the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The Mahamuni Buddha Temple is one of the most important Buddhist temples.
It has an important Buddha statue.
The statue was made during the life of the Gautama Buddha.
The Gauthama Buddha hugged the statue seven times.
This caused the statue to come to life.
Buddhists believe that the statue is alive because of this.
They call it the Mahamuni Sacred Living Image.
This makes the Mahamuni Temple the most holy pagoda in Mandalay.
The temple was built by King Bodawpaya in 1784.
The Buddha is sitting.
Near the bottom of Mandalay Hill is the Kyauktawgyi Pagoda.
It was built by King Mindon from 1853 to 1878.
It was carved out of one big block of marble.
Around it are 80 arahants.
The Yadanabon Zoological Garden is a small zoo in Mandalay.
It is in between the palace and Mandalay Hill.
It is the only zoo in the world that has Burmese roofed turtles.
The Shwenandaw Monastery (, ; lit. "
Golden Palace Monastery") is an important Buddhist monastery.
It was built by King Thibaw Min in 1880.
It is made from teak, a kind of wood.
Inside of it are many carvings on the walls and roofs.
The carvings show Buddhist myths.
In 2007, the United Nations (UN) guessed that there were about 1 million people living in Mandalay.
In 2014, the Myanmar government counted all of the people in the country for a census.
They found that there were 1,225,133 people living in Mandalay then.
The UN thinks that there will be 1.5 million people in Mandalay in 2025.
Mandalay has always been an important city for the Bamar people.
Most of the people who have lived in Mandalay are Burman people.
Lots of Chinese people have been moving to Mandalay.
The Chinese have been coming for the past 20 years.
Now there are more Chinese people than Burman people in Mandalay.
Today, 40-50% of the people in Mandalay are Chinese.
About 30% of Mandalay's people are Yunnanese.
The rest of the people in Mandalay are probably Burman.
There are also a lot of Burmese Indians in Mandalay. (
These are Indian people who live in Myanmar.)
People in Mandalay speak the Burmese language.
A lot of people also speak the Standard Chinese language.
The Chinese language is used a lot in markets like Zegyo Market.
People who have a lot of money and education also speak the English language.
Mandalay is in the country of Myanmar.
It is by the side of the Irrawaddy river.
Its coordinates are 21.98° North, 96.08° East.
It is in the same time zone as the rest of Mandalay: Myanmar Standard Time (MST), UTC+6:30.
Mandalay is on a tectonic fault.
This means that there are two tectonic plates that come together underneath the city. (
A tectonic plate is a big piece of earth.)
The tectonic fault underneath Mandalay is called the Sagaing Fault.
It is where the India Plate and the Sunda Plate meet.
A lot of earthquakes happen on tectonic faults.
The biggest earthquake in Mandalay happened in 1956.
That one was a magnitude 7 earthquake.
That earthquake did a lot more damage to the city of Sagaing, which is nearby.
It is now called the "Great Sagaing Quake."
Mandalay has a tropical savanna climate.
This means that the city has a wet season and a dry season.
There is a lot of rain during the wet season.
There is very little rain during the dry season.
The wet season is from May to October.
The dry season is from November to April.
The coldest month is January.
The average temperature is .
Then, the average temperature is .
It is very hot in April and May.
Most days it is hotter than .
Some days it is hotter than .
The hottest temperature ever in Mandalay was .
The coldest temperature ever was .
Mandalay in writing
There are some important books and poems that talk about Mandalay.
Some of these are famous.
Rudyard Kipling wrote a poem called "Mandalay."
He wrote it in 1890.
This poem has a famous saying in it: "on the road to Mandalay."
In 1907, Oley Speaks wrote a song using the words of the poem.
He called the song "On the Road to Mandalay."
The song is very famous.
Frank Sinatra sang the song and called it Come Fly with Me.
George Orwell wrote a novel called Burmese Days.
He wrote it in 1934.
Orwell was part of the Indian Imperial Police.
He was stationed in Mandalay.
The novel is about his experiences (what he did and saw.)
He also wrote some non-fiction essays and short stories.
Some of these are "A Hanging" (1931) and "Shooting an Elephant" (1936).
Cirebon, Indonesia
Phnom Penh, Cambodia
An Act of Congress is a statute enacted by the United States Congress according to the powers granted to it by the Constitution of the United States.
The term can be used in other countries with a legislature called a "Congress," such as the Congress of the Philippines.
But most often the term is associated with the United States Congress.
In the US, there are several steps from a bill or resolution becoming a law.
It must first be passed by a majority of both of the houses of Congress.
Then the bill or resolution is sent to get signed by the President.
It becomes an Act of Congress by either the president's signature or, if the President does not return the bill or resolution within ten days.
US Constitution, Section 7
Senators and Representatives create thousands of written proposals each year for new laws.
Called bills, only a few few ever make it all the way through the process to become a law.
The Constitution requires only three steps: passing the House, passing the Senate and approval by the President.
The actual process has become much more complicated.
A bill may be proposed by anyone but only a member of Congress, called the bill's sponsor, may introduce them on the floor of one of the houses of Congress.
A bill may be introduced in both the Senate and House at the same time.
In theory, this saves time over sending it though one house, then the other.
In each house of Congress, a bill is sent to a committee.
A committee studies the bill and recommends changes.
If a committee does nothing, the bill is considered "dead".
A committee may also add other unrelated provisions to a bill called amendments.
Committees usually divide themselves into smaller groups called subcommittees.
The bill's sponsors then try to convince the subcommittees to approve the bill.
They do this through hearings.
If the bill passes through a committee it is sent to the floor for debate and a vote.
A bill may either be passed by be defeated.
If passed, it is sent to the other house of Congress to follow the same procedures.
In addition to bills, Congress also passes Acts of Congress called resolutions.
There are three kinds: simple resolutions, joint resolutions and concurrent resolutions.
Simple resolutions
These are resolutions concerning the operation of either house of Congress.
They are not sent to the President for his approval.
Resolutions by the House of Representatives which affect that house are designated "H.Res."
followed by a number.
Simple resolutions in the Senate are designated "S. Res."
Joint resolutions
A joint resolution may start either in the House or Senate.
They are essentially the same as a bill.
The only difference is a joint resolution that proposes an amendment to the US Constitution.
They require a two-thirds majority vote in each house.
Like a simple resolution, they are not sent to the President for his signature.
They become effective when they are ratified by three-quarters of the states.
A joint resolution that began in the House of Representatives is designated "H.J.Res."
followed by the number.
A joint resolution started in the Senate is designated "S.J.Res.",
Joint resolutions become law the same as bills.
Concurrent resolutions
Concurrent resolutions start with either "S.Con.
Res." (
Senate) or "H.Con.
House).
They are numbered consecutively as they are introduced.
Concurrent resolutions are those that affect the operations of both the House and Senate.
They can also be used to create a temporary joint committee.
Concurrent resolutions are not sent to the president for his signature and do not have the force of law.
First Act of Congress, March 4, 1789
The First Congressional Override of a Presidential Veto, March 3, 1845
Jeffrey "Jeff" P. Weaver (born 1966) is an American political adviser.
He was the campaign manager for the Bernie Sanders presidential campaign in 2016.
Weaver served as the campaign manager during Bernie Sanders' successful Senate run in 2006.
Weaver also served as chief of staff in Sanders’ House and Senate offices.
Weaver was born in St. Albans, Vermont.
He studied at Boston University, the University of Vermont, and Georgetown University.
Asta Nielsen  (11 September 1881 – 24 May 1972) was a Danish silent movie actress.
She was very popular in the 1910s.
She was one of the first international movie stars.
Nielsen was in 74 movies.
70 were in Germany where she was known simply as Die Asta (The Asta).
She had large dark eyes, a face like a mask and a figure like a boy.
Nielsen most often played strong and passionate women trapped by tragic lives.
Her performances were erotic so Nielsen's movies were heavily censored in the United States.
Therefore, she was not very famous there.
Nielsen started her own movie studio in Berlin in the 1920s.
She went back to Denmark in 1937 after Nazism became a problem.
Later in life, Nielsen became a collage artist and an author.
Francis Lee Bailey Jr., commonly referred to as F. Lee Bailey, (June 10, 1933 – June 3, 2021) was an American criminal-defense lawyer.
Bailey was born in Waltham, Massachusetts.
He worked in Massachusetts and Florida.
Bailey represented Doctor Sam Sheppard on appeal after Sheppard was convicted of murdering his wife.
Bailey managed to get Sheppard a retrial, in which Bailey was successful in getting Sheppard acquitted.
Bailey was the lead lawyer in successfully defending Captain Ernest Medina in the court martial for the My Lai Massacre.
Bailey, along with others, successfully defended O. J. Simpson in the trial where Simpson was accused of murdering his ex-wife, Nicole Brown.
Stuffed animal fetishism (or plushophilia) is a sexual attraction to stuffed animals.
People who have this fetish are sometimes called plushies.
People who have a stuffed animal fetish are sometimes thought of as furries.
Albert Einstein Square  (, Kikar Albert Einstein) is a public square in Jerusalem, Israel.
it is located in the entrance of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities at the Talbiya neighborhood in Jerusalem.
Albert Einstein visited Palestine in 1923 for 12 days.
He gave the first lecture at the Mount Scopus campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Einstein was in favor of the Hebrew University, as well as Zionism and education in general.
This is the reason the square is named for him.
Also, a statue of Einstein is nearby in the gardens of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.
Ratified on February 3, 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment (Amendment XVI) to the United States Constitution allows the Congress to impose a  federal income tax.
This allows the federal government to collect a tax on personal income, no matter where that income came from.
The Sixteenth Amendment overturned the 1895 Supreme Court landmark decision in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. In Pollock, the Court ruled that a 2 percent tax on incomes over $4,000 was unconstitutional.
This was because the law the ruling struck down did not allow for apportionment, the court ruled against it.
The Sixteenth Amendment allowed Congress to levy a uniform direct income tax without being subject to apportionment.
When the framers of the Constitution were determining how the new government would be funded, they were trying to avoid a tax based on a person's income.
In the Constitution, Article one, Sections 2 and 9 created the "rule of apportionment".
On a practical basis this required Congress to tax the states based on each state's population instead of a tax on each person's income or property.
For example, if a state made up four percent of the total population, they would be required to pay four percent of the total federal tax.
The framers of the Constitution expected direct taxes to be used and defined the term broadly.
However, they did not see that apportionment would cripple any attempt to collect direct taxes.
Before 1913, the bulk of federal revenues came from indirect taxes on goods.
These include tariffs on goods imported into the country.
They also included excise taxes on items like whiskey.
Income taxes were not new in 1913.
Congress had passed the Revenue Act of 1861 during the Civil War to help pay for the war.
Ten years later it was allowed to lapse.
The Confederate States of America also had an income tax.
Starting in 1863, the tax exempted the first $1,000 and charged a 1% tax on the first $1,500 over the exemption.
A 2% tax was levied on all income over that amount.
In 1894, Congress passed the Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act which included a flat rate federal income tax of 2 percent.
A year later, the Supreme Court handed down their decision in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.. They ruled the tax unconstitutional because it was a direct tax and not apportioned to the population of each state.
A constitutional income tax
After a debate on the floor of the House lasting five hours, the bill was passed 314-14 (1 vote as "present" and 55 not voting).
It was then sent to the state legislatures for ratification.
The amendment gave Congress the power to apply a direct tax, based on people's incomes, and not subject to the apportionment rule.
Effects of the Sixteenth Amendment
The largest and most direct effect of the passage of the Sixteenth Amendment was it shifted power from the states to the national government.
States had income taxes before the national government did.
This kept the national government weaker due to having less revenue than the states.
Without the Sixteenth Amendment, the national  government would find it far more difficult to extend its military power to other parts of the world.
Def Jam Vendetta is a 2003 professional wrestling video game published by Electronic Arts and developed by AKI Corporation and EA Canada.
It was released for the PlayStation 2 and Nintendo GameCube.
Def Jam Vendetta was released on March 31, 2003 in North America, May 23, 2003 in PAL regions, and on August 21, 2003 in Japan.
It featured hip hop musicians from the Def Jam Records label as fighters.
The engine for the game was first designed for a sequel to EA's WCW Mayhem, but EA lost their WCW license when WCW was bought by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 2001.
IGN rated the game a 8.9 out of 10.
Jon Robinson of IGN said that the multiplayer was "smooth" and "slick".
GameSpot rated the game 8.4 out of 10.
Alex Navarro of GameSpot said "As a wrestling game, Def Jam Vendetta manages to succeed on most every level, providing surprisingly deep gameplay, quality graphics and sound, and a distinctive atmosphere".
Hassan 'Abd Allah al-Turabi (c.1932 – 5 March 2016) was a Sudanese religious and Islamist political leader in Sudan.
He has been called "one of the most important figures in modern Sudanese politics".
He was born in Kassala, Sudan.
Al-Turabi was leader of what was called the National Islamic Front (NIF).
He served as Speaker of the National Assembly serving from 1996 through 1999.
He later served as Secretary General of the Popular Congress Party from 1999 until his death in 2016.
Al-Turabi died in Khartoum, Sudan on 5 March 2016.
Berta Isabel Cáceres Flores (4 March 1971, 1972, or 1973 – 2 March 2016) was a Honduran environmental activist and indigenous leader of the Lenca people.
She was co-founder and coordinator of the Council of Popular and Indigenous Organizations of Honduras (COPINH).
She won the Goldman Environmental Prize in 2015.
Cáceres was killed in her home in La Esperanza, Honduras.
She was killed by armed intruders, after years of threats against her life.
A spaghetti strap is a support for clothing with  very thin straps.
It is often used for garments such as swimwear, camisoles, crop tops, bras, cocktail dresses, and evening gowns.
Alcohol by volume  (often shortened to ABV)  tells how much ethanol there is in an alcoholic drink.
The quantity is measured at a temperature  of .
Common levels of alcohol are 3-5 percent for cider, 4-7 percent for beer, and 12-14 percent for wine.
Distilled alcoholic drinks ( called spirits)  contain more than twenty percent ethanol.
Other ways of measuring alcohol content
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1777-1850) and Johann Georg Tralles (1763-1822) developed other means of measuring alcohol content.
These units are usually measured in degrees, noted °GL, or °GT.
The scale Gay-Lussac developed is almost equal to the ABV scale described above.
There may be slight different, because Gay-Lussac measured the alcohol content at 15° centigrade, and not 20°.
Yakutia Airlines ("Авиакомпания Якутия") is a Russian airline.
It started in 1992 with the name "Sakha Avia".
In 2002, the name was changed to "Yakutia Airlines".
Today, Yakutia goes from Russia to Asia, Europe and the USA.
Barren island is in the Andaman and Nicobar group of islands.
India's only active volcano is there.
Hanalei is a census-designated place in Kauai County, Hawaii, United States.
The population was 450 at the 2010 census.
Hanalei means "lei making" in Hawaiian.
Hanalei also means "crescent bay," coming from the shape of Hanalei Bay.
According to the United States Census Bureau, Hanalei has a total area of 0.8 square miles (2.1 km2), of which 0.6 square miles (1.6 km2) is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2) is water.
The total area is 20.73% water.
Imperial Russia
People from the Russian Empire lived here in the 19th century.
In 1815 the German physician Georg Anton Schäffer, who worked with the Russian-American Company, came to Hanalei to get goods taken by Kaumualii.
Schäffer got involved in Hawaiian politics and heard of Kaumualiʻi's plan to take back his kingdom of Kauai from Kamehameha I with the help of the Russian Empire.
Kaumualiʻi later signed a "treaty" granting Tsar Alexander I protectorate over Kauai.
An area near Hanalei used to be part of Russian America.
At the 2000 census, there were 478 people, 193 households and 115 families residing in Hanalei.
The population density was 736.7 per square mile (283.9/km²).
The racial makeup of the CDP was 57% White, 18% Asian, 3% Pacific Islander, <1% from other races, and 21% from two or more races.
Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.81% of the population.
The median household income was $34,375, and the median family income was $55,750.
About 22% of families and 25% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33% of those under the age of 18 and none of those 65 and older.
In probability and statistics, a probability density function is a function that characterizes any continuous probability distribution.
For a random variable X, the probability density function of X is sometimes written as .
The integral of the probability density function in the interval  yields the probability that a given random variable with the given density is contained in the interval provided.
By definition, the probability density function is non-negative throughout its domain, on which the integral sums up to 1.
Probability density versus probability mass function
The probability mass function is to a discrete probability distribution what the probability density function is to a continuous probability distribution.
The probability density function is necessary to be able to work with continuous distributions.
A random variable with a continuous probability distribution can take on any value within that distribution.
Casting a dice will give the numbers 1 to 6, with a probability of , but this is not a continuous function, as only the numbers 1 to 6 are possible.
In contrast, two people will not have the same height or the same weight.
Using a probability density function, it is possible to determine the probability for people between  and , or between  and , even though there are infinitely many values between these two bounds.
A model airplane is a small sized Unmanned Aerial Vehicle.
It may be a replica of an existing airplane or an imaginary aircraft.
Model aircraft are generally divided into two basic types, flying and non-flying.
Non-flying models are also called static, display, or shelf models.
Flying models range from simple toy gliders to powered scale models.
Some can be very large, especially when used to simulate the conditions of a real flight.
Static models range from mass-produced toys to highly accurate models used for museum display.
Aircraft manufacturers and researchers use wind tunnel models.
They are used for testing new designs and development of new ones.
Sometimes only part of the aircraft is modeled.
Heidi Suzanne Cruz (née Nelson;born on August 7, 1972) is an American investment manager at Goldman Sachs.
She is the spouse of Republican Texas senator and 2016 U.S. presidential candidate Ted Cruz.
Heidi Suzanne Cruz was born on August 7, 1972 in San Luis Obispo, California, and grew up in a Seventh-day Adventist family.
Cruz's political interest developed when she traveled to Washington with her parents at age 8, and grew when she was age 12 and read an issue of Time magazine concerning the 1984 presidential election.
She graduated with a B.A. in Economics and International Relations from Claremont McKenna College in 1994.
She was active in Claremont McKenna's Republican group, but was asked to resign after spying on Bill Clinton's campaign for reelection.
In 1995, she received a Masters of European Business from Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management in Brussels, Belgium and in 2000, she graduated with a M.B.A. from Harvard Business School.
Heidi married Ted Cruz on May 27, 2001.
Heidi met Ted Cruz while the two were working together on George W. Bush's 2000 presidential campaign.
In April 2008, Cruz gave birth to her first child, Caroline Camille Cruz.
Her second daughter, Catherine Christiane Cruz, was born in 2011.
In 2003, she worked for the Bush administration on economic policy, eventually becoming the director for the Western Hemisphere on the National Security Council under National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice in 2003.
She left Washington DC in 2004 to support Ted Cruz's run for elective office in Texas.
Ted Cruz said that the decision for him to run for president was difficult for his wife, because she was busy with her business career and raising their 2 children.
She changed her mind after listening to a CD from her sister-in-law.
Cruz was there the day her husband announced his run for president in March 2015.
When Ted Cruz was criticized for not being born in the United States and running for president, Heidi defended Cruz by saying that the questioning showed that Ted Cruz was winning and his opponents wanted to defame him as a result.
Aki Kaurismäki  (born 4 April 1957 Orimattila, Finland) is a movie director and a screenwriter from Finland.
In his movies he shows understanding of people who are not very successful in life.
He writes in the style of black comedy.
Kaurismäki made his first movie in 1983.
It was based on Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoyevsky.
The Man Without a Past won the Grand Prix award in the  Cannes Film Festival in 2002.
It was also an Academy Award nominee for best foreign language movie.
The plot is about a man who lost his memory, but gets help from many people whom he meets.
Other Kaurismäki movies include Leningrad Cowboys Go America (1989), about a rock and roll band, and Drifting Clouds (1996) about how an unemployed couple manages in life.
Aki Kaurismäki by Orimattila Town Library.
Aki Kaurismaki on Eurochannel with A Film and Its Era: Le Havre
Finnish movie producers
Finnish screenwriters
Aleksis Kivi , born Alexis Stenvall, (10 October 1834 – 31 December 1872) was a Finnish writer.
He wrote plays and poems and the first significant novel in the Finnish language, Seven Brothers (Finnish title: Seitsemän veljestä).
He is considered one of the greatest authors in Finland.
Kivi lived in time when all educated people in Finland spoke Swedish.
He was the first professional writer who published his works in Finnish.
Kivi, Mikael Agricola and Elias Lönnrot are regarded fathers of a national literature in Finnish.
Mani Raman (1 January 1971 – 6 March 2016), commonly referred to by his stage name Kalabhavan Mani, was an Indian movie actor and singer.
Mani started his career as a mimicry artist with the Kalabhavan troupe.
Mani was in over 200 movies.
He was known for his character and villain roles.
He won the National Film Award and Kerala State Film Award in 1999 for his role as Ramu in Vasanthiyum Lakshmiyum Pinne Njaanum.
He also acted in many Tamil films starring villain role.
Mani died in Kochi, Kerala on 6 March 2016.
Mani was aged 45.
Raymond Samuel Tomlinson (April 23, 1941 – March 5, 2016) was an American programmer.
He created the first email system on the ARPANET system in 1971.
He used the @ sign to separate the user from their machine, which has been used in email addresses ever since.
He was added into the Internet Hall of Fame.
He was born in Amsterdam, New York.
Tomlinson died of a heart attack in Lincoln, Massachusetts.
Albert Gustaf Aristides Edelfelt (21 July 1854 – 18 August 1905) was a Finnish painter.
He painted a lot of history subjects and portraits.
Edelfelt studied and exhibited in Paris.
He was invited to paint portraits of many famous people abroad.
This way culture of Finland became famous many years before the country became independent.
Edelfelt was above all a painter, but he also worked as a graphic artist and illustrator.
His famous works include the illustrations for Johan Ludvig Runeberg's  partiotic collection of poems, the 'Ensign Stål' stories (1894 - 1900).
Reinhold Richard "Reince" Priebus ( ; born March 18, 1972) is an American attorney and politician.
He was the 27th White House Chief of Staff from January 20, 2017 through July 31, 2017.
He has been the chairman of the Republican National Committee (RNC) from January 20, 2011 to January 20, 2017.
On November 13, 2016, President-elect of the United States Donald Trump announced that Priebus would serve as his White House Chief of Staff.
Since the position does not need a full senate confirmation vote, Priebus became Chief of Staff on January 20, 2017.
Priebus was born in Dover, New Jersey.
He was raised in Netcong, New Jersey and in Wisconsin.
Priebus studied at the University of Wisconsin, Whitewater and at the University of Miami.
Chair of the Republican National Committee (2011–2017)
On December 5, 2010, Priebus stepped down as general counsel for the Republican National Committee (RNC).
The next day he sent a letter to all 168 voting members of the RNC announcing his candidacy for chairman.
On January 14, 2011, after seven rounds of voting, Priebus was elected chairman of the Republican National Committee.
In December 2015, Priebus publicly criticized then Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump's proposal to temporarily suspend Muslim immigration in response to terrorist attacks. "
I don't agree", Priebus told The Washington Examiner.
White House Chief of Staff (2017)
Possible 2022 gubernatorial campaign
In 1999, Priebus married Sally L. Sherrow, whom he met in church when they were teenagers.
Priebus is a Greek Orthodox Christian.
File at PolitiFact Wisconsin
The Finnhorse or Finnish Horse  is a horse breed developed in Finland.
The Finnhorse is the national horse breed of Finland.
It is suitable both for riding and to pull vehicles in races and as a workhorse.
Studbook of Finnhorses was founded 1907.
The horse is 156 cm high.
It has many colours, but the main colours are brown and black.
The Finnhorse has often white markings on the face and the legs.
Kenneth Merwin Curtis (born February 8, 1931) is an American lawyer and former politician.
He was born in Leeds, Maine.
Curtis, a member of the Democratic Party.
He was the Secretary of State of Maine serving from 1965–1966.
He became the 68th Governor in 1967.
He held that office until 1975.
Curtis served as chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1977 to 1978.
He was the Ambassador to Canada from 1979 to 1981.
Curtis now lives in Florida.
He is a superdelegate.
curtisthaxter.com  Kenneth Curtis biography
An excise or excise tax is an indirect tax charged on certain goods.
As an indirect tax, they are charged by the producer or the merchant who then has to pay the government.
For the same reason they are also not considered a sales tax.
Excise taxes are commonly part of the retail price of a product such as gasoline, alcohol or cigarettes.
Excise taxes may be charged by both state and federal governments.
Excise vs sales tax
Excise taxes are different from sales tax in two important ways.
First, excise is charged only on specific goods.
Sales tax can apply to most things a person might buy although certain jurisdictions may exempt food or clothing.
Excise taxes are usually applied to luxury goods or products linked to health issues such as tanning salons or cigarettes.
Secondly, sales tax is charged as a percentage of the purchase price.
An excise tax is usually a fixed amount added to the price.
It can be hard to tell how much excise tax a person pays because it is part of the purchase price.
Sales tax is added to the price and is usually shown on the receipt.
US excise taxes
In the United States, excise taxes make up about 4 percent of all federal revenues.
This is lower than many other countries.
The Constitution refers to excise tax as an indirect tax.
Some states in the United States have different names for excise taxes.
For example, in the state of Massachusetts the excise tax charged on automobiles is called an "ad valorem tax".
Difference Between Tax and Duty
Seven ways Americans pay taxes
changed the method by which United States Senators were elected.
For the first 125 years Article 1, section 3 of the Constitution required US Senators to be elected by the state legislatures.
A number of problems in the United States Senate created the need to change how Senators were elected from indirect to direct elections by the people of the United States.
When the Constitution was adopted in 1788, Senators were to be elected by the state legislatures.
This remained in effect for 125 years.
By the late 19th century it became clear there were many problems with this procedure.
In addition to long vacancies that lasted for months and even years, political machines had gained control over state legislatures.
This corrupted the process and the Senate was seen as a "millionaire's club" who served private interests instead of the people.
Beginning in the 1890s, the House of Representatives passed several resolutions for a constitutional amendment which proposed Senators be elected by direct election.
The Senate refused to even take a vote on these proposals.
At this point, many states changed their strategy.
Article Five of the United States Constitution offers two methods for amending the Constitution.
In addition to the common method of a two-thirds vote by both houses of Congress, was another method.
It stated that if two-thirds of the state legislatures apply for one, Congress must call a constitutional convention.
The method had not been used before.
When it appeared two-thirds of the states wanted the change, Congress acted.
Joint resolution 39 was passed by the House of Representatives in 1911 proposing a constitutional amendment to directly elect US Senators.
The Senate accepted the resolution but since it included a change, it went back to the House.
The amended Joint resolution was sent to the states for ratification a year later.
The required three-quarters of the states ratified the amendment and the Seventeenth Amendment became official on April 8, 1913.
Clause 1
The people of the United States are to elect two Senators from each state, for six years.
Each Senator will have one vote in the Senate.
There are 100 Senators and 100 votes. "
The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures" means that anyone who can vote in a state election in their state, may also vote for a Senator.
In the archaic language of the Constitution this was written in such a way to allow for states having different qualifications for persons eligible to vote for their Senator.
Clause 2
The vacancies clause.
Previously, when vacancies occurred, several state legislatures were not able to agree on who would fill the position.
Before the Seventeenth Amendment, vacancies could last for months and even years in some cases.
Under the Seventeenth Amendment, if a Senator dies or has to leave office, his state governor may appoint a temporary Senator until a special election can be held.
Clause 3
This is a simple addition to prevent the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment from interrupting the election or term of any Senator chosen before the amendment was passed.
The United States Senate elections, 1914 were the first nationwide popular elections for Senators.
A Century Later: The Adoption of the 17th Amendment on Direct Election of Senators
Thanks To The 17Th Amendment, Every Vote Will Count In Undecided Senate Races
Resolution (debate), the statement which is debated in policy debate
Resolution (law), a written motion adopted by a deliberative body
Resolution (logic), a rule of inference used for automated theorem proving
Resolution (music), the move of a note or chord from dissonance to consonance
New Year's resolution, a commitment that an individual makes at New Year's Day
Resolution (beam engine), an early steam engine at Coalbrookdale
Dispute resolution, the settlement of a disagreement
Measurement resolution
Display resolution, the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be displayed on a display device
Resolution (audio), a measure of digital audio quality
Spectral resolution, the capability of an optical system to distinguish different frequencies
Sensor resolution, the smallest change a sensor can detect in the quantity that it is measuring
Resolution of a spectrometer, the ability to distinguish two close-lying energies (or wavelengths, or frequencies, or masses)
Resolution (mass spectrometry), the ability to distinguish peaks in a mass spectrum
Image resolution, a measure of the amount of detail in an image
Printing resolution, the number of individual dots a printer can produce within a unit of distance (e.g., dots per inch)
Business or organization
Corporate resolution, a legal document defining which individuals are authorized to act on behalf of a corporation
Resolution Island (Nunavut), in the Arctic region of Canada
Resolution Island, New Zealand, the largest (uninhabited) island in Fiordland, in the southwest of New Zealand
Resolution, United States Virgin Islands
HMS Resolution, any of several Royal Navy ships
HMNZS Resolution (A14), Royal New Zealand Navy surveillance ship
Resolution-class submarine, British Royal Navy
Resolution (1793 ship), an American trading vessel whose crew were massacred in 1794
Resolution (algebra), an exact sequence in homological algebra
Standard resolution, the bar construction of resolutions in homological algebra
Resolution (logic), an inference rule for refutation-based theorem proving
Resolution of singularities in algebraic geometry
"Resolution", a John Coltrane (1926–1967) song from A Love Supreme
"Resolution", by Romantic Mode, the second opening theme for the anime After War Gundam X
"Resolution", a poem by Bertolt Brecht
"Resolution", a Mahavishnu Orchestra song from the album Birds of Fire
WWE 2K16 is a 2015 professional wrestling video game published by 2K Sports and developed by Yuke's and Visual Concepts.
It was released for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows.
It is the seventeenth game in the WWE games series.
WWE 2K16 was released on October 27, 2015 in North America, October 30, 2015 in Europe, and on October 29, 2015 in Australasia.
It will be released for Windows on March 11, 2016.
Stone Cold Steve Austin is featured on the cover of the game.
It was announced by 2k that WWE 2K16 would have the "largest roster in the game's history", featuring over 120 playable characters, and almost double the 67 that were in 2K15.
IGN rated the game a 8.8 out of 10.
Vince Ingenito of IGN said that the game was a "step in the right direction" for the series.
He said that he liked the gameplay and the roster features, but did not like the overall inconsistency with the game.
GameSpot rated the game a 4 out of 10.
Don Saas of GameSpot said that he liked the 2K Showcase mode and the Jim Ross returning on commentary but also said that "Little else in the game makes much of a positive impression."
Kirby: Planet Robobot is an action platform video game.
It was developed by HAL Laboratory.
It was released for the Nintendo 3DS on April 28, 2016 in Japan and on June 10, 2016 worldwide.
Copy abilities make a return in the series.
New copy abilities include "Doctor", "Poison", and "ESP".
Kirby can also enter robotic bodies, which can make use of his copy ability perform a stronger attack based on that power.
A multiplayer mode called "Team Kirby Clash" is included.
Up to four players can use different copy abilities and powers similar to classes in most RPGs, before working together to defeat bosses.
The Flint water crisis is a drinking water contamination crisis in Flint, Michigan which began in April 2014.
When the city changed its water source from treated Detroit Water and Sewerage Department water to the Flint River, it created a serious public health danger.
In Flint, between 6,000 and 12,000 children have been exposed to drinking water with high levels of lead.
They may experience serious health problems.
The water change is also a possible cause of an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease that has killed 10 people in the county.
On January 5, 2016, Michigan Governor Rick Snyder declared a state of emergency for Flint.
President Barack Obama declared a federal state of emergency.
He authorized additional help from the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Department of Homeland Security almost two weeks later.
Disasters in the 2010s
2010s in the United States
Legionnaires' disease is a form of pneumonia caused by any type of Legionella bacteria.
Over 90% of cases are caused by Legionella pneumophila.
The length of time between exposure to the bacteria and the appearance of symptoms is generally two to ten days.
It can be as much as 20 days.
People with Legionnaires' usually have fever, chills, and a cough.
Some also have muscle aches, headache, tiredness, loss of appetite, diarrhea or vomiting.
People of any age may have Legionnaires' disease.
It is most common in middle aged and older people.
Marley Eve Shelton (born April 12, 1974) is an American television and movie actress.
She began her acting career in 1991.
She has acted in different movie genres.
She played Amanda in Grand Canyon.
She also played Tricia Nixon Cox in Nixon (1995).
voice roles include, Nutri Ventures, The Powerpuff Girls as additional adr voices.
LaWanda Page (October 19, 1920September 14, 2002), born Alberta Peal, was an American actress and comedienne best known for her role as Aunt Esther in the 1970s TV sitcom Sanford and Son.
She later reprised the role in Sanford Arms and Sanford.
She was born on October 19, 1920 in Cleveland, Ohio.
Page was raised in St. Louis, Missouri.
LaWanda Page and Redd Foxx were very close friends from the time they were pre-teens.
They attended school and grew up together in St. Louis.
Later on, they both entered the field of comedy separately and performed stage acts.
Page later recorded several live comedy albums for the Laff Records label in the late 1960s and early 1970s under the LaWanda stage name.
One release, a gold-selling album called Watch It, Sucker!,
was titled after one of her Aunt Esther character's catchphrases to capitalize on her newfound TV fame.
During her tenure as a stand-up comic, which lasted all the way to the 1990s, she was often called The Queen of Comedy, or The Black Queen of Comedy.
Other than the expletive-free Sane Advice album, released two years after the run of Sanford and Son, most of Page's albums and stand-up material were raunchy in nature.
Other film and television appearances
In 1977 Page appeared in an episode of The Love Boat, Martin, 227, Family Matters, and Diff'rent Strokes.
She appeared on Circus Of The Stars as a fire eater.
Page died of complications from diabetes on September 14, 2002.
Mutha Is Half a Word (1971)
Watch It, Sucker! (
Back Door Daddy (1972; featuring Skillet & Leroy)
Preach On Sister, Preach On! (
Pipe Layin' Dan (1973)
Sane Advice (1979)
The atmosphere of Mars is the layer of gases surrounding Mars.
It is mainly made up of carbon dioxide.
The average atmospheric pressure of the Martian surface (6.0 mbar) is much lower than that of the Earth (1,013 mbar).
The pressure is well below the Armstrong limit, meaning that water boils at the normal temperature of the human body: 98.6 °F (36.6 °C).
The Martian atmosphere contains 96% carbon dioxide, 1.9% argon, 1.9% nitrogen, and traces of oxygen, carbon monoxide, water and methane, and so on.
Ever since the discovery of methane in 2003, scientists say that this might indicate life.
It has also been suggested that is may be caused by geochemical processes, volcanic or hydrothermal activity.
The atmosphere of Mars is quite dusty, giving the Martian sky a light brown or orange-red color when seen from the surface.
Data from NASA pointed out that the dust particles are 1.5 micrometres diameter.
Liquid water on Mars was once commonplace, which means the atmosphere was thicker.
Many studies have found that the atmosphere of Mars has been weakened over time due to solar winds.
On Earth, the magnetic field protects us from most of the wind.
Mars used to have a magnetic field, but cooling of the core has resulted in the magnetic field being lost.
The Solar Wind Composition Experiment (SWC) was an experiment that took place on the Moon during the Apollo program (Apollo 11, 12, 14, 15 and 16).
It was done to measure the solar wind outside of Earth's magnetosphere.
It was the first notable measurement of isotopic solar material.
The experiment was suggested by by a Swiss team headed by Johannes Geiss of the University of Bern and Peter Eberhardt of the Swiss Institute of Technology.
It was partially funded by the Swiss Government.
The SWC experiment was done by getting a aluminum sheet and facing it towards the sun.
The foil was to collect the ion types and energies of the solar wind on the lunar surface.
After the experiment, the sheet was placed into a Teflon bag, and sent back to Earth to be studied.
The experiment was successful and found Helium, Neon and Argon isotopic compositions coming from the sun.
Experiment Operations During Apollo EVAs: Solar Wind Composition
Caesar's Comet (C/-43 K1) is also known as 'Comet Caesar' and the 'Great Comet of 44 BC'.
It was one of the most famous comets of ancient times.
Many Romans thought the comet's seven-day appearance was a sign of the deification of recently assassinated dictator, Julius Caesar (100–44 BC).
Caesar's Comet was one of only five comets known to have had a negative absolute magnitude and may have been the brightest daylight comet in history.
It was not periodic, and it had a parabolic orbit.
The comet might now be more than 800 AU from the Sun.
"Do You Know the Way to San Jose" is a 1968 popular song.
It is about a person from San Jose, California who wants to go back to her hometown.
Dionne Warwick performed it.
Warwick won her first Grammy Award for it.
The song was Warwick's first song after "(Theme from) Valley of the Dolls"/"I Say a Little Prayer".
It was released in April 1968.
"Don't Make Me Over" is a 1962 popular ballad.
It was written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David.
Dionne Warwick sang this song.
The song reached #5 on the Billboard R&B charts.
Julia Holter (born December 18, 1984) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, composer and artist.
Her first studio album, Tragedy, was released in 2011.
She released a second album, Ekstasis, in March 2012.
This album was compared to works by such artists as Laurie Anderson, Kate Bush, Joanna Newsom and several others.
Ekstasis received many positive reviews.
Holter joined Domino Recording Company.
She then released her 3rd album Loud City Song.
She released Have You in My Wilderness in 2015.
Article One of the United States Constitution establishes the legislative branch of the federal government, the United States Congress.
The Congress is a bicameral legislature consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate
Section 1 gives federal legislative power exclusively to Congress.
Similar clauses are found in Articles II and III.
The former gives executive power to the President.
The latter grants judicial power to the federal judiciary.
These three articles create a separation of powers among the three branches of the federal government.
The separation of powers was intended to limit Congress to making law, the President to enforcing the law and the courts as interpreting the law in different cases.
There is no provision in the Constitution that gives Congress the power to investigate.
However, before the adoption of the Constitution, assemblies| in the American colonies exercised that power.
Before them, the British Parliament had investigative powers.
Congress has always considered it an implicit power in the Constitution.
In McGrain v. Daugherty (1927), the Supreme Court held that Congress did have the power to investigate.
Section 2: House of Representatives
Clause 1: Composition and election of Members
Section Two provides for the election every two years of members of the House of Representatives by the people of the respective states.
The "electors" (voters) in the state are those who the state decides are eligible to vote for "the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature" are eligible to vote for members of the House of Representatives from that state.
Clause 2: Qualifications of Members
The Constitution provides three requirements for Representatives.
A Representative must be at least 25 years old.
He or she must live in the state in which he or she is elected.
A Representative must also have been a citizen of the United States for the previous seven years.
Clause 3: Apportionment of Representatives and taxes
After much debate, the framers of the Constitution compromised and made population the basis of determining the number of seats (called apportionment) in the House of Representatives.
It also used apportionment to determine the tax liability among the states.
To accomplish this, the Constitution requires that a census be conducted every ten years.
This is to determine the population of each state and of the nation as a whole.
It also establishes a rule for who should and who should not be included  in the count.
Because the Constitution would go into effect before the completion of a national census, it provides for a temporary apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives.
Originally, the population of each state and of the nation as a whole was determined by adding to the whole number of free Persons, three-fifths the number of all other persons (slaves), but excluding non-taxed Native Americans.
This Constitutional rule was  known as the three-fifths compromise.
It was used to determine the number of Representatives in the House.
Larger states contributed more money and would have more seats in the House of Representatives.
The Fourteenth Amendment removed the three-fifths rule and ordered the census to count everyone regardless of skin color.
It stipulated that males over the age of twenty-one could vote.
The Sixteenth Amendment removed the connection between apportionment and direct taxes.
The 19th Amendment removed the restriction by sex allowing women to vote.
The 26th Amendment reduced the voting age requirement to those 18 years of age and older.
But none of these amendments changed congressional apportionment.
Since enactment of the Reapportionment Act of 1929, Congress set the number of House seats at 435, except in 1959 when Alaska and Hawaii were admitted as states.
Then the number became 437 temporarily.
Clause 4: Vacancies
Section two, Clause four, provides that when vacancies occur in the House of Representatives, it is not the job of the House of Representatives to arrange for a replacement.
It is the job of the State whose vacant seat is up for refilling.
In addition, the Constitution does not authorize a State Governor to appoint a temporary replacement.
He is to arrange for a special election to fill the vacancy.
The original qualifications and procedures for holding that election are still valid.
Clause 5: Speaker and other officers; Impeachment