the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
École Polytechnique (X), founded in 1794
École supérieure d'optique (IOGS), founded in 1917
École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Versailles, founded in 1969
SOLEIL (French particle accelerator), founded in 2006
Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), founded in 1943
Paris-Sud 11 University, founded in 1971
Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, founded in 1991
University of Évry Val d'Essonne, founded in 1991
École Normale Supérieure de Cachan, founded in 1880
École Centrale de Paris, founded in 1829
École supérieure d'électricité (Supélec), founded in 1894
Charity is the act of giving help to those in need of it.
It is a humanitarian act.
It involves giving money, goods or time and effort to those who need it.
It is done without expecting something in return.
Giving money or food to poor people is an example of charity.
Poor, sick or injured people are generally considered the proper people to whom charity should be given.
When such people are not supported, they often begin begging, which is directly asking for help from people they do not know.
Others may rely on support from charitable organisations.
These organisations collect money and goods and then give them to those in need.
Most charities are concerned with providing basic needs, such as food, water, clothing, health care and shelter.
The most common form of charity is donating money.
The money is then used to buy these basic needs.
However, there are many other actions that may be performed as charity, such as teaching orphans, donating blood, or money to help fund medical research.
Charitable giving can be a responsibility in many religions.
This kind of charity is called almsgiving or alms.
In Islam, for example, it is called zakat.
It is one of the five most important duties of being a Muslim.
Daphnia are small, planktonic crustaceans, between 0.2 and 5 mm in length.
Daphnia are members of the order Cladocera.
They are one of the several small aquatic crustaceans often called water fleas because of their jumpy swimming style.
They live in various aquatic environments ranging from acidic swamps to freshwater lakes, ponds, streams and rivers.
Daphnia have open circulatory systems.
Instead of having blood vessels, the daphnia have a fluid called haemolymph.
The haemolymph is pumped throughout the body cavity (which is called a haemocoel).
The Daphnia’s nervous system consists of a brain that has two or three pairs of ganglia.
Ganglia are nerve cells that tend to cluster up.
The nervous system also has nerve rings that go round the oesophagus.
Last of all, it has a paired ventral nerve cord.
The Daphnia reproductive system is parthenogenetic.
The female daphnia produce eggs without mating.
That means that their eggs can grow without being fertilized.
The female daphnia carries its 50 or so eggs in the brood chamber, until they are ready to hatch.
Daphnia can still mate, the only difference is that the “mated” eggs have an extra hard shell that can protect them from harsh conditions for a long time.
These eggs are called cysts, and they can hatch when conditions are favorable again, which is usually around spring.
Daphnia spp.
are a popular live food in tropical and marine fish keeping.
Van Bergen, Yfke.
Daphnia breaths easy.
Journal of Experimental Biology 207, i-ii
The President of Algeria is the head of state of Algeria.
The President is also in charge of the Algerian armed forces.
As of 22 September 2021, there is one living former president:
From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs (or need) is a slogan that Karl Marx made popular in his writing Critique of the Gotha program, published in 1875.
The German original is Jeder nach seinen Fähigkeiten, jedem nach seinen Bedürfnissen.
According to Marx, once a communist society has been established, it will produce enough goods and services so that everyone's needs can be satisfied.
Even though the phrase is commonly attributed to Marx, he was not the first to use it.
The slogan was common within the socialist movement.
Louis Blanc first used it in 1839, in "The organization of work".
The origin of this phrasing has also been attributed to the French communist Morelly, who proposed in his 1755 Code of Nature "Sacred and Fundamental Laws that would tear out the roots of vice and of all the evils of a society" including the following:
Kassaman or Qassaman (We Pledge) is the national anthem of Algeria.
Mufdi Zakariah wrote the lyrics in 1956.
He did this while in jail by the French.
The composer of the music is Mohamed Fawzi, from Egypt.
He wrote the lyrics on the walls of a French prison with his blood.
The San Francisco row houses, also known as Painted Ladies are Victorian and Edwardian buildings painted in three or more colors.
The style used is sometimes called polychrome.
The national emblem of Algeria is the seal used by the government.
Other states use coats of arms.
The current emblem began in 1976.
The difference was changing the motto from French to Arabic.
On the emblem is the crescent that is also found on the Flag of Algeria.
It is a symbol of Islam.
The text says "The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria".
The Hand of Fatima is in front of the Atlas Mountains.
It is below a rising sun to show a new era.
Buildings are for industry and plants for agriculture.
Historic coats of arms and emblems
Abdelaziz Bouteflika (2 March 1937 – 17 September 2021) was an Algerian politician.
From 1999 to 2019, he was the ninth President of Algeria.
He was President at the end of the bloody Algerian Civil War in 2002.
He ended emergency rule in February 2011 during Arab Spring.
He was President of the United Nations General Assembly from 1974 until 1975.
Bouteflika died on 17 September 2021 at his home in Zéralda, Algeria from cardiac arrest at the age of 84.
He was in bad health since he had a stroke in 2013.
The President of Algeria chooses the Prime Minister.
The People's National Assembly must okay the choice.
There are no  limits on a Prime Minister's term.
The person who was Prime Minister the longest was Mohamed Ben Ahmed Abdelghani.
He did the job from 1979 to 1984.
Ahmed Ouyahia (born July 2, 1952) is an Algerian politician.
He was the Prime Minister of Algeria from August 16, 2017 to March 12, 2019.
He was also Minister of Justice for a time.
He formed and was president of the RND party.
Prime Ministers of Algeria
Adrar is a province in southwestern Algeria.
It is named for its capital Adrar.
It is the second-largest province.
There are 402,197 people.
Adrar
Aougrout
Aoulef
Bordj Badji Mokhtar
Charouine
Fenoughil
Reggane
T'Sabit
Timimoun
Tinerkouk
Zaouiet Kounta
Provinces of Algeria
Carlton Gardens is also the name of a small street in London, England.
The Carlton Gardens is a World Heritage Site in the suburb of Carlton.
It is very close to the centre of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
The  site has the Royal Exhibition Building, Melbourne Museum and Imax Cinema, tennis courts and an award winning children's playground.
The site is a rectangle shape.
The World Heritage listing says the Royal Exhibition Buildings and Carlton Gardens are "of historical, architectural, aesthetic, social and scientific (botanical) significance to the State of Victoria."
The gardens are one of the best examples of a Victorian era public garden.
There are large grass areas with a mix of European and Australian trees.
These include deciduous trees such as English oaks, White Poplar, Plane trees, Elms, Conifers, Cedars, Turkey Oaks, Araucarias and evergreens such as Moreton Bay Figs, combined with flower beds of flowers and shrubs.
Tree lined paths make formal avenues which lead to the fountains and architecture of the Exhibition buildings.
There are two small lakes in the southern section of the park.
The northern section contains the Museum, tennis courts, machinery and work area, managers's house, and the children's playground designed as a Victorian maze.
"The Carlton Gardens are of scientific (botanical) significance for their outstanding collection of plants, including conifers, palms, evergreen and deciduous trees, many of which have grown to an outstanding size and form.
The elm avenues of Ulmus procera and Ulmus × hollandica are significant as few examples remain world wide due to Dutch elm disease.
The Garden contains a rare specimen of Acmena ingens, only five other specimens are known, an uncommon Harpephyllum caffrum and the largest recorded in Victoria, Taxodium distichum, and outstanding specimens of Chamaecyparis funebris and Ficus macrophylla, south west of the Royal Exhibition Building."
1839 - Large blocks of land around Melbourne were set aside by Superintendent Charles La Trobe.
Most of this land was later sold and subdivided or used for public buildings.
A large number of sites were kept as public parks, including the Carlton Gardens as well as Flagstaff Gardens, Fitzroy Gardens, Treasury Gardens and Kings Domain.
Circa 1856 - The City of Melbourne took over the Carlton Gardens, and paid Edward La Trobe Bateman to make plans for the site.
The path layout and other features of the design were built.
1870s - The Victorian Government took over the Gardens and small changes were made by Clement Hodgkinson.
The site was completely changed for the 1880 Melbourne International Exhibition by the architect Joseph Reed.
An important local gardener, William Sangster, was paid to plan and build new gardens.
1880 - The Exhibition Building was completed for the Melbourne International Exhibition that year.
Extra spaces built to house some of the exhibition in the northern section were removed after the exhibition closed on 30 April 1881.
1888 - The Melbourne Centennial Exhibition celebrated 100 years of European settlement in Australia.
1891 - The curator's (manager) house was completed and lived in by John Guilfoyle.
1901 - First Parliament of Australia opened in the Exhibition Building.
The west wing of the Building becomes the site of the Victorian Parliament for the next 27 years.
1919 - The buildings became a hospital for influenza epidemic victims
1928 - The fence was removed leaving the bluestone footings.
During the Second World War the buildings were used by the Royal Australian Air Force.
1948 to 1961 - some of the buildings were used as a migrant processing centre.
2001 -  Taylor Cullity Lethlean and Mary Jeavons won an award for designing and building a new children's playground.
July 2004 - The Royal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens, Melbourne, were added to the World Heritage List at a meeting of the World Heritage Committee held in Suzhou, China.
The Exhibition Building is still used for exhibitions, including for the annual Melbourne International Flower and Garden Show.
It also used for exams by the University of Melbourne in recent years.
The Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre, opened in 1996 at Southbank, provides more modern facilities and has become Melbourn'e main space for exhibitions and conventions.
World heritage listing for Carlton Gardens
Melbourne City Council - Carlton Gardens
Open Space and Recreation - Merit Carlton Gardens Playground
World Heritage, World Futures  — Restoration of the Western Forecourt of the Royal Exhibition Building, Melbourne
Chlef is a province in Algeria.
There are about 1 million people.
The capital is Chlef.
The province is divided into 13 districts.
There are also 35 communes or municipalities.
Abou El Hassan (دائرة أبو الحسن)
Aïn Merane (دائرة عين مران)
Béni Haoua (دائرة بني حواء)
Boukadir (دائرة بوقادير)
Chlef (دائرة شلف)
El Karimia (دائرة الكريمية)
El Marsa (دائرة المرسى)
Oued Fodda (دائرة وادي الفضة)
Ouled Ben Abdelkader (دائرة اولاد بن عبد القادر)
Ouled Farès (دائرة اولاد فارس)
Taougrit (دائرة تاوقريت)
Ténès (دائرة تنس)
Zeboudja (دائرة زبوجة)
Laghouat is a province  (wilaya) in central Algeria.
Other localities include Aflou, Ain Madhi, Kourdane and Makhareg.
The province is divided into 10 districts.
There are also 24 communes or municipalities.
Aflou
Aïn Mahdi
El Ghicha
Gueltet Sidi Saâd
Hassi R'Mel
Ksar El Hirane
Laghouat
Oued Morra
Sidi Makhlouf
Crater Lake National Park is a national park in the U.S. state of Oregon.
It was created in 1902.
It is the only national park in Oregon.
The park includes the caldera of Crater Lake, the remains of the destroyed volcano Mount Mazama, and nearby hills and forests.
The lake is  deep.
It is the deepest lake in the United States, the second deepest in North America and the ninth deepest in the world.
The lake is so deep because of the caldera it is in.
Crater Lake has no streams flowing into or out of it.
All water that enters the lake is eventually lost from evaporation or flowing away underground.
The lake is re-filled only from snow and rain.
Oum El Bouaghi or Oum el-Bouaghi is a province of Algeria.
The capital is Oum el-Bouaghi.
The province is divided into 12 districts.
There are also 29 communes or municipalities.
Aïn Babouche
Aïn Beïda
Aïn Fakroun
Aïn Kechra
Aïn M'Lila
Dhalaâ
F'Kirina
Ksar Sbahi
Meskiana
Oum El Bouaghi
Sigus
Souk Naâmane
Robert John "Bob" Carr (born 28 September 1947) was a Labor member of the Australian senate from 6 March 2012 to 24 October 2013 and Foreign Minister  13 March 2012 to 18 September 2013.
Before that, he was Premier of New South Wales from 1995 to 2005.
4 cultural sites
4 mixed sites
The tentative list consists of sites which have been nominated.
Great Sandy World Heritage Area
Gondwana Rainforests (extension to existing property)
Murujuga Cultural Landscape
The Dark Knight Rises is a 2012 British-American superhero movie, and a sequel to The Dark Knight and a second sequel to Batman Begins.
It was the last movie in The Dark Knight Trilogy.
Eight years after Harvey Dent's death and the defeat of the Joker, the Dent Act grants the Gotham City Police Department to organized crime.
Feeling guilty for covering up Dent's crimes, Police Commissioner James Gordon writes a resignation speech telling the truth, but decides not to tell because it was not the right time.
Batman has disappeared, with Bruce Wayne becoming an outcast.
Cat burglar Selina Kyle steals Bruce's fingerprints from his home, kidnaps a congressman, then disappears.
Selina hands Bruce's fingerprints to Phillip Stryver, an assistant to Bruce's business rival John Daggett, in hope of having her criminal record erased.
Stryver double crosses Selina, but she uses the congressman's stolen phone to alert the police of their location.
Gordon and the police arrive to find the congressman, then chase the criminals into the sewers while Selina escapes.
A masked man called Bane who had escaped from a hijacked CIA Plane captures Gordon.
Gordon escapes, and is found by John Blake, a patrol officer who grew up as an orphan and has known Batman's true identity from their similar backgrounds.
Gordon promotes Blake to detective, with Blake reporting directly to him.
Wayne Enterprises is on the point of becoming bankrupt after Bruce wasted almost all of the companies money on a fusion reactor project when he learns that the core could be weaponized.
Later, Bane attacks the Gotham Stock Exchange, using Bruce's fingerprints to bankrupt Wayne Enterprises.
Alfred Pennyworth, concerned that Bruce has not moved on from being Batman, reveals to him that Rachel Dawes had intended to marry Dent before she died, and resigns in an attempt to dissuade him.
Fearing that Daggett, Bane's employer, would gain access to the reactor, Bruce and Lucius Fox asks board member Miranda Tate to take over his company.
Bane later kills Daggett.
After being promised to erase her records, Selina agrees to take Batman to Bane, but instead betrays him to a trap.
Bane appears and reveals that he intends to fulfill Ra's al Ghul's mission to destroy Gotham with the League of Shadows.
He breaks Batman's back and takes him to a foreign, well-like prison where escape is impossible.
The inmates tell Bruce the story of Ra's al Ghul's child, born in the prison and cared for by a fellow prisoner before escaping, the only prisoner to have ever done so; Bruce thinks the child is Bane.
Meanwhile, Bane had kidnapped Fox, Tate, and Fredricks in order to turn on the bomb.
While in the stadium, Bane triggers bombs under Gotham that causes the tunnels to collapse and traps most of the Gotham's police underground.
He kills Mayor Anthony Garcia and forces an abducted physicist, Dr. Leonid Pavel, to convert the reactor core into a nuclear bomb before killing him.
Bane uses the bomb to hold the city hostage and isolate Gotham from the world.
Using Gordon's stolen speech, Bane reveals the cover-up of Dent's crimes and releases the prisoners of Blackgate Prison, causing a revolution.
The wealthy and powerful have their property destroyed or taken, are dragged from their homes, and given show trials presided over by Dr. Jonathan Crane, where any sentence likely means death.
After months of recovery and re-training, Bruce escapes from the prison; thanks to the prison doctor, and enlists Selina, Blake, Tate, Gordon, and Fox to help stop the bomb's detonation.
While the police and Bane's forces fight at Gotham City Hall, Batman defeats Bane, but Tate later stabs Batman, revealing herself to be Talia, Ra's al Ghul's child, who escaped the prison thanks by her fellow prisoner, Bane.
She plans to complete her father's work by activating the bomb and destroying Gotham, but Gordon blocks her signal, which makes the remote of detonation useless.
Talia, then leaves to find the bomb.
Bane prepares to kill Batman, but Selina kills Bane using the Batpod.
Batman pursues Talia with the Bat, an aircraft created by Fox, to bring the bomb back to the reactor, where it can be stabilized.
Talia's truck crashes, but she remotely destroys the reactor before dying.
With no way to stop the detonation, Batman uses The Bat to haul the bomb over the bay, where it detonates.
In the months after, Batman is thought to be dead but is honored a hero.
With Bruce also presumed dead, Wayne Manor is left to the city to become an orphanage, and Wayne's remaining estate is left to Alfred.
Fox discovers that Bruce had fixed The Bat's autopilot, and Gordon finds the Bat-Signal refixed.
While visiting in Florence, Italy, Alfred saw Bruce and Selina together.
Blake resigns from the police force and finds the Batcave.
The movie is based on DC Comics character Batman.
It is distributed under Warner Bros.. The movie was directed by Christopher Nolan and produced by Emma Thomas.
The music was scored by Hans Zimmer.
The cast includes Christian Bale, Michael Caine, Gary Oldman, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Tom Hardy, Morgan Freeman, Anne Hathaway, Marion Cotillard, Matthew Modine, Cillian Murphy, Nestor Carbonell, Ben Mendelsohn, Liam Neeson, Tom Conti, Joey King, Juno Temple, and Alon Abutbul.
The locations of filming were in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Newark, New Jersey, Los Angeles, California, and in New York City, New York.
Christian Bale as Batman/Bruce Wayne, finally emerges after eight years from the events of The Dark Knight.
He returns in order to save Gotham from Bane.
Michael Caine as Alfred Pennyworth, Bruce Wayne's loyal butler who had enough of Bruce being an outcast from Gotham.
Gary Oldman as Commissioner James Gordon, the police commissioner of Gotham who knows the truth about Harvey Dent, but does not want to tell the city.
Anne Hathaway as Catwoman/Selina Kyle, a new female character who helps Batman save the city and helped Batman into finding Bane.
Tom Hardy as Bane, the main villain who breaks Batmans back and occupies Gotham, seeking to complete the mission to destroy the city.
He was trained by Ra's al Ghul just like Batman was in Batman Begins.
He was killed when Selina Kyle shot him with the Batpod.
Marion Cotillard as Miranda Tate/Talia al Ghul, a new Wayne Enterprises boardmember and later takes control of the company.
She was thought to be someone who wanted to clean the world, but turned out to be an enemy of Batman.
She was the daughter of Ra's al Ghul.
She was killed while her truck crashed and fell into an inner tunnel.
Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Officer Robin John Blake, a new Gotham City cop who helps both Batman and Commissioner Gordon to save Gotham.
At the end he found the Batcave and might become Robin.
Morgan Freeman as Lucius Fox, the CEO of Wayne Enterprises and the one who gave Bruce Wayne all of the new gadgets and information.
Matthew Modine as Officer Peter Foley, the new detective under James Gordon's commission.
He was killed during the final battle.
Cillian Murphy as Scarecrow, was the judge of the corrupt courtroom whom he sentenced all of Gotham's rich people.
Nestor Carbonell as Mayor Anthony Garcia, was the mayor of Gotham before being killed in a mass explosion in the Gotham Stadium.
Ben Mendelsohn as John Daggett, the founder of Daggett Industries who wants to take control of Wayne Enterprises, but was later killed by Bane.
Liam Neeson as Ra's al Ghul, appeared as a spirit when Bruce Wayne was trapped under the pit.
Tom Conti as Prisoner, a prison doctor who helps Bruce heal after Bane had broken his back.
Joey King as Young Talia al Ghul, the younger version of the daughter of Ra's al Ghul as she appeared in flashbacks.
Alon Abutbul as Dr. Leonid Pavel, a Russian nuclear scientist who helped Bane create a nuclear bomb to destroy Gotham, he was later killed by Bane.
Juno Temple as Jen, Selina Kyle's best friend.
William Devane as the President of the United States.
John Nolan as Fredricks, a boardmember of Wayne Enterprises.
Patrick Leahy as Boardmember, a boardmember of Wayne Enterprises.
Burn Gorman as Phillip Stryver, the vice-chairman of Daggett Industries who was later exiled from Gotham and later fell through the ice.
Chris Ellis as Priest, a priest who takes care of orphaned children from where John Blake came from.
Aidan Gillen as CIA Agent, the CIA agent who was about to transport Bane, until the plane was hijacked and was killed during the attack.
Josh Stewart as Barsad, Bane's right-hand man who helps Bane take control of Gotham, he was killed during the final battle.
Wade Williams as the Warden at Blackgate Prison.
International release
The Dark Knight Rises was released on July 20, 2012, on which same day a shooting happened in Aurora, Colorado during the movie's premiere inside an area theater.
The movie is the 3rd highest-grossing movie in the world with $1,081,041,287 worldwide.
The Dark Knight Rises currently ranks #7 in the list of the highest-grossing movies in history.
The Dark Knight Rises came out on DVD and Blu-ray on December 4, 2012.
It was one of the top movies on AFI in 2012.
"A Fire Will Rise"
"The Legend Ends"
"Every Hero Has a Journey.
Every Journey Has an End"
"The Epic Conclusion to the Dark Knight Legend"
Total Recall is a 1990 American science fiction action movie directed by Paul Verhoeven.
It stars Arnold Schwarzenegger, Michael Ironside, Rachel Ticotin and Sharon Stone.
It is set in the year 2084 in a terraformed Mars.
The movie was released in June 1990.
The story of the movie came from "We Can Remember It for You Wholesale" by Philip K. Dick.
Movies set on Mars
"That's the Way (I Like It)" is a disco-pop song released during late 1975 by the group KC & the Sunshine Band.
It was risqué at the time because of certain lyrics.
This single has been covered and sampled by various artists through the years.
Hefei () is a city and municipality () in eastern China.
Hefei is the capital the Anhui province.
It is the political, economic, and cultural center of Anhui.
It is located in the central portion of the province, and it borders Huainan to the north, Chuzhou to the northeast, Wuhu to the southeast, Tongling to the south, Anqing to the southwest and Lu'an to the west.
Hefei has 7.06 million people, 2.18 million of whom lives in the urban area.
From the 8th to the 6th centuries BC, there were many small states in Hefei.
The area later became a part of the Chu kingdom.
In the 2nd century BC, the name 'Hefei' was first given to the county set up in the area under the Han dynasty.
In the 3rd century AD, the Battle of Xiaoyao Ford was fought at Xiaoyao Ford () in Hefei.
Zhang Liao, a general of the Wei state, led 800 picked cavalry and defeated the 200,000-strong army from Wu.
After this battle, Wu and Wei fought for several decades in Hefei.
Luyang District ()
Yaohai District ()
Baohe District ()
Shushan District ()
Feidong County ()
Feixi County ()
Changfeng County ()
Lujiang County ()
Chaohu City ()
Anhui (; ) is a province in the east of China.
The capital is Hefei.
The area of Anhui is 139,400 km2, the population of it is roughly 62,548,000 (2017).
The UNESCO listing is for two separate areas where fossils from the Cainozoic era have been found.
Riversleigh is in the north west corner of Queensland and Naracoorte is in the south east corner of South Australia.
The Riversleigh site is part of the Lawn Hill National Park.
The sites are important for their extinct marsupials.
The fossils show the evolution of mammals in Australia over the last 20 million years.
The Naracoorte site is part of the Naracoorte Caves National Park.
Its fossils show the way marsupials adapted to the great climate changes that have affected the world over the last 170,000 years.
The Indian Armed Forces are the military of India.
It is made up of an Army, Navy, Air Force and Coast Guard.
The President of India is its Commander-in-Chief.
Currently, the Indian Army is becoming more modern by buying and making new weapons.
It is also building defences against missiles of other countries.
Na Hye-sok (28 April 1896 – 10 December 1948) was a Korean independence activist and artist, poet, novelist, and feminist activist.
She was a famous woman among early 20th century oil painters.
Her nickname was Jeongwol.
Work books
Na Hye-sok Jeonjip (나혜석전집, 羅蕙錫全集)
Go on a honeymoon, the tomb of  first love (첫사랑의 무덤으로 신혼여행을 가다)
Divorce testimony (이혼고백서, 離婚告白書)
Na Hye-sok Works Collection (나혜석 작품집)
Gyunghee (경희)
Jeongsun (정순)
Heo Nanseolheon
Lim Yunjidang
Na Hye-sok (1896-1946)
Na Hye-sok:Navercast
Times Weekender; Na Hye-Sok Lived Flamboyant Life to Tragic End. -
Korea Times (Seoul, Korea) | HighBeam Research - FREE trial
Creating new paradigms of womanhood in modern Korean literature: Na Hye-sok's "Kyonghui".(Critical Essay) - Korean Studies | HighBeam Research - FREE trial
Most Feminine and Feminist
Kyonghui
The Indian Army is the part of the Indian Military which operates on land.
It is the largest part of the Indian Military.
In 2010, Indian Army had 1,128,000 active personnel and 960,000 personnel.
It has more soldiers than any other nation except China and the U.S.
The Old City (, al-Balda al-Qadimah, , Hin K'aghak, , Ha'Ir Ha'Atiqah) of Jerusalem is the oldest part of the city located in Israel.
It is an  area that is surrounded by walls.
It contains some of the most important places for three major religions.
These include the Church of the Holy Sepulchre for Christians, the Temple Mount for Jews, and the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque for Muslims.
The Old City formed the whole city of Jerusalem until 1860, when a Jewish neighborhood was built outside the Western Wall.
The Old City is historically divided into four quarters, although the current quarters were introduced only in the 19th century.
Today, the Old City is divided into the Muslim Quarter, the Christian Quarter, the Jewish Quarter and the Armenian Quarter.
After the war in 1948, the Old City was occupied by Jordan and the Jewish people living in the city were forced to move out.
During the Six Day War in 1967, Israel occupied the Old City and the rest of East Jerusalem.
Today, Israel still controls the whole area, which it says is part of its national capital.
In 1980, Jordan asked UNESCO to make the Old City a World Heritage Site.
It was added to the World Heritage list in 1981.
Because of the conflict over the territory, it was added to the list of sites in danger in 1982.
UNESCO policy is that East Jerusalem, including the Old City, is part of the occupied Palestinian territory.
Virtual tour of the Old City's historic sites
Virtual tour of the Muslim Quarter
Virtual tour of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre
The Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary () is a World Heritage Site in Senegal.
It is on the Senegal River.
It has different wetland areas that are used by many migrating birds.
Some birds use the wetland after they cross the Sahara desert.
There are almost 400 kinds of birds.
Some of the most common are pelicans and flamingos.
Many different kinds of animals also live in the park.
WCMC Natural Site Data Sheet
Official UNESCO website entry
Ministère de l’Environnement, de la Protection de la nature, des Bassins de rétention et des Lacs artificiels: Parcs et réserves , 13 October 2005.
Refining is the name for a number of processes that purify or concentrate a substance.
The name is used for natural resources, food and technical products.
The place where this is done, is often called a refinery.
Petroleum contains hydrocarbons.
After distillation, it still contains chemical compounds with sulfur, oxygen and  Nitrogen as well as other unwanted compounds, such as Alkalenes.
Processed petroleum is used for lubricants; the substances mentione are unwanted in lubricants as they can speed up the aging process.
For this reason, they are extracted using a process called hydrogenation.
In hydrogenation, Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia gases are produced.
These gases require special handling, as they are very toxic.
Vegetable oils and fats are produced by chemical or mechanical extraction from plants.
This produces a kind of oil that still has many unwanted substances, such as pigments and smell, which influence the quality of the refined product.
In essence, the factors influenced are taste, shelf life, smell and color, as well as the ability to use the oil for further technical transformations.
Depending on the process, between four and eight percent of usable vegetable oil is lost.
There are two basic procedures to refine vegetable oil, chemical refining, and physical refining.
Sugar is washed, and treated with concentrated syrup.
Its colored because most customers expect sugar to be white.
The white sugar sold in shops in almost pure sucrose.
It has an extent of 99,8 percent of its weight.
There are two basic processes to refine metals: Refining by fire, and refining by  electrolysis.
Higher grades of purity require both processes, lower grades use only the first process.
Salt that is gained through evaportation of seawater needs to be cleaned; this is done by dissloving it in brine and then forcing it to crystallize.
After the process, it is no lnoger possible to distinguish it from the salt extracted from rocks, by a mining process.
Depending on the country, table salt for common use as a food additive may have iodine added.
Sometimes Potassium fluoride is added as well.
American cheese (also called a cheese slice or processed cheese) is a kind of pasteurized processed cheese.
Usually, it has a mild taste.
Originally, it was white, and made by mixing other kinds of cheese, most often Cheddar cheese and Swiss.
It is no longer produced by mixing existing kinds of cheeses, but by using a number of ingredients.
In many countries, including the US, processed cheese is licensed differently to "real" cheese.
American cheese may therefore not be sold as "cheese", but as "processed cheese".
On the label, the word cheese is often left out, and the product is labeled "American slices", "slices" or similar.
Since this kind of processed cheese is very common in the United States, it is often used to refer to all kinds of processed cheese.
All the same, the term "American cheese" does have a legal definition in the American Code of Federal Regulations.
Fraser Island  is the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the east coast of Queensland in Australia.
Fraser Island is  long.
It is the largest sand island in the world.
It has large shifting sand dunes, and highly coloured sand cliffs.
The World Heritage Site covers .
The island has a range of plants including patches of rainforest.
There are also perched freshwater lakes.
These are lakes that are not connected to the groundwater, but sit above them.
Half of the perched lakes in the world are found on Fraser Island.
The water in the lakes is very clear.
The endangered cooloola sedge frog lives on Fraser Island.
Fraser Island is one of only three places where this frog lives.
The Village Voice is a free weekly newspaper and news and features website in New York City.
It features investigative articles, analysis of current affairs and culture, arts and music coverage, and events listings for New York City.
It is also distributed throughout the United States on a pay basis.
It was the first of the big-city tabloids that came to be known as alternative weeklies.
The Voice was launched by Ed Fancher, Dan Wolf, and Norman Mailer on October 26, 1955 from a two-bedroom apartment in Greenwich Village.
This was its initial coverage area.
It expanded to other parts of the city by the 1960s.
The offices in the 1960s were located at Sheridan Square.
They are now at Cooper Square  in Manhattan in the East Village.
Purnululu National Park is an Australian national park in the north east of Western Australia.
The site covers  and includes the Bungle Bungle Ranges.
The ranges are made from Devonian era sandstone and have been eroded over 20 million years into shapes like towers and cones.
The sandstone has horizontal stripes of orange coloured by iron oxide which dry out quickly, and dark strips where bacteria are growing in damp layers of stone.
Other areas of the park include the sand plains which surround the Bungle Bungles; the Ord River valley, and limestone ridges.
The cinema of India includes movies produced in India.
It has been around since the early 20th century.
Movies made in India are popular in the Middle East, South Asia, and Western countries like the United Kingdom and the United States as well as India.
In 2010 India produced the most films, with Hollywood and China behind them.
Bollywood (Hindi cinema) and Jollywood (Sanskrit cinema) are considered to be the national cinema of India.
The Lord Howe Island Group is a group of 28 small islands and rocks about  north east of Sydney.
The islands are governed by New South Wales.
The islands became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982.
The islands were formed by a volcano which erupted for a period of about 500,000 years during the Miocene era, about 7 million years ago.
This volcano is about  under the sea, and the islands are the tops of the volcano's peak.
The main islands of the World Heritage Site are:
Admiralty Group
Mutton Bird and Sail Rock
Blackburn (Rabbit) Island
Gower Island
Lord Howe Island is a small island about  north east of Sydney.
It is governed by New South Wales.
About 70% of the island is part of the Lord Howe Island Group which became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982.
The island was first discovered in 1788 by Lieutenant Henry Lidgbird Ball, who was captain of the HMS Supply.
He was taking convicts from Sydney to start a new prison colony on Norfolk Island.
The Islamic conquest of Persia (637-651) led to the end of the Sassanid Empire and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia.
However, the achievements of the previous Persian civilizations were not lost, but were to a great extent absorbed by the new Islamic polity.
Islam has been the official religion of Iran since then, except short duration after Mongol raid and establishment of Ilkhanate.
Iran became an Islamic republic after the Islamic Revolution of 1979.
Before the Islamic conquest, the Persians had been mainly Zoroastrian, however, there were also large and thriving Christian and Jewish communities.
Eastern Iran (what is now Afghanistan) was predominantly Buddhist.
There was a slow but steady movement of the population toward Islam.
When Islam was introduced to Iranians, the nobility and city-dwellers were the first to convert, Islam spread more slowly among the peasantry and the dihqans, or landed gentry.
By the late 11th century, the majority of Persians had become Muslim, at least nominally.
Though Iran is known today as a stronghold of the Shi'a Muslim faith, it did not become so until much later, around the 15th century.
The Safavid dynasty made Shi'a Islam the official state religion in the early sixteenth century and aggressively proselytized on its behalf.
It is also believed that by the mid-seventeenth century most people in Iran had become Shi'as, an affiliation that has continued.
Over the following centuries, with the state-fostered rise of a Persian-based Shi'ite clergy, a synthesis was formed between Persian culture and Shi'ite Islam that marked each indelibly with the tincture of the other.
Nowadays Islam is the religion of 98% of Iranians, approximately 90% of Iranians are Shi'a and 8% are Sunni, mostly Turkomen, a minority of Arabs (mainly in Hormozgan Province), Baluchs, and Kurds living in the south, southeast, northeast and northwest.
Almost all of Iranian Shi'as are Twelvers.
Persian culture
It is the largest forest reserve in South America, covering an area over 6 million acres (23,000 km²).
Entry into the park is restricted; express permission from the Brazilian government is required to enter the reserve.
The park is a good example of tropical rainforest conservation in the Amazon.
Its  forests, lakes and channels are a "constantly evolving aquatic mosaic that is home to the largest array of electric fish in the world".
The site protects key threatened species, including giant arapaima fish, the Amazonian manatee, the black caiman and two species of river dolphin and the jaguar.
There are many other species of animals and plants.
The park is in the lower reaches of the Rio Negro branch of the Amazon.
This branch is black with the organic matter picked up by the river.
It has white-sand beaches during the dry season and flooded forest during the wet season.
The streams turn into a 'ria' lake in the wet season, flooding huge areas of land, typical of all large rivers in the Amazon region.
The site contains the nine-tier waterfall of the Carabinani River.
The Rio Negro flows through the eastern edge of Brazil’s Jau National Park.
The river is the big strip of blue running from left to right across the image, and the other blue ribbons are tributaries.
It starts at the border of Venezuela and Brazil, and meets up with the Amazon in central Brazil.
Half-submerged islands can be seen in the center of the river.
Between November and April when the river is at its peak, many of these islands disappear.
There is a high diversity of vertebrates in the park, with 120 species of mammals, 411 birds, 15 reptiles and 320 fishes.
The site is home to relics of past human occupation of the Amazon region.
NASA Earth Explorer page
Satellite photo (Google)
The constitution of UNESCO was ratified in 1946 by 26 countries, not including Ecuador.
2 cultural sites
2 natural sites
Sitio arqueológico de Ingapirca
Batna is a province of Algeria.
The capital is Batna.
Other important towns are Barika, Merouana and Timgad.
Belezma National Park is there.
Batna Province has 22 districts.
There are also 61 Communes.
Aïn Djasser
Aïn Touta
Arris
Barika
Batna
Bouzina
Chemora
Djezzar
El Madher
Ichmoul
Menaâ
Merouana
N'Gaous
Ouled Salem
Ouled Si Slimane
Ras El Aioun
Seggana
Seriana
T'Kout
Tazoult
Théniet El Abed
Béjaïa is a province of Algeria.
The capital city is Béjaïa.
Gouraya National Park is there.
The endangered primate, Barbary Macaque is found in the province's Gouraya National Park.
The province has 19 districts.
There are 52 communes or municipalities.
Adekar
Akbou
Amizour
Aokas
Barbacha
Béjaïa
Béni Maouche
Chemini
Darguina
El Kseur
Ifri-Ouzellaguen
Ighil Ali
Kherrata
Seddouk
Sidi Aïch
Souk El Tenine
Tazmalt
Tichy
Timezrit
Biskra is a province of Algeria.
The province has 12 districts.
There are 33 communes or municipalities.
Biskra
Djemourah
Foughala
El Kantara
El Outaya
M'Chouneche
Ouled Djellal
Ourlal
Tolga
Zeribet El Oued
Béchar  is a province in Algeria.
It is named after its capital Béchar.
A large part of the province has sand dune fields that no one can live in.
There are 21 municipalities.
Abadla
Béchar
Béni Abbès
Béni Ounif
El Ouata
Igli
Kénadsa
Kerzaz
Lahmar
Ouled Khodeïr
Tabelbala
Taghit
Blida is a province in Algeria.
The capital is Blida.
The Chréa National Park is here.
The provinces has 10 districts.
There are also 25 municipalities.
Blida
Boufarik
Bougara
Bouïnian
El Affroun
Larbaâ
Meftah
Mouzaïa
Ouled Yaïch
Bouïra is a province in Algeria.
The capital is also Bouïra.
There are also 45 communes or municipalities.
Aïn Bessem
Bechloul
Bir Ghbalou
Bordj Okhriss
Bouïra
Haïzer
Kadiria
Lakhdaria
M'Chedellah
Souk El Khemis
Sour El Ghozlane
Tamanrasset or Tamanghasset is the largest province in Algeria.
It was named after its capital Tamanrasset.
The Province has two National parks: Tassili n'Ajjer National Park and Ahaggar National Park.
The province has 7 districts.
There are also 10 communes or municipalities.
Abalessa
In Ghar
In Guezzam
In Salah
Tamanrasset
Tazrouk
Tin Zaouatine
Tébessa is a province of Algeria.
Tébessa is also the name of the capital.
Another important city is El Ouenza.
Tebessa is only 20 kilometers west from Tunisia border.
There are also 28 communes or municipalities.
Bir El Ater
Bir Mokadem
Cheria
El Aouïnet
El Kouif
El Ma Labiodh
El Ogla
Morsott
Negrine
Ouenza
Oum Ali
Tébessa
Tlemcen is a province in northwestern Algeria.
The Tlemcen National Park is there.
The province has 20 districts.
There are also 53 communes or municipalities.
Aïn Talout
Bab El Assa
Bensekrane
Béni Boussaïd
Béni Snous
Chatouane
Felaoucene
Ghazaouet
Hennaya
Houanaine District (Honaine)
Maghnia
Mansourah
Marsa Ben M'Hidi
Nedroma
Ouled Mimoun
Remchi
Sebdou
Sidi Djillali
Tlemcen
Patti Austin (born August 10, 1950) is an American R&B singer and songwriter.
She was very popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
Austin has had many hits on several music charts.
Some sources mention Austin as being born in 1948 while others say that either 1949 or 1950 is her actual birth year.
Tiaret is a province of Algeria.
The province has 14 districts.
There are also 42 communes or municipalities.
Aïn Deheb
Aïn Kermes
Dahmouni
Frenda
Hamadia
Ksar Chellala
Mechraâ Sfa
Medroussa
Meghila
Oued Lili
Rahouia
Sogueur
Tizi Ouzou is a province in Algeria.
It is named after its capital.
The province has 21 districts.
There are also 67 communes or municipalities.
Aïn El Hammam
Azazga
Azzefoun
Béni Douala
Béni Yenni
Boghni
Bouzeguène
Draâ Ben Khedda
Draâ El Mizan
Iferhounène
Larbaâ Nath Irathen
Maâtka
Makouda
Mekla
Ouadhia
Ouacif
Ouaguenoun
Tigzirt
Tizi Gheni
Tizi
Tizi Rached
Algiers is a province in Algeria.
It is named after the capital, Algiers, which is also the national capital.
There are about 3 million people.
Algiers province has 13 districts and 57 communes or municipalities.
Djelfa is a province of Algeria.
The capital is Djelfa.
There are over 1.2 million people.
Important towns are Tadmit, El Khemis, and Selmana.
There are also 36 communes or municipalities.
Aïn El Ibil
Aïn Oussera
Birine
Charef
Dar Chioukh
El Idrissia
Faidh El Botma
Had Sahary
Hassi Bahbah
Messaâd
Sidi Ladjel
Jijel is a province in Algeria.
It is on the eastern Mediterranean coast.
The capital is Jijel.
Chekfa
Djimla
El Ancer
El Aouana
El Milia
Jijel
Settara
Sidi Maârouf
Texenna
Ziama Mansouriah
Lactarius torminosus, commonly known as the woolly milkcap or the bearded milkcap, is a mushroom in the genus Lactarius.
It is a common and widely distributed fungus, found in North Africa, northern Asia, Northern Europe, and North America.
L. torminosus associates with various trees, most commonly birch, and the mushrooms grow on the ground singly or in groups in mixed forests.
Although it is valued for its peppery flavor and eaten after suitable preparation in Russia and Finland, it is highly irritating to the digestive system when eaten raw.
The toxins responsible for the acrid taste are destroyed by cooking.
The caps of L. torminosus mushrooms are convex with a central depression, and attain a diameter of up to .
Its color is a blend of pink and ochre hues, sometimes with circular zones of darker shades.
The edge of the cap is rolled inwards, and shaggy when young.
On the underside of the caps are narrow flesh-colored gills crowded closely together.
It is on these fertile gill surfaces that the spore-bearing cells, the basidia are found.
The cylindrical stem is a pale flesh color with a downy surface, reaching a length of up to  and a thickness of .
When cut or injured, the fruit bodies ooze a white latex that does not change color upon exposure to air.
The variety normandensis, in contrast, has latex that changes from white to yellow.
Sétif Province is a province in north-eastern Algeria.
The capital and largest city is Sétif.
Another large city is El Eulma.
There is also the World Heritage Site of Djémila there.
There are also 60 communes or municipalities.
Aïn Arnat
Aïn Azel
Aïn El Kébira
Aïn Oulmane
Amoucha
Babor
Béni Aziz
Béni Ourtilane
Bir El Arch
Bouandas
Bougaâ
El Eulma
Guenzet
Guidjel
Hammam Guergour
Hammam Souhna
Maoklane
Salah Bey
Sétif
Saïda is a province of Algeria.
The province has 6 districts and 16 communes or municipalities.
El Hassasna
Saïda
Sidi Boubekeur
Youb
Skikda is a province of Algeria.
It is on the Mediterranean coast.
The province has 13 districts and 38 communes or municipalities.
Azzaba
Ben Azzouz
Collo
El Hadaik
El Harrouch
Ouled Attia
Oum Toub
Ramdane Djamel
Sidi Mezghiche
Tamalous
Zitouna
Sidi Bel Abbès is one of the provinces of Algeria.
The name is from the city of Sidi Bel Abbès.
The province has 15 districts and 52 communes or municipalities.
Aïn El Berd
Ben Badis
Marhoum
Mérine
Mostefa Ben Brahim
Moulay Slissen
Sfisef
Sidi Ali Benyoub
Sidi Ali Boussidi
Sidi Lahcène
Télagh
Ténira
Téssala
Annaba  is a small province in the north-eastern corner of Algeria.
Aïn El Berda
El Hadjar
Berrahal
Chetaïbi
El Bouni
Guelma Province is a province in eastern Algeria.
The name is from the largest city Guelma.
There are 429.998 people who live here.
The province has 10 districts and 34 communes or municipalities.
Aïn Makhlouf
Bouchegouf
Guelaât Bou Sbaâ
Hammam Debagh
Hammam N'Bails
Héliopolis
Houari Boumédienne
Khezaras
Oued Zenati
Constantine is one of the 48 provinces of Algeria.
The capital is Constantine.
Aïn Abid
Hamma Bouziane
Ibn Ziad
Zighoud Youcef
Médéa is a province of Algeria.
The capital is Médéa.
The province has 19 districts and 64 communes or municipalities.
Aïn Boucif
Béni Slimane
Chahbounia
Chellalat El Adhaoura
El Azizia
El Omaria
Guelb El Kébir
Ksar El Boukhari
Médéa
Ouamri
Ouled Antar
Ouzera
Seghouane
Si Mahdjoub
Sidi Naâmane
Souaghi
Tablat
Mostaganem is a province of Algeria.
The province has 10 districts and 32 communes or municipalities.
Achacha
Aïn Nouïssy
Aïn Tédelès
Bouguirat
Hassi Mamèche
Kheïr Eddine
Mesra
Sidi Lakhdar
M'Sila (also spelled Msila, M'sila or MSila) is a province of northern Algeria.
It has 1 million people.
The capital is also called M'sila.
M'Sila is mostly known for its farming.
The province has 15 districts and 47 communes or municipalities.
Aïn El Hadjel
Aïn El Melh
Ben S'Rour
Bou Saâda
Chellal
Djebel Messaâd
Hammam Dhalaâ
Khoubana
M'Sila
Medjedel
Ouled Derradj
Sidi Aïssa
Sidi Ameur
Mascara is a province in Algeria.
There was an earthquake in the capital Mascara City on 18 August 1994.
The name means "military garrison" in Arabic.
Another important town is Sig.
The province has 16 districts and 47 communes or municipalities.
Aïn Farès
Aïn Fekan
Aouf
Bouhanifia
El Bordj
Ghriss
Hachem
Mohammedia
Oggaz
Oued Taria
Tighenif
Zahana
Ouargla or Warqla is a province in eastern Algeria.
Other important towns are Temacine, Touggourt, and Hassi Messaoud.
It contains the Issaouane Erg desert.
The province has 10 districts and 21 communes or municipalities.
El Borma
El Hadjira
Hassi Messaoud
Mégarine
N'Goussa
Ouargla
Sidi Khouiled
Taïbet
Témacine
Touggourt
Oran is a province in Algeria.
The capital is Oran.
There are 1,584,607 people.
As of 1984, the province has 9 districts and 26 communes or municipalities.
Aïn El Turk
Arzew
Bethioua
Bir El Djir
Es Sénia
Gdyel
Oued Tlélat
El Bayadh is a province in Algeria.
It is named after its capital El Bayadh.
The province has 8 districts, and 22 communes or municipalities.
Boualem
Bougtob
Boussemghoun
Brézina
Chellala
El Abiodh Sidi Cheikh
El Bayadh
Rogassa
Illizi is a province in the south-eastern corner of Algeria.
It is named after its capital Illizi.
The province has 3 districts and 6 communes or municipalities.
The area has lots of natural gas.
Illizi (district-municipality)
In Aménas
The chemical elements beyond lead are radioactive, and they do not have stable isotopes.
This means that they will decay into other elements.