the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
c. 2450 BCE: End of the Early Dynastic IIIa Period and beginning of the Early Dynastic IIIb Period in Sumer.
c. 2450 BCE: Kish is lost to Khamazi tribesmen of the Kurdistan mountains; Elamites from Awan occupy parts of Sumer.
(Roux 1980)
c. 2410 BCE: By this time, kings in Sumer have stopped to be automatically high priests of the city deity.
(Roux 1980) Semitic infiltration and conquest of Mesopotamia begins.
(1968 RD Almanac)
c. 2400–2200 BCE: Construction of Stonehenge
Megalithic Culture begins to spread through Europe and the western Mediterranean. (
1968 RD Almanac)
Celts begin invading Europe from the east. (
Earliest signs of Battle Axe Culture from the Caucasus. (
Encyc.
Americana)
Southeastern Spain is settled from the Mediterranean, by people using Predynastic Egyptian-style pottery. (
Amorites and Canaanites occupy Syria and Lebanon. (
Significant persons
2492 BCE—Hayk founds Armenia
2491 BCE—Mythical Chinese Emperor Zhuanxu
2490 BCE—Menkaura is Pharaoh. (
Atlas of Egypt 1989)
2475 BCE—Shepseskaf is Pharaoh. (
2465 BCE—Fifth dynasty of Egypt; Userkaf is Pharaoh (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
2458 BCE—Sahure is Pharaoh (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
2446 BCE—Neferirkare Kakai is Pharaoh (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
2426 BCE—Shepseskare Isi is Pharaoh (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
c. 2425 BCE—Death of Eannatum of Lagash; succeeded by his nephew, Entemena, whose ally, Lugal-kinishe-dudu, unites Uruk and Ur (Roux 1980)
2419 BCE—Ra'neferef is Pharaoh (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
2416 BCE—Nyuserre Ini is Pharaoh (Atlas of Egypt 1989)
Harappan civilisation, at its peak, covered an area of around 480,000 km² (298 258.172 mi²).
Its heartland lay in the Indus river valley in Pakistan, but settlements spread as far as the Makran coast, Baluchistan, Afghanistan, eastern Punjab, Kutch and Saurashtra.
They included cities like Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Kalibangan, Dholavira, ports like Lothal, Sutkagen-dor and Sotka-koh and many villages as well.
They used irrigation to farm and built cities.
The two main cities had sewage systems, bronze, trade tokens (early coins), and hieroglyphs.
There were even baths at one of the villages, besides the great baths of brick in each city.
Geometry of shrines and altars tends to identify these with the cities of the Yajur Veda: they might easily be a thousand years older than this conservative date.
Cycladic marble figures show the use of both the musical pipe and the kithara form of lyre. (
Archaeology of the Olympics 1988)
Earliest surviving ski is left in a peat bog at Hoting, Sweden, about this time. (
Sumerians use domestic asses on war chariots (Standard of Ur), not onagers as early interpreters claimed. (
Clutton-Brock)
Agriculture at Prieta Huaca includes cotton and bottle-gourds. (
Bailey 1973)
The young king of Persia, Arses, objects to being controlled by Bagoas and attempts to poison him.
Instead, Arses and all his children are killed by Bagoas.
Bagoas then seeks to install a new monarch who will be easier to control.
He chooses Codomannus, a distant relative of the royal house, who takes the name Darius III.
When Darius tries to assert his independence from Bagoas' control, Bagoas attempts to poison him.
The king is warned and makes Bagoas drink the poison himself.
Following Philip II of Macedon's marriage to Eurydice, Alexander and his mother, Olympias, flee to Epirus, with Alexander later moving to Illyria.
However, shortly afterward, father and son are reconciled and Alexander returns.
Macedonian troops, commanded by Parmenion, trusted lieutenant of Philip II, arrive in Asia Minor.
They are driven back by Persian forces under the command of the Greek mercenary Memnon of Rhodes.
At a grand celebration of his daughter Cleopatra's marriage to Alexander I of Epirus (brother of Olympias), Philip II is assassinated at Aegae by Pausanias of Orestis, a young Macedonian noble with a bitter grievance against the young queen's uncle Attalus and against Philip for denying him justice.
Pausanias is killed on the spot.
Philip II of Macedon is succeeded by his son Alexander III.
One of the leading generals in Macedonia at the death of Philip II, Antipater, helps to secure the succession to the Macedonian throne for Alexander.
The Macedonian general Parmenion declares for Alexander III.
He helps to murder the princes of the Lynkestis region, who are alleged to be behind Philip's murder, along with other possible rivals and members of factions opposed to Alexander.
Olympias, Alexander's mother, has Philip's last wife Eurydice, her infant daughter and her influential uncle, Attalus, killed.
Alexander immediately has Amyntas IV, son of King Perdiccas III and cousin of Alexander, executed.
Alexander puts down a rebellion in Macedonia and crushes the rebellious Illyrians.
He then appears at the gates of Thebes and receives the city's submission.
After that he advances to the Corinthian isthmus and is elected by the assembled Greeks as their commander against Persia.
Conscription is introduced in Athens.
Young men are required to perform duties which are part military and part civic.
Aeschines brings a suit against Ctesiphon for illegally proposing the award of a crown to the Athenian leader Demosthenes in recognition of his services to Athens.
Philip II, King of Macedonia (b. 382 BC)
Arses, King of Persia
Bagoas, Vizier of Persia
Attalus, Macedonian general (b. c. 390 BC)
Pausanias of Orestis, personal bodyguard of Philip II of Macedon
Eurydice, 5th wife of Philip II, queen of Macedonia
Amyntas IV, usurper king of Macedon
Alexander leaves Egypt and leads his forces towards Phoenicia.
He leaves Cleomenes of Naucratis as the ruling nomarch to control Egypt.
October 1 – Alexander of Macedonia wins the Battle of Gaugamela (near ancient Ninevah) over the Persian King Darius III.
Darius turns his chariot and flees.
Alexander chases the  Persian forces to Arbela.
Darius escapes with his Bactrian cavalry and Greek mercenaries into Media.
Alexander encounters for the first time war elephants.
Alexander becomes the master of the Persian Empire.
This ends the Achaemenid dynasty.
Babylon and Susa open their gates to him.
In the capital, Susa, Alexander gets huge treasures amounting to 50,000 gold talents.
Agis III of Sparta leads some of the Greek cities in a revolt.
He holds Crete against Macedonian forces.
In the Peloponnesus he routes a force under the Macedonian general Coragus.
Athens stays neutral, but he is joined by Elis, Achaea (except Pellene) and Arcadia, with the exception of Megalopolis.
Alexander of Epirus takes Heraclea from the Lucanians, and Terina and Sipontum from the Bruttii.
Tarentum turn against Alexander of Epirus when they realize that he wants to make a kingdom of his own in southern Italy.
Alexander is defeated and killed in the Battle of Pandosia on the banks of the Acheron.
The Gallic tribe of the Senones and the Romans enter a period of friendly relations which lasts the rest of the century.
Alexander I of Epirus, Aeacid dynasty king of Epirus (b. c. 370 BC)
Vahe, legendary king of Armenia and last of the Hyke dynasty
330s BC
The  in Japan was a set of six pretenders to the throne of Japan during the Nanboku-chō period from 1336 through 1392.
List of pretenders
Emperor Kōgon, 1331–1333
Emperor Kōmyō, 1336–1348
Emperor Sukō, 1348–1351
Emperor Go-Kōgon, 1352–1371
Emperor Go-En'yū, 1371–1382
Emperor Go-Komatsu, 1382–1412
List of pretender-created eras
During the Nanboku-chō period, the Northern Court pretenders recognized 19 Japanese era names (年号, nengō, lit.
year names), including
Gentoku, 1329–1332
Shōkyō, 1332–1334
Kemmu, 1334–1338
Ryakuō, 1338–1342
Eitoku, 1381–1384
Shitoku, 1384–1387
Kakei, 1387–1389
Kōō, 1389–1390
Meitoku, 1390–1394
14th century in Japan
1390s disestablishments in Japan
201 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.
On Hannibal's advice, Carthage asks for peace with the Romans.
This ends the Second Punic War.
Carthage is made a client state of Rome.
After peace with Rome, Hannibal is elected as suffet, or chief magistrate, of Carthage.
The office was insignificant in Carthaginian politics, but Hannibal makes it powerful.
The Romans remove the Carthaginians from Malta.
In Rome, land is given to veterans of the Second Punic War.
Philip V of Macedon captures Samos and the Egyptian fleet stationed there.
He then makes war on  Chios to the north.
Rhodes and its allies Pergamum, Cyzicus, and Byzantium combine their fleets and defeat Philip V in the Battle of Chios.
His flagship is trapped and rammed by two enemy ships.
The Spartan king, Nabis, once more invades and captures Messene.
The Spartans leave when the Achaean League army of Philopoemen helps.
Nabis' forces are defeated at Tegea by Philopoemen.
The construction of Nanchang begins.
Gnaeus Naevius, Latin epic poet and dramatist (b. c. 264 BC)
The Roman general Scipio Africanus and his brother Lucius are accused by Cato the Elder of receiving bribes from the late Seleucid king Antiochus III.
The civil war between the northern and southern areas of Egypt ends with the arrest of Ankmachis by the Ptolemaic general Conanus.
Pusyamitra Sunga kills the Mauryan emperor Brhadrata.
He forms the Sunga dynasty.
Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, leading general and politician of the Roman Republic.
As consul he will be the commander of the final siege and destruction of Carthage and will be the leader of the senators opposed to the Gracchi (d. 129 BC)
Panaetius of Rhodes, Greek philosopher (d. 110 BC)
Brhadrata, Indian emperor, last ruler of the Indian Mauryan dynasty (from 197 BC)
180s BC
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, consul and leader of the democratic party, is defeated by Quintus Lutatius Catulus outside Rome.
Pompeius marches to Spain to join with Quintus Metellus Pius.
They try to stop the revolt of Quintus Sertorius, but do not succeed.
The city of Tigranakert is built.
Liu Xiang, Chinese scholar, editor of the Shan Hai Jing, compilator of the Lienü zhuan, and father of Liu Xin (died 6 BC)
King Duttagamani of Sri Lanka
The  in Japan was a set of four emperors during the Nanboku-chō period from 1336 through 1392.
Emperor Go-Daigo, 1318–1339
Emperor Go-Murakami, 1339–1368
Emperor Chōkei, 1368–1383
Emperor Go-Kameyama, 1383–1392
List of monarch-created eras
During the Nanboku-chō period, the Southern Court monarchs recognized 11 Japanese era names (年号, nengō, lit.
Gentoku, 1329–1331
Genkō, 1331–1334
Kemmu, 1334–1336
Kentoku, 1370–1372
Bunchū, 1372–1375
Tenju, 1375–1381
Kōwa, 1381–1384
Genchū, 1384–1392
Year 120 (CXX) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar.
Emperor Hadrian visits Britain.
Foss Dyke is constructed in Britain.
An Indian ambassadorial contingent visits with Hadrian.
Suetonius becomes Hadrian's secretary ab epistolis.
Market Gate of Miletus, from Miletos, is built. (
approximate date) It is now kept at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung.
Change of era name from Yuanchu (7th year) to Yongning of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.
The Scythians dominate western India: Punjab, Sind, the north of Gujerat and a portion of central India.
February 8 – Vettius Valens, Hellenistic astrologer
Irenaeus, Christian bishop and apologist
Lucian, Syrian rhetorician and satirist, writing in the Greek language
Dio Chrysostom, Greek historian
Nicomachus of Gerasa, Greek mathematician (approx.
Sextus Pedius, Roman jurist
Saint Matthias of Jerusalem, Bishop of Jerusalem
Marcian of Tortona (or in 117), martyred saint
Getulius, Saint Hermes, martyred saints
Consuls: Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus and Quintus Hortensius.
Antiochus XIII Asiaticus is made king of Syria.
Roman troops under Lucius Lucullus defeat the army of Tigranes II of Armenia in the Battle of Tigranocerta.
They capture Tigranocerta, capital of Armenia.
Parthians and Romans re-establish Euphrates as a frontier.
Gaius Julius Caesar is a quaestor in Spain.
Ptolemy XII deposes Cleopatra V, and becomes sole ruler.
Kydonia, an ancient city on the island of Crete falls to Roman military forces.
Rhodes becomes a safe place against pirates.
The Rhodians are unable to stop piracy in the Aegean Sea.
Delos gets the status of a free port.
January – Princess Cleopatra of Egypt, later Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt (or December, 70 BC) (d. 30 BC)
Octavia Minor, grandniece of Julius Caesar (d. 11 BC)
Wang Zhengjun, Empress of the western Han Dynasty of China (d. 13)
Julia, wife of Gaius Marius (b. c. 130 BC)
May 11 – Emperor Constantine the Great dedicates Constantinople, or Nova Roma (modern Istanbul), and moves the capital of the Roman Empire there from Rome.
He spent 4 years building the city on the site of ancient Byzantium.
He chose the site for its location (a seaport with easy access to Anatolia and the Danube).
The Goths devastate the city of Tanais in the Don River delta.
Ezana, king of Axum, extends his area of control to the west.
He defeats the Nobates, and destroys the kingdom of Meroë.
Frumentius is the first bishop of Ethiopia (approximate date).
Eustathius, Patriarch of Antioch, is banished to Trajanopolis.
The Bible is translated into the Gothic language by Wulfila.
Pagan temples are starting to be abandoned, destroyed or left to fall into disrepair, except those that are turned into Christian churches.
Basil the Great, bishop of Caesarea Mazaca (d. 379)
Macrina the Younger, Christian nun and saint (d. 379)
Moses the Black, Christian monk and priest (d. 405)
Victricius, missionary and bishop of Rouen (approximate date)
Iamblichus, neoplatonist philosopher
Year 8 BC was either a common year starting on Friday or Saturday of the Julian calendar.
At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Censorinus and Gallus.
King Maroboduus becomes ruler of the Marcomanni.
He fights against the Roman expansion in Bohemia.
Arminius, son of a Cheruscan chieftain, is taken hostage to Rome where he receives a military education.
Empress Wang (d. AD 23)
Horace, Roman poet (b. 65 BC)
Maecenas, Roman politician and patron of the arts (b. 70 BC)
Empress Xu
Emperor Constantine I is able to gain back most of Dacia for the Roman Empire.
The first recorded customs tariff is in use in Palmyra.
January 18 – Pope Mark succeeds Pope Sylvester I as the 34th pope.
Pope Mark begins to build the basilica of San Marco.
The church is devoted to St. Mark.
Arius, Alexandrian priest, collapses in the street at Constantinople (approximate date).
Pope Mark dies at Rome after an 11-month reign.
No successor is immediately found.
Murong De, emperor of the Xianbei state Southern Yan (d. 405)
Arius, founder of Arianism
October 7 – Pope Mark
Rhescuporis V, king of Bosporus
Bonifacius, Roman governor of Africa, asks for help from the Vandals in his revolt.
Flavius Felix is elected consul for the Western Empire.
King Gunderic, age 49, dies after a reign of 21 years.
He is succeeded by his half-brother Genseric.
King Vortigern asks Germanic warriors to help him strengthen his position in Britain.
He hires Saxons as mercenaries to fight against the Picts and the Scots beyond Hadrian's Wall.
Chlodio, king of the Salian Franks, invades Northern Gaul.
He defeats the Roman army at Cambrai.
He extends his kingdom south to the River Somme.
Tournai (modern Belgium) becomes his residence.
Artaxias IV, last king of Greater Armenia, is deposed by Bahram V. The Arshakuni Dynasty ends and the kingdom becomes a province of the Persian Empire.
October 26 – The planet Venus occults the planet Jupiter.
April 10 – Nestorius is made patriarch of Constantinople.
He preaches a new doctrine that will be called Nestorianism.
It comes under immediate attack from pope Celestine I and Cyril of Alexandria.
Hydatius becomes bishop of Aquae Flaviae in Gallaecia (modern Chaves) in Portugal.
John succeeds Theodotus as patriarch of Antioch, and gives his support to Nestorius.
Euthymius the Great builds a monastery in Palestine, near the Dead Sea.
Tuoba Huang, prince of the Xianbei state Northern Wei (d. 451)
Gunderic, king of the Vandals and Alans (b. 379)
Qifu Chipan, prince of the Xianbei state Western Qin
Theodore of Mopsuestia, bishop and theologian
End of the Roman–Sassanid War: Emperor Theodosius II signs a 100-year peace treaty with Persia after 2 years of war.
Both give freedom of religion in their territories.
March 3 – Theodosius II issues a law to form provisions in peacetime.
Theodosius pays an annual tribute of 350 pounds of gold to the Huns to buy peace.
Theodosius II receives a statue at Hebdomon.
On its base (fragments are now in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum), writing praises him as “everywhere and forever victorius.”
The walls of Rome's Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum) crack during an earthquake.
The Roman army invade Gaul.
They capture and execute the Frankish king Theudemeres with his family.
Shao Di, age 16, eldest son of Wu Di succeeds his father as emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (China).
Petrus, bishop of Illyria, starts construction of Church of Santa Sabina (approximate date).
September 4 – Pope Boniface I dies after a 4-year reign.
His time was interrupted for 15 weeks by the faction of the antipope Eulalius.
He is succeeded by Celestine I as the 43rd pope.
Casper, ruler of the Maya city of Palenque
Genevieve, patron saint (approximate date)
Licinia Eudoxia, Roman empress (d. 462)
Abraham of Cyrrhus, Syrian hermit and bishop
Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk and traveler (approximate date)
September 4 – Pope Boniface I
Theudemeres, king of the Franks (approximate date)
Wu Di, emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 363)
420s
The First Mithridatic War comes to an end.
Catullus, Roman poet (approximate date) (d. c. 54 BC)
Surena, Parthian general (d. 52 BC)
Lucius Cornelius Cinna, consul, killed by mutinying troops
80s BC
Year 34 BC was either a common year starting on Friday, Saturday or Sunday or a leap year starting on Friday or Saturday of the Julian calendar.
At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Antonius and Libo.
Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian made Dalmatia and Pannonia happy by forming the province of Illyricum.
Antony regained Armenia from Parthia.
Octavian reduces the outposts defending the Liburnian town of Promona.
He sets up siege works and forces them to surrender.
Antony goes into Armenia with an army.
He marches to the capital Artaxata.
He arrests king Artavasdes II and takes him to Alexandria.
The Donations of Alexandria: Antony distributes the eastern kingdoms as a gift to the children of Cleopatra VII of Egypt.
Antony made Cleopatra a Hellenistic monarch at Alexandria.
He gave her the title "Queen of Kings".
Sallust, historian of the fall of the Roman Republic (b. 86 BC)
Yu Gamdong (, ? - ?),
also written as Yu Gam-don, was a dancer, poet, artist, writer, and prostitute during the Korean Joseon Dynasty.
http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=748101
http://people.aks.ac.kr/front/tabCon/ppl/pplView.aks?pplId=PPL_6JOa_A9999_2_0018457&curSetPos=1&curSPos=0&isEQ=true&kristalSearchArea=B
'에너벨 청'과 조선의 '유감동' - 오마이뉴스 2000.04.29
조선 성 풍속사 <제11화>:일요서울
유감동의 奸夫가 되다, 초수리 성달생  충북일보 2011.12.23
풍기문란죄로 교수형에 처해진 기생, 어우동(어을우동)과 살아남은 유감동
15th century births
15th-century deaths
Prince Yangnyeong or Grand Prince Yangnyung (, 1394 – 1462) was a politician, prince, writer, and poet during the Korean Joseon Dynasty.
He was the first son of Taejong of Joseon and first enclosed Crown Prince of Korea.
His real name was Yi Je (; also written Lee Je).
Prince Yangnyeong
역사인물 재조명:풍운아인가 처세의 달인인가, 양녕대군
1462 deaths
was a  after Keiun and before Reiki.
This period started in January 708 and ended in September 715.
The reigning empress was .
Events of the Wadō era
5 May 708 (Wadō 1, 11th day of the 4th month): A sample of copper from Musashi Province was given to the empress.
708 (Wadō 1, 3rd month):  is named Minister of the Right (udaijin).
Iso-kami Marō is given the office of Minister of the Left (sadaijin).
709 (Wadō 2, 3rd month): There was an uprising in Mutsu Province and in Echigo Province.
709 (Wadō 2, 5th month): An ambassador was received from the Korean kingdom of Silla.
712 (Wadō 5): Dewa Province and Mutsu are separated.
713 (Wadō 6, 3rd month):  Tamba Province was separated from Tango Province.
Mimasaka Province was divided from Bizen Province.
Hyūga Province was divided from Ōsumi Province.
Wadō 6, 5th month, 2nd day (713): Empress orders work to begin on official reports (fudoki} about the history and geography of the provinces.
713 (Wadō 6): Road between Mino Province and Shinano Province was made wider.
Also, the road was made wider the Kiso District of what is today Nagano Prefecture.
715 (Wadō 8): Empress Gemmei abdicated in favor of her daughter.
715 disestablishments
ISO 639 is a set of international standards that lists short codes for language names.
First there was ISO 639-1.
To list more languages, ISO 639-2 was made.
Later versions include ISO 639-3 and ISO 639-5.
Each language has a 3 letter code.
The list below shows all the codes in ISO 639-2.
The following is a complete list of three-letter ISO 639-2 codes.
Where two ISO 639-2 codes are given in the table, the one with the asterisk is the bibliographic code (B code) and the other is the terminological code (T code).
Entries in the Notes column show:
ancient languages (extinct since ancient times);
collections of languages;
constructed languages;
languages extinct in recent times;
historical languages (distinct from their modern form);
macrolanguages.
The ISO 639-3 is the third version of a set of international standards that lists short codes for language names.
Such codes are also known as language codes.
Before this version was out, there was already ISO 639-1 and ISO 639-2, but due to the increase in languages being added to the database, ISO639-3 was therefore released, and all language codes have three letters, unlike the previous two, which allowed two letters in the code.
Each known language has a 3 letter code, and requests to add additional languages into the database can be made at the SIL International website.
The standard was published by ISO on 2007-02-05.
SIL International website for ISO639-3 language codes
A vehicle registration plate is a metal or plastic plate on a motor vehicle or trailer.
It is used for official identification purposes.
There is a numeric or alphanumeric (meaning that the code is made up of numbers and letters) code that identifies the vehicle.
In some countries, the identifier is unique in the entire country.
In other countries, it is unique in a state or province.
Sometimes the identifier is for a person and sometimes for a vehicle.
Each country calls a vehicle registration plate something different.
Some examples are license plate or tag (US), licence plate (Canada), number plate or registration plate (UK).
The dram (Armenian: Դրամ) is the money of Armenia.
It is divided into 100 luma.
The word "dram" translates into English as "money".
It is similar to the Greek drachma and the Arabic dirham.
The Central Bank of Armenia is the only place that can print drams.
The first time the word dram was used for money in Armenia was from 1199 to 1375.
The current dram began to be used 22 November 1993.
This was after Armenia was no longer part of the Soviet Union.
Central Bank of Armenia
Armenian Currency Exchange
Central Bank of Armenia next day USD to AMD exchange rate prediction Engine
Armemian Dram Sign History, shape, and promotion of Armenian Dram Sign
Coin Types from Armenia Lists, pictures, and values of Armenian coin types
The banknotes of Armenia
Below is how the telephone numbering system in Armenia works.
The calling code for Armenia is +374.
Dialing plan
Calling Armenia from abroad
From abroad to Yerevan, marzes, mobile network, Nagorno-Karabakh fixed tel.
network and unrecognised Nagorno-Karabakh mobile network:
+ 374 + Destination Code + Subscriber Number           (to Yerevan, regions(marzes))
+ 374 + Mobile Network Code + Mobile Subscriber Number (to mobile network)
+ 374 + 47 + Subscriber Number                         (to NK fixed telephone network)
+ 374 + 97 + Subscriber Number                         (to NK mobile network)
Calling from Armenia
00 + Country Code + Destination Code + Subscriber Number
Calling within Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh
Calling Nagorno-Karabakh from Armenia
From Yerevan, marzes and mobile network to Nagorno-Karabakh fixed tel.
network and Nagorno-Karabakh mobile network:
0 + 47 + Subscriber Number                      (to NK fixed telephone network)
0 + 97 + Subscriber Number                      (to NK mobile network)
Aragatsotn is a province (marz) of Armenia.
It is in the west of the country.
The capital is Ashtarak.
The name means "a foot of Aragats".
During the Arsacid Dynasty of the Kingdom of Armenia, the region was part of the Ayrarat province.
It was ruled by the Amatuni noble family with its capital at Oshakan.
Provinces of Armenia
Ararat is a province of Armenia.
The capital is Artashat.
It is named after Mount Ararat.
The province borders Turkey to the west and Azerbaijan to the south.
Two former Armenian capitals are in this region (Artashat (Artaxata) and Dvin).
The Khor Virap monastery was the place of Gregory the Illuminator's 13-year imprisonment.
In 1993 and again in 1995, CYMA (Canadian Youth Mission to Armenia) worked in Ararat province.
They built community centers, fixed schools, had a children's day camp and gave aid to families affected by the Nagorno-Karabakh War.
CYMA co-founders Archbishop Hovnan Derderian and Ronald Alepian chose Ararat due to its well-organized youth movement.
Armavir is a province of Armenia.
The capital is Armavir.
It is in the west of the country, between Mount Ararat and Mount Aragats.
It shares a 45-mile border with Turkey to the south and west.
The province has the Holy City of Echmiadzin.
Echmiadzin is the center of the Armenian Apostolic Church and the seat of the Catholicos of Armenia and of All Armenians.
Also in this region is the historic city of Sardarapat.
It was the site of the 1918 Battle of Sardarapat.
Armavir is the smallest province of the country.
There are 3 urban communities and 94 rural communities.
The New York Public Library (NYPL) is a public library system in New York City.
It is the second largest public library in the United States.
The library has branches in the boroughs of Manhattan, Bronx and Staten Island.
The branch libraries are open to the general public.
John Astor gave $400,000 for the creation of a public library.
which was built in 1854.
New York Public Library website
New York Times, "British Architect to Redesign City Library," October 22, 2008; "Sacking a Palace of Culture,"  April 21, 2012
was a  after Wadō and before Yōrō.
This period started in September 715 and ended in November 717.
Events of the Reiki era
715 (Reiki 1): In the 7th year of Gemmei's reign, the empress abdicated; and her daughter received the succession (senso).
Soon after, Empress Genshō's new role as empress is confirmed with ceremonies (sokui).
715 establishments
717 disestablishments
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Thailand may face legal challenges that non-LGBT residents don't have to.
Both male and female same-sex sexual activity are legal in Thailand.
Same-sex couples and families headed by same-sex couples cannot get the same legal protections that opposite-sex couples can.
In May 2009, the Thai Red Cross reaffirmed its ban of men who have sex with males (MSM) becoming blood donors, despite campaigns to change this policy.
Gender-Reassignment Operations have been performed in Thailand since 1975, and Thailand is among the most popular destinations globally for patients seeking Gender-Reassignment Operations.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) people in Myanmar face legal challenges and discrimination not experienced by non-LGBT residents.
Same-sex sexual activity is illegal within the Union of Myanmar and punishable by fines and imprisonment for ten years to life.
The past authoritarian nature of the government made it difficult to obtain accurate information about the legal or social status of LGBT citizens of Myanmar.
However, along with the ongoing political reforms, improvements in media and civil freedoms have allowed LGBT people to gain more and more recognition in the country.
During the Military regime, no organised Bangladeshi LGBT political or social life was able to exist.
Burma's social mores about human sexuality have been described as being "extremely conservative."
Aung Myo Min is an openly gay man and has been involved in the All Burma Students Democratic Front (ABSDF).
In 2005 he talked about his coming out process and the homophobia that exists, even with the pro-democracy opposition.
Today he is involved with exile Burma human rights organizations, including the Campaign for Lesbian Gay Rights in Burma.
In 2003, Focus Asia (Star TV) aired a story about the Nat Kadaws.
The "Utopia Guide to Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar & Vietnam" references "Transgender shaman channelling spirits at Myanmar sacred festivals."
Yet, within Burma itself, no formal gay bars or LGBT human rights organisations exist as of yet.
There are only some unconfirmed reports that certain nightclubs in the cities that are a reputation for both heterosexual and LGBT clientele.
Burma also celebrated its first gay pride in several cities around the country in 2012, to mark the International Day Against Homophobia, Biphobia and Transphobia.
Politics of Myanmar
Gegharkunik is a province of Armenia.
Its capital is Gavar.
Gegharkunik was named after Gegham.
Gegham was a Haykazuni King and the fifth generation after Hayk.
Geghama mountains and Geghama lake, now called Lake Sevan, were named after Gegham.
Gegharkunik Province is in the east of Armenia.
It borders Azerbaijan.
It is the largest province in Armenia.
Much of the land is covered by Lake Sevan.
There are 5 towns and 87 rural communities.
Kotayk or Kotaik is a province of Armenia.
The capital is Hrazdan.
It is best known for its world-renowned beer of the same name.
Tourist towns are Garni and Geghard.
Also the popular winter sports resort Tsakhkadzor is where Soviet Armenian physiologist Leon Orbeli was born.
Lori  is a  province of Armenia.
It borders Georgia.
The capital is Vanadzor.
Stepanavan is the second largest city.
It is home to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Haghpat and Sanahin and the well-preserved Akhtala monastery.
Lori is the birthplace of several famous Armenians.
These include musician Sayat-Nova, poet Hovhannes Tumanyan, Soviet aircraft designer Artem Mikoyan, and Soviet statesman Anastas Mikoyan.
Shirak is a province of Armenia.
It is in the north-west of the country.
It borders Turkey in the west and Georgia in the north.
The capital is Gyumri.
Shirak is known as the homeland of khash.
Shirak is served by Shirak International Airport near Gyumri.
Syunik is the southernmost province of Armenia.
It borders Iran to the south.
The capital is Kapan.
Other important cities and towns include Goris, Sisian, Meghri, Agarak, and Dastakert.
The National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia (ARMSTAT) reported its population was 152,900 in 2010.
Historically, Syunik was one of the 15 provinces of the Kingdom of Armenia.
It was part of the Persian Empire around 369.
Syunik is home to many of Armenia's largest mining operations.
There are 7 urban communities and 102 rural communities.
Year 369 (CCCLXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.
Spring – Emperor Valens crosses the Danube at Noviodunum (Romania), and attacks the Gothic tribes (Greuthungi and Tervingi).
Their king Athanaric is defeated and ‘forced to flee for his life’.
He asks for peace.
The treaty includes free trade and an agreement to provide troops for tribute.
He asked Valens and the Thracian army for help.
They end the civil war, and Fritigern becomes Christian.
Persian King Shapur II occupies the pro-Roman kingdom of Armenia.
Wulfila makes a Gothic alphabet composed of letters based on Greek and Roman letters, as well as some Germanic runes.
He converts the Goths to ("Arian") Christianity.
Huan Xuan, warlord and emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 404)
Sakurai is home to Ōmiwa Shrine.
It is one of the oldest Shinto shrines in Japan.
Hatsuse no Asakura Palace during the reign of Emperor Yūryaku
Iware no Mikakuri Palace during the reign of Emperor Seinei
Hatsuse no Minaki Palace during the reign of Emperor Buretsu
Iware no Tamaho Palace during the reign of Emperor Keitai
Hinokuma no Iorino Palace during the reign of Emperor Senka
Osata no Sakitama Palace or Osada no Miya during the reign of Emperor Bidatsu
Sakurai is part of Yukio Mishima's novel, Runaway Horses.
Sakurai City website
Boogie Nights is a 1997 American drama movie written and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson, and starring Mark Wahlberg, Julianne Moore, Burt Reynolds, Don Cheadle, John C. Reilly, Philip Seymour Hoffman, William H. Macy and Heather Graham.
It follows the life of a pornographic actor in San Fernando Valley.
Movies directed by Paul Thomas Anderson
Tavush is a province of Armenia.
It is in the north of Armenia.
It has borders with Georgia and Azerbaijan.
It is well known for its mountains.
Tavush got its name from the historical area of Armenia – Tavush gavar.
Tavush gavar was a part of Great Armenia.
Vayots Dzor is a province of Armenia.
It borders Azerbaijan in the east.
There were 53,230 people in 2002.
The capital is Yeghegnadzor.
The name means "Valley of Woes".
This is because there were many bad earthquakes in the area.
The Isonokami Shrine is in Tenri.
A town grew up around the shrine.
According to tradition, Tenri was the site of the  Hirotaka Palace (Hirotak no miya) when Emperor Ninken lived there.
Tenri City website
Georgia (Georgia moved from zone UTC+04 to UTC+03 on June 27, 2004, then back to UTC+04 on March 27, 2005)
Mauritius (Mauritius tried DST in 2008 but decided not to continue)
Réunion (France)
Russia  (Samara Time)
United Arab Emirates (including Dubai, Abu Dhabi)
cs:Časové pásmo#UTC+4 D
es:Huso horario#UTC+04:00, D
UTC+05:00 makes clocks 5 hours later than Greenwich Mean Time.
It is the time zone for:
West Asia Standard Time
Yekaterinburg Time in Russia
western part - Aktobe Province, Atyrau Province, Mangystau Province, West Kazakhstan Province
Australia - Heard and MacDonald Islands
France - French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Postal codes in Armenia have four digits.
Until April 1, 2006, they had six digits.
For example, the previous postal code for the Foreign Ministry was Yerevan 375010.
It is now Yerevan 0010.
Ashtarak is an industrial city in Armenia.
It is on the left bank of Kasagh River.
It is the capital of Aragatsotn Province.
There are 21,600 people.
Ashtarak is one of the oldest cities of Armenia.
It was formed in the 9th century and reconstructed in the 17th century.
An interesting sight is an unusual bridge that crosses the Kasagh River.
It was built in 1664.
It has three arches that are unequal in size.
Artashat is a city in Armenia.
It is on Araks River.
Artashat is the capital of Ararat Province.
The name is  from Iranian languages and means the "joy of Arta".
It was founded by King Artashes I in 176 B.C. Artashat was the capital of the Kingdom of Armenia from 185 BC until 120 AD.
Armavir is a city in western Armenia.
In 2008 there were 26,387 people.
It is the capital of the Armavir Province.
People have lived in Armavir since the 5th-6th millennium B.C.
Armavir was an old capital of Armenia.
It is said to have been founded by King Aramais in 1980 BC.
King Argishti I of Urartu built a fortress in the area.
He named it Argishtikhinili.
During Antiquity, Armavir was taken by the Seleucids, Parthians, Roman Empire, Sassanids and Byzantine Empire before it was taken over by the Arabs in 645.
The 20th century BC is a century which lasted from the year 2000 BC to 1901 BC.
2000 BC: Arrival of the ancestors of the Latins in Italy.
2000 BC: Town of Mantua was presumably founded.
2000 BC: Stonehenge is believed to have been completed.
2000 BC: Farmers and herders traveled south from Ethiopia and settle in Kenya.
2000 BC: Horses were tamed and used for transport.
c. 2000 BC: First of the Minoan palaces on Crete.
c. 2000 BC: Site of palace complex Knossos started to become occupied.
c. 2000 BC: Decline of Harappan civilization began.
c. 2000 BC: Bronze Age began in north Ancient China.
c. 2000 BC – Torso, from Harappa, Indus Valley Civilization, was made.
It is now kept at National Museum, New Delhi.
c. 2000 BC-1900 BC – Torso of a "priest-king", from Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Valley civilization, was made.
It is now kept at National Museum of Pakistan, Karachi.
2000 BC: possible date when, according to religious scriptures, Abraham founded Judaism.
2040 BC – 1556 BC: Xia Dynasty in China, Olmec civilization (Mesoamerica).
2064 BC – 1986 BC: Twin Dynasty wars in Egypt.
c. 2000 BC: Middle Jōmon period ended in Japan.
c. 2000 BC: Vessel, from Asahi Mound, Toyama Prefecture, was made.
Jōmon period.
It is now kept at Collection of Tokyo University.
c. 2000 BC: Dogū, from Kurokoma, Yamanashi Prefecture, was made.
It is now kept at Tokyo National Museum.
1991 BC: Egypt: Pharaoh Mentuhotep IV died.
End of Eleventh Dynasty.
Pharaoh Amenemhat I started to rule.
Start of Twelfth Dynasty.
c. 1985 BC: Political authority became less centralized in Ancient Egypt.
c. 1985 BC – 1795 BC: Rock-cut tombs at Beni Hasan were made.
Twelfth Dynasty.
1985 BC – 1795 BC: "Hippopotamus", from the tomb of Senbi (governor) (Tomb B.3) at Meir was made.
February 27, 1953 BC: A very close alignment of the naked-eye planets took place in which these planets are together in a span of 4.3 degrees.
c. 1942 BC: The so-called king of Leubingen (today part of Sömmerda) was buried in a large barrow within a  stone cairn inside a ring ditch.
1932 BC: Amorite conquest of Ur.
c. 1928 BC – 1895 BC: "Harvest scene", tempera facsimile by Nina de Garis Davies of wall painting in the tomb of Khnumhotep, Beni Hasan.
1913 BC – 1903 BC: Egyptian-Nubian war.
2000 BC—First written accounts of schizophrenia.
c. 2000 BC – Glass appears.
1950 BC—The copper bar cubit of Nippur defines the Sumerian cubit as 51.72 cm.
~1600 BC: Setting for Valley of the Kings (Cecilia Holland)
2000 BC: See Stonehenge (novel)
The 19th century BC was the century that lasted from 1900 BC to 1801 BC.
Hittite empire in Hattusa, Anatolia.
1900 BC: Proto-Greek invasions of Greece.
c. 1900 BC: Minoan Old Palace (Protopalatial) period starts in Crete.
c. 1900 BC: Fall of last Sumerian dynasty.
c. 1900 BC: Late Harappan Phase of the Indus Valley Civilization begins
c. 1900 BC: The Mokaya along the Pacific coast of present-day Chiapas, Mexico were preparing cacao beverages.
c. 1900 BC: Port of Lothal is abandoned.
c. 1897 BC: Senwosret II (Twelfth Dynasty) started to rule.
He built Kahun near his pyramide tomb complex at el-Lahun.
c. 1895–1878 BC: "Pectoral of Senwosret II", from the tomb of princess Sithathoryunet at el-Lahun was made.
c. 1880 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret II starts to rule (other date is 1897 BC).
c. 1878 BC: Senwosret III started to rule.
1876 BC: Israelites enter Egypt after two years of famine (according to one interpretation of internal Biblical chronology; an alternate date is 1986 BC).
c. 1874 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret II dies (other date is 1878 BC).
c. 1874 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret III starts to rule (other date is 1878 BC).
c. 1860 BC: Senusret III inspects the Nubian frontier, he leads four battles against the Nubians.
c. 1855 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret III dies (other date is 1839 BC).
1836 BC-1818 BC: Head statue of Senusret III is made.
It is now at The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri.
1807–1797 BC—Amenemhat III of Egypt
1800 BCE: Iron Age in India
1800 BCE: Beginning of the Nordic Bronze Age in the period system devised by Oscar Montelius.
1800 BCE – 1300 BCE: Troy VI flourishes.
c. 1800 BCE: Sedentary Mayan communities in Mesoamerica
c. 1800 BCE: Hyksos start to settle in the Nile Delta.
The capital was at Avaris.
c. 1792 BCE – 1750 BCE: (middle chronology) – Hammurabi rules Babylonia and has to deal with Mari.
c. 1792 BCE – 1750 BCE: (middle chronology) – Stela of Hammurabi, from Susa (modern Shush, Iran) is made.
1787 BCE – 1784 BCE: Amorite conquests of Uruk and Isin.
1786 BCE: Egypt: Queen Sobekneferu dies.
End of Twelfth Dynasty, start of Thirteenth Dynasty, start of Fourteenth Dynasty.
1779 BCE: Zimrilim, the King of Mari, starts to rule.
1770 BCE: Babylon, capital of Babylonia becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Thebes, capital of Egypt.
1766 BCE: Shang conquest of Xia Dynasty.
1764 BCE – 1750 BCE: Wars of Hammurabi.
1757 BCE: Mari sacked by Hammurabi.
Zimrilim's palace is destroyed.
1757 BCE: Zimrilim, the King of Mari, dies.
1750 BCE: Hyksos occupation of Northern Egypt.
1750 BCE: A large volcano eruption at Mount Veniaminof, Alaska.
c. 1750 BCE: Nomadic shepherds, the Aryans, enter India from Central Asia and the Russian steppes.
c. 1750 BCE: Vedic period starts in India.
c. 1750 BCE: Investiture of Zimrilim (Zimiri-Lim, King of Mari, before the Goddess Ishtar), a wall painting on mud plaster from the Zimrilim palace at Mari (modern Tell Hariri, Iraq), Court 106, is made.
1749 BCE – 1712 BCE: Mesopotamian Rebellions.
Early Unetice culture, beginning of the Bronze Age in Central Europe.
Minoan civilization: phase II of the Middle period (MM II).
c. 1700 BC: The last species of mammoth became extinct on Wrangel Island.
c. 1700 BC: Indus Valley Civilization comes to an end but is continued by the Cemetery H culture
c. 1700 BC: Minoan Old Palace period ends and Minoan Second Palace (Neopalatial) period starts in Crete.
c. 1700 BC: Aegean metalworkers are producing decorative objects that may be better than Ancient Near East jewelers, whose techniques they seem to borrow.
c. 1700 BC: Lila-Ir-Tash started to rule the Elamite Empire.
c. 1700 BC: Bronze Age starts in China.
c. 1700 BC: Shang Dynasty starts in China.
1800 BCE – 1700 BCE: Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization
Hammurabi (1792 BCE–1750 BCE), ruler of the Babylonian Empire
Tang overthrew emperor Jie, last ruler of the Xia dynasty.
c. 1700 BCE—date for the building of the Phaistos Disc.
Its purpose and meaning, and even its original geographical place of manufacture is unknown.
This makes it one of the most famous mysteries of archaeology.
Cecrops II, legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 40 years.
He is succeeded by his son Pandion II.
Pandion II was later driven into exile from Athens by the sons of Cecrops II's brother Metion.
Metion took power.
Pandion II went to Megara.
He married the King's daughter and eventually inherited the throne.
After his death, Pandion II's sons returned to Athens and drove out the sons of Metion.
1307 BC—Adad-nirari I becomes king of Assyria.
1300 BC—Pangeng moved the capital of Shang Dynasty to Yin.
c. 1300 BC—Rise of the Urnfield culture.
c. 1300 BC—1312 BC—the revelation of the Torah to Moses occurred.
c. 1300 BC—Some people of "Eastern Woodlands" begin to build massive earthworks, mounds of earth and stone.
Poverty Point, Louisiana is the earliest one.
c. 1300 BC–1200 BC—Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae, Greece, is built.
Excavated by Christos Stamatakis in 1878.
c. 1300 BC–1200 BC—The palace at Pylos is built.
c. 1300 BC–1100 BC—Warrior vase, from Mycenae, Ancient Greece, is made.
It is now at National Archaeological Museum of Athens.
Pangeng of China
1104 BC—Foundation of Cadiz, Spain.
1100 BC—Tiglath-Pileser I of Assyria conquers the Hittites.
c. 1100 BC—The Dorians invade Ancient Greece.
c. 1100 BC—Mycenaean era ends with the destruction of that civilisation.
c. 1100 BC—Late Minoan culture ends.
c. 1100 BC—Greek Dark Ages begin.
c. 1100 BC—Beginning of the proto-Villanovan culture in northern Italy.
c. 1100 BC—The New Kingdom in Egypt comes to an end.
c. 1100 BC—Shang Dynasty ends in China.
c. 1102 BC—Maya Calendar counts time from this point.
King David is ruler over Israel.
c. 1100 BC—Zarathustra is born.
Alphabet made by Phoenicians.
MUL.APIN made by Assyrians: an ancient catalog of constellations.
The 1550s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1559 BC to December 31, 1550 BC.
The city of Mycenae, in the northeast Peloponnesus, becomes the most powerful in Achaea.
The Mycenaean civilization is named after the town.
1557 BC—Estimation: Memphis, capital of Lower Egypt becomes the largest city of the world.
It takes the lead from Avaris, capital of the Hyksos in Egypt.
1556 BC—Cecrops I rebuilds Athens after the great flood of Deucalion.
He becomes the first of several Kings of Athens whose life is part of Greek mythology.
c. 1552 BC—End of Second Intermediate period in Ancient Egypt.
Start of New Kingdom.
18th–20th Dynasties.
1550 BC—Ahmose I becomes Pharaoh of Egypt.
1550 BC—May 14—Lunar Saros 35 begins.
c. 1550 BC–1500 BC—Dagger blades with lion hunt, from Shaft Grave IV, Grave Circle A, at Mycenae, Greece, are made.
They are now at National Archaeological Museum of Athens.
c. 1550 BC Stonehenge was built.
16th century BC
The 21st century BC is a century which lasted from the year 2100 BC to 2001 BC.
c. 2100 BC – c. 2050 BC: Nanna Ziggurat, Ur (modern Muqaiyir, Iraq) was built.
2091 BC: Beginning of the Patriarchal Age was traditionally set in this year.
2080 BC: Ninth Dynasty wars in Egypt.
2080 BC: First Intermediate Period of Egypt ended.
Middle Kingdom began in Ancient Egypt.
2071 BC: Magh Ithe, first recorded battle in Ireland myths.
2070 BC (disputable): Yu the Great set up the Xia Dynasty.
c. 2064 BC – 1986 BC: Twin Dynasty wars in Egypt.
c. 2055 BC: End of First Intermediate Period of Egypt.
c. 2055 BC: Middle Kingdom began in Ancient Egypt.
c. 2055 BC: Mentuhotep II from Thebes got Ancient Egypt together.
He began to rule (other date is 2040 BC).
c. 2055 BC – 1985 BC: Funerary Stele of Amenemhat I was made.
Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt.
Excavated in 1915–1916.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
c. 2049 BC: Oak trees for Seahenge felled.
2040 BC: Beginning of the Xia Dynasty, the first dynasty and government system in China.
2040 BC: Pharaoh Merykare died.
End of Tenth dynasty of Egypt.
Pharaoh Mentuhotep II started to rule.
Start of Eleventh Dynasty.
2034 BC – 2004 BC: Ur–Amorite wars.
c. 2009 BC – 1997 BC: Funerary temple of Mentuhotep III was built.
Eleventh Dynasty.
2004 BC: Elamite destruction of Ur.
c. 2004 BC: Pharaoh Mentuhotep II, Eleventh dynasty of Egypt dies.
c. 2000 BC: Aegean Bronze Age ended.
Ur-Nammu, 3rd dynasty of Ur
Shulgi of Urim
Legendary people
According to Abrahamic religious tradition, the era of the Patriarch Abraham (however, other dates include 19th century BC, and/or 17th century through 15th century BC)
According to Hindu tradition, lifetime of Rama, the 7th Avatar of Vishnu
2100 BC—Earliest law code in Mesopotamia, the Code of Ur-Nammu
2037 BC—Emperor Shen Nong makes first (perhaps mythical) tea drink by boiling fresh leaves
is a Japanese town in Nara Prefecture on the island of Honshū.
The town has a population of 33,606 people.
Umayasaka Palace or Umayasaka-no-miya, 640.
Kudara Palace or Kudara-no-miya, 640–642   Kudara is related to an ancient name of the Korean kingdom of Baekje.
Kōryō website
King Louis IX of France captures Damietta in Egypt.
It is the first major military battle of the Seventh Crusade.
Pho Khun Si Indrathit is the first king of the Sukhothai kingdom.
This is the start of the modern Thai nation.
The Hikitsuke, a judicial organ of the Kamakura and Muromachi shogunates of Japan, is started.
The Japanese Hōji era ends, and the Kenchō era begins.
February 16 – Andrew of Longjumeau is sent by King Louis IX of France as an ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols.
June 13 – coronation of Alexander III as King of Scots.
August 15 – The First Battle of Athenry is fought in Galway, Ireland.
The city of Stralsund (in present-day Germany) is burned to the ground by forces from the rival city of Lübeck.
Swedish statesman Birger Jarl takes over the province of Tavastia in Finland.
This gives Sweden power in Finland.
Alphonse of Toulouse orders Jews from Poitou, France to leave.
May 26 – The Battle of Fossalta is fought between the Holy Roman Empire and the Lombard League.
The Lombards capture the German commander.
The Moors lose possession of Alicante in Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain).
King Afonso III of Portugal recaptures Faro and Silves in the Algarve from the Moors.
This ends the Portuguese Reconquista.
The city of Mystras, Greece is strengthened and a palace is built there by William II Villehardouin.
University College, the first College at Oxford, is founded with money gifted from the estate of William of Durham.
Roger Bacon publishes a major scientific work.
It includes writings of convex lens spectacles for treating long-sightedness.
It is the first publication of the formula for gunpowder in the western world.
Eric V of Denmark (d. 1286)
Robert III of Flanders
Frederick I, Margrave of Baden (d. 1268)
Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford (d. 1297)
Pope John XXII (d. 1334)