the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
This is called the "Pillars of Creation".
It was photographed by the Hubble Space Telescope.
The nebula contains several active star-forming gas and dust regions, including the Pillars of Creation.
William Adams (24 September 1564 – 16 May 1620), was an English navigator.
He was the first Englishman to visit Japan.
He was born in Gillingham, Kent, England.
William's father died when his at age 12.
He apprenticed to a shipwright, and studied shipbuilding, astronomy, and navigation.
He joined the Royal Navy during Anglo-Spanish War.
He served in the Royal Navy under Sir Francis Drake.
He became a pilot for the Barbary Company, a trading company established by Queen Elizabeth I of England.
In 1598, Adams shipped as pilot major with a five-ship fleet.
The fleet was owned by a company of Rotterdam merchants (Dutch East India Company).
The fleet went from the isle of Texel, North Holland to the Eastern world.
The New England Emigrant Aid Company (est.1854), originally the Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Company, was a transportation company in Boston, Massachusetts.
It was created to bring immigrants to the Kansas Territory.
This was done to make sure Kansas would become a free state.
The company was created by Eli Thayer, a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, over a month before the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed in 1854.
This act allowed the population of Kansas Territory to choose for themselves whether or not slavery would be legal.
The concept was called popular sovereignty.
The company was chartered in Massachusetts and started with a capital of $5 million.
Thayer's plan was to play on antislavery sentiment in the Northern United States.
At the time there was a very delicate balance between slave states and free states.
The Company send settlers to Kansas to buy land and build houses, shops and mills.
The settlers could then sell the land at a significant profit and send the money back to Thayer and his investors.
Because several investors found the idea of profiting from the antislavery cause unpleasant, the company's model was shifted to that of a benevolent society.
The name was changed to the New England Emigrant Aid Company in 1855.
The Company never made a profit or made a significant impact on the population of Kansas.
But, it caused Border Ruffians from nearby Missouri, where slavery was legal, to move to Kansas in order to ensure its admission to the Union as a slave state.
This in turn further galvanized Free-Staters and abolitionists to act.
To protect the settlers they sent, the Company secretly sent armed men and Sharps rifles to Kansas.
The rifles were sent in crates marked "books" and "Bibles".
This played a part in what would become Bleeding Kansas.
Gampelen () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
It is not be confused with the municipality Gampel in the canton of Valais.
The 2012 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A (known as the Brasileirão Petrobras 2012 for sponsorship reasons) was the 56th edition of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, the top-level of professional football in Brazil.
Corinthians come in as the defending champions having won the title in the 2011 season.
On 11 November 2012, Fluminense won the title for the fourth time.
Stadiums and locations
Source: globoesporte.com
The Territory of Kansas was a territory of the United States that existed from May 30, 1854, until January 29, 1861.
This was when the eastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Kansas.
The territory extended from the Missouri border west to the summit of the Rocky Mountains.
North-south it ran from the 37th parallel north to the 40th parallel north.
Much of the eastern region of what is now the State of Colorado was part of Kansas Territory.
The western region of the former Kansas Territory, the Territory of Colorado, was created on February 28, 1861.
Kansas Territory was established by the Kansas–Nebraska Act.
The Kansas–Nebraska Act became a law on May 30, 1854, establishing the Nebraska Territory and Kansas Territory.
The Act repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 which marked a line of latitude to be the separation of free and slave states.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed the settlers of Kansas Territory to determine by popular sovereignty whether Kansas would be a free state or a slave state.
The Act contained thirty-seven sections.
The provisions relating to Kansas Territory formed the last eighteen sections.
Some of the more notable sections were:
Defines the boundaries of the Territory, gives it the name of Kansas, and states that "when admitted as a State or States, the said Territory, or any portion of the same, shall be received into the Union with or without slavery, as their constitution may prescribe at the time of their admission."
It further provides for its future division into two or more Territories, and the attaching of any portion thereof to any other State or Territory; and for the holding inviolable the rights of all Indian tribes until such time as they shall be extinguished (replaced) by treaty.
Section 28
Declares the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 to be in full force in the Territory.
Locates the seat of government of the Territory, temporarily at Fort Leavenworth, and authorizes the use for public purposes of the governmentbuildings.
Section 37
Declares all treaties, laws and other engagements made by the United States Government, with the Indian tribes inhabiting the Territory, to remain inviolate, notwithstanding anything contained in the provisions of this act.
Eastern emigration
Pro-slavery settlers
Within a few days after the passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act, hundreds of Missourians (also called Border Ruffians) crossed into Kansas territory.
Many selected a section of land and voted in a meeting or meetings.
This was intending to appear there was a pro-slavery majority in this region.
In fact, each side became a majority back and forth.
As early as June 10, 1854, the Missourians held a meeting at Salt Creek Valley, a trading post  west from Fort Leavenworth, at which a "Squatter's Claim Association" was organized.
In newspaper articles they said they were in favor of making Kansas a slave state "if it should require half the citizens of Missouri, musket in hand, to emigrate there, and even sacrifice their lives in accomplishing so desirable an end."
In another paper they warned: "The abolitionists will probably not be interrupted if they settle north of the fortieth parallel of north latitude, but south of that line, and within Kansas Territory they need not set foot.
It is decreed by the people who live adjacent that their institutions are to be established, and candor compels us to advise accordingly."
Free-Staters
During the long debate before the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, planning had already started for emigrants from the free states to settle in the territory.
The largest organization created for this purpose was the New England Emigrant Aid Company, organized by Eli Thayer.
Emigration from the free states, including New England, Iowa, Ohio, and other Midwestern states, flowed into the territory beginning in 1854.
Because Missourians had claimed much of the land closest to the border, the Free-Staters were forced to establish settlements further into Kansas Territory.
Among these were Lawrence, Topeka, and Manhattan.
Abolitionists, like Free-Staters, did not want Kansas to become a slave state.
They wanted to get rid of slavery permanently in the United States.
Abolitionists also believed “all men are created equal.”
Unlike Free-Staters, they wanted equal rights for blacks.
The official Free-State line supported the idea of excluding all Black people from the state of Kansas.
Eventually they compromised with Free-Staters to prevent slavery in Kansas.
First Territorial Appointments
The first territorial appointments were made in June and July 1854.
The officers appointed by President Franklin Pierce.
The first governor was Democrat Andrew Horatio Reeder.
Reeder was completely in sympathy with the pro-slavery southerners.
He took the oath of office in Washington, DC on July 7, 1854.
He arrived in Kansas on October 7, the same year.
Reeder became one of the most active land speculators in the territory.
In 1855, this conflict of interest finally got him fired as governor by President Pierce.
Election of Territorial Legislature
On March 30, 1855 "Border Ruffians" from Missouri entered Kansas during the territory's first legislative election and voted in a pro-slavery Territorial Legislature.
This was called the "Bogus Legislature" because of the widespread claims of election fraud.
The first session of the legislature was held in Pawnee, Kansas (within the boundary of modern-day Fort Riley) at the request of Governor Reeder.
He chose it for several reasons, not the least of which was he was an investor in the city.
The two-story stone building still stands and is open to the public as the first Territorial Capitol of Kansas.
The building remained as the seat of the legislature for five days from July 2–6, 1855, then moved nearer Missouri to the Shawnee Methodist Mission.
The last legislative act of the Territorial Legislature was the approval of the charter for the College of the Sisters of Bethany.
This was February 2, 1861—four days after James Buchanan signed the act of Congress that officially brought Kansas into the Union.
James H. Lane joined the Free-State movement in 1855 and became president the Topeka Constitutional Convention from October 23 to November 11, 1855.
He was later a leader of "Jayhawkers".
The first Free-state mass-meeting was in Lawrence on the evening of June 8, 1855.
Missourians were charged with voter fraud, ballot-box stuffing, and the "Bogus Legislature" which does not represent the legal voters of this Territory.
It was claimed that some Missourians had used violence toward the persons and property of the inhabitants of the Kansas Territory.
It was agreed that Kansas should be a free State.
Also that Missourians in the late Kansas election were a gross outrage on the elective franchise and rights of freemen.
They were also charged with violating popular sovereignty.
Those attending did not feel bound to obey any laws made by the illegitimate legislature.
The violent period following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act is called Bleeding Kansas.
Pro-slavery Missourians rushed in to claim land and push for the state to become a slave state.
Free-Staters and abolitionists poured into Kansas from New England, Ohio, Iowa, and other midwestern states.
In a short time they outnumbered the pro-slavery faction.
However, when elections were held in Kansas Territory, bands of armed Ruffians seized polling places.
They prevented Free-State men from voting, and they cast illegal votes.
There was violence on both sides.
Border Ruffians also engaged in general violence against Free-State settlements.
They burned farms and sometimes murdered Free-State men.
Ruffians twice attacked Lawrence, Kansas, the Free-State capital.
On 1 December 1855, a small army of mainly Border Ruffians laid siege to Lawrence, but were driven off. (
This was the nearly bloodless climax to the "Wakarusa War".)
On 21 May 1856, an even larger force of Border Ruffians and pro-slavery Kansans captured Lawrence, which they sacked.
In retaliation, John Brown and 7 followers committed the Pottawatomie massacre.
In this incident, Brown and his followers dragged five unarmedmen and boys from their houses and murdered with swords, guns and knives.
This only increased the violence leading to the Battle of Osawatomie where the abolitionists of Osawatomie were attacked and the town burned.
Gelterfingen is a former municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2018 the former municipalities of Gelterfingen, Mühledorf and Noflen merged into the municipality of Kirchdorf.
Official website of Gerzensee
Realp is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland.
Golaten is a former municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2019 the former municipality of Golaten merged into the municipality of Kallnach.
Gondiswil (Dialect: Gumiswil) is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Official website of Gondiswil
Schattdorf is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland.
Around 5,000 people live in Schattdorf.
Seedorf is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland.
Around 1,500 people live in Seedorf, Uri.
Official website of Seedorf
Seelisberg is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland.
Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama is a football club which plays in Brazil.
The club is probably passing through the worst period in its history, since in the last 12 years, Vasco has fallen to the second division of the Brazilian Football Championship four times.
Série B : 1
Liga Deportiva Universitaria de Quito (also called Liga de Quito or just Liga) is an Ecuadorian association football club based in Quito, Ecuador.
The team currently play in the Ecuadorian Serie A and was founded on 11 January 1930.
LDU Quito is one of the most successful Ecuadorian teams, winning 9 regional titles, 10 national titles, and 4 international titles.
They were runners-up in the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup as well.
Campeonato Amateur del Fútbol de Pichincha (3): 1932, 1952, 1953
Campeonato Professional Interandino (6): 1954, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1966, 1967
Serie A (10): 1969, 1974, 1975, 1990, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2005 Apertura, 2007, 2010
Serie B (2): 1974 E1, 2001
Copa Libertadores (1): 2008
Copa Sudamericana (1): 2009
Recopa Sudamericana (2): 2009, 2010
The Apennines are mountain ranges that go across Central Italy.
The highest point, in the region, is Monte Vettore () that is  high.
The main rivers are the Arno and Tiber rivers.
The largest lakes are Trasimeno,  Bolsena and Bracciano.
Central Italy encompasses four of the 20 regions of Italy, including 41 provinces and 985  comuniː
The comuni with more than 100,000 persons living in them areː
NUTS level 1:
Southern Italy
The Chinese Football Association Super League (Chinese: 中国足球协会超级联赛; Pinyin: Zhōngguó Zúqiú Xiéhuì Chāojí Liánsài; usually called Chinese Super League (中超联赛) or CSL; and known as Ping An Chinese Football Association Super League for sponsorship reasons) is the highest tier of professional association football in China.
It is controlled by the Chinese Football Association.
The league was created in 2004 and replaced the Chinese Football Association Jia-A League.
Currently, 16 teams play in the league.
The Chinese Super League has been won by 7 teams: Shanghai Shenhua, Shenzhen Jianlibao, Dalian Shide, Shandong Luneng, Changchun Yatai, Beijing Guoan, and Guangzhou Evergrande.
2016 clubs
In 1994, the Chinese Jia-A League became the country's first professional football league.
People in the Chinese Football Association began to talk about creating a new league in late-2000.
In 2002, the CFA made a decision to establish the Chinese Super League, which started in 2004.
Results and statistics
Official site of the Chinese Super League
Official site of the Chinese Football Association
RSSSF.com - China - List of Champions
English site about the CSL
She is the second wife of King Mahendra of Nepal (1920–1972).
Queen Ratna belongs to the aristocratic Rana family.
She is the daughter of late Honorary General Hari Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana and his wife, Megha Kumari Rajya Lakshmi.
Royal Court of Nepal
Helen Joanne "Jo" Cox (née Leadbeater; 22 June 1974 – 16 June 2016) was an English UK Labour Party politician.
She was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Batley and Spen from her election in May 2015 until her death in June 2016.
She won the seat with an increased majority for Labour in the 2015 general election.
She also worked at humanitarian organisation Oxfam.
On 16 June 2016, Cox was shot and stabbed many times in Birstall, where she had been holding a small meeting with her constituents.
She was left in critical condition and died from her injuries about an hour later at the age of 41.
A 52-year-old man was arrested in connection with the attack.
Adolph Cornelis 'Dolf' van Bruggen (9 July 1929 – 3 June 2016) was a Dutch malacologist, entomologist and botanist.
His works were about the tropics and tropical Africa.
His career lasted over 50 years.
He was an expert especially in the land snail families Streptaxidae, Achatinidae and Maizaniidae.
As of 2008, he had written some 655 scientific publications.
Articles by A. C. van Bruggen  at Naturalis Digital Repository
Gilbert C. Bartosh, Sr. (
May 21, 1930 – June 4, 2016) was an American football player and coach.
He served as the head football coach at the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP) from 1974 to 1975, with a record of 6–28.
He was born in Granger, Texas.
He died in Liberty Hill, Texas, aged 86.
Villefranche-d'Albigeois is a commune in the Tarn department of France.
Sulabha (or Sulbha) Deshpande (; 1937 – 4 June 2016) was an Indian movie, theatre and television actress and theatre director.
She was known for her roles in Bhumika (1977),  Arvind Desai Ki Ajeeb Dastaan (1978) and Gaman (1978).
Awishkar website
Sulabha Deshpande at Bollywood Hungama
Places in France
Villefranche, Gers, Gers department
Villefranche, Yonne, Yonne department
Villefranche-d'Albigeois, Tarn department
Villefranche-d'Allier, Allier department
Villefranche-de-Conflent, Pyrénées-Orientales department
Villefranche-de-Lauragais, Haute-Garonne department
Villefranche-de-Lonchat, Dordogne department
Villefranche-de-Panat, Aveyron department
Villefranche-de-Rouergue, Aveyron department
Villefranche-du-Périgord, Dordogne department
Villefranche-du-Queyran, Lot-et-Garonne department
Villefranche-le-Château, Drôme department
Villefranche-sur-Cher, Loir-et-Cher department
Villefranche-sur-Mer, Alpes-Maritimes department
Villefranche-sur-Saône, Rhône department
Villefranche, former municipality, now part of Saulmory-et-Villefranche, Meuse department
Antti Kalevi Hyry (20 October 1931 – 4 June 2016) was a Finnish writer.
He won the Eino Leino Prize in 2005.
For his 2009 book Uuni (Oven), Hyry won the Finlandia Prize, Finland's premier prize for literature.
Hyry was born in Kuivaniemi.
He is married to Maija Hyry.
He died in Espoo, aged 84.
Lois Duncan Steinmetz (April 28, 1934 – June 15, 2016), known as Lois Duncan, was an American writer of children's books.
She was best known for young-adult novels of suspense.
She wrote two early novels under the pen name Lois Kerry.
Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be got.
Ores with high quantities of hematite or magnetite (more than about 60% iron) are known as "natural ore" or "direct shipping ore".
They can be fed directly into iron-making blast furnaces.
Iron (Fe) is one of the most abundant rock-forming elements.
It makes up about 5% of the Earth's crust.
It is the second most abundant and widely distributed metal (Aluminium is the most common).
People have used it for more than 3,000 years.
However, its use only became widespread in the 14th century, when smelting furnaces (the forerunner of blast furnaces) began to replace forges.
Iron is made in the runaway fusion and explosion of type Ia supernovae.
It was picked up as the Sun moved through areas where supernovae had exploded.
All higher elements on Earth have this origin.
Iron is abundant on the ancient continents, but not so on island chains formed by volcanoes (Japan, Hawaii).
That reflects the difference between the continental crust (which has many rare and common elements), and the island chains formed by volcanism (oceanic islands).
They have basalt, and very little else.
Islands which were once part of a supercontinent usually carry heavy element ore.
The classic example is the British Isles, which are a snapped-off part of the large ancient continent, the Old Red Sandstone Continent (Larussia).
Consequently, the British Isles has a very wide range of metallic ores, whereas Hawaii and the Japanese archopelago do not.
The main source of ore for the steel used in modern Japan comes from Western Australia.
magnetite (, 72.4% Fe)
hematite (, 69.9% Fe)
goethite (, 62.9% Fe)
limonite ()
siderite (, 48.2% Fe)
Beijing Guoan F.C. (Chinese: 北京国安; Pinyin: Běijīng Guó'ān) is a Chinese professional association football club based in the Chaoyang District of Beijing, China.
The club currently plays in the Chinese Super League.
Beijing Guoan also plays in the Workers' Stadium (which has a capacity of 66,161 people).
Winners: 2009
Runners Up (2): 2011, 2014
Chinese Jia-A League
Winners (5): 1957, 1958, 1973, 1982, 1984
Winners (4): 1985, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2018
Winners (2): 1997, 2003
Stats on Sohu
Stats on Sina
Beijing Guoan Youth Football Development
Shandong Luneng Taishan Football Club (Chinese: 山东鲁能泰山;Traditional Chinese: 山東魯能泰山; Pinyin: Shāndōng Lǔnéng Tàishān) is a Chinese professional association football club based in Jinan, Shandong, China.
Shandong Luneng Taishan also plays in the Jinan Olympic Sports Center Stadium (which has a seating capacity of 56,808 people).
The club was formed professionally on 2 December 1993 and was previously called the Shandong Provincial team.
The club has since won many domestic titles.
Chinese Super League(2004- ):
Winners (3): 2006, 2008, 2010
Runners Up: 2004,2013
Third Place: 2005,2007,2015
Chinese Jia-A League (1994-2003)
Winners: 1999
Chinese FA Cup Winners:
Winners (5): 1995, 1999, 2004, 2006, 2014
Chinese Super League Cup
Winners (1): 2015
Silenen is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland.
Sisikon is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland.
It has an area of .Sisikon, the gateway to Canton Uri, lies on the delta of the Riemenstalderbach stream on the eastern shore of the Urnersee, the southernmost arm of the Vierwaldstättersee.
Spiringen is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland.
Unterschächen is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland.
It is in the upper Schächental.
Wassen is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland.
Cyrus Kurtz Holliday (April 3, 1826 – March 29, 1900) was a prominent Kansas businessman who was part of the free-state movement during the period called Bleeding Kansas.
Holliday was one of the founders of the city of Topeka, Kansas and was its first president.
He was also the founder of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway.
He served in the Kansas Senate.
Holliday was president of the Merchants National Bank and also the Excelsior Coke and Gas Company, both of Topeka.
In 1890, he was the president of the Kansas State Historical Society.
In 2012, Holliday was inducted into the Kansas State Hall of Fame.
Holliday was born near Carlisle, Pennsylvania on April 3, 1826.
His parents were David and Mary (Kennedy) Holliday.
Holliday attended public school and in 1852 graduated from Allegheny College in Meadville, Pennsylvania.
He intended to become a lawyer but instead became a businessman.
Holliday made a considerable profit of $20,000 in a short-line railroad in Pennsylvania.
Career in Kansas
In 1854, when Kansas Territory was opened up for settlement, he became one of the first settlers.
His wife, Mary Dillon Jones, remained behind in Pennsylvania until after the birth of their two children, Lillie and Charles.
Holliday settled first at Lawrence, Kansas and became active in the Free State movement.
Believing Kansas would become a free state, he and several business associates decided to establish the town of Topeka as the capital of the new state of Kansas.
He was Topeka's delegate to the Wyandotte Constitutional Convention in July 1859.
That same year he was elected to the first of several terms as mayor of Topeka.
He helped found the Kansas Republican Party.
Holliday was a member of both the  territorial and state legislatures.
He obtained a charter for a new railroad to run from Atchison, Kansas to the state capital at Topeka in 1859.
In 1863, Holliday decided to extend the railroad along the route of the Santa Fe Trail to Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Once there he intended it to go all the way to the Pacific Ocean in California.
The name of the railroad was changed to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad Company (AT&SF).
A severe drought followed by the Civil War starting in 1861 prevented the railroad from making much progress.
The line was completed through Kansas by December 1872.
By 1880, the line was completed to Santa Fe.
The railroad experienced hardships in 1893 and almost had to declare bankruptcy.
Holliday was able to refinance and reorganize the railroad.
He remained president of AT&SF until his death on March 31, 1900.
In 1855, he supervised a regiment of Free-Staters in the Wakarusa War during the violent period known as Bleeding Kansas.
For this he was given the honorary title of colonel which he used for the rest of his life.
During the Civil War he served as the adjutant general of Kansas.
Cyrus K. Holliday diary
The Iconic Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway
Cyrus K. Holliday Papers, 1854-1934; Kenneth Spencer Research Library, University of Kansas
Alvaschein () is a former municipality of the district of Albula in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Alvaschein, Alvaneu, Brienz/Brinzauls, Mon, Stierva, Surava and Tiefencastel merged into the new municipality of Albula/Alvra.
"This Is What You Came For" is a song written and produced by Scottish DJ Calvin Harris.
It features Rihanna.
The song was released on May 1, 2016, via digital outlets.
The song has reached number one in Canada and Australia, number two in the United Kingdom, and the top five in the United States.
In the U.S., "This Is What You Came For" entered the Billboard Hot 100 chart at number nine.
It later reached number three there and was certified triple-Platinum by the RIAA.
The song is Rihanna's 28th top-ten song in the U.S.  The song reached number 17 on the year-end Hot 100 of 2016 in the US.
Harris' ex-girlfriend, American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, co-wrote the song under the name Nils Sjöberg.
BMI, which publishes a list of songwriting credits, changed the name to Swift's real name.
The music video for the song was released at midnight (Eastern daylight time) on June 17, 2016.
It shows Rihanna wearing a black ponytail and a large gray sweater.
She dances inside of a white cube with changing backgrounds.
The scenes of fields are similar to those that are in the music video for "We Found Love", which is also a collaboration between Rihanna and Harris.
Some critics viewed the changing colors and cube background to be similar to the music video for Canadian rapper Drake's 2015 single "Hotline Bling".
Grosshöchstetten is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2018 the former municipality of Schlosswil merged into the municipality of Grosshöchstetten.
Hotel for Dogs (1971) is a children's novel by Lois Duncan.
It was made into a movie of the same name by Nickelodeon Movies for DreamWorks Pictures.
When the book was originally released in 1971, Andi's name was Liz, and Friday's name was Sadie.
The book was re-released December 1, 2008, to promote the movie with the names changed.
Two sequels were released: News for Dogs in 2009 and Movie for Dogs in 2010.
An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction where the substances reacting release energy as heat.
An example of this is combustion.
The reaction that does the complete opposite (it absorbs heat) is an endothermic reaction.
respiration
An endothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that takes in energy from the surroundings.
The opposite of an endothermic reaction is an exothermic reaction.
Reversible reactions are where the products can react to remake the original reactants.
The energy is usually transferred as heat energy: the reaction absorbs heat.
The temperature decrease can sometimes be detected using a thermometer.
Some examples of endothermic reactions are:
Reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium carbonate
Dissolving ammonium chloride in water
A banana split is a type of dessert.
It is made with ice cream, sliced bananas, and usually toppings.
The toppings often include flavored sauces, whipped cream, nuts, and most notably a cherry on top of the dessert.
There are a few different stories about the first banana split.
People in Chicago, Illinois; Cincinnati, Ohio; and Wilmington, Ohio say that the first banana split was made in their city.
However, most people say that David "Doc" Strickler made the first banana split in the city of Latrobe, Pennsylvania in 1904.
He sold the first banana splits for ten cents.
Many students at St. Vincent College, a school in Latrobe, liked the banana splits and told their friends in other cities about them.
After a few years, the banana split was popular in many cities in the United States.
The following is a list of the 47 comuni of the Province of Ancona, Marche, in Italy.
Hawthorn Football Club, known as the "Hawks", is a team in the Australian Football League.
In the 21st century, they have won four premierships in 2008, 2013, 2014 and 2015.
Their home ground is the Melbourne Cricket Ground.
The coach Alastair Clarkson, is a former student at Ballarat and Clarendon College student.
Official website of Andiast
Official website of Ardez
Official website of Arosa
Guggisberg (Bernese German: Guggishbärg []) is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Eli Thayer (June 11, 1819 – April 15, 1899) was an educator, reformer, legislator and founder of the New England Emigrant Aid Company.
He was instrumental in the politics of Kansas during the period known as Bleeding Kansas.
When Congress passed the Kansas–Nebraska Act in 1854, the question of whether Kansas would become a slave-state or free state was left to the voters of Kansas.
pro-slavery supporters, abolitionists and free-staters all rushed to settle in the Kansas Territory.
All were trying to gain power so as to determine the status of slavery in Kansas.
Thayer is best known for his work in the New England Emigrant Aid Company.
Their purpose was to rush as many Free-Staters as possible to settle in Kansas.
He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1857-1861.
After serving in Congress Thayer became a businessman.
Thayer died in Worcester, Massachusetts on April 15, 1899.
Thayer was born in Mendon, Massachusetts on June 11, 1819.
He attended the local public school, then Bellingham High School.
He attended the Academy of Amherst and in 1840 graduated from Worcester Academy.
In 1845 he graduated from Brown University as salutatorian.
Thayer returned to his college prepatory school, Worcester Academy, to teach.
He was soon promoted to headmaster.
From 1847 through 1849, Thayer was the principal of the academy.
In 1849 he left Worcester Academy to found a women's college, Oread College (now Oread Institute).
Thayer had been admitted to the Massachusetts Bar Association, but never practiced law.
He was an alderman in Worcester from 1852 to 1853.
He was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1853 and 1854.
While there he devised and obtained a charter for the New England Emigrant Aid Company.
The purpose of the Company was to finance people from New England to settle in Kansas.
Under the popular sovereignty doctrine they could vote it free of slavery if and when it became a state.
Thayer received a percentage of all the money collected by the Company.
Thayer was elected as a Republican to the U.S. House of Representatives where he served two terms (March 4, 1857-March 3, 1861).
He was an unsuccessful candidate for election to Congress in 1872.
Thayer and his New England Emigrant Aid Company played a key role in the border war on the Kansas-Missouri border that became known as Bleeding Kansas.
The term was coined by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune.
It described the violence happening in the Kansas territory during the mid to late 1850s.
The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was an agreement that slavery to be banned from the Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36 degrees 30' north (also known as the Missouri Compromise Line), except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri.
When the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed in 1854, it reversed the Missouri Compromise and caused a wave of resentment in the North.
Northerners believed it would cause Missourians to cross the border into the Kansas Territory and take all the good land leaving nothing for northern settlers.
Northerners were pessimistic about the slavery issue.
The President, his Cabinet, both Houses of Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States were all pro-slavery.
It was considered almost certain that slavery would dominate the United States.
Thayer promoted the idea of “business antislavery”.
The idea behind Thayer's Emigrant Aid Company was to level the playing field with the southern pro-slavery advocates.
The company was chartered under the laws of Massachusetts for the purpose of "assisting emigrants to settle in the West."
Thayer's idea worked to both settle New Englanders in Kansas to prevent slavery and to remove the surplus of New Englanders and Immigrants.
The plan was for settlers to start new businesses that would profit the Company.
The towns of Lawrence, Topeka, Manhattan and Osawatomie, Kansas were all settled by or with help from the Emigrant Aid Company.
Thayer realized there was more money available in the North than in the South.
By forming the Company he felt settlers would be well rewarded with the "comforts of civilization".
The Company would be well rewarded with a good dividend on their investments.
It was a win-win situation.
He thought once Kansas was free, their attentions could be turned south and colonize it in a similar manner.
By investing in the Company it would be the "snort of the steam engine instead of the crack of the blacksnake (whip)".
Thayer's slogan became "Saw-mills and Liberty!"
and was widely proclaimed in the New England press.
Between 1854 and 1856, Thayer's Company sent about 2,000 emigrants to Kansas Territory.
By May of 1857 many members of the Company felt it had reached its goals in Kansas.
Thayer began other projects.
He helped found the free labor colony of Ceredo, Virginia (now West Virginia).
But after John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry many investors and potential settlers were scared away.
The outbreak of the Civil War ended the project.
In the North, Thayer was credited with helping to make Kansas a slave-free state.
He was also called a villain by others for having caused the bloodshed and violence that followed sending immigrants to Kansas.
In the South, the Company was often called "Eli Thayer & Co.," and a price was placed on Thayer's head in more than one place.
In Missouri and the South, Thayer was charged with the "crime" of making Kansas a free state.
In 1887, Thayer wrote a book A History of the Kansas Crusade: Its Friends and Its Foes where he claimed a good deal of the credit for Kansas becoming free of slavery.
Eli Thayer papers; Kansas Historical Society
Eli Thayer, A History of the Kansas Crusade: Its Friends and Its Foes (full text)
Breggia is a new municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
It was created on 25 October 2009 when the former municipalities of Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged to form the new municipality of Breggia.
"The Sweet Escape" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her second studio album of the same name (2006).
It was written by Stefani, Akon, and Giorgio Tuinfort.
Akon was featured on the song and also produced and created the songs beat.
As both Stefani and Akon wrote the song, Stefani was surprised how the song ended up as it was a doo-wop song and not a hip hop song.
UK and German CD single
"The Sweet Escape" (featuring Akon) – 4:06
"Hollaback Girl" (Harajuku Lovers Live Version) – 4:49
Australian and German CD maxi single
"Wind It Up" (Robots to Mars Remix) – 3:34
"The Sweet Escape" (video) – 4:05
The Sweet Escape" (Konvict Remix) (featuring Akon) – 4:03
The Sweet Escape" (Album Version) (featuring Akon) – 4:06
The Sweet Escape" (Konvict Instrumental) – 4:03
The Sweet Escape" (Album Version Instrumental) – 4:06
The Sweet Escape" (Album Version Acappella) – 3:51
Digital download – Konvict Remix
"The Sweet Escape" (Konvict Remix) (featuring Akon) – 4:01
Akon – keyboards, production, programming, songwriting, vocals
Kevin Mills – recording
Giorgio Tuinfort – co-production, keyboards, programming, songwriting
Masada is an ancient fortification in the Southern District of Israel.
It is on top of an isolated rock plateau, like a mesa.
The rock is on the east of the Judaean Desert, and overlooks the Dead Sea.
According to Josephus, the Sicarii, a splinter group of the Hebrew Zealots, held out against a Roman legion here.
This was the Siege of Masada at the end of the First Jewish–Roman War.
The seige ended in the mass suicide of 960 people – the rebels and their families.
Masada photos
Masada page on Israeli National Park website
The Cave of the Patriarchs, also called the Cave of Machpelah (Hebrew: מערת המכפלה,  , trans. "
cave of the double tombs") and known by Muslims as the Sanctuary of Abraham or the Ibrahimi Mosque (, ) is an archaeological site in Hebron, Israel.
According to the Jewish tradition it is the site of the graves of Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Rebecca, Jacob and Leah.
These graves have been buried under a church built in the Byzantine Period in Israel, and which is now used as a mosque.
Official Website (Israeli)
The Cave of Machpelah Tomb of the Patriarch Jewish Virtual Library
Tombs of the Patriarchs Article and Photos Sacred Destinations
Demands for Equal Rights for the Jewish People at Ma'arat HaMachpela  Hebron.org.il
Aerial Photograph Google Maps
Bible Land Library
Photos and Diagram of Underground at Caves of Machpela
The Pottawatomie massacre happened on the night of May 24, 1856.
John Brown and a number of volunteer Free-Staters attacked and murdered five men in a small settlement on the Pottawatomie Creek near Osawatomie, Kansas.
The killings were particularly brutal.
One by one, settlers were dragged from their homes and hacked to death with broadswords and shot.
The victims were pro-slavery, but were not slave owners themselves.
The murders were in response to pro-slavery Missouri Border Ruffians who burned and looted Lawrence, Kansas three days earlier.
It happened just two days after the Caning of Charles Sumner, the Senator from Massachusetts on the floor of the United States Senate.
The Pottawatomie massacre was one of the many bloody episodes in Kansas preceding the American Civil War.
It marked the beginning of the period called Bleeding Kansas.
The Territory
In 1854, the Missouri Compromise, which had restricted the expansion of Slavery in the United States, was done away with by the Kansas–Nebraska Act.
Based on the doctrine of popular sovereignty, the federal government allowed the issue of slavery to be decided by those settling the Kansas Territory.
By popular vote the people who lived there would decide whether Kansas would become a "slave-state" or be a "free-state" (free of slavery).
Pro-slavery Missourians, Free-Staters and abolitionists all poured into Kansas.
Soon, the different sides held their own elections and set up two opposing territorial governments.
In May 1856, a drunken mob of pro-slavers sacked the town of Lawrence.
Brown was enraged at this and wanted vengeance.
Brown was a deeply religious man who spoke his mind.
As an abolitionist he found slavery in any form to be immoral.
He fathered 20 children and with his wife moved to Kansas Territory to wage a war against slavery.
He arrived on October 7, 1855, to help several of his sons who were already there to set up land claims.
Along the way he got funds from other abolitionists and bought a large number of guns and swords for the fight he was sure would come.
He had spoken out before against the Southern plantations and had called for the execution of slave catchers.
Kansas, he thought, would be the perfect place to put his words into action.
When the town of Lawrence was sacked, Brown became extremely angry.
He could not understand why the people of Lawrence had not decided to fight.
He decided he and his followers would avenge the sack of Lawrence.
On the night of May 24th, 1856, Brown set out with seven others to the pro-slavery town of Pottawatomie Creek.
They were armed with swords and rifles.
One by one the victims were dragged out their beds and murdered by Brown and his followers.
They attacked three different farm houses.
James Doyle and two sons were dragged outside their house and hacked to death.
Mrs. Doyle, her daughter and a 14-year old son were not killed.
They next went to Alan Wilkinson's farm where he was taken "prisoner".
His sick wife and two children begged Brown not to kill him.
Brown's men took his rifle and two saddles, but let Wilkinson live.
James Harris owned the third house Brown visited that night.
Haris, his wife and young child plus three other men were living there.
Brown's men killed one man, William Sherman, then took their weapons, a saddle and one horse.
Brown's followers included four of his sons who all later claimed that Brown himself did not actually murder anyone.
But he was the leader and he made all the decisions of who would live and who would die.
They washed the blood from their hands and their swords in the creek, then went home.
None of the killers were ever prosecuted for the crime.
After the massacre, pro-slavery forces launched a manhunt for Brown.
They destroyed the Browns' property and Brown's son Frederick was shot and killed.
Brown escaped Kansas and fled north.
Together, the sack of Lawrence and the Pottawatomie massacre started a civil war in Kansas.
Brown gained national attention and fame among abolitionists.
He was able to gather men and arms for another "secret mission"; John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry.
In November 1859, as Brown was waiting to be executed for his raid on Harpers Ferry, he received a letter.
It was from Mahala Doyle, whose husband and two sons Brown killed:
Arch is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Nablus (  ,  , Biblical Shechem ISO 259-3 Škem,  Νeapolis) is a Palestinian city in the Samaria Mountains, in a Valley between "Mount Ebal (the mount of the blessing) in the south and "Mount Gerizim (the mount of the curse)" in the north.
Nablus was the first Jewish city in the world and Joseph the son of Jacob was barried in the eastern side of the city.
according to the Jewish tradition the city of Nablus was the first jewish City in the world.
the Samaritan
A site explaining the reasons for the devastated Palestinian economy
Nablus the Culture, reviving cultural life in Nablus
Nablus after Five Years of Conflict December 2005 report by OCHA (PDF).
Archaeological Remains Found in Nablus
Picture showing Nablus from east (Panorama)
Picture showing east region of Nablus (Panorama) – The picture taken from Askar
Bahjat Sabri, "Urban Aspects in the City of Nablus in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century" An-Najah University Journal for Research - Humanities, Volume 6 (1992)
Purification is the process of rendering something pure.
For example, clean of foreign elements and/or pollution.
List of purification methods in chemistry
Organisms used in water purification
Purification of quantum state in quantum mechanics, especially quantum information
Purification theorem in game theory and economics, a Nash equilibrium consisting of randomly mixed strategies
Ritual purification, the religious activity to remove uncleanliness
Purification of the Virgin, a Christian liturgical feast
Purification Rundown in Scientology, a procedure that supposedly rids the body of toxins
Purification, a 2002 Crimson Thorn album
The Corinne Mamane Museum of Philistine Culture () is an archaeological museum in Ashdod, Israel.
It explores the culture of the Philistines that lived in the area of the city.
The museum is the only museum in the world dedicated to the Philistines culture.
It was the first museum that opened in Ashdod in 1990.
Corinne Mamane was a Jewish student born in Casablanca in Morocco.
She was killed in 1984 in a car accident in France during her university studies.
The museum has 3 floors.
The first is an exhibition of the Philistines culture.
The second is for changing exhibitions.
The third floor is dedicated to the "Philistines Kitchen" by exploring the food culture of the Aegean sea.
Corinne Mamane Museum of Philistine Culture
The Abraham's Well International Visitors Center is an archaeological museum and convention center in Beer Sheva, Israel.
It was opened in 2013 on the site of Abraham's Well.
The center is near the Old city of Beer Sheva and Nahal Beer Sheva on the road to Eilat.
The well was discovered in the 19th century by Edward Robinson and Henry Baker Tristram.
In 1897, a Beduin sheikh built an Arabian structure above the well to take over the place.
In the Ottoman Period, a Bustan was grown next to the well.
According to the Jewish Bible, in the place of the well Abraham signed a peace agreement with Abimelech, the king of the Philistines.
Abrahams Well International Visitors Center  (Dead link as of 06 May, 2019)
The Esino () is a river in the Marche region of central Italy.
It is one of the most important river in the región because the size of its drainage basin.
The Esino river has a length of about  and a drainage basin with an area of .
The source of the Esino is in the sides of the Monte Caffagio, comune of Esanatoglia (province of Macerata) near the border with the province of Ancona, at an altitude of about .
The river flows east past Esanatoglia and curves north by Matelica before crossing the border into the province of Ancona near Cerreto d'Esi.
The river continues flowing north before curving northeast near Genga.
It then flows near Serra San Quirico, Maiolati Spontini, Castelplanio, Castelbellino, Jesi, Chiaravalle and Montemarciano.
Finally, it flows into the Adriatic Sea in the Fiumesino near Falconara Marittima.
Its drainage basin is mainly in the province of Ancona but it also covers part of the province of Macerata and a small part of the province  of Perugia (Umbria).
Giano (24 km long), that begins in the Fabriano comune and flows into the Ensino in Borgo Tufico, part of Fabriano.
Sentino, that begins in Umbria.
Esinante.
Data corruption is errors in computer data that happens while the computer is reading, writing, storing, transmitting or processing the data.
Such errors introduce unintended changes to the original data.
If data corruption happens in a file, unexpected results will happen when accessed by the system or an application; such results may range from a minor loss of data to a system crash.
For example, if a Microsoft Word file is corrupted, when a person tries to open that file with Microsoft Word, they may get an error message.
That means that person will get either a file that cannot be opened or a file with a minor loss of data.
Yelchin was born in Leningrad, present-day Saint Petersburg, Russia.
His family moved to Tarzana, California as refugees.
He studied at Sherman Oaks Center for Enriched Studies and at the University of Southern California.
His career began in 2000.
He was in the movies Along Came a Spider and Hearts in Atlantis (both 2001).
His role as Jacob Clarke in the Steven Spielberg miniseries Taken was his most famous role as a child actor.
He later appeared on the television series Huff and starred in the movies Terminator Salvation (2009), Charlie Bartlett (2007), Fright Night (2011), Like Crazy (2011) and Only Lovers Left Alive (2013).
Yelchin was best known for portraying Pavel Chekov in the Star Trek reboot series, appearing in Star Trek (2009) and Star Trek Into Darkness (2013), and will appear in Star Trek Beyond (2016).
On the morning of June 19, 2016, Yelchin was found by friends crushed between his car and the iron security gate of his Studio City, Los Angeles home.
It was described as a "freak accident".
He was pronounced dead later that day at the age of 27.
The sweat lodge (also called purification ceremony or simply sweat) is a hut, typically dome-shaped and made with natural materials.
It used by Native Americans for ceremonial steambaths and prayer.
Sweat lodges were largely a reaction to the influences of European culture with its negative effects on Native Americans.
There are several styles of structures used in different cultures.