the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Wood carvers paid by China's Song Dynasty complete a carving of the entire Buddhist canon for printing (130,000 total blocks are made).
The reign of Amir Adhad ad-Dowleh of Buwayhid ends.
Sharaf ad-Dawla becomes Amir Buwayhid.
The Khazar Empire ends.
Emperor Shengzong leads a Liao Dynasty expeditionary force against the Zubu.
One of the Four Great Books of Song, the encyclopedia Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era is finished in 1,000 volumes of 4.7 million written Chinese characters.
Otto III becomes King of Germany after the death of Otto II.
Veronese donation during the diet of Verona.
Otto gave the Rheingau to the archbishopric of Mainz
December – Pope John XIV becomes the 136th pope after Pope Benedict VII died .
Odo II, Count of Blois
Wulfnoth Cild
Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor
'Adud al-Daula
Pope Benedict VII
Mu'ayyad al-Daula
Patriarch Anthony III of Constantinople
Greenland is discovered by Erik the Red (the first known European contact with North America).
July 13 – The Kalbids troops of the emir of Sicily defeat the imperial German army of Otto II near Crotone.
Yelu Longxu becomes the sixth emperor of the Liao Dynasty.
The Buyid ruler, 'Adud al-Dawla, start what was soon to become the most important hospital of Bagdad.
Adalbert becomes Bishop of Prague.
Emma of Normandy
Atisha, Bengali Buddhist saint
July 13 – Pandulf II of Salerno and Landulf IV of Benevento (at the Battle of Stilo near Crotone)
Saif al-Arab al-Gaddafi (1982 - April 30, 2011) was one of the sons of the former Libyan dictator Muammar al-Gaddafi.
His name meant "Sword of the Arabs."
He was killed in an air strike by NATO on 31 April 2011.
Libyan people
es:Muamar el Gadafi#Familia Gadafi
An overcoat is a long coat which is worn over other clothes.
Overcoats are made from a warm, heavy cloth or even animal fur.
They go below the knee in length.
A coat that is knee length is known as a topcoat.
Overcoats have been worn for hundreds of years.
Many armies dressed their soldiers in overcoats during the winter.
There are many styles and types of overcoats.
A carbonyl is the group C=O in a molecule.
It is a carbon and an oxygen atom with a double bond between them.
Carbon has another two bonds, which can in general be with any other group.
For example, a carbonyl is the C=O bit of a ketone, aldehyde or ester.
Because oxygen is more electronegative than carbon, the electrons in the bond are more towards it.
This means that in acid, a proton will go on the oxygen atom.
Both the carbon and the oxygen in the group are sp2 hybridized.
The carbonyl is a very important functional group, because chemists can do many reactions with it.
It is easy to do nucleophilic additions to it, which makes the molecule bigger.
It is also easy to do redox reactions, for example forming an alcohol.
The alcohol then is also a very useful group.
Carbonyls are found in many natural substances and also in drugs and medicines.
It is easy to check if a carbonyl is in a molecule.
It gives a very strong signal in infrared spectroscopy.
In carbon NMR spectroscopy, the signal is usually at very high frequency, away from many other peaks.
An ester is a carbonyl with an ether group on the carbon atom.
The group can be written as COOR.
They can be made by reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol with some acid.
Esters are a very important functional group.
They can be found in many substances.
They are very common in fats and oils.
They sometimes have a very strong, nice smell.
They can be used to make perfumes.
Polyesters are found in plastics.
Esters can also do many reactions.
It is very easy to change the ether part of the molecule with another similar one.
It is also possible to reduce the ester to a ketone or an alcohol, which can do many different reactions.
Nucleophilic addition is also a good reaction, though a bit more difficult than with ketones.
There are many ways to find out if a molecule has an ester group.
Infrared spectroscopy gives very sharp signals, which are different from other carbonyls.
Carbon NMR spectroscopy has similar characteristics.
Sandra Oh (born July 20, 1971) is an actress from Ottawa, Ontario.
She played Cristina Yang in Grey's Anatomy.
She has also acted in other TV programs and in movies.
She starred in Killing Eve.
The lizard commonly known as green iguana or common iguana (Iguana iguana) is native to Central and South America and the Caribbean.
It is an arboreal herbivorous species that belongs to the genus Iguana.
The green iguana ranges over a large geographic area, from southern Brazil and Paraguay as far north as Mexico.
Also the Caribbean islands, especially Puerto Rico, where they are very common throughout the island; and in the United States in South Florida (including the Florida Keys), Hawaii, and the Rio Grande Valley of Texas.
Other Webs
Green Iguana Society
Melissa Kaplan's Green Iguana Information Collection
International Iguana Foundation
David Russell Strathairn (born January 26, 1949) is an American actor and entertainer.
He was nominated for an Academy Award in 2006 for his role as Edward R. Murrow in Good Night, and Good Luck.
He is also known for his role as Secretary of State William H. Seward in the 2012 movie Lincoln.
He won an Emmy Award in 2010.
Strathairn was born on January 26, 1949 in San Francisco, California.
His grandparents were Scottish.
He studied at Redwood High School, at Williams College, and he studied to become a clown at Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Clown College.
Strathairn has been married to Logan Goodman since 1980.
He now lives in Poughkeepsie, New York.
Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin (2 November 1699 – 6 December 1779) was an 18th-century French painter.
He is considered a master of still life.
He is also noted for paintings which depict women and children engaged in domestic activities.
The Assemblies of God is a United States-based Christian denomination; a large group of Pentecostal churches.
There are over 64 million members in over 200 countries.
The AG is Trinitarian.
They view the Bible as divinely inspired.
The Bible provides the rules of faith and conduct.
Baptism by immersion is practiced.
Baptism is understood as an outward sign of an inward change.
The change is from being dead in sin to being alive in Christ.
Communion is also practiced.
The Assemblies of God also places a strong emphasis on the fulfillment of the Great Commission and believes that this is the main calling of the church.
World AOG Site
Denis Richard McDonough (born December 2, 1969) is an American politician.
He is the 11th and current United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs since February 9, 2021.
McDonough is the second non-veteran to serve in this position.
In December 2020, then President-elect Joe Biden nominated McDonough to serve as the United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs in his administration.
On February 8, 2021, the United States Senate confirmed McDonough to be Secretary of the VA in a vote of 87-7, with 6 senators absent.
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (born 29 October 1938) is the 24th President of Liberia serving from 2006 through 2018.
Sirleaf is the first elected female head of state in Africa.
Sirleaf was awarded the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize, along with Leymah Gbowee of Liberia and Tawakel Karman of Yemen.
The women were recognized "for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women’s rights to full participation in peace-building work."
In December 2021, James Sirleaf one of the sons of Ellen Sirleaf died in his residence in Liberia under unknown circumstances.
Liberia Executive Mansion official government website
Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority salutes member Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Liberia  includes final report
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf  at C-SPAN
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf collected news and commentary at Forbes
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf collected news and commentary at The New York Times
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf at the Notable Names Database
Address to US Congress in Joint Session 15 March 2006 TXT PDF
Sirleaf Speaks at U.S. Institute of Peace  21 March 2006 (audio archive available)
Liberian President Speaks to Georgetown Community  17 October 2006
Profiles and interviews
Profile: Liberia's 'Iron Lady' on BBC News Online, 23 November 2005
Iron Ladies of Liberia, Independent Lens on PBS, 2007
Follow the Leader , interview with Ellen Johnson Sirleaf by the International Museum of Women, April 2008
The 'Remarkable Life' Of Liberia's 'Iron Lady', Dave Davies, interview on Fresh Air, April 2009
Top 100 Women in Politics: Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, Ermine Saner, The Guardian, 8 March 2011
Mia Kirshner (born January 25, 1975) is an actress that stars primarily on television.
She starred as Jenny Schecter in The L Word and Mandy in 24.
She was born next to Toronto.
The Latona Fountain (Fr: Bassin de Latone) is a fountain.
It lies on the east-west alignment between the Palace of Versailles, the Apollo Fountain, the Green Carpet, and the Grand Canal.
Latone faces west.
The fountain was designed by Le Nôtre in 1666.
The fountain figures were executed in lead by the Marsy brothers between 1668 and 1670.
In 1686 Hardouin-Mansart altered the fountain.
He had the figure of Latona (which originally faced the palace) turned 180 degrees.
He also raised her pedestal.
The fountain is designed in the wedding cake style.
On the top tier, there is a statue of the goddess Latona.
In addition to the goddess Latona are her young children, Apollo and Diana.
The second and third tiers of the fountain have frogs.
The lowest tier has turtles and alligators.
Latona turned the Lycean peasants into frogs when they mocked her and refused to give her water in her flight from the jealous and angry Juno.
Pérouse de Montclos, Jean-Marie.
Versailles Abbeville Press.
Cookie's Fortune is a 1999 crime comedy with Julianne Moore, Glenn Close and Patricia Neal heading the cast.
The subject for this comedy-drama is southern hospitality.
It was shot around north central Mississippi, where Cookie's Fortune is mainly set.
Liv Tyler is also in the cast.
Aud the Deep-Minded (834–900 AD) was an early settler in Iceland.
834 births
Josephine Baker (June 3, 1906 – April 12, 1975) was an American-born French dancer, singer, and actress.
She was born Freda Josephine McDonald in St. Louis, Missouri.
Fluent in both English and French, Baker became an international musical and political icon.
She was given such nicknames as the "Bronze Venus", the "Black Pearl", and the "Créole Goddess".
Baker was the first African-American female to star in a major motion picture, Zouzou (1934), and to become a world-famous entertainer.
She tried to integrate an American concert hall, and is noted for her contributions to the Civil Rights Movement in the United States.
She was offered the unofficial leadership of the movement by Coretta Scott King in 1968 following Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination, but turned it down.
Baker became a citizen of France in 1937.
She helped the French Resistance during World War II, and was awarded the Croix de Guerre, the Légion d'Honneur and the Rosette of the Résistance after the war.
When Josephine came to Paris in the 1920s for La Revue Nègre, it was a turning point in her career.
Her career thrived, and when La Revue Nègre closed, Josephine starred in La Folie du Jour at the Follies-Bergère Theater.
Her performance, and her banana costume made her a celebrity.
Josephine rivalled Gloria Swanson and Mary Pickford as the most photographed woman in the world: by 1927 she earned more than any entertainer in Europe.
She starred in two movies in the early 1930s, Zou-Zou and Princess Tam-Tam, and moved her family from St. Louis to Les Milandes, her estate in Castelnaud-Fayrac, France.
"A 1936 return to the United States to star in the Ziegfeld Follies proved disastrous, despite the fact that she was a major celebrity in Europe.
American audiences rejected the idea of a black woman with so much sophistication and power, newspaper reviews were equally cruel (The New York Times called her a "Negro wench"), and Josephine returned to Europe heartbroken".
In later shows in Paris she was often accompanied on stage by her pet cheetah, Chiquita, who was adorned with a diamond collar.
The cheetah frequently escaped into the orchestra pit, where it terrorized the musicians, adding another element of excitement to the show.
Baker had 12 children through adoption.
She bore only one child herself, stillborn in 1941.
Josephine Baker was married four times.
African-American sex industry people
Clare of Assisi (July 16, 1194 – August 11, 1253), born Chiara Offreduccio, is an Italian saint.
She was one of the first followers of Saint Francis of Assisi.
Saint Clare of Assisi was of noble birth, her father, Favorone Offreduccio, was the Count of Sasso-Rosso and her mother, Ortolana di Fiumi, was from aristocratic descent.
She was born as Chiara Offreduccio di Favaronne in Assisi.
She was promised in marriage at age of 12, but it was canceled due to her father's death.
She was the oldest child in her family.
When she was 18 years old, she heard Francis of Assisi preaching.
She was extremely moved by his sermon, so she ran away to join him.
Francis didn't have a place for women to stay, so he sent her to the Benedictine convent in San Paulo.
Clare's relatives found out where she was staying, but when they arrived to take her back home, she clung to the altar saying she would only wed Christ.
When she was staying in another monastery in Panzo, she was reunited with her younger sister, Agnes.
Later, when she was 21, she was moved to another convent next to the San Damiano church, where she was appointed the superior for 40 years.
In that church, she was reunited with her mother and her other sister named Beatrice.
Saint Clare of Assisi will be remembered for founding the "Order of Poor Ladies", later named “Poor Clares.”
The order of Poor Clares was an order that had strict rules, such as silence vows, poverty, and strict fasting.
The Poor Clares was an order for women so they could become closer to God.
1194 births
1253 deaths
Saint Catherine of Siena  (March 25, 1347 – April 29, 1380) was a saint.
She was born in Sienna and died in Rome.
She promoted peace in Italy and is one of the two patron saints of Italy; the other being Saint Francis of Assisi
She was born Katerina de Benincasa in western Italy, the 25th of 25 children.
She was born at the time of the Black Death, or Bubonic Plague.
Although it probably killed many she knew, she herself did not contract the disease and survived the epidemic.
She had a twin sister, who died several months later.
Her family was part of the lower classes and she did not become literate until 1378.
At the age of six, Catherine had a vision of Jesus Christ.
She continued to receive many visions throughout her life.
At age 12, Catherine cut off her hair and was obligated to serve her family, living in small quarters in the basement.
At the age of 16, she entered the Third Order of Saint Dominic and later became a Dominican nun.
She wrote a book called Dialogue, which taught that if you love your neighbors it is loving God.
She also devoted her life to improving the Catholic church, helping the ill, poor, and spiritually underprivileged.
Catherine persuaded the pope to return from Avignon, France and back into Rome.
She also tried to start a new Crusade to the holy land, Jerusalem.
She died of “holy anorexia”, as she ate very little in the name of God.
She became a saint in 1461, and was later made a Doctor of the Church in 1970 by Pope Paul VI and a patron of Europe in 1999.
1347 births
Eleanor the "Fair Maid of Brittany" (c. 1184 – 10 August 1241) was a member of the nobility of England.
She was the eldest daughter of Geoffrey Plantagenet and Constance, Duchess of Brittany.
She was seen as a potential threat to the throne by her uncle, John of England, and cousin, Henry III of England.
She was put in prison from 1202, and so became the longest imprisoned member of an English royal family.
Although still treated honorably as a princess, she was never released or permitted to marry.
Buchenwald concentration camp was a Nazi concentration camp during World War II.
In German, the camp was called Konzentrationslager (KZ) Buchenwald.
It was built in Germany in 1937, and stayed open until 1945.
Buchenwald was one of the first and largest concentration camps built in Germany.
The Nazis sent people from all over Europe and the Soviet Union to Buchenwald.
There, they were prisoners and did forced labor in weapons factories.
After the Allies won World War II, the Soviet Union took over Buchenwald and some other parts of Germany.
From 1945 to 1950, they used Buchenwald as an internment camp.
They called it NKVD Special Camp Number 2.
(The NKVD was the Soviet police organization that ran the camp.)
On January 6, 1950, the Soviets handed over Buchenwald to the East German Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Today, what is left of Buchenwald is a memorial.
There is also a museum there.
The Nazis built Buchenwald on the Ettersberg (Etter Mountain), near Weimar, Germany, in July of 1937.
They named the camp Buchenwald, which means "beech forest" in English.
On the camp's main gate, they wrote Jedem das Seine ("Each to their own”).
Between April 1938 and April 1945, about 238,380 people were sent to Buchenwald.
These prisoners included people from many different countries.
They also included many Allied prisoners of war (POWs).
Over 56,000 prisoners died at Buchenwald.<ref name=Bartel>{{cite book |last=Bartel |first=Walter |date=1960 |title=Buchenwald-Mahnung und Verpflichtung: Dokumente und Berichte (Buchenwald: Warnings and our Obligation [To Future Generations] – Documents and Reports) |publisher=Kongress-Verlag }}</ref>
Camp commandants
Karl-Otto Koch (1 August 1937–July 1941)
Buchenwald’s first commandant (camp leader) was Karl-Otto Koch.
He ran the camp from 1937 to July 1941.
His second wife, Ilse Koch, became well known as Die Hexe von Buchenwald ("the witch of Buchenwald") for the terrible ways she treated the prisoners.
Koch made the prisoners build a zoo at Buchenwald, with a bear pit (Bärenzwinger).
Eventually, Koch was put in prison at Buchenwald himself.
At first, two Nazi officials named Prince Waldeck and Dr. Morgen accused Koch of encouraging murder.
Later, Koch was also charged with corruption, embezzlement, black market dealings, and using the camp's workers to meet his own needs.
Other camp officials were also charged, including Ilse Koch.
Karl Koch was tried and sentenced to death.
He was executed by a firing squad on April 5, 1945.
This was just one week before American soldiers arrived and took over Buchenwald.
After the war, Ilse Koch was sentenced to four years in jail.
At first, her sentence was cut down to two years and she was set free.
However, after this, she was arrested again and sentenced to life in prison by the new German government.
She killed herself in jail in September 1967.
Hermann Pister (1942–1945)
Buchenwald's second commandant was Hermann Pister.
He controlled the camp from 1942 to 1945, when it was taken over by American soldiers.
After the war, Pister was tried in the Nuremberg Trials, and was sentenced to death.
However, in September 1948, before he could be executed, Pister died of a heart problem.
Types of prisoners
The Nazis sent prisoners from all over Europe and the Soviet Union to Buchenwald.
Slavic people
People with mental illnesses, intellectual disabilities, and physical disabilities
People who practiced religions that the Nazis did not like, such as Jehovah's Witnesses
Political prisoners (people from different political parties, or people who had different political beliefs than the Nazis, like socialists and communists)
Romani and Sinti people
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people
Prisoners of war (especially Soviet POWs)
Women in Buchenwald
Somewhere between 500 and 1,000 women prisoners were kept at Buchenwald.
First, in 1941, twenty female political prisoners were brought to Buchenwald from Ravensbrück concentration camp.
They were forced to work as sex slaves in the camp's brothel.
However, most of the female prisoners were sent to Buchenwald in 1944 and 1945 from other concentration camps.
They were sent mainly from Auschwitz, Ravensbrück, and Bergen Belsen.
Later, all the women prisoners were sent to Buchenwald's many female satellite camps (smaller camps around Buchenwald).
Ilse Koch was the head supervisor (Oberaufseherin) of 22 other female guards and hundreds of women prisoners in the main camp.
More than 530 other female guards worked in Buchenwald's many other, smaller camps ("subcamps").
Only 22 women served or trained in the main Buchenwald camp, compared to over 15,500 men.
Allied airmen
When the Nazis captured soldiers from Western Allied countries, they almost always sent them to prisoner of war camps, not concentration camps.
However, they did keep a group of 168 airmen (flyers) at Buchenwald for two months.
These men were from the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Jamaica.
They got to Buchenwald on August 20, 1944.Eyewitness accounts of Art Kinnis, president of KLB (Konzentrationslager Buchenwald), and 2nd Lt.
Joseph Moser, one of the surviving pilots, at http://buchenwaldflyboy.wordpress.com.
These airmen's planes had crashed in France, which Nazi Germany controlled.
The airmen were sent to Buchenwald, not a POW camp, because the Nazis said they were spies and "terror bombers."
The airmen were treated and abused in the same way as the other prisoners at Buchenwald.
Two airmen died there.
Then, in October 1944, the airmen were sent to Stalag Luft III, a regular POW camp.
The airmen who were accused of being "terror bombers" were going to be executed at Buchenwald after October 24.
They were saved by officers of the Luftwaffe (the German air force), who visited Buchenwald.
When they got back to Berlin, these officers made sure the airmen were sent to a regular POW camp, and not executed.
Death toll at Buchenwald
The Nazis' goal for camps like Buchenwald was Vernichtung durch Arbeit ("extermination through labor").
This meant that prisoners were being sent to Buchenwald to be worked to death.
Because of the terrible living conditions in the camp, illness was very common and spread quickly.
Prisoners were also starving.
Because of this combination of illness and starvation, many prisoners were actually "worked to death" as the Nazis had planned.
However, many other inmates died from executions, experiments by Nazi doctors, and other causes.
Summary executions of Soviet POWs (executions without a trial) were also done at Buchenwald.
In 1941 and 1942, at least 1,000 men were chosen to be killed and were sent to Buchenwald, where they were immediately shot in the back of the head.
Nazi doctors also did experiments on prisoners at Buchenwald.
For example, in 1942 and 1943, they used 729 prisoners to test a vaccine for typhus.
This meant the prisoners were given the vaccine, and then given typhus on purpose.
154 of these prisoners died.
In another experiment, Nazi doctors wanted to see how much of a certain poison was needed to kill a person.
They gave four Russian POWs the poison.
When the POWs did not die, they were "strangled in the crematorium" and then "dissected" (cut apart to study their bodies).
Doctors also burned other prisoners very badly with white phosphorus to test whether a medicine would help similar wounds caused by bombs.
After the war ended, at the Nuremberg Trials, one of these doctors defended himself by saying that while he was a doctor, he was also a "legally appointed executioner" (meaning the law allowed him to kill people).
Number of deaths
The SS left behind records of how many prisoners came to the camp and how many left.
They recorded how many prisoners were let go, sent to another camp, or died.
These records say that 33,462 prisoners died at Buchenwald.
However, these records may not be completely true.
For example, before 1944, when the SS killed prisoners, they often wrote down that the prisoners were "transferred to the Gestapo," not that they were killed.
Also, starting in 1941, many Soviet POWs were executed in mass killings.
These POWs would be killed as soon as they got to the camp, and were never added to the camp's records.
This means they were not listed among the 33,462 dead.
One former Buchenwald prisoner, Armin Walter, counted the number of people who were killed by being shot in the back of the head.
Walter's job at Buchenwald was to set up and care for a radio system at the place where people were executed.
He counted the number of people who were killed and hid the information.
He says that 8,483 Soviet prisoners of war were shot and killed.
When all these deaths are added up, the total number of people who died at Buchenwald is about 56,545.
This number includes:
Deaths according to SS records: 33,462
Executions by shooting: 8,483
Executions by hanging: 1,100 (estimate)
Deaths during evacuation transports (moving prisoners to other camps by train or forced marches): 13,500 (estimate)
On April 4, 1945, United States soldiers took over Ohrdruf, one of Buchenwald's smaller camps.
Ohrdruf was the first Nazi camp liberated (taken over and freed) by U.S. soldiers.
Two days later, the Nazis started trying to evacuate (move everybody out of) Buchenwald.
They made thousands of prisoners go on forced marches toward other camps that the Americans had not yet reached.
A Polish engineer named Gwidon Damazyn, who had been a prisoner since March 1941, had set up a secret short-wave radio.
On April 8 at noon, Damazyn and Russian prisoner Konstantin Ivanovich Leonov sent a message in Morse code to the Allies.
The message had been written by the leaders of the prisoners' underground resistance movement (a group of prisoners who tried to fight the Nazis in secret).
It said:
The text was repeated several times in English, German, and Russian.
Damazyn sent the English and German messages, and Leonov sent the Russian version.
Three minutes after Damazyn sent the last message, the headquarters of the Third United States Army answered:
After learning this news, Communist inmates attacked the camp's watchtowers and killed the guards who were still at the camp.
They used guns they had been collecting since 1942 (one machine gun and 91 rifles).
United States soldiers arrived at Buchenwald on April 11, 1945 at 3:15 P.M.  (The clock at the entrance gate is now permanently set to this time).
The soldiers were given a hero's welcome.
Later that day, United States soldiers took over Langenstein, one of Buchenwald's smaller camps.
There, they freed over 21,000 prisoners.
They also ordered the mayor of Langenstein to send food and water to the camp, and rushed in medical supplies from an American field hospital.
On Thursday, April 12, 1945, some journalists arrived at Buchenwald.
The journalists included Edward R. Murrow, whose radio report about seeing Buchenwald was broadcast on CBS and became one of his most famous:
Soviet Special Camp Number 2
Between 1945 and February 10, 1950, the camp was run by the Soviet Union.
They used it as a prison camp called Special Camp Number 2.
The Soviet Union held 28,455 prisoners, including 1,000 women, at Special Camp Number 2.
Soviet records say that 7,113 of these prisoners died.
They were buried in mass graves in the woods around the camp.
Their families were not told they had died.
People accused of being against Stalinism
People accused of being members of the Nazi Party
People who had done nothing wrong, but were confused with other people who had
People who were arrested by the Soviets without committing any real crimes (arbitrary arrests)
The NKVD (the Soviet police organization that ran the camp) would not let the prisoners talk to anyone outside the camp.
The NKVD also did not try to figure out whether the prisoners were guilty.
Buchenwald is destroyed
In October 1950, Buchenwald was destroyed.
The main gate, the crematorium, the hospital block, and two guard towers were left standing.
All prisoner barracks and other buildings were torn down.
Many of them have been rebuilt.
Just days after the camp was liberated in 1945, freed prisoners built a monument to honor the people who died at Buchenwald.
It was made of wood and was meant to be temporary.
Eventually it was replaced by a monument made of stainless steel.
The surface of this monument is kept at , the temperature of human skin, all year round.
Books about Buchenwald
Some people who survived being imprisoned at Buchenwald have written about what happened to them.
These people include:
Jorge Semprún, Quel beau dimanche! ("
What a Beautiful Sunday!")
Ernst Wiechert, Der Totenwald ("Forest of the Dead")
Léon Delarbre (who wrote and also drew scenes of what life was like in Buchenwald)
Edmond Vandievoet, I Escaped from a Nazi Death Camp (Vandievoet was one of the few prisoners who escaped from Buchenwald)
Elie Wiesel, La Nuit (Night'')
Visit from President Obama and Chancellor Merkel
On June 5, 2009, U.S. President Barack Obama and German Chancellor Angela Merkel visited Buchenwald.
Elie Wiesel and Bertrand Herz, two survivors of Buchenwald, went with them.
During the visit, President Obama said at as a child, he had heard stories about Buchenwald from his great-uncle, who was part of the 89th Infantry Division.
This Division was the first group of American soldiers to reach the Ohrdruf forced labor camp, one of Buchenwald's smaller camps.
Photos of Buchenwald
Pope Joan, Johanna or Joanna, was a legendary female Pope.
Said to have ruled for several years during the 1100s, her story first appeared in 13th century chronicles, then spread throughout Europe through the writings of preachers and story tellers.
For centuries she was widely believed to be real; however, today religious scholars think her story is legend.
Whether she is real or made up is subject to debate.
The Pope Joan story states that she was German and arrived in Rome dressed in men's clothes, managing to convince people that she was in fact a man.
Her alleged male name was John Anglicus.
She started out in the clergy as a curiae notary; next she became a cardinal, and then finally she became the Pope.
She served as pope  for about two and a half years but her true gender was exposed when she became pregnant.
The birth of her child was thought to have taken place either on the road that separated the Colosseum and St. Clement's or in the church.
Her death and punishment are unknown.
Vannozza dei Cattanei (13 July 1442 – 24 November 1518) was an Italian noblewoman.
She was one of the many mistresses of Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia, future Pope Alexander VI.
Photorealism is a style of painting or drawing.
The picture is done with a lot of detail to make it look exactly like a photograph.
The subjects pictured were often boring, without any special interest.
Photorealism developed as an art style in the 1960s and 1970s.
Two famous photorealist artists are Richard Estes and Chuck Close.
My Name Is Skrillex is the first EP by American electronic music producer, Skrillex.
My Name Is Skrillex was released on June 7, 2010 on his MySpace profile.
The album is the first solo EP by Sonny Moore under the alias Skrillex.
He released a previous album titled Gypsyhook under his first name.
My Name Is Skrillex at Discogs
Skrillex albums
Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites was released on October 22, 2010.
Skrillex said that he recorded the EP in 2010 at his apartment using a laptop.
The EP won two Grammys at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Dance Recording and for Best Dance/Electronica Album.
The EP also received generally positive reviews from music critics and reached #49 on the Billboard 200 as well as #1 on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart.
Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites at Discogs
More Monsters and Sprites was released on June 7, 2011.
A music video for the song "First of the Year (Equinox)" which was directed by Tony Truand, was nominated for Best Short Form Music Video at the 54th Grammy Awards.
More Monsters and Sprites at Discogs
Bangarang was released on December 23, 2011.
Singles from the EP are "Breakn' a Sweat" which features the American rock band The Doors and "Bangarang" which features American rapper Sirah.
The song "Breakn' a Sweat" was written for the 2012 documentary film Re:Generation.
The iTunes version of the EP features an "Orchestral Suite" performed by Varien.
The EP received generally mixed to positive reviews from music critics.
The EP reached #14 on the Billboard 200 as well as #1 on the Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart.
Bangarang at Discogs
Leaving is the sixth EP by American electronic music producer, Skrillex.
Leaving was released on January 2, 2013 to OWSLA's subscription service called The Nest.
Leaving at Discogs
2013 albums
An amine is a molecule which has a nitrogen atom that can behave as a base.
An amine can be thought of coming from ammonia.
The difference is that the three hydrogens in ammonia are changed to any group or atom.
If only one of the hydrogens is changed, the amine is called primary.
If two are changed, the amine is called secondary.
If all three are changed then it is called tertiary.
Sometimes, a fourth group can be added to the nitrogen.
This is called a quaternary ammonium cation.
This is not an amine but is a salt.
If one of the groups on the nitrogen is a carbonyl group, then the molecule is called amide.
This has very different properties.
Amines are used a lot in chemistry.
Since the nitrogen has a lone pair, it can do many reactions.
It can take protons away from some acids.
It can also be a nucleophile.
It can be changed into imines and other functional groups.
Amines are also found in many proteins.
They are a part of every amino acid.
Brenda Strong (born March 25, 1960 in Oregon) is an American actress who stars primarily in television programs.
She has, however, starred in a limited number of movies.
She acted as Mary Alice Young in the ABC sitcom Desperate Housewives and as Ann Ewing in the TNT television drama Dallas, the 2012 edition.
Before acting, she was crowned Miss Arizona 1980.
Transactinide elements are elements that have atomic numbers greater than the actinides.
They have atomic numbers from 104 to 120.
They are all synthetic and radioactive.
They range from 104 rutherfordium to 118 oganesson on the periodic table.
Canis Major is a constellation that is in the southern sky.
It means "greater dog" in Latin (also called large dog).
There is also the constellation Canis Minor, which means "lesser dog" in Latin.
The astronomer named Ptolemy listed Canis Major when he made a list of 48 constellations.
The star Sirius is in Canis Major.
Sirius has a magnitude of -1.44, which means that it is the brightest star in the night sky.
It is sometimes called the "dog star."
Also, Sirius is only 8.6 light years away from Earth, which is very close (compared to other stars).
Ronald Jeremy "Ron" Hyatt (born March 12, 1953) who is known professionally by his credited stage name as Ron Jeremy is an American pornographic actor, movie actor, filmmaker, businessman, stand-up comedian and television personality.
He is known for his pornographic movies, and he was listed as one of the "Top 50 Best Porno Actors of All Time" as of 2007.
Jeremy was born on March 12, 1953 in Queens, New York City to a Jewish family.
He studied at the Queens College in New York.
He was a teacher before he became a porn star.
Jeremy was a contestant in the second season of The Surreal Life.
On January 30, 2013, Jeremy went to the hospital in Los Angeles, California after he had an heart aneurysm.
The next day he had a surgery.
He recovered from the surgery on February 7.
He eventually left the hospital on February 19.
More than a twelve women have publicly accused Jeremy of sexual assault.
In June 2020, Jeremy was charged with 4 counts of rape and sexual assault involving four women.
In August 2020, he was charged with another 20 counts of either rape or sexual assault between 2004 and 2020 respectively.
He could originally be sentenced to 250 years in prison.
Official RonJeremy.com
Official Ron Jeremy Twitter
Jared Francis Harris (born 24 August 1961) is an English actor.
He played Lane Pryce in Mad Men and as Ulysses S. Grant in Steven Spielberg's 2012 movie Lincoln.
He won an Sitges Film Festival in 1999.
His father was late Irish actor Richard Harris.
Harris was born in Hammersmith, London, England to an Irish father, actor Richard Harris and to a Welsh mother, Elizabeth Rees-Williams.
He studied at Downside School and at Duke University.
Harris was married to Emilia Fox from 2005 until they divorced in 2010.
Since 2011, he has been partners with Allegra Riggio.
Long hair is a hairstyle that is mostly worn by girls and women.
Boys and men may sometimes wear hair to shoulder length.
Longer than that is rare for men of most cultures.
Extremely long hair (usually waist length or longer) is normally only found in females.
The reason is that the female hormonal system affects the growth of their hair, just as the male hormonal system supports facial hair growth.
This is also the reason young females can have longer hair than older women.
Hair length is measured (in centimeters or inches) from the line of the scalp on the forehead up over the highest point of the skull to the end of the hair.
This method is not suitable for measuring hair length for people with a fringe.
In cosmetology, hair lengths are usually described by the part of the body where the longest hair ends: chin level, shoulder length, mid-back level, waist length, hip-length, classic length (extends to almost upper thigh-length, where the legs meet the buttocks), thigh-length, knee-length and ankle/floor length hair.
Hair usually takes about 2–2½ years to reach shoulder length.
It usually takes about 4–5 years to grow to the waist (which is about 60-80 cm for most women) if left to grow.
The maximum hair length that is possible to reach is about 15 cm for infants (below the age of 1), about 60 cm for children (below the age of 13), and generally 100 cm for adults.
Some individuals can reach excessive lengths.
Lengths greater than 150 cm are frequently observed in long hair contests.
Xie Qiuping had the longest documented hair in the world, measuring 5.627 m (18 ft 5.54 in) in May 2004.
The maximum hair length depends on the length of the period of hair growth for the individual.
Waist-length hair or longer is only possible to reach for women with long periods of hair growth.
Hair can grow continuously for between 2 and 7 years.
Head hair is maintained by natural selection after other body hair had been greatly reduced.
The hair has at least two functions:
to protect the scalp against weather (sun in the tropics, heat loss in the temperate zone)
to signal sexual attractiveness, as a secondary sex characteristic.
A fine head of hair improves the chance of getting a mate and so producing children.
By seven to nine months, infants can tell the sexes apart based on hair length, voice pitch and faces.
Cultures of men with longer hair
Many Native American men wore long hair before the arrival of western influences on their culture.
The long-term preference of females of the tribe for longer male hair would have effect by long-haired males contributing more children than short-haired males.
Secondary sexual characteristics
A pseudanthium (Greek for "false flower") or flower head is a special type of inflorescence.
Many flowers are grouped together to form a flower-like structure.
The real flowers ("florets") are generally small and greatly reduced, but can sometimes be quite large (as in the sunflower flower head).
Pseudanthia are characteristic of the daisy and sunflower family (Asteraceae or Compositae).
Their flowers are either ray flowers or disk flowers.
The disk flowers in the center of the pseudanthium look like the centre of a normal flower.
Flowers on the periphery have one large petal.
This sytem is unique to this family.
Either ray or disk flowers may be absent in some species: Senecio vulgaris lacks ray flowers and Taraxacum officinale lacks disk flowers.
The pseudanthium has a whorl of bracts below the flowers.
At a glance, a pseudanthium (inflorescence) looks just like a normal flower, but closer inspection shows it is composed of multiple flowers.
Thus, the pseudanthium represents an evolution of the inflorescence to a reproductive unit that may function in pollination like a single flower, at least in plants that are animal pollinated.
The advantage of this "flower" is that it produces far more seeds than a normal flower, but needs only one act of pollination.
Capitulum (plural capitula)
Capitulum can be used as an exact synonym for pseudanthium and flower head.
Its use is generally restricted to the Asteraceae family, though at least one source defines it as a small flower head.
In addition to its botanical use as a term meaning flower head it is also used to mean the top of the sphagnum plant.
Alison is a female given name that has many kinds of spellings.
It was originally in medieval Norman.
It was derived from the name Alice.
The name was first recorded in Scotland in the 12th century.
The variant spelling Allison ranked 228 for female names for the United States in 1990, and was the 45th most popular for girls between 2005 and early 2010s.
As Allison, the name was used for tropical storms for 1989, 1995 and 2001.
The 2001 tropical storm was incredibly damaging, which in turn caused the name to be retired the following year.
Alison can be used in other cases:
Alison Sound, an inlet on the Central Coast of British Columbia, Canada.
Point Alison, Alberta, a summer village in Alberta, Canada.
"Alison", 1994 single by Slowdive
"Alison" (song), song by Elvis Costello
"Alison", song by French former child pop star Jordy Lemoine
"Alison Hell", song by Annihilator
"Alison's Starting To Happen", song by The Lemonheads from the album It's a Shame about Ray
"Alison's the Bomb", song by The Huntingtons
Alison, aka Excuse Me, a 1975 album by Australian singer Alison MacCallum
Sweet Alison, a flowering plant
It is a process where a group or individual uses methods to persuade other to change their basic beliefs and values.
A group or individual may use unethical  methods to persuade others to believe and do what the manipulator(s) want.
It often harms the person being manipulated.
Some authors have pointed out that the ideas of mind control can be found in all stages of human history.
They are essentially the extreme use of techniques of religious conversion and propaganda which are widespread in human history.
The Oxford English Dictionary records the earliest known use of brainwashing in an article Edward Hunter in Miami News published on 7 October 1950.
During the Korean War, Hunter, who worked at the time both as a journalist before becoming a U.S. intelligence agent, wrote a series of books and articles on the theme of Chinese brainwashing.
The Chinese term  (xǐ năo, literally "wash brain") was originally used to describe methodologies of coercive persuasion used under the Maoist regime in China.
The methods aimed to change  people's mindset so they became "right-thinking" members of the new Chinese social system.
Hunter and those who picked up the Chinese term used it to explain why, unlike in earlier wars, a relatively high percentage of American GIs defected to the enemy side after becoming prisoners-of-war.
British radio operator Robert W. Ford and British Army Colonel James Carne also claimed that the Chinese subjected them to brainwashing techniques during their war-era imprisonment.
The most prominent case in the U.S. was that of Frank Schwable, a prisoner in the war.
While in custody, he confessed to having taken part in germ warfare.
Cults and the shift of focus
After the Korean War, mind control theories shifted in focus from politics to religion.
From the 1960s an increasing number of youths started to come into contact with new religious movements (NRM).
Some who converted suddenly adopted beliefs and behaviors that differed greatly from those of their families and friends; in some cases they neglected or broke contact with their loved ones.
Those against cults explained these sudden and seemingly dramatic religious conversions as due to mind control.
The media was quick to follow suit, and social scientists sympathetic to the anti-cult movement, who were usually psychologists, developed more sophisticated models of brainwashing.
While some psychologists were receptive to these theories, sociologists were for the most part skeptical of their ability to explain conversion to NRMs.
Alagappa Chettiar College of Engineering and Technology (ACCET-Karaikudi) is an autonomous (with effect from 2009) college of engineering in Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India.
It was established in 1952.
The college is under the control of the state government.
It is a member institute under the Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme in India (11 colleges were selected from Tamil Nadu).
Emperor Bidatsu of Japan
The Water Walk, Infants Walk, or Addison's Walk (Allée d'Eau ou Allée des Marmousets) is a group of 14 fountains at Versailles.
These fountains depict children supporting small basins of water.
The Water Walk gently slopes from the Parterre du Nord to the Dragon Fountain and the Neptune Fountain.
The Water Walk comprises three paths separated by two great lawns.
The fourteen fountains are set in each of the two lawns, seven apiece.
Another eight were added to the semicircle near the Walk's end.
The Walk was created in 1670.
The concept was that of Claude Perrault.
The children were sculpted by Buirette, Le Hongre, Lerambert, and Mazeline after drawings by Le Brun.
The children were originally cast in lead and painted realistically in natural colours.
They supported baskets of fruit and flowers.
These figures were replaced with gilded bronze copies and basins of marble in 1688.
Éditions Mahé S.A. p. 86.
pages 158, 339, 399.
The Dragon Fountain is a fountain at the Palace of Versailles in France.
at the Palace of Versailles was dedicated by Gaspard Marsy in 1667.
The fountain lies at the end of the northern axis between the Water Walk and Neptune Fountain.
The Dragon Fountain shoots a jet of water 90 feet into the air.
The Dragon Fountain was only operated when it was known the King would be present.
All of the other fountains were required to be turned off for this spectacle to be accomplished.
At other times it was regulated to a 35-foot jet.
Statues of children mounted upon swans bedevil the Dragon.
Francis Alick Howard, known as Frankie Howerd OBE (6 March 1917 - 19 April 1992) was a British comedian and comedy actor.
He was born in York, North Riding of Yorkshire.
He starred in several movies, including Carry On Doctor and Carry On Up the Jungle.
He starred in television series including Up Pompeii!.
He was a promiscuous homosexual and lived with his manager-partner Dennis Heymer (1928-2009) from 1955 until his death.
Howerd died of heart failure in Fulham, London.
A waistcoat (known as a vest in the United States) is a sleeveless upper-body garment.
It is worn over a dress shirt and necktie, and below a coat as a part of most men's formal wear.
It is the third piece of the three-piece male suit.
The waistcoat has quite a long history, going back to King Charles II.
It was derived from the Persian vests seen by English visitors to the court of Shah Abbas.
QNX is an Unix-like, real-time operating system that is embedded in cars, medical devices, machinery, and other devices.
The QNX operating system contains a microkernel that handles basic core tasks and a group of servers / daemons outside of the kernel that handle most other tasks.
This design gives end-users and developers greater control (i.e. freedom) over the operating system.
BlackBerry (formerly RIM) devices such as the BlackBerry PlayBook tablet and the BlackBerry smartphone use modified versions of the QNX operating system.
GNU Hurd, a multiserver, microkernel-based system
HelenOS, a multiserver, microkernel-based operating system
MINIX, a multiserver, microkernel-based operating system
QNX.com
The Neptune Fountain or the Fountain of Neptune (Fr: Bassin de Neptune) is a fountain at the Palace of Versailles.
It was built under the direction of landscape designer André Le Nôtre between 1679 and 1681.
At that time, it was called the Pool Below the Dragon or the Fir Tree Pool.
The Fountain is at the end of the long path that features the Water Walk and the Dragon Fountain.
Jacques-Ange Gabriel reworked the pool area very slightly, and, in 1740, the lead sculptures were put in place.
The new fountain was officially opened by King Louis XV of France.
The fountain has 99 jets of water.
People admired the force and variety of the jets of water playing over the sculptural groups.