the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
As Sickles observed Confederate general Stonewall Jackson's flanking maneuver, without orders he pushed forward with two-thirds of his corps to go after the Confederates.
This left XI Corps on his right completely isolated.
Jackson's confederates then made a crushing attack on XI Corps.
Sickles leaving his assigned position was a major factor in the Confederate victory.
This started a feud between Hooker and Sickles that continued into the Battle of Gettysburg.
Hooker blamed Sickles for the defeat at Chancellorsville.
On June 27, Hooker resigned as commander of the Army of the Potomac.
Among the corps commanders suggested to replace him, the New York Herald actually suggested Sickles as the best commander for the job.
On June 28, three days before the battle of Gettysburg, Lincoln appointed general George G. Meade to replace Hooker.
On July 1, the first day ended in Confederate victory.
Meade worked to quickly put his forces in place for the next day's battle.
Early on the morning of July 2, Meade sent a message to Sickles with instructions to place his 12,000-man corps on Cemetery Ridge.
He was specifically ordered to connect to general Winfield Scott Hancock's II Corps on his right, and extend his line to Little Round Top on his left.
Sickles, not impressed with his new commander or his orders.
He rode to Meade's headquarters about 11:00 a.m. and waited to see Meade.
But the commander was busy at the time.
Feeling ignored Sickles returned to his troops.
He decided he did not like his orders.
A mile to his front was Emmitsburg Road, which was higher ground than he was assigned to occupy.
He also did not like the fact there were rocks and trees among his line.
Sickles, without orders or without informing the other corps commanders moved his corps forward about one mile.
This left Hancock's left flank completely open and a large break in the line where his corps was supposed to be.
The new position he chose was wider than the one he abandoned and he did not have enough men to cover it completely.
The middle of his line formed a salient (a right angle in the line that could be attacked from two directions).
Brigadier general Henry Hunt, the artillery chief, inspected the new position with Sickles and pointed out the problems.
He said he had to check back with Meade to see if the orders he gave Sickles could be changed.
Sickles made the move anyway.
Within an hour, his entire III Corps was nearly wiped out by Confederate general James Longstreet's corps.
Sickles himself was nicked by a cannonball which shattered his leg.
He was carried off the field and his right leg was amputated a few hours later.
His injury may have saved him from a court-martial for disobeying orders, but his days as a field commander were at an end.
After Gettysburg
After Sickles lost his right leg, he gained fame for donating it to the Army Medical Museum in Washington, DC.
He sent it with a card which read, "With the Compliments of Major General D.E.S.".
The leg is on display today at the Army Medical Research and Materiel Command headquarters building at Fort Detrick, Maryland.
After his recovery, Lincoln sent Sickles to the South where he was to look into the effect of slavery on African Americans.
He was also to give suggestions for the future Reconstruction of the South.
After the Civil War he held a number of different positions.
He was military governor of North and South Carolina but was removed by President Andrew Johnson in 1867.
He retired from the army in 1869.
From his retirement to 1872 he was appointed a U.S. minister to Spain by President Ulysses S. Grant.
While there Sickles managed to engage in "undiplomatic relations" with the Spanish queen.
He served one more term in Congress from 1893–1895 but was defeated for reelection in 1986.
In 1897, after 34 years of lobbying, Sickles was able to get himself awarded the Medal of Honor.
In New York he was a New York City sheriff and chairman of the New York State Monuments Commission.
In 1912, he was removed from the commission for allegedly misusing funds.
He also was an important part of establishing the Gettysburg National Battlefield Park.
On May 3, 1914, Sickles died in New York City of a cerebral hemorrhage.
Sickles was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.
Gettysburg Day 2 (General Sickles, Rebel Yell, Peach Orchard, Devils Den, Little Round Top); YouTube
Daniel Sickles: The Colorful and Controversial Commander of Gettysburg - Ranger Matt Atkinson: YouTube
The Thouet river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .
The Thouet starts in the Gâtine plateau, west of the Deux-Sèvres department, in the commune of Le Beugnon, near Secondigny and close to the source of the Sèvre Nantaise river, at an elevation of about .
From the source to Parthenay the river flows in a generally southwest-northwest direction.
To the east of Parthenay, the river turns north and flows on a generally northward direction for the rest of its course.
The Thouet flows through 2 regions, 2 departments and 34 communes; some of them are:
Deux-Sèvres: Le Beugnon, Secondigny, Parthenay, Saint-Loup-Lamairé, Airvault, Thouars, Saint-Martin-de-Sanzay.
Maine-et-Loire: Montreuil-Bellay, Chacé, Artannes-sur-Thouet, Saumur.
Palais - 24 km
Cébron - 29 km
Thouaret - 52 km
Argenton - 71 km
Viette - 61 km
Losse - 17 km
Dive - 75
Banque Hydro - Station L8102120 - La Sèvre Niortaise à Tallud
Histoire & Patrimoine des Rivières & Canaux
The Amambay department () is a department of Paraguay.
The capital is the city of Pedro Juan Caballero.
Its ISO 3166-2 code  is PY-13.
The name comes from the name of a part of the Caaguazú Cordillera, the "Amambay Cordillera" ().
Amambay (or amambái) means "fern" in Guaraní language; ferns are common in the forests of the region.
The town of Pedro Juan Caballero was found in 1893, and Bella Vista, in 1902.
The department of Amambay was created in 1945 as the No.
10 department of the country.
After some reorganization it was declared as the No.
13 department.,
Pedro Juan Caballero, the capital of the department, is still known by its old name, Punta Porá, because is near the Punta Porá Hill; that name was used by the people that transported yerba mate from Mato Grosso to Concepción.
The BrazilIan municipality across the border, Ponta Porã (Mato Grosso do Sul), keeps the name.
The Amambay department is in the north part of the Oriental region.
It has an area of , with a population of 125,611 for a Population density of .
Amambay is the highest of the Paraguayan departments,  high, and the Punta Porá Hill,  high, is one the highest point in the country.
To the north: Brazil, separated by the Apa river and the Amambay Cordillera.
To the east: Brazil, separated by the Amambay Cordillera.
To the south: Canindeyú department.
To the west: Concepción and San Pedro departments.
, the total amount of precipitation for the year 2012 in the city of Pedro Juan Caballero was .
The month with the most precipitation was February with  of precipitation.
The month with the least precipitation was May with .
The average temperature for the year 2012 in Pedro Juan Caballero was .
The warmest month, on average, was December with an average temperature of .
Gobernación de Amambay website
The medals have been awarded every 50 years, beginning in 1908.
That year marked 50 years after the joint presentation of papers by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace.
These were On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and On the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection.
The papers were both about natural selection as the main cause of evolution.
The papers were presented to the Linnean Society of London on 1 July 1858.
Wallace was one of the first to get of the medal.
In his case it was made of gold, rather than the silver versions given to the six other medallists.
However, in 2008 the Linnean Society announced that due to the continuing importance of evolutionary research, the medal will be awarded on an annual basis beginning in 2010.
Awardees
Edgar Anderson
Yevgeny Pavlovsky
Maurice Caullery
Ronald A. Fisher
G. Gaylord Simpson
Carl Rudolf Florin
Carl Skottsberg
Roger Heim
H. Hamshaw Thomas
Erik Stensiö
Göte Turesson
Victor van Straelen
D.M.S. Watson
H.J. Muller
John Christopher Willis (posthumously)
Nick Barton
M.W. Chase
Bryan Clarke
Stephen Jay Gould (posthumously)
Peter R. Grant
Rosemary Grant
James Mallet
John Maynard Smith (posthumously)
Mohamed Noor
H. Allen Orr
Brian Charlesworth (2010)
James A. Lake (2011)
Loren H. Rieseberg (2012)
Godfrey Hewitt (2013)
Dolph Schluter (2014)
Roger Butlin (2015)
Pamela S. Soltis and Douglas E. Soltis (2016)
Khan Academy is a non-profit educational organization.
It has been created by Sal Khan.
Khan Academy is available on the internet for free.
Khan Academy teaches by using YouTube videos of short lectures of certain topics, as well as by using practice exercises and tools that help with learning.
It is available in many different languages, but mostly English.
Khan Academy teaches mostly about mathematics, but also teaches biology, chemistry, physics, history, astronomy, cosmology, American civics, art history, economics, music, computer programming and computer science, healthcare, medicine, and finance.
In the YouTube videos that Khan Academy makes, they record diagrams being drawn from a tablet using the screen capture software called Camtasia Studio.
Official website of Shoppyland Schönbühl
Official website of Uttigen
A political general is a term used by historians and most often applies to the American Civil War.
In this context, it means a General officer who does not have formal military training or experience and who gained his position through political influence.
To a lesser degree, it can also mean generals who engaged in politics during or after their time as a general.
A "political general" can seem to be a contradiction in terms in a country such as the United States where by law the military is under civilian authority.
An example was Dwight D. Eisenhower, who graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in the class of 1915.
He was an experienced staff officer who commanded the invasions of North Africa and Western Europe.
Eisenhower developed the political skills to deal with his British and American officers as well as political leaders.
He later became President of the United States.
In history, many great generals were also political leaders.
Julius Caesar was a general who became the dictator of Rome in 44 BC.
Genghis Khan was the son of a Mongol chieftain who became a general and then the leader of the Mongol Empire.
As a general, Alexander the Great never lost a battle.
He was a king who was also a general.
In the British Army of the 17th and 18th centuries, the officers were often aristocrats and most obtained their rank by purchase.
In American history up to the Civil war, there had been a long line of amateur military leaders going back to the colonial militias.
Before he led the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War, George Washington had little military experience.
Andrew Jackson only had experience in the American Indian Wars.
But he successfully defeated a larger and more professional British army at the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812.
During the American Civil War, two great armies were raised that were made up largely of citizen-soldiers.
There simply were not enough trained generals to lead all these men.
Both Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis appointed political generals, some of whom later proved to be incompetent.
Others proved to be good or even great generals.
Many of these generals had very little or no military training before being commissioned a general.
Confederate general Patrick Cleburne was such a leader.
He earned his nickname as the "Stonewall Jackson of the West" by being a great general.
One of the worst examples was Union general Daniel Sickles.
He was a Tammany Hall politician who used his influence to rise to the rank of major general.
Sickles nearly lost the Battle of Gettysburg for the North yet, after 34 years of lobbying, managed to get himself awarded the Medal of Honor.
The Civil War in Four Minutes: Political Generals; YouTube
Ray Lankester was an invertebrate zoologist and evolutionary biologist.
He was Professor of Zoology at University College London and Oxford University.
He was the third Director of the Natural History Museum, and was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society.
E. (Edwin: his first name was never used) Ray Lankester was the son of Edwin Lankester, a coroner and doctor-naturalist who helped abolish cholera in London.
Ray Lankester was probably named after the naturalist John Ray.
The August 2016 Central Italy earthquake was a natural disaster that struck Central Italy on 24 August 2016 at 03:36 CEST.
Its epicentre was close to Accumoli.
It was followed by 40 strong aftershocks.
Earthquakes in Italy
A citation or source citation is a reference to a published work (for example, a book, article, image, etc.,)
that is used when creating a written work.
It shows readers where specific pieces of information came from and where readers can locate it for themselves.
It acknowledges or gives credit to the author who actually created the content being used in a paper.
The opposite of a citation is plagiarism, or not giving credit to others for their ideas, concepts, or images.
Plagiarism, especially in Academia, is considered taking the work of others and presenting it as one's own.
The penalties for plagiarism can be severe.
Source citations also give a work credibility.
In other words, it shows the information is simply not made up.
What to cite
In general, different academic situations will have different rules for what to cite and how to cite it.
Some use footnotes while others may require in-text (also called inline) source citations.(←This is an inline source citation) Some may require a bibliography which lists all works that were used.
In some cases, it may only be necessary to provide a list of "works cited."
It is important to know in advance what protocols must be used and what citation style (see below) is preferred.
Quotations Anything taken word-for-word from a source must be shown in quotation marks (" ").
The quotation must have a source citation showing where the quoted text came from.
For example: "Quality or junk?
How do you want your research described by others?"
Paraphrase To paraphrase is to take someone's words or ideas and put them in the words of the person writing the paper.
Anything paraphrased should be source cited.
A paraphrase is usually about the same number of words as the original but does not use quotation marks.
Example (original text): "And there is only one fault so obvious, so fundamental, that it instantly brands a piece of work as the product of an amateur or careless researcher: poor source citations".
Paraphrased: Poor quality source citations usually indicate that a piece of work is either careless research or the work of an amateur.
Summarize A summary is a short version of another work in the writer's own words.
A summary is usually shorter than the original.
When summarizing someone else's work, a source citation is necessary.
Example (original text): "When you don’t know when to cite, you end up plagiarizing which is just a big word for stealing and that’s mean.
And when you plagiarize, you also get an “F” and people think, “Dude, that kid is one dumb bunny.”
Let’s avoid that, shall we?"
Summarized: When you do not understand source citations, it is easy to plagiarize someone else's work.
So you do not get an "F" for your work, the following are the basic rules.
Facts and ideas Using facts and information to support an argument generally requires a source citation.
Facts do not always need to be source cited, especially if they are commonly known (e.g. water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit).
Ideas, however, should always be cited.
What is not necessary to cite
You do not need to cite anything that is common knowledge.
These are things that would be known by nearly everyone.
Examples of common knowledge are:
Facts that are widely available in many sources.
For example: Andrew Jackson was the seventh President of the United States.
Things that are easy to observe or see.
For example: Many people use cell phones today.
Common sayings.
For example: To make a long story short...
What a source citation includes
The name of the author or authors.
The name of the book, article, or publication.
The date the work was published.
When it was accessed, if it was found online.
The URL, if it is an online webpage.
The place of publication.
The name of the publisher.
The page number or numbers.
For example, p. 1, 21, 33 (means the information is on these pages) or pp.
55–60 (meaning the information is found on pages 55 through 60).
Citation styles
APA style (American Psychological Association) is the style is the most commonly used style in the social sciences.
The guideline is found in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Sixth Edition.
Example (bibliographic style): (Smith, 2004, p. 39) Here "Smith" is the author of a work fully listed in the bibliography.
The page number is 39.
MLA Style (Modern Language Association) is the style used for writing and formatting research papers in the liberal arts and the humanities.
One of the references for this style is the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Eighth Edition.
Example (author-date style): Smith, William.
The Last of the Inupiat Eskimos.
Alaska Northwest Books, 1997.
p 39.
Note the use of periods separating parts of the citation)
Chicago Manual of Style is the style often used in printed and electronic journals, magazines, and newspapers.
It offers two types of citation systems: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date.
The notes and bibliography style is used most often in literature, history and the arts.
The author-date system is traditionally used in Physics, natural science, and social sciences.
Example (author-date style): William Smith, The Last of the Inupiat Eskimos (Portland, OR: Alaska Northwest Books, 1997), p. 39 (Chicago style allows author last name, first name or first name last name)
(The following are inline source citations)
When to Cite Your Sources; YouTube
Citation Generator
Citation Machine
Nihal Naj Ali Al-Awlaqi or Nihal Naji Ali Al Awlaki (Arabic: نهال ناجي علي العولقي  ) is a Yemeni lawyer.
She is Yemen’s Minister of Legal Affairs.
In 2016 she received the International Women of Courage Award.
Al-Awalqi is from the Shabwah Governorate in Yemen.
At the time of her appointment as Minister of Legal Affairs, on September 9, 2016, she was 39 years old.
Al-Awalqi received a Doctor of Laws degree with honors from Mohammed V University in Morocco.
She also received a Master of Law and a Bachelor of Legal Sciences from Mohammed V. University.
She speaks Arabic, English, and French.
She was a member of the comprehensive national dialogue conference state-building team.
She was a member of the constitution drafting committee.
She was a member of the government negotiating team in Geneva.
On September 9, 2016, Yemen President Abd Rabbo Mansour Hadi appointed al-Awaqi as Minister of Legal Affairs ( وزيراً للشؤون القانونية  ).
Elqui Province () is one of three provinces in the Chilean region of Coquimbo (IV).
Its capital is the city of Coquimbo.
The main river of the province is the Elqui river that is  long.
(last national census), there were 365,371 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km², the province of the region with more people living in it.
As a province, Elqui is a second-level administrative division, consisting of six communes (comunas).
The city of Coquimbo serves as the provincial capital.
Province of Elqui website
Limarí Province () is one of three provinces of the Chilean region of Coquimbo Region (IV).
Its capital is the city of Ovalle.
The main river of the province is the Limarí river that is  long.
(last national census), there were 156,158 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².
As a province, Limarí is a second-level administrative division, consisting of five communes (comunas).
The city of Ovalle serves as the provincial capital.
Province of Limarí website
Choapa Province () is one of three provinces of the Chilean region of Coquimbo Region (IV).
Its capital is the city of Illapel
Choapa is bordered on the north by the Limarí province, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the  Valparaíso region and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
(last national census), there were 81,681 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².
As a province, Limarí is a second-level administrative division, consisting of four communes (comunas).
The city of Illapel serves as the provincial capital.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Tunisia may face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents.
Homosexuality is illegal in the Republic of Tunisia and the law does not include sexual orientation or gender identity in its civil rights laws and there is no legal recognition for same-sex couples.
According to the 2013 Pew Global Attitudes Project, 93% of Tunisian adults do not believe that homosexuality is acceptable by society.
Tunisia tends to be socially conservative when it comes to such issues as homosexuality.
There are a few led organised LGBT Human rights movement such as the movement named "Shams".
Mostly Tunisians are generally Muslims with traditional values, and traditional Islamic attitudes and mores look down upon Homosexuality and cross-dressing as signs of decadence and Immorality.
But Tunisian Cross-dressers are not expressly Illegal in the country.
Male prostitution workers occur in some Tunisian tourist resorts.
The so-called Minister for Human Rights Samir Dilou stated that "Freedom of Speech has its limits", Homosexuality is a "perversion", and gay people needed to be "treated medically" for this.
His comments were condemned by many in Tunisian society who posted pro-LGBT pictures on social networking sites.
In June 2012, Dilou rejected the recommendation of the United Nations Human Rights Committee for Tunisia to decriminalise same-sex sexual acts, stating that the concept of "Sexual orientation is specific to the west" which is not true and is overridden by Tunisian Law, which "clearly describes Tunisia as an fellow Arab Muslim country".
In May of 2016, several LGBTI Associations organised a small, discreet Gay Pride reception in Tunis.
Associations also organised events and public demonstrations to mark the International Day against Homophobia in May.
Public opinion regarding its LGBT Human rights is complex.
According to a 2014 Survey Poll by the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, 18% of Tunisian people were in favour of legalising Same-sex marriages, with 62% being opposed to such legislation of legalisation.
Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse (INSA Toulouse, National Institute of Applied Sciences of Toulouse) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France.
It is in a campus of the University of Toulouse (Southern France).
Ingénieur INSA Toulouse (INSA Toulouse Graduate engineer Masters level program)
Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at INSA Toulouse.
Nano and Multifunctional Materials for Machines and Structures
Extreme Measurements, Non-Destructive Testing
Microbial Systems, Biotechnologies, Water and Processes
Energy Conversion and Optimised Energy Management
Modelling, Simulation and Statistics for Physics, Engineering and Biology
Cyber-Physical Systems, Micro-NanoSystems for Health, Aeronautics and Space
The 1909 Cherry Mine disaster was a fire that occurred in Cherry, Illinois on November 13, 1909 in the Cherry Coal mine.
Of the approximately 500 miners who reported to work that day, 259 men and boys (some as young as 10 years old) lost their lives.
It was the second worst mine disaster in United States History.
During the early 20th century, coal miners risked their lives every day.
During the first decade of the 20th century, on average about six miners died every month in Northern Illinois coal mines.
Between 1905 and 1930 in the U.S. it totaled about 2,000 deaths per year.
The Cherry Mine was operated by the St. Paul Coal Company.
It opened in 1905 and by 1909 was producing 300,000 tons of coal a year.
The mine was a modern state of the art mine for its time.
It had two vertical shafts, one of which blew blew air into the mine and was also used if miners needed to escape.
The other shaft had elevators that lowered men and supplies, and brought out the coal.
Most of the miners were from Europe and were new to America.
Many lived in nearby towns such as Streator, Illinois or other towns on the Illinois River.
November 13th
There were three veins of coal, two of which were being worked that day.
About 300 men worked the second vein while about 200 worked the third and deepest vein.
In order to reach the third level, miners had to use the escape shaft and take a different elevator.
On the morning of November 13, the electricity that lit the mine was not working.
This was a common problem in the mine.
When there was no electricity, miners used kerosene lamps to light the mine.
A mine car full of hay to feed the mules that worked in the mine caught fire.
The fire quickly spread and was out of control.
Many of the miners burned to death while others died of suffocation from the toxic fumes.
About forty-five minutes after the fire started, men were told to abandon the mine.
About 10 to 12 cages full of men reached the surface through the elevator shaft.
Others scrambled up the escape shaft.
About 2:00 p.m. someone decided to reverse the fans that supplied air into the mine.
This spread the fire and made matters much worse.
Rescue workers went into the mine to try to save lives.
But after a cage full of rescuers was lost at about 4:00 p.m., the company decided to seal off the mine.
The next day, rescue workers went back into the mine.
They wore diving helmets with oxygen tanks, as no special equipment yet existed for mine rescues.
They brought out the bodies of the dead workers.
Then there was a surprising development.
A small group of 21 miners had been quick thinking enough to build a barricade against the fire.
They were found alive eight days later.
When a final count was made, 259 men and boys were killed in the mine fire.
As a consequence, the USA reinforced many mining laws and regulations.
The United Mine Workers Union gained hundreds of new members.
In Illinois, the disaster led to the passage of the Illinois Workmen's Compensation Act.
It also became a main reason for changes in the child labor laws in the United States.
It was one of the mine disasters that caused the formation of the United States Bureau of Mines in 1910.
Karen Tintori, Trapped: The 1909 Cherry Mine Disaster (New York; London: Atria Books, 2002)
Illinois Bureau of Labor Statistics, Report on the Cherry Mine Disaster (Springfield, IL:, Illinois State Journal Co., State Printers, 1910)
Dean Cotton; Lorena Cotton, ''Oneness: the 1909 Cherry Mine Disaster (Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2004)
Cherry Mine Disaster Video by Ray Tutaj Jr.; YouTube
20th century in Illinois
Prosopis tamarugo, commonly known as tamarugo, is a species of flowering tree in the pea family, Fabaceae.
It is found only in the dry northern regions of Chile.
Prosopis tamarugo are trees that could grow up to  tall but usually they are, on average,  tall and the trunk is  wide.
The young branches have spines.
Flowers grow together in inflorescences and their pollination is made by bees.
The plant grows only in the Pampa del Tamarugal, some  east of the city of Iquique.
Even if the Pampa del Tamarugal is very dry, the Prosopis tamarugo can use the relatively shallow ground water.
The wood and dry leaves of Prosopis tamarugo are used as firewood; the wood is also used for lumber.
Leaves and fruits are used as food to animals, mainly to ruminants as cattle, sheep and goats.
Margaret Anstee (June 26, 1926 - August 25, 2016) was a British diplomat.
She worked with the United Nations for over 40 years, and became the first woman to reach the post of Under-Secretary-General.
She was the Director-General of the UN office in Vienna.
She also worked as the Director-General's Special Representative to Angola.
She wrote an autobiography called Never Learn to Type.
Maria Eugénia Pinto do Amaral (April 1, 1927, Lisbon - August 25, 2016, Lisbon) was a Portuguese actress and singer.
She became known as the Radio Girl when she starred in the movie of the same name directed by Arthur Duarte in 1944.
Portuguese voice actors
Justin du Fresne (died August 25, 2016) was a New Zealand radio broadcaster, known as the Voice of Wellington.
He began his career in 1960 working for the New Zealand Broadcasting Service.
After a break, he returned to radio in 1984 as a morning talk show host, and retired in 2013.
He died from cancer in 2016.
Warren Hinckle (October 28, 1938, San Francisco - August 25, 2016, San Francisco) was an American journalist.
He became famous as the editor of Ramparts magazine in the 1960's.
Hinckle was known for his no holds barred writing style (later called gonzo journalism), and as a supporter of the political left.
Neo-futurism is a 21st-century movement in the arts, design, and architecture with an attitude of post-modernism and represents an idealistic future and "a need to periodize the modern rapport with the technological".
Neo-futurism has absorbed sоme of the high-tech concept themes аnd ideas and incorporating elements of high-tech industry аnd technology.
Artists of Neo-futurism movement
Neo-futurist artists include Erin Sparler, Marlow Rodale, Panayiotis Terzis, Miguel Ovalle, Italian hypermetaphysic painter Luca Bestetti, British Olivia Peake, Yuima Nakazato, and Simon Stålenhag.
Neo-futurism in the 21st century has been creatively inspired by the Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava, the British architect Zaha Hadid,  and by Vito DiBari.
Rowena Easton, The NeoFuturist Manifesto, 2008 http://www.neofuturist.org/manifesto.php
A History of Neo-Futurism, Erica Anne Milkovich, 2010 - Avant-garde (Aesthetics)
Gunther Berghaus, From Futurism to Neo-Futurism, in Avant-garde/Neo-avant-garde, 2005, published by Dietrich Scheunemann, Rodopi BV http://www.rodopi.nl/senj.asp?BookId=Avant+17
Appeal to emotion is a logical fallacy.
It happens when the argument is designed to trigger an emotional response instead of giving reasons.
An example of this would be "we have to donate to charity X; think of the children!",
where instead of giving a reason why we should donate to charity, an emotive trigger is used instead- "think of the children".
It is also called argumentum ad passiones or appeal to feeling.
Aristotle recognized that if you triggered someone's emotions, they were easier to persuade.
He said this in his book, Rhetoric.
Appeal to tradition (also known as argumentum ad antiquitatem, appeal to antiquity, or appeal to common practice) is a common fallacy.
In this fallacy, an idea is claimed to be right because it is the way it was often done in the past.
The appeal takes the form of "this is right because we've always done it this way".
The tradition might be entirely based on incorrect grounds.
The circumstances may have changed; so past justifications for the tradition may be invalid.
The opposite of an appeal to tradition is an appeal to novelty, claiming something is good because it is new.
There are two ways in which it is used.
One, it may be used as logical fallacy during an argument so that someone arguing does not have to answer a difficult question.
For example, if a journalist asks a politician if the politician used any taxpayer money for his or her personal use, the politician may instead talk about the importance of increasing the pay of government officials without ever answering the question.
Two, it can be used as a literary device that tricks readers or audiences into thinking that something is true when it really is not.
It is common in stories like detective mystery books.
For example, a character may own or hold a weapon similar to the weapon used to kill a character, but then it turns out that character was not the killer.
The weapon was only a red herring.
It has long been thought that the phrase came from kippers (a strong-smelling smoked fish) to train dogs to follow a scent, or to distract them from the correct route when hunting.
However, most researchers today believe that the term was probably invented in 1807 by English polemicist William Cobbett.
He may have have been talking about a time which he had used a kipper to distract dogs from chasing a hare, and that hunters never actually used kippers to train dogs.
The phrase was later borrowed to give a formal name for the logical fallacy and literary device.
An appeal to popularity, also called argumentum ad populum (Latin for "appeal to the people"), is a logical fallacy.
It happens when someone tries to argue that something is right because lots of people believe in it.
Utzenstorf is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
It is regionally famous for its medieva castle, Landshut Castle.
Official website of Utzenstorf
Inwil (Swiss German: Eibu) is a municipality of the district Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
A feigned retreat is a military tactic where a force will pretend to be defeated, fake a retreat, then while they are being pursued, turn and ambush the enemy.
It can be used to cause confusion in the enemy ranks or to force some to leave and weaken their battle formations.
Battlefield commanders have had to use this tactic carefully so the feigned retreat did not become a real retreat.
It was a tactic used in ancient history and is still being used today.
Sun Tzu wrote about it in his book The Art of War.
He warned his readers: "When some are seen advancing and some retreating, it is a lure."
At the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC, the Ancient Greeks were fighting a sea battle with the more numerous Persian navy.
Themistocles, the Greek leader, leaked information that was taken back to the Persians that the Greeks were ready to flee and that if the Persians acted right away, they could claim a huge victory.
While not an actual feigned retreat but more a rumored one, it worked just as well, as the Persians were defeated.
At the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC, Hannibal weakened his center on purpose to get the Roman army to attack that point in his lines.
As the center fell back slowly, the two stronger wings of the Carthaginian army folded onto the unsuspecting Romans.
For the rest of the day, the Carthaginians slaughtered the trapped Romans.
William the Conqueror ordered two feigned retreats according to William of Poitiers.
That was a difficult tactic to use once without causing a complete rout and so it is unlikely he did it twice.
It is more likely that William's troops broke ranks and were rallied back into the fight by their leader.
The cavalry scene in the Bayeux tapestry shows William with his helmet off with the Latin words Hic est dux Wilelmus (here is Duke Willliam).
That supports the theory that the Normans retreated because they believed William had been killed.
He pulled his helmet off to show his face and to rally his men back to the battle.
Calling it a feigned retreat may have been a politically correct way of saying their army ran away and had to be called back.
Nonetheless, many Anglo-Saxon soldiers were foolish enough to chase after William's retreating men but were then killed in the counterattack.
The Battle of Cannae 216 BC; YouTube
Magnicharters is a low cost, charter airline from Mexico.
It's headquarters are in Monterrey, Mexico.
It was founded in 1994 by the Mexican tourist agency, Magnitur.
The airline currently focuses on transporting Mexicans to domestic beach destinations.
It also goes to a few destinations in the United States.
It has a fleet of 9 Boeing 737 airplanes.
In mathematics, a constructive proof is a method of proof that shows the existence of a mathematical object—by giving a method on how to create the object.
The other type of proof is called non-constructive proof, or existence proof: It shows that an object must exist, but does not give a way how to construct it.
Official website of Vauffelin
Involuntary celibacy or inceldom means being unable to get sex or a romantic partner.
An incel or incelibate is a person who is in this situation.
Female incels are sometimes called femcels.
Homosexual incels are sometimes called gaycels.
Transgender people going through inceldom are called transcels.
Discussions on the incelosphere (incel websites) are mostly by heterosexual males.
But female incels and gay incels also exist.
Incels, especially male incels, are often misogynistic and seem to feel a sense of entitlement to sex, with some supporting arranged marriage.
Some incels even support violence against women, such as rape, and violence against romantically successful men (some of which are often refered to as "Chads"), who are resented.
The Southern Poverty Law Center has described the subculture as "part of the online male supremacist ecosystem", and says self-described incels have committed several mass murders in North America.
The word "incel" was invented in 1993 by a college student 'Alana' from Toronto, Ontario.
She made a website to discuss her sexual inactivity with others.
The website, titled "Alana's Involuntary Celibacy Project", was used by people of all genders to share posts about the topic.
During her college career and after, she realized she was queer, and became more comfortable with her identity.
She later gave the site to a stranger.
After reading about the 2014 Isla Vista killings, she wrote, "Like a scientist who invented something that ended up being a weapon of war, I can't uninvent this word, nor restrict it to the nicer people who need it".
Another notable incel was Christine Chubbuck.
She committed suicide on live tv in 1974.
/r/incels on Reddit was one of the biggest Incel forums.
On November 7, 2017, Reddit decided to get rid of it because of their new site rules.
There are many subgroups of incels.
For example lesbocels are a subgroup of gaycels meaning lesbian involuntary celibates.
Some femcelish lesbians call themselves incelbians.
Or for example disabledcels and mentalcels are subsets of inceldom whose involuntary celibacy is caused by them being disabled.
Femcels who believe that their inceldom condition is permanent call themselves trufemcel or truefemcel.
They call the state of being unable to get romance or a partner as femceldom.
The largest inceldom-related forum at the turn of the 2020s decade was the subreddit trufemcels, a platform for femcels.
Many incels take views from fields like evolutionary psychology.
Some incels believe that male incels have no chance against more attractive males, and women have things easier because of feminism and cosmetics.
Incels may believe their lack of success is because of being shy, poor body image, penis size, or their appearance, and believe that having lots of money is the only chance to find an attractive partner.
Words used by incels
Official website of Sauge
Jailhouse Rock is a 1957 American musical movie.
It was directed by Richard Thorpe.
Jailhouse rock stars Elvis Presley, Judy Tyler, and Mickey Shaughnessy.
It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) and is based on a story written by Nedrick Young.
The movie is about a young man sentenced to prison for manslaughter.
There he is mentored in music by his prison cellmate who realizes his musical abilities.
After his release from jail, while looking for a job as a club singer, the young man meets a musical promoter who helps him start his career.
As he develops his musical abilities and becomes a star, his self-centered personality begins to affect his relationships.
Jailhouse rock is considered one of Elvis Presley's best movies.
When James Dean died in 1955, Hollywood began looking for a new actor to replace him.
There were a lot of young actors trying to act tough and be rebellious.
Presley was considered a replacement for Dean.
He could sing and dance.
He was good-looking and was a decent actor.
Jailhouse Rock Official Trailer (1957); YouTube
Vechigen is a municipality of the Swiss canton of Berne.
In 2014, 5075 people lived there.
It consists of the villages: Sinneringen, Boll, Dentenberg, Utzigen, Lindental, Berg, Littewil and Radelfingen.
Official website of the municipality of Villeret
Official Webpage of Vinelz
The administrative district of Thun in the Swiss canton of Bern has 35 municipalities in an area of 322 km².
The Beginning is the sixth studio album by American hip hop group the Black Eyed Peas.
The album was released on November 26, 2010 by Interscope.
The album was titled to be a prequel to the groups fifth album The E.N.D. (2009).
It is the groups last album to feature Fergie as she left in 2017 to focus on her solo career.
"The Time (Dirty Bit)" interpolates "(I've Had) The Time of My Life," originally performed by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes in the 1987 film Dirty Dancing.
"Light Up the Night" contains a sample of "Children's Story" by Slick Rick.
"Fashion Beats" contains a sample of "My Forbidden Lover" by Chic.
"Love You Long Time" contains a sample of "Give It Up" by KC and the Sunshine Band.
Credits for The Beginning adapted from Allmusic.
Stacy Ferguson – vocals, composer
William Adams – vocals, art direction, bass, composer, drum programming, engineer, executive producer, Fender Rhodes, logo design, Moog bass, producer, synthesizer
DJ Ammo – drum programming, Moog bass, producer, synthesizer
Michelle Bishop – violin
Davis Barnett – viola
Larry Gold – conductor, string arrangements
Jaime Gomez (Taboo)– vocals, composer
David Guetta – composer, drum programming, producer, synthesizer
Keith Harris – composer, Fender Rhodes, grand piano, piano, synthesizer
Alain Whyte – guitar
Josh Lopez – guitar
Giorgio Tuinfort – composer, drum programming, producer, synthesizer
Ghislaine Fleischmann – violin
Ruth Frazier – viola
Tom Kraines – cello
Tamae Lee – violin
Erica Miller – violin
Deborah Mannis - Gardner – sample clearance
Allan Pineda – vocals, composer'''
Joshua Alvarez – composer
Eddie Axley – logo design
Jean Baptiste – composer
Chris Bellman – mastering
Jennifer Bowling – marketing coordinator
John DeNicola – composer
Dennis Dennehy – publicity
William Derella – management
Bernard Edwards – composer
Julie Frost – composer
Sylvia Gordon – composer
Julie Hovsepian – product manager
Tomoko Itoki – marketing
Neil Jacobson – A&R
Rodney Jerkins – composer
Thomas Brown – composer
Justin Franks (DJ Frank E) – producer
Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins – producer
Andy Kalyvas – mastering assistant
Damien Leroy – composer
Jonathan Levine – booking
Donald Markowitz – composer
Polo Molina – management
Huan Nghiem – art direction
Padraic 'Padlock' Kerin – engineer, production coordination
Franke Previte – composer
Brenda Reynoso – publicity
Nile Rodgers – composer
Dante Santiago – A&R
Stephen Shadowen – composer
James Durkin – recording assistant
Pasha Shapiro – art direction
Hillary Siskind – publicity
David Sonenberg – management
Anthony Taglianetti – mixing assistant
Scott Thomas – booking
Andrew Van Meter – producer
Jorge Velasco – mixing assistant
Ricky Walters – composer
Ernst Weber – art direction
Ianthe Zevos – creation
Shock tactics are those military tactics designed to overwhelm an enemy with fear, causing panic and confusion.
Shock tactics are as old as warfare itself.
The Mongols got their reputation for being invincible by the use of shock tactics.
Numbers of Medieval knights mounted on their warhorses made coordinated shock attacks into the ranks of enemy soldiers.
Robert E. Lee saw the advantage of the shock attack as not so much killing enemy soldiers, but to "create a panic and virtually destroy the [enemy] army."
The disadvantage of a shock attack is that the attacker may suffer heavy casualties.
During World War I, for example, Germany suffered great losses with its use of the shock attack.
The Hittites and Ancient Egyptians used the first mobile tool for shock tactics; the war Chariot.
Charioteers were the elite branch of most armies of the time.
But by the beginning of the classical period they were no longer effective.
Armies had developed ways to defeat the chariots in battle.
Even the infamous scythed chariots used by Darius I of Persia  could be easily defeated by the infantry.
They changed to a wider spacing of their phalanx formation.
This allowed the soldiers to avoid the blades and let the scythed chariots to go right through.
They then ran directly into the long pike formations directly behind each phalanx which impaled the chariots and their riders.
Philip II of Macedon and his son Alexander the Great depended on their elite Companion cavalry for their shock tactics to help win nearly every one of their battles.
While the Macedonian phalanx units would engage the enemy, the cavalry was held in reserve.
Once the phalanx broke up the lines, the Companion cavalry would act as shock troops and scatter the enemy soldiers.
The German Blitzkrieg (lightning war) of World War II was a shock tactic that was used to great effect against their enemies.
The Blitzkrieg concentrated its forces behind offensive weapons such as tanks, artillery and airplanes to quickly push through enemy lines.
The tanks would then be free to cause shock and confusion behind the enemy lines.
They would interrupt supply lines, and prevent reinforcements from sealing the breach in their lines.
The Germans would then envelop the enemy troops and force them to surrender (military).
Top 5 Ancient Military Tactics; YouTube
Renegotiations: The Remixes is a remix EP by American hip hop group the Black Eyed Peas.
It was originally released on iTunes on March 21, 2006 by Interscope Records.
All the songs were originally from the groups fourth studio album Monkey Business (2005).
Monkey Business is the fourth studio album by American hip hop group, the Black Eyed Peas.
It was released on May 25, 2005, by the will.i.am Music Group and A&M Records.
It was the groups second album to feature R&B singer Fergie as a member.
Credits adapted from Monkey Business liner notes:
William Adams – conceptual design, producer (tracks 1-2, 4-10, 12-15) (also executive), audio mixing (track 14), rap vocals, vocals sung by (All tracks), bass (tracks 1, 4-5, 7, 9-10, 12, 14), drum machine (1, 4-5, 7, 9, 12, 15), drums (15), synthesizer (1, 7, 12, 14), clavinet keyboard (5, 11), organ (5, 9), rhodes piano (8, 11), additional instruments (6)
Stacy "Fergie" Ferguson - rap vocals, vocals sung by (tracks 1-8, 10-11, 13, 15)
Allen "apl.de.ap" Pineda - rap vocals, vocals sung by (tracks 1-4, 6-8, 10-12, 14-15), Clavinet keyboard (8), drum machine (8), strings played by (8), producer (8)
Jaime "Taboo" Gomez - rap vocals, vocals sung by (tracks 1-2, 4, 6-8, 11, 13, 15)
Marcella Araica - assistant recording engineer, Pro-Tools music editing (track 3)
Charlie Baccarat - electric violin (track 2)
Printz Board - Mellotron strings (tracks 2, 7-8), Mellotron keyboards (13), Moog synthesizer (7, 10), synthesizer (8, 13), bass (8, 10), drums (8), drum machine (13), trumpet (9-11, 13), keyboards (10), Rhodes piano (10), producer (8, 13)
Ray Brady - guitar (tracks 4, 7)
James Brown - additional lead vocals sung by (track 10)
Venus Brown – DJ scratching (track 3), background vocals (10), A&R management
Demo Castelleon - recording engineer (track 3)
Mino Cinelu - sampled percussion (track 15)
Fred Davis – legal representation
Dylan "3-D" Dresdow - vocal recording engineer (track 8)
Ron Fair – executive producer, additional music producer (track 4), string arrangements (2, 9), strings conducted by (9), harmonica (4)
Shepard Fairey – album cover and logo designer
Mike Fratantuono - bass (track 13)
Seth Friedman – A&R management, cover art director, manager
Serban Ghenea – audio mixing (tracks 5, 10-12, 15)
Dennis Gomez – booklet design
Cee-Lo Green - additional rap vocals (track 6)
Keith Harris - live drums (track 7), drums (2, 7, 13-14), keyboards (7), Mellotron strings (7), percussion (8)
Tal Herzberg - recording engineer (tracks 1-2, 4, 9), Pro-Tools music programming (2, 4)
Ted Howard - recording engineer (track 6)
Tippa Irie - background vocals (track 7)
Jack Johnson  - guitar played by, additional vocals sung by (track 9)
Mike Jurkovac – cover art director
Manu Katche - sampled drums (track 15)
Kenny Kirkland - sampled keyboards (track 15)
Talib Kweli - additional rap vocals (track 6)