the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
I'm not interested in being Gwen Stefani.
She's the cheerleader, and I'm out in the smoker shed."
"Y'know someone one time called me a cheerleader, negatively, and I've never been a cheerleader.
So I was, like, "OK, fuck you.
Well, I will be one then.
And I'll rule the whole world, just you watch me."
On the Billboard charts, "Hollaback Girl" was able to peak at #1 on Hot 100, #1 on the Pop 100, #8 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, #15 on the Hot Dance Club Play, and #18 on the Adult Pop Songs charts.
In 2006, the song was nominated for a Grammy Award in the categories of Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Record of the Year.
"Hollaback Girl" on YouTube
Gwen Stefani songs
Jeffrey Warren Daniels (born February 19, 1955) is an American actor.
He was born in Athens, Georgia.
He grew up in Chelsea, Michigan.
Daniels starred in Something Wild, Terms of Endearment, Arachnophobia and Dumb and Dumber.
He won an Emmy Award in 2013.
Joseph Frank "Joe" Pesci (born February 9, 1943) is an American character actor.
He was born in Newark, New Jersey and is of Italian descent.
He was raised in Belleville, New Jersey.
Best Newcomer to Film British Academy Award, New York Film Critics Circle Best Supporting Actor, National Society of Film Critics Best Supporting Actor, National Board of Review Best Supporting Actor, for Raging Bull, 1980
Best Supporting Actor Academy Award, Los Angeles Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actor, National Board of Review Best Supporting Actor, for Goodfellas, 1990
Funniest Actor in a Motion Picture (Leading Role) American Comedy Award, for My Cousin Vinny, 1992
is a Japanese video game designer.
At one time, he worked for Sega.
Ōshima designed and created the characters for Sonic the Hedgehog and Dr. Eggman.
Yuji Naka and Hirokazu Yasuhara are often given credit for his work on the Sonic series because of their close association with the Sonic name.
Ōshima became well known at Sega's Sonic Team for creating characters and playing an important part in the development of games like Phantasy Star, Sonic CD, Nights into Dreams..., and Sonic Adventure.
After he left Sonic Team, he created his own game company called Artoon.
Since then, he left from the position of president in the company and was replaced by Yutaka Sugano.
From there he went on to work on games like Pinobee and Blinx: The Time Sweeper, and in 2004, the sequel to Blinx, Blinx 2: Masters of Time & Space.
In 2010, Artoon was turned into AQ Interactive.
In 2010, he and other main members of Artoon left to create Arzest.
He was given a "Special Thanks in the game Sonic Generations.
Dennis Franz (born October 1944) is an American television and movie actor.
His movies include Die Hard 2.
He has starred in many television series, including NYPD Blue.
New York, List of
Márcio Rafael Ferreira de Souza (born 7 September 1985) more commonly known as Rafinha is Brazilian footballer.
He plays for Flamengo in the Bundesliga.
Rafinha was born in Londrina, Brazil on 7 September, 1985.
At the age of 7, he joined his local futsal team, Gremio Londrinense.
In 2001, when he was 16, he moved to Coritiba.
He also joined the Brazilian under-20 national football team.
He was then signed by FC Schalke 04 on a four-year contact for what is widely believed to be a transfer fee of €5 million
In August of 2010, Rafinha signed with Genoa.
One year later, he signed with Bayern Munich on a three-year contract for €5.5 million.
He has made 31 appearances for Bayern Munich up-to-date.
The moment of force (also called the first moment of force) about any point is the product of the force and perpendicular distance between them.
If this first moment is again multiplied by the perpendicular distance between them, the product so obtained is called the second moment of force or moment of moment of the force.
If instead of force, the area of the figure or mass of the body is considered, it is called the second moment of area or second moment of mass.
They are also termed broadly as moments of inerta.
There is no physical significance for moment of inertia.
It is just a mathematical expression usually denoted by
Jean-Luc Vayssière, born in 1956, is a French professor, specializing in genetics and cell biology.
He was President of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines from the 12th of April 2012 until April 2016.
Jean is also a graduate from the Paris Diderot University in molecular biology, he started his career as assistant at the Collège de France in the year 1990.
In 1994, he became lecturer at the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines.
In 2001, he was appointed as the head of training at the École pratique des hautes études before entering in 2006 as teacher at the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines.
Alongside his teaching activities, he is a researcher at the Laboratory of Genetics and Cell Biology, responsible of the "stress and cell death" team.
The 12th of April 2012, he is elected President of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, succeeding Sylvie Faucheux.
He is replaced by Dider Guillemot in May 2016.
Denying the correlative is a mistake in logic where a person tries to create a third possibility where there are only two.
It is based on the concept of correlative conjunctions, pairs of statements where one statement must be true and the other must be false.
For example 1.
Ginger is a cat.
Ginger is not a cat.
If a person claims that Ginger is something else than a cat or not a cat, then he is making a logically impossible claim, and denying the correlative.
It is the opposite of the false dilemma, which tries to reduce options to only two.
Another is if a person were asked if he killed someone and said, "I fought with him".
William Smith O'Brien (; 17 October 1803 – 18 June 1864) was an Irish politician.
At one point he was a member of the British Parliament.
Later on he was a nationalist and leader of the Young Ireland movement and led a rebellion against British rule in the 1840s during the Potato Famine.
He was convicted of treason, a felony, and could have been executed, but he was exiled to Van Diemen's Land instead.
In 1856, he was pardoned and allowed to return.
Prisoners sentenced to death
For example, there is "either-or fallacy" in saying that an apple must be green or red.
The premise is that the apple is either one color or another; but this beginning is a mistake because some apples—not most—are other colors.
In other words, most apples are red or green, but some are also yellow.
A "fallacy of false choice" may hide a deliberate attempt to eliminate agreement on an issue.
Eldridge Cleaver used this tactic when he said: "You're either part of the solution or part of the problem."
A false dilemma may also be used for comedic effect.
Stephen Colbert used this tactic when he asked guests on The Colbert Report: "George Bush... great president or the greatest president?"
entry in The Fallacy Files
Countess Dracula is a 1971 Hammer horror movie.
It is based on Countess Elisabeth Bathory-Nadasdy and her alleged crimes in late 16th and early 17th century Hungary.
In it she kills young women to look young again by bathing in their blood.
Countess Nadasdy is played by Ingrid Pitt in the movie.
Other characters include her lover and henchman Captain Dobi, Captain Imre Toth a soldier for her late husband who she tries to seduce by pretending to be her daughter, and Fabio, her court historian who begins to suspect her and Dobi.
1971 horror movies
John Mitchel (; 3 November 1815 – 20 March 1875) was an Irish nationalist leader who helped lead a rebellion against British rule in the island in 1848.
He was born in Camnish, near Dungiven, County Londonderry.
His Jail Journal is one of the most famous works in Irish nationalism.
A type of this is phytomining, which is a method of extraction.
Some plants absorb copper compounds through their roots.
They concentrate these compounds as a result of this.
The plants can be burned to produce an ash that contains the copper compounds.
Sustainable technologies
Wanderlust is a 2012 American comedy movie starring Paul Rudd and Jennifer Aniston.
It is about a Manhattan couple who move to a commune in Georgia.
It was released in early 2012.
In 2010, the Indian Navy had 58,350 personnel, around 170 ships and 180 aircraft.
It is the world's fourth largest navy in terms of personnel.
Currently, the Indian Navy has one aircraft carrier.
Two more are being built and will enter service by 2012 and 2015.
The carrier that the Indian Navy currently uses is called INS Viraat.
INS Viraat was bought by India from the United Kingdom in 1986.
Jean Peyrelevade (born 24 October 1939 in Marseille), is a French civil servant, politician and business leader.
Long time economics teacher at the École Polytechnique, he has written books about the evolution of contemporary capitalism, including Le capitalism total published through the think tank of La République des idées in 2005.
Denouncing in this book an extreme form of capitalism, he proposes to ban stock options as part of executive compensation to avoid conflicts of interest and offer better dividends to existing shareholders to limit the round- speculative return.
He argues Francois Bayrou at the French presidential election of 2007, and joined his campaign team, particularly to address the economic program.
In 2008, at the municipal elections, he led the MoDem list in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, which collects 8.64% of votes in the first round, ranking fourth.
Only elected on its list, he is borough councilor.
June 13, 2008, he was appointed vice president of the MoDem for economic issues.
He resigned from the board of the  16th arrondissement of Paris the 6th of January 2009 and of all his functions within the MoDem at the same time.
He no longer has any ties partisan but an active participant of Terra Nova (think tank), the think tank of the left.
In an opinion published in Le Figaro, he advocated a separation between bank deposit and investment bank to regulate the financial system to prevent another financial crisis.
He said the bank is a real public service, which must be managed as such.
On 7 September 2011, he says support the candidacy of François Hollande to the French Socialist Party presidential primary, 2011.
During summer schools of MoDem the 17th of September 2011 and during radio interviews, Jean Peyrelevade said he would vote for Manuel Valls in the first round and - probably - for Francois Hollande in the second round.
Jean Peyrelevade recognizes to Manuel Valls the quality of being politically incorrect when he speaks about "35 hours" as a major error on which we must return.
On January 5, 2012, he states that he changed his mind "Bayrou's speech is more consistent, clearer".
He is a member of the campaign strategy of François Bayrou and says that we need a period of wage moderation to revive French competitiveness.
École Polytechnique (1958)
École nationale de l'aviation civile (1961)
University of Paris-Sorbonne (1963)
Institut d'études politiques de Paris (1963)
Pour un capitalisme intelligent, ed.
Grasset, 1993
La république silencieuse, (with Denis Jeambar), ed.
Plon, 2002
Le capitalisme total, ed.
Seuil, 2005,
Seul face à la justice américaine, ed.
Plon, 2007
Sarkozy : l'erreur historique, ed.
Plon, 2008
France, état critique, ed.
Plon, 2011
The Sukhoi Su-30MKI(NATO reporting name: Flanker-H) is a fighter plane made by Sukhoi and HAL for the Indian Air Force.
It is a version of the Su-30.
It first flew in 2000 and entered service in 2002.
It is one of the heaviest fighters in the world and can fly very far.
The Indian Air Force plans to have 272 of these planes by 2020.
They will form the backbone of Indian Air Force from then.
The Hindustan Aeronautics Limited is an aerospace company of India.
Its headquarters are in Bangalore.
It is one of Asia's major aerospace companies.
It is managed by the Ministry of Defence of the Indian Government.
It builds and modifies military and civil aircraft.
In addition, it is also involved in maintaining airports.
Antiochus III's forces continue their invasion of Coele Syria and Palestine.
Philip V of Macedon's fleet defeat the Rhodians at Lade.
His forces then advance into Pergamum, plundering Pergamese territory and attacking cities in Caria.
The Acarnanians, with Macedonian support, invade Attica.
The Roman ambassador to Greece, Syria, and Egypt, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus delivers an ultimatum to Philip V warning Macedonia not to make war on any Greek state.
Philip decides to reject the Roman ultimatum and the Romans declare war on Macedon, thus starting the Second Macedonian War.
The Roman consul, Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus, asks Attalus I and his fleet to meet up with the Roman fleet off the Greek Aegean coast and they conduct a naval campaign against Philip V, harassing Macedonian possessions in and along the Aegean.
Roman forces defeat the Gauls of Cisalpine Gaul in the Battle of Cremona.
The bacchanalia are wild and mystic festivals of the Roman god Bacchus which are introduced into Rome from lower Italy by way of Etruria (approximate date).
Euthydemus I of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom dies and is succeeded by his son Demetrius I of Bactria (approximate date).
The city of Tiwanaku is founded as a village near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (approximate date).
The Early Horizon period in the Andes comes to an end as the Chavin culture vanishes and is succeeded by the Nazca culture (approximate date).
The construction of the Wei-Yang Palace in the Han Dynasty capital (Chang'an) begins.
The Hsiung-nu appear on the western borders of China.
The Han emperor Gaozu is defeated by the Xiongnu in the Battle of Baideng.
The Great Wall of China was completed.
Alexander the Great, head from a Hellenistic copy of a statue, possibly after a 4th century BC original by Lysippos is made.
It is now kept at the Archeological Museum in Istanbul, Turkey.
Lost-wax casting is known in China and Mesopotamia (approximate date).
Roman artists begin trying to produce the illusion of thin slabs of colored marble covering the walls, which are set off by actual architectural moldings and columns, in private houses.
These attempts last for 120 years.
The first good measurement of the distance between Earth and the Sun is made by Eratosthenes (approximate date).
By studying lunar eclipses, his result is roughly 150 000 000 km.
The currently accepted value is 149 597 870 691 ± 30 metres.
This year is used as the fourth time world (Amazon Jungle) in the video game The Lost Vikings II.
The Tribunal in Marianne Curley's Guardians of Time Trilogy is set up near Athens.
Jia Yi, Chinese statesman and poet (d. 169 BC)
Euthydemus I, King of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom from 223 BC (approximate date)
The Roman consuls Gaius Marius and Manius Aquillius defeat the Cimbri in the Battle of Campi Raudii (or Battle of Vercellae).
Ptolemy Apion inherits the kingdom of Cyrenaica.
Cleopatra III of Egypt assassinated by her son Ptolemy X Alexander I (b. 161 BC)
Boiorix, king of the Cimbri tribe, killed at the Battle of Vercellae.
100s BC
Amado Boudou (born November 19, 1963) is an Argentine businessman.
He was the 35th Vice President of Argentina from December 2011 through December 2015.
Before he was Minister of the Economy from 2009 to 2011.
In 2012 he was accused of influence peddling and money laundering.
He was sentenced to five years and ten months in prison, and banned for life from holding public office.
The Russian Air Force is the air wing of the Russian Military.
It is the world's second largest air force after the United States Air Force.
It is also the only air force other than the United States Air Force who use modern strategic bombers.
The Russian Navy also has its own Naval Aviation force.
During the Cold War, the Soviet Air Force (and Air Defense Force) were as big as the United States Air Force.
However, after the collapse of Soviet Union, the Russian Air Force was made much smaller because Russia did not have enough money to keep everything.
However, spending on the Russian Air Force increased in the early 21st century.
Ricardo Luis Lorenzetti (born 19 September 1955) is a member of the Supreme Court of Justice of Argentina.
He was elected President of the high court by his peers on November 7, 2006.
Lorenzetti was born in Rafaela, Santa Fe Province.
He is the son of a primary school teacher and a travelling salesman.
He went to school at the National University of the Littoral.
He became a lawyer in 1978.
Argentine judges
Alessandro Manzoni (Milan 7 March 1785 – Milan 22 May 1873) was an Italian writer and poet.
His most famous book is The Betrothed, a novel that is a symbol of the Risorgimento, both for its patriotic message and because it was a fundamental milestone in the development of the modern Italian language.
Partial Bibliography
Inni sacri (Sacred Hymnes, 1815)
Osservazioni sulla morale cattolica (Observations about catholic moral, 1819)
Il conte di Carmagnola (1819)
Il cinque maggio (The fifth of May, 1821)
Adelchi (1822)
I promessi sposi (The Betrothed, 1827)
La colonna infame (Infamous column, 1842)
Football (or soccer in the U.S) is the most popular sport in Argentina.
According to FIFA there are 2,658,811 players total; with 3,377 clubs and 37,161 officials.
It is played from childhood into old age.
90% of Argentines say they have a favorite Argentine football club.
Football started in Argentina at the end of the 19th century.
It was started by the British immigrants in Buenos Aires.
The first Argentine league began in 1891.
This makes it the third oldest league (after Great Britain and the Netherlands).
The Argentine Football Association (AFA) was formed in 1893.
It is the eighth oldest in the world.
The Argentine national team has won the football World Cup.
They won in 1978 and 1986.
They were runner-up in 1930 and 1990.
They have also won the top continental tournament, the Copa América, fourteen times.
The Argentina Olympic football team has won two Gold Medals.
At club level, Argentine teams have won the most Intercontinental Cups (9) and the most Copa Libertadores (22).
Women's football has a national league since 1991.
It is named the Campeonato de Fútbol Feminino.
The female national representative qualified for the World Cup for the first time in 2007.
In futsal, Argentina were FIFUSA/AMF Futsal World Cup champions in 1994.
They also compete in the FIFA code of futsal, where they finished third in the 2004 FIFA Futsal World Cup.
The team also won the FIFA Futsal Copa América in 2003.
Argentina was world champion in futsal for the visually impaired in 1998.
Argentina also compete in the beach football World Cup.
Their best finish was third in 2001.
Pato is a game played on horseback.
It adds ideas from polo and basketball.
It is the national sport of Argentina.
is Spanish for "duck".
The early games used a live duck inside a basket instead of a ball.
Pato has been written about since 1610.
The playing field would often go between neighboring ranches.
The first team to reach its own ranch house with the duck was the winner.
Pato was banned several times during its history.
This was due to the violence—not only to the duck; many gauchos were trampled underfoot.
Some lost their lives in knife fights started in the heat of the game.
In 1796, a Catholic priest said that pato players who died this way should not get Christian burial.
Laws saying people could not play pato were common in the 19th century.
During the 1930s, pato had rules added by ranch owner Alberto del Castillo Posse.
He made a set of rules based on modern polo.
President Juan Perón made pato Argentina's national game in 1953.
In modern pato, two four-member teams ride on horses.
They try to get a ball which has six handles.
They score by throwing the ball through a ring that is vertical.
The rings have a 100 cm (3.3 ft) diameter.
They are on 240 cm (7.9 ft) high poles.
A closed net, going up for 140 cm (4.6 ft), holds the ball after goals are scored.
The winner is the team with most goals scored after the time is done.
Game time is six 8-minute "periods".
The field is: length 180 to 220 m (196.9 to 240.6 yd), width 80 to 90 m (87 to 98 yd).
The ball is made of leather, with an inflated rubber chamber and six leather handles.
Its diameter is 40 cm (15.7 in) handle-to-handle.
The weight is 1050 to 1250 g (2.3 to 2.8 lbs).
The player that has control of the  (i.e. holds the ball by a handle) must ride with his right arm outstretched.
He offers the pato so rival players have a chance of tugging the pato and stealing it.
Not holding his arm out while riding with the pato is an offense called  (refusal).
During the tug itself, or , both players must stand on the stirrups and not sit on the saddle.
The hand not tugging must hold the reins.
The Congress of the Argentine Nation is the legislative branch of the government of Argentina.
It has two parts.
There is a 72-seat Senate and a 257-seat Chamber of Deputies.
The Congress is in charge of setting taxes and customs.
These must be the same across the country.
It rules the Central Bank of Argentina, manages internal and external debt payment, and the value of national currency (currently the Argentine peso).
New Plymouth is the major city of the Taranaki Region on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand.
This district includes New Plymouth City and a few smaller towns.
The district has 1.7 percent of the country's people.
In 1828, Richard Barrett set up a trading post at Ngamotu after he arrived on the ship Adventure.
Barrett dealt with the local Māori and bought land from them.
The British tried to occupy the area during the early 1840s.
But when they arrived, they found an area with few Māori - remaining survivors of a number of inter-tribal wars.
At first, land was easily bought but then as time went on, it became more difficult and Europeans wanted more and more of Maori farmland, as Maoris were returning to the area and did not want to sell the land.
War finally started in 1860 and lasted for nearly 10 years, resulting in land confiscations by the British government.
The area is known for its dairy farms and its location.
It is very close to both sea and mountain, with Mount Taranaki just south of the city.
The volcanic cone of Mt Taranaki gives a view of the coastline.
Taranaki, which is 2518 metres high, is one of the most climbed mountains in New Zealand.
It is one of the places in New Zealand that attracts the most rainfall and the mountain has created a unique environment perfect for plants, alpine herb fields, and native and tropical forest.
This attracts many bird species that can be observed in the National Park and surrounding areas.
1841 establishments
1840s establishments in New Zealand
The Argentine Senate is the upper house of the Argentine National Congress.
It has 72 senators.
There are three for each province and three for Buenos Aires.
There used to be 2 senators from each province.
That was changed in 1994.
Senators are elected by direct election on a provincial basis.
The party with the most votes is given two of the province's senate seats.
The second-place party gets the third seat.
Currently one-third of the members are elected every two years to a six-year term.
In other words, one-third of the provinces hold senate elections every two years.
be at least 30 years old
have been a citizen of Argentina for six years
be native to the province of his office, or have been a resident of that province for two years.
Current leadership positions include:
National upper houses
The Chamber of Deputies is the lower house of  the Argentine National Congress.
This Chamber is the only one to levy taxes; to draft troops; and to call the President, cabinet ministers, and members of the Supreme Court before the Senate.
There are 257 seats.
One-half of the members are elected every two years.
Members must be at least twenty-five years old.
They must have been a resident of the province they represent for at least four years.
Each province has one deputy per 161,000 people.
Then each province gets 3 more deputies.
The minimum number of deputies is five.
National lower houses
Liberty X are a British vocal pop-R&B group.
The band was formed in London in 2001 from contestants in the first series of Popstars.
The band split in 2007.
The May Revolution happened from May 18 to 25, 1810, in Buenos Aires.
Buenos Aires was the capital of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.
It was a Spanish colony that included roughly the territories of present-day Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay.
The result was the removal of Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros and the forming of a local government now called the "Primera Junta".
In Argentina this is now celebrated as "May Week" ().
The May Revolution was a direct reaction to Spain's Peninsular War of the previous two years.
In 1808, King Ferdinand VII of Spain abdicated in favor of Napoleon.
Napoleon gave the throne to his brother, Joseph Bonaparte.
The May Revolution began the Argentine War of Independence.
No formal declaration of independence was made.
The Primera Junta continued to govern in the name of the deposed king, Ferdinand VII.
The Argentine Declaration of Independence was made at the Congress of Tucumán on July 9, 1816.
19th century in Argentina
What today is commonly called the Independence of Argentina was made on July 9, 1816.
It was done by the Congress of Tucumán.
In reality, the congressmen that were together in Tucumán declared the independence of the United Provinces of South America.
This is still today one of the legal names of the Argentine Republic.
The Federal League Provinces, were at war with the United Provinces.
They were not allowed into the Congress.
Many provinces from Upper Peru were at the Congress.
Signatories of the declaration
Francisco Narciso de Laprida, Deputy for San Juan, President
Mariano Boedo, Deputy for Salta, Vice-president
José Mariano Serrano, Deputy for Charcas (present-day Bolivia), Secretary
Juan José Paso, Deputy for Buenos Aires, Secretary
Dr. Antonio Sáenz, Deputy for Buenos Aires
Dr. José Darragueira, Deputy for Buenos Aires
Friar Cayetano José Rodríguez, Deputy for Buenos Aires
Dr. Pedro Medrano, Deputy for Buenos Aires
Dr. Manuel Antonio Acevedo, Deputy for Catamarca
Dr. José Ignacio de Gorriti, Deputy for Salta
Dr. José Andrés Pacheco de Melo, Deputy for Chibchas (present-day Bolivia)
Dr. Teodoro Sánchez de Bustamante, Deputy for Jujuy
Eduardo Pérez Bulnes, Deputy for Córdoba
Tomás Godoy Cruz, Deputy for Mendoza
Dr. Pedro Miguel Aráoz, Deputy for Tucumán
Dr. Esteban Agustín Gazcón, Deputy for Buenos Aires
Pedro Francisco de Uriarte, Deputy for Santiago del Estero
Pedro León Gallo, Deputy for Santiago del Estero
Pedro Ignacio Rivera, Deputy for Mizque (present-day  Bolivia)
Dr. Mariano Sánchez de Loria, Deputy for Charcas (present-day  Bolivia)
Dr. José Severo Malabia, Deputy for Charcas (present-day  Bolivia)
Dr. Pedro Ignacio de Castro Barros, Deputy for La Rioja
Gerónimo Salguero de Cabrera y Cabrera, Deputy for Córdoba
Dr. José Colombres, Deputy for Catamarca
Dr. José Ignacio Thames, Deputy for  Tucumán
Friar Justo de Santa María de Oro, Deputy for San Juan
José Antonio Cabrera, Deputy for Córdoba
Dr. Juan Agustín Maza, Deputy for Mendoza
Tomás Manuel de Anchorena, Deputy for Buenos Aires
Recognition of independence
Kingdom of Hawaii: 1818
Portugal: 1821
Brazil, United States of America: 1822
United Kingdom: December 15, 1823
France: 1830
Denmark: 1841
United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway: 1847
Spain: April 29, 1857
9 de Julio de 1816: Declaración de la Independencia
Act of Independence - Spanish Wikisource
Machine translations of the full text at College of Humanities and Social Sciences - North Carolina State University
Politics of Argentina
The constitution of Argentina is one of the main sources of existing law in Argentina.
Its first version was written in 1853 by a Constitutional Assembly gathered in Santa Fe.
The basis was taken in part from the United States Constitution.
It was then changed in 1860, 1866, 1898, 1949, 1957.
The present version is the text of 1994.
The first government was made after the May Revolution.
Many revolutionary leaders, led by Mariano Moreno, wanted to declare independence immediately.
There were problems between the two main parties.
Finally the federal constitution was made on May 1, 1853.
Official translation to English
from the Argentine Chamber of Deputies page.
Reforms to the original 1853 Constitution
The peso is the money of Argentina.
It has also been called the peso convertible.
It is divided into 100 centavos.
The number is written with a $  sign and then the number.
In 2011, four pesos were equal to one United States dollar.
In October 2014, eight pesos are equal to one United States dollar.
Banknotes of Argentina
Currency of South America
Economy of Argentina
Gul Mohamad Zhowandai (1905-1988) was born in Kabul, Afghanistan.
He wrote novels in Persian.
His published works include:
Ferroz — short stories (Kabul, Afghanistan)
Ahrezo ah ye per ahshoob — short stories (Kabul, Afghanistan: Islla Publications)
Kachkol — novel (Kabul, Afghanistan)
Collection of Poems (Kabul, Afghanistan: Islla, Anis)
Modern Fiction In Afghanistan (Taraneh Publication)
An Encyclopedia of Persian Literature in Afghanistan Vol.
3 (Tehran, 1999)
Mahseerin Sukhanwar (Kabul, Afghanistan)
Zhowandai.com
CEGEP is an acronym for , which means "College of general and vocational education".
It is the name for public colleges in Quebec, Canada.
It was created in 1967 after the Quiet Revolution in the 1960s, when the provincial government took over the management of health care and education.
List of Cégep schools
Fédération des cégeps
Zwonowice  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lyski, within Rybnik County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland.
It is west of the regional capital Katowice.
Pastors
Antoni Gasz (1942-1950)
Oswald Niedziela (1950-1954)
Jerzy Stefani, pastor of Lyski in the years 1954-1956 led ministry in Zwonowice
Antoni Kraus (1956-1962)
Kazimierz Wyciślik (1962-1978)
Antoni Pieczka (1978-1995)
Roman Gołąb (1995-present)
Habit (psychology), an acquired pattern of behavior that often occurs automatically
Habit (biology) is the form of growth of an animal or plant
Habit (clothing), for example, as worn by monks or nuns
Drug addiction is sometimes referred to as "having a drug habit"
Habituation, a basic activity in which an animal responds less to stimuli
io:Kustumo
A similar term is master of ceremonies (MC, emcee, or host).
The main use of the term 'presenter' is on television, where the presenter introduces other speakers, and introduces program sections.
The role is similar to narrator, who talks over visuals ("voice over")  or plays a main role in the program.
A presenter does not have to be an expert on the content of the program, but a narrator or commentatior is often an expert.
A television presenter is a person who introduces or hosts television programmes.
It is common for minor celebrities to do this.
There are also many people whose main job is presenting.
This is very common with children's television series.
One example of this is Mister Rogers.
Some presenters may also be an actor, model, singer, comedian or other profession.
Others may be experts on certain things.
These include scientists or politicians They work as presenters for a programme about what they are an expert at.
For instance, Carl Sagan, an astronomer was the host of Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, a television series that dealt understanding the universe.
Some television presenters are celebrities who have made their name in one area and use their fame to work in other areas.
Examples of this include British comedian Michael Palin who now presents programmes about travel (such as Around the World in 80 Days), and Alan Alda, who has presented Scientific American Frontiers.
The term is also used in other countries, such as Ireland.
In the United States, the term host or MC (Master of Ceremonies) is commonly used.
News presenter
A news presenter (also called an anchor, news anchor or newscaster) is a person who presents news during a news program.
The program can be on television, on the radio or on the Internet.
A news presenter, or anchor, puts together the entire program.
This may include writing, selecting, and reading stories on the air.
The job of an anchor is often more improvised than scripted.
This is especially true during breaking news (when events are happening quickly).
They have to coordinate other reporters, interviews and behind-the-scenes events as they happen.
They must also deal with technical difficulties and keep the broadcast going.
Other presenters
There are presenters for many types of things.
Radio presenter: A radio presenter (or radio personality) is similar to a television presenter, except that they present radio programs instead of television programs.
Sports presenter: A presenter introduces the programme, but a sports commentator is an expert role: it must be done by someone with detailed knowledge of the sport.
Weather presenter: A weather presenter  is a type of journalist on television who presents weather forecasts.
He or she does not compose the weather report: they present the work of people who the viewer never gets to see.
A television presenter (often referred to as a television personality or television host) is a person who introduces or hosts television programs, often serving as a mediator for the program and the audience.
Nowadays, it is common for people who garnered fame in other fields to take on this role, but some people have made their name solely within the field of presenting—such as children's television series or infomercials—to become television personalities.
The dollar or peso sign ($) is a symbol that is for either the peso or dollar.
These are types of money around the world.
Sometimes it is an S with one line through it.
Sometimes it is an S with two lines through it.
When there are two lines it is called a cifrão.
There are many stories about why this symbol is used to mean money.
Currency symbols
Argentina is at a place that would naturally put it in the UTC−4 time zone.
It actually uses the UTC−3 time zone.
Argentina decides whether to have daylight saving time on a year-by-year basis.
The provinces may choose to follow the national choice or not.
In 2009, Argentina did not have daylight saving time.
ECT - Eastern Caribbean Time Zone
Anguilla (UK)
Montserrat (UK)
British Virgin Islands (UK)
Atlantic Standard Time
Puerto Rico (US)
U.S. Virgin Islands (US)
Other Caribbean
Guadeloupe (France)
Martinique (France)
Brazil - parts of Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rondônia, Roraima
Canada - Quebec (east of the 63°W longitude)
Bermuda (UK)
all of New Brunswick (legally offset from GMT), Nova Scotia (legally offset from GMT), Prince Edward Island
Newfoundland and Labrador - most of Labrador
Greenland (Denmark) (Kalaallit Nunaat)- northwestern (observes United States daylight saving time rules)
Chile - Mainland.
See also Time in Chile
Turks and Caicos Islands (UK)
Eastern Daylight Time
Nunavut (eastern), most of Ontario and most of Quebec
All of Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia (U.S. state), Maine, Maryland,Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey,New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia
Most of Florida, Indiana, Michigan
Eastern parts of Kentucky, Tennessee
cs:Časové pásmo#UTC-4 Q, AST (Atlantic Standard Time)
es:Huso horario#UTC−04:00, Q
Brazil - Brasília Time
Except the western states of Acre, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rondônia, Roraima, and far-away islands
Antarctica - Graham Land
Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat) - most of island, including south coast and southwest coast - observes European Union DST rules
Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (France) - observes North American DST rules
Canada (Atlantic Daylight Time)
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Labrador except the southeastern tip
Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat) - Northwest - area around Thule - observes North American DST rules
As daylight saving time (Southern Hemisphere summer)
Chile - mainland
Phone numbers in Argentina have ten digits.
This is when both the area code and the subscriber's code are included.
The area code may have 2, 3 or 4 numbers.
The remaining 8, 7 or 6 numbers are the subscriber's number.
For example, phone number (11) 1234-5678 for Buenos Aires has a 2-digit area code number and an 8-digit subscriber's number. (
264) 123-4567 is an example of a San Juan number.
Public utility numbers
100: Firefighters
101: Police
102: Child services
103: Civil defense
106: Coast Guard
107: Ambulance
110: Phone directory
112: Customer service
113: Official time
114: Phone repair service
115: Ring test
121: Phone usage info (subject to availability)
125: Assistance service for the hearing-impaired
911: Emergency (only in cities where 100, 101 and 107 have been merged into one emergency number, such as the Buenos Aires Metro Area and Buenos Aires Province)
A municipality is one way Argentina is divided.
It is a city, town, or township.
A province is the biggest way Argentina is divided.
The provinces are divided into departments.
The Departments are then divided into municipalities.
Subdivisions of Argentina
A department is one way Argentina is divided.
There are no departments in the city of Buenos Aires.
There are 376 departments.
Because names do not have to be unique, 75 departments have same or similar names.
The House of Savoy began in Switzerland in the Middle Ages.
The Savoy rose to power in Sicily War of Spanish Succession then gave up Sicily for Sardinia in 1720 later adding Piedmont to their kingdom.
In 1792 they joined the alliance against Napoleon Bonaparte.
They were defeated at first but had their kingdom restored after Napoleon was defeated.
In 1859, King Victor Emmanuel II led the unification of Italy and ruled until 1878.
His grandson Victor Emmanuel III came to power in 1900 after King Umberto I was assassinated.
Victor Emmanuel III was king during both World War I and World War II.
He also appointed Benito Mussolini Prime Minister in 1922.
After World War II, public support for the monarchy fell and Victor Emmanuel III abdicated in 1946.
His son Umberto II was king for a month before a referendum abolished the monarchy.
Today the leadership of the House of Savoy is contested between Victor Emmanuel, Prince of Naples, who is the son on Umberto II, and his cousin Prince Amedeo, Duke of Asota.
The Bourbon Restoration was the return of the House of Bourbon to France after the French Revolution and Napoleon Bonaparte.
It began in 1814 after Napoleon was defeated and exiled to Elba island off the coast of Italy.
Louis XVIII of France, the younger brother of Louis XVI of France, was named king in 1814 by the Congress of Vienna.
After being removed by Napoleon during the Hundred Days, Louis XVIII was returned to power in 1815 and died in 1824.
Louis XVIII was succeeded by his younger brother Charles X of France who ruled until he was removed in 1830 by the July Revolution.
The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was a kingdom in southern Italy from 1816 until 1861.
It was created by Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, after the Congress of Vienna of 1814, by uniting the Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples, which had been ruled by Joseph Bonaparte who conferred the title "Prince of Naples" to be hereditary on his children and grandchildren, during the reign of Napoleon.
The ruling dynasty was a cadet branch of the House of Bourbon.
The capital of the kingdom was Naples.
Roman Catholicism was the state religion.
The kingdom was full of corruption and poverty: mainly because of this, most of the population welcomed the Risorgimento with the unification of southern Italy to the rest of Italy in 1861.
In 1861, Giuseppe Garibaldi and his men, who were known as "red shirts", captured Sicily.
This was welcomed by the local population.
Garibaldi then crossed the Strait of Messina and captured Naples.
South Italy and Sicily then joined the Kingdom of Italy.
The peninsula was divided into fifteen "departments" and the island of Sicily was divided into seven departments.
The island itself had a special administrative status, with its base at Palermo.
For a time the heir to the throne was given the title of "Hereditary Prince of Naples".
But this was later changed to the Duke of Calabria after the uniting of the two kingdoms.
Collectively the royal family generally lived at the Palace of Caserta.
Children of the monarch were born with the style of Royal Highness as well as the title of Prince/ss of the Two Sicilies.
Several males in the family were given titles such as "Duke of Castro", "Count of Caserta", "Prince of Salerno", a majority of which were lost due to a lack of male heirs.
The present pretending monarch is Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria, who does use the title of Duke of Calabria.
* The city of Benevento was formally included in this department, but it was occupied by the Papal States and was de facto an exclave of that country.
1860s disestablishments in Italy
Black Rain is a 1989 American-Japanese crime action movie.
It stars Andy Garcia, Michael Douglas and Ken Takakura.
It was released in September 1989.
The movie is about the Japanese underworld of crime with American crimes mixed in.
1989 thriller movies
Mer Hajrenikh (hy.
Մեր Հայրենիք / Мер Һајрениқ, pron. [
mɛɾ hɑjɾɛˈnikʰ] "mair hahy-reh-NEEK"; lit. '
Our Fatherland') is the national anthem of Armenia, composed by Barsegh Kanachyan and written by Mikael Nalbandian in 1861.
It was first adopted in 1918 as the anthem of the First Republic of Armenia, but when the country became part of the Soviet Union, this song became banned and was instead replaced by the Armenian SSR anthem.
In 1991, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Mer Hajrenikh was successfully restored with minor changes to the lyrics.
Current lyrics
Our Fatherland, free, independent,
That has fo' centuries liv'd,
Now summoneth its descendents
To free, independent Armenia.
Here a flag for thee, my br'er,
That I have sewn by my hand
O'er the nights which felt fore'er,
Bath'd in my tears now so grand.
O, look at it, tricolour'd,
Fo' us 'tis a symbol priz'd.
Letteth it shine forth 'gainst thy foe.
Mayeth Armenia with grace glow.
Death is no different anywhere
He who dieth but even once,
Bless'd is he who sacrificeth
Fo' the freedom o' his land.
Original lyrics
This is the original version of Mer Hayrenik, based on the first, third, fourth, and sixth stanzas of the poem The Song of an Italian Girl.
The Yazidi (also Yezidi) are a ethnoreligious group with Indo-Iranian roots.
They are a separate branch of the Abrahamic religion tree.
Their religion blends monotheism with Zoroastrianism and the religions of ancient Mesopotamia.
They mostly live in the Nineveh Province of northern Iraq.
More people are in Transcaucasia, Armenia, Turkey, and Syria.
They have been fewer since the 1990s.
Their religion is Yazidism.
The Yazidis believe in a single god who created the world.
They believe that he placed the world under the care of seven holy beings or angels.
The main angel is Melek Taus, the peacock angel.
The Yazidis got worldwide attention in 2014.
They face religious persecution and expulsion from their ancient home in Iraq by the jihadist Islamic State (ISIL).
Serzh Azati Sargsyan (born June 30, 1954) is the third President of Armenia.
He won the February 2008 presidential election.
He took office in April 2008.
Sargsyan was in the Soviet Armed Forces from 1971 to 1972.
He is the chairman of the Chess Federation of Armenia.
Besides speaking Armenian, he also can speak in Russian.
He became the Armenian defense minister in 1993.
In 1995 he was head of Armenian state security department and minister of national security in 1996.
In 1999, he became Robert Kocharyan's chief of staff, then secretary of the national security council, and defense minister.
He became prime minister in 2007.
On 17 April 2018, Sargsyan became Prime Minister of Armenia.
Following mass-scale protests, he resigned from the office six days later on 23 April.
Former Prime Minister Karen Karapetyan succeeded Sargsyan as acting Prime Minister.
In 1983, he married socialite Rita Sargsyan.
She died in 2020 from COVID-19.
They have two daughters, Anush and Satenik, and one granddaughter, Mariam.
The Prime Minister of Armenia is the most senior minister in the Armenian government.
They "oversee the Government's regular activities and coordinate the work of the Ministers."
The President of Armenia chooses the Prime Minimster.
The office of President is generally thought to be more powerful than the office of Prime Minister.
List of Heads of Government of Armenia (1918 – present)
Democratic Republic of Armenia (1918–1920)
Hovhannes Katchaznouni (30 June 1918 – 28 May 1919) (in Tbilisi, Georgia until 19 July 1918)
Alexander Khatisyan (28 May 1919 – 5 May 1920)
Hamo Ohanjanyan (5 May 1920 – 25 November 1920)
Simon Vratsian (25 November 1920 – 2 December 1920)
Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (1922–1936) and Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1936–1991)
Sergey Lukashin (21 May 1922 – 24 June 1925)
Sarkis Ambartsumyan (24 June 1925 – 22 March 1928) (1st time)
Sahak Ter-Gabrielyan (22 March 1928 – 10 February 1935)
Abram Guloyan (10 February 1935 – February 1937)
Sarkis Ambartsumyan (March 1937 – May 1937) (2nd time)
Stepan Akopyan (May 1937 – 21 September 1937)
Aram Piruzyan (23 November 1937 – October 1943)
Agasi Sarkisyan (October 1943 – 1946)
Agasi Sarkisyan (1946 – 29 March 1947)
Saak Karapetyan (29 March 1947 – November 1952)
Anton Kochinyan (20 November 1952 – 5 February 1966)
Badal Muradyan (5 February 1966 – 21 November 1972)
Grigory Arzumanyan (21 November 1972 – 28 November 1976)
G.A. Martirosyan (28 November 1976 – 17 January 1977) (acting)
Fadey Sarkisyan (17 January 1977 – 16 January 1989)
Vladimir Markaryants (16 January 1989 – 13 August 1990)
Vazgen Manukyan (13 August 1990 – 25 September 1991)
Republic of Armenia (1991 – present)
Government of Armenia
On April 9, 2008 he became Prime Minister of Armenia.
He was selected by President Serzh Sargsyan.
Sargsyan is married and has three children (daughter Nelly Sargsyan and two sons Armen and Abgar Sargsyans) and a grandchild.
He is of no relation to the President of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan.
The National Assembly of Armenia is the official name of the legislative branch of the government of Armenia.
There are 131 members.
They are elected for four-year terms.
Hovik A. Abrahamyan (born 24 January 1958) is an Armenian politician.
He was the Prime Minister of Armenia from 13 April 2014 to 8 September 2016.
He is a member of the National Assembly of Armenia from the Republican Party.
Before he was the speaker of the National Assembly.
Hovik Abrahamyan was born on 24 January 1958 in Mkhchyan village, Ararat Marz of Armenia.
He is married and has three children and five grandchildren.
On November 21, 2011 Hovik Abrahamyan resigned as the Speaker.
Samvel Nikoyan was then elected as the Speaker.
Samvel Nikoyan is the current speaker of the parliament of Armenia.
In 2005 he was awarded the "Andranik Ozanyan" medal of the Armed Forces of Armenia.
He was also given the RA Prime Minister Commemorative Medal.
Nikoyan is married with three children.
Samvel Nikoyan - National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia
The 25th century BC is a century which lasted from the year 2500 BCE to 2401 BCE.
c. 2900 BCE – 2334 BCE: Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period.
c. 2500 BCE: Rice was first introduced to Malaysia
c. 2500 BCE: Scribal schools do well throughout Sumer.
c. 2500 BCE: Cylinder seal from Sumer and its impression are made.
It is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
c. 2500 BCE: Excavation and development of the Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni at Paola, Malta, a subterranean temple complex subsequently used as a necropolis.
c. 2500 BCE: Valley Temple of Khafra, Giza, is built.
c. 2500 BCE: Khafra from Giza Valley, Temple of Khafra is made.
Fourth dynasty of Egypt.
Discovered by Auguste Mariette.
It is now kept in Egyptian Museum, Cairo.
c. 2500 BCE: People in Peru rely on fish and mussels for food.
c. 2500 BCE – 2000 BCE: Mohenjo-Daro is about  in size and has a population of c. 20,000 to 50,000.
c. 2494 BCE: End of Fourth Dynasty, start of Fifth Dynasty in Egypt.
Construction of the Pyramids begins.
c. 2494 BCE – 2345 BCE: "Sculptors at work", relief from Saqqara, Fifth Dynasty.
It is now at Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt.
c. 2494 BCE – 2345 BCE: "Seated Scribe" from tomb of vizier, Saqqara, sculpture, Fifth dynasty of Egypt is made.
It is now in Musée du Louvre, Paris.
2492 BCE: Traditional date for the legendary foundation of the Armenian nation (see Haik).