the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
A politician from North Carolina named Hamilton McMillan learned about this claim.
He found that a lot of the words in this Native American tribe's language were a lot like some old English words that are no longer used.
Also a lot of the people in the tribe had family names that were the same as the names of the colonists'.
McMillan thought that these Native Americans were the descendents of the Roanoke settlers.
Because of this, he helped pass a bill called the "Croatan Bill" on February 10, 1885.
This bill said that the Native American people in Robeson county were officially called "Croatan."
Two days after the bill, there was an article written about the tribe.
It was printed in the Fayetteville Observer on 12 February 1885.
It said that "Croatoa" was just a village and the tribe called themselves the Tuscaroras.
The article also said that the tribe was always friendly to the white people of Roanoke.
When they saw that there was no help coming from England, the tribe let the colonists live in their villages.
Over time, the tribe left their old villages and moved to live in the center of Robeson County.
Historians are not sure that this is really what happened.
There are many different Native American tribes that have legends and stories about the Roanoke Colony.
There is a legend that is a lot like the Robeson County tribe about the Saponi people of Person County, North Carolina.
The Saponi are now extinct (today there are no living Saponi people).
The legend says that the Saponi were descended from the English colonists.
When settlers met the Saponi, they were surprised to find that they already spoke English and knew about Christianity.
The Saponi also had European features. (
Their faces were shaped like Europeans' faces.)
the Catawba people (including the Shakaori people and Eno people)
the Coree tribe
the Lumbee tribe
The Chesepians
A historian named David Beers Quinn thinks that the Roanoke colony moved to a new place and then was destroyed.
In 1607, Captain John Smith started the Jamestown Colony in Virginia.
One of his jobs was to find out what happened to the Roanoke Colony.
Chief Powhatan told Smith that he had killed all of the Roanoke colonists.
He said that they were living with the Chesepian tribe.
The Chesepians would not join Chief Powhatan's Powhatan Confederacy.
Also there was a prophecy that said the Chespians would destroy Powhatan's empire.
Because of this, the Powhatan Confederacy killed all the Chesepians.
Chief Powhatan showed Captain Smith proof of this.
He showed Smith some iron tools made in England.
The bodies of the colonists were never found.
Archaeologists do not have any evidence either.
In 1998, there was a team of scientists studying the climate (weather) of the Roanoke area.
The team took cores of some 800-year-old trees on Roanoke Island.
They wanted to look at the tree rings to see the history of rain and temperature over the years.
They found that the colonists had started Roanoke Colony in the middle of the worst drought in 800 years. (
A drought is a period of time when there is very little rain.) "
This drought persisted for 3 years, from 1587 to 1589, and is the driest 3-year episode in the entire 800-year reconstruction," the team wrote in the journal Science.
The drought happened in all of the southeastern United States.
It was worst in the area near Roanoke Island.
The people in charge of the team were David W. Stahle and Dennis B. Blaton.
Stahle was a climatologist from the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville, Arkansas.
Blaton was an archaeologist from The College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia.
Governor White left some ships at the colony when he left in 1587.
They had a full-rigged pinnace and some small ships.
One idea is that the colonists tried to sail back to England in these ships.
It could be that the ships sank and the colonists died.
Another idea is that the Spanish destroyed the colony.
Earlier in the 1500s, the Spanish destroyed a French colony in South Carolina called Fort Charles.
They also killed all of the people in a French colony in Florida.
This is probably not what happened in Roanoke, because the Spanish were still looking for the colony in 1600.
The Lost Colony Center for Science and Research
The finding of Raleigh's lost colony (1907)
Finding the lost colony of Roanoke by Brian Dunning
A provisional government is a government set up in an emergency when a political void has been created by the collapse of a government.
They are usually unelected and tend to arise after civil or foreign wars.
Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord used the term in the early 19th century.
The first known establishment of a provisional government was in 1869 by the Métis leader Louis Riel at the Red River Colony.
The Battle of Little Round Top was part of the Battle of Gettysburg.
It occurred on July 2, 1863.
The troops under Joshua Chamberlain, the 20th Maine, formed the left flank for the Confederate troops.
They repelled several charges by the Confederates.
However, eventually Chamberlain's troops ran low on ammunition.
Chamberlain ordered that the soldiers mount bayonets to their rifles and he ordered a charge down the hill against the Confederates.
This charge surprised the Confederates and was successful.
Little Round Top
Graduate in 1982 from the École Normale Supérieure, he first teaches at Amherst College (USA).
Teacher of French literature at the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Honorary Member of the Institut Universitaire de France (2001-2006), he was head of the École Normale Supérieure from 2005 to 2009.
(Epicurean philosophy and literature in seventeenth-century France.
Studies on Gassendi, Cyrano, La Fontaine, Saint-Evremond), Paris, PUF, « Perspectives littéraires », 1998.
Cyrano de Bergerac, Lettres satiriques et amoureuses, précédées de Lettres diverses (édition) (Cyrano de Bergerac, satirical and love letters, preceded by various letters (edit)), Paris, Desjonquères, « Dix-septième siècle », 1999.
La Fontaine, Fables (édition) (La Fontaine, Fables (edit)), Paris, LGF, 2002.
Philosophies de la Fable.
La Fontaine et la crise du lyrisme (Philosophies of Fable.
La Fountaine and the crisis of lyricism), Paris, PUF, « Écritures », 2003.
Le Songe libertin.
Cyrano de Bergerac d’un monde à l’autre (The Dream libertine.
Cyrano de Bergerac from one world to another), Paris, Klincksieck, « Bibliothèque française et romane », 2004.
L’athée, la politique et la mort.
Essai suivi d’une édition critique de La Mort d’Agrippine de Cyrano de Bergerac (The atheist, politics and death.
Test followed by a critical edition of The Death of Agrippina from Cyrano de Bergerac), Fougères, Encre Marine, « La Bibliothèque hédoniste », 2005.
Histoire de la France littéraire, tome 2.
Classicismes xviie – xviiie siècle (Literary history of France, Volume 2.
Classicisms seventeenth - eighteenth century), Paris, PUF, « Quadrige », 2006.
Le moraliste, la politique et l’histoire.
De La Rochefoucauld à Derrida (The moralist, politics and history.
From De La Rochefoucauld to Derrida), Desjonquères, « L’Esprit des lettres », 2007.
Variations épicuriennes : une philosophie et ses marges, entre science, morale et politique.
Études sur Montaigne, Gassendi, Cyrano de Bergerac, Bernier, Saint-Evremond (Epicurean variations: a philosophy and margins between science, ethics and politics.
Studies of Montaigne, Gassendi, Cyrano de Bergerac, Bernier, Saint-Evremond), Paris, Honoré Champion, « Lumière classique », 2008.
Pensée morale et genres littéraires (Moral thought and literary genres), with Philippe Desan, Paris, PUF, 2009.
Philosophie du divertissement.
Le jardin imparfait des Modernes (Philosophy entertainment.
Modern garden imperfect), Paris, Desjonquères, « Le bon sens », 2009.
« Philosophies de la Fable.
Poésie et pensée dans l’œuvre de La Fontaine » ("Philosophies of Fable.
Poetry and thought in the work of La Fontaine "), Paris, Éditions Hermann, coll. «
Savoir Lettres », 2011.
The Magomayev Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall (Azeri: Maqomayev adına Azərbaycan Dövlət Filarmoniyası) is the main concert hall for classical music and folk music in the capital of Azerbaijan, Baku.
The Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall was built between the years 1910–1912 at the request of the city elite and is designed in the Italian Renaissance (outside) and German Rococo (inside) architectural styles.
Its design was influenced by the architectural style of the buildings of the Monte-Carlo Casino, particularly the Opéra de Monte-Carlo.
The building was originally organized as a club for the wealthy of Baku, who attended it for banquets and entertainment.
During the Russian Civil War it was a place for public rallies.
In 1936, the club was officially reorganized into a residence for the philharmonic society aimed at promoting Azerbaijani classical and folk music.
On 11 August 1937 after the building was renovated, it was named after the Azerbaijani composer Muslim Magomayev.
In 1995, the hall was closed down for more than 8 years for another renovation.
It was not until November 2002 that the restoration works finally started due to President Heydar Aliyev's special decree.
The opening of the fully renovated building happened on 27 January 2004.
The main building has two halls: The Summer Hall with 1100 seats and the Winter Hall with 610 seats, which are joined by a single stage.
The Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall is home to 7 performing groups:
The Azerbaijan State Symphony Orchestra
The Azerbaijan State Choir Capella
The Azerbaijan State Chamber Orchestra
The Azerbaijan State Piano Trio
The Azerbaijan State String Quartet
The Azerbaijan State Folk Song and Dance Ensemble
The Azerbaijan State Orchestra of Folk Instruments
The Ali and Nino Walking Tour: Philharmonic Hall by Betty Blair and Fuad Akhundov.
Azerbaijan International Magazine. #
Summer 2004
Alexander Parkes (1813 - 1890) was an English inventor.
He created the earliest form of plastics which was called parkesine.
ealiest plastic which was later called super nova
Barnston is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England.
In 2001 there were 850 people living in Barnston.
Berden is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England.
In 2001 there were 427 people living in Barnston.
It has a church called St Nicholas.
Birchanger is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England.
In 2001 there were 987 people living in Birchanger.
Great Canfield is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England.
In 2001 there were 364 people living in Great Canfield.
It includes the hamlets of Hope End Green, Canfield Hart, Bacon End and Green Street.
They are a family of small to large birds with strongly hooked bills (beaks).
They vary accordig to their diet.
They feed on  prey items from insects to medium-sized mammals.
Some feed on carrion and a few feed on fruit.
The Accipitridae have a cosmopolitan distribution, being found on all the world's continents (except Antarctica) and a number of oceanic island groups.
Some species are migratory.
Many well-known birds, such as hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures are included in this group.
The osprey is usually placed in a separate family (Pandionidae), as is the secretary bird.
The New World vultures are now usually a separate family or order.
An import is a raw material or a finished product that is brought into a country from abroad.
For example America imports maple syrup from Canada and exports manufactured products to the Caribbean.
Some Caribbean countries import nearly all their goods, paying for them with money earned through tourism, banking, and other service industries.
Semites was a word used for people who speak a Semitic language like Arabic or Hebrew.
Scientists don't use the words "Semites" or "Semitic peoples" any longer, but they still speak of "Semitic languages".
The word "Semite" was taken from Shem, a son of Noah in Genesis (chapters 6-11).
It was first used in the 1770s by German professors at Göttingen university.
Fazlur Rahman Khan (ফজলুর রহমান খান) (April 3, 1929 – March 27, 2013) was an Indian American structural engineer and architect.
He and his business partner Bruce Graham are known for designing the Willis Tower and the 875 North Michigan Avenue both in Chicago, Illinois.
He was one of the most well-known architects in the 20th century.
Khan was born on April 3, 1929 in Kolkata then when he was 14, moving to Dhaka,  He studied at The University of Calcutta, and at the University of Jeddah.
He was married to Liselotte Khan until his wife death in 1990.
He died in 2015 at the age 85
Article on Fazlur Khan
Article on Khan's buildings
Profile on Fazlur Khan
Website dedicated to Fazlur Khan
Bruce John Graham (December 1, 1925 – March 6, 2010) was a Colombian-American architect.
Graham and his business partner Fazlur Khan are well known for designing the Willis Tower and the 875 North Michigan Avenue, both in Chicago, Illinois.
Graham was born to a Canadian father and to a Peruvian mother in La Cumbre, Valle del Cauca, Columbia.
He was raised in Bogotá, Columbia and in Chicago, Illinois.
He studied at Colegio San Jose de Rio Piedras, at the University of Pennsylvania, Case School of Applied Sciences, and at University of Dayton.
Graham died on March 6, 2010 from emphysema in Hobe Sound, Florida, aged 84.
He was buried in Graceland Cemetery in Uptown, Chicago.
Architect of Willis Tower John Hancock Center dies at 84
Memorial Tribute to Fazlur Rahman Khan by Bruce Graham in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)
Oghi Tehsil is a tehsil or subdivision of the Mansehra District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan.
It is in a mountainous area close to the Kala Dhaka tribal zone.
The main or capital town of this tehsil is Oghi.
The large part of the population of Oghi tehsil is indigenous Swatis, Gurjars, Awans and a mixture of other smaller groups.
Hindko is spoken as the main language by around 62% of the people, Pashto language by some 30% and Gojri by some 8 %.
Part of this tehsil is  the Agror valley which also used to be the estate of the former Khan of Agror, a famous tribal chieftain.
Oghi is a town in Mansehra District, of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
The Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (XDF) is an image of a small part of space in the center of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field.
It is in the direction of the constellation Fornax.
The image shows the deepest optical view into space.
The XDF image was released on September 25, 2012.
The image combined 10 years of images.
It shows galaxies that are over 13.2 billion years old.
The exposure time was two million seconds, or about 23 days.
The least bright galaxies are one ten-billionth the brightness of what the human eye can see.
Many of the smaller galaxies are very young galaxies.
Some of them became the major galaxies, like the Milky Way and other galaxies in our galactic neighborhood.
eXtreme Deep Field
Hubble Deep Field South
A hypnotic is a drug designed to help you sleep.
It is a type of psychoactive drug which acts as a soporific, and is also used for surgical anaesthesia.
Many hypnotics are addictive, and have side-effects.
Because of this, most are prescribed as a last resort, and only for a short time.
Rohypnol is a particularly powerful example of a hypnotic.
Anxiolytics are drugs that are used for the treatment of anxiety, and anxiety-related disorders.
The common drugs can be classified:
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, often abbreviated SSRIs
Azapirones
Hydroxyzines
Pregabalin
In addition to these drug classes, there are also certain plants that have such properties.
Many of the drugs listed above have side-effects.
For this reason, they are only available on prescription.
Certain forms of therapy have also been used to treat anxiety disorders.
Anxiolytics are said to act on key biochemical messengers in the brain and eventually decrease the abnormal excitability.
The biochemical messengers or binding sites are unevenly distributed in the brain, and also said to be associated with a GABA receptor and a chloride channel.
Eileen Yaritja Stevens (died 19 February 2008) was an Aboriginal artist from central Australia.
Although she had brief career of less than four years, she quickly became one of the most successful artists of her generation to paint in the style of the Western Desert.
Her work is now held in several major public art collections across Australia.
Stevens was born some time in the 1910s.
She was born at Makiri, in the north-west corner of South Australia, between what are now the communities of Kaltjiti and Watarru.
Her father was a Yankunytjatjara man, and her mother was Ngaanyatjarra, but Stevens described herself as belonging to the Pitjantjatjara.
Stevens grew up in the bush, living a traditional, nomadic way of life.
When she was a young woman, her family settled at Ernabella, which was a Presbyterian mission at the time.
She worked there milking goats.
Her husband, who she met whilst living at Ernabella, also worked there chopping trees for use in building projects.
The couple later moved to Nyapaṟi after it was established in the mid-1970s.
This area was her husband's Dreaming country (homeland), and although she often made visits to her own birthplace, Stevens would live at Nyapaṟi for the rest of her life.
Stevens did not begin painting professionally until 2004, very late in her life.
Her husband had died by then, and Stevens had become close friends with Wingu Tingima.
Tingima had already established herself as an artist in Irrunytju.
The two women began to paint for Nyapaṟi's local community art centre, Tjungu Palya, after it was opened in 2006.
They often painted alongside one another, sharing creative ideas and travelling to their exhibitions together.
Eileen's daughter, Yaritja Stevens, was married to Tingima's son; and the two shared grandchildren.
As the success of their art increased, they became the main providers of income for their combined families.
Stevens had a short career of less than four years.
However, her art had immediate success.
Her early works – those before Tjungu Palya – were shown in group exhibitions in Melbourne, Adelaide, Sydney and Alice Springs.
Her first (and only) solo exhibition was held in October 2007, less than a year before her death.
The exhibition, called ": One Woman", was held at the Vivien Anderson Gallery in Melbourne.
Stevens died on 19 February 2008, at Ernabella.
Her funeral was held in Kaltjiti.
Her paintings continued to be featured in many other exhibitions alongside other Tjungu Palya artists, even after her death.
Stevens' work is held in the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the Art Gallery of Western Australia, and the National Gallery of Australia.
Stevens' art focused on her family's Dreaming (a kind of spirituality).
Makiri, where she was born, is a sacred place for Aṉangu women.
In her paintings, Stevens depicted the Dreaming associated with this place, the .
She also painted stories about Piltati, near her husband's birthplace, which is closely related to the Two Snake Men Dreaming ().
The paintings featured in her solo show in Melbourne were all related to this particular Dreaming.
Stevens' style was described as bold and dominating.
She was said to paint quickly, with a rich mixture of colours, and her paintings were done on large canvases.
A fen is one of the four main types of wetland, and is usually fed by mineral-rich surface water or groundwater.
Fens have neutral or alkaline water, with relatively high dissolved mineral levels but few other plant nutrients.
They are usually dominated by grasses and sedges, and typically have brown mosses in general including Scorpidium or Drepanocladus.p8 Fens often have a high diversity of other plant species including carnivorous plants such as Pinguicula.ch9 They may also occur along large lakes and rivers where seasonal changes in water level maintain wet soils with few woody plants.
The distribution of individual species of fen plants is often closely connected to water regimes and nutrient concentrations.
Fens have a characteristic set of plant species, which sometimes provide the best indicators of environmental conditions.
They are called "fen indicator species".
Fens are distinguished from bogs, which are acidic, low in minerals, and usually dominated by sedges and shrubs, with abundant Sphagnum mosses.p8
Fens have been damaged in the past by land drainage, and also by peat cutting.
Some are now being carefully restored with modern management methods.ch13 The principal challenges are to restore natural water flow regimes, to maintain the quality of water, and to prevent invasion by woody plants.
Armin van Buuren (born 25 December 1976) is a disc jockey from the Netherlands.
He is the number one ranked DJ.
He has won DJ Magazine's Top 100 DJs fan poll a record of 5 times.
He won it 4 years in a row (2007-2010) and again in 2012.
Since 2001, Van Buuren has hosted a weekly radio show called A State of Trance.
The program says about 25 million people in 26 countries listen to it each week.
This fact would make it one of the most listened-to radio programs in the world.
The Mindy Project is an American comedy television show on FOX.
It stars Mindy Kaling as Mindy Lahiri, a obstetrician-gynecologist  in New York City.
Soccer, also Slugger, Shiner, Phoebe, and Bear as Wishbone
Larry Brantley - Wishbone's voice
Jordan Wall - Joe Talbot
Adam Springfield - David Barnes
Christie Abbott - Samantha Kepler
Mary Chris Wall - Ellen Talbot
Angee Hughes - Wanda Gilmore
Justin Reese - Nathaniel Bobelesky
Adan Sanchez - Lee Natonabah/Dan Bloodgood
Rick Perkins - Mr. Bob Pruitt
Taylor Pope - Curtis
Academy of Television Arts & Sciences First Honor Roll of Children's Programming, 1999
George Foster Peabody Award, 1998
Emmy Award - Art Direction/Set Decoration/Scenic Design, 1997
Emmy Award - Costume Design/Styling, 1997
Emmy Award - Graphics and Title Design, 1997
Emmy Award - Costume Design/Styling, 1996
Emmy Award Nominations, 1998, "WISHBONE's Dog Days of the West"
Directing in a Children's Special
Art Direction/Set Decoration/Scenic Design
Costume Design/Styling
Television Critics Association - Best Children's Show, 1996 and 1997
World Wide Wishbone
A bog is a wetland where peat builds up.
Peat is layers of dead plant material—often mosses, in most cases, Sphagnum moss.
It is one of the four main types of wetlands.
Other names for bogs include mire, quagmire and muskeg.
Frequently, as the illustration on the right shows, they are covered in Ericaceous shrubs rooted in the Sphagnum moss and peat.
The gradual buildup of decayed plant material in a bog forms a carbon sink.
Bogs occur where the water at the ground surface is acidic and low in nutrients.
In some cases, the water is got entirely from precipitation, in which case they are (rain-fed).
Water flowing out of bogs has a characteristic brown colour, which comes from dissolved peat tannins.
In general the low fertility and cool climate results in relatively slow plant growth, but decay is even slower because of the saturated soil.
So, the amount of peat increases.
Large areas of landscape can be covered many meters deep in peat.
Bogs have a distinctive group of plant and animal species, and are of high importance for biodiversity, particularly in landscapes that are otherwise settled and farmed.
World's largest peat bog
The world's largest peat bog is in the Congo (Brazzaville).
It is as big as England.
The bog covers between 100,000 and 200,000 square kilometres (40,000 to 80,000 sq miles), with the peat layer reaching up to 7m (23) beneath the ground.
It holds billions of tonnes of partially decayed vegetation.
For example, for the set A, which only includes the ordered pair (1,1).
The relation is reflexive as 1=1.
This is a list of many of the different language editions of Wikipedia; as of August 2012, there are 285 Wikipedias.
For their number of articles, see the main list.
Wikipedia edition codes
Each Wikipedia has a code, which is used as a subdomain below wikipedia.org.
Interlanguage links are sorted by that code.
The table below lists the languages of Wikipedia roughly sorted by the number of active users (registered users who have made at least one edit in the last thirty days).
It is shown as the "power of ten" of the count of active users, also known as the common logarithm, rounded down to a whole number.
In this way, "5" means at least 105 (or 100,000), "4" means at least 104 (10,000), and so on.
Bot-created articles
Internet bots have created most of the articles on the following Wikipedias:
m:Help:How to start a new Wikipedia
m:List of Wikipedias
Jagannath Temple is a Hindu temple in the Pabna district of the Rajshahi Division of Bangladesh.
It is dedicated to the god Jagannath.
It is also known locally known as the Handial Mandir.
The temple was built between 1300 to 1400 CE.
The temple is famous for its terracotta sculptures, and has been described as one of the most beautiful Hindu temples in Northern Bangladesh.
The temple is incurring damage by high salinity from the soil it is built on.
Kal Bhairab Temple is a Hindu temple, dedicated to the god Shiva, in the Chittagong division of Bangladesh.
The temple is famous for the large linga.
It is supposed to be the largest in the world.
The goddess Kali is also worshipped there.
The temple dates back to the 19th century.
It was damaged by Pakistani soldiers during the Bangladesh Liberation War.
An androgen is a male sex hormone made by the testes.
Androgens control and stimulate development of male characteristics in vertebrates.
The main hormone is testosterone.
BeOS was an operating system made by Be Inc. and designed for multimedia and personal desktop use.
It made good use of multiprocessor technology.
Palm, Inc. bought Be Inc. in 2001 and new versions of BeOS were not made.
A coccus (plural of cocci) is a bacterium that is shaped like a sphere or circle.
Cocci are one of the three types of bacteria shapes.
The word coccus comes from the Greek word kokkos, or "berry".
Some examples of cocci are  Abiotrophia, Enterococcus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus.
Bacillus (one of the other two types of bacteria shapes)
Spirillum (the other shape of bacteria)
Spirillum (plural Spirilla) is any bacterium that is shaped like a spiral.
It is one of the three shapes of bacteria.
The other two are Coccus and Bacillus.
It can be said as Spiral Bacteria.
Spirillum is also the name of a genus of Gram-negative bacteria in the family Spirillaceae.
The two species in the Spirillum genus are Spirillum minus and Spirillum pulli.
The Great Chicago Fire was a large fire that started on Sunday October 8, 1871 in Chicago, Illinois, United States.
The fire started out as nine separated fires.
It burned until Tuesday October 10, 1871 when rain started to fall.
The fire destroyed  and $192,000,000 in property.
About 100,000 people were left homeless.
Three hundred people died.
Because of a large fire the night before, firefighters were too tired to quickly put out these fires.
No one is sure what caused the fire.
A legend says that it started when a cow knocked over a lantern in Catherine O'Leary's barn on De Koven Street.
The oldest structure left standing in the area where the fire burned is the Couch family tomb.
This stone tomb was built in 1858.
Not all of the city was destroyed.
Important places like the Stock Yards, where animals were slaughtered, were not damaged.
Neither was the railroad system.
Great Chicago Fire & the Web of Memory
The Loop or Chicago Loop is one of 77 officially designated community areas in the City of Chicago, Illinois, United States.
It is the historic commercial center of downtown Chicago.
It is the seat of government for Chicago and Cook County, as well as the historic theater and shopping district.
As established in social research done by the University of Chicago in the 1920s, the Loop is a defined community area of Chicago.
The name comes from the eleveated train tracks that form a loop.
Chicago's central business district community area is bounded on the west and north by the Chicago River, on the east by Lake Michigan, and on the south by Roosevelt Road.
But the commercial core has grown into adjacent community areas.
The community area includes Grant Park and one of the largest art museums in the United States, the Art Institute of Chicago.
Other major cultural institutions here include the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Lyric Opera of Chicago, the Goodman Theatre, the Joffrey Ballet, the Cloud Gate, the Willis Tower, the Chicago Board of Trade Building, the central public Harold Washington Library, and the Chicago Cultural Center.
In what is now the Loop Community Area, on the southern banks of the Chicago River, near today's Michigan Avenue Bridge, the U.S. Army erected Fort Dearborn in 1803.
It was the first settlement in the area sponsored by the United States.
Chicago Loop Alliance
Prairie District Neighborhood Alliance Website
City of Chicago Loop Community Map
Rand McNally 1893 Loop Sketches
Community areas of Chicago
Vermin Love Supreme (born June 1961) is an American politician, artist, anarchist, and activist who ran for president in 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, and 2020.
He made promises to give a pony to all Americans, to have a Zombie-Apocalypse, and to have time travel research.
He said the he will pass a law to order everyone to brush their teeth.
Supreme was born on June 1961 in Rockport, Massachusetts.
He was raised in Baltimore, Maryland and in Boston, Massachusetts.
Supreme studied at Gloucester High School.
Vermin Supreme  at Americans Elect
Biography at Project Vote Smart
Ngupulya Pumani (born 1948 in Mimili) is an Australian Aboriginal artist from Mimili, in the north-west of South Australia.
She is part of a well-known family of artists, who belong to the Yankunytjatjara community.
Her mother, Milatjari, and her sister, Betty Kuntiwa, are both successful painters.
Ngupulya has paintings held in the National Gallery of Victoria, and the Art Gallery of New South Wales.
Ngupulya began painting in 2009, for Mimili's community art co-operative, Mimili Maku.
She had been inspired to paint by her mother.
Her first major exhibition was later that year in Alice Springs, at the annual "Desert Mob" show.
Since then, her paintings have been exhibited in several cities around Australia, including twice at the Gallery Gabriella Pizzi in Melbourne.
Ngupulya's paintings depict scenes and concepts from her family's Dreaming.
Her mother's ngura (homeland) is Antara, and her father's is near Watarru.
Antara is a sacred place associated with the  (Witchetty Grub Dreaming), and Ngupulya most often paints stories from this Dreaming.
She uses pale, earthy colours in her backgrounds to depict the desert landscape, and this is contrasted with patterns of intense, bright dots and lines to represent symbols, figures and their journeys.
Many of her techniques were taken from her mother, but used more consistently with her own refinements.
The results have been compared to the early works of Emily Kngwarreye.
Ngupulya Pumani at Gallery Gabrielle Pizzi
Ngupulya Pumani  at Marshall Arts
Ngupulya Pumani at Aboriginal Signature Gallery
The meat ant (Iridomyrmex purpureus), also called the meat-eater ant, is a species of ant found all around Australia.
The ants are often used by farmers to clean the remaining meat off dead animals.
Foods have been smoked by humans throughout history.
At first this was done as a preservative.
Now the smoking of fish is generally done for the unique taste and flavour that comes from the smoking process.
The most common types of smoked fish in the US are salmon, mackerel, whitefish and trout.
A common name for cold-smoked salmon is lox.
In the Netherlands, commonly available varieties include both hot- and cold-smoked mackerel, herring and Baltic sprats.
Hot-smoked eel is a specialty in the Northern provinces.
English, Scottish and Canadian cuisine have a strongly brined, smoked herring that used to be known as "red herring".
Now it is called kippers.
Thandiani (meaning 'Very Cold') is a hill station, or resort  in the Galyat hill area of Abbottabad District, Hazara, Pakistan.
Thandiani was originally granted as a leasehold  to some members of the famous Battye family  in British India.
They were Christian missionaries and soldiers who fought in many famous military campiagns of the British Indian Army.
They gifted the location to the church authorities, where a Sanatorium and various other facilities were set up, mostly for the convenience of missionaries, Anglican church personnel and officers stationed at the neighbouring cantonment of Abbottabad.
It also contained some private European houses, a camping ground, a small bazaar, and the small seasonal church of St Xavier in the Wilderness (under the jurisdiction of St Luke's Church, Abbottabad) which were occupied only during the summers.
Thandiani is in the south of Abbottabad District at 34°13'60N 73°22'0E and is about 31 kilometres from Abbottabad city in the foothills of the Himalayas.
To the east beyond the Kunhar River lies the fabulous snow covered Pir Panjal Range of mountains of Kashmir.
The hills of Thandiani are about 9,000 feet above sea level.
Most of the people of residing here belong to the Qureshi, Gujar, and Karlal tribes.
Thandiani has excellent weather and lush greenery in the summer months, and snow-covered views and hills in the winter.
Many tourists from all over Pakistan visit here, especially in the summer season.
Forests and wildlife
The mountains around Thandiani are still quite thickly forested, compared to most other hill stations in the locality, which have suffered deforestation.
The local wildlife includes leopards, deer, monkeys, several kinds of pheasants, the marbled polecat and the increasingly rare flying squirrel and a species of pine marten.
Sahibzada Sir Abdul Qayyum Khan (1863 – December 1937) was a distinguished Pashtun educationist and politician of British India.
He is best known for establishing the famous  Islamia College, Peshawar, along the lines of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's policy of educating Muslims.
He also briefly remained Chief Minister of the NWFP province during 1936-1937.
The marbled polecat is found in grasslands from southeast Europe to Asia.
It is found in Russia, China, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, north-western Pakistan, northern India,  Mongolia and Kazakhstan.
Like other mustelines, if threatened it puts out a disgusting strong-smelling secretion from anal sacs under its tail.
Hasan Abdal is an historic town in Northern Punjab, Pakistan.
It is famous for the old Gurdwara Sri Panja Sahib shrine there, one of the most sacred places of Sikhism.
City of Hasan Abdal
Infrared spectroscopy (sometimes called Infrared spectrometry) is a physical analysis method that uses infrared light.
Typically, infrared spectroscopy uses a wavelength between 800nm and 1mm.
The method can be used for quantitative analyses of unknown substances, or of the structural properties of known substances.
Raman spectroscopy is another method that produces similar results.
The main method used in infrared spectroscopy today is Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which uses Fourier transforms.
Infrared vibrational spectroscopy can be used to identify molecules by listing their chemical bonds.
An IR spectrometer is a machine that shines infrared light from a set range of frequencies on a sample.
It measures which exact light frequencies are absorbed by the sample.
Chemical bonds in a molecule make molecular vibrations at frequencies that are characteristic of the bonds.
A group of atoms in a molecule may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole.
If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule, then it will absorb a photon which has the same frequency.
The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light.
Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from 4000–400 cm−1, the mid-infrared.
The spectrometer records all the frequencies of absorption in a sample.
This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm−1).
is a Japanese Shinto shrine in Shiso, Hyōgo on the island of Honshu.
Iwa jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of the old Harima Province.
It serves today as one of the ichinomiya of Hyōgo Prefecture.
Judah Maccabee was a Jewish patriot who led a Jewish rebellion (the Maccabees) against the Seleucid Empire.
Judah opposed the Seleucid Emperor's attempts to suppress traditional Jewish culture and make the Jewish people more Greek-like.
He liberated Jerusalem, removed Greek idols from the Temple, and rededicated the Temple to the Jewish God.
Judah died in combat, but the rebellion that he had led did not stop.
The rebellion's success led to the reestablishment of the kingdom of Judah.
Milatjari Pumani (born 1928) is an Aboriginal Australian artist from Mimili in South Australia.
She is perhaps the most well-known artist from this community, and the first to gain a significant level of success for the community's centre, Mimili Maku.
Her eldest daughter, Ngupulya, is also a successful painter.
Milatjari was born in 1928, in the bush in north-western South Australia.
She was born at Amuroona, on a cattle station between what are now the communities of Indulkana and Mimili.
When she was a young girl, her family encountered stockmen at a waterhole called Victory Well.
The family then moved to settle and work at the station, then called Everard Park.
Milatjari's father was Nyapi "King" Everard and her mother was Mantjangka Everard (Everard was the surname given to them).
Milatjari met her husband Sam Pumani in Mimili, and they had five children together: Ngupulya, Betty, Ken, Michael and Lewey.
Before artists began to paint at Mimili, Milatjari produced traditional pokerwork designs on wooden blocks.
She would teach her methods to younger workers.
She did not begin painting until 2008, when she was about 80 years old.
She painted for the community's art centre, Mimili Maku.
Her works from 2008 were featured in Alice Springs later that year, at the annual "Desert Mob" exhibition.
She was featured in the same exhibition again in 2009 and 2010, and on both occasions she was considered the most successful Mimili artist.
She had a solo exhibition in 2009, which was held in Adelaide.
In 2010 and 2011, she was chosen as a finalist for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award.
One of her paintings was bought by the Art Gallery of South Australia, and several others are held in the National Gallery of Victoria.
Milatjari paints the Maku Tjukurpa, which is the Dreaming (spirituality) associated with the land around Mimili.
Antara, close to Mimili, is a place represented in almost all her paintings.
It is her uncle's traditional country, and Milatjari's family would often go hunting and gathering food here when she was young.
She and her mother and sister would dig for witchetty grubs (maku) while her father and brothers went hunting.
Antara and Ngura Walytja (family's country) are common titles for her paintings.
Milatjari uses earthy colours on a dark background to depict the landscape of Antara.
She paints figures and stories from the Maku Tjukurpa using fields of dots.
Her style and technique has influenced those of many of Mimili Maku's younger artists, including her daughter Ngupulya and Tuppy Ngintja Goodwin.
Ismail Gulgee (commonly known as just Gulgee) (October 25, 1926 – December 16, 2007) was a Pakistani artist born in Peshawar.
He was a qualified engineer and a self-taught abstract artist and portrait painter.
Exhibitions of his work were held in many countries around the world, including the United Kingdom, United States, Iran, United Arab Emirates, France and other countries.
Deaths from asphyxiation
Nuruddin Muhammad Jahangir (birth name was Shahzada /Prince Salim or Selim)  (30 August 1569 – 28 October 1627 in Jodha bai) was the fourth Mughal Emperor from 1605 to 1627.
Jahangir was the eldest son of Emperor Akbar the Great.
He was married to Queen Nur Jahan ('Light of the World') and was much under her influence.
she handled court matters and coins were issued in her name.
He is especially well-known because of his memoirs, the Tuzk-i-Jahangiri (also called the Jahangir-name by some).
His eldest son was Shah Jahan.
Prince Khurram, future tatty Shah Jahan rebelled in the last years of his reign.
The efforts of Nur Jahan, Jahangir's wife, to marginalize him were unsuccessful.
In 1622, Jahangir sent his son Prince Khurram against the combined forces of Ahmednagar, Bijapur tatty Golconda.
After his tatty Khurram turned against his father and made a bid for power.
As with the insurrection of his eldest son Khusrau Mirza, Jahangir was able to defeat the challenge from within his family and retain power.
He died on his way back from Kashmir.
After his death, Nur Jahan isolated herself and never talked to anyone.
He has buried at Lahore city, now in Pakistan.
After his death, by his son and successor Shah Jahan came to power.
Shah Jahan killed his father for his desire to be the ruler of the world but couldn't succeed, still military campaigns started by Akbar continued.
He was also famous for the Chain Of Justice
1569   births
Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram (5 January 1592  – 22 January 1666) better known by his regnal name Shah Jahan Persian: "King of the World" was Mughal emperor in India from 1628 until 1658.
He was the fifth ruler of the Mughal dynasty.
The period of his reign is considered as the golden age of Mughal art and architecture.
Shah Jahan is best known for erecting many splendid monuments, the most famous of which in all the world, is the Taj Mahal at Agra, built in 1632–1648 as a tomb for his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal.
Akbarabadi Mahal, Kandahari Mahal, (most beloved wife) Mumtaz Mahal, Hasina Begum Sahiba, Muti Begum Sahiba, Qudsia Begum Sahiba, Fatehpuri Mahal Sahiba, Sarhindi Begum Sahiba and Shrimati Manbhavathi Baiji Lal Sahiba were the wives of Shah Jahan.
Shah Jahan killed Mumtaz's husband to marry her.
Mumtaz died during her 14th delivery.
After her death, Shah Jahan married Mumtaz's sister.
Shah Jahan (also known as Prince Khurram)  was born on 5 January  bilal rehman
1592 in Lahore, Pakistan, and was the third son of Prince Salim (later known as 'Jahangir' upon his accession).
His mother was a Rajput princess from Marwar called the  Princess Jagat Gosaini (her official name in Mughal chronicles was Bilqis Makani).
The name "Khurram" (joyous) was chosen for the young prince by his grandfather, Emperor Akbar, with whom the young prince was close in relation.
Just prior to Shah Jahan's birth, a soothsayer had reportedly predicted to the childless Empress Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, Akbar's first wife and chief consort, that the still unborn child was destined for imperial greatness.
So, when Shah Jahan  was born in 1592 and was only six days old, Akbar ordered that the prince be taken away from his mother and handed him over to Ruqaiya so that he could grow up under her care, and Akbar could fulfill his wife's wish to raise a Mughal emperor.
Ruqaiya assumed the primary responsibility for Shah Jahan's upbringing and he grew up under her care.
The two shared a close relationship with each other as Salim noted in his memoirs that Ruqaiya had loved his son  [Shah Jahan ], "a thousand times more than if he had been her own [son]."
Shah Jahan remained with her [Ruqaiya] until he had turned almost 14.
After Akbar's death in 1605, the young prince [Khurram] was allowed to return to his father's household, and thus, be closer to his biological mother.
As a child, Shah Jahan received a broad education befitting his status as a Mughal prince, which included martial training and exposure to a wide variety of cultural arts, such as poetry and music, most of which was inculcated, according to court chroniclers, by Akbar and Ruqaiya.
In 1605, as Akbar lay on his deathbed,Shah Jahan, who at this point was 13, remained by his bedside and refused to move even after his mother tried to retrieve him.
Given the politically uncertain times immediately preceding Akbar's death, Shah Jahan was in a fair amount of physical danger of harm by political opponents of his father, and his conduct at this time can be understood as a precursor to the bravery that he would later be known for,he was also well known for his intelligent brain and creative ideas.
Governorship
Religious attitude
Upon his accession, he adopted new policies which reversed Akbar's treatment of non-Muslims.
In 1633, his sixth regnal year, Shah Jahan began to impose his interpretation of Sharia provisions against construction or repair of churches and temples and subsequently ordered the demolitions of newly built Hindu temples.
He celebrated Islamic festivals with great pomp and grandeur and with an enthusiasm unfamiliar to his predecessors.
Long-dormant royal interest in the Holy Cities was also revived during his reign.
Shah Dara or Shahdara or Shahdara Bagh (Urdu: شاہدره), is a suburb of Lahore, Pakistan.
It is near the Ravi River.
The area is famous for two historic Mughal architectural sites.
These are the Mughal gardens and the Tomb of Jahangir, the Mughal Emperor and his wife Nur Jahan.
Shah Dara also has other tombs and gardens from medieval times.
Settlements in Pakistan
Shakir Ali (1916 – 1975) was a famous modern Pakistani artist and art teacher.
He was the principal of the National College of Arts in Lahore, Pakistan, from 1962 onwards for a long time and did much to develop and modernise this institution.
He had a huge following of students, many of whom also later became well-known artists in Pakistan.
Before he died, Shakir Ali donated many of his own paintings and artworks to a private, non-profit trust for a museum to be established.
The Shakir Ali Museum was established by the Pakistan National Council of the Arts (PNCA) after Shakir Ali died in 1975.
The PNCA decided on a plan of buying the house of teacher and painter Shakir Ali, and of converting into a museum.
The museum is in Lahore.
It is a fine museum with a good art collection and is a very useful learning site for art students and teachers.
PNCA is in charge of the museums exhibitions and programs and the day-to-day management.
Posthumous tribute to Ten Great Painters by Pakistan Post
Pakistani educators
The title 'Sher Khan' was impressed upon him after he wins against a lion while serving under Afghan noble Bahar Khan Lohani.
Farid Khan was a talented and fearless soldier.
His father Hasan Khan Sur was a jagirdar under Bahar Khan Lohani, a noble who served under the ruler of Delhi.
Sher khan succeeded his father to become the Jagirdar and soon, rebels and successfully overthrows the Mughal Empire Emperor Humayun in 1540.
He ruled
until his death in 1545 when he died in a gunpowder explosion.
He left a strong empire to his son Islam Shah, who ruled for nine years and was succeeded by his son Feroz Khan who was murdered.
His son and followers could not keep for long the control of the kingdom and in 1555 the Mughal prince Humayun recaptures the territory and reinstates himself as Emperor after defeating Islam Shah this ending the Suri dynasty.
Military Campaigns
Sher Shah Suri defeated the Mughal ruler Humayun twice and captured Delhi.
Soon after becoming king Sher Shah Suri raised a large army and captured Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal.
Sher Shah was a good general and administrator.
He introduced a new currency, a silver coin known as 'Rupia'.
He reduced custom duties and built an excellent connection of roads, including Grand Trunk Road in Bihar, which was 1,600 miles (2500 Kilometers) long.
Sher Shah was a secular ruler who practised tolerance and welfare.
The Khattak (not to be confused with the Punjabi Khattars) are a tribe of Pashtuns of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan.
They are a large tribe, and spread out over various places from Akora Khattak, on the banks of the Indus River, to Malakand District and Karak District of the above province.
Khushal Khan Khattak (1613–1689), was a famous Pashtun poet, warrior and tribal chieftain of the Khattak tribe of Pashtuns.
He lived at Akora Khattak, a village on the Indus River, in India under the Mughal Empire.
He wrote many Pashto language poems during the 17th century.
Some of his poetry is of a Romantic type but most is nationalistic, advising the various Pashtun tribes to unite as one nation against the Mughals.
1613 births
Kulgam () is unit part of Anantnag District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Bethesda Softworks is an American video-games company.