the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
This can be either upon request of one of the parties or at the request of one of the judges on the appellate court.
In 1820, when it was first established, there were three judges on the Supreme Court.
In 1872 the number was increased to five judges.
In 1890, the court was increased again to its present size of seven judges.
In 1890, the court was divided into two divisions.
This allowed it to handle more cases and make quicker decisions.
In 1976, the two divisions were eliminated by a constitutional amendment.
The court now rules on cases En banc (all judges together) so decisions are made by the entire court.
Judicial selection
Judges of the court are selected through the nonpartisan plan, nationally known as the Missouri Plan.
Under the plan, the Appellate Judicial Commission submits the names of three nominees to the Governor.
If the Governor fails to make an appointment with 60 days of the nominees being named, the Commission shall make the appointment.
Once the judge has served for at least a year, he or she is placed on the general election ballot for vote of the people to keep their seat.
If retained, judges serve a term of 12 years.
The constitution requires that all judges retire by age 70.
Brihadratha Maurya was the last ruler of the Maurya Empire.
He was the ruler from 187 BC-180 BC.
He was killed by his general Pushyamitra Sunga in 180 BC.
During his rule, the Mauryan Empire got smaller.
Using this, his general Pushyamitra Sunga defeated Brihadratha with a huge army.
Brihadratha Maurya died in the war.
After his death, Pushyamitra Sunga founded the Sunga dynasty controlling the Mauryan territories.
Pushyamitra Sunga is the founder of the Sunga dynasty in 180BCE by defeating the Mauryan army.
He was the general of Mauryan emperor Brihadratha Maurya.
Later defeated and killed his master in a war.
He proclaimed himself king.
His dynasty replaced the Mauryan empire.
He performed ashvamedha yaga and brought most of the North India under him.
"Luxurious" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album, Love.
Written by Stefani and Tony Kanal, Luxurious contains a sample of The Isley Brothers' 1983 song "Between the Sheets".
The remix features rapper Slim Thug.
European and Canadian CD single
"Luxurious" (Album Version) – 4:24
"Luxurious" (Remix featuring Slim Thug) [Radio Edit] – 4:04
European CD maxi single and Australian CD single
"Cool" (Richard X Remix) – 6:37
"Luxurious" (Video) – 4:06
Luxurious" (Remix featuring Slim Thug) – 4:22
Luxurious" (Album Version) – 4:24
Luxurious" (A Cappella) – 3:42
Luxurious" (Instrumental) – 4:24
Chipz – programming
Sheldon Conrich – keyboards
GMR – French spoken word
Simon Gogerly – programming, recording
Lee Groves – mix programming
Tony Kanal – keyboards, production, programming, songwriting, synthesizers
Jason Lader – additional engineering, programming
Colin "Dog" Mitchell – recording
Jocelyn Bjorn Lovell (19 July 1950 – 3 June 2016) was a Canadian cyclist.
He was known in the track and road cycling field.
He was active in the 1970s and early 1980s.
He won many of national titles as well as gold medals at the Commonwealth Games and Pan American Games.
He competed at three Olympic Games.
His greatest success came at the 1978 Commonwealth Games in Edmonton where he won three gold medals in Games record times.
Later that year he won a silver medal at the world championships.
He continued to race as an amateur into the early 1980s.
However, on 4 August 1983 when he was involved in a collision with a dump truck while training.
The truck hit him from behind and broke his neck and pelvis.
He permanently became a quadriplegic.
In 1985, he was inducted into the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame.
PDF of a St. Michael's College article, Fall 2008 article discussing Flying Fathers hockey team also mentions Jocelyn Lovell's crash.
Canadian cyclists
David Cyril Eric Swarbrick (5 April 1941 – 3 June 2016) was an English folk musician and singer-songwriter.
He was one of the most highly known musicians produced by the second British folk revival.
His work for the group Fairport Convention from 1969 along with their album album Liege & Lief (1969) was thought to create the electric folk movement.
Dave Swarbrick Official Website
Sten Lundin (20 November 1931 – 3 June 2016) was a Swedish professional motocross racer.
He won the F.I.M. 500cc Motocross World Championship in 1959 riding a Monark.
In the 1960 world championship, he finished in second place, two points behind Bill Nilsson.
Lundin was also a member of the victorious Swedish team at the 1955 Motocross des Nations.
Sten Lundin and his championship winning motorcycle
1963 Monark 500 at the Motorcycle Hall of Fame
British Pathé Newsreel film Lundin victory at 1961 International Motocross race in Oberstorf, Germany
Vitaliy Andriiovych Masol (; November 14, 1928 – September 21, 2018) was a Ukrainian politician.
He was Prime Minister of Ukraine from 1994 to 1995.
He was confirmed as Prime Minister on June 16, 1994 and resigned from that post on March 1, 1995.
Masol died on September 21, 2018 in Kyiv, aged 89.
The Radical Republicans were a political faction of American politicians within the Republican Party.
They existed from 1854 until the end of Reconstruction in 1877.
They called themselves "radicals".
They were opposed during the War by the Moderate Republicans (led by Abraham Lincoln).
One of the fears of the radicals was that if Northern and Southern Democrats came back together again as they had before the Civil War the Republican party would no longer be the dominant political party.
In 1854, the Republican party was formed as a result of the Kansas–Nebraska Act.
The act split the Whig Party in two.
The Northern Whigs united with the members of the Free Soil Party.
Together with the Know-Nothing Party they formed the Republican Party.
Between its formation in 1854 and 1861, the Republican Party had many different factions or groups.
It attracted been Whigs, Anti-Slavery Democrats, Know-Nothings, and Abolitionists, but by the start of the Civil War it had been reduced to just three factions: conservatives, moderates and radicals.
The Republicans generally opposed slavery.
At first, many opposed giving African Americans equal rights when and if slavery ended.
Radical Republicans believed they should be given equal rights and have the same opportunities as white people.
They also wanted the leaders of the Confederate States of America to be punished for any part they played in the Civil War.
Many Radical Republicans believed blacks were entitled to the same political rights and opportunities as whites.
They also believed that the Confederate leaders should be punished for their roles in the Civil War.
Robert George "Bob" Uecker ( ; born January 26, 1934) is a retired American Major League Baseball player, later a sportscaster, comedian and actor.
Uecker is also known as "Mr. Baseball".
Since 1971, Uecker has served as a play-by-play announcer for Milwaukee Brewers radio broadcasts.
Bob Uecker Quotes
Bob Uecker interview on OnMilwaukee.com
Capellen (, ) is a town in the commune of Mamer, in south-western Luxembourg,  west of Luxembourg City.
Despite not having a commune named after it, Capellen gives its name to the canton of Capellen.
Capellen lies on the old Roman road, today's Kiemwee, from Trier in Germany to Reims and Paris.
Capellen has an area of .
There were 1,677, persons living in the commune in 2015, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².
Commune of Mamer official website
Charles Sturt University is a large university that has multiple campuses around the world.
The university has campuses at Bathurst, Canberra, Albury-Wodonga, Dubbo, Goulburn, Orange, Port Macquarie, Wagga Wagga and Burlington, Ontario (Canada).
The Red Fort (Lal Qila) is a monument built in 1638 that rises  above Old Delhi.
It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan.
The fort is located in what is now the centre of Delhi, India.
It is made of red stone and marble.
It was built on the right bank of the Yamuna River.
The Red Fort was originally referred to as "Qila-i-Mubarak" (the blessed fort), because it was the residence of the royal family.
The layout of the Red Fort was organised to keep and integrate this site with the Salimgarh Fort.
The planning and aesthetics of the Red Fort represent the high point in Mughal creativity which happened during the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan.
This Fort has had many additions after its construction by Emperor Shah Jahan.
it is made out of red sandstone.
Karaikal Port Private Limited is a private port in Karaikal, Puducherry, India.
It was made by the Chennai-based company MARG limited.
The project began in 2005.
It was first used in April 2009.
So far, the port has handled cargoes such as coal, petroleum coke, raw sugar, fertilizer, cement, project cargo and construction materials.
Containers and liquid cargo are soon to follow.
When it is finished, the port will be able to handle all types of cargo.
Karaikal Port is also a hub for oil exploration activities.
Companies such as Hindustan Oil Exploration Company (HOEC) and Reliance Petroleum regularly call at the port.
Karaikal Port is a deep draft, all weather port.
The current depth of  allows for handling of Gearless Panamax size ships (up to 80000 MT).
A naturally aspirated engine is an internal combustion engine in which air intake depends solely on atmospheric pressure and which does not rely on air forced through a turbocharger or a supercharger.
Many sports cars use naturally aspirated engines due to their lack of a turbo lag.
The main advantage of a naturally aspirated engine is they are usually more reliable than turbocharged or supercharged engines.
Most automobile gasoline engines, as well as many small engines used for non-automotive purposes, are naturally aspirated.
Most modern diesel engines powering highway vehicles are turbocharged to produce a better power-to-weight ratio.
They also have better fuel efficiency and lower exhaust emissions.
Umerkot is a town in Umerkot district of Sindh Province in Pakistan.
The town is famous because the great Mughal emperor Akbar the Great born here in 14 October 1542 when Emperor Humayun fled to escape from Sher Shah Suri.
The excellent artistic tourist spot of Umerkot Fort where Emperor Akbar born is here.
The town is well connected with Karachi and Hyderabad
A mid-engine layout describes the location of an automobile engine between the front and rear axles.
A physics term, moment of inertia, shows how hard it is to turn a moving object.
In a front engine front-wheel drive car, the drive wheels also have to steer the car, causing torque steer (pull to one side during Acceleration).
Front-wheel drive can cause the vehicle to oversteer (turn more sharply than the driver expects) in a corner.
A front engine rear-wheel drive can have good weight distribution (balance front to rear), but has a higher moment of inertia than mid engine layout.
The mid-engine layout has none of these disadvantages.
It has better weight distribution and a lower moment of inertia.
Its main disadvantage is that the engine, mounted in the middle, leaves much less room for passengers and cargo.
However, in racing there is usually only a driver so passengers and cargo are not an issue.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was the founder of the Maratha empire a warrior king of Maharashtra.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was born in the Shivneri Fort in Maharashtra on 19 February 1630 to mother Jijabai and father Shahaji bhosale.
It is said that mother Jijabai to goddess Shivai on Shivneri fort for a brave son and kept her son name as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.
Shivaji Maharaj is one of the great national heroes of Mahadeshwara.
He created an independent and sovereign state in Maharashtra that was based on justice, the welfare of the people, and tolerance to all faiths.
The aims, objectives, and Rajnitee of the Maratha Swaraj under Chhatrapati Shivaji provided a new direction to the contemporary politics of India.
In course of time, his movement assumed, the form of an all-India struggle; a struggle that was to change the political map of India.
Shivaji Maharaj was born at the Shivneri fort near Junnar in Pune district on 19th February 1630.
Shivaji’s mother, Jijabai was the daughter of Lakhuji Jadhavrao of Sindkhed.
His father Shahajiraje Bhosale was a prominent sardar in the Deccan.
At the time of Shivaji Maharaj’s birth, most of the territory in Maharashtra was under the possession of the Nizamshah of Ahmednagar and the Adilshah of Bijapur.
In the coastal belt of Konkan, there were two sea powers, the Portuguese and the Siddi.
The British and the Dutch who were engaged in expanding their trade also had their factories on the coast.
The Mughals, since the period of Emperor Akbar 1 wanted to expand their power in the South.
The Mughals launched a campaign to conquer the Nizamshahi Kingdom.
The Adilshah of Bijapur allied with the Mughals in this campaign.
Shahahajiraje tried to save the Nizamshahi, but he could not withstand the combined might of the Mughals and the Adilshahi.
The Nizamshahi kingdom came to an end in A.D. 1636.
Thereafter Shahajiraje became a Sardar of the Adilshah of Bijapur and was posted in Karnataka.
The region comprising Pune, Supe, Indapur, and Chakan Parganas located between the Bhima and Nira rivers which were vested in Shahajiraje as a jagir was continued by the Adilshah.
Shahaijiraje was also assigned a jagir of Banglore.
Veermata Jijabai and Shivajiraje, stayed for a few years with Shahajiraje at Banglore till Shivajiraje was twelve years old.
Shahajiraje entrusted the administration of the lakshmi jagir to Shivajiraje and Veermata Jijabai.
Shivajiraje grew up amidst the hills and valleys of the Pune region under the guidance of his mother Jijabai.
Sivaji Maharaj was trained in guerilla warfare.
Foundation of Swaraj
Several small spurs run eastward from the sahyadri in the Pune region.
The extremely rugged valleys enclosed by these are usually known as the Mavals or Khores each named after the stream running through it, or after the principal village.
Collectively they are known as the Mavals.
The inhabitants of this region who are called the Mavalas were extremely hardy people.
Shivaji Maharaj started the work of founding the Swaraj in this region which is full of hills and valleys and is not easily accessible.
He skillfully utilized the geographical features of the Maval region for the foundation of the Swaraj.
He created a feeling of trust and affection in minds of the people.
Many associates, companions, and Mavalas joined him in his work of founding Swaraj.
The objective of Shivaji Maharaj in founding the Swaraj is clearly expressed in his official seal or Mudra which is in Sanskrit.
Through this Mudra, Shivaji Maharaj assured his people that the ‘ever-increasing like the crescent moon, the kingdom of Shivaji, son of Shahaji, will always seek the welfare of the people.
The Royal Seal of Shivaji Maharaj
In the medieval period, forts carried much significance.
With a firm hold over a fort, one could defend as well as control the surrounding area and could rule the land.
In case of an enemy’s invasion, it was possible to protect the people taking shelter in the fort.
The forts situated within the jagir of Shivaji Maharaj were not under his control but were under the control of Adilshah.
Therefore an attempt to capture the forts meant to challenge the Adilshahi power.
Shivaji Maharaj decided to acquire the forts that were within his jagir.
He captured the forts of Murumbdev (Rajgad), Torna, Kondhana, Purandar and laid the foundation of the Swaraj.
Shivaji Maharaj was steadily but cautiously aiming at extending and consolidating his power.
Those sardars who appreciated his aim were brought to his side, but some sardars in the Adilshahi opposed him.
It was necessary to bring them under control to found the Swaraj.
The Capture of Javali
The region of Javali in the Satara district was important from the strategic point of view.
Many routes to the Konkan were through Javali.
For the expansion of the Swaraj in the Konkan, it was essential to control that region.
The region of Javali was ruled by Chandrarao More, a powerful Sardar in the Adilshahi.
Shivaji Maharaj attacked Javali and captured it in A.D. 1656.
Then he also captured Rairi.
This strong fort, later under the name of Raigad, was to become the capital of Shivaji Maharaj.
Shivaji Maharaj built the Pratapgad fort in the Javali valley to protect the newly conquered territory and to control the Paar pass.
The victory at Javali led to the expansion of the Swaraj in Konkan.
Shivaji Maharaj then crossed the Ghats and descended into Konkan.
He captured Kalyan and Bhivandi on the Konkan coast which were under the control of Adilshahi.
Shivaji Maharaj also captured forts like Mahuli, Lohagad, Tunga, Tikona, Visapur, Songad, Karnala, Tala and Ghosala, in the Konkan.
Shivaji Maharaj was able to command the coast line because of his acquisition of this territory in the Konkan.
He came in contact with the Portuguese, the British and the Siddi powers on the western coast.
The Siddi controlled the fort of Janjira and the areas around, including Danda-Rajpuri.
Wherever in future these powers created obstacles in the work of expanding the Swaraj, Shivaji Maharaj tried to curb their activities.
The Establishment of Maratha Navy
When Shivaji Maharaj became master of a long coastal strip, he deemed it necessary to undertake the construction of a Navy.
Shivaji Maharaj realized that the one who had a navy, controlled the sea.
To protect his own territory from the Siddi's depredations, to protect the merchant ships and ports in order to secure and enhance revenue incomes derived from maritime trade and customs duty, he concentrated on building the Navy.
There were four hundred ships of various kinds in the Navy.
They included battleships like Gurab, Galbat and Pal.
The defeat of Afzal Khan and the Battle of Javali
Shivaji Maharaj had openly challenged the Adilshahi by capturing forts in his jagir and the territory in north Konkan.
At that time the Badi Sahiba was looking after the administration of Adilshahi.
She sent Afzal Khan, a powerful and experienced Adilshahi General to curb Shivaji Maharaj.
Afzal Khan set out from Bijapur sometime in May 1659.
To isolate Shivaji Maharaj, Ali Adilshah issued Farmans to the Deshmukhs in the Mavals, ordering them to join Afzal Khan.
Besides this, Afzal Khan made efforts to seek the support of the Deshmukh's.
A meeting between Shivaji Maharaj and Afzal Khan took place on 10th November 1659 at the foot of Pratapgad.
At the meeting, Afzal Khan attempted treachery.
In retaliation, Shivaji Maharaj killed Afzal Khan.
The Marathas destroyed Afzal Khan’s army in the dense forests of Javali.
Shivaji Maharaj secured a large booty from Afzal Khan's camp which enabled him to consolidate and strengthen his position.
The Expedition of Siddi Jauhar
Shivaji Maharaj intended to capture as much of Adilshahi province and forts as possible.
Thereafter, he was captured from the Adilshah forts of Panhala, Vasantgad, and Khelna.
He renamed Khelna as Vishalgad.
In A.D. 1660, to check the rapid progress of Shivaji Maharaj, the Adilshah sent Siddi Jauhar, the Sardar of Karnul region, with a large army against Shivaji Maharaj.
The Adilshah gave Siddi the title of ‘Salabatkhan’.
In these circumstances, Shivaji Maharaj took shelter in the Panhala fort.
Siddi’s soldiers led siege to the fort for about five months.
Shivaji Maharaj found himself trapped inside the fort.
Netaji Palkar made attempts to raise the siege by 4 attacking Siddi’s army from outside.
But Siddi showed no signs of relenting.
Shivaji Maharaj opened overtures with him.
This led to slackness in the siege around Panhalgad.
Taking advantage of the situation Shivaji Maharaj escaped through siege around the Panhala fort and proceeded to Vishalgad.
Siddi Jauhar’s army pursued Shivaji Maharaj.
Shivaji Maharaj stationed Baji Prabhu Deshpande at the foot of Vishalgad and entrusted the responsibility of stopping the Siddi’s army.
Baji Prabhu Deshpande checked Siddi’s army at the Ghod pass near Gajapur.
He fought with the greatest valor.
Baji Prabhu died a hero’s death in this battle.
While going to Vishalgad, Shivaji Maharaj also crushed the opposition of the Adilshahi sardars- Dalvi of Palawan and Surve of Shringarpur.
Maharaj reached Vishalgad safely.
While Shivaji Maharaj was trapped at Panhala, the Mughal army invaded the Swaraj.
Shivaji Maharaj realized that it would not be prudent to fight two enemies at the same time.
Therefore Shivaji Maharaj entered into a treaty with the Adilshah.
As per the treaty, he returned the fort of Panhala to the Adilshah.
Conflict with the Mughals: Shaista Khan’s Invasion
For the expansion of the Swaraj, conflict with the Mughals was inevitable.
Emperor Aurangzeb appointed Shaista khan, to the viceroyalty of the Deccan, ordering him to invade and annex Shivaji Maharaj’s dominions.
Shaista khan left Ahmednagar in February 1660 and arrived in Pune on 10th May 1660.
He decided to capture the fort of Chakan to obtain supplies.
Though the killedar of the fort of Chakan- Firangoji Narsala offered strong resistance to Shaista khan’s army, the Mughals captured the fort of Chakan.
Shaista khan captured Swaraj's territories -Pune, Supe.
He set up his camp at Lal Mahal in Pune.
The Mughal army began to ravage the regions around Pune.
Shaista khan adopted the strategy to occupy as much of Shivaji Maharaj’s dominions as possible.
Forces were dispatched to invade the Konkan region below the Ghats.
Kalyan and Bhiwandi were captured by the Mughal army.
Shaista Khan appointed Kartalabkhan on an expedition to the North Konkan.
Shivaji Maharaj humbled the Khan in Umbarkhind.
Shivaji Maharaj left Netaji Palkar to defend the North Konkan and he marched southwards and captured Dabhol, Chiplun, Sangameshwar, Rajapur, Palavani, and Shringarpur.
Two years had passed but Shaista khan still would not think of leaving Pune.
Naturally, this harmed the population.
Intending to drive Shaista khan out of Pune, Shivaji Maharaj devised a bold plan.
On 5th April 1663, Shivaji Maharaj raided Lal Mahal.
In this raid, Shaista khan lost his fingers.
He left Pune and shifted his camp to Aurangabad.
The successful attack on Shaista khan resulted in an immense increase in Shivaji Maharaj's prestige and fame.
It also had an impact on the people and their faith in the capabilities of Maharaj was strengthened even further.
The Surat Campaign
In three years, Shaista Khan had ravaged the territories of the Swaraj.
It was necessary to make up for this loss.
Surat was the most prosperous port of the Mughal Empire on the west coast.
Europeans i.e. the British, the Dutch and the French had their factories there.
Shivaji Maharaj devised a plan of attack on Surat.
The Subhedar of Surat could not put up any resistance to the Marathas.
Shivaji Maharaj obtained enormous wealth from Surat.
Surat's campaign was a stunning blow to emperor Aurangzeb’s prestige.
Soon after his return from Surat, Shivaji Maharaj embarked upon a vigorous naval program.
Shivaji Maharaj had realized the importance of sea forts.
Sea forts would protect the navy and keep in check the Siddi of Janjira and the Portuguese.
He built Suvarnadurg.
In 1664 he commenced the construction of Sindhudurg at Malvan.
About the same time, he strengthened a fort named Vijaydurg.
He also built a fort named Padmadurg on a small island in front of Rajpuri to counter the Siddi power.
Jaisingh’s campaign against Shivaji Maharaj
Intending to crush the growing power of Shivaji Maharaj, Aurangzeb sent Jaisingh of Ambar, an experienced and powerful Mughal Sardar.
He left Delhi on 30th September 1664 and reached Pune on 3rd March 1665.
Jaisingh's strategy was to isolate Shivaji Maharaj from his neighboring powers so that he would get neither help nor support from them, to prevent him from breaking out into the Mughal territory, to devastate his homeland, and capture his forts.
As per this strategy he was trying to provoke the Adilshahi against Shivaji Maharaj.
Jaisingh was simultaneously instigating local rulers in the Karnataka against the Adilshah so that the latter would be unable to help Shivaji Maharaj.
To the Portuguese of Goa and Vasai, the Dutch of Vengurla, the British of Surat, and the Siddis of Janjira, Jaisingh suggested that they should start a naval campaign against Shivaji Maharaj.
He also drew up a plan of capturing the forts in possession of Maharaj.
Jaisingh and Dilerkhan led siege to the fort of Purandar.
Mughal forces were sent to various parts of Swaraj to devastate the territories of the Swaraj.
Maharaj endeavored to resist the Mughals.
When the Mughals put the fort of Purandar under siege, Murarbaji Deshpande fought with the greatest of courage.
He died a hero’s death.
Realizing that in this conflict with the Mughals, Shivaji Maharaj and his subjects had to face great losses, Maharaj began talks for a treaty with Jaisingh.
A treaty between Jaisingh and Maharaj was signed in June 1665 which is known as the ‘Treaty of Purandar’.
Under the terms of the treaty, Maharaj ceded twenty-three forts and adjacent areas yielding a revenue of four lakh hons to the Mughals.
He also assured the Mughals of help against the Adilshahi.
Visit to Agra
Jaisingh’s campaign against the Adilshahi proved unsuccessful.
Jaisingh and Aurangzeb felt that if the Adilshah, the Qutubshah, and Shivaji Maharaj joined forces against the Mughals, it would be a great setback to the Mughal policies in the Deccan.
Both of them felt that Shivaji Maharaj ought to be kept away at least for some time from the Deccan politics.
Jaisingh proposed to Shivaji Maharaj that he should visit Agra and meet the Emperor.
After making thorough arrangements to ensure effective administration of his dominions during his absence, Shivaji Maharaj proceeded to Agra with his son Sambhaji and a few of his trusted people.
Shivaji Maharaj set out for Agra on 5th March 1666 and reached on 11th May 1666.
Aurangzeb did not treat Shivaji Maharaj with due honor at his court.
Livid with rage, Maharaj walked out of the court instantly.
Aurangzeb then put him under house arrest.
Shivaji Maharaj devised a plan of escaping from his house arrest.
He adroitly escaped from Agra and safely reached Rajgad on 20th November 1666.
While returning from Agra, he left Sambhaji at Mathura.
Later, Sambhaji was brought safely to Rajgad.
An offensive against the Mughals
For about four years after his return from Agra, Shivaji Maharaj concentrated his attention on putting the affairs of Swaraj in order.
He re-organized the army and carried repairs to forts.
In 1670, Shivaji Maharaj followed an offensive policy against the Mughals.
His first aim was to clear his homeland of the Mughals.
He also aimed at recapturing the forts and territories ceded to the Mughals according to the treaty of Purandar.
The strategy followed by Shivaji Maharaj was to capture the forts by sending a well-equipped army on one hand and on the other hand to keep the Mughals unstable by invading the Mughal territories of the Deccan.
Maharaj thus attacked Ahmednagar and Junnar.
Sinhgad was the first fort to be recaptured.
Mavala infantry under the command of Tanaji Malusare entered the fort secretly.
The fort was defended by Udai Bhan.
Tanaji Malusare fought with the greatest valor.
The fort was captured on 4th February 1670.
Shivaji Maharaj also recaptured several other forts such as Purandar, Lohgad, Mahuli, Karnala, Rohida one after another.
Then Shivaji Maharaj attacked Surat for the second time.
On the way back he fought a battle with the Mughals at Vani- Dindori in Nashik district.
He defeated Daud Khan in the battle.
The Marathas under the leadership of Moropant Pingle captured Trimbakgad.
The Maratha army then invaded Baglan, a hilly district that was guarded by nine hill forts, the strongest among these were of Salher and Mulher, the others being smaller hill forts.
The Maratha army not only captured smaller hill forts of Baglan but also captured Mulher fort and Salher which lay on the border of Khandesh and Gujarat.
The capture of Salher was an event of great strategic importance.
Then Salher became a base of operations against the rich provinces of Gujarat and Khandesh.
The Mughals tried to recapture Salher but failed.
In 1672, Shivaji Maharaj’s army conquered the principality of Jawhar and then Ramnagar.
The offensive against the Adilshahi Sultanate
Shivaji Maharaj decided to expand his dominions at the expense of the Adilshahi Sultanate.
He captured the Panhala fort which was in the possession of Adilshah on 8th March 1673.
Then he captured the fort of Parali near Satara, fort of Satara, and forts like Chandan-vandan, Pandavgad Nandagiri, Kelanja, and Tathavda.
Fort Raigad, Capital of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
Coronation of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
The founding of the Maratha Swaraj involved a` relentless struggle for over thirty years.
Maharaj realized that now the Swaraj needed to win general recognition as a sovereign, independent state.
For legal recognition to the Swaraj, a formal coronation was necessary.
On 6th June 1674, Shivaji Maharaj was coroneted at Raigad by Gagabhatt, a learned pandit of Benaras.
Maharaj ascended the throne of the Swaraj.
He now became the Chhatrapati of the Swaraj.
As a symbol of sovereignty, Shivaji Maharaj instituted a new era commencing from the date of his coronation.
It is known as Rajyabhisheka shaka.
Shivaji Maharaj thus became the founder of a new era.
On the occasion of the coronation, special coins were minted- a gold coin called hon and a copper coin called Shivraj with the legend Shri Raja Shivachhatrapati inscribed on them.
Thereafter, all royal correspondence carried the words, 'Kshatriyakulaawatansa Shri Raja Shivachhatrapati'.
Shivrai
A dictionary called Rajya-vyavahara-kosha, showing Sanskrit alternatives for Persian words was prepared.
Sabhasad, a contemporary chronicler, while pointing out the significance of the coronation, writes ‘It was no mean achievement for a Maratha king to become such a great Chhatrapati’.
The coronation of Shivaji Maharaj was a revolutionary event in the history of medieval India.
Shivaji Maharaj had his second coronation performed under the guidance of Nischalpuri Gosavi.
The Campaign of the South
After the coronation, Shivaji Maharaj marched to the conquest of Phonda near Goa and captured it in April 1675.
Then the Marathas captured Ankola and Shiveshwar which was followed by the annexation of Kolhapur.
After that Shivaji Maharaj accomplished 'Dakshin Digvijay'.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj planned to carry his army to the east coast in the South and conquer the province of Adilshahi Karnataka.
He undertook the Karnataka expedition in 1677.
Karnataka was long famous for its riches.
At the same time, it was ill-defended by the Adilshah.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj went to Golkonda to meet the Qutubshah.
He entered into a treaty of friendship with him.
In April 1677 he set out for the Adilshahi Karnataka.
He captured Jinjee and proceeded to Vellore.
The city withstood a long siege.
The eastern portion of the south was mostly held by nobles of the Adilshahi kingdom.
Vyankoji, Shivaji Maharaj’s stepbrother had carved out a principality for himself at Thanjavur.
At Tirumalvadi, on the northern bank of the Coleroon, Vyankoji met Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj.
Shivaji Maharaj tried to get Vyankoji to participate in the activities of the Swaraj.
He did not get any response from Vyankoji.
Later, Maharaj conquered Bangalore, Hoskote in Karnataka, certain other forts such as those at Vellore, and also some parts of the Adilshahi kingdom.
Permanent annexation in the south increased Maharaj’s strength and most importantly he was successful in executing his plan of defense which would help him to resist the armies of Aurangzeb in the future.
For the administration of the newly conquered province, Shivaji Maharaj made excellent arrangements.
He appointed Raghunath Narayan Hanamante, the chief officer to look after these newly conquered territories.
After accomplishing the mission of the south, Shivaji Maharaj returned to Swaraj.
Shivaji Maharaj decided to fortify the island of Khanderi, commanded a key position as it was located near Mumbai.
The British then decided to lay a regular siege to the island.
In this naval conflict, the English had to withdraw their fleet.
This brought to an end the naval conflict between Shivaji Maharaj and the British.
Within few months Shivaji Maharaj fell ill.
After a short illness, he passed away at the Raigad fort on 3rd April 1680.
The Samadhi of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj - Raigad
A Peoples’ King
The Swaraj established by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj comprised of large areas of Nashik, Pune, Satara, Sangli, Kolhapur, Sindhudurg, Ratnagiri, Raigad, and Thane districts of Maharashtra.
It also included parts of the Belgaum, Karwar, and Dharwad districts of Karnataka and Jinjee, Vellore, and their neighboring areas in the state of Tamil Nadu.
He set up an efficient and sound system for the administration of this Swaraj.
The administration was divided into eight departments.
A minister was appointed as the head of every department.
His council of eight ministers was known as the Ashta-Pradhan Mandal.
Shivaji Maharaj followed a policy of encouraging agriculture.
He paid attention to the welfare of the peasantry.
He was also equally concerned about the growth of trade and the protection of industries.
Thus he turned the Swaraj into a surajya a state which sought the welfare of all.
He was a great military commander, an outstanding general, and a statesman.
He had a clear concept of military organization.
His military organization consisted of infantry, cavalry, and navy.
Strict discipline, rapid movements, excellent intelligence service, and continuous attention to defense marked his military organization.
He used to take utmost care to protect his subjects especially at the time of enemy invasions.
Shivaji Maharaj was also keen to see to it that the soldiers did not in any way cause any harm to the subjects.
He followed a tolerant religious policy.
The greatest achievement of Shivaji Maharaj was to inculcate the spirit of independence in his people.
By his great deeds and achievements, Shivaji Maharaj created an altogether new order of things.
Shivaji Maharaj’s personality and message are as relevant today as they were in the past.
Hanuman Jayanthi is a festival in India.
It is the birthday of Hanuman, the Vanara god who looks like a monkey.
It is celebrated on the 15th day of Chitra Pournami.
It is an important festival of the Hindus.
Hanuman is the symbol of strength, energy and devotion.
He is worshipped as a deity with supreme powers and conquer evil spirits.
At the start of the American Civil War, Kansas was a new state.
Kansas did not allow slavery in the state constitution.
Kansas fought on the side of the Union, although there was a big pro-slavery feeling.
These divisions led to some of conflicts.
The conflicts included the Lawrence Massacre in August 1863.
Later the state witnessed the defeat of Confederate General Sterling Price by Union General Alfred Pleasonton at Mine Creek.
Kansas had been admitted as a state of the Union in January 1861.
This was very shortly before the outbreak of the Civil war.
There had been some guerrilla fighting between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups.
The fighting became known as Bleeding Kansas.
After three constitutions, the fourth, called the Wyandotte Constitution, was approved by the voters and sent to the United States Congress for approval and statehood.
Kansas entered the Union as a free state and the 34th state on January 29, 1861.
Even after it became a state, there were still hard feelings in Kansas.
The Kansas-Missouri border continued to be terrorized by Guerrilla bands from both sides.
But statehood did not settle the hard feelings in Kansas — or the violence.
Pro-slavery people still fought at the Kansas-Missouri border throughout the war.
Lawrence, a free-state place in the 1850s, was burned, and more than 150 men and boys were killed by a pro-Southern irregular army under William Quantrill in 1863.
Less than three months after Kansas became a state, on April 12, Fort Sumter was attacked by Confederate troops and the Civil War began.
In Washington D.C., there were rumors that President Abraham Lincoln would be kidnapped or even assassinated.
A senator from Kansas, James Henry Lane organized 120 men from Kansas called the "Frontier Guard".
For three weeks they remained in the White House to protect the President.
Most Kansans favored joining the Union in the war.
Governor Charles Robinson and Senator Lane recruited troops for the Union Army.
During the war the federal government called for a total of 16,654 men from Kansas.
But more than 20,000 enlisted and the state sent 19 regiments and four batteries to fight for the Union Army.
Some of the men came from other states as Kansas only had about 30,000 men old enough to join the military.
Kansas soldiers suffered a total of about 8,500 casualties during the war.
Lawrence Massacre
The first action in Kansas was not between the rival armies.
It was a guerrilla raid in August 1863 by pro-slavery irregular forces led by W.C. Quantrill.
They attacked the city of Lawrence, a centre of anti-slavery sentiment.
They killed about 180 men and boys and destroyed a number of buildings.
As the raiders could be heard shouting “Remember Osceola!”,
the attack was taken to be a reprisal for an earlier raid by anti-slavery jayhawkers on Osceola, Missouri.
Some believed that it was also a response to the recent deaths of some of the raiders’ imprisoned womenfolk, when their jailhouse collapsed, perhaps by design. (
Recent research shows that the collapse was almost certainly accidental.)
The massacre outraged the Confederate government, which had granted recognition to Quantrill under the Partisan Ranger Act, but now withdrew support from irregular forces.
Later engagements
The Battle of Baxter Springs, sometimes called the Baxter Springs Massacre, was a minor battle in the War.
It was fought on October 6, 1863 near the modern-day town of Baxter Springs, Kansas.
On October 25, 1864, a series of three battles occurred.
The first two in Linn County, Kansas, with the final in Vernon County, Missouri.
The first was the Battle of Marais des Cygnes (also called the "Battle of Trading Post").
The second was a cavalry battle called the Battle of Mine Creek.
This was a significant battle between mounted cavalry for Confederate forces and several brigades of Union cavalry that were pursuing General Price.
They were between Major General Sterling Price, leading the Missouri expedition, against Union forces under Major General Alfred Pleasonton.
Price, after going south from Kansas City, was initially met by Pleasonton at Marais des Cygnes.
At the end of the day, the Confederate army was destroyed as a fighting force and withdrew into Arkansas.
Access documents, photographs, and other primary sources on Kansas Memory, the Kansas State Historical Society's digital portal
Online Exhibit - Keep the Flag to the Front, Kansas Historical Society
Cool Things - Civil War Battle Flags, Kansas Historical Society
The Civil War in Kansas: A Bibliography, Kansas Historical Society
Ondrej Duda (born on 5 December 1994 in Snina, Slovakia) is a Slovak association football midfielder who currently plays for the Polish club Legia Warsaw and the Slovakia national football team.
He played for VSS Košice from 2012 to 2014.
His nicknames are Dudinho and Ondrej di Maria.
MFK Košice profile
Ondrej Duda profile at Soccerway
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Mamer is a commune and small town in the Capellen canton, south-western Luxembourg.
It is at  west of Luxembourg City.
The Treveri, a Gallic or Celtic tribe, inhabited the region for several hundred years until they were conquered by Julius Caesar in 54 BC.
A Celtic necropolis from the 1st century was discovered in the early 1970s on the Juckelsboesch plateau between Mamer and Kehlen.
During the Gallo-Roman era which lasted until about 450, the Romans built and maintained a number of roads in the area including the Kiem (Latin caminus, road) linking Trier to Reims through what is now Mamer.
Mambra was a small Roman settlement  on the banks of the Mamer river at the eastern end of today's Mamer.
The Roman settlement was burnt by Germanic invaders around 276.
The road linking Luxembourg City to Brussels, passing through Mamer, was built in 1790.
In 1859, the railway to Brussels was opened, with a station in Mamer.
At the church, the altitude is  high; the highest point in the commune is Juckelbösch that is .
Mamer is surrounded by seven communes of Luxembourg: Koerich and Kehlen to the north, Strassen to the east, Bertrange to the southeast, Dippach to the southwest, Garnich to the west and Steinfort to the northwest.
The communes Strassen and Bertrange are part of the Luxembourg canton but the rest are part of the Capellen canton.
There were 9,185 persons living in the commune in 2017, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².
Other towns, besides the town of Mamer, within the commune'' are Capellen and Holzem.
People from Mamer
Nicolaus Mameranus (1500–1567), soldier and historian under Emperor Charles V.
Nicolas Frantz (1889–1985), cyclist, who won the Tour de France in 1927 and 1928.
Josy Barthel (1927–1992), athlete, who won the 1500 m gold medal at the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki.
Dangé Saint-Romain, France
Begum Jan is a doctor from South Waziristan, Pakistan.
In 2008 she received the International Women of Courage Award.
Jan cares for women and children in Pakistan's dangerous tribal areas.
When Jan was a child, she studied with boys, because there was no school for girls.
When the tribal leaders said she could not go to high school with boys, she studied with a tutor.
She went to medical school in Jalalabad, Afghanistan.
Jan worked at Pakistan Red Crescent.
She worked with women and children at a mental hospital.
She also worked with Afghan refugees.
Jan started the Tribal Women Welfare Association.
Official Website of Diemtigen
William Paul Petersen (born September 23, 1945) is an American actor and comedian, best known for portraying Jeff Stone on The Donna Reed Show.
He began his show business career at the age of 10 as a Mouseketeer on the Mickey Mouse Club.
Nibal Thawabteh (Arabic language نبال ثوابتة) is a Palestinian political activist.
During her speech at the ceremony, she spoke for the Palestinian people and asked the world to listen to the Palestinian women.
Thawabteh was the first woman to be elected to the Beit Fajjar Village Council.
Beit Fajjar is a village near Bethlehem.
She also helped other women get seats in the Village Council.
Thawabteh started a monthly newspaper to write about subjects like honor killing, polygamy, and poverty.
Cynthia Bendlin is a human rights activist from Paraguay.
She works against human trafficking.
Bendlin is the head of the International Organization of Migration.
The organization works to prevent of trafficking of women in the border area of Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay.
According to Bendlin, there are 6000 possible victims of trafficking in this area.
In 2006 and 2007, the organization had seminars to teach government leaders to fight trafficking.
The seminars were in Ciudad del Este, Paraguay, Foz do Iguasu, Brazil and Porto Iguasu, Argentina.
Paraguayan people
Slither.io is an online multiplayer video game.
It is played on a web browser or through an app.
The game was started by Steve Howse in 2016.
The game is played in the role of a snake eating 2-dimensional glowing dots on a grid.
It is based on the 2015 game Agar.io, with the main difference is that snakes will die when their head collides with another snake, instead of being based on size like in Agar.io.
The game is most played in multiplayer , where every snake is a human player.
In the iOS and Android versions, however, it can also be played in singleplayer, where every snake except the player is controlled by the device.
Ashley Michele Greene (born February 21, 1987) is an American actress and model.
She is best known for playing Alice Cullen in the Twilight Saga movies.
Greene was born in Jacksonville, Florida.
Her mother is Michele Greene (née Tatum), who works in insurance, and Joe Greene, a former U.S. Marine who now owns a concrete business.
She grew up in Middleburg and Jacksonville.
She moved to Los Angeles, California, at the age of 17 to pursue an acting career.
Greene has an older brother named Joe.
At first, she planned to become a model.
Her manager told her that she was not tall enough to be a fashion model and that she should act in commercials instead.
After taking commercial and acting classes, she realized that she liked acting more than modeling.
Greene graduated from high school early and moved to L.A. to start her acting career.
Early in her career, she had guest roles on television programs, such as Punk'd and Crossing Jordan.
In 2008, she had an important role in the movie Twilight, which was based on the novel of the same name by Stephenie Meyer.
She played the character Alice Cullen.
She was also in the sequels to Twilight: The Twilight Saga: New Moon (2009), The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2010), The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Part 1 (2011), and The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Part 2 (2012).
Greene played Michelle Burkham in the drama movie Skateland (2010).
She acted in the movie A Warrior's Heart with Kellan Lutz, who was also in Twilight.
Greene acted along with Miley Cyrus and Demi Moore in the drama movie LOL (2012).
In 2013, Greene was in the historical film  CBGB about the former Manhattan music club with the same name.
In 2010, Greene did modeling for an advertisement by the company SoBe.
In this advertisement, she wore body paint.
Later the same year, Greene became the main model for the Mark brand of cosmetics.
This brand is made by the company Avon.
Greene received an award from the PETA foundation because of her work with Avon, which does not do animal testing.
She also received the "The Style Icon Award" from the magazine Hollywood Life at the Young Hollywood Awards.
2015 disestablishments in Switzerland
Hospental is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland.
Official Homepage of Hospental
Aesch is a municipality of the district Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
Popular sovereignty was a political doctrine in the United States that held that the people who lived in a state or region should decide what kind of government or laws they should have.