the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In 2007 there was an international competition to choose the New Seven Wonders of the World.
Four months later, Antena 3 and Onda Cero started a contest to choose the 12 Treasures of Spain.
The people voted in the contest.
People voted via internet and mobile phones.
They received over 9,000 applications.
The candidates were drawn down to 20.
They were going to choose 7 Treasures of Spain.
Later that number was changed to 12.
Other finalists
http://www.touristeye.com/12-Treasures-in-Spain-g-146144 - 12 Treasures of Spain
The Cathedral of Santa María () is a cathedral in Calahorra, Spain.
The building is protected for its historic interest and has been since 1931.
In Spanish it is called a Bien de Interés Cultural (property of cultural interest).
Virtual Tour of the Cathedral of Santa María
The Opel Karl is a small car from the German carmaker Opel.
It is sold in the UK as a Vauxhall Viva, a name last used on a medium-sized car sold for 3 generations between 1963 and 1979.
Pamplona Cathedral is a famous Roman catholic cathedral in Spain.
It is the seat of archdiocese of Pamplona, Spain.
It is famous for its Gothic architecture.
Navallas, Arturo; Jusué, Carmen (eds.):
La catedral de Pamplona (2 vols.),
Pamplona: Caja de Ahorros de Navarra, 1994
Arraiza, Jesús: Catedral de Pamplona: la otra historia, Pamplona: Ediciones y Libros, 1994
Cathedral of Pamplona's web page
The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Holy Assumption (), better known as Valladolid Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Valladolid, Spain.
It was designed by Juan de Herrera.
The Metropolitan Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist of Badajoz () is a Roman Catholic cathedral church in Badajoz, Extremadura, western Spain.
It is the seat of the Archdiocese of Mérida-Badajoz.
Page with history and a video of the construction phases
Page at Ciudades Catedrals website
Detailed guide of the Catedral of Badajoz
1276 establishments
The Metropolitan Cathedral Basilica of the Holy Saviour or Cathedral of San Salvador (, ) is a Roman Catholic cathedral and minor basilica in the centre of Oviedo, in the Asturias region of northern  Spain.
Many styles of architectural styles were used in building the cathedral.
They include Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance.
It began as a large Pre-Romanesque basilica in the present location of the Gothic cathedral.
That first building was built by order of King Alfonso II of Asturias.
The Cathedral was founded by King Fruela I of Asturias in 781 AD.
In 802, his son Alfonso II of Asturias made it bigger.
He made Oviedo the capital of the Kingdom of Asturias.
People buried at Oviedo Cathedral
Saint Eulogius of Córdoba
Fruela I of Asturias
Munia Lopez de Gascogne, wife of Fruela I
Teresa de Leon, wife of Sancho I of León
Jimena De Pamplona, wife of Alfonso III of León
Saint Leocadia, relics later moved from Oviedo
Saint Pelagius (912-925)
Página Oficial de la Catedral
Mirabilia Ovetensia:Ficha, reconstrucciones infográficas y visita virtual al monumento
Campanas de la Catedral de Oviedo
Catedral en Google Earth
The Cathedral of the Savior () is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Zaragoza, Spain.
It is part of the World Heritage Site Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon.
Page of the Cathedral Council
Page about Zaragoza and Aragón
The shrine
Herensuge the Basque dragon
1318 establishments
The Alcazaba of Almería is a fortified complex in Almería, southern Spain.
The word alcazaba, from the Arabic word Kasbah|al-qasbah, means a walled-fortification in a city.
Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park is in the south-eastern corner of Spain.
It is Andalusia's largest coastal protected area.
It is a wild and isolated landscape with some of Europe's most original geological features.
It is the only region in Europe with a Warm Desert climate.
The Palacio de la Magdalena (Spanish for Magdalena Palace)  is an early 20th-century palace in Spain.
It is on the Magdalena Peninsula of the city of Santander, Cantabria.
Construction of the palace was started in 1908 by the local government of Santander.
The palace was built to be a place where the royal family of Spain would live for part of the year.
Palacio de la Magdalena Official Web Site , with photographs, maps, and virtual tours
A defensin is a small cation protein found in animals and plants.
They are host defence peptides.
They work against bacteria, fungi and many viruses.
Defensins have 18-45 amino acids including six to eight conserved cysteine residues.
Cells of the immune system have these peptides to help kill phagocytosed bacteria.
Those cells include neutrophil granulocytes and almost all epithelial cells.
Most defensins work by binding to the microbial cell membrane.
Once there, they make tiny holes in the membrane which allow vital ions and nutrients to leak out.
innate immune system
The Cathedral of Málaga is a Renaissance cathedral in the city of Málaga in Andalusia, Spain.
It was constructed between 1528 and 1782.
The cathedral, built on a rectangular floor plan, is composed of a nave and two aisles.
The nave is wider but has the same height as the aisles.
The choir stalls are the work of Pedro de Mena.
EISMAN, E. L.: "Traducción de una bula de la catedral de Málaga", Jábega, nº 41, Diputación Provincial de Málaga, 1983, pp.
GONZÁLEZ SÁNCHEZ, V.: Catálogo general de la documentación del Archivo Histórico de la Iglesia Catedral de Málaga.
Málaga: Edinford, 1994.
RIESCO TERRERO, Á.: "El Archivo Catedral de Málaga: hacia una nueva reorganización y catalogación de fondos", Baetica: Estudios de arte, geografía e historia, nº 9, Universidad de Málaga, 1985, pp.
RIESCO TERRERO, Á.: "Colaboración del Obispo y Cabildo Catedral de Málaga a la empresa real de selección y edición de obras de San Isidoro de Sevilla (Edic.
Regia 1597–99) y al enriquecimiento de dos grandes centros documentales: El Archivo General de Simancas y a la Biblioteca de El Escorial", Baetica, nº 11, Universidad de Málaga, 1988, pp.
301–322.
SÁNCHEZ MAIRENA, A.: "El Archivo de la Catedral de Málaga: su primera organización a partir del inventario de 1523", E-Spania: Revue électronique d'études hispaniques médiévales, ISSN 1951-6169, nº 4, 2007.
SÁNCHEZ MAIRENA, A.: "Notas sobre el Archivo de la Catedral de Málaga en el siglo XVI" en M.ª Val González de la Peña (ed.),
Estudios en memoria del profesor Dr. Carlos Sáez: Homenaje.
Madrid: Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, 2007; pp.
621–650.
VEGA GARCÍA-FERRER, M.ª J.: "Los cantorales de gregoriano en la catedral de Málaga", F. J. Giménez Rodríguez et alii (coord.),
El patrimonio musical de Andalucía y sus relaciones con el contexto ibérico.
Granada: Universidad de Granada, 2008; pp.
Quick guide to visit: The Cathedral of Málaga
Expecting Amish is a 2014 drama made for television movie.
It was shown on the Lifetime channel.
A 18-year-old girl Hannah Yoder is about to join the church and get married.
She decided she likes better the Hollywood life style even it means she will never see her family again.
Aj Michalka
Cayden Boyd
Aurelia Scheppers
Expecting Amish  on Lifetime
The Cathedral of Saint Mary of Girona is the  cathedral church of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Girona, located in Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
Its interior includes the widest  Gothic nave in the world.
It has a width of .
In size it is second only to St. Peter's Basilica.
By comparison, the width of the nave of Reims is , Saint-Étienne de Sens,  m and , in Notre Dame de Paris.
The Art of medieval Spain, A.D. 500-1200, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on this cathedral (see index)
Garajonay National Park () is one of the national parks of Spain.
It is located in the center and north of the island of La Gomera which is one of the Canary Islands off the coast of Morocco.
It is named for Alto de Garajonay which is the highest peak on the island.
The park is usually covered by clouds which helps preserve over 150 species of plants.
Garajonay became a national park in 1981.
It was declared as World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986.
It occupies 40 km2 (15 sq mi) and it extends into each of the six municipalities on the island.
Legend of Gara and Jonay
The church of St Mary at Mount Naranco () is a Roman Catholic church in Oviedo, northern Spain.
It was built in 848 as a royal palace for King Ramiro I of Asturias.
It was changed into a church during the 13th century.
Santa María church is an example of Asturian pre-Romanesque architecture.
In 1985 it was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
It was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1885.
The Church of St Mary at Mount Naranco was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.
Asturian art
James Fergusson, A history of architecture in all countries, Book VII: Spanish and Portugal
Lorenzo Arias Paramo, 'Geometría y proporción en la arquitectura prerrománica asturiana', Actas del III Congreso de Arqueología Medieval Española, Universidad de Oviedo, pp.
27–37
Official page of Santa María del Naranco and San Miguel de Lillo
3D model on Google Earth
A photo essay about the Santa María del Naranco
The Royal Palace of Aranjuez () is one of the places the King of Spain lives.
It is located in the town of Aranjuez, Community of Madrid, Spain.
The palace is open to the public as one of the Spanish royal sites.
It was originally the site of a medieval hunting lodge.
Philip II built it as a modest summer palace.
The palace was designed by Juan Bautista de Toledo and Juan de Herrera who also designed El Escorial.
Later kings kept adding to it.
It was completed during the reign of Ferdinand VI in the mid-18th century.
Charles III added two wings to it.
By that time the palace had over 300 rooms.
Real Sitio de Aranjuez
Jardin del Palacio de Aranjuez - a Gardens Guide review
Pictures of Royal Palace in Aranjuez
A Host defence peptide (or antimicrobial peptide)  is one of a part of the innate immune response.
They act against invading microorganisms.
The peptides kill Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria.
This includes strains which are resistant to conventional antibiotics.
The peptides also work against mycobacteria (including Mycobacterium tuberculosis), enveloped viruses, fungi and even transformed or cancerous cells.
These peptides are excellent candidates for medical use.
They complement conventional antibiotic therapy.
They have a broad range of activity, and are bactericidal as opposed to bacteriostatic.
They need only a short contact time to kill bacteria.
There are big differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells as targets for antimicrobial peptides.
Unlike most antibiotics it seems that antimicrobial peptides may also improve immunity by working as immunomodulators (beefing up the immune system).
Defensins
Mar Menor (, "Minor sea") is a salty lagoon, in the southeast of the autonomous community of Murcia, in Spain.
It separated from the Mediterranean sea by La Manga, a sandbar  in length and with a width ranging from  to .
It belongs to four municipalities: Cartagena, Los Alcázares, San Javier and San Pedro del Pinatar.
It has a perimeter of .
The warm and clear water is no more than  in depth.
It was called "the largest swimming pool in the world", by famous swimmer and Hollywood actress Esther Williams.
The water has a high salt content which aids in flotation.
It is one of the most popular places in Europe for a wide variety of water sports.
First the Phoenicians and then the Moorish kings, chose this "small sea" as the site of their summer residences.
Today, this area attracts all those who seek a quiet place to rest and relax.
There are ideal weather conditions all year round.
Ecological importance of the Mar Menor
At the northern end there are salt marshes which include a wetland of international importance.
This area is conserved as a natural park run by the local government.
Its Spanish name is "Salinas y Arenales de San Pedro del Pinatar".
The microbes that live in this coastal lagoon have been recently described.
In 1994 the Mar Menor was on the Ramsar Convention list for the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands.
The Mar Menor is also part of a Specially Protected Area of Mediterranean Importance and is a Special Protection Area (ZEPA in Spanish) for bird life.
Mar Menor Tourism Site
Un-official La Manga del Mar Menor Tourism guide
Mar Menor Activities
Fury is a 2014 American war movie starring Brad Pitt.
It is set in Germany in April 1945.
The release date was October 17, 2014.
Brad Pitt as US Army S/Sgt.
Don "Wardaddy" Collier
Shia LaBeouf as T/5 Boyd "Bible" Swan
Logan Lerman as Pvt.
Norman "Machine" Ellison
Michael Peña as Cpl.
Trini "Gordo" Garcia
Jon Bernthal as Pfc.
Grady "Coon-Ass" Travis
Jason Isaacs as Cpt. "
Old Man" Waggoner
Scott Eastwood as Sgt.
Xavier Samuel as 2nd Lt.
Brad William Henke as Sgt.
Anamaria Marinca as Irma
Alicia von Rittberg as Emma
Kevin Vance as Sgt.
Branko Tomović as German Corporal
Iain Garrett as Sgt.
Eugenia Kuzmina as Hilda Meier
Stella Stocker as Edith
The Palacio de Galiana is a palace in Toledo, Spain.
It is on the borders of the Tagus River.
It was built where there had been a summer house and garden of the king Al-Mamun, the king of the Taifa of Toledo.
It was built in the thirteenth century by king Alphonso X.
Thorough report and extensive references on the early history of the palace, photos and map at the bottom, on Middle East Gardens.com  (retrieved on November 27, 2008)
Photos of the Palacio de Galiana  on Oronoz.com (retrieved on November 27, 2008)
Jésus Téllez Rubio,  "Dos Agrónomos Toledanos: Ibn Wâfid e Ibn Bassâl, y la Huerta del Rey" in: Tulaytula: Revista de la Asociación de Amigos del Toledo Islámico, ISSN 1575-653X, Nº. 4, 1999, pags.
49-58 (click on 'descargar' PDF).
Retrieved on November 30, 2008.
Julián Ramos Ramos, "Las almunias de la ciudad de Toledo".
Tulaytula: Revista de la Asociación de Amigos del Toledo Islámico, ISSN 1575-653X, Nº. 3, 1998, pags.
51-76 (click on 'descargar' PDF)
Palacio de Galiana on Wikimapia (retrieved on November 27, 2008)
"La Historia de Fermosa"  Abraham S. Marrache, Hebraica Ediciones 2009 : Palacio de Galiana was the backdrop to the love affair that took place in 1179, between King Alfonso VIII of Castille and Fermosa, the young Jewess from Toledo.
The Royal Abbey of Santa Maria de Poblet () is a Cistercian monastery.
The abbey is located at the feet of the Prades Mountains, in the comarca of Conca de Barberà, in Catalonia (Spain).
It was founded in 1150 by Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona.
It was the first of three monasteries that made up the "Cistercian triangle".
The other two were Vallbona de les Monges and Santes Creus.
The main architect was Arnau Bargués.
Alfonso II (1196)
James I (1276)
Peter IV (1387), and his first three wives Maria of Navarre, Eleanor of Portugal, and Eleanor of Sicily
John I (1396), and his wives, Martha of Armagnac and Violant of Bar
Martin (1410), and his first wife, Maria de Luna
Ferdinand I (1416), and his wife, Eleanor of Alburquerque
Alfonso V (1458)
John II (1479), and his second wife, Joana Enríquez
Monestir de Poblet Official website
Adrian Fletcher's Paradoxplace Poblet Pages (photos)
Monestirs de Catalunya.
Poblet
Poblet photos
12th-century establishments in Spain
Cysteine (abbreviated as Cys or C) is an α-amino acid.
It has the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2SH.
Cysteine is a semi-essential amino acid, which means that humans can make it.
The codons UGU and UGC code for cysteine.
The thiol side chain in cysteine often does enzyme reactions as a nucleophile.
The thiol oxidises to give the disulfide derivative cystine, which is important in many protein structures.
When used as a food additive, cysteine has the E number E920.
Saint Mary's Cathedral (), better known as Lugo Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic cathedral and basilica.
It is located in Lugo, Galicia (Spain).
It was built starting from the early 12th century.
It was started in the Romanesque style.
During its construction the style changed to Gothic and Baroque architecture.
The cathedral has a Latin cross floor plan, with a length of .
It has a nave, covered by a barrel vault, and two aisles, with an ambulatory and five apse chapels.
Terrassa Cathedral, or the Cathedral Basilica of the Holy Spirit (, ), is a Roman Catholic cathedral on the plaça Vella of Terrassa.
It is the seat of the Diocese of Terrassa.
The Cathedral of Teruel is a church in Teruel, Aragon, Spain.
It belongs to St. Mary.
It is a notable example of Mudéjar architecture.
Since 1986, it has been part of the UNESCO Heritage site Mudéjar Architecture of Aragon.
The bell tower is one of the best preserved Mudéjar towers in Spain.
It has three floors.
It is decorated with azulejos (painted tiles) and ceramic glaze.
At the top is an octagonal lantern from the 18th century.
Description and images of the cathedral
Page with virtual visit and photos
Monfragüe is a comarca (country, with no administrative role) of Extremadura, western Spain.
It contains one of the country's fifteen National Parks, .
Magazine about Monfragüe
The  Sierra Nevada National Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada) is a national park in Spain.
It is in the Granada and Almería provinces.
There are more than 20 peaks over .
The highest are Mulhacén (), Veleta () and Alcazaba ().
Sierra Nevada Natural Park
The Cathedral of Baeza (), in full the Cathedral of the Nativity of Our Lady of Baeza () is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Baeza, Andalusia, Spain.
It was built in the styles of the Renaissance.
It is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site with other monuments in Baeza and the nearby city of Úbeda.
The cathedral was one of 100 nominees for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.
The Tower of Hercules (Galician and ) is an ancient Roman lighthouse in Spain.
It is on a peninsula about  from the centre of A Coruña, Galicia.
The tower is a National Monument of Spain.
Since June 27, 2009, it has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
It is the second tallest lighthouse in Spain, after the Faro de Chipiona.
Specific references
"Documentos para estudiar la Torre de Hércules"
Mareblucamogli.com
Tower of Hercules  from Spain.info
Torre de Hércules  (in English) from the Universidade da Coruña website
Tower of Hercules Visitor Services and Interpretive Center
Torre foto
Images of the Roman Tower of Hercules and futuristic visual legends
Historical timeline of the Tower of Brigantia, from galicianflag.com
The monasteries of San Millán de Suso (6th century) and San Millán de Yuso (11th century) are two monasteries in the village of San Millán de la Cogolla, La Rioja, Spain.
They were designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in December 1997.
The first written text in spanish and euskera was found there in the book called “glosas Emilianenses”.
This treasure is the reason why this place is part of the human patrimony.
http://www.monasteriodeyuso.org
A Latin cross or Crux immissa is a type of Christian cross in which the vertical beam sticks above the crossbeam.
This is the main representation of the cross by which Jesus Christ was crucified.
The Latin cross began as a Roman Catholic emblem but later became a universal symbol of Christianity.
If displayed upside down it is called St. Peter's Cross because he was reputedly executed on this type of cross.
When displayed sideways it is called St. Philip's cross for the same reason.
A Latin cross plan is a floor plan found in many cathedrals and churches.
When looked at from above or in plan view it takes the shape of a Latin cross (crux immissa).
The Latin cross plans have a nave with aisles or chapels, or both and a transept that forms the arms of the cross.
It also has at least one apse that traditionally faces east.
Many also have a narthex at the entry.
The ambulatory (Medieval Latin ambulatorium) is the covered passage around a cloister.
The term is sometimes applied to the procession way around the east end of a cathedral or large church.
This is usually behind the high altar.
A barrel vault, also known as a tunnel vault or a wagon vault, is a type of ceiling.
It is an architectural element formed by the extension of a simple arch.
It forms the shape of a semicircle over parallel walls.
Hunter Andrew Pence (born April 13, 1983) is an American Major League Baseball player.
Pence plays for the San Francisco Giants.
He plays the position outfielder.
He previously played for the Houston Astros and Philadelphia Phillies.
Pence is  tall.
He weighs .
Pence was with the San Francisco Giants when they won the World Series in 2012.
Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (short PUC-MG) is a university of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.
It was established in 1958.
It is one of the five largest universities in Brazil.
In 2010 it was nominated the best private university in Brazil by Best Universities.
The Walls of Ávila in central Spain were completed between the 11th and 12th centuries.
They are the city's principal historic feature.
The work was started in 1090 by Raymond of Burgundy.
Most of the walls appear to have been rebuilt in the 12th century.
The enclosed area is a rectangle of  with a perimeter of some , including 90 semicircular crenellated towers.
The walls have an average width of .
They have an average height of .
The wall has nine fortified gates.
The Puerta de San Vicente (Gate of St Vincent) and Puerta del Alcazar (Gate of the Fortress) are flanked by twin towers,  high, linked by a semicircular arch.
The apse of the cathedral also forms one of the towers.
The fortifications are the most complete in Spain.
It is possible to walk on the walls for about half their circumference.
Some of the walls will never be able to be walked on because they are connected to other buildings.
There is a large section of the walls that have not been made safe for people.
The site was registered as a National Monument in 1884.
In 1985, the old city of Ávila and its extramural churches were declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO.
The information in this article is based on that in its Spanish equivalent.
Walls of Ávila in Artegias.com
http://muralladeavila.com/en/ - Muralla de
Intersection is a 1994 drama movie.
The movie is about an architect who has flashbacks when his Mercedes crashes.
Lolita Davidovich plays Olivia Marshak.
Sharon Stone plays Sally Eastman.
Jennifer Morrison also stars in the movie.
The reviews of the movie were negative.
It did poorly in the box office.
The Casas Colgadas (Hanging Houses), also known as Casas Voladas, Casas del Rey is a complex of houses located in Cuenca, Spain.
Houses of this kind were frequent along the eastern border of the ancient city in the past.
They hang on the cliffs over the Huécar River gorge.
Today there are only a few of the houses still there.
The most well known is a group of three with wooden balconies.
The houses date to the 14th century.
Through the years they have been refurbished a few times.
The most recent took place during the 1920s.
They have been used as individual homes.
They have also been used as council houses.
Now they are the host to a mesón, a type of restaurant, and the Museo de Arte Abstracto Español (Spanish Abstract Art Museum), in Cuenca.
Cuenca Spain: A Visit to the Hanging Houses
The Hanging Houses of Cuenca
Blink is a 1994 American neo noir crime drama mystery movie.
It is set in Chicago.
The movie is about a young blind musician.
She has surgery that makes her see again.
Madeleine Stowe plays Emma Brody.
Laurie Metcalf plays Candice.
Prince David Chavchavadze (20 May 1924 – 5 October 2014) was an British-born American author and civil servant.
He was a former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer for the United States.
He is of Georgian-Russian origin.
Vladimir F. Wertsman, Georgian Americans.
Multicultural America.
Every Culture.
“Chavchavadze, David”.
NameBase. (
Genealogy of David Prince Chavchavadze on Genealogics.org.
Information and foto by Serhiy Zakarlyuka at arsenal-kiev.com.ua
The Cathedral of Santa Maria of Palma is a Gothic Roman Catholic cathedral located in Palma, Majorca, Spain.
It was built on the site of a pre-existing Arab mosque.
It is 121 metres long and 55 metres wide.
Its nave is 44 metres tall.
The cathedral was styled in the Catalan Gothic style.
It has Northern European influences.
The building was it was started by King James I of Aragon in 1229.
It was finished building in 1601.
It sits within the old city of Palma.
It is on top of the former citadel of the Roman city.
It is between the Royal Palace of La Almudaina and the episcopal palace.
It overlooks the Parc de la Mar and the Mediterranean Sea.
Fifty years after a restoration of the cathedral had started in 1901 Antoni Gaudí was invited to take over the project.
Some of his ideas were adopted.
He moved the choir stalls from the middle nave to be closer to the altar.
He also made a large canopy.
Gaudí abandoned his work in 1914 after an argument with the contractor.
The planned changes were cosmetic rather than structural.
The project was cancelled soon after.
"Cathedral of Palma: La Seu", Video in english, 3:33 min.,
Mallorca TV Teleweb+
La Seu Cathedral History
La Seu Cathedral in www.mallorcawebsite.com
Almudaina Palace
1601 establishments
Zzyzx , formerly Camp Soda and Soda Springs, is an unincorporated community in San Bernardino County, California, United States.
It is within the boundaries of Mojave National Preserve.
Ecological sites along U.S. Interstate 15 Small photo of road sign
Zzyzx photos and historical information
Center for Land Use Interpretation site page with directions, details, photos, and map link
Anna Maria Gherardi (21 March 1939 – 5 October 2014) was an Italian actress and voice actress.
She was known for her roles in Lost Love and in Petomaniac.
She was born in Bologna, Italy.
Peer Augustinski (June 25, 1940 – October 3, 2014) was a German actor and voice actor.
He was the official German dub-over artist of Robin Williams.
Augustinski voice dubbed nearly all of Williams' work such as Awakenings, Toys, Good Will Hunting, Aladdin, and Dead Poets Society.
NY1 (also known as Time Warner Cable News NY1 and spoken as "New York One") is an American cable news television channel.
It is owned by Time Warner Cable.
The channel provides 24-hour news coverage, with a focus on the five boroughs of New York City.
Its programming primarily features news and weather forecasts.
NY1 also features specialty programs such as Inside City Hall (which is renamed Road to City Hall during New York City mayoral elections).
News channels
Winter Solstice is an American christian metalcore band formed in 2000.
The group split up in 2006.The Band never mentioned the performance with Elton John, That Occurred in 2007.
This performance was their final.
Winter Solstice (2002)
The Pulse Is Overrate (2004)
The Fall of Rome (2005)
The Palmeral or Palm Grove of Elche (Spanish: Palmeral de Elche, Valencian: Palmerar d'Elx) is the generic name for the date palm orchards in the city of Elche (Spain).
In the urban area of Elche there are a total of 97 different orchards.
They contain about 70,000 date palms.
Most of them are in the east bank of the Vinalopó.
This number does not include other large plantations located around the city.
The total may be near 200,000 palms.
The Palm Grove covers over , including  in the city of Elche.
It is the only palm grove of its type anywhere in Europe.
The Palm Grove of Elche was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.
Elche Spain - City overview with detailed map
Information on the picudo rojo (red palm weevil)
Palmeral of Elche from UNESCO
El Palmeral de Elche - A Cultural Landscape Inherited from Al-Andalus
Rolling coal is a term used to describe the result of intentionally removing the pollution controls on diesel trucks or cars.
This causes the vehicle to produce black, sooty exhaust.
Participants often "roll coal" on pedestrians, bicyclists and drivers of hybrid vehicles.
Vehicle modifications
Pollution controls such as exhaust filters are removed.
Additionally, the vehicle may be modified to deliver more fuel to the engine than usual.
The turbocharger may also be disabled, although this is uncommon because it can reduce performance and cause engine problems.
The Park Güell (Catalan: Parc Güell) is a public park system of gardens and architectonic elements.
It is located on Carmelo Hill, in Barcelona (Spain).
Carmelo Hill belongs to the mountain range of Sierra de Collserola — the Parque del Carmelo (Catalan: Parc del Carmel) is located on the northern face.
Park Güell is located in La Salut, a neighborhood in the Gràcia district of Barcelona.
With urbanization in mind, Eusebi Güell gave the design of the park to architect Antoni Gaudí.
He designed the park in the Catalonian modernism style.
The park was built between 1900 and 1914.
It opened as a public park in 1926.
Park Güell at Google Maps
UNESCO World Heritage Sites Works of Antoni Gaudí
Park Güell Barcelona - Gardens Guide
Park Güell Photo Gallery
Park Güell at Great Buildings
Interactive Panorama: Park Güell
Photographic walk through the Gaudí Park
Edward Franklin Albee III ( ; March 12, 1928 – September 16, 2016) was an American playwright.
He was known for works such as The Zoo Story (1958), The Sandbox (1959), Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (
1962), and a rewrite of the book for the unsuccessful musical Breakfast at Tiffany's (1966), an adaptation of Truman Capote's 1958 novella of the same name.
Edward F. Albee Foundation
The Edward Albee Society
Why is near the western border of the Tohono O'Odham Indian Reservation.
It is due north of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument in Southern Arizona.
Why is about thirty miles north of the Mexican border where Lukeville, Arizona, and Sonoita, Sonora, Mexico, border each other.
It is ten miles south of Ajo, Arizona.
Mapquest Map
Aerial Photos Google Earth
www.wunderground.com Weather
Logic programming is using mathematical logic to write computer programs.
There are specialized programming languages where the user can directly enter logical statements.
Probably the best-known of these languages is called Prolog.
Alonzo Church used a form of logic programming in what is known as lambda calculus today.
Logic programming has also been used in LISP.
Programs consist of a set of rules and facts.
In most cases, logic programming uses what is called negation as failure or weak negation: This means that if it is not possible to derive some clause  from the facts and rules, the system will assume that its negation is true.
Besmilr Brigham (born Bess Miller Moore; September 28, 1913 – September 30, 2000) was an American poet.
She also wrote short stories.
Brigham was born Bess Miller Moore in Pace, Mississippi.
She graduated from Mary Hardin-Baylor College (now University of Mary Hardin–Baylor) in Belton, Texas.
After that, she studied at the New School for Social Research in New York.
In New York she met Roy Brigham.
Then she married him.
According to the Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture, "She came to prominence during the women’s movement of the 1960s, and her work is noted for its innovative structure, sound, and rhythm."
Brigham is also known as Besmilr Moore Brigham.
The Besmilr Women Writers Award is named after her.
Agony dance: death of the dancing dolls (poetry)
Run through rock: selected short poems of Besmilr Brigham (C. D. Wright, ed.)
Heaved from the earth. (
poetry)
For further reading
Kenyon Review
In logic, a rule of inference, inference rule, or  transformation rule is a logical form consisting of a function which takes premises, analyzes their syntax, and returns a conclusion.
For example, the rule of inference called modus ponens takes two premises, one in the form "If p then q" and another in the form "p", and returns the conclusion "q".
The rule is valid with respect to the semantics of classical logic, in the sense that if the premises are true, then so is the conclusion.
Typically, a rule of inference preserves truth, a semantic property.
In many-valued logic, it preserves a general designation.
But a rule of inference's action is purely syntactic, and does not need to preserve any semantic property: any function from sets of formulae to formulae counts as a rule of inference.
Usually only rules that are recursive are important; i.e. rules such that there is an effective procedure for determining whether any given formula is the conclusion of a given set of formulae according to the rule.
Popular rules of inference in propositional logic include modus ponens, modus tollens, and contraposition.
First-order predicate logic uses rules of inference to deal with logical quantifiers.
In logic, a quantifier is a way to state that a certain number of elements fulfill some criteria.
For example, every natural number has another natural number larger than it.
In this example, the word "every" is a quantifier.
Therefore, the sentence "every natural number has another natural number larger than it" is a quantified expression.
Quantifiers and quantified expressions are a useful part of formal languages.
They are useful because they let rigorous statements claim how widespread a criteria is.
Two basic kinds of quantifiers used in predicate logic are universal and existential quantifiers.
A universal quantifier states that all the elements considered fulfill the criteria.
The universal quantifier is symbolized with "∀", an upside down "A", to stand for "all".
An existence quantifier (symbolized with "∃") states that at least one element considered fits the criteria.
The existential quantifier is symbolized with "∃", a backwards "E", to stand for "exists".
Quantifiers are also used in natural languages.
Examples of quantifiers in English include for all, for some, many, few, a lot, and no.
1 · 2 = 1 + 1, and 2 · 2 = 2 + 2, and 3 · 2 = 3 + 3, ..., and 100 · 2 = 100 + 100, and ..., etc.
This is a problem for formal languages, since a formal statement needs to be finite in length.
These problems can be avoided by using universal quantification.
This results in the following compact statement:
For each natural number n, n · 2 = n + n.
In the same way, we can shorten an infinite sequence of statements joined by or such as:
1 is equal to 5 + 5, or 2 is equal to 5 + 5, or 3 is equal to 5 + 5, ... , or 100 is equal to 5 + 5, or ..., etc.
by rewriting it using existential quantification:
For at least one natural number n, n is equal to 5+5.
The universal quantifier is used to claim that for elements in a set, the elements all match some criteria.
Usually, this statement "for all elements" is shortened to an "A" flipped upside down, which is "∀".
The existential quantifier is used to claim that for elements in a set, there exists at least one element that matches some criteria.
Usually, this statement "there exists an element" is shortened to an "E" flipped upside down, which is "∃".
English statements can be often rewritten using symbols, predicates representing criteria, and quantifiers.
One example is "Each of Peter's friends either likes to dance or likes to go to the beach".
Let X be the set of all Peter's friends.
Let P(x) be the predicate "x likes to dance".
Let Q(x) be the predicate "x likes to go to the beach".
We can rewrite the example using formal notation as .
The statement can be read as "For every x that is a member of X, P applies to x or Q applies to x."
There are other ways to use quantifiers in formal language.
Each of the following statements below says the same thing as :
Several statements above explicitly include X, the set of elements that the quantifier applies to.
This set of elements is also known as the range of quantification, or the universe of discourse.
Some of the statements above do not include such a set.
In this case, the set will have to be specified before the statement.
For example, "x is an apple" must be stated before .
In this case, we are making a statement that at least one apple fits the predicate P.
Using quantifiers formally does not require using the symbol x. In fact, other symbols, such as y and z, can also be used.
However, one must be careful not to use the same symbol to refer to two different things.
It is important to put quantifiers in the right order.
Below is an example of an English sentence showing how meaning changes with order:
For every natural number n, there exists a natural number s such that s = n2.
It states that every natural number has a square.
However, if we turn the order of the quantifiers around:
There exists a natural number s, such that for every natural number n, s = n2.
then the statement is false.
It claims that there is one natural number s that is the square of every natural number.
In certain circumstances, changing the order of quantifiers does not change the meaning of the statement.
There exists a natural number x, and there exists a natural number y such that x = y2.
Other quantifiers
An example is the solution quantifier.
It is used to state which elements solve a particular equation.
The solution quantifier is represented by a § (section sign).
For example, the following statement claims the squares of 0, 1 and 2 are smaller than 4.
There are many elements such that...
There are few elements such that...
There are infinitely many elements such that...
For all but finitely many elements... (sometimes expressed as "for almost all elements...").
There are uncountable many elements such that...
For all but countably many elements...
Term logic was developed by Aristotle.
It was an early form of logic, and included quantification.
The use of quantification was closer to that of natural language.
This meant that statements in term logic with quantifiers were less suited for formal analysis.
Term logic included quantifiers for All, Some  and No (none) in 4th century BC.
In 1879, Gottlob Frege created a notation for universal quantification.
Unlike the modern notation, he would represent a universal quantification by writing a variable over a dimple in an otherwise straight line.
Frege did not create a notation for existential quantification.
Instead, he combined universal quantification and a number of negations to make an equivalent statement.
Frege's use of quantification was not widely known until Bertrand Russell's 1903 Principles of Mathematics.
In 1885, Charles Sanders Peirce and his student Oscar Howard Mitchell also created a notation for universal and existential quantifiers.
They wrote Πx and Σx where we now write ∀x and ∃x.
Pierce's notation was used by many mathematicians into the 1950s.
In 1897, William Ernest Johnson and Giuseppe Peano created another notation for universal and existential quantification.
They were influenced by Pierce's previous quantification notation.
Johnson and Peano used the simple (x) for universal quantification, and ∃x for existential quantification.
Peano's influence on math spread this notation across Europe.
In 1935, Gerhard Gentzen created the ∀ symbol for universal quantification.
It was not widely used until the 1960s.
In mathematics and logic, the universal quantifier is a quantifier used to state that a proposition applies to all elements in the universe of discourse.
An example that uses this quantifier would be the proposition "All men are mortal".
Usually, a turned A (∀) is used to denote the universal quantifier, "for all x" is written as either "∀x", "∀(x)".
Propositions can be falsified.
To falsify a proposition which contains a universal quantifier, it is sufficient to find one element of the universe of discourse where the proposition is false.
This element is known as a counterexample.
In mathematics and logic, the existence quantifier is a quantifier used to state that a proposition is true for at least one element in the universe of discourse.
The existence quantifier is commonly written as  (a mirrored E), and is read as "there exists".
An example involving an existence quantifier is the statement "some natural number is equal to 3+5", which can be written as .
In general, a statement of the form  is true if there is an x in the universe of discourse satisfying the predicate , and is false otherwise.
An existence quantifier is different from a universal quantifier, which is used to state that a proposition is true for all elements in the universe of discourse.
In mathematics, the universe of discourse or domain of discourse is a set of all elements to which a function applies.
A variable can take any of the values in its universe of discourse.
"In every discourse, whether of the mind conversing with its own thoughts, or of the individual in his intercourse with others, there is an assumed or expressed limit within which the subjects of its operation are confined.
The most unfettered discourse is that in which the words we use are understood in the widest possible application, and for them the limits of discourse are co-extensive with those of the universe itself.
But more usually we confine ourselves to a less spacious field.
Sometimes, in discoursing of men we imply (without expressing the limitation) that it is of men only under certain circumstances and conditions that we speak, as of civilized men, or of men in the vigour of life, or of men under some other condition or relation.
Now, whatever may be the extent of the field within which all the objects of our discourse are found, that field may properly be termed the universe of discourse.
Furthermore, this universe of discourse is in the strictest sense the ultimate subject of the discourse".
The Banger Sisters is a 2002 American comedy drama movie.
The movie is about two middle-aged women who were groupies when they were young.
Goldie Hawn plays Suzette.
Susan Sarandon plays Vinnie.
This movie was released in September of 2002.
It made quite a bit of money at the box office.
Maid in Manhattan is a 2002 romantic comedy-drama movie.
It is about a hotel maid and a politician who fall in love with each other.
Jennifer Lopez plays Marisa.
Ralph Fiennes plays Christopher.
Natasha Richardson plays Caroline.
This movie got negative reviews from critics.
It made lots of money anyway.
This movie was released in December 2002.
2002 romance movies
Bryan McCabe (born June 8, 1975) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman.
He played a career total of 1135 games in the National Hockey League (NHL).
He played for the New York Islanders, Vancouver Canucks, Chicago Blackhawks, Toronto Maple Leafs, Florida Panthers, and the New York Rangers.
He was drafted with the 40th overall by the New York Islanders in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft.
Halfway through his third season with the Islanders, McCabe was traded along with Todd Bertuzzi and a third round draft pick in 1998 (Jarkko Ruutu) to the Vancouver Canucks for Trevor Linden on February 6, 1998.
On October 2, 2000, after he had 6-goal, 25-point season with the Blackhawks in the 1999–2000 season, McCabe was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs for Alexander Karpovtsev and a fourth round draft choice (Vladimir Gusev) in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft.
McCabe had a good 2001–02 season with Toronto, having a 17-goal, 43-point breakout season, as well as, 53 points two seasons later, ending in a fourth-place finish in Norris Trophy voting Second Team All-Star honours.
During the 2004–05 NHL lockout, McCabe played in the Swedish Elitserien with HV71.
He didn't have a good time with HV71, recording one goal, 30 penalty minutes and a -12 rating over ten games.
He exercised an escape clause in his contract before he went to a game against Södertälje SK where he was supposed to be a healthy scratch for them.
When the lockout ended, he returned to the Maple Leafs.
He recorded a career high 19 goals, 49 assists and 68 points in 73 games with the Maple Leafs.
He finished the season third overall in points among defencemen, behind Nicklas Lidström and Sergei Zubov.
On June 28, 2006, he signed a 5-year deal with the Leafs worth $28.75 million with a no-movement clause.
The next seasons, he recorded 57 points in 82 games the following season.
On October 15, 2007, during the dying seconds of overtime against the Buffalo Sabres, McCabe scored in his own net.
The goal was credited to Paul Gaustad.
On September 2, 2008, the Maple Leafs traded McCabe along with a fourth round draft pick in 2010 to the Florida Panthers for Mike Van Ryn.
On September 23, 2009, he was named as the Panthers' captain.
Jean-Yves Leroux (born June 24, 1976) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger.
He played a career total of 220 games in the National Hockey League (NHL).
He played his entire NHL career with the Chicago Blackhawks.
He was drafted with the 40th overall by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft.
Before he played with the Blackhawks, he played a seasons with the Indianapolis Ice of the International Hockey League (IHL).
During his time with the Blackhawks, he recorded an overall total of 16 goals, 22 assists, 38 points, 146 penalty minutes.
On October 01, 2001, the Blackhawks sent Leroux down to their AHL-affiliate Norfolk Admirals.
Leroux left the NHL after the 2000–01 NHL season.
The Maspalomas Dunes are sand dunes located on the south coast of the island of Gran Canaria, Province of Las Palmas in the Canary Islands.
A 404 hectare area of the municipality of San Bartolomé de Tirajana, they have been protected as a nature reserve.
They are one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.
Timanfaya National Park () is a Spanish national park in the southwestern part of the island of Lanzarote, Canary Islands.
It covers parts of the municipalities Tinajo and Yaiza.
Parque Nacional de Timanfaya
Santa María de León Cathedral, also called The House of Light or the Pulchra Leonina is in the city of León in north-western Spain.
It is the third Roman Catholic cathedral to be built on the site of what was originally a Roman bath.
The first cathedral was built by King Ordoño II of León.
It was probably built in the Mozarabic style but was damaged in the 990s.
The second cathedral was consecrated in 1073.
It was built in the Romanesque style of architecture.
The present Gothic style cathedral was started in 1255.
It was completed about 50 years later.
The cathedral has some of the finest examples of stained glass windows in all of Europe.
InFocus: León Cathedral (León, Spain) at HitchHikers Handbook
Official Site of León Cathedral
Webcam of León Cathedral
Las Médulas (As Médulas or As Meduas in Galician language) is a historical site  near the town of Ponferrada, Spain.
It used to be the most important gold mine in the Roman Empire.
In order to remove the gold, the Romans washed away an entire mountain.
From the 2nd to the 4th century AD the Romans used slaves to mine about 900 tons of gold.
It left a series of rock pinnacles, gullies, caves and tunnels.
Las Médulas is listed by the UNESCO as one of the World Heritage Sites.
Lewis, P. R. and G. D. B. Jones, Roman gold-mining in north-west Spain, Journal of Roman Studies 60 (1970): 169-85
Jones, R. F. J. and Bird, D. G., Roman gold-mining in north-west Spain, II: Workings on the Rio Duerna, Journal of Roman Studies 62 (1972): 59-74.
Domergue, C. and Hérail, G., Conditions de gisement et exploitation antique à Las Médulas (León, Espagne) in L'or dans l'antiquité: de la mine à l'objet, B. Cauuet, ed.,
Aquitania Supplement, 9 (Bordeaux 1999): 93-116.
Journeys Through European Landscapes/Voyages dans les Paysages Européens.
COST-ESF, Ponferrada: 101-104.
Webpage of Fundación Las Médulas, with itineraries, virtual visit and practical information
UNESCO official website
Photo gallery and explanation of the explotaition system
"Las Médulas, the Roman El Dorado".
and  Article by the Leonese writer Julio Llamazares.
Spanish site dedicated to Roman technology, especially aqueducts and mines
Social Structure and Territory-Landscape Archaeology research group
Action COST A27: Understanding pre-industrial rural and mining landscapes (LANDMARKS) European research project, a platform for scientific dissemination of Las Médulas
The Roman Walls of Lugo (Spanish, Galician: Muralla Romana de Lugo) were constructed in the 3rd century AD.
The walls were created as late Roman Empire fortifications.
They are still largely intact today.
They stretch over  around the historic centre of Lugo in Galicia (Spain).
Located on a hilltop the walls have a wide ditch directly in front of them.
The walls average about  in height and are up to  thick.
At the front of the wall there are a series of semicircular towers up to  in diameter.
The walls are constructed of schist from the local area.
The walls have been declared a World Heritage site.
The La Seu Vella (also called Cathedral of St. Mary of La Seu Vella; Catalan and Spanish: Catedral de Santa Maria de la Seu Vella, ) is the Roman catholic cathedral of the Diocese of Lleida.
It is in Lleida, Catalonia, Spain, on top of Lleida hill.
Consorci Del Turó De La Seu Vella De Lleida - Official website