the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The Imperial Crown of India was created when King George V visited Delhi as Emperor of India.
To prevent the pawning of the Crown Jewels, British law prohibited the removal of a Crown Jewel from the country.
For this reason, a new crown was made.
It has not been used since.
The Imperial Crown of India is not a part of the British Crown Jewels, though it is stored with them.
The George IV State Diadem was made in 1820 for the coronation of King George IV, and was worn during the coronation processions of Queen Victoria and Elizabeth II.
Queens consort, the wives of Kings, traditionally wore the crown of Mary of Modena, Queen of King James II.
By the beginning of the 20th century, that small crown was in a decrepit state.
A new European-style crown, flatter and with more arches than was traditional in British crowns, was made for Queen Alexandra, consort of King Edward VII.
A new crown, more like the traditional British crowns, was made for Queen Mary, consort of King George V, who was crowned in 1911.
The final new consort's crown in the 20th century was made for Queen Elizabeth, consort of King George VI.
Their coronation was in 1937.
All three consorts' crowns included the famous Koh-i-Noor diamond.
The Crown of the Queen Mother is the platinum consort crown manufactured for, and worn by, Queen Elizabeth, the former Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, the queen consort of King George VI at their coronation in Westminster Abbey in 1937.
It is the first crown for a British consort to be made of platinum.
The crown was made by Garrard & Co in London, the long term manufacturer of British royal crowns.
The crown is decorated with precious stones, most notably the 105-carat (21 g) Koh-i-Noor diamond in the middle of the front cross.
The Koh-i-Noor diamond was given to the East India Company by the former rulers of Punjab in 1849.
It became part of the British Crown Jewels when Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India in 1877.
It also contains the Lahore Diamond (22.48 carats) from the Treasury of Lahore given to Queen Victoria by the East India Company in 1851.
and a 17-carat (3.4 g) diamond given to Queen Victoria by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire in 1856.
The crown is now on display along with the other British Crown Jewels in the Tower of London.
Bird feet are adapted to the life they lead, and the patterns are often use in avian classification.
They are derived from the basic limb of ancestral tetrapods, the pentadactyl limb.
Humans (and other primates) have the original five fingers and five toes.
Birds have no more than four toes, inherited together with over a hundred anatomical features from theropod dinosaurs.
These four toes are arranged into four main patterns.
Arrangement of toes
Anisodactyly.
This is the most common arrangement of toes in birds, with three toes forward and one back.
It is the basic pattern in passerine birds, especially the songbirds, and hunting birds like eagles, hawks, and falcons.
The anisodactyl arrangement lets passerine birds perch on vertical surfaces, such as trees and cliffs.
The hind toe joins the leg at the same level as the front toes.
The leg arrangement of passerine birds has a special adaption for perching: a tendon-locking mechanism.
A tendon in the rear of the leg is automatically pulled and tightened when the leg bends.
This makes the foot curl stiffly round when the when the bird lands on a branch.
The tendon is locked in place by another tendon.
So passerines sleep while perching without falling off.
Certain species of passerines have stiff tail feathers, which help the birds balance themselves when perching on vertical surfaces.
Syndactyly is like anisodactyly, except that the third and fourth toes  or three toes, are fused together.
This is characteristic of Coraciiformes (kingfishers, bee-eaters, rollers, and relatives).
Zygodactyly.
This has two toes facing forward (digits 2 and 3) and two back (digits 1 and 4).
This arrangement is most common in arboreal species, particularly those that climb tree trunks or clamber through foliage.
Zygodactyly occurs in the parrots, woodpeckers (including flickers), cuckoos (including roadrunners), and some owls.
Zygodactyl tracks have been found dating to 120110 million years ago (Lower Cretaceous), 50 million years before the first identified zygodactyl fossils.
Heterodactyly.
Heterodactyly is like zygodactyly, except that digits 3 and 4 point forward and digits 1 and 2 point back.
Pamprodactyly is an arrangement where all four toes may point forward, or birds may rotate the outer two toes backward.
It is a characteristic of swifts (Apodidae).
Didactyly.
The ostrich has just two toes on each foot, with the nail on the larger, inner toe resembling a hoof.
The outer toe has no nail.
The reduced number of toes is an adaptation to its life on open land.
Ostriches can run at a speed over  and can cover  in a single stride.
Parts of the leg
Knee joint
The bird knee joint between the femur and tibia (or rather tibiotarsus) points forwards, but is hidden in the feathers.
The backward-pointing "heel" (ankle) that is easily visible is a joint between the tibiotarsus and the tarsometatarsus.
Tarsometatarsus
The tarsometatarsus is the third segment of the leg.
Only birds have this.
It evolved from bones of the ankle in their ancestors.
The tarsometatarsus is the extended foot area, which gives the leg extra lever length.
The scales of birds are made of the same keratin as beaks, claws, and spurs.
They are found on the toes and sometimes further up on the ankle.
The scales and scutes of birds are thought to be homologous with those of reptiles, and feathers have developed from the scales of Archosaurs.
The name Nancy is a female given name.
It comes off Hannah, meaning "grace".
The name was originally a nickname for girls.
However, from the 18th century onward, Nancy became a proper name.
Many famous people have the name, including Nancy Pelosi and Nancy Kerrigan.
Narayanganj (, ) is a district in central Bangladesh.
The main city of the district is Narayanganj.
In organic chemistry an addition reaction happens when two molecules come together to make a bigger one.
This can only happen when one of the molecules already has a double or triple bond.
These can be carbon-carbon bonds or even carbon-oxygen, carbon-nitrogen and others.
One of the two molecules is called the nucleophile, and this is the one that gives the electrons to the other to make the new bond.
The other molecule is called the electrophile, and this is the one that gets the electrons.
An addition reaction is the opposite of an elimination reaction.
Common examples of addition reactions are the addition of water across a double bond and the nucleophilic attack on a carbonyl.
Ho Jong-suk (; July 16, 1908 – June 5, 1991) was a Korean politician, journalist and independence activist.
One of her main topics of interest was feminism.
Her courtesy name was Jongja(정자, 貞子) and her pen name was Sukayi(수가이, 秀嘉伊).
In Grace Lover (은혜로운 사랑 속에서)
Democraticism founder days (민주건국의 나날에)
Historical rememories of great loves (위대한 사랑의 력사를 되새기며)
Heo Jong-suk:britannica
허정숙
정치 노여류혁명가 허정숙 여사를 추모하여
In chemistry, an electrophile is a molecule or an atom that is happy to take electrons from another one.
Many electrophiles have a positive charge.
They are also called Lewis acids.
Some examples of electrophiles are molecules where the atoms have a big difference in electronegativity, like HCl or a carbonyl, or also oxidizing agents.
Electrophiles get attacked by a nucleophile, which is the opposite kind of molecule.
This happens for example in addition reactions.
Addition of halogens
C2H4 + Br2 → BrCH2CH2Br
Feni  () is a small district in southeastern Bangladesh.
It is part of the Chittagong Division.
It has six upazillas, 45 union parishads,
and approximately 570 villages.
The upazillas are:
Feni Sadar
Sonagazi
Fhulgazi
Chagalnaiya
Daganbhuiyan
Parshuram
Noakhali () is a district in south-eastern Bangladesh.
It is in the Chittagong Division.
Lakshmipur or Laxmipur District (, Lakshmipur Jela also Lakshmipur Zila)  with an area of 1455.96 km², is a district of Bangladesh.
It is bordered by Chandpur District to the north, Bhola and Noakhali districts to the south, Noakhali District to the east, and Barisal and Bhola districts to the west.
Lakshmipur Sadar Upazila
Raipur Upazila
Ramganj Upazila
Ramgati Upazila
Kamalnagar Upazila
Mohammad Mohammadullah, (3rd President of Bangladesh), 24 December 1973 – 25 January 1975
Mohammad Toaha, language activist of the Bengali Language Movement and politician
A. S. M. Abdur Rab, Bangladeshi politician.
Mohammad Noman, political leader of Jatiyo Party.
Selina Parvin, (19311971), journalist and poet, martyr of Bangladesh War of Independence, was born in Ramganj Upazila
DC Office, Lakshmipur
Shatkhira () is a district in south-western Bangladesh.
It is part of Khulna Division.
Bagerhat () is a district in south-western Bangladesh.
It is a part of the Khulna Division.
The Augustinians were Roman Catholic monastic order.
Martin Luther became an Augustinian monk at St. Augustine's Monastery in the German city of Erfurt in 1505.
He later started the Reformation.
The name Erin is an Irish and English female name.
It comes from the ancient name for Ireland.
The name first became popular around the United States.
Erin is one of the twenty most-often used female names in Wales.
It is being used on Atlantic tropical cyclones.
Berthe Marie Pauline Morisot (; January 14, 1841 – March 2, 1895) was an Impressionist painter.
She was born in Bourges, France, and died in Paris.
In the 1860s, she studied with Camille Corot.
She exhibited at the 1865 Salon.
Morisot met artist Édouard Manet in 1868.
Manet painted her portrait several times.
The two had great influence on one another's work.
In 1874, she married his brother, Eugène.
She exhibited at the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874.
Morisot worked in oils, pastels, and watercolor.
Her pictures are light and delicate.
They typically depict women and children in everyday domestic life.
Many critics ridiculed the Impressionists.
Morisot was not spared.
She was never commercially successful during her lifetime.
During her lifetime however, she outsold prominent Impressionists Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Alfred Sisley.
Henri Julien Félix Rousseau (; 21 May 1844 – 2 September 1910) was a post-Impressionist painter.
He was born at Laval, Mayenne.
He worked a variety of jobs (saxophonist, toll collector) before beginning to paint at age 40.
He was known as Le Douanier ("the customs officer").
From 1886 onwards, he exhibited at the Salon des Indépendents.
In 1905, he began exhibiting at the Salon d'Automne.
Some critics ridiculed him for his style, but he came to be recognized as a self-taught genius.
Rousseau's work had a great influence on many avant-garde artists.
He had an unhappy love affair in his last months.
He died in Paris in 1910.
Leslie Bibb (born November 17, 1974 in Bismarck, North Dakota) is an American actress.
She works primarily in movies, although sometimes in television programs.
Her movies include Skulls and Iron Man.
Some sources say she was born in 1973.
Others say 1974 or 1975.
Inferno is a distributed operating system made by Bells Labs and Vita Nuova Holdings based on ideas and technology from Plan 9 from Bell Labs.
The three main principles behind Inferno's design are:
Resources as files: all resources are represented as files within a hierarchical file system
Namespaces: the application view of the network is a single, coherent namespace that appears as a hierarchical file system but may represent physically separated (locally or remotely) resources
Standard communication protocol: a standard protocol 9P is used to access all resources, both local and remote
As a distributed operating system (i.e. an operating system working across and connecting multiple machines and devices together), Inferno is also designed to be able to operated on a variety of computer architectures.
It can also be operated on top of other operating systems, such as Unix, Microsoft Windows, or Google's Android operating system.
In order to make Inferno applications as portable to other computer architectures as the Inferno operating system, Inferno applications are written in a programing language called Limbo and run inside Inferno's Dis virtual machine.
Inferno at vitanuova.com
Cynthia is a female given name that comes from Greek word kynthia.
There are several different versions for this name.
One short version is Cindy.
There are many well known people under the name, including Cynthia McKinney and Cynthia Nixon.
The short version, Cindy, is being used for Atlantic Basin tropical cyclones.
Cynthia Dobrinski (born 1950), handbell composer
Cynthia Gibb (born 1963), American actress
Cynthia Tse Kimberlin, American ethnomusicologist
Cynthia McKinney (born 1955), American politician
Lady Cynthia Mosley (1898–1933), British politician
Cynthia Myers (1950-2011),  actress
Cynthia Nixon (born 1966), American actress
Cynthia Ortega (born 1956), Dutch politician
Cynthia Watros (born 1968), American actress
Cynthia Peninsula, a peninsula in northeastern Ontario, Canada
Cynthia, Alberta, a hamlet in central Alberta, Canada
The name Amber is a female given name.
It comes from the word amber.
This comes from the Arabic word anbar.
The name is a very popular name for English-speaking areas.
It was the 165th most popular for the United States in 2008.
The name ranked among the top 25 most popular girl's names between 1980 and 1997.
It ranked among the top 100 most used female names in Canada, Western Europe and Australia.
There are some celebrities with the name, including Amber Heard.
Amber (performer), a pop music/dance music performer and singer
Amber Hagerman, American murder victim, after whom the AMBER Alert was named
Amber Heard, American actress
Amber Littlejohn, Native American professional figure competitor
Amber Merritt, Australian wheelchair basketball player
Amber, a character in the television series Hannah Montana
Amber Volakis, a character from the television series House
Jacqueline is a female given name.
One variant is Jackie.
This is the feminine version for male name Jacques.
Jacques is a French version of Jacob.
Jacqueline was first used in the United Kingdom during the 17th century.
The name is very popular in France, the United States, Australia, Canada and western Europe.
Many famous people have Jacqueline and its related variants for their name.
Sasha Vujačić (born March 8, 1984) is a Slovenian basketball player.
He played for the Los Angeles Lakers for most of his career.
Slovenian sportspeople
Maryborough is a city in south east Queensland, Australia.
It is built on the banks of the Mary River.
It is on the Bruce Highway about  north of Brisbane.
In 2006 there were 25,705 people living in the city and the nearby area.
Maryborough was first settled in 1847 which makes it one the oldest towns in Queensland.
The city was named after the Mary River.
The river was named after Lady Mary FitzRoy, wife of the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Charles Augustus FitzRoy.
Gympie is a town in Queensland, Australia.
The city is built on the banks of the Mary River.
It is about  north of Brisbane.
In 2011 there were 18,602 people living in Gympie.
Gympie is named after the Aboriginal words Gympie Gympie or Gimpi Gimpi, meaning the stinging tree.
The town was first called Nashville, after James Nash who found gold there in 1867.
In 1868 it became Gympie.
1860s establishments in Australia
Marilyn vos Savant (born August 11, 1946 in St. Louis) is an American magazine columnist, playwright and author.
She became very famous in the Guinness Book of World Records category for the highest IQ.
Since 1986, she has hosted Parade magazine's "Ask Marilyn" column.
In the column she answers the questions from readers on a variety of subjects.
Murgon is a town in Queensland, Australia.
It is about  northwest of Brisbane.
It is a farming area with beef cattle, dairy farms and vineyards.
The town is named after an Aboriginal word for "water lily".
In 2011 there were 2,496 people living in Murgon.
The Movement for Rights and Freedoms (MRF) (; ), is a political party in Bulgaria.
Their ideologies are centrism and liberalism.
The MRF is a member of the Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe.
The MRF represents Turks in Bulgaria.
The MRF was founded on 4 January 1990.
The founder chairman of the MRF was Ahmed Dogan.
After him, his deputy Lyutvi Mestan is elected as the 2nd chairman of the MRF.
Leaders of the MRF
Ahmed Dogan (4 January 1990–19 January 2013)
Lyutvi Mestan (19 January 2013–December 2015)
Mustafa Karadayı (24 April 2016 - present)
1990 establishments in Europe
Political parties in Bulgaria
Warren Truss (born 8 October 1948, Kingaroy, Queensland) is an Australian politician.
He was elected as the member for Wide Bay in the Australian Parliament in 1990.
He became the leader of the National Party in 2007.
In the Howard government, Truss was Minister for Customs and Consumer Affairs and Minister for Community Services.
In July 1999 Truss became of Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry.
In 2005 he became Minister for Transport and Regional Services.
In September 2006 he became Minister for Trade.
Stanley Frank "Stan" Musial (born Stanisław Franciszek Musiał; November 21, 1920 – January 19, 2013) or Stan the Man was an American professional baseball player who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Cardinals (1941–1963).
He is the National League's all-time leader in doubles, among many other records for doubles.
President Barack Obama presented Musial with Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest honor that can be given to a civilian, at the White House on February 15, 2011.
Musial was a first-ballot inductee to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1969.
He began to play baseball in 1941 until his retirement in 1963.
Musial was born on November 21, 1920 in Donora, Pennsylvania.
He had Czech and Polish parents.
He studied at the University of Pittsburgh.
Musial was married to the former Lillian Labash from 1940 until her death in May 2012.
Musial died on January 19, 2013 in the St. Louis suburb of Ladue, Missouri from natural causes, aged 92.
He died on the same day as Earl Weaver.
Stan Musial: The Man  – slideshow by Life magazine
The Sporting News  – interview with Stan Musial and Tony Gwynn, July 1997
Earl Sidney Weaver (August 14, 1930 – January 19, 2013) was an American professional baseball player and manager.
After playing in minor league baseball, he retired without playing in Major League Baseball (MLB).
He became a minor league manager, and then managed in MLB for 17 years with the Baltimore Orioles (1968–1982; 1985–1986).
He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1996.
Weaver was born on August 14, 1930 in St. Louis, Missouri.
He was raised in Baltimore, Maryland.
Weaver was married to Jane Johnston for fourteen years unti they divorced.
Then he was married to Marianna Osgood from 1964 until his death in 2013.
Weaver died on January 19, 2013 while on a cruise ship in the Caribbean Sea from a heart attack, aged 82.
He died on the same day as Stan Musial.
Video of Earl Weaver arguing with an umpire, and being ejected from the game
Major League Baseball managers
The band was formed in 1985 by brothers Gary Lee Conner and Van Conner.
The band formed because the members had an interest in the punk, garage, and classic rock genres in high school.
They released their debut album, Clairvoyance, on January 1, 1986.
The band gained fame from the early 1990s grunge movement along with bands like Alice in Chains, Nirvana, Stone Temple Pilots, Soundgarden and Pearl Jam.
The band broke up in 2000.
Mark Lanegan - lead vocals, guitar (1985–2000)
Gary Lee Conner - guitar, backing vocals (1985–2000)
Van Conner - bass, backing vocals (1985–2000)
Mark Pickerel - drums (1985–1991)
Barrett Martin - drums, percussion, backing vocals (1991–2000)
Donna Dresch - bass (1988, 1991) (touring)
Sean Hollister - drums (1991) (touring)
Dan Peters - drums (1991) (touring)
Josh Homme - rhythm guitar (1996-1998) (touring)
Clairvoyance (1986)
Even If and Especially When (1987)
Invisible Lantern (1988)
Buzz Factory (1989)
Uncle Anesthesia (1991)
Sweet Oblivion (1992)
Dust (1996)
Last Words: The Final Recordings (2011)
Other Worlds (1985)
Beat Happening/Screaming Trees EP (1988)
Something About Today (1990)
Change Has Come (1991)
Winter Songs Tour Tracks (1992)
Mohammad Razizan Abdul Razak (born 15 April 1984), better known as Zizan Razak, is a Malaysian comedian.
He is also a television host, actor, and most recently a rapper and a singer.
He has also been in several reality television shows.
He was runner-up (second place) in the first season of Raja Lawak (King of Comedy), a competition for comedians.
In it he was known as "Zizan Raja Lawak".
He was also a participant in Maharaja Lawak (Emperor of Comedy), which was a second series of competitions for the finalists of each season of Raja Lawak.
In the show, he was paired (as a team) with Johan Raja Lawak.
They were known as "Jozan".
They came second in the series, and won RM 250 thousand.
Zizan was also in the reality show Super Spontan, which he won and took the prize of RM 100,000 and a Toyota Camry.
Zizan was born in Dungun, Terengganu.
He is the younger of two siblings.
In 2011, Zizan was rumoured to be dating with Juliana Evans after starring together in the movie Hantu Bonceng.
They later acted together in Mael Lambong.
Bolos
Jozan Show
Funniest Pets & Peoples
Konsert Lawak
Zizan Show
Raja Lawak
Redah Kasi Pecah
Jangan Lupa Lirik: Raya Raya Raya!!
Anda Ada 60 Saat
Maharaja Lawak
Mega Raya 2011
Super Spontan
Lawak Ke Der?
Lawak Ke Der?2
Clever Edisi Malaysia
Maharaja Lawak Mega 2012
Telemovies
Drogba & Rooney (2011)
Chapalrela
Oh My Ganu (Oh My English)
Hantu Bonceng film
Zizan was asked to say sorry for something he said in the comedy Hantu Bonceng in September 2011.
It was said to insult Islam.
Dewan Pemuda PAS Malaysia condemned what they saw as a clear insult to Allah.
They referred to Zizan saying "Ashaduanna Muhammadar...syaitan", which means "I bear witness that Muhammad is ... the devil".
Ustaz Azhar Idrus, an Islamic leader in Terengganu, also asked Zizan to repent to Allah.
Zizan Raja Lawak  in Sinema Malaysia
Akaun Facebook Zizan Raja Lawak
Akaun Twitter Zizan Raja Lawak
Zizan Fanpage
Cabin Boy is a 1994 fantasy comedy movie directed by Adam Resnick and co-produced by Tim Burton, which starred comedian Chris Elliott.
Elliott co-wrote the movie with Resnick.
Both men worked for Late Night with David Letterman in the 1980s, as well as co-creating the short-lived FOX sitcom Get a Life in the early 1990s.
The project was originally to be directed by Tim Burton, who had contacted Chris Elliott after seeing Get a Life.
Resnick took over after Burton was offered the movie Ed Wood.
Chris Elliott as Nathaniel Mayweather
Andy Richter as Kenny
David Letterman as Old Salt In Fishing Village (credited as Earl Hofert)
Mike Starr as Mulligan the Giant
Jim Cummings as the Floating Cupcake (voice)
Brion James as Big Teddy
Brian-Doyle Murray as Skunk
Ritch Brinkley as Captain Greybar
Melora Walters as Trina
Bob Elliott as William Mayweather
Dennis Skinner is a likeable decent-looking lad, who is driven by a disturbing childhood; moonlights as a skid row slasher style, serial killer who tends to prey on hookers, in-between those co-workers of his who despise him as he does in return.
Who punishes those (he finds offensive) in particular, by flaying his victims alive.
On his trail is Heidi, a junkie prostitute, who survived one of his brutal attacks and now strives for revenge.
Ted Raimi as Dennis Skinner
Traci Lords as Heidi
Ricki Lake as Kerry Tate
Richard Schiff as Eddie
David Warshofsky as Geoff Tate
Blaire Baron as Gloria
Christina Englehardt as Rachel
Time Winters as Night watchman
Roberta Eaton as Sandy
Dewayne Williams as Earl
Frederika Kesten as Suzanne
Sara Lee Froton as Young Woman
Martha is a female given name.
It means "mistress" or "the lady".
The name has been around through many centuries.
Martha of Bethany is a very notable person who has the name.
She is described in the Gospel of John and the Gospel of Luke.
There are other people with this female name, including Martha Stewart, Martha McSally and Martha Coakley.
The name was used for an Atlantic hurricane in 1969.
Charles Roven (born August 2, 1949) is an American movie producer.
He is known for his works with Batman Begins, The Dark Knight, The Dark Knight Rises, and with Man of Steel.
Roven was born on August 2, 1949.
He was married to Dawn Steel from 1985 until her death in 1997.
They had one daughter, Rebecca Steel Roven.
The Bank Job (2008)
Get Smart (2008)
Get Smart's Bruce and Lloyd: Out of Control (2008)
Season of the Witch (2011)
Suicide Squad (2016)
Wonder Woman (2017)
Wonder Woman 1984 (2019)
Danielle is a female given name.
It is feminine of the name Daniel.
Daniel is Hebrew for "God is my judge".
Danielle is a strongly popular female name for certain countries.
There are many variants for this name.
Famous people by the name include Danielle Steel and Danielle Fishel.
This name is currently being used on Atlantic tropical cyclones.
On TV
2003 - Mulheres Apaixonadas .... Gracinha
2004 - Senhora do Destino .... Angélica
2005 - Bang Bang .... Mercedita Bolívar
2006 - O Profeta .... Ruth Ribeiro de Sousa
2007 - Os Amadores .... Marta
2007 - Circo do Faustão .... Herself
2008 - Beleza Pura .... Sheila Cabral Pinto Soares
2010 - Escrito nas Estrelas .... Mariana
2011 - Morde & Assopra .... Natália
2012 - Amor Eterno Amor .... Jacira
2013 - Amor à Vida .... Sílvia
Walter C. "Wally" Pfister (born July 8, 1961) is an Academy Award-winning American cinematographer and movie director who is known for his cinematography in Batman Begins, Memento, Moneyball, Insomnia, The Dark Knight, Inception, and in The Dark Knight Rises.
He began his directing career in the 2014 movie Transcendence.
Pfister was born on July 8, 1961 in Chicago, Illinois.
He was raised both in Chicago and in New York City, New York.
Pfister was married to Anna Julien since 1992.
A Conversation with Wally Pfister
Rajbari (, Rajbari Jela or Rajbari Zila) is a district in central Bangladesh.
Gopalganj () is a district of Bangladesh.
Madaripur is a district in central Bangladesh.
Shariatpur (,  or ) is a district of central Bangladesh.
Kushtia () is a district in the Khulna Division of west Bangladesh.
It is next to the river Gorai.
Chuadanga (; Chuađaņa) is a district in western Bangladesh.
Meherpur () is a small district in south-western Bangladesh.
It is part of the Khulna Division.
Jhenidah is a district in southwestern Bangladesh.
Magura () is a district in south-western part of Bangladesh.
Narail (, ) is a district in south-western Bangladesh.
Chemical kinetics, also called reaction kinetics, is studying how fast chemical reactions go.
This includes studying how different conditions such as temperature, pressure or solvent used affect the speed of a reaction.
Chemical kinetics can also be used to find out about reaction mechanisms and transition states.
The basic idea of chemical kinetics is called collision theory.
This states that for a reaction to happen, the molecules must hit each other.
Ways of increasing the speed of the reaction must therefore increase the number of hits.
With experiments it is possible to calculate reaction rates from which you can get rate laws and rate constants.
A rate law is a mathematical expression with which you can calculate the speed of a reaction given the concentration of the reagents.
Order of a reaction
zero-order reaction: the speed does not depend on the concentration
first-order reaction: the speed depends on the concentration of only one reactant
second-order reaction: the speed depends on the concentration of two reactants, or on the concentration of one reactant squared.
From this data, it is possible to think about the mechanism of the reaction.
If it is second-order, for example, then it is likely that both molecules in the reaction are coming together during the rate-determining step.
This is the most difficult step in the mechanism to go through, because it has the highest activation energy.
Rósa Arianna McGowan (born September 5, 1973), better known as Rose McGowan, is an American former actress, model, singer, and author.
She is best known to television audiences for her role as Paige Matthews in The WB supernatural drama series Charmed (2001–2006), and also for her recurring role in ABC's long running fantasy series Once Upon a Time as young Cora Mills.
McGowan made her film debut in the comedy Encino Man (1992), wherein she played a small role.
Her performance as Amy Blue in Gregg Araki's dark comedy The Doom Generation (1995) brought her wider attention, and she received an Independent Spirit Award nomination for her performance.
McGowan appeared as Tatum Riley in the horror film Scream (1996) and starred alongside Ben Affleck in the coming-of-age feature Going All the Way (1997).
She appeared in several Hollywood films, including Devil in the Flesh (1998), Jawbreaker (1999), Ready to Rumble (2000), Monkeybone (2001), and The Black Dahlia (2006).
McGowan played Ann-Margret, alongside Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Elvis Presley, in the CBS miniseries Elvis (2005).
She starred in Planet Terror (2007) and had a supporting role in Death Proof (2007), both part of the double-feature film directed by Robert Rodriguez and Quentin Tarantino, Grindhouse.
Next, she starred in the crime thriller film Fifty Dead Men Walking (2008).
In 1996, McGowan was the cover model for the Henry Mancini tribute album Shots in the Dark, and she was the face of the American clothing company Bebe from 1998 to 1999.
She has also appeared on numerous magazine covers, including Seventeen, Interview, Maxim, GQ, Entertainment Weekly, and Rolling Stone.
In March 2018, McGowan came out as non-binary.
February 2021, McGowan became a permanent resident of Mexico and lives in Tulum, Quintana Roo.
This feminine name comes from a late Latin word rosa.
One of them is Rosemary.
The 300 Spartans is a 1962 Cinemascope movie depicting the Battle of Thermopylae.
It was shot in the village of Perachora in the Peloponnese.
It stars Richard Egan as the Spartan king Leonidas I, Ralph Richardson as Themistocles of Athens, and David Farrar as Persian king Xerxes.
Diane Baker as Ellas and Barry Coe as Phylon provide the romantic element.
The movie is about a force of Greek warriors led by 300 Spartans which fights against an enormous  Persian army.
The Spartans will not flee or surrender, even if it means their deaths.
When it was released in 1962, critics saw the movie as a commentary on the Cold War.
It was impossible to shoot at Thermopylae.
The sea had receded about 3 miles farther away from the narrow pass.
Some 5,000 members of the Royal Hellenic Army were loaned by the King of Greece to portray both the Spartans and the Persians.
Movies directed by Rudolph Maté‏‎
In a chemical reaction, the transition state is the point where there is a maximum value of energy.
This energy is called the activation energy.
When two or more molecules are mixed, they will hit each other.
If they hit with enough energy to go through the transition state, they will react and form new molecules.
At the transition state, new bonds are formed while the old ones are broken.
In a graph or a drawing, the transition state is often marked with the double dagger ‡ symbol.
It is very difficult to study a transition state.
This is because it is so high in energy that the molecules will stay in that form for a very short time, usually femtoseconds.
It is important not to confuse transition states with intermediates.
Intermediates are found at minimum points of energy, and they can live for a very long time.
Like a transition state, however, an intermediate is between reagents and products of a reaction.
Studying transition states is very important to understand reaction mechanisms.
There are theories and computer programs that can be used to calculate how the transition state looks like.
This is a part of chemical kinetics.
The Winged Victory of Samothrace (or Nike of Samothrace) is a Parian marble sculpture now in the Louvre, Paris, France.
It is believed to have been made about 190 BC.
It was discovered in 1863.
It commemorates Nike, the Greek victory in a sea battle near Samothrace.
It stands 2.44 m high.
The work presents a pose where violent motion and sudden stillness meet.
It is notable for its graceful balance and for the rendering of the figure's draped garments, depicted as if rippling in a strong sea breeze.
The activation energy of a chemical reaction is the minimum energy that is needed to make the reaction happen.
It usually has the symbol Ea and it is measured in kilojoule per mole.
It can be thought of as a barrier between the reagents and the products of a reaction.
The activation energy is the difference in energy between the transition state and the starting reagents.
Arrhenius equation
This equation is a way of calculating the activation energy.
Its form is:
Here, k is the rate constant of the reaction (which can be measured using chemical kinetics), A is a frequency factor, R is the universal gas constant, T is the temperature.
If we measure how fast the reaction goes at different temperatures, then we can make a graph and calculate the activation energy using this equation.
When using a catalyst the activation energy is made smaller.
This means that the reaction can go faster at the same temperature.
The catalyst does not change the energy of the reagents or the products.
Also, the catalyst does not change in the reaction.
Therefore, it can be used again and again and only a small amount of a catalyst is needed.
300 is a graphic novel written and drawn by Frank Miller and colored by Lynn Varley.
It tells the story of the Spartans, the Persians, and the Battle of Thermopylae.
The individual volumes were collected and reprinted in their entire by Dark Horse in 1999.
Publishers Weekly wrote: "Form and content are ideally wedded: Miller's writing is stark, his drawings moody and dramatic, and intensified by Varley's grimly appropriate palette of earth and blood.
The reader can see and feel the harshness of both the Grecian landscape and Sparta's battle-worshipping culture, as Miller presents the complex historical moment facing the 300."
The novel was made into a movie.
The Sacred Band of Thebes was an elite fighting unit within the ancient Theban army of the 4th century BC.
The earliest surviving record of the Sacred Band by name was made in 324 BC.
The unit was comprised of 150 male lovers.
It was believed these men would make better warriors.
Plutarch (46–120 AD) is the source of the most substantial surviving account of the Sacred Band.
In his Life of Pelopidas Plutarch wrote, "Since the lovers, ashamed to be base in sight of their beloved, and the beloved before their lovers, willingly rush into danger for the relief of one another."
The band was reportedly organized by the Theban commander Gorgidas in 378 BC.
Male couples were originally dispersed throughout the ranks of the army.
It was later decided to create a separate squad.
The squad played a crucial role in the Battle of Leuctra.
It was completely destroyed by Philip II of Macedon in the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC.
Elisha Gerald "Jerry" Hopkins (November 9, 1935 – June 3, 2018) was an American journalist and author.
He was best known for writing the first biographies of both Elvis Presley and Jim Morrison of The Doors, as well as serving for 20 years as a writer for Rolling Stone magazine.
He also wrote several other biographies, wrote history and humor, and was a writer-producer for Mike Wallace, Steve Allen and Mort Sahl.
He has published 36 books and an estimated one thousand magazine articles.
The books have been translated into 16 languages and total sales exceed 6 million.
Hopkins was born on November 9, 1935 in Camden, New Jersey.
He was raised in nearby Haddonfield, a town founded by Quakers.
His parents operated a dry cleaning store.
He attended a Quaker school through 6th grade and public schools through 12th.
He earned a BA in journalism from Washington & Lee University in Lexington, Virginia (1957).
For a short time, he worked as a reporter for the Twin City Sentinel in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
He was in the US Army for a short time.
After that, he earned an MS in journalism from Columbia University in New York (1959).
After freelancing articles to the then-young Village Voice while at Columbia, he worked as a reporter for the Times-Picayune and as news editor of WWL Radio in New Orleans (1959-1961).
He joined Mike Wallace as a writer-producer in New York for one year (1961-62) then moved to Los Angeles where he was a talent coordinator and writer-producer for Steve Allen (1962-1964).
He also wrote and produced television programs for Mort Sahl, ABC-TV and Universal Studios (1964-1966; 1971).
He wrote his first books during this period, an as-told-to autobiography of a health faddist, Bare Feet and Good Things to Eat (1965), and an astrological spoof, You Were Born on a Rotten Day (1969).
In the mid-1960s, he left television to open the first “headshop” in Los Angeles.
He then became the Los Angeles correspondent for Rolling Stone (1967-1969).
He wrote features and columns for alternative newspapers, MC’ed the first love-ins in Los Angeles, edited a collection of material from the underground press, The Hippie Papers (1968) and wrote a history of rock and roll, The Rock Story (1970).
Leaving Rolling Stone temporarily in 1969 to write Elvis: A Biography (1971), it was while then serving as the magazine’s London correspondent (1972) he began researching his Morrison biography, No One Here Gets Out Alive.
It was rejected by more than 30 publishers before publication in 1980, when it topped the New York Times bestseller chart and was credited by many with helping kick-start the Doors’ revival as well as inspiring a new publishing genre, the rock biography.
A sequel to the Elvis biography, Elvis: The Final Years (1981) followed, along with biographies of Jimi Hendrix, David Bowie, Yoko Ono, and Raquel Welch, the latter of which was authorized but not published.
He moved to Honolulu, where he edited a monthly newsletter about Hawaiian music and dance and published several books taking Hawaiian culture as their subject, including The Hula (1981), a history; How to Make Your Own Hawaiian Musical Instruments (1988); Elvis in Hawaii (2002); and Don Ho: My Life, My Music (2007).
He also was an editor at Pacific Business News in Honolulu and a speechwriter for Mayor Frank Fasi.
Moving to Thailand in 1993, he wrote for many travel, food and airline magazines.
He worked with photographer Michael Freeman on Strange Foods: An Epicurean Adventure Around the World (1999), which was expanded and reissued as Extreme Cuisine with a foreword by Anthony Bourdain (2004).
A collection of expatriate profiles, Bangkok Babylon (2005); a book of stories and essays, Thailand Confidential (2005); and Asian Aphrodisiacs (2006) followed.
His 37th book, profiling Western novelists who helped forge the Asian myth, Romancing the East, will be published in 2013.
Hopkins has been married four times, to Sara Cordell (1959-1963), Jane Hollingsworth (1968-1976), Rebecca Erickson Crockett (1980-1988) and has two grown children by his second wife, Erin Hendershot (b.1970) and Nick Hopkins (b. 1972), and six grandchildren.
He and his wife, Lamyai (m. 2003), a citizen of Thailand, divide their time between a flat in Bangkok and a house and farm six hours away in rice country near the Cambodian border.
Bare Feet & Good Things to Eat (1965) with Gypsy Boots
The Hippie Papers (1968) Editor
You Were Born on a Rotten Day (1969) with Jim Critchfield
The Rock Story (1970)
Groupies & Other Girls (1970) with John Burks
Festival: An American Celebration (1970) with Jim Marshall & Baron Wolman (photographers)
Elvis: A Biography (1971)
The Last Sex Manual (1978) with Ron Pion, MD
No One Here Gets Out Alive (1980) with Danny Sugerman
The Hula (1981)
Elvis: The Final Years (1981)
Hit & Run: The Jimi Hendrix Story (1983)
Bowie (1985)
Fax to Da Max (1985) with Peppo (illustrator)
Yoko Ono (1986)
The L.A. Book of Lists (1987)
Vinny: Part II, The Habilitat Story (1987) with Vincent Marino
Fax 2 Da Max (1988)
How to Make Your Own Hawaiian Musical Instruments (1988) with Martin Charlot (illustrator)
The Westin Maui (1989) with William Waterfall (photographer)
Kauai Lagoons (1990) with William Waterfall (photographer)
50 Simple Things You Can Do to Save Hawaii (1990) with Susan Manual
Frank DeLima’s Joke Book (1991) with Frank DeLima
The Lizard King: The Essential Jim Morrison (1992)
The Jimi Hendrix Experience (1996) Updated reprint
Strange Foods (1999) with Michael Freeman (photographer)
Elvis in Hawaii (2002)
Extreme Cuisine (2004) with Michael Freeman (photographer)
In the Name of the Boss Upstairs: The Father Ray Brennan Story (2004)
Thailand Confidential (2005)
Bangkok Babylon (2005)
The Pacific Showman (2005) with Tom Moffatt
Asian Aphrodisiacs (2006)
Aloha Elvis (2007)
Don Ho: My Life, My Music (2007) with Don Ho
Elvis: The Biography (2007)
The Writers Guild of America (1961-Emeritus)
The Foreign Correspondents Club of Thailand (1993-Present)
The Explorers Club (2000-Present)
Interview from 2009
Interview from 2012 (PDF)
Themistocles (?
524 BC-?460 BC) was an Ancient Greek Athenian politician and general.
He fought against the Persians at the Battle of Marathon as a young man.
He later persuaded Athens to build a navy which he commanded in the defeat of the Persians at the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC.
After the war he became unpopular and had to leave.
He went to work for the Persian Empire.
The Greek shield of Ancient Greece was called a hoplon or aspis.
It was from this word that hoplite (a Greek soldier) is derived.
A hoplon was a deeply-dished shield made of wood.
Some shields had a thin sheet of bronze on the outer face.
This was placed just around the rim.
In some periods, the shield was decorated.
At other times, it remained undecorated.
These large shields were designed for a mass of hoplites to push forward into the opposing army, and it was their most essential equipment.
The shield was carried in the left hand.
It was used by Spartans as a weapon of attack.
Probably the most famous decoration is the Spartan.
This was a capital lambda (Λ).
From the late 5th century BC onward, Athenian hoplites usually used the Little Owl (Athena's sacred bird).
The shields of Theban hoplites were sometimes decorated with a sphinx, or the club of Herakles.
Breadfruit is the name for an evergreen tree in the mulberry family.
Originally, the tree grew in Southeast Asia.
It has been cultivated and is grown in the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Central and South America and the Caribbean.
The tree can reach a height of up to .
The breadfruit is the fruit of this tree.
The fruits contain a lot of starch - much like potatoes; they are ground to make flour, which can then be used for baking.
Ancestors of the Polynesians found the trees growing in the northwest New Guinea area around 3,500 years ago.
They gave up the rice cultivation they had brought with them from Taiwan, and raised breadfruit instead.
They took the trees with them wherever they went in the Pacific.
The exceptions were Easter Island and New Zealand: both places were too cold to grow the trees.
Their ancient eastern Indonesian cousins spread the plant west and north through insular and coastal Southeast Asia.
In historical times, it has also been widely planted in tropical regions elsewhere.
The Mutiny on the Bounty was caused by breadfruit trees: In 1787, William Bligh was ordered to load a number of these trees on Tahiti and to ship them to the Caribbean; there they would serve as a cheap food for the slaves working on plantations.
The main plantations at the time were those of sugarcane.
This was the first attempt a government made to grow an economically important plant at a different location.
The attempt failed, because the seamen did not understand why the drinking water supply was used to water the plants; they threw the plants overboard.
Bligh was able to ship the trees in a second voyage: Arriving in the Caribbean, he faced a different problem: The slaves there did not accept breadfruit as a replacement for cereals.
Bligh won the Royal Society medal for his efforts, even though the introduction was not entirely successful.
Although most slaves refused to eat the new food, breadfruit was accepted into the cuisine of Puerto Rico.
The Hercules Room (also known as the Hercules Drawing Room or Hercules Salon; ) is a State Room in the Palace of Versailles.
It occupies what was once the site of a chapel.
Louis XIV wanted the Hercules Room to be a showcase for a large painting by Paolo Veronese.
The architect Robert de Cotte began working on the room in 1710.
Work was completed in 1736.
The Room has been the scene of many glittering events in the history of Versailles.
State Room
The large room is on the ground floor (first floor) of the Palace.
It measures 18m x 14m x 45m. A chapel once stood on the site.
The Hercules Room connects the royal chapel and the North Wing of the palace with the Grand Apartment of the King.
Architect Robert de Cotte started work on the room in 1710.
The project was set aside in 1715 when Louis XIV died.
Work resumed in 1724.
Louis XV hired architect Jacques Gabriel, marble worker Claude-Félix Tarlé, and sculptors Jacques Verberckt and François-Antoine Vassé to complete the room.
The room is in the style of the Hall of Mirrors.
Paintings by Veronese
Louis XIV wanted this room to be a showcase for a large painting by Paolo Veronese called Meal at the House of Simon the Pharisee.
This picture was painted for the refectory (dining hall) of the Servite Convent in Venice in 1570.
In 1664, the Doge gave it to Louis XIV.
He wanted the king to support him in a war with the Turks.
Veronese's Eliezer and Rebecca hangs above the fireplace on the wall opposite Simon.
Simon is a large painting.
It measures 4.5 m x 9.7 m. The painting was once displayed in the Apollo Gallery of the Louvre.
It was hung in the Hercules Room in 1730.
It was removed in 1832.
It was sent at that time back to the Louvre.
In 1961 Simon was returned to the Hercules Room.
In 1994 the painting was restored.
The room was completed in 1736 with a painted ceiling called Apotheosis of Hercules.
This was painted by François Lemoyne.
The painting gave the room its name.
The King was pleased with the ceiling.
He appointed Lemoyne First Painter.
Lemoyne however did not live long enough to enjoy the honor.
He committed suicide shortly after the appointment.
The coving is decorated with representations of the Four Princely Virtues: Justice, Fortitude, Constancy, and Courage.
These are separated by Cupids pointing to the Labors of Hercules.
In the center of the ceiling, Hercules arrives in his chariot on Mount Olympus.
Jupiter offers his daughter Hebe in marriage to the hero.
Mars and Vulcan observe the fall of demons and vices.
Apollo sits on the steps of the Temple of Memory.
Apotheosis is the largest ceiling painted on canvas in Europe480 square meters of surface area.
It depicts some 140 figures representing the gods and goddesses of Olympus.
They have gathered for the arrival of Hercules after his successful labors raised him to the rank of God.
The piece was seen as a metaphorical allusion to the merits of the French King.
State events held in the Hercules Room
a full-dress ball was given by Louis XV upon the marriage of his eldest daughter Elisabeth to the Infant of Spain in 1739
the State Dinner for the Duc de Chartes's wedding in 1769
the State Dinner given upon the Dauphin's birth in 1782
the Audience of the Ambassadors for Tippo Sahib, Sultan of Mysore in 1788
the Presentation of the Deputies of the Estates General to the King on 2 May 1789
Robert de Cotte (1656 – 15 July 1735) was a French architect-administrator.
He introduced the Rococo style.
He was a pupil of Jules Hardouin-Mansart.
He later became his teacher's brother-in-law and his collaborator.
De Cotte married Hardouin-Mansart's sister.
After Hardouin-Mansart's death, de Cotte completed his unfinished projects.
These included the royal chapel at Versailles and the Grand Trianon.
Paolo Veronese (1528 – 19 April 1588) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance.
He was a Venetian.
He is remembered for paintings such as The Wedding at Cana and The Feast in the House of Levi.
He became known as "Veronese" from his birthplace in Verona.
His best works are elaborate narratives.
These are executed in a dramatic and colorful Mannerist style.