 2014.
Green's fans are called nerdfighters.
He has a younger brother called Hank Green.
The brothers have made video blogs (vlogs) on YouTube since 2007.
He lives with his wife in Indianapolis, Indiana.
They have two children, Henry and Alice.
Green's Tumblr
Thisisnottom, an interactive novel
The Auditorio de Tenerife "Adán Martín", better known simply as Auditorio de Tenerife, is a performing arts centre in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
It includes several performance venues.
It was designed by architect Santiago Calatrava.
Building of the centre began in 1997.
The auditorium was opened on 26 September of that year.
It was opened in the presence of Felipe de Borbón, Prince of Asturias.
It was later visited by former U.S. President Bill Clinton.
The design of the auditorium has become an architectural symbol of the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and the Canary Islands.
Official Website of Auditorio de Tenerife
John Clifford Pemberton (August 10, 1814 – July 13, 1881), was a career officer in the United States Army.
He fought in the Seminole Wars and the Mexican–American War.
He was commended (rewarded) for his performance in the Mexican–American War.
He also fought in the American Civil War.
He commanded the Confederate army in the Siege of Vicksburg.
He surrendered on July 4th, 1863.
Grypania is an early, tube-shaped fossil from the Proterozoic eon.
It is regarded by some as the first known eukaryote.
Grypania'''s status as a eukaryote is not absolutely proven.
It might have been a giant bacterium or bacterial colony.
Its size (over one centimeter) and consistent form, suggest it is a eukaryotic alga.
The oldest known Grypania fossils come from an iron mine near Negaunee, Michigan.
Grypania'' lasted into the Mesoproterozoic era.
Celtis is a genus of about 60–70 species of deciduous trees.
They are commonly called hackberries.
They grow in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, in southern Europe, southern and eastern Asia, south to central Africa, southern and central North America, and northern and central South America.
Combat stress reaction is a medical problem that happens to some soldiers because of the trauma of war.
In the past, it was called battle shock, war neurosis, or battle fatigue.
It causes both mental and physical problems.
It is similar to acute stress disorder, and can often become post-traumatic stress disorder.
Combat stress reaction does not affect everyone equally.
Sometimes it causes soldiers to be very unhappy.
Sometimes it causes soldiers severe disability.
The acute (early) stage of combat stress reaction is the best time to keep things from getting worse.
Since World War I, soldiers in early stages of combat stress reaction have usually been treated on the front lines - close to where combat is happening.
Combat stress reaction can have many different symptoms.
These symptoms can affect the soldier's body (physical symptoms), feelings (emotional symptoms), and behaviors (behavioral symptoms).
Depending on how bad these symptoms are, combat stress reactions are labeled from mild (not too bad) to severe (very bad).
Physical Symptoms
Mild Symptoms
Feeling jumpy
Having trouble sleeping
Feeling nauseous or throwing up
Having diarrhea
Urinating a lot
Not reacting as quickly as usual to things
Tight muscles
These symptoms may not cause safety problems, or keep the soldier from working.
However, if the soldier does not get help, the symptoms can become severe.
Severe Symptoms
Being unable to sit or stand still
Being startled very easily
Shaking or trembling
Trouble hearing
Feeling exhausted
Being unable to move
Staring straight ahead without looking at anything (this is sometimes called "the thousand-yard stare")
Palpitations (pounding heart)
Hyperventilation (breathing too fast)
Feeling unable to speak
Being unable to sleep
Emotional Symptoms
Feeling anxious
Having trouble concentrating or focusing on something
Having nightmares
Not feeling confident
Feeling angry
Feeling stressed or very upset over small things
Behavioral Symptoms
Not being able to make decisions
Not paying attention well
Not caring about things
Being very alert
Not feeling motivated (not wanting to do anything)
Being unable to relax
Sigmund Freud studied the effects of "war neurosis."
He believed that without too much stress, people can balance impulses (what they want to do) and prohibitions (what they know they should not do).
However, he thought that traumatic stress can cause powerful impulses that a person can no longer control.
In combat situations, he thought this could cause soldiers to run away, or to blindly attack.
He believed that soldiers would try to stop these impulses, which would lead to emotional symptoms and even loss of physical abilities.
During World War I, combat stress reaction was called "shell shock."
By early 1916 (just halfway through the war), the number of British soldiers with "shell shock" was huge.
Few of these soldiers returned to battle.
About 30-40% of shell-shocked soldiers sent to hospitals in France returned to battle.
Only about 4-5% of soldiers sent to hospitals in the United Kingdom returned.
Because of this, new units were created.
They were called "Not Yet Diagnosed, Nervous Centers."
These centers did not use terms like "war neurosis" or "shell shock."
They used a new treatment model called "PIE" to treat soldiers with combat stress reaction.
"PIE" stood for "Proximity, Immediacy, and Expectancy":
Proximity meant that soldiers with combat stress reaction should be treated close to the front line (close to where combat was happening).
Immediacy meant that these soldiers should be treated right away - not just after soldiers who were physically hurt were treated.
Expectancy meant that each soldier knew he was expected to return to combat.
The PIE treatment model was developed by Thomas W. Salmon.
After "PIE" treatment was started, about 80% of soldiers treated at the "Not Yet Diagnosed, Nervous Centers" returned to combat.
(However, some of these soldiers were not able to do a good job when they returned to combat.)
British forces did not use the PIE principles during World War II.
Instead, they sent soldiers with combat stress reaction to psychiatric hospitals.
The United States military did not expect their soldiers to have combat stress reactions when they entered the war.
They tested soldiers when they were enlisting (being signed up for military duty).
They believed that this testing would show which people were 'psychologically weak,' and that these people would not be allowed to go to war.
However, because combat stress reaction is not caused by weakness, this did not work, and many American soldiers had combat stress reactions.
To treat these soldiers, Captain Frederick Hanson began to use the PIE principles again.
He said that 70% of the 494 patients he treated returned to duty after 48 hours of PIE treatment.
General Omar Bradley decided to call combat stress reaction "exhaustion" and also decided to give "exhausted" soldiers seven days of rest.
The main goal of PIE was to return "exhausted" soldiers to combat, not to treat the trauma causing the disorder.
Because of this, many of the soldiers who returned to duty - possibly as many as 70% - returned in non-combat positions.
During the Korean War, the United States started using the PIE principles within the first 8 weeks of the war.
Reports show that 65-75% of soldiers with combat stress reactions returned to duty.
However, only 44% were able to do their jobs at an average level or better.
At the start of the Vietnam War, the United States military had effective psychiatric services in place within 8 weeks of the start of the war.
Treatments were based on the PIE principles.
Special mobile psychiatric units - soldiers who could give PIE treatment in different places - were created.
During the war, not many cases of combat stress reaction were reported.
Because of this, many people thought that combat stress reactions would no longer play a large part in warfare.
However, after soldiers returned home, many had problems with combat stress reaction.
Alienation lead to substance abuse, which hid combat stress reactions that had never been treated.
If the rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans are correct, the PIE principles did not prevent an epidemic of psychiatric disorders.
The First Gulf War
The United States military went into this war expecting high numbers of psychological causalities.
The treatment included traditional psychiatry, as well as attention to family issues.
Because this war moved so fast, diagnosing soldiers with combat stress reaction was difficult.
Some commanders used combat stress reaction as an excuse to keep soldiers from returning or kick them out of the military.
This eventually added to the stigma attached to mental health problems in the military.
Treatment and Diagnosis Today
Brevity is a short period of rest.
Many soldiers return to duty after this brief rest.
More seriously affected patients are referred to the next level.
Immediacy means that treatment should start as soon as symptoms appear.
Contact means that the soldier should be able to see members of his or her unit while getting treatment.
This can help the soldier keep feeling like a soldier and a member of the unit, instead of feeling like a patient.
Expectancy means soldiers should be told their reaction to stress is normal, and that they are expected back with their unit.
Proximity (closeness) means that soldiers should be treated close to their unit, but away from patients who are physically hurt (unless nothing else is possible).
Simplicity means treatment should involve simple ways of improving soldiers' self-confidence and physical health.
Reassure normality (reassure soldiers that their reactions to stress are normal)
Replenish bodily needs (make sure soldiers'  bodies are getting what they need, like enough food and drink)
Restore confidence
Retain (keep) contact with fellow soldiers and unit
Hatfield Chase is a low-lying area in South Yorkshire and North Lincolnshire, England.
It was often flooded.
Hatfield chase was a royal hunting ground until Charles I tried to have it drained.
He hired a Dutch engineer to drain the water in 1626.
The engineer's name was Cornelius Vermuyden.
He also changed the courses of the rivers Don, Idle and Torne.
This included making drainage channels.
But the project was not completely successful.
More work was done in the 1760s to see to the problem of winter flooding.
Modern pumps now work to drain the area.
The history of Hatfield chase goes back to the end of Roman Britain.
On the west Hatfield Chase is bordered by the M18 motorway.
The River Ouse is its northern border.
The River Idle is to the south, and the Isle of Axholme borders the area to the east.
It covers an area of around , including two large peat bogs known as Thorne and Hatfield Moors.
Hatfield chase is part of the once vast Humberhead Levels, a wetland which originally covered some .
Originally the region was called Haethfieldlande or Hatfield.
It was another minor Anglo-Saxon kingdom listed in the Tribal Hidage.
Later, Hatfield chase became a part of the East Riding of Yorkshire.
Before the drainage and lowering of the water levels Hatfield chase was home to large numbers of aquatic birds.
The waters were full of fresh-water fish.
Sport psychology means applying parts of psychology to sports and athletes.
One of the main ways that sports psychologists use is to help athletes meet their goals.
The main group of people that sports psychologists try to help are professional athletes.
They can help non-professional athletes as well.
Sports psychologists mainly focus on problems the athlete has on the field but they can also help athletes with problems that they have off the field.
Sports psychology did not become a recognized area of study until recently, but it has been used in the past.
European history and the beginnings
Sports psychology began at the end of the nineteenth century in Europe.
Sports and the body were now a more important part of people’s lives.
During the 1880s, more sports were a part of the lifestyle of the people.
But, the word psychology was not used in connection with the word sport before the late 1890s.
In 1899 and 1900, the phrase, psychology of sport, appeared in the titles of two journal articles.
The first one was by Balduin Groller.
It was published in two parts in 1899, in the journal Die Wage under the title “Zur Psychologie des Sportes” (translated About the Psychology of Sport).
This article said that there were parts of psychology that had not been researched at that time, that could be connected to sports and physical activities.
Then in May 1900, an essay by the founder of the modern Olympic movement, Pierre de Coubertin, was published.
It was titled “Le Psychologie du Sport” (translated The Psychology of Sport).
In 1875, Pyotr Francevich Lesgaft started a system of physical education.
Lesgaft was a Russian scientist who studied the human body.
His aim was to promote harmony between the body and soul or mind.
The method Lesgaft suggested was to learn conscious control of the body; being able to think about controlling the body and then actually doing it.
Then in 1884-1885, Karoly Budinsky wrote an article called “About Gymnastic Activity and the Development of Will”.
The article was about how self-control and willpower could make the nervous system stronger through physical exercise.
Two scientists were at the beginning of European sport psychology: Angelo Mosso and Philippe Tissie.
Angelo Mosso was an Italian who studied the human body.
He was also interested in using science to study physical education, exercise, and sport.
In his experiments, Mosso found that mental work causes weakness of the muscles.
He also found that physical work causes weakness in mental performance.
In 1894, Mosso conducted an experiment with his brother, Ugolino Mosso.
He had ten Italian Mountain soldiers climb to the top of the mountain and live in a hut for ten days.
He also had them perform physical exercises.
There are two parts of his results that are related to sports psychology.
The first one is called the pioneer effect.
The pioneer effect is when in mountain climbing, the person who is leading the group will be more tired than all the others.
The second is called the rivaling effect.
The rivaling effect is when the soldiers, especially in periods of boredom, would begin to compete with each other in their weight lifting tests.
Philippe Tissie viewed sports as a way to treat mental disorders.
He published several articles between 1894 and 1909.
These articles talked about how sports could help people with mental disorders.
He thought that a combination of sports, gymnastics, and psychology could help people with mental disorders.
He also thought that playing in too many sports could cause people to have mental disorders and behavioral problems.
In 1896, a French doctor named Charles du Pasquier published an article about how sports could help people with depression.
In 1900, Eduard Bertz said that sports could help people maintain a healthy body and soul or mind.
Later in 1913, Toby Cohn believed sports was a way for people to develop self-confidence, emotional health, and goal orientation.