the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Doppel, Eichberg, Hafnerbach, Hengstberg, Hohenegg, Korning, Obergraben, Oed, Pfaffing, Pielachhaag, Rannersdorf, Sasendorf, Stein, Thal, Untergraben, Weghof, Weinzierl, Wimpassing an der Pielach, Windschnur, Würmling, Zendorf
Haunoldstein
Eibelsau, Eidletzberg, Großsierning, Haunoldstein, Osterburg, Pielachhäuser, Pottschollach
Herzogenburg
Adletzberg, Angern, Ederding, Einöd, Gutenbrunn, Heiligenkreuz, Herzogenburg, Ober Hameten, Ober Winden, Oberndorf in der Ebene, Ossarn, Pottschall, St. Andrä an der Traisen, Unter Hameten, Unter Winden, Wielandsthal, Wiesing
Hofstetten-Grünau
Aigelsbach, Aigelsbach, Grünau, Grünsbach, Hofstetten, Kammerhof, Mainburg, Plambach, Plambacheck
Inzersdorf-Getzersdorf
Anzenberg, Getzersdorf, Inzersdorf ob der Traisen, Walpersdorf, Wetzmannsthal
Kapelln
Etzersdorf, Kapelln, Katzenberg, Mitterau, Mitterkilling, Oberkilling, Obermiesting, Panzing, Pönning, Rapoltendorf, Rassing, Thalheim, Unterau, Unterkilling, Untermiesting
Karlstetten
Dreihöf, Hausenbach, Heitzing, Karlstetten, Lauterbach, Obermamau, Rosenthal, Schaubing, Untermamau, Weyersdorf, Wieshöf
Kasten bei Böheimkirchen
Baumgarten bei Kasten, Berg, Braunsberg, Damberg, Dörfl bei Kasten, Fahrafeld, Gwörth, Hummelberg bei Kasten, Kasten bei Böheimkirchen, Kirchsteig, Kronberg, Lanzendorf bei Kasten, Lielach, Mitterfeld, Stallbach, Steinabruck, Wallenreith
Kirchberg an der Pielach
Kirchberg an der Pielach, Kirchberggegend, Schloßgegend, Schwerbachgegend, Soisgegend, Tradigistdorf, Tradigistgegend
Kirchstetten
Aschberg, Doppel, Fuchsberg, Gstockert, Hinterholz, Kirchstetten, Ober-Wolfsbach, Paltram, Pettenau, Senning, Sichelbach, Totzenbach, Waasen
Loich
Dobersnigg, Hammerlmühlgegend, Loich, Loicheckgegend, Oedgegend, Rehgrabengegend, Schroffengegend, Schwarzengrabengegend, Siedlung
Maria Anzbach
Burgstall, Furth, Götzwiesen, Groß-Raßberg, Gschwendt, Hof, Hofstatt am Anzbach, Klein-Weinberg, Knagg, Maierhöfen, Maria Anzbach, Oed, Pameth, Pameth, Unter-Oberndorf, Winkl, Winten
Markersdorf-Haindorf
Haindorf, Knetzersdorf, Mannersdorf, Markersdorf an der Pielach, Mitterau, Mitterndorf, Nenndorf, Poppendorf, Winkel, Wultendorf
Mauerbach
Hainbuch, Mauerbach, Steinbach
Michelbach
Finsteregg, Gstetten, Kleindurlas, Kropfsdorf, Mayerhöfen, Michelbach Dorf, Michelbach Markt, Untergoin
Neidling
Afing, Dietersberg, Enikelberg, Flinsbach, Gabersdorf, Goldegg, Griechenberg, Neidling, Pultendorf, Watzelsdorf, Wernersdorf
Neulengbach
Almersberg, Anzing, Au am Anzbach, Berging, Ebersberg, Eitzenberg, Emmersdorf, Gamesreith, Großweinberg, Haag bei Markersdorf, Haag bei Neulengbach, Herbstgraben, Herrenhub, Hinterberg, Inprugg, Karl-Deix-Siedlung, Kleinhart, Kleinraßberg, Laa an der Tulln, Langenberg, Ludmerfeld, Markersdorf, Matzelsdorf, Mosletzberg, Neulengbach, Oberdambach, Obereichen, Oberndorf, Ollersbach, Raipoltenbach, Rothenbucherhöhe, Schönfeld, Schrabatz, Schwertfegen, St. Christophen, Stocket, Straß, Tausendblum, Trainst, Umsee, Unterdambach, Untereichen, Unterwolfsbach, Weiding, Wolfersdorf
Neustift-Innermanzing
Almerberg, Aschberg, Außermanzing, Barbaraholz, Eck, Gießhübl, Gumpersberg, Innermanzing, Mannersdorf, Neustift, Oberkühberg, Unterkühberg
Nußdorf ob der Traisen
Franzhausen, Freilehnmühle, Neusiedl, Nußdorf ob der Traisen, Reichersdorf, Ried, Theyern
Ober-Grafendorf
Badendorf, Baumgarten, Ebersdorf, Fridau, Gasten, Gattmannsdorf, Gröben, Grub, Kotting, Kuning, Neustift, Ober-Grafendorf, Reitzing, Rennersdorf, Ritzersdorf, Wantendorf, Willersdorf
Obritzberg-Rust
Angern, Diendorf, Doppel, Eitzendorf, Flinsdorf, Fugging, Greiling, Großhain, Großrust, Grünz, Heinigstetten, Hofstetten, Kleinhain, Kleinrust, Landhausen, Mittermerking, Neustift, Obermerking, Obritzberg, Pfaffing, Schweinern, Thallern, Untermerking, Winzing, Zagging
Pressbaum
Au am Kraking, Pfalzau, Pressbaum, Rekawinkel
Prinzersdorf
Prinzersdorf, Uttendorf
Purkersdorf
Pyhra
Adeldorf, Aigen, Atzling, Auern, Baumgarten, Blindorf, Brunn, Ebersreith, Egelsee, Fahra, Gattring-Raking, Getzersdorf, Heuberg, Hinterholz, Hummelberg bei Hinterholz, Kirchweg, Nützling, Oberburbach, Obergrub, Oberloitzenberg, Obertiefenbach, Perersdorf, Perschenegg, Pyhra, Reichenhag, Reichgrüben, Schauching, Schnabling, Steinbach, Unterburbach, Unterloitzenberg, Wald, Weinzettl, Wieden, Windhag, Zell, Zuleithen
Rabenstein an der Pielach
Deutschbach, Dorf-Au, Königsbach, Rabenstein an der Pielach, Röhrenbach, Steinklamm, Tradigist, Warth
Schwarzenbach an der Pielach
Brunnrotte, Finzenebengegend, Grabschifterwald, Guttenhofgegend, Haslaurotte, Hofrotte, Loicheckgegend, Schwarzenbachgegend, Seerotte, Staudachgegend, Steinrotte, Taschlgrabenrotte
Sankt Margarethen an der Sierning
Eigendorf, Feilendorf, Kainratsdorf, Kleinsierning, Linsberg, Oberhofen, Rammersdorf, Saudorf, St. Margarethen an der Sierning, Türnau, Unterradl, Wieden, Wilhersdorf
Statzendorf
Absdorf, Kuffern, Rottersdorf, Statzendorf, Weidling
Stössing
Bonnleiten, Buchbach, Dachsbach, Freiling, Hendelgraben, Hochgschaid, Hochgschaid, Hochstraß, Hof, Sonnleiten, Stössing
Traismauer
Frauendorf, Gemeinlebarn, Hilpersdorf, Mitterndorf, Oberndorf am Gebirge, Rittersfeld, St. Georgen an der Traisen, Stollhofen, Traismauer, Venusberg, Wagram ob der Traisen, Waldlesberg
Tullnerbach
Irenental, Tullnerbach-Lawies, Untertullnerbach
Weinburg
Dietmannsdorf, Eck, Edlitz, Engelsdorf, Grub, Klangen, Luberg, Mühlhofen, Oed, Waasen, Weinburg
Weißenkirchen an der Perschling
Grunddorf, Gunnersdorf, Haselbach, Langmannersdorf, Murstetten, Obermoos, Perschling, Weißenkirchen an der Perschling, Wieselbruck, Winkling
Altenburg, Göblasbruck, Handelberg, Kanzling, Kreisbach, Pömmern, Wegbach, Wielandsberg, Wilhelmsburg, Wolkersberg
Wölbling
Ambach, Anzenhof, Hausheim, Landersdorf, Noppendorf, Oberwölbling, Ratzersdorf, Unterwölbling, Viehausen, Wetzlarn
Wolfsgraben
Eighty-nine is a number.
It comes after eighty-eight, and before ninety.
It is also the 24th prime number.
It comes after eighty-three and before ninety-seven.
Hucknall, which used to be called Hucknall Torkard, is an English town near Nottingham.
It is mostly a dormitory town for Nottingham.
It is 11 km (7 mi) north of Nottingham.
It is the final resting place of Lord Byron, an English poet and Greek War of Independence leader, and Ada Lovelace, a famous mathematician and programmer.
Crawford County is a county in Missouri, United States.
The county seat is Steelville.
In 2010, 24,696 people lived there.
The COVID-19 pandemic, also called the coronavirus pandemic, is a current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
It is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
The outbreak started in Wuhan, Hubei, China, in December 2019.
The World Health Organization (WHO) called it a pandemic on 11 March 2020.
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses gave the virus its name.
As of February 19, 2021, more than 110 million cases of COVID-19 have been reported in more than 188 countries and territories.
More than three million people have died of COVID-19, and more than 85 million people have defeated, or recovered from the disease.
The virus usually moves from one person to another with small drops made when coughing or sneezing.
It mostly spreads when people are close to each other, which is why social distancing is encouraged.
Coronavirus can also spread when people touch a surface with the virus, and then they touch their face.
Common symptoms include fever, cough, and trouble breathing.
The illness can worsen with pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome.
As of January 2021, a number of vaccines for COVID-19 have been developed, but only a few have been approved as safe for use.
The first vaccine to be approved was created by Pfizer and BioNTech, followed by the Oxford / AstraZeneca  vaccine.
Vaccine distribution has begun in many countries in Europe, North America, South America and Asia.
The United Kingdom was the first western country to administer a COVID-19 vaccine.
No antiviral medicine for COVID-19 is available.
Doctors usually give patients supportive therapy instead.
People can avoid spreading the virus by regularly washing their hands, covering their mouth when coughing, maintaining distance from other people, staying away from crowds, wearing medical or cloth face coverings, and being alone for people who think they are infected, also known as quarantining.
The outbreak might be from a coronavirus that usually lives in bats.
This infected another animal, possibly a pangolin.
It then changed inside that other animal until it could infect humans.
It possibly originated at a wet market, Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market.
A 55-year-old person from Hubei province was the first human to contract the virus on November 17, 2019.
A 61-year-old man who was a regular customer at the market was the first person to die from the virus on January 11, 2020.
The exact origin of the virus is still unknown since the market in Wuhan sold a variety of live wild animals in cages.
Chinese tourists have spread the virus by traveling to other countries and made it a worldwide pandemic.
In November 2020, two companies, Pfizer and Moderna, said they had finished making COVID-19 vaccines.
Two mRNA vaccines, one by Pfizer and one by Moderna, have been tested.
Both were over 90% effective.
Countries began planning to give the vaccine to many people.
25 other vaccines have been approved by at least one country, and many others are being developed.
The United States has the most deaths from the virus.
More than 600,000 Americans have died from the virus.
California had the most COVID-19 cases in the country.
Cases means the number of people who have been tested for COVID-19 and have tested positive.
These cases are according to Johns Hopkins University.
Most people who contract COVID-19 recover.
For those who do not, the time between the start of symptoms and death usually ranges from6 to 41 days, but most of the time about 14 days.
This data are recorded by the WHO.
According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, COVID-19 makes people feel sick in different ways, but it usually affects the lungs.
People usually cough and have difficulty breathing.
They often also have a fever, chills, headache, pain in their muscles, or trouble tasting or smelling things, which can often be confused with the flu virus.
According to an April 2020 study by the American Gastroenterological Association, COVID-19 can make sick people vomit or have diarrhea, but this is rare.
They said about 7.7% of COVID-19 patients vomited, about 7.8% had diarrhea and about 3.6% had pain in their stomachs.
In February 2020, the WHO announced a name for the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19.
It replaced the name "2019-nCoV." "Covi" is for "coronavirus," "D" for "disease," and "19" for the year 2019 – the year it was first detected.
They said they did not want the name to have any person, place, or animal in it because people might blame the disease on that place, person, or animal.
For example, it did not use the word "Wuhan."
They also wanted the name to be easy to say out loud.
Mortality rate of COVID-19
According to an article in Market Watch dated on February 27, 2020, the overall case mortality rate in China was 2.3%.
However, these results might be severely different between different age groups and between men and women.
People over the age of 70 experienced a rate of mortality 4-5 times that of the average.
Men were more likely to die than women (2.8% versus 1.7% for women) possibly due to lifestyle, such as it being more possible in men to drink and smoke, making the risk of having a respiratory illness more possible, and thus more vulnerable.
These numbers were the conclusion of a study by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention using 72,314 COVID-19 cases in mainland China as of Feb. 11.
At that point this was the largest sample of cases for such a study.
Race and racism
COVID-19 did not affect everyone in each country the same way.
As of May 2020, APM Research Lab said the death rate among black Americans was 2.4 times as high as for white Americans and 2.2 times as high as for Latino and Asian Americans.
In July 2020, The New York Times printed data from the Centers for Disease Control showing that black and Latino Americans were three times as likely to become sick and twice as likely to die as white Americans.
This was not only in large cities but also in rural areas.
This was not only for old people but for people in all age groups.
Native Americans were also more likely than whites to become sick and die.
Asian Americans were 1.3 times as likely as whites to become sick.
Camara Jones, an epidemiologist who once worked for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said this was socioeconomic and not because of any natural difference in black and white people's bodies.
In the United States, black citizens are more likely to work jobs where they serve the public directly and to ride on public transport rather than take their own cars to work.
This makes them more likely to be infected than people who work in private offices or from home.
Sharrelle Barber, an epidemiologist and biostatistician from Drexel University, also said black Americans can live in crowded neighborhoods where social distancing is harder to do and healthy food harder to find.
Both Barber and Jones blamed the long history of racism in the United States for these things.
Three senators, Kamala Harris, Cory Booker and Elizabeth Warren said the federal government should start recording the race of COVID-19 patients so scientists could study this problem.
In June, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) told the public that people using the United States' government's Medicare health program had different results depending on race.
Four times as many black Medicare patients went to hospitals for COVID-19 than white Medicare patients.
There were twice as many hospitalized Hispanic patients than white patients.
There were three hospitalized Asian patients for every two hospitalized white patients.
The head of CMS, Seema Verma, said this was mostly because of socioeconomic status.
In the United Kingdom, twice as many black COVID-19 patients died as white COVID-19 patients.
Other non-white people, like people from India and Bangladesh, were also more likely to die of COVID-19 than whites.
Britain's Office of National Statistics said that the differences in money and education explained some of this difference but not all of it.
They also said they did not know whether non-white patients caught COVID-19 more often or whether they caught more severe cases.
Only female Chinese Britons were less likely to die of COVID-19 than white Britons.
Native Americans in the United States have shown more deaths from COVID-19 than the rest of the U.S. As of May, the Navajo Nation had 88 deaths and 2,757 cases, and the money they had been promised by the government arrived several weeks late.
Only 30% of the people in the Navajo Nation have pipes with running water, which made it difficult for people to wash their hands.
Scientists from Chapman University made a plan to protect the Tsimane people in Bolivia from COVID-19 and said this plan would also work for other indigenous peoples living on their own land.
The scientists said that many indigenous peoples have problems that make COVID-19 more dangerous for them, like poverty, less clean water, and other lung diseases.
Hospitals may be a long distance away, and racism can affect the way doctors and nurses react.
But they also sometimes have things that help, like traditions of making decisions together and the ability to grow food nearby.
The scientists found people who spoke the Tsimane language as a first language and made teams to go to Tsimane towns to warn them about COVID-19.
They also used radio stations.
They said the best plan was for whole communities to decide to isolate.
They found this worked well because the Tsimane already usually made their big decisions together as a community in special meetings and already had a tradition of quarantining new mothers.
The Chapman scientists said their plan would also work for other indigenous peoples who also make decisions together, like the Tsimane.
The Waswanipi Cree in Canada, the Mapoon people in Australia, and many groups in South America already tried plans like these on their own.
In May 2020, police officers in Minneapolis, Minnesota killed an unarmed black man called George Floyd while they were arresting him.
There were weeks of protests all over the world against police brutality and racism.
Experts said they were worried protesters and police could spread SARS-CoV-2 to each other.
Other experts said some of the reasons that the protests were so big was because non-white people were being killed by COVID-19 more than white people were, because poor leadership in the COVID-19 crisis reminded them of poor leadership about racism, and because the lockdowns shut down workplaces and other things.
This meant people had more time to protest.
African Americans are more likely to catch the virus compared to their white counterparts in the United States, and are also more likely to die from it.
50,000 African Americans died of COVID-19 in 2020.
African Americans are the least likely to get vaccinated against the disease.
Hispanics
Latinos have been at a higher risk of hospitalization or death from COVID-19 in the United States.
In early 2020, some people began to think that the SARS-CoV-2 may have been made on purpose in a laboratory and either released by accident or on purpose like a weapon.
Some Iranians thought the Americans might have made it.
Chinese state media said COVID-19 came from the United States to China and not the other way around.
Some Americans thought the Chinese might have made it.
Some Britons thought it might have been created by accident by 5G cell phone networks.
On March 17, 2020, scientists from Columbia University and other places published a paper in Nature Medicine showing that SARS-CoV-2 was almost surely not made by humans in a laboratory.
They did this by comparing the genomes of different viruses to each other.
The scientists saw that SARS-CoV-2 did not match any of the viral backbones that already exist for virologists to use.
Within a few weeks, it became one of the most cited scientific papers in history, meaning that other scientists were reading and using it.
Timelines of COVID-19
On January 20, 2020, Chinese premier Li Keqiang called for efforts to stop and control the pneumonia epidemic caused by a novel coronavirus.
As of February 5, 2020, 24,588 cases have been confirmed, including in every province-level division of China.
A larger number of people may have been infected, but not detected (especially mild cases).
The first local transmission of the virus outside China occurred in Vietnam between family members, while the first local transmission not involving family occurred in Germany, on January 22, when a German man contracted the disease from a Chinese business visitor at a meeting. ,
493 deaths have been attributed to the virus since the first confirmed death on January 9, with 990 recoveries.
The first death outside China was reported in the Philippines, in a 44-year-old Chinese male on February 1.
but another source reported:
As of February 10, 2020 there have been 40,235 confirmed cases reported of people infected by the virus in China.
Also reported were 909 deaths, and 319 cases in 24 other countries, including one death, according to WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus.
The first cases of COVID-19 were detected in Wuhan, Hubei, Mainland China in December of 2019.
On Feb. 4, 2020, the Seattle Times reported that Around 2020 Chinese new year authorities closed down travel from China to Macau.
As a result visits fell eighty percent.
Feb 6, 2020, the COVID-19 whistleblower, Li Wenliang, dies of the disease.
On February 6, 2020, according to Chinese authorities, a man from the United States who tested positive for the virus died.
On February 25, 2020 the Asian Scientist Magazine reported Chinese Scientists Sequence Genome Of COVID-19
According to the European Centre for Disease Prevention, China had the largest number of confirmed cases and deaths on March 1, 2020.
On March 3, 2020 Science (journal) reported:
China built two new hospitals in one week just for patients of COVID-19
The article praised the way China has handled this crisis, but said "draconian" measures were used to achieve success.
On March 6, 2020, CNN reported that a hotel used as a COVID-19 quarantine center collapsed.
Seventy people were trapped in a collapsed Quanzhou hotel.
The Chinese economy was greatly affected by the virus, and many factories shut down during the spike of cases in China during the early months of the pandemic.
As of October 30, 2020, the number of cases of the virus in China were generally going down, with only 771 new cases being reported in the month of October.
The first case of COVID-19 in the United States was detected in a man from the state of Washington on January 21, 2020.
On February 27, 2020, US President Donald Trump appointed Vice President Mike Pence to lead the US response to COVID-19.
On February 29, 2020, the first death in the US was reported from the state of Washington.
On March 3, 2020 CBS reported 15 states with confirmed cases.
Movements such as elbow bumps began replacing handshakes , as handshakes spread the virus and bacteria more.
On March 6, 2020, the CDC announced that one million test kits would be distributed.
On March 9, 2020, the US stock market was approaching bear territory.
On March 9, 2020, there were also scattered reports that some were quarantined while their household members were not.
On March 10, 2020, the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services, Alex Azar, said that it is was not known how many Americans tested positive for the virus.
This was because many of the test kits went out to private companies.
On March 10, 2020, the governor of New York, Andrew Cuomo, announced that the city of New Rochelle was the largest cluster of COVID-19 cases in the state.
Among other things done to contain the virus in New Rochelle, the National Guard was sent to the city to hand out food and disinfect buildings.
On March 26, the United States surpass Italy and China's cases, becoming the epicenter for a while.
On April 3, 2020, the CDC first recommended the use of cloth face coverings by the general public to reduce the spread of the virus in places such as grocery stores and pharmacies.
On April 11, the U.S became the most death in the world.
On July 22, 2020, the United States surpassed 1,000 daily COVID-19 deaths for a second time.
On September 22, 2020, the United States reached 200,000 deaths from the virus.
Between September to October, there was a COVID-19 outbreak at the White House, causing many officials to be diagnosed with the infection, including President Donald Trump and First Lady Melania Trump.
In December 2020, California surpassed over 30,000 new cases in a day.
On December 11, 2020, the Food and Drug Administration said doctors could give people the Pfizer vaccine.
On December 14, 2020, the State of New York gave people the first vaccines, starting with health care workers.
On December 26, 2020, California had a record breaking 65,055 new cases in a day after Christmas.
California became the first state to surpass 2 million cases in December 2020.
Economic effects of COVID-19 in the United States
On March 6, President Trump signed a $8.3 billion emergency spending package to fight the COVID outbreak.
On March 5, 2020, it was announced that medical costs for Washington state residents asking to be tested would be waived until May. (
People have to pay for their own health care in the United States.
See: Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act).
On March 9, 2020, President Trump proposed, among other measures, a payroll tax cut to help the US economy.
On February 27, 2020, according to the EU Observer, a dozen towns in the northern regions of Lombardy and Veneto were under lockdown, with around 50,000 citizens not allowed to leave, and over 200 reported cases of COVID n Italy.
On March 4, 2020, according to the Guardian , the Italian government has ordered the closing of all of Italy's schools and universities until 15 March, 2020
On March 5, 2020 the Guardian reported: "Italian educational institutions close as Covid-19 deaths pass 100"
On March 8, 2020, Al Jazeera reported that after a daily infection rate of 1,247 cases, Lombardy together with ten other areas were sealed off to try to quarantine 16 million people.
The cities of Milan and Venice were in the quarantined area.
On March 10, 2020, it was reported that Italy was under quarantine.
On October 5, 2020, Italy imposed a new lockdown and set of restrictions after previously relaxing them.
This was due to a second wave of cases that was even worse than the one in spring.
On 28 February 2020, the BBC reported COVID-19 deaths in Iran were at least 210.
March 3, 2020 multiple Iranian government officials including deputy health minister Iraj Harirchi and vice president of women and family affairs Masoumeh Ebtekar, who served as a spokesperson during the Iran hostage crisis, had contracted COVID-19.
The first case of COVID-19 in Canada was detected in a man from Toronto on January 25, 2020.
On March 12, 2020, Sophie Grégoire Trudeau, the wife of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, tested positive for coronavirus.
The Prime Minister and his wife isolated for 14 days.
On April 6, 2020, Canada’s Chief Public Health Officer, Theresa Tam, said that people should use simple cloth facemasks to help slow the spread of the virus.
On May 1, 2020, Canada surpassed 200 daily coronavirus deaths.
On November 12, 2020, Canada surpassed 5,000 daily COVID-19 cases.
On December 26, 2020, Canada confirmed first two cases of mutant coronavirus strain from England.
The new coronavirus strain, called the 501.V2 Variant, was first discovered in South African province Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal and Western Cape.
It spreads more rapidly.
First case reported on 25 January 2020.
See COVID-19 pandemic in Australia
The first case of COVID-19 in New Zealand was detected in late February 2020 in a person in their 60s.
On March 24, 2020, New Zealand reported over 100 daily coronavirus cases for the first time.
From April to November 2020, New Zealand reported between 0 to 50 daily cases.
Between August 25, 2021 and August 31, 2021, the whole of New Zealand had been temporarily increased to its maximum lockdown level, Level 4, due to the delta variant.
Most of the cases during August 2021 were originated from New South Wales.
As of September 6, 2021, all of New Zealand has dropped to Level 2, while Auckland remains at Level 4.
On the Diamond Princess cruise ship, out of 3,711 total passengers and crew members, 621 people, or 17% of all the people on board the ship tested positive for COVID-19.
The ship ended its quarantine on February 18th.
In late February 2020, Nigeria had it’s first case in Sub-Saharan Africa.
In November 2020, Africa surpassed 2 million cases.
Food and hunger
The pandemic made it more difficult for millions of people all over the world to get enough food.
People lost their jobs, so they did not have money to buy food.
Farms were shut down, so there was less food made.
Processing plants and food factories were shut down, so less food was made ready for people to eat.
In April, Arif Husain of the United Nations' World Food Program said that 130 million more people could go hungry, in addition to the 135 million who were already hungry before the pandemic began.
He said that poorer countries would be more affected than rich countries because the way they move raw food from farms to cities and other places where people live is less organized and relies more on human beings than on automatic systems.
This hunger crisis is different from crises in other years because it happened to the whole world at the same time.
That meant that people working in other countries could not help by sending money home.
Scientists from the University of Michigan said the pandemic was making it harder for people to find food.
In a study published in May, they said one in seven Americans over age 50 said they had trouble getting enough food before the pandemic, and it got worse when senior centers that provided meals were closed.
Federal and state governments started programs to bring food to older people and children.
There were also more food donation drives in towns.
40% of all COVID-19 deaths in the country.
Nursing homes are group homes for old people who need medical care, for disabled people who need medical care, and for people recovering from severe sickness or injury, like stroke patients.
Many people who live in nursing homes pay through the government program Medicaid, which pays less than Medicare or regular insurance companies.
In June, many American nursing homes were caught throwing their regular patients out so they could make room for COVID-19 patients who could pay them more.
Because nursing homes had stopped allowing visitors, it took longer for them to get caught.
United States law requires nursing homes to warn patients 30 days before kicking them out, but the nursing homes did not do this.
Because so many governments told people to stay at home, there was less air pollution than usual for that time of year.
Pollution in New York fell by 50% and the use of coal in China fell by 40%.
The European Space Agency showed pictures taken from a satellite of China's pollution disappearing during quarantine and coming back when everyone went back to work.
The pandemic and shutdowns made people use less electricity.
In the United States, people got less of their electricity from coal power but kept using gas and renewable power like wind and solar power.
This was because coal plants are more expensive to run, so power companies used them less.
Pollution from before the pandemic also affected what happened after people became sick.
Scientists saw that more people died from COVID-19 in places with large amounts of air pollution.
One team of scientists from Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg looked at air pollution information from satellites and statistics on COVID-19 deaths in Italy, France, Germany and Spain and saw that places with large amounts of nitrogen dioxide pollution had more people die from COVID-19.
Nitrogen dioxide can damage the lungs.
The shutdowns and social distancing also affected animals.
Human beings started staying at home about the same time in the spring when sea turtles like to come on land to lay their eggs.
Turtle scientists in the United States and Thailand both reported more nests than usual on seashores in Florida and Phuket.
They say it is because people are not coming to the beach or bringing their dogs to the beach and because there are fewer boats in the water nearby.
Scientists also say they see more dugong and dolphins.
With fewer cars driving down roads, salamanders, frogs, and other amphibians were able to cross them for their spring migration.
According to citizen scientists from Big Night Maine, a group that watches amphibians, four amphibians made it across the roads alive for every one amphibian killed by cars.
Most years, it is only two to one.
Not all ocean mammals did well.
According to marine biologists in Florida, manatee deaths in April and May were 20% higher than in 2019.
They say this was because many people decided to go boating because other things to do were closed.
Stopping the next pandemic
Researchers from the San Diego Zoo Global had the idea for a system that people could use to find dangerous germs before they become pandemics or even before they jump from other animals to humans.
They said it was important to watch the wildlife trade, like in the Wuhan wet market.
The scientists said that over the past eleven years it has gotten easier and easier to sequence viral genomes, and it does not have to be done by a large lab or by a government any more.
The scientists said it would be better to spread the work out among more people.
Avoiding traveling and staying home will greatly reduce your risk from catching COVID-19.
Staying home doesn't apply if one is sick and needs medical care.
Get enough rest and stay hydrated.
Wearing a mask and washing your hands can prevent the virus from spreading.
Masks should not be placed on children under 2 years of age, people who have trouble breathing, have a respiratory or other medical condition which renders one unable to wear a mask safely, or anyone who is unable to remove the mask without help.
Covering coughs and sneezes also reduce the risk of spreading the virus, but one can infect someone else by touching things with coughed/sneezed-in hands.
Making sure not to share drinking glasses, cups and particularly other objects which people will drink or eat out of is important if one assumes they are infected or tested positive in the past.
Washing eating utensils and other oral eating objects is preferable and cleaning surfaces or possessions which have been repeatedly touched is also important.
These include, according to the Centers For Disease Control and Prevention, phones, remote controls, counters, tabletops, doorknobs, bathroom fixtures, toilets, keyboards, tablets, and bedside tables.
Avoid touching your face, nose, or mouth with your hands.
Avoiding public transportation, taxis or taking rides with others can stop one's exposure to the virus.
Rumors spread about high doses of Vitamin C preventing COVID-19, but these as of October 14, 2020, there has been no conclusive evidence to support this idea.
However, there has been evidence pointing to the fact that dosing patients with Vitamin C, either through mouth or IV can reduce time on mechanical ventilators for seriously ill patients by 14%.Drinking tea such as black tea and green tea can inhibit the virus.
Staying home for the holidays, having a small gathering of close friends and family members who are consistently taking measures to reduce the spread of COVID-19 and celebrating virtually through social media can prevent being infected by the virus.
Airports, bus stations, train stations, public transport, gas stations, and rest stops are all places travelers can be exposed to catching the virus.
Eating a healthy diet that is high in fruits and vegetables, getting rest and sleep, exercising, consuming raw honey, probiotics, garlic, mushrooms and elderberry can boost the immune system.
Playing video games to pass time during quarantine can prevent the virus from spreading.
Flavanols and proanthocyanidins which are chemicals found in dark chocolate, grapes and green tea may block SARS-CoV-2 proteins.
Places you are most likely to catch the virus are churches, hair and nail salons, cruise ships, hospitals and the doctor’s office, restaurants and bars, theaters, sporting events, concert venues, buses, restrooms, elevators, the gym, airplanes, hotels, public swimming pools, nightclubs and the beach.
Vaccinated people still need to wear a mask.
Flying in a private jet can prevent the spread of coronavirus.
Smoking marijuana and tobacco can further damage your lungs.
Getting vaccinated can prevent new virus strains.
List of terminology associated with COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 is the virus that causes COVID-19
2019-nCoV is the old name for SARS-CoV-2
Coronavirus disease 2019 is the complete name for COVID-19
community spread is the spread of the disease without a known travel connection
clusters are groups of COVID-19 cases in which many people in the same area became infected with COVID-19
WHO site for COVID-19
CDC site for COVID-19
WHO questions on COVID-19
Novel Coronavirus Map Infographics, Channel News Asia
May 2020 events
July 2020 events
September 2020 events
November 2020 events
December 2020 events
January 2021 events
February 2021 events
March 2021 events
April 2021 events
May 2021 events
2020 disasters
November 2021 events
January 2022 events
SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA coronavirus which causes the disease COVID-19.
It used to be known as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by the World Health Organization (WHO).
The virus started the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak.
The first suspected cases were reported to the WHO on December 31, 2019.
Many early cases of this new coronavirus were linked to Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, a large seafood and animal market in Wuhan, China.
The virus may have come from infected animals.
It is not certain that this place was the source of the pandemic.
The genetic material of this virus showed many similarities to SARS-CoV (79.5%) and bat coronaviruses (96%).
This means the virus may have originally come from bats.
Scientists did more experiments that showed the virus probably went from bats to an intermediate host, meaning another animal in between bats and humans.
The viruses in that other animal changed over time until they could infect humans.
Scientists are close to sure that the original animal was a bat but not sure what the intermediate animal was.
Some scientists think it could have been a pangolin because there are coronaviruses that live in pangolins even though they are not exactly the same as SARS-CoV-2 or the ones in bats.
Pangolins are an endangered species and buying, selling or moving them from place to place is illegal in China and many other countries.
But their scales are an ingredient in many traditional Chinese medicines, so they are often sold on the black market.
Although SARS-CoV-2 began in bats, scientists noticed that the bats do not get sick and die from it.
They think this is because the bats have very careful immune systems that fight the virus without causing inflammation.
Scientists are studying bats because of this.
Scientists are still looking at SARS-CoV-2 infection in animals, but only a variant strain has been confirmed to spread to minks which has become a huge problem worldwide.
It is also inducing fear in humans as there are cases being reported of transmission of COVID-19 from minks to humans.
Cats, dogs and other mammals are said to at relative risk but how they can get infected is still a mystery.
In early February 2020, the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses' Coronavirus Study Group gave SARS-CoV-2 its official name, for sudden acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus number two.
Before that, people called the virus "2019-nCoV," for "novel (new) coronavirus that appeared in 2019."
The study group chose this name because the new virus was so similar to another virus that was already called SARS-CoV with no number.
How the virus causes disease
First, the virus enters the cell with the help of the S protein or spike protein expressed on the surface of the virus beyond its envelope.
The spike protein attaches to the human cell receptor hACE2 or  human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 .
ACE2 is found on the cells of the epithelial cell linings of the lungs, kidneys, and intestines.
After the attachment of the S- protein to the virus, the S protein splits into its two components- S1 head and S2 stalk .
The S1 head is now able to bind to the TMPRSS2 receptor which is a serine protease enzyme containing a transmembrane domain.
The interaction of TMPRSS2 and S1 trigger the cell membrane of the human cell to merge with that of the virus leading to viral genome entry into cells via endosomes.
The viral genome in the endosomes which convert to lysosomes is then processed by cathepsin, which is then replicated in the human cells and released after viral packaging and maturation in the cells to infect others.
In October 2020, scientists said they had seen SARS-CoV-2 use another receptor, Neuropilin-1, to enter cells with the help of the furin cleavage site in its genome which was not found in any of its previous ancestors.
SARS-CoV-2 can infect many kinds of cells, but it mostly infects cells in the respiratory system, such as the cells of the nose, pharynx and lungs.
Because it is in cells inside the nose, it can spread via aerosol or droplets when people breathe, talk, cough or sneeze.
The expanding part of the lungs, pulmonary alveoli, have two main types of cells.
One cell, type I, absorbs oxygen from the air, i.e. gas exchange.
The other, type II, produces surfactants, that help keep the lungs fluid, clean, infection free, etc.
COVID-19 finds a way into a surfactant producing type II cell, and smothers it by reproducing COVID-19 virus within it.
Each type II cell which is killed by the virus causes an extreme reaction in the lungs.
Fluids, pus, and dead cell material flood the lung, causing the coronavirus pulmonary disease.
Lung damage
Scientists looked at the lungs from people who died of COVID-19.
They compared them to lungs from people who died of influenza A and to lungs from people who died but not from any problem with their lungs.
They saw the cells that made up the skins of the blood vessels in the lungs were more badly damaged in the lungs from COVID-19 patients, and there was more blood clotting.
The most important difference the scientists saw was that the lungs had begun to grow new blood vessels.
In February 2020, the World Health Organization announced they had chosen a name for the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19. "
Covi" for "coronavirus," "D" for "disease," and "19" for the year 2019.
They said they did not want the name to have any person, place, or animal in it, like "Wuhan," or “pangolin,” because then people might blame the disease on that place, person, or animal.
They often also have a fever, chills, headache, pain in their muscles, or trouble tasting or smelling things.
According to an April 2020 study by the American Gastroenterological Association, COVID-19 can make sick people vomit or have diarrhea but this is rare.
They said about 7.7% of COVID-19 patients threw up, about 7.8% had diarrhea and about 3.6% had pain in their stomachs.
Painkilling
A study from the University of Arizona found that SARS-CoV-2 can prevent an infected person from feeling pain.
It does this by giving off vascular endothelial growth factor-A, which binds to the human body's neuropilin receptor.
This way, sick people do not feel pain, do not know they are sick, and spread the virus more than if they could feel pain.
The SARS-CoV-2 virus looks like a round ball with spikes all around it.
There are four parts to the virus: the spikes, a membrane, an envelope, and the virus' genetic material, or ribonucleic acid (RNA)  Each of these four parts is a different protein molecule.
The spikes, membrane, and envelope are together called the viral envelope, or outer layer, of the virus.
SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-strand RNA virus, meaning that it uses ribonucleic acid (RNA) to hold the patterns to make the proteins it needs instead of using DNA the way humans and other multicellular living things do.
In early 2020, some people began to think that the SARS-CoV-2 may have been made on purpose in a laboratory at the Wuhan Institute of Virology and released in Wuhan like a weapon.
When the leader of Iran, Ayatollah Khamenei, said that he did not want the United States to help his country against coronavirus, he named the idea that Americans had made the virus on purpose to harm Iranains as one of his reasons: "I do not know how real this accusation is but when it exists, who in their right mind would trust you to bring them medication?"
said Khamenei.
The paper in Nature Medicine soon became one of the most cited scientific papers of all time.
There are no fixed cures for the treatment of COVID-19,  but there are various drugs that have been approved for use such as Hydroxychloroquine and Remdesivir which are detailed below.
Other antiviral drugs, interferon therapy and combination of anti-viral and interferons are also being experimented on to get the best possible outcome for patients.
These treatments are used to reduce the symptoms and to keep the patients comfortable.
Another team of scientists led by Dr. Josef Penninger of the University of British Columbia invented a medicine called  APN01 and tested it in engineered human tissue, meaning human cells put together in a lab to look and act like they were inside a body.
The scientists learned that adding human soluble recombinant angiotensin  converting  enzyme 2 (ACE2) to these tissues infected with SARS-CoV-2 made it harder for the virus to reproduce.
In late April 2020, a team from Oxford University announced that they had developed a COVID-19 vaccine.
The United States National Institutes of health tested it in rhesus monkeys, and it worked.
The Oxford scientists said because they had already been working on a vaccine against a different coronavirus, they had a head start working on one for SARS-CoV-2.
The scientists said they would try to test their vaccine on 6000 people by the end of May 2020, and that their vaccine could be ready for people to use in September 2020.
In mid-May 2020, a company called Moderna said they tested their mRNA vaccine in forty-five people and eight of them produced antibodies but they did not publish the specific data or publish an article in a scientific journal.
Anna Durbin of Johns Hopkins University said it was too soon to tell if people would keep the antibodies long enough for the vaccine to work.
The United States Food and Drug Administration gave Moderna permission to test the vaccine again in more people.
Moderna's chief medical officer said the vaccine could be ready in January 2021.
Some people think hydroxychloroquine, a medicine given to people with malaria, lupus, and arthritis, could work against COVID-19 and some do not.
One study from China showed that COVID-19 patients who took hydroxychloroquine got better faster, but the study was not peer reviewed.
Other studies in France and China seemed to show hydroxychloroquine helped, but the studies did not include control groups, meaning the doctors did not compare patients who took hydroxychloroquine to patients who did not, so they could not be sure it was the hydroxychloroquine that was helping them or whether it was something else.
In March, the United States Food and Drug Administration gave doctors permission to give hydroxychloroquine to COVID-19 patients.
United States President Donald Trump suggested the malaria drug hydroxychloroquine could help cure COVID-19, but Dr. Anthony Fauci, who is part of the White House's official coronavirus team said no one could know if hydroxychloroquine worked against SARS-CoV-2.
In early April, the New York Times reported that President Trump has "a small personal financial interest" in Sanofi, one of the companies that makes hydroxychloroquine, meaning that if the company sold more hydroxychloroquine, he would have more wealth.
In early April, Fauci said, "The data are really just at best suggestive.
There have been cases that show there may be an effect and there are others to show there's no effect."
Dr. Megan L. Ranney of Brown University said that hydroxychloroquine can cause heart attacks and other problems.
Other doctors worry that if people take hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19, there will not be enough left for people with malaria, lupus, and arthritis.
Still, some hospitals have given hydroxychloroquine to COVID-19 patients who are very sick because the doctors think it is worth the risk.
Scientists in France and China performed more studies on larger groups of patients taking hydroxychloroquine.
They watched patients who were taking the medicine and other treatment together and at patients who were only taking the other treatment.
Both studies showed that hydroxychloroquine did not help and did cause side effects.
Both studies were published in May 2020.
Some scientists thought the drug remdesivir, which was invented as a medicine for Ebola, could work against SARS-CoV-2.
Remdesivir works against some viruses.
Remdesivir had already been tested in humans, so the doctors already knew it would not hurt the patients even if it did not make them better.
Because scientists already knew remdesivir was safe, they were able to start testing it in humans right away.
In one study, doctors gave a drug called remdesivir to 61 COVID-19 patients on a compassionate basis, meaning they gave them the drug because there was no other treatment available.
Scientists studied 53 of these patients and found that 68% of the patients got better, 13% died, and 25% had serious side effects.
But because the study had no control group, meaning these patients were not compared to other COVID-19 patients who were not taking remdesivir, and because only 53 people were in the experiment, scientists must run more studies before they can be sure remdesivir works.
WHO site for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
CDC site for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19