the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Parts of Southern Russia around the Black sea were settled by Greeks and Romans until about the 3rd century.
Huns and Turkic tribes invaded the regions around the Black sea until the 10th century.
Eastern Slavs then immigrated to the region.
Vikings created the Kievan Rus.
In the 13th century, Mongols conquered the region and created the Golden Horde.
The Mongols ruled until the 15th century.
The tsardom of Russia and Russian empire were then created.
Poland-Lithuania invaded Moscow, but Russia eventually drove them out.
Russia expanded more west and east into Siberia.
Napoleon tried to invade Russia during the winter but failed.
Russia fought against Germany in WW1.
In 1917, the October Revolution happened, and the communists led by Lenin created the Soviet Union.
In WW2, Hitler also failed to invade Russia.
Russia occupied East Germany, Poland, and most of East Europe during the Cold War.
It became a big rival of the United States.
In the 1990s, the Union ended, with things like the Yugoslavia revolution, and became modern Russia.
In 2014 Russia annexed Crimea from the Ukraine and faced sanctions from US and others because of it.
Greece and Rome (before 3 c)
In the 8th century BCE, Greek merchants migrated to Tanais and Phanagoria.
The Bosporan Kingdom (a Greek kingdom) became part of the Roman Empire.
In the 2nd century AD Germanic Goths migrated to the Black Sea.
In the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, the Gothic Oium existed in Southern Russia until it was conquered by Huns.
Hun and Turkic colonization (3 c - 10 c)
A Turkic people, the Khazars, conquered the lower Volga basin steppes between the Caspian and Black Seas up to the 8th century.
They were known for their laws, tolerance, and cosmopolitanism.
The Khazars traded with the Baltic and the Muslim Abbasid empire centered in Baghdad.
They were important allies of the Byzantine Empire, and helped win wars against Arab Caliphates.
In the 8th century, the Khazars became Jewish.
Eastern Slavs (7 c - 13 c)
Some of the ancestors of the modern Russians were the Slavic tribes.
They came from the forests of the Pripet Marshes.
The Early East Slavs gradually settled Western Russia by moving from Kyiv towards present-day Suzdal and Murom and then from Polotsk towards Novgorod and Rostov.
From the 7th century onwards, East Slavs were the majority of Western Russia.
They mixed slowly and peacefully with the native Finno-Ugric tribes, such as the Merya, the Muromians, and the Meshchera.
Kievan Rus' (882–1283)
Vikings or Varangians did piracy and trade throughout Northern Europe.
In the mid-9th century, they conquered the eastern Baltic to the Black and Caspian Seas.
A Varangian named Rurik became ruler of Novgorod in about 860, before they moved south and conquered Kyiv, which had been previously belonged to the Turkic Khazars.
Rurik's son Igor and Igor's son Sviatoslav then conquered the East Slavic tribes, destroyed the Khazar khaganate, and fought wars against Byzantium and Persia.
Thus, Rus' was born in the 9th century along the Dnieper River valley.
The Kievan Rus' controlled the trade for furs, wax, and slaves between Scandinavia and the Byzantine Empire along the Volkhov and Dnieper Rivers.
Near the 11th century, the Norse ruling class mixed with the Eastern Slavs.
The Slavs absorbed Greek Christian influences when trying to loot Constantinople.
Svyatoslav I claimed victory in one such campaign; he also defeated the Khazars on the Volga.
The Byzantine Empire was declining but would influence Russia culturally.
For example through the Byzantine, the Kievan Rus' introduced the Slavic variant of the Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
They became Christian in 988.
It had name “The Russian true”.
By the 11th century, Yaroslav the Wise helped improve the economy and literature.
The Russian language was not that influenced by Greek and Latin.
Church Slavonic was used directly in liturgy instead.
A nomadic Turkic people, the Kipchaks (or Cumans), replaced earlier Pechenegs in the south steppe at the end of the 11th century.
They founded a nomadic state along the Black Sea (Desht-e-Kipchak).
The Kipchaks and Kyivans fought.
Mongol colonization (13 c - 15 c)
The Rus were conquered by the Mongol Golden Horde in the 13th century.
Kyiv was destroyed.
Halych-Volhynia would eventually be absorbed into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, while the Mongol-dominated Vladimir-Suzdal and independent Novgorod Republic became the basis for modern Russia.
In 1223, the disunited southern princes faced a Mongol raiding party at the Kalka River and were soundly defeated.
In 1237–1238 the Mongols burnt down the city of Vladimir (4 February 1238) and other major cities of northeast Russia, defeated the Russians at the Sit' River, and then moved west to conquer Poland and Hungary.
By then they had conquered most of Russia.
The Mongols destroyed the cities.
Some, like Kyiv and Vladimir, never recovered.
The new cities of Moscow, Tver and Nizhny Novgorod began to compete for hegemony in the Mongol-dominated Russia.
The Golden Horde was established in the 14th century.
Mongol domination of the Russia, along with demands of tribute from Russian princes, continued until about 1480.
Russo-Tatar relations
After the fall of the Turkic Khazars in the 10th century, the Volga were conquered by the Volga Bulgaria, part of Greater Bulgaria.
In the 10th century the Turks converted to Islam and traded with the Middle East and Central Asia.
After the Mongol invasions of the 1230s, Volga Bulgaria was annexed by the Golden Horde.
Its population evolved into the modern Chuvashes and Kazan Tatars.
The Mongols controlled Russia and Volga Bulgaria from their western capital at Sarai, one of the largest cities of the medieval world.
Russian princes had to pay tribute to the Mongols of the Golden Horde, commonly called Tatars.
The Russian Orthodox Church even experienced a revival under the Metropolitan Alexis and Sergius of Radonezh.
The Mongols influenced Russian military tactics and transportation.
Under Mongol occupation, Russia developed its postal road network, census, fiscal system, and military organization.
Grand Duchy of Moscow (1283–1547)
Daniil Aleksandrovich founded Moscow (Muscovy).
They were first a vassal to the Mongols and Tatars.
The Mongol rulers gave them the title of Grand Prince of Moscow and made them collect tribute from the Russian principalities.
Moscow became the center of the Russian Orthodox Church.
Ivan III, the Great
In the 15th century, the princes of Moscow continued to consolidate Russian land to increase their population and wealth.
The most successful one was Ivan III, who laid the foundations for the Russian nation.
Ivan competed with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania for control over the upper Dnieper and Oka River basins.
Ivan III was able to annex Novgorod and Tver.
As a result, the Grand Duchy of Moscow tripled in size.
Ivan then overthrew the ruling Tatars and Golden Horde, now divided into several Khanates and hordes.
Ivan wanted to protect the southern borders from the Crimean Tatars and other Turko-Mongol armies.
He built Great Abatis Belt, gave land to nobles in exchange for military service.
This expanded the army.
Ivan III tripled the territory of his state, ended the dominance of the Golden Horde over the Rus', revived the Moscow Kremlin.
But he was also anti-Catholic and isolated Russia from western civilization.
Timurid empire (14 c)
Tsardom of Russia (1547–1721)
Ivan IV the Terrible
"Ivan the Terrible" increased the powers of the tsar.
He got rid of many people he did not like for the smallest things.
But he helped develop Russia and adapt new laws and decreased the influence of the church.
Ivan annexed the Khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia.
Russia now had Muslim Tatar populations and became a multiethnic and multiconfessional state.
The Stroganov family also controlled the Urals and hired Russian Cossacks to colonize Siberia.
Ivan divided Russia and created the oprichnina.
There Ivan killed nobles in the Massacre of Novgorod in 1570.
Military losses, disease, and lack of food weakened Russia.
The Crimean Tatars were able to loot central Russian and burn down Moscow in 1571.
In 1572 Ivan stopped.
There then were many civil wars and foreign invasions known as the "Time of Troubles" (1606–13).
Extremely cold summers (1601–1603) destroyed crops, which led to the Russian famine of 1601–1603 and increased the chaos.
Romanov dynasty
In February 1613, Michael Romanov was elected as ruler.
The Romanov dynasty ruled Russia until 1917.
Russian Empire (1721–1917)
Russia expanded a lot during the 17th century, including the first Russian colonization of the Pacific in the mid-17th century, the Russo-Polish War (1654–67), and the Russian conquest of Siberia.
Russia gained most of its territory from Siberia.
Russian revolution, the intervention and the Civil war (1917–1922)
The Tsarist system was completely overthrown in February 1917 in the February Revolution.
State Duma deputy took the power and organized Provisional government.
First prince Lvov was its head.
He lost popularity and Alexander Kerensky became it.
Russia as the part of the Soviet Union (1922-1991)
Modern Russia (since 1991)
Eurasian steppe
History of Byelorussia
In statistical physics, Glauber dynamics is a way to simulate the Ising model (a model of magnetism) on a computer.
It is a type of Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm.
In the Ising model, we have say N particles that can spin up (+1) or down (-1).
Say the particles are on a 2D grid.
We label each with an x and y coordinate.
Glauber's algorithm becomes:
Choose a particle  at random.
Sum its four neighboring spins. .
Compute the change in energy if the spin x, y were to flip.
This is  (see the Hamiltonian for the Ising model).
If  flip the spin.
That is if flipping reduces the energy, then do it.
Else flip the spin with probability  where T is the temperature.
Display the new grid.
Repeat the above N times.
This tries to approximate how the spins change over time.
The fancy term is that it is part of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics, which roughly studies the time-dependent behavior of statistical mechanics.
Metropolis algorithm
On July 11, a low-pressure zone was formed near the Mariana Islands, and the US Naval Research Laboratory gave it a tropical disturbance number of 98W. At 8 o'clock on the morning of July 14, the Japan Meteorological Agency upgraded it to a tropical depression.
At 8 pm, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center gave its development rating "low".
At 8 o'clock on the morning of July 15, the Japan Meteorological Agency issued a gale warning, and the Central Meteorological Bureau of Taiwan upgraded it to a tropical depression, given the number TD10 .
At 3 pm, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center upgraded the rating to "Medium".
At 10 pm, the Hong Kong Observatory upgraded it to a tropical depression.
At 6:30 am on July 16, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center upgraded the rating to "High" and issued a tropical cyclone warning.
The Joint Typhoon Warning Center raised the system to a tropical depression at 2:40 pm, giving the number 06W. At 3 pm on the same day, the Japan Meteorological Agency upgraded it to a tropical storm, giving the international number 1905 and named it "Danas", followed by the China National Meteorological Center, the Central Meteorological Bureau of Taiwan, and PAGASA also upgraded it to a tropical storm.
The Joint Typhoon Warning Center was upgraded to a tropical storm late that night.
On July 19, the JMA reported that Danas has reached its peak wind speeds with continuous winds of 85 km/h (50 mph).
Later that day, Danas began to weaken.
On July 20, around 13:00 UTC, Danas made landfall on South Korea as a minimal tropical storm, before weakening into a tropical depression soon afterward.
The weakening trend also accelerated on July 20 due to the drop in sea temperature to 23 degrees Celsius near landfall.
The Republic of Korea Meteorological Administration downgraded Danas to a tropical depression at 11 am and stopped issuing announcements.
At 12:45 UTC on July 21, Danas transitioned into an extratropical low in the Sea of Japan, and the JMA issued their final advisory on the storm.
On July 15, the system was enhanced to a tropical depression.
At 11 pm, the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration issued the No.
1 storm signal to the northern part of Isabela Province, Cagayan Province and the Bataan Islands.
As Denas continued to approach Luzon, the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration issued a second storm signal to the northern part of Cagayan Province at 5 pm on the 16th.
On July 20, around 13:00 UTC, Danas made landfall on South Jeolla Province, South Korea as a minimal tropical storm.
Locally heavy rainfall will continue across much of South Korea and southwest Japan through Sunday night, with additional rainfall of 50-100 mm (2-4 inches) in many locations.
Danas
Tuvan People's Republic was a partially recognized state that existed from 1921 to 1944.
After 1944 it became part of the Soviet Union.
Until 1926, it was also known as People's Republic Tannu-Tuva.
Only two states recognized the it: the Soviet Union and Mongolia.
Even when it existed, it was seen as a puppet state of the Soviet Union.
Its economy was largely based on nomads raising and selling cattle.
The republic was between the Siberian part of Russia, and Mongolia.
The capital was the city of Kyzyl.
Since 1992, the territory is known as the Tuvan Republic.
It is a self-governing part inside the Russian state.
Former countries of the Interwar period
Grizzy and the Lemmings is an French animation series, produced by Studio Hari for France Télévisions and Boomerang.
The Heart TV series has 156 episodes in 3 seasons.
Season 1 was realised for Netflix on July 20, 2019.
In a forest there is a Forest Ranger's house.
When the ranger goes on weekends into vacations or leaves his cabin, a grizzly bear, named Grizzy comes in house.
But he isn't alone - a group of blue Lemmings also want a comfortable and luxury live.
Grizzy: Grizzy is a grizzly bear, he lives in the cabin of the forest ranger.
Lemmings: The Lemmings are a group of blue lemmings.
They also want luxus and they want fun.
They also make trouble with Grizzy.
She bear: The She bear is a female grizzly bear.
Grizzy is loved in she.
In season 2, she have got a new redisign.
Other: There are also other animals, birds, insects like Mooses, chickens, frogs, Butterflies, forest flies, racoons etc.
who lives in the Forest.
Grizzy and the Lemmings on Studio Hari's Website
Marshall Clement "Mark" Sanford Jr. (born May 28, 1960) is an American politician.
He is a member of the Republican.
He was a U.S. Representative for South Carolina's 1st congressional district from 1995 to 2001.
Sanford was then elected Governor of South Carolina from 2003 until 2011.
He ran again for the U.S. House and was a congressman from 2013 to 2019.
He lost in the 2018 Republican primary for his re-election bid.
In July 2019, Sanford said that he was thinking of a 2020 presidential bid against President Donald Trump for the Republican nomination.
He formally announced his candidacy on September 8, 2019.
He dropped out from the race two months later on November 12.
Raffaele La Capria (born 3 October 1922) is an Italian novelist and screenwriter.
He is known for his series of three novels (the most important is "Ferito a morte") which were known as Tre romanzi di una giornata.
La Capria was born in Naples.
He was married to actress Ilaria Occhini until her death in July 2019.
He worked as co-scriptwriter on many of Francesco Rosi's movies, including Le mani sulla città (1963), Uomini contro (1970) and Cristo si è fermato a Eboli (1979).
In September 2001 he won a Premio Campiello lifetime achievement award and in 2005 L'estro quotidiano was selected as the winner of the Viareggio Prize for fiction.
Gurbanguly Mälikgulyýewiç Berdimuhamedow (born 29 June 1957) is a Turkmen politician.
He is the 2nd and current President of Turkmenistan since February 2007.
Berdimuhamedow, a dentist, worked in the government under President Saparmurat Niyazov as Minister of Health.
He is the first dentist in the world to head a state or a government.
In February 2022, it was reported that Berdimuhamedow is planning to resign after an early presidential election the following month.
Requirements for presidents and removal from office
Must have been born in Turkmenistan
Must be fluent in the Turkmen language
Must be at least 40 years old
Must have resided in Turkmenistan for the past 15 consecutive years
Must be employed
U.S. State Department profile of Turkmenistan
Raşit Öwezgeldiýewiç Meredow (Cyrillic: Рашит Өвезгелдиевич Мередов; born 1959) is a Turkmen politician.
He is the Minister of Foreign Affairs since 2001, as well as a Deputy Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Turkmenistan.
He is also the First Vice President of Turkmenistan since 2007 working for the Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow administration.
Turkmenistan politicians
People from Ashgabat
Eberhard Kummer (2 August 1940 – 12 July 2019) was an Austrian folk singer and lawyer.
He was an expert of medieval music.
Kummer was born in Krems an der Donau, Austria.
He played the hurdy-gurdy, the harp and the guitar, and made important works to medieval music and the Austrian folksong.
Rosa María Britton (July 28, 1936 – July 16, 2019) was a Panamanian doctor and novelist.
She was born in Panama City.
Her best known novels were: El ataúd de uso (1983), El señor de las lluvias y el viento (1984), No pertenezco a este siglo (1991), Laberintos de orgullo (2002) and Suspiros de fantasmas (2005).
Daniel Callahan (July 19, 1930 – July 16, 2019) was an American philosopher.
He was an important person towards the field of biomedical ethics.
He was the co-founder of The Hastings Center, the world's first bioethics research institute.
He was the Director of The Hastings Center from 1969 to 1983, president from 1984 to 1996, and president emeritus from 1996 to 2019.
He was the author or editor of 47 books.
John Adel Elya (16 September 1928 – 19 July 2019) was a bishop of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church.
From 1993 to 2004, he was Eparch of Newton, with jurisdiction over Melkite churches in the United States.
He was born in Maghdouché, Lebanon.
Albert Daniel "Bert" Rechichar (July 16, 1930 – July 19, 2019) was an American football defensive back and kicker.
He played with the National Football League's Cleveland Browns, Baltimore Colts, and Pittsburgh Steelers from 1952 to 1960.
He also played for the American Football League's New York Titans in 1961.
He was born in Belle Vernon, Pennsylvania.
Belle Vernon is a borough in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, United States.
It is near the Monongahela River.
As of the 2010 census Belle Vernon had a population of 1,093.
Ilaria Occhini (28 March 1934 – 20 July 2019) was an Italian actress.
She starred in more than 30 movies.
Her best known roles were Doctor and the Healer, Welcome to Home Gori and Loose Cannons.
Her husband was screenwriter Raffaele La Capria.
José Manuel Estepa Llaurens (1 January 1926 – 21 July 2019) was a cardinal of the Catholic Church and Military Archbishop Emeritus of Spain from 1986 to 2003.
He was born in Andújar, Spain.
He was created Cardinal-Priest of S. Gabriele Arcangelo all’Acqua Traversa by Pope Benedict XVI in a consistory at St. Peter's Basilica on 20 November 2010.
Because he had already reached age 80, he was not eligible to participate in a conclave.
Louis Lansana Beavogui (28 December 1923 – 19 August 1984) was a Guinean politician.
He was the first Prime Minister of Guinea from 26 April 1972 to 3 April 1984 and was interim President from 26 March 1984 to 3 April 1984.
Choctaw County is a county in the central U.S. state of Mississippi.
As of the 2010 census, 8,547 people lived there.
The county seat is Ackerman.
Claiborne County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi.
As of the 2010 census, 9,604 people lived there.
Its county seat is Port Gibson.
Clarke County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi.
As of the 2010 census, 16,732 people lived there.
Neshoba County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi.
As of the 2010 census, 29,676 people lived there.
Copiah County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi.
As of the 2010 census, 29,449 people lived there.
Its county seat is Hazlehurst.
Covington County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi.
As of the 2010 census, 19,568 people lived there.
1810s establishments in Mississippi
Forrest County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi.
As of the 2010 census, 74,934 people lived there.
1900s establishments in Mississippi
DeSoto County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi.
As of the 2010 census, 161,252 people lived there which makes it the third-most populous county in Mississippi.
George County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi.
As of the 2010 census, 22,578 people lived there.
Its county seat is Lucedale.
The Ryukyu Kingdom is a country that no longer exists in present-day Okinawa.
Before Japan took control of it during the Meiji Era, it was an independent country with its own culture, government, and language.
Okinawa was a major trading center in Asia, so there are aspects of Chinese, Japanese, and other Asian cultures that were blended into the native Okinawan culture.
The name Ryukyu is a transcription of the Chinese name for the region, Liuqiu (written as 琉球 in Chinese characters).
Before the Ryukyu Kingdom was created, Okinawa was made up of three countries: Nanzan, Chuzan, and Hokuzan.
Chuzan took over the other two kingdoms, united the three kingdoms, and created the Ryukyu Kingdom.
The kingdom had its own dynasty of kings and they ruled from Shuri Castle in the city of Shuri.
Although they used to be different cities, Shuri is now in the northern part of present-day Naha.
Shurijo or Shuri Castle was the palace where the Ryukyu kings lived before Okinawa became part of Japan.
Since it was built when Okinawa was independent, the castle structure is very different from other castles in Japan.
Shuri Castle is located in Shuri.
Shuri was once the Ryukyu capital, but it is now part of the present-day city of Naha.
Throughout its history, it had been destroyed and rebuilt four times, including during the Battle of Okinawa.
This is why the courtyard is a little asymmetrical, or lop-sided.
It was a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
On the morning of 31 October 2019, a large fire broke out at the main hall of the castle.
Seiden, Hokuden, Nanden and Bandokoro were completely destroyed.
According to news sources, "Six castle buildings occupying some 4,200 square meters in total were [destroyed]."
The fire was put out around 1:30 p.m.
Grenada County is a county found in the U.S. state of Mississippi.
As of the 2010 census, 21,906 people lived there.
Sweetwater is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.
It is the county seat of Nolan County.
Shuri was the capital of the former countries of Chuzan and later of the Ryukyu Kingdom, which were in present-day Okinawa.
The Ryukyu kings would rule the kingdom from Shuri Castle.
Today, it is a district of the present-day city of Naha.
Shuri and Naha used to be different cities, but since Okinawa became part of Japan, Shuri would no longer be the capital.
The Japanese government made Naha, which was a nearby port city, to be Okinawa's capital instead.
Today, Shuri Station it is the last stop on the Okinawa Urban Monorail.
Mamady Youla (born 1961) is a Guinean businessman and politician.
He was the Prime Minister of Guinea from 29 December 2015 to 24 May 2018.
The Okinawa Urban Monorail, or the Yui Rail, is a monorail train line in Naha, the capital of Okinawa, Japan.
It is the only public train line in the entire prefecture, and right now the entire line is only in Naha.
It has 15 stops, beginning from Naha Airport and ending in Shuri Station.
There are plans to extend the line to Urasoe City.
There are also plans to allow passengers to pay using Suica by the spring of 2020.
Social commentary is indirectly expressing an opinion on how society should change.
Martin Luther, Jonathan Swift and Charles Dickens are among many people who wrote social commentaries.
Low comedy is a form of comedy that is meant only to make people laugh without any satire or social commentary.
Low comedy can have people getting drunk, getting hit in the face with pies, tripping over banana peels and getting wedgies.
The name "Low Comedy" was created by John Dryden.
It is often seen as the opposite of High Comedy.
High comedy is a form of comedy based on wit, satire or clever dialogue.
The phrase was created by George Meredith in his 1877 Essay on Comedy in which he says that it is the opposite of low comedy.
The Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings occurred on 20 July 1982.
Members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army used a bomb in each park to attack British military ceremonies in central London.
In Hyde Park, a nail bomb in a car exploded.
It killed four soldiers and seven horses.
Mainland Japan is the name used to describe all the regions of Japan except for Hokkaido and Okinawa.
Until the end of World War II, the name included Hokkaido and Okinawa, but it excluded all the colonies of the Japanese Empire, including Korea and Taiwan.
However, since the colonies are no longer under control of Japan, those places have no reason to call Japan "the mainland."
In Hokkiado, the word Dogai is also used.
It means every part of Japan outside of Hokkaido.
Japanese knotweed (Persicaria japonica) is a perennial herbaceous plant.
It lives in Asian countries including Taiwan, Japan and southern China.
The Outer Mongolian Revolution of 1911 happened when Outer Mongolia did not want to be part of the Qing dynasty anymore.
They wanted to govern themselves.
It happened at the same time as the Xinhai Revolution.
Outer Mongolia is now the modern country of Mongolia.
It is different from Inner Mongolia, which is in China.
Mongolia used to be part of the Qing dynasty.
But by the 20th century Mongolia was poor.
Because of the Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864) many other people were poor.
The Qing was running out of money.
The Qing also moved many of the Mongols' animals to the rest of China to feed others.
This made Mongols upset.
Manchus people created the Qing dynasty.
They were not Han Chinese.
But they eventually became Chinese themselves.
They failed to keep the Manchus "pure".
Still they tried to separate Han from Manchus and Mongols.
For example, Han could not enter Mongolia, and Mongols could not leave Mongolia.
Mongols were not allowed to speak Chinese.
In 1895, the Qing lost the First Sino-Japanese War.
The Qing was declining.
The Boxer Rebellion and Japan's victory over Russia in 1905 made the Chinese hopeful that they could make things better.
So they created new reforms called the Xinzheng or "New Policies" (新政).
One of the goals of Xinzheng was to move more Han Chinese into Outer Mongolia (cultural assimilation).
This was to tell Russians to stay away from Mongolia as it still belonged to China.
The Qing thought of this as a "shield".
In 1910 the Qing government made Sando the ruler of Mongolia in Ulaanbaatar.
Plans were made to send Han farmers to Mongolia.
In January 1911 the army was organized.
Half of the army was Mongol.
The Mongolians did not like this.
They did not like the tax.
They were "penniless".
They did not want farmers and still wanted to be nomads and horseback riders.
First revolt
Prince Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren convinced the Jebstundamba Khutukhtu to support independence.
He and another leader Qin Wang (Mijiddorjiin Khanddorj) then asked Russia to help.
St. Petersburg heard the message.
Russia wanted some distance from Japan and wanted Outer Mongolia to be a buffer state.
So Russia sent some troops.
In 1911, the Qing government was overthrown in the Xinhai Revolution.
While the rest of China was busy with this problem, the Mongols saw this as the perfect opportunity to secede from the union.
In 30 Novmber 1911 Mongol and Russian soldiers surrounded Kulun (Ulanbatar).
On December 5, Khanddorj declared independence.
In January 1912 the Governor of Uliastai in western Mongolia escaped protected by Russian Cossack troops.
But the governor of Khovd decided to resist, hoping for support from Xinjiang.
However they were defeated.
In August 1912, Khovd left the country protected by the Coassacks.
Outer Mongolia then wanted Inner Mongolia (Pan-Mongolism).
Some riots did happen in Inner Mongolia.
And for some time, Outer Mongolia had parts of western Inner Mongolia.
But then the new Beijing government also began to fight in Inner Mongolia.
Outer Mongolia began to lose supplies.
And Russia did not want to support the Outer Mongols or fight another war.
So China kept Inner Mongolia.
The year-long war was not good for Inner Mongolia.
It is known as Year of the Ox rebellion ("牛年之乱" Үхэр жилийн үймээн).
On 1912 November 3, Russia signed a deal 《俄蒙协约》with Mongolia to mine in Mongolia in exchange for saying Mongolia is autonomous.
China was not happy.
So in 1913 September 18, Sun Baoqi (孙宝琦) signed a new agreement between China and Russia《中俄声明文件》.
China agrees not to put troops in Mongolia and recognize the Russian-Mongol deal 《俄蒙协约》.
In return, Russia recognizes that China has suzerainty over Mongolia.
So China's power over Mongolia changed from sovereignty to suzerainty.
The Korean Empire (Daehan Jeguk, ) lasted between 1897 and 1910.
It was the last time Korea was unified and independent.
After the First Sino-Japanese War, Korea was no longer a Chinese tributary state.
But then in 1910, Japan annexed Korea.
Korea became a Japanese colony until 1945.
Then after the Korean War it split.
1910 disestablishments
The Japanese annexation of Korea happened in 1910.
The Empire of Japan annexed (made part of its territory) the Korean Empire.
In Japanese it is also called 日韓併合、朝鮮併合、日韓合邦 which translate as annexation of Korea, annexation of Joseon (an old name of Korea), and unification of Japan and Korea.
Ellsworth County (county code EW) is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas.
In 2010, 6,497 people lived there.
Ellsworth is also the biggest city in the county.
It is intersected by the Smoky Hill River.
Ellsworth USD 327
Standard Atlas of Ellsworth County, Kansas; Geo.
Plat Book of Ellsworth County, Kansas; North West Publishing Co; 41 pages; 1901.
Ellsworth County - Directory of Public Officials
Ellsworth County Independent Reporter (local newspaper)
Kansas Post Offices, 1828-1961 (Ellsworth County)
Ellsworth County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
Hot pot is a popular food throughout China, and its popularity is increasing in other countries.
Hot pot restaurants can be found in many places in China.
Hot pot is a pot of boiling water, often with chili oil inside, where people put in whatever food they like to boil.
Food that is cooked often includes thin slices of meat, starches, vegetables, mushrooms, and noodles.
Chengdu and Chongqing hot pot are especially well-known throughout China and worldwide.
In Japanese, the dish is called shabu-shabu.
is a 2015 Japanese anime television series.
It was created, written, and directed by Yuzuru Tachikawa and produced by Madhouse.
The television series aired in Japan between January 9, 2015 and March 27, 2015.
When someone dies, they are sent to one of many bars run by bartenders.
There, they must play a Death Games with their souls on the line.
The game reveals their secrets and what led them to their situation.
Based on what is revealed, the bartender sends them for reincarnation or banishment into the void.
The story is about Decim, a bartender of the bar where people who died at the same time are sent to.
The place is also known as the Quindecim bar.
His role in judging these souls changes when he meets a curious black-haired woman.
The Birmingham pub bombings were carried out by the Provisional Irish Republican Army on 21 November 1974.
Two bombs exploded in pubs in Birmingham, West Midlands, England, killing 21 people.
A third bomb was planted in the doorway of a branch of Barclays bank.
It was found by a policeman and did not explode.
Pub bombings
This is a list of the heads of state of India, from the independence of India in 1947 to the present day.
The current head of state of India is Ram Nath Kovind, elected in 2017 after being nominated by BJP, the party run by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
From 1947 to 1950 the head of state under the Indian Independence Act 1947 was King of India, who was also the Monarch of the United Kingdom and of the other Dominions of the British Commonwealth.
The monarch was represented in India by a Governor-General.
India became a republic under the Constitution of 1950 and the Monarch and Governor-General were replaced by a ceremonial President.
Monarch (1947–1950)
The Governor-General was the representative of the Monarch in India and exercised most of the powers of the Monarch.
After the passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931, the Governor-General was appointed solely on the advice of the Cabinet of India without the involvement of the British government.
A gravitino is a theoretical particle that physicists think will carry the force of gravity.
There is no confirmation of the particle's existence.
Bepanah Pyaar (English:  Endless Love) is an Indian romantic drama television series produced by Ekta Kapoor under her banner Balaji Telefilms.
It premiered on 3 June 2019 on Colors TV.
It stars Pearl V Puri, Ishita Dutta and Aparna Dixit as Raghbir, Pragati and Bani.
The series revolves around two star-crossed lovers Raghbir and Bani who love each other endlessly but destiny brings them apart as Bani dies in an accident.
Soon destiny brings Pragati in Raghbir's life.
Pearl V Puri as Raghbir Malhotra; Pragati's husband; Bani's former husband
Ishita Dutta as Pragati Malhotra; Raghbir's wife
Aparna Dixit as Bani Raichand; Raghbir's former wife
The Territory of Louisiana or Louisiana Territory was an organized incorporated territory of the United States.
It was made from the former Louisiana (New France) on July 4, 1805.
It lasted until June 4, 1812, when it was renamed the Missouri Territory.
The first territorial governor was James Wilkinson.
He was chosen by President Thomas Jefferson.
He also was a Senior Officer of the United States Army while he was governor.
Louisiana: European Explorations and the Louisiana Purchase from the Library of Congress
Guo Shoujing (, 1231–1316), or Ruosi (若思), was a Chinese astronomer, engineer, and mathematician.
He lived during the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368).
He is considered one of the greatest scientists in Chinese history.
Guo was a major influence in the development of science.
As a kid
He was born in 1231 in Xingtai, Hebei province.
He grandfather, Guo Yong, was famous for his study of the Five Classics to astronomy, mathematics, and hydraulics.
Guo Shoujing was a child prodigy.
As a teenager, he learned how to build a water clock.
He then improved it.
His new invention was called the lotus clepsydra (a bowl shaped like a lotus flower that water dripped into).
At 16 he began to study math and from there hydraulics and astronomy.
At 20, Guo became a hydraulic engineer and government official.
He helped fix a bridge over the Dahuoquan River.
Improving the Grand Canal
In the late 1250s, Kublai Khan (of the Mongol Empire, Yuan dynasty) thought hydraulic engineering, irrigation, and water transport would help the country and people.
He sent Liu Bingzhong and his student Guo to improve irrigation systems between Dadu (now Beijing) and the Yellow River.
The Grand Canal linked the Yangzi river, the Huai, and Yellow river since the early 7th century.
Guo helped extend it to Dadu 1292–93.
Kublai Khan was happy, and Guo did similar things for the rest of the empire.
He was promoted to chief advisor of hydraulics, mathematics, and astronomy.
Human-made Kunming lake
He created a human-made Kunming Lake in Beijing.
This was one of his most memorable engineering feats.
Inventions: clocks
The gnomon is a clock; it tells the time by measuring the position sun (like a sundial).
It can also determine the seasons.
Guo made this device much more accurate.
The square table measures the angle and position of stars in the side.
It is also a protractor.
The armilla measures the angle of the sun, as well as the position of any celestial body.
The Ling Long Yi is a fancier and more accurate version of the armilla.
Astronomy: calendar
Even when young Guo was revolutionizing old inventions.
His clocks, watches, irrigation, reservoirs, and equilibrium stations were the most accurate of his time, allowing for an extremely accurate recording of time.
Kublai Khan noticed Guo was a genius in astronomy.
So he asked Guo, Zhang, and Wang Xun to build a very accurate calendar.
It would be the most accurate of its time.
They built 27 observatories in the empire to collect data for calculations.
In 1280, Guo finished the calendar, calculating a year to be 365.2425 days, just 26 seconds off modern measurements.
He invented many tools in the process.
The calendar revolutionized China and the world.
It allowed more accurate recording of history, gave a sense of unification, and helped later emperors rule over China.
His calendar would be used for the next 363 years, the longest a Chinese calendar has been used in history.
Guo was also able to more accurately establish the location of celestial bodies and the angles of the Sun relative to Earth.
He invented a new type of compass, helping people find north using the stars instead of magnets.
Guo’s work in mathematics was regarded as the most knowledgeable for 400 years.
Throughout his life he worked a lot on spherical trigonometry, using a system of approximation to find arc lengths and angles.
He approximated pi was equal to 3.
But this allowed him to solve some equations much faster and more accurately than if he said pi was 3.14....
The Sui dynasty (581–618 AD) added some other parts.
Between 1271–1633, the Yuan dynasty (through Guo Shoujing and others) and the Ming dynasty improved it and built parts to direct water to Beijing.
The total length is .
Its greatest height is 42 m (138 ft) near the Shandong mountains.
Song Dynasty (960–1279) engineer Qiao Weiyue invented the pound lock in the 10th century.
This allowed ships to travel higher and lower through the canal.
Historically, flooding of the Yellow River threatened to break the canal.
During wartime the canal was even used as a weapon: the dikes of the Yellow River were sometimes broken to flood the enemy troops.
But this caused disasters and hurt the economy.
The Canal has greatly improved China's economy and increased trade between the north and south.
It is still used heavily to this day.
Slavery in the United States was the legal institution of human slavery in the United States.
Slaves were mostly Africans and African Americans.
Slavery existed in the United States of America in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Slavery existed in British America from early colonial days.
Slavery was legal in all Thirteen Colonies at the time of the Declaration of Independence in 1776.
It lasted in about half the states until 1865.
This was when it was banned in the entire country by the Thirteenth Amendment.
By the time of the American Revolution (1775–1783), slaves had been institutionalized as a racial caste.
The caste associated with African ancestry.
When the United States Constitution was ratified in 1789, a small number of free people of color were able to vote.
This was because they were men who owned property.
During and shortly after the Revolutionary War, abolitionist laws were passed in most Northern states, and there was a movement created to end slavery.
Slave states tried to extend slavery into new Western territories.
They wanted to do this to keep their share of political power in the country.
Southern leaders also wanted to annex Cuba as a slave territory.
The United States became split over the issue of slavery.
It was split into slave and free states.
The Mason–Dixon line divided the country.
The line divided (free) Pennsylvania from (slave) Maryland.
While Jefferson was president, Congress prohibited the importation of slaves, effective 1808.
Although smuggling (illegal importing) through Spanish Florida was common.
Slave trading within the United States, however, continued at a fast pace.
This was because there was a need for labor due to the creation of cotton plantations in the Deep South.
New communities of African-American culture were created in the Deep South.
There were 4 million slaves in the Deep South before they were set free.
The first Africans came to the New World with Christopher Columbus in 1492.
An African crew member named Juan Las Canaries was on Columbus's ship.
Shortly after, the first enslavement happened in what would later be the United States.
In 1508, Ponce de Leon created the first settlement near present-day San Juan.
He started enslaving the indigenous Tainos.
In 1513, to supplement the decreasing number of Tainos people, the first African slaves were imported to Puerto Rico.
The first African slaves in the continental United States came via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony (most likely located in the Winyah Bay area of present-day South Carolina).
It was created by Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón in 1526.
The colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership.
During the fight, the slaves revolted, and they ran away from the colony to hide among local Native Americans.
De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly after from a sickness.
The colony was abandoned.
The settlers and the slaves who didn't run away went back to Haiti, from where they came.
On August 28, 1565, St. Augustine, Florida was created by the Spanish conquistador Don Pedro Menendez de Aviles.
He  brought three African slaves with him.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, St. Augustine was the where a lot of the slave trade in Spanish colonial Florida happened.
It was the first permanent settlement in the continental United States to have African slaves.
60 years later, in the early years of the Chesapeake Bay settlements, colonial officials found it difficult to convince people to come and work for them.
This was because the weather and environment of the settlements was very harsh.
There was a very high chance that people would die.
Most people came from Great Britain as indentured laborers.
They signed contracts that said they would pay with work for their transportation, their upkeep, and their training, usually on a farm.
The colonies had agricultural economies.
These people were often young people who wanted to become permanent residents.
In some cases, convicted criminals were sent to the colonies as indentured laborers, rather than being sent to prison.
These people were not slaves, but they were required to work for four to seven years in Virginia to pay for the cost of their transportation and maintenance.
Many Germans, Scots-Irish, and Irish came to the colonies in the 18th century, settling in the backcountry of Pennsylvania and further south.
The first 19 or so Africans to reach the English colonies arrived in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619.
They were brought by English privateers who had seized them from a captured Portuguese slave ship.
Slaves were usually baptized in Africa before sending them.
As English custom then considered baptized Christians exempt from slavery, colonists treated these Africans as indentured servants.
The African indentured servants joined about 1,000 English indentured servants already in the colony.
The Africans were freed after a period of time.
They were also given the use of land and supplies by their former masters.
There were no laws about slavery in Virginia's early history.
However, in 1640, a Virginia court sentenced John Punch, an African, to slavery.
This was because he tried to run away from his service.
He ran away with two white people.
The two white people were sentenced only to one more year of their indenture, and three years' service to the colony.
This is the first legal sanctioning of slavery in the English colonies.
It was one of the first legal distinctions made between Europeans and Africans.
In 1641, Massachusetts became the first colony to allow slavery through law.
Massachusetts passed the Body of Liberties.
It banned slavery in many cases, but it allowed slaves to be held if they were prisoners of war, if they sold themselves into slavery or were bought somewhere else, or if they were sentenced to slavery as punishment by the government.
The Body of Liberties used the word "strangers" to refer to people bought and sold as slaves; they were generally not English subjects.
Colonists believed this term referred to Native Americans and Africans.
During most of the British colonial period, slavery existed in all the colonies.
Slaves in the North usually worked as house servants, artisans, laborers, and craftsmen.
Most were in cities.
Many men worked on the docks and in shipping.
In 1703, more than 42 percent of New York City households had slaves.
New York City had the second-highest proportion of slaves of any city in the colonies after Charleston, South Carolina.
Slaves were also used as agricultural workers in farming communities.
This included areas of upstate New York and Long Island, Connecticut, and New Jersey.
By 1770 there were 397,924 Blacks in a population of 2,170 million.
They were not spread out evenly.
There were 14,867 in New England where they were 2.7% of the population; 34,679 in the mid-Atlantic colonies where they were 6% of the population (19,000 were in New York or 11%); and 347,378 in the five southern colonies where they were 31% of the population.
The South developed an agricultural economy.
It relied on commodity crops.
Its planters quickly got more slaves.
This was because its commodity crops were labor-intensive.
Revolutionary Era
While there were some African slaves that were kept and sold in England, slavery in Great Britain had not been allowed by statute there.
In 1772, it was made unenforceable at common law in England and Wales by a legal decision.
The big British role in the international slave trade continued until 1807.
Slavery continued in most of Britain's colonies.
Many rich slave owners lived in England and had a lot of power.
In early 1775 Lord Dunmore, royal governor of Virginia, wrote to Lord Dartmouth.
He wrote he was going to free slaves owned by Patriots in case they rebelled.
On November 7, 1775, Lord Dunmore issued Lord Dunmore's Proclamation which declared martial law.
He promised freedom for any slaves of American patriots who would leave their masters and join the royal forces.
Slaves owned by Loyalist masters, however, were not going to be freed by Dunmore's Proclamation.
About 1500 slaves owned by Patriots ran away and joined Dunmore's forces.
Most died of disease before they could do any fighting.
Three hundred of these freed slaves made it to freedom in Britain.
Many slaves used the war to run away from their plantations.
They would run into cities or woods.
In South Carolina, nearly 25,000 slaves (30% of the total enslaved population) ran away, migrated, or died during the war.
In the South, many slaves died, with many due to escapes.
Slaves also escaped throughout New England and the mid-Atlantic, joining the British who had occupied New York.
Slaves and free blacks also fought with the rebels during the Revolutionary War.
Washington allowed slaves to be freed who fought with the American Continental Army.
Rhode Island started enlisting slaves in 1778.
Rhode Island promised money to owners whose slaves enlisted and lived to gain freedom.
During the course of the war, about one fifth of the northern army was black.
In 1781, Baron Closen, a German officer in the French Royal Deux-Ponts Regiment at the Battle of Yorktown, estimated the American army to be about one-quarter black.
These men included both former slaves and free blacks.
In the 18th century, Britain became the world's biggest slave trader.
Starting in 1777, the Patriots made importing slaves illegal state by state.
They all acted to end the international trade.
However, it was later reopened in South Carolina and Georgia.
In 1807 Congress acted on President Jefferson's advice and made importing slaves from other countries a federal crime, as the Constitution permitted, starting January 1, 1808.
1790 to 1860
"Fancy ladies"
In the United States in the early nineteenth century, owners of female slaves could freely and legally use them as sexual objects.
This is similar to the free use of female slaves on slave ships by the crews.
"Fancy" was a code word that meant the girl or young woman was able to be used for or trained for sexual use.
Sometimes, children were also abused like this.