the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Stowers' Medal of Honor was presented on April 24, 1991—seventy-three years after he was killed-in-action.
No African American was awarded a Medal of Honor either during World War II or immediately afterwards with respect to their actions during that conflict.
This changed in 1992 when a study conducted by Shaw University and commissioned by the U.S. Dept.
of Defense and the United States Army asserted that systematic racial discrimination had been present in the criteria for awarding medals during the war.
After an exhaustive review of files the study recommended that several of the Distinguished Service Crosses awarded to African Americans be upgraded to the Medal of Honor.
On January 13, 1997, more than fifty years after the end of the war, President Bill Clinton awarded the Medal to seven African American World War II veterans.
Vernon Baker was the only living recipient—the other six men had been killed in action or died in the intervening years.
Two African Americans received the Medal of Honor for action in the Korean War, both were soldiers of the 24th Infantry Regiment.
Despite a 1948 Executive Order commanding the integration of the military, segregated units persisted until 1954; the 24th Infantry was one of the last remaining all-black regiments, and these two men were the last African Americans to receive the Medal of Honor for actions while serving in a segregated unit.
Before World War II, the Medal of Honor could be awarded for actions not involving direct combat with the enemy; eight African Americans earned the Medal in this way, all of them sailors.
Robert Augustus Sweeney received two peacetime Medals of Honor, one of only nineteen men, and the only African American, to be awarded the medal twice.
Most of the non-combat medals, including both of Sweeney's, were awarded for rescuing or attempting to rescue someone from drowning.
371st Regiment Monument
The President of the United States, in the name of the United States Congress, has awarded 3,471 Medals of Honor to the nation's soldiers, sailors, airmen, Marines, and coast guardsmen since the decoration's creation in 1861.
The citations highlighting these acts resided in archives, some for more than 100 years and were only sporadically printed.
In 1973, the U.S. Senate ordered the citations compiled and printed as Committee on Veterans' Affairs, U.S. Senate, Medal of Honor recipients: 1863–1973 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1973).
This book was later updated and reprinted in 1979.
The first Army Medal of Honor was awarded to Private Jacob Parrott during the American Civil War for his role in the Great Locomotive Chase.
The first African American recipient for this award was William Harvey Carney who, despite being shot in the face, shoulders, arms, and legs, refused to let the American flag touch the ground.
The only female Medal of Honor recipient is Mary Edwards Walker, a Civil War surgeon.
Her medal was rescinded in 1917 along with many other non-combat awards, but it was restored by President Jimmy Carter in 1977.
While current law, (United States Code Title 10), beginning in 1918, explicitly state that recipients must be serving in the U.S. Armed Forces at the time of performing a valorous act that warrants the award, exceptions have been made.
For example, Charles Lindbergh, while a reserve member of the U.S. Army Air Corps, received his Medal of Honor as a civilian pilot.
In addition, the Medal of Honor was presented to the British Unknown Warrior by General Pershing on October 17, 1921; later the U.S. Unknown Soldier was reciprocally awarded the Victoria Cross, Britain's highest award for gallantry, on November 11, 1921.
Although being a U.S. citizen is not a prerequisite for eligibility to receive the medal, apart from a few exceptions, Medals of Honor can only be awarded to members of the U.S. armed forces.
Sixty-one Canadians who were serving in the United States armed forces have received the Medal of Honor; most received it for actions in the American Civil War.
Since 1900, only four have been awarded to Canadians.
In the Vietnam War, Peter C. Lemon was the only Canadian recipient of the Medal of Honor.
Main articles: Lists of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F, G–L, M–P, Q–S and T–Z
The American Civil War (1861–1865) was an undeclared war between the United States (the Union) and the Southern states of the newly formed Confederate States of America under Jefferson Davis.
The Medal of Honor was established during this conflict; 1522 were awarded (32 posthumously) for acts of bravery and gallantry in combat.
Almost half of all of the awarded Medals of Honor were presented for actions in the Civil War.
The term Indian Wars is the name generally used in the United States to describe a series of conflicts between colonial or federal governments and the American Indian population resident in North America before the arrival of white settlers.
During this conflict the Medal of Honor was presented to 426 soldiers, 13 posthumously for acts of bravery and gallantry in combat.
The United States expedition to Korea in 1871, also known as Sinmiyangyo (Western Disturbance of the Year Sinmi year), was the first American military action in Korea.
It took place predominantly on and around the Korean island of Ganghwa.
The reason for the presence of the American military expeditionary force in Korea was to support an American diplomatic delegation sent to establish trade and diplomatic relations with Korea and to ascertain the fate of the General Sherman merchant ship.
The isolationist nature of the Joseon Dynasty government and the assertiveness of the Americans led to an armed conflict between the two parties.
Eventually, the United States failed to secure its objectives.
The Spanish-American War (Spanish: Guerra Hispano-Estadounidense, desastre del 98, Guerra Hispano-Cubana-Norteamericana or Guerra de Cuba ) was a military conflict between Spain and the United States that began in April 1898.
Hostilities halted in August of that year, and the Treaty of Paris was signed in December.
The war began after the American demand for Spain's peacefully resolving the Cuban fight for independence was rejected, though strong expansionist sentiment in the United States may have motivated the government to target Spain's remaining overseas territories: Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam and the Caroline Islands.
Riots in Havana by pro-Spanish "Voluntarios" gave the United States reason to send in the warship .
This action by the U.S. indicated high national interest.
Tension among the American people was raised because of the explosion of the USS Maine, and "yellow journalism" that accused Spain of extensive atrocities, agitating American public opinion.
The Treaty of Paris ended the conflict 109 days after the outbreak of war giving the United States ownership of the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam.
The Samoan Civil War is a Western definition of political activity in the Samoa Islands of the South Pacific in the late 19th century.
By this non-Samoan definition, the Samoan Civil Wars were a series of wars between Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States, ending in the partitioning of the island chain in 1899.
The concluding event was the Second Samoan Civil War.
The first Samoan Civil War lasted for eight years.
The warring Samoan parties were supplied arms, training and sometimes even combat troops by Germany, Britain and the United States.
These three powers valued Samoa as a refueling station for coal fired shipping.
In addition, these countries sought to gain more power in Europe and wanted Samoa due to the scarcity of unclaimed territory from 1870 onwards.
The Philippine-American War was an armed military conflict between the United States and the First Philippine Republic, fought between 1899 to at least 1902, which arose from a Filipino political struggle against U.S. occupation of the Philippines.
While the conflict was officially declared over on July 4, 1902, American troops continued hostilities against remnants of the Philippine Army and other resistance groups until 1913, and some historians consider these unofficial extensions part of the war.
Eighty-six men were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions in the Philippine–American War: 70 from the Army, 10 from the Navy, and 6 from the Marine Corps.
Among the recipients were Webb Hayes, the son of former U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes, and two prominent Marine Corps officers, Hiram I. Bearss and David Dixon Porter.
Bearss became known for leading long-range reconnaissance patrols behind enemy lines and was later wounded as a colonel in World War I. Porter was from a distinguished military family and rose to become a major general.
José B. Nísperos, a member of the Philippine Scouts who was honored for continuing to fight after being wounded, was the first Asian recipient of the Medal of Honor.
The Boxer Movement or Boxer Rebellion, which occurred in China from November 1899 to September 7, 1901, was an uprising by members of the Chinese Society of Right and Harmonious Fists against foreign influence in areas such as trade, politics, religion and technology that occurred in China during the final years of the Manchu rule (Qing Dynasty).
The members of the Society of Right and Harmonious Fists were simply called boxers by the Westerners due to the martial arts and calisthenics they practiced.
The uprising began as an anti-foreign, anti-imperialist peasant-based movement in northern China.
They attacked foreigners who were building railroads and violating Feng shui, as well as Christians, who were held responsible for the foreign domination of China.
Tens of thousands of Chinese Christians, Catholic and Protestant alike, were killed mostly in Shandong and Shanxi Provinces as part of the uprising.
The government of Empress Dowager Cixi was not helpful, and diplomats, foreign civilians, soldiers and some Chinese Christians retreated to the legation quarter where they held out for fifty-five days until a multinational coalition rushed 20,000 troops to their rescue.
The Chinese government was forced to indemnify the victims and make many additional concessions.
Subsequent reforms implemented after the crisis of 1900 laid the foundation for the end of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the modern Chinese Republic.
United States occupation of Veracruz, 1914
The United States occupation of the Mexican port of Veracruz lasted for six months in response to the Tampico Affair of April 9, 1914.
The incident came in the midst of poor diplomatic relations between Mexico and the United States, related to the ongoing Mexican Revolution.
Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels ordered that 56 Medals of Honor be awarded to participants in the occupation of Veracruz, the most for any single action before or since.
In total 63 Medals of Honor were received for actions during the occupation; 1 Army, 9 to members of the United States Marine Corps and 53 to Navy personnel.
Invasion and occupation of Haiti
The first United States occupation of Haiti began on July 28, 1915 and ended in mid-August 1934.
Occupation of the Dominican Republic
The United States occupied the Dominican Republic from 1916 to 1924.
In May 1917, Rear Admiral William Caperton forced Arias to leave Santo Domingo by threatening the city with naval bombardment.
U.S. Marines invaded and took control of the country within two months; in November that same year, the U.S. imposed a military government.
The Marines restored order throughout most of the republic (with the exception of the eastern region); the country's budget was balanced, its debt was diminished, and economic growth resumed; infrastructure projects produced new roads that linked all the country's regions for the first time in its history; a professional military organization, the Dominican Constabulary Guard, replaced the partisan forces that had waged a seemingly endless struggle for power.
World War I, also known as the First World War and the Great War, was a global military conflict which took place primarily in Europe from 1914–1918.
Over 40 million casualties resulted, including approximately 20 million military and civilian deaths.
Over 60 million European soldiers were mobilized from 1914–1918.
The immediate cause of the war was the June 28, 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb citizen of Austria-Hungary and member of the Black Hand.
The retaliation by Austria-Hungary against Serbia activated a series of alliances that set off a chain reaction of war declarations.
Occupation of Nicaragua
The United States occupied Nicaragua from 1909 to 1933 and intervened in the country several times before that.
The American interventions in Nicaragua were designed to prevent the construction of a trans-isthmian canal by any nation but the USA.
Nicaragua assumed a quasi-protectorate status under the 1916 Chamorro-Bryan Treaty.
The occupation ended as Augusto César Sandino, a Nicaraguan revolutionary, led guerrilla armies against US troops.
Furthermore, the onset of the Great Depression made it costly for the USA to maintain occupation.
The first began in Asia in 1937 as the Second Sino-Japanese War; the other began in Europe in 1939 with the German and Russian invasion of Poland.
This global conflict split the majority of the world's nations into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.
It involved the mobilization of over 100 million military personnel, making it the most widespread war in history, and placed the participants in a state of "total war", erasing the distinction between civil and military resources.
Over 60 million people, the majority of them civilians, were killed, making it the deadliest conflict in human history.
The worldwide financial cost of the war is estimated at a trillion 1944 U.S. dollars, making it the most costly war both in capital expenditures as well as loss of lives.
During this conflict, 464 United States military personnel received the Medal of Honor, 266 of them posthumously.
A total of 42 Medals of Honor, representing 9% of all awarded during World War II, were presented for action in just two events;– 15 for actions during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in peacetime, and 27 for actions during the Battle of Iwo Jima.
A total of 21 (4.5% of all World War II Medals of Honor) were awarded to members of the all-Japanese American 100th Infantry Battalion of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, for actions in numerous battles across six different campaigns.
Additionally, the only Medal of Honor ever presented to a member of the United States Coast Guard was received for actions during this war.
The Korean War was ignited by the 1950 invasion of South Korea when the North Korean Army moved south on June 25, 1950 to attempt to reunite the Korean peninsula, which had been formally divided since 1948.
The conflict was then expanded by the United States, China's and the Soviet Union's involvement.
The main hostilities were during the period from June 25, 1950, until the Korean Armistice Agreement was signed on July 27, 1953.
In South Korea, the war is often called "6•25", or the 6•25 War (Korean: 6•25 전쟁), from the date of the start of the conflict or, more formally, Hanguk Jeonjaeng literally “Korean War”.
In North Korea, while commonly known as the Korean War, it is formally called the Fatherland Liberation War.
In the early days of the war, United States President Harry Truman called the United Nations response a "police action".
The war is sometimes called "The Forgotten War" because it is a major conflict of the 20th century that gets less attention than World War II, which preceded it, and the controversial Vietnam War, which succeeded it.
In China, the conflict was known as the War to Resist America and Aid Korea, but is today commonly called the "Korean War".
The term "Vietnam Conflict" is often used to refer to events which took place between 1959 and April 30, 1975.
The war was fought between the Communist-supported Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and the United States supported Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam).
Soldiers of the Army received the most with 160, followed by 57 to the Marines, 16 to the Navy and the remaining 13 to the Air Force.
Thomas Bennett was a conscientious objector who received the medal for his actions as a medic; three chaplains received the medal, including Vincent R. Capodanno, who served with the Marine Corps and was known as the Grunt Padre.
The USS Liberty incident was an attack on a neutral United States Navy technical research ship, USS Liberty, by Israeli jet fighter planes and motor torpedo boats on June 8, 1967, during the Six-Day War.
The combined air and sea attack killed 34 and wounded more than 170 crew members, and damaged the ship severely.
Battle of Mogadishu (1993)
The Battle of Mogadishu (also referred to as the "Battle of the Black Sea") or for Somalis Ma-alinti Rangers (“The Day of the Rangers”) was a battle that was part of Operation Gothic Serpent that was fought on October 3 and 4, 1993, in Mogadishu, Somalia, by forces of the United States supported by UNOSOM II against Somali militia fighters loyal to warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid.
The battle is also referred to as the First Battle of Mogadishu to distinguish it from the Second Battle of Mogadishu in 2006.
The Medals were awarded to two DELTA operatives who volunteered to attempt to save the pilot of one of the downed UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters, despite facing hundreds, possibly thousands of rebels.
The War in Afghanistan, which began on October 7, 2001, was launched by the United States, the United Kingdom, and NATO allies in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks.
It was the beginning of the War on Terrorism.
The stated purpose of the invasion was to capture Osama bin Laden, destroy al-Qaeda, and remove the Taliban regime which had provided support and safe harbor to al-Qaeda.
Since 2001, six American service-members have received the Medal of Honor for actions in Afghanistan, three of them posthumously.
Army Sergeant First Class Jared C. Monti received his medal for attempting to rescue a wounded soldier at the cost of his own life.
Navy Lieutenant Michael P. Murphy received his for actions against insurgent forces and for sacrificing his life to call for help when his team had been overwhelmed by a much larger enemy force.
Army Staff Sergeant Robert James Miller's surviving family was presented with his medal on October 6, 2010.
The fourth recipient, Salvatore Giunta received his for his actions in 2007 when he risked his life to save a wounded comrade.
He is the first living recipient since the Vietnam War.
A second living recipient, Sergeant First Class Leroy Petry, received the medal from President Obama during a July 12, 2011, ceremony.
Marine Corps Corporal Dakota Meyer became the third living recipient awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Battle of Ganjgal.
The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, Operation Iraqi Freedom (US), Operation TELIC (UK) or the occupation of Iraq, was a conflict which began on March 20, 2003 with the United States-led invasion of Iraq by a multinational coalition composed of U.S. and U.K. troops supported by smaller contingents from Australia, Poland, and other nations.
Four service members have received the Medal of Honor for actions in Iraq; two from the Army, one from the Marine Corps and one from the Navy.
Paul R. Smith was the first to receive it for his actions on April 4, 2003 when he held enemy forces back, allowing other wounded soldiers to be evacuated to safety.
The other three, Corporal Jason Dunham of the Marine Corps, Specialist Ross A. McGinnis of the Army and Master-at-Arms Second Class Michael A. Monsoor of the Navy received it after being killed while using their own bodies to smother grenades to protect their comrades.
The Medal of Honor could also be received for actions that happened in peacetime, such as conflicts in which the United States is neutral as well as non-combat related incidents outside the warzone.
209 military personnel earned the medal in this way.
15 United States Navy sailors and a United States Marine were awarded for actions against "opposing foreign force(s)" (a different term than "enemy" which applies between two or more parties engaged in war) during the attacks on Pearl Harbor and Midway by the Japanese respectively on December 7, 1941.
Most of these medals were presented to members of the United States Navy for rescuing or attempting to rescue someone from drowning.
One of those awarded the Medal of Honor for rescuing others was Fireman Second Class Trinidad, who as of 2010 has been the only Asian American Sailor to be awarded the Medal of Honor.
In addition to the medals that were presented for lifesaving acts, one Medal of Honor was presented to William Halford who sailed in a small boat for 31 days to get help for the other members of the USS Saginaw who had been stranded on an island.
Three explorers were also presented with the medal by special acts of Congress.
Charles Lindbergh received the medal for flying the first solo non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean as well as Floyd Bennett and Richard Evelyn Byrd who received it for their participation in what was thought to be the first successful heavier-than-air flight to the North Pole and back.
One recipient, Adolphus W. Greely received his for a lifetime of military service.
While current law, (e.g., United States Code Title 10 (relating to service members in the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps), beginning in 1918, explicitly states that recipients must be serving in the U.S. Armed Forces at the time of performing a valorous act that warrants the award, exceptions have been made.
Apart from these rare exceptions, Medals of Honor can only be awarded to members of the U.S. Armed Forces, although being a U.S. citizen is not a prerequisite.
Sixty-one Canadians who were serving in the United States Armed Forces have been awarded the Medal of Honor, with a majority awarded for actions in the American Civil War.
The Medal of Honor has also been presented to several unknown soldiers: the British Unknown Warrior in the United Kingdom by General Pershing on October 17, 1921; later the U.S. Unknown Soldier was reciprocally awarded the Victoria Cross, Britain's highest award for gallantry, on November 11, 1921.
The Medal of Honor was also presented to the Romanian Unknown Soldier, the Unknown Soldier of France, entombed under the Arc de Triomphe, the Unknown Soldier of Belgium and the Unknown Soldier of Italy, entombed in the Monument of Vittorio Emanuele II.
Mariette Hartley (born June 21 1940 in Weston, Connecticut) is an American movie and television actress.
She acted in the television drama Channing.
She also acted in many other TV programs and movies.
Hartley won an Emmy Award.
José B. Nísperos (December 30, 1887–September 1, 1922) was a member of the Philippine Scouts.
He received the Medal of Honor during the Philippine-American War.
He was the first Asian to receive the medal.
On September 24, 1911, at Lapurap, Basilan, Philippines, Nísperos, a member of the U.S. Army's 34th Company of the Philippine Scouts, defended his unit's position against natives armed with spears despite being severely wounded.
Nísperos became the first Filipino and Asian to receive the medal of honor; the medal was presented by Brigadier General Bell in February 1913.
Telesforo de la Crux Trinidad (November 25, 1890-May 8, 1968) was a Filipino fireman 2nd class in the United States Navy who received the Medal of Honor for actions, in Mexican waters near La Paz, on board the USS San Diego in peacetime.
He was the second service member, and first and so far the only sailor of Asian descent to receive the award.
For extraordinary heroism in the line of his profession at the time of the boiler explosion on board the U.S.S. San Diego, 21 January 1915.
Trinidad was driven out of fireroom No.
2 by the explosion, but at once returned and picked up R.E. Daly, fireman, second class, whom he saw to be injured, and proceeded to bring him out.
While coming into No.
4 fireroom, Trinidad was just in time to catch the explosion in No.
3 fireroom, but without consideration for his own safety, passed Daly on and then assisted in rescuing another injured man from No.
3 fireroom.
Trinidad was himself burned about the face by the blast from the explosion in No.
Terry Teruo Kawamura (December 10, 1949 – March 20, 1969) was a United States Army soldier.
He was also a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor.
He received it for his actions in the Vietnam War.
Kawamura was born at Wahaiwa, Hawaii on the island of Oahu.
His grandparents were Japanese immigrant parents.
Kawamura was a Sansei, which means that he was a third generation Japanese-American.
Kawamura joined the Army from Oahu in 1968.
By March 20, 1969, was serving as a Corporal in the 173rd Engineer Company, 173rd Airborne Brigade.
On that day, at Camp Radcliff, Republic of Vietnam, Kawamura smothered an enemy-thrown explosive with his body, sacrificing his life to protect those around him.
Kawamura was 19 when he died.
He was buried in Mililani Memorial Park in Mililani Town, Hawaii.
Kawamura's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in Vietnam in 1969.
He smothered the blast of an explosive charge with his body.
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty.
Kawamura distinguished himself by heroic action while serving as a member of the 173d Engineer Company.
An enemy demolition team infiltrated the unit quarters area and opened fire with automatic weapons.
Disregarding the intense fire, Cpl.
Kawamura ran for his weapon.
At that moment, a violent explosion tore a hole in the roof and stunned the occupants of the room.
Kawamura jumped to his feet, secured his weapon and, as he ran toward the door to return the enemy fire, he observed that another explosive charge had been thrown through the hole in the roof to the floor.
He immediately realized that 2 stunned fellow soldiers were in great peril and shouted a warning.
Although in a position to escape, Cpl.
Kawamura unhesitatingly wheeled around and threw himself on the charge.
In completely disregarding his safety, Cpl.
Kawamura prevented serious injury or death to several members of his unit.
The extraordinary courage and selflessness displayed by Cpl.
Kawamura are in the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the U.S. Army.
Tanouye is the namesake of the Kawamura Gate which connects Wheeler Army Airfield with the city of Mililani.
This east gate is named in honor of Kawamura.
Darkhan (Mongolian: Дархан) is a city in Mongolia.
It is in a province with the same name.
It is the third largest city in the country.
In 2010, the population was 74,738.
The city's economy is mostly industrial.
Education is also an important sector of the city's economy.
Darkhan is a new city.
It was begun on October 17, 1961.
Darkhan has a borderline humid continental climate (Dwb), close to the more typical subarctic climate (Dwc) of northern Mongolia, which is found in higher areas near the city, and only marginally wet enough to avoid qualifying as a semi-arid climate (BSk).
This area has extremely cold and dry winters; however the summers are warmer and more humid.
There are ten colleges in Darkhan.
Many students come to Darkhan to study.
There are also the Institute of Management and Development, the Regional Business Development Center and the Plant Science and Agricultural Training Research Institute.
There is a Buddhist monastery Kharagiin monastery in a pretty log cabin in the older part of the  town.
The Museum of Darkhan-Uul is the Traditional Museum of Folk Art.
It has a collection of archaeological findings, traditional clothing, religious artifacts, and taxidermy.
James Franklin "Jamie" Hyneman (born September 25, 1956) is an American special effects expert, scientist, and television personality.
He has been the co-host of MythBusters since 2003.
Hyneman was born on September 25, 1956 in Marshall, Michigan.
He was raised in Columbus, Indiana.
He studied at Indiana University.
Hyneman has been married to Eileen Walsh since 1989.
Jamie Hyneman's M5 Industries
Jamie Hyneman biography from the Discovery Channel
Entertainers from Indiana
Adam Whitney Savage (born July 15, 1967) is an American special effects, scientist, artist, television personality, and educator.
Savage was born on July 15, 1967 in New York City, New York.
He studied at Tisch School of the Arts.
He has been married to Julia Savage since 2002.
Savage is an atheist.
Adam Savage's "Tested" website
Adam Savage's biography from the Discovery Channel
Savage Presentation at The Entertainment Gathering (December 2008)
Kendra Leigh Wilkinson (formerly Baskett; born June 12, 1985) is an American television personality and model.
She is known for being one of Hugh Hefner's girlfriends and for her role on the E!
reality television series The Girls Next Door.
She was not a Playboy Playmate but she has been in Playboywith her Girls Next Door co-stars Holly Madison and Bridget Marquardt.
Her first reality series, Kendra, debuted in June 2009.
It ended in November 2011.
It was followed by Kendra on Top which ran on WE tv until 2017.
The Dutch defence is one of the oldest chess openings.
It aims at counter-attacking the white K-side in the middlegame.
White responds in various ways:
2.g3.
This fianchetto of the KB signals White's attempt to control the central squares.
It is the main line for tournament players.
White continues with moves like Bg2, Nf3, 0-0, c4, Nc3.
2.Bg5.
This is a hard move to understand.
It makes 2...Nf6 doubtful, since 3Bxf6 doubles pawns and makes Black's game more difficult.
Black usually plays 2...g6 to fianchetto his bishop before he plays ...Nf6.
2...g6 marks the Leningrad variation of the Dutch defence.
The bishop cannot be chased successfully: 2...h6 3.Bh4 g5 4.Bg3 f4?
5.e3!
threatens mate, and so wins the pawn on f4.
2.e4.
This is Staunton's Gambit.
After 2...fxe4 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.Bg5 d5 5f3 White may or may not have enough for the f pawn.
Carloman II of Burgundy(ca.750/751 - 771) was a Carolingian Frankish ruler, King of Burgundy and Neustria (768-771).
His father was Pepin III.
In 768, he inherited the south part of his father's kingdom.
He died 3 years later.
750s births
771 deaths
Carloman I of Austrasia(706/710 - 17 August 754) was a Carolingian Frankish ruler.
He was the son of Charles Martel and brother of Pepin III.
Fouracre, Paul. "
The Long Shadow of the Merovingians" in: Charlemagne: Empire and Society, ed.
Manchester University Press, 2005. .
754 deaths
St Mirren Park, also known as "Greenhill Road", is a football stadium in Paisley, Scotland and is the home of St. Mirren FC.
The capacity of the stadium is 8,023 all seated.
St. Mirren FC previously played at Love Street, which was also known as St. Mirren Park.
Love Street was sold to the supermarket Tesco.
The money from the sale was used to build the new ground.
The new St. Mirren Park was officially opened on 31 January 2009 by club chairman Stewart Gilmour and First Minister Alex Salmond, prior to the first match at the new ground.
The game between St Mirren and Kilmarnock finished in a 1–1 draw, with the first goal at the new stadium being scored by Kilmarnock striker Kevin Kyle.
Dennis Wyness scored St. Mirren's first goal at the new ground, in the same match.
The opening match set the record attendance of 7,542, a record which still stands.
The Stadium has four stands with a total capacity of 8,023.
The North Stand is used by away fans but for larger away supports part of the West Stand can also be given to away fans.
Main Stand (Greenhill Road) - capacity 2,220.
West Stand (Craigielee Drive) - capacity 2,516.
North Stand (Ferguslie Park Avenue) - capacity 1,633.(Normally designated for away fans.)
South Stand (Drums Road) - capacity 1,654.
St Catharine's College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England.
It is often called just Catz by the students.
It was created in 1473 by Robert Wodelarke, who was the Provost (head) of King's College.
At the beginning, the rules were that people could only study theology or philosophy but this changed with time.
It now has about 600 students.
St Catharine's College takes its name from Catherine of Alexandria.
She is the patron for learning in Christianity.
The mother of King Henry VI was also called Catherine, so it is possible that the name comes from there.
At the beginning, there was not much money for the college.
There were also few students and Fellows (teachers).
Over time though numbers went up.
They had to make new buildings to let more students join the college.
The modern first court, which only has three sides, was built between 1675 and 1757.
In 1880, people started to think about joining St Catherine's College back with King's College, since they are right next to each other.
However, this did not happen because the Master did not agree in the end.
1473 establishments
The Golden Hockey Stick () is an award given to the top Czech ice hockey player.
It was first awarded to the top player in the Czechoslovak First Ice Hockey League, beginning in the 1968–69 season.
After the Czech Republic and Slovakia became separate countries in 1993, it was awarded to the top Czech player.
Jaromír Jágr has won this award more than any other player: ten times.
Dominik Hašek has won it five times.
Winners (team in parentheses)
1969 Jan Suchý (HC Dukla Jihlava)
1970 Jan Suchý (Dukla Jihlava)
1971 František Pospíšil (HC Kladno)
1972 František Pospíšil (HC Kladno)
1973 Vladimír Martinec (HC Pardubice)
1974 Jiří Holeček (Sparta Prague)
1975 Vladimír Martinec (HC Pardubice)
1976 Vladimír Martinec (HC Pardubice)
1977 Milan Nový (HC Kladno)
1978 Ivan Hlinka (HC Litvínov)
1979 Vladimír Martinec (HC Pardubice)
1980 Peter Šťastný (HC Slovan Bratislava)
1981 Milan Nový (HC Kladno)
1982 Milan Nový (HC Kladno)
1983 Vincent Lukáč (HC Košice)
1984 Igor Liba (HC Dukla Jihlava)
1985 Jiří Králík (HC Gottwaldov)
1986 Vladimír Růžička (HC Litvínov)
1987 Dominik Hašek (HC Pardubice)
1988 Vladimír Růžička (HC Dukla Trenčín)
1989 Dominik Hašek (HC Pardubice)
1990 Dominik Hašek (HC Dukla Jihlava)
1991 Bedřich Ščerban (Dukla Jihlava)
1992 Róbert Švehla (HC Dukla Trenčín)
1993 Miloš Holaň (HC Vítkovice)
1994 Roman Turek (HC České Budějovice)
1995 Jaromír Jágr (Pittsburgh Penguins)
1996 Jaromír Jágr (Pittsburgh Penguins)
1997 Dominik Hašek (Buffalo Sabres)
1998 Dominik Hašek (Buffalo Sabres)
1999 Jaromír Jágr (Pittsburgh Penguins)
2000 Jaromír Jágr (Pittsburgh Penguins)
2001 Jiří Dopita (HC Vsetín)
2002 Jaromír Jágr (Washington Capitals)
2003 Milan Hejduk (Colorado Avalanche)
2004 Robert Lang (Detroit Red Wings)
2005 Jaromír Jágr (HC Kladno, Avangard Omsk)
2006 Jaromír Jágr (New York Rangers)
2007 Jaromír Jágr (New York Rangers)
2008 Jaromír Jágr (New York Rangers)
2009 Patrik Eliáš (New Jersey Devils)
2010 Tomas Vokoun (Florida Panthers)
2011 Jaromír Jágr (Avangard Omsk)
2012 Patrik Eliáš (New Jersey Devils)
2013 David Krejčí (Boston Bruins)
2014 Jaromír Jágr (New Jersey Devils)
2015 Jakub Voráček (Philadelphia Flyers)
The Highest Competition in Czech Republic and Czechoslovakia
Hugh de Lotharingia also called Hugh of Lotharingia (ca.
850/855 - 895) was a person in the Frankish royal family during the Carolingian dynasty.
A dynasty is a group of kings or queens who are related to each other by blood and rule the same place one after he other.
He was the son of Lothar II by a woman who was not his wife.
Hugh's mother was Lothar's concubine Waldrada, meaning people knew she was the king's girlfriend.
Hugh was the grandson of Lothar I. His title was Count of Lotharingia and Duke of Alsace.
When Hugh was young, his father was given then job of Count of Lotharingia also.
In 865, he was named Duke of Alsace.
895 deaths
Jennifer Alice Clack FRS (née Agnew; 3 November 1947 – 26 March 2020) was an English palaeontologist.
She was curator at the Cambridge University Museum of Zoology, and Professor of Vertebrate Palaeontology at Cambridge University.
Her career was devoted to studying the early evolution of tetrapods.
Lobe-finned fish in the Devonian evolved into tetrapods in a series of transitional fossils.
Clack adopted the term "fishapod" to describe these animals.
They then colonized the freshwater swamps of the Carboniferous period.
Clack attended Bolton School, one of the oldest schools in Lancashire.
She received a BSc in Zoology from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1970.
and a PhD in 1984.
She also held a Graduate Certificate in Museum Studies from the University of Leicester and an M.A. and D.Sc.
from the University of Cambridge.
In 2006, Clack was awarded a personal chair by the University of Cambridge, taking the title Professor of Vertebrate Palaeontology.
In 2008 she was awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal from the U.S. National Academy of Sciences.
She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2009.
The fairly complete fossil of Acanthostega she discovered in Greenland in 1987 is a transitional, water-bound primitive tetrapod.
In April 2012 she was featured in an episode of the BBC television series Beautiful Minds, a set of documentaries about scientists who have made important discoveries.
The origin of tetrapods.
In Amphibian biology, vol 4.
Heatwole H. and Carroll R.L. (eds) Surrey Beatty pp.
973–1029.
and (with Carroll R.L.) Early Carboniferous tetrapods.
1030–1043
An early tetrapod from 'Romer's Gap'.
Nature 418, 72–76
Fossil vertebrates: Palaeozoic non-amniote tetrapods.
Encyclopaedia of Geology.
Elsevier, Oxford 2: 468-497
Getting a leg up on land.
Gaining ground: the origin and early evolution of tetrapods.
2nd ed,  Bloominton, Indiana: Indiana University Press. , ()
Jenny Clack on the Cambridge University website
Home page - Jennifer "Jenny" Clack
Profile on PBS website
Interview on PBS website
Manfredini was born in Pievepelago, Modena, Emilia-Romagna.
She moved to Des Moines, Iowa in 1920 with her husband Riccardo Manfredini, whom she raised four children with, of whom three were living at the time of her death.
She worked in an ammunition factory during World War II and cleaned houses until she was 90.
Her husband died at the age of 79 in 1965, when she was 67.
After her husband's death she lived alone until moving into a nursing home at the age of 110.
Besides four children, she even had seven grandchildren, seven great-grandchildren and twelve great-great-grandchildren.
In 2007, he was 68th in Triathlon World Championship.
In 2009, he got the bronze medal in the 16th Bolivarian Games in the sprint and team categories.
Those games were played in Tarija region, in the south of Bolivia.
In 2011 he was Aquatlon Venezuela Champion.
The 2034 Winter Olympics will be held.
September 28 – Lunar eclipse.
Switzerland will phase out the last of its nuclear power plants.
Alberto Fujimori, former President of Peru, is eligible for release from prison.
Aurigny will retire the last of its Trislander fleet.
The anime comedy Copihan is set in the year 2034.
{{year nav|2022
The final phase of Britain's HS2 rail link will be complete.
NASA hopes to send humans to Mars.
The ESA's Aurora programme plans to send a manned spacecraft to Mars.
Death Racers (2008): The movie depicts a second American civil war that begins in 2030 and ends in 2033 with the construction of a large prison-city similar to the situation in Escape from New York.
Tank Girl is set in this year.
2033 (movie) (2009): A Mexican science fiction movie.
"Drive-In Saturday" (1973) by David Bowie, depicting a world placed in 2033 in which its inhabitants have forgotten how to reproduce and need to watch old porn movies to remember how it's done.
Metro 2033  is set in the year 2033, as is its video game counterpart.
Svedka vodka advertises that in the year 2033 Svedka will be the most popular vodka in the world.
April 14 – Partial solar eclipse
June 26 – Asteroid  will pass  from the Earth.
July 21 – August 6: 2028 Summer Olympics will be held in Los Angeles, California, United States.
July 22 – A total solar eclipse will be visible across Australia, including Sydney, and New Zealand.
October 26 – Asteroid  will pass  from the Earth.
November 7 – The United States presidential election will take place.
End of replacement of A-10 Thunderbolt and F-16 Fighting Falcon fleets with F-35 Lightning II.
Institution of African Monetary Union, bringing a common currency to members of the African Union.
Lease on Moldauhafen port lot in Hamburg, Germany, to the Czech Republic is set to expire.
The 2028 Summer Paralympics will be held in Los Angeles.
Blood II: The Chosen (1998)
Carmageddon (1997)
Trauma Center: New Blood (2007)
Rodney Jamus Takahashi Yano (December 13, 1943 – January 1, 1969) was a United States Army soldier.
He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in the Vietnam War.
Yano was born in Hawaii.
Yano was a Sansei, which means that he was a third generation Japanese-American.
He was age 25 at his death.
He was buried in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Yano's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in Vietnam in 1969.
He grabbed burning ammunition and threw it from the aircraft after being seriously wounded by a grenade explosion aboard a helicopter.
Yano distinguished himself while serving with the Air Cavalry Troop.
Yano was performing the duties of crew chief aboard the troop's command-and-control helicopter during action against enemy forces entrenched in dense jungle.
From an exposed position in the face of intense small arms and antiaircraft fire he delivered suppressive fire upon the enemy forces and marked their positions with smoke and white phosphorus grenades, thus enabling his troop commander to direct accurate and effective artillery fire against the hostile emplacements.
A grenade, exploding prematurely, covered him with burning phosphorus, and left him severely wounded.
Flaming fragments within the helicopter caused supplies and ammunition to detonate.
Dense white smoke filled the aircraft, obscuring the pilot's vision and causing him to lose control.
Although having the use of only 1 arm and being partially blinded by the initial explosion, Sfc.
Yano completely disregarded his welfare and began hurling blazing ammunition from the helicopter.
In so doing he inflicted additional wounds upon himself, yet he persisted until the danger was past.
Yano's indomitable courage and profound concern for his comrades averted loss of life and additional injury to the rest of the crew.
By his conspicuous gallantry at the cost of his life, in the highest traditions of the military service, Sfc.
Yano has reflected great credit on himself, his unit, and the U.S. Army.
Yano is the namesake of the USNS Yano (T-AKR-297), a Shughart class cargo ship.
She is a 'roll-on roll-off' non-combat United States Navy designated a "Large, Medium-speed, roll-on/roll-off" (LMSR) ship.
Yano Fitness Center at Camp Zama, Japan and Yano Hall Helicopter Maintenance Facility  at Fort Rucker, Alabama are named in his honor.
May 7 – Transit of Mercury.
December 20 – The present "One country, two systems" with Macau, guaranteed for 50 years starting from December 20, 1999 provided under the Basic Law, will expire.
The 99-year lease in the Churchill–Roosevelt Destroyers for Bases Agreement, in which the United States traded 50 destroyers to the British Commonwealth in return for the right to use several British colonial possessions as bases, will expire, barring a renegotiation.
The technology  that allows a person to control a Custom Robo is developed by Ergo Corp., according to the Custom Robo series of video games.
The events of the series IGPX take place.
The Disney Channel movie Zenon: Girl of the 21st Century takes place in 2049, 50 years after the movie debuted on television in 1999.
The video game Vectorman takes place in 2049
The video game Miner 2049er takes place in 2049
The video game M.A.C.H. takes place in 2049
The video game When it's Over takes place in early 2049
The video game Nier takes place in 2049
The video game Crimson Tears is set in Tokyo in 2049
The 2017 Film Blade Runner 2049 takes place in the year 2049
St Edmund's College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England.
It only has students who are at least 21 years old.
They can be both undergraduates or postgraduates.
It was created in 1896 and is named after St Edmund of Abingdon who was an Archbishop of Canterbury.
The college is found northwest of the city of Cambridge.
It has about 450 students.
At the beginning, it mainly had Roman Catholic students because it was built a short time after they were allowed back again in the University.
Now it has a very international feeling.
It was only in 1998 that St Edmund's was given full college status.
Before, it was only considered a "House of Residence" by the University.
Some important people have studied here, like Georges Lemaître, an astronomer.
Sir Martin Evans and Amartya Sen, who both won Nobel Prizes, were Fellows (teachers) here.
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was an Honorary Fellow.
Jonathan Motzfeldt (25 September 1938 – 28 October 2010) was the first and third Prime Minister of Greenland.
Gyldendal encyclopedia entry
Henrikh Mkhitaryan (, born 21 January 1989) is an Armenian football player.
He current plays for Borussia Dortmund of the German Bundesliga and Armenian national football team and Manchester unitted.
Club Career statistics
August 12 – A solar eclipse will occur from northern California to Florida.
October 24 – 100th anniversary of the United Nations
Futurist Ray Kurzweil predicts a technological singularity for 2045, i.e. a runaway cycle of self-improvement by intelligent machines, resulting in explosive technological development.
Based on Ray Kurzweil's ideas, Time magazine predicts humans will be immortal by this year.
Demographic projections "foresee the population of Egypt overtaking that of Russia by 2045," according to Niall Ferguson.
Two of Japan's largest cities - Tokyo and Osaka - will be connected by a direct high-speed maglev route.
The United Kingdom is set to overtake Germany as Europe's leading economy.
In the novel 2045: A Story of Our Future, Peter Seidel portrays what the world could be like in 2045, if current trends in environmental destruction, population growth, and economic inequality continue.
Beginning of Corporation War in Ace Combat 3: Electrosphere
In South Africa white minority rule comes to an end as most of the whites are massacred in an uprising, in John Wyndham's The Outward Urge.
The American Dad character Klaus has a body again and a grandson.
The events portrayed in the movie Critters 4 take place in 2045.
Time in History where Command & Conquer: Tiberium Wars, the 3rd Tiberium War takes place.
In Macross 7, The main events of the series take place in this year.
Doomsday in Angels & Airwaves movie L)VE (LOVE)
First lieutenant is a military rank in many armed forces.
They are considered commissioned officers and in some militaries an appointment.
The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations.
In the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior (first lieutenant) and junior (second lieutenant) rank.
In navies it may relate to a particular post rather than a rank.
U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Air Force
In the United States Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps, a first lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer.
It is just above the rank of second lieutenant and just below the rank of captain.
It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant (junior grade) in the other uniformed services.
U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard
In the U.S. Navy and Coast Guard, first lieutenant is a position title, instead of a rank.
On smaller ships, the first lieutenant holds the rank of lieutenant, junior grade or ensign.
On larger vessels, the position is held by a lieutenant or, in the case of extremely large warships such as aircraft carriers, a lieutenant commander or even commander.
However, on submarines, where the deck department may only have a few junior sailors, the first lieutenant may be a senior enlisted member, such as a first-class petty officer or chief petty officer.
An Air Force Instruction (AFI) is a documented instruction for members of the United States Air Force.
It is intended for use by active duty, guard, and reserve members and associated civilians.
It is one of many forms of directives published by the Air Force Departmental Publishing Office (AFDPO).