the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Peter Meredith – guitar (1983–1984)
Billy Goreham – bass (1982 -1983)
Wrong Side of the Road (Soundtrack with Us Mob) – Black Australia/EMI (1981) AUS No.
From My Eyes – Rough Diamond/Astor/PolyGram (RDM 8804) (1982) AUS No.
"From My Eyes"/"We Have Survived" – Rough Diamond (RDS 3511) (1982)
AFI Screen Biographies
Wrong Side of the Road
Listen to 'We Have Survived' on Australian Screen
The CRAFFT Screening Test is a short test for alcohol and drug problems in teenagers.
This test has two parts.
"CRAFFT" is an acronym for the six questions in the second part of the test.
A doctor or counselor can give the CRAFFT Screening Test to see if a teenager might have an alcohol or drug problem.
Teenagers can also take the test themselves.
Doctors at Boston Children's Hospital's Center for Adolescent Substance Abuse Research developed the CRAFFT Screening Test in 1999.
At the time, there were no tests for alcohol and drug abuse designed specifically for teenagers.
The Children's Hospital team's goal was to develop a test for teenagers that was quick, easy to give, easy to score.
At the time, one of the most common tools used to test for alcohol problems was the CAGE questionnaire.
However, the CAGE does not work well for teenagers.
Also, the CAGE only tests for alcohol problems.
The CRAFFT tests for both alcohol and drug problems.
Because drug- and alcohol-related motor-vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death among teenagers, the CRAFFT includes a question about this.
Originally, the CRAFFT was designed for primary care doctors to use, to test teenagers they thought were likely to have substance abuse problems.
Then, around 1999, researchers found that teenage alcohol and drug use was much more common than they thought.
They found that:
Half of all high school students drank alcohol.
More than 2 out of every 3 high school seniors (12th graders)
Half of sophomores (10th graders)
One out of every 3 eighth graders
One out of every 3 high school students binge drank
More than half of all high school students had used an illegal drug
This made it clear that the CRAFFT was not just needed to test teenagers who were more likely to have substance abuse problems.
Now, experts suggest that primary care doctors use the CRAFFT to test all of their teenage patients.
This can help identify alcohol and drug problems early, before they start to get too much worse.
The CRAFFT Screening Test has two parts.
They are called "Part A" and "Part B."
Drink any alcohol (more than a few sips)?
Smoke any marijuana or hashish?
Use anything else to get high?
"Anything else" includes illegal drugs, over-the-counter and prescription drugs, and things that you sniff or "huff"
Each time a person answers "yes" to one of the CRAFFT questions, they score one point for that question.
If a person scores two or more - meaning they answered "yes" to at least two of the six "CRAFFT" questions - they are likely to have alcoholism or a drug addiction.
Not everyone who scores two or more on the CRAFFT will have an addiction.
However, they do need to be tested more to see if they have an addiction.
92% of teenagers who score 2 or more on the CRAFFT do have a substance abuse problem
64% of teenagers who score less than 2 do not have a substance abuse problem
The CRAFFT has been translated into many languages, including Mandarin Chinese, French, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Japanese, Khmer, Laotian, Russian, Portuguese, Spanish, Turkish, and Vietnamese.
Research shows that the CRAFFT is just as good a test when given in different languages, and to teenagers from different cultures.
The CRAFFT is a very quick test.
It takes an average of 74 seconds for a doctor to give the CRAFFT.
If a person takes the CRAFFT on their own, it takes an average of 49 seconds.
The CRAFFT in many languages, including English
The Conosa is one of three subphyla in the Amoebozoa.
It is subdivided into two infraphyla – the Mycetozoa and the Archamoebae.
Mycetozoa: a group of slime moulds.
Archamoebae: distinguishing mark: they have no mitochondria.
Conosa includes the species Dictyostelium discoideum and Entamoeba histolytica, among others.
About 2000 species are known, and probably there are many more.
Because these cells have few visible characteristics, they do look rather alike: "they exhibit few morphological traits that can be used as taxonomic characters".
As their molecular biology becomes known, many species may get split.
An infraphylum is a rank in the Linnaean taxonomy of biological groups.
However, sometimes extra steps are needed.
If so, an infraphylum ranks immediately below a subphylum, and above a class.
The Archamoebae are an important group of amoebae.
They are unusual among protists because they have no mitochondria.
The group includes many genera which are internal parasites or commensals of animals: for example Entamoeba and Endolimax.
Some are human pathogens, causing diseases such as amoebic dysentery.
Other genera of archamoebae live in freshwater habitats, and have flagella.
Most have a single nucleus and flagellum, but the giant amoeba Pelomyxa has many of each.
Analysis of 100 genes shows that the Archamoebae are part of the Amoebozoa which have lost their mitochondria.
They are close relatives of the slime moulds.
Parasitic and commensal forms like Entamoeba and Endolimax developed separately from free-living ancestors.
An intracranial hemorrhage is bleeding in the brain.
("Intracranial" means "inside the skull"; "hemorrhage" means "dangerous bleeding").
The most dangerous type of stroke, a hemorrhagic stroke, is a type of intracranial hemorrhage.
It is a bleed in the brain that happens when the brain has not been injured.
When blood vessels in the brain break or are injured, they bleed.
Bleeding in the brain is very dangerous, because if enough blood builds up, the blood can squeeze or crush the brain.
It can also make it impossible for oxygen to get past the blood to parts of the brain.
Without oxygen, these parts of the brain will die.
Bleeding in the brain can happen for two reasons.
It can happen because of a head injury.
A bad head injury can break some of the blood vessels in the brain.
Bleeding in the brain can also happen when blood vessels in the brain break without being injured.
For example, this may happen when a cerebral aneurysm bursts.
The three most common types of bleeding problems in the brain are epidural hematomas, subdural hematomas, and subarachnoid hemorrhages.
These happen in different parts of the meninges (the layers that cover the brain).
Epidural hematoma
An epidural hematoma is a collection of blood between the dura mater and the skull.
("Epidural" means "on top of the dura;" a "hematoma" is a collection of blood.)
Usually, injuries to the head cause epidural hematomas by tearing arteries in the dura.
Because the arteries in the dura are large, they carry a lot of blood.
If one of these arteries is injured, it can bleed very quickly, and an epidural hematoma can build up almost right away.
The picture at the top of this page shows an epidural hematoma.
The bleeding (shown in light gray) is between the skull (the thick white outside layer) and the rest of the brain (shown in dark gray).
A subdural hematoma is a collection of blood under the dura mater, between the dura and the arachnoid layer.
("Subdural" means "under the dura.")
Usually, subdural hematomas are caused by injuries to the head that tear veins.
Because these veins are smaller, and because veins do not bleed as fast as arteries, subdural hematomas may not bleed as quickly as epidural hematomas.
Subdural hematomas can happen right away after a bad injury to the head.
These are called acute subdural hematomas.
These are the most dangerous of all head injuries.
They kill about 60% to 80% of people who have them.
Subdural hematomas can also be chronic.
This means they take days or weeks to happen.
They are usually caused by injuries to the head that are not very bad.
Sometimes, if a person has a vein in their dura that slowly leaks blood every now and then, chronic subdural hematomas can take years to build up.
A subarachnoid hemorrhage is bleeding into the subarachnoid space (the space between the arachnoid and the pia mater).
("Subarachnoid" means "under the arachnoid.")
Because the subarachnoid space holds cerebrospinal fluid, bleeding here makes blood mix into the cerebrospinal fluid.
The blood irritates the brain and spinal cord, and causes symptoms like a very bad headache and a stiff neck.
Subarachnoid hemorrhages can be caused by head injuries.
They can also happen when an aneurysm in one of the arachnoid layer's blood vessels bursts and starts bleeding.
Subarachnoid hemorrhages are very dangerous.
About half of all people with subarachnoid hemorrhages die from them.
About 10% to 15% die before they even get to the hospital.
Many of the people who survive have brain damage.
Hardin County is a county in the U.S. state of Kentucky.
Its county seat is at Elizabethtown.
1792 establishments in Kentucky
Cuiba is a Guahiban language spoken in Colombia and Venezuela.
There are 2,300 people who speak it in Colombia and 650 in Venezuela.
More than half of Cuiba speakers do not speak any other language.
In Colombia the literacy rate among Cuiba speakers is 45%.
Bauré is an Arawakan language native to Bolivia.
The language is nearly extinct.
It is spoken by only 40 of the thousand Baure people.
These people live in the Beni Department northwest of Magdalena, Bolivia.
Some parts of the Bible have been translated into Baure.
Most Baure people now speak Spanish.
Lenguas de Bolivia (online edition)
Documentation of Endangered Languages: Baure
Wesley Allison Clark (April 27, 1927 – February 22, 2016) was an American computer designer.
He created the LINC computer, which was the first mini-computer and shares with a number of other computers (such as the PDP-1) the claim to be the inspiration for the personal computer.
Clark was born in New Haven, Connecticut.
He grew up in Kinderhook, New York and northern California.
He graduated from the University of California, Berkeley in 1947 with an A.B. in Physics.
In 1981 Clark received the Eckert-Mauchly Award for his work on computer architecture.
He was awarded an honorary degree by Washington University in 1984.
He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1999.
Clark was a charter recipient of the IEEE Computer Society Computer Pioneer Award for "First Personal Computer."
Wesley Clark article in Smart Computing Encyclopedia
Oral history interview with Wesley Clark.
Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.
Clark describes his research at Lincoln Laboratory and interaction with the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) of the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA).
Topics include various custom computers built at MIT, including the LINC computer; timesharing and network research; artificial intelligence research; ARPA contracting; interaction with IPTO directors; the work of Larry Roberts at IPTO.
Functional Description of the L1 Computer, March 1960 at bitsavers.org
The Logical Structure of Digital Computers, October 1955  at bitsavers.org
Multi-Sequence Program Concept, November, 1954  at bitsavers.org
Castle Grant, 1.5 miles north of Grantown-on-Spey, Scotland
Grant, Inyo County, California
Grant, Sonoma County, California
Grant, Colorado
Grant-Valkaria, Florida
Grant, Minnesota
Grant, Nebraska
Grant, Ohio, an unincorporated community
Grant, Wisconsin (disambiguation) (six towns)
Grant City, Indiana
Grant City, Missouri
Grant City, Staten Island
Grant Lake, a lake in Minnesota
Grant Park (Chicago)
Grant Town, West Virginia
Grant Township (disambiguation) (100 townships in 12 states)
U.S. Grant Bridge over Ohio River and Scioto River
General Grant National Memorial aka Grant's Tomb
Jolly Grant Airport Dehradun, Uttarakhand
Law and philanthropy
Grant (law), a term in conveyancing
Grant (money), an award usually funded by a government, business, or foundation, often with not-for-profit preconditions
Grant County is a county in Kentucky.
As of the 2010 census, the population was 24,662.
Historical Texts and Images of Grant County
LaRue County is a county in Kentucky.
As of the 2010 census, the population was 14,193.
Its county seat is Hodgenville, a city best known as the birthplace of United States President Abraham Lincoln.
Scott County is a county in the U.S. state of Kentucky.
As of the 2010 census, the population was 47,173.
Its county seat is Georgetown.
Scott County is a county of the U.S. state of Arkansas.
As of the 2010 census, the population was 11,233.
1833 establishments in Arkansas Territory
Sebastian County is a county of the U.S. state of Arkansas.
As of the 2010 census, the population was 125,744, making it the fourth-most populous county in Arkansas.
Sebastian County Online
During The Holocaust, millions of people died or were killed in Nazi Germany.
These Holocaust victims included about six million Jewish people.
They also included five million of people who were not Jewish, mainly Poles, Sinti and Roma.
Holocaust victims died in many ways.
Millions were murdered by the Nazis, especially in concentration camps and extermination camps (death camps).
Many others died in camps and ghettoes from diseases, starvation, and freezing to death, caused by the terrible living conditions.
Others in areas that Nazi Germany took over died from famine and other causes.
When all these people are added up, historians estimate that between 19 million and 22 million people died during The Holocaust.
Holocaust victims came from many different countries, religions, ethnic groups, and cultures.
The Nazis wanted to kill them for many different reasons.
The Nazis believed that some races and ethnic groups were not as good as others.
They thought the "Aryan race" was the best of all.
They wanted Nazi Germany to be filled only with "Aryan" people.
The Nazis thought that there were some ethnic groups that were not even human.
Two of these groups were the Jews and the Sinti and Roma People.
The Nazis decided to kill all of the Jews and Sinti and Roma People in Nazi Germany.
The Nazis also thought that Slavic peoples were less than human, and they killed millions of Slavs because of their ethnicity.
The Nazis thought of the Jewish people as an ethnic group.
This meant that even if a person did not practice the Jewish religion, the Nazis still thought of them as Jewish.
Early on in World War II, the Nazis made Jewish people leave their homes and forced them to live in ghettoes.
However, by 1941, Adolf Hitler had decided to kill all of the Jews in Europe.
Starting in 1942, the Nazis deported the Jews from the ghettoes to death camps like Auschwitz.
At these camps, people were killed in gas chambers as soon as they arrived.
By the end of The Holocaust, one out of every three Jewish people in the world had died or been killed by the Nazis.
Only one out of every three Jews in Europe survived The Holocaust.
Many countries lost most of their Jewish populations.
3 million Polish Jews died or were killed (this was 90% of the Jews in Poland)
2.1 million Jews died or were killed in the Soviet Union
Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Germany, and Austria all lost 90% of their Jewish populations
Another eight countries lost over half of their Jewish populations: Bohemia and Moravia (89%); Slovakia (83%); Greece (77%); Netherlands (75%); Hungary (70%); Belgium (60%); and Yugoslavia (60%)
The Nazis killed millions of Slavic people during The Holocaust.
These people included Poles, Russians, Serbs, Ukrainians, Czechs, Bosniaks, and Sorbs.
The Nazis thought Slavs were an inferior race.
However, they also wanted to clear out the people in the Slavic countries, so there would be plenty of Lebensraum ("living space") for "Aryan" people.
Poles were one of the first groups that Hitler decided to get rid of.
He first shared this idea in 1939.
On August 22, 1939, Hitler said:
[T]he [goal] of the war is ... to destroy the enemy.
That is why I have prepared ... my 'Death's Head' [groups of soldiers] with orders to kill without pity or mercy all men, women, and children of Polish descent or language.
Only in this way can we [get] the living space we need.p.115
Before World War II, Poland had the largest population of Jews in Europe.
By the end of The Holocaust, three million Polish Jews had died or been killed.p.
403  So had between 1.8 million and three million Poles who were not Jewish.p.
305  These victims included:
Hundreds of thousands of Roman Catholic and Orthodox Poles, who were sent to Auschwitz and other concentration camps
Scholars and other important people
Children of all ages
Originally, the Nazis planned to kill 65% of the 23.2 million people in the Ukraine (about 15 million Ukrainians).
They planned to make the survivors work as slaves.
Between 1941 and 1945, the Nazis killed about three million Ukrainians.
They also deported over two million Ukrainians to Germany to be used as slave workers.
Soviets
Many Soviet prisoners of war (POWs) and civilians died during Operation Barbarossa (the Axis countries' invasion of the Soviet Union).
The Nazis killed many Soviet children as well as adult civilians in the lands they took over.
German soldiers (especially the Waffen-SS) executed them after they were captured
Many Soviet POWs died because of terrible conditions in German prisoner of war camps, or on death marches
The Nazis sent many Soviet POWs to concentration camps to be killed
After the Nazis occupied parts of the Soviet Union, they treated Soviet civilians terribly.
During the siege of Leningrad, more than 1.2 million civilians died.
Nazi soldiers destroyed thousands of peasant villages across Russia, Belarus, and the Ukraine.
In 1995, the Russian Academy of Sciences reported that the Nazis caused 13.7 million civilian deaths in the occupied Soviet Union, including Jews.
This was 20% of the area's population.
These deaths included:
7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals
2.2 million deaths of persons deported to Germany as forced labor
4.1 million deaths from famine and disease
Under the Nazis' Nuremberg Laws, the Sinti and Roma people were called "enemies of the race-based [Germany]," just like Jews.
Like with the Jews, the Nazis wanted to kill all of the Roma and Sinti people in Europe.
In 1936, the Nazis began deporting Roma and Sinti people, first to areas on the outside edges of cities, and later to the same ghettoes that Jews were sent to.
In 1942, Heinrich Himmler ordered that the Roma and Sinti people (including children) should be sent to Auschwitz concentration camp.
The Nazis also sent many Roma and Sinti adults and children to other death camps, like Bełżec, and to other concentration camps, like Ravensbrück.
Historians estimate that 220,000 to 500,000 Roma and Sinti were killed by the Nazis.
This was about one in every four Roma and Sinti people who lived in Europe at the time.
However, one researcher says that as many as 1.5 million Roma and Sinti may have died during The Holocaust.
After World War II, it took a long time for countries to admit that Nazi Germany had committed a genocide against the Roma and Sinti people.
In 1982, West Germany admitted that a genocide of the Roma had happened.
In 2011, the Polish Government ruled that Poland would honor the Roma genocide on the 2nd of August, every year.
Disabilities
The Nazis believed that people with disabilities were "life unworthy of life," and that they did not deserve to live.
People with disabilities also did not fit into the Nazis' ideas about having a race of perfect "Aryans."
The Nazis forced about 375,000 people to be sterilized so they could not have children with disabilities.
These people included people with physical disabilities, mental illnesses, intellectual disabilities, and the Deaf.
People with disabilities were the first people the Nazis killed in gas chambers.
In 1939, the Nazis set up a program called the T-4 Euthanasia Program.
As part of this program, the Nazis sent children and adults with disabilities to hospitals like Hartheim Euthanasia Centre, where they were killed with poison gas.
They also killed some children with disabilities right after they were born.
By the end of World War II, the Nazis had killed about 275,000 people with disabilities.
About 5,000 to 7,000 of these victims were children.
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people were also victims of The Holocaust.
The Nazis were especially cruel to gay men.
They thought that homosexual people hurt Nazi Germany in a few ways:
The Nazis thought gay men were too weak and too much like women to be able to fight for Nazi Germany
The Nazis wanted "Aryan" Germans to have as many children as possible, but gay men would not be creating children
The Nazis thought homosexuality was contagious, and that other Germans would become homosexual just by being around gay people
By 1936, Heinrich Himmler was trying to use Germany's laws, and make new laws, to persecute gay men.
At least 100,000 gay German men were arrested, and 50,000 were convicted and put in prison.
Some were forced into state-run psychiatric hospitals.
Courts ordered hundreds of European gay men living in Nazi-controlled areas to be castrated with chemicals.
Between 5,000 and 15,000 gay men were imprisoned in concentration camps.
They were often treated even worse than other prisoners.
They had to wear a pink triangle on their shirts, just like men convicted of sexually abusing children and having sex with animals.
Lesbians were not usually treated as badly as gay men.
They were usually not put in prison just because they were lesbians.
In the concentration camps, they usually wore a black triangle.
According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, "Nazi Germany did not seek to kill all homosexuals.
Nevertheless, the Nazi state, through active persecution, attempted to terrorise German homosexuals into sexual and social conformity, leaving thousands dead and shattering the lives of many more."
After World War II, many homosexuals who were liberated from the concentration camps were still persecuted in Germany.
They could be charged under Paragraph 175, a law which made "lewdness between men" illegal.
If they were convicted, they would be sent to prison.
(The time they spent in the concentration camps would be subtracted from their sentences.)
This was very different from how other Holocaust victims were treated.
Other victims were compensated (given money) for the loss of family members and educational opportunities.
Gay victims were treated like criminals.
The Nazis also killed many people who did not agree with the Nazis' political beliefs.
They thought of these people as political enemies of Nazi Germany.
The Nazis were especially cruel to people who spoke out or fought against the Nazi government.
When they arrested these people, the Nazis often killed them right after questioning them.
Sometimes, the Nazis killed their families too.
People who were not killed right away were sent to the political People's Court.
This court was famous for the number of death sentences it gave.
Leftists
The Nazis thought of leftists as political enemies.
Leftists included anarchist, communists, socialists, liberals, libertarians and social democrats.
German communists and Social Democrats were some of the first people to be sent to Dachau concentration camp.
The Nazi Party hated communism, and was worried that German communists would be loyal to the Soviet Union, a communist country.
The Nazis spread rumors about communist violence to get the Enabling Act of 1933 passed.
This law gave Adolf Hitler his first powers as a dictator.
Hitler and the Nazis also hated German leftists because they did not agree with the Nazis' racism.
When the Nazis took over a place, communists, socialists, liberals and social democrats were usually some of the first people they abused.
Sometimes they would murder leftists right away.
As part of their religious beliefs, Jehovah's Witnesses refused to serve in the German Army, salute the Nazi flag, or say "Heil Hitler" ("Hail Hitler").
They refused to go along with Nazi beliefs and laws that went against their religious beliefs.
Because of this, many Jehovah's Witnesses were sent to concentration camps.
Between 2,500 and 5,000 Witnesses died in the concentration camps.
The Nazis also attacked the Catholic Church during The Holocaust.
Hitler wanted to destroy Catholicism and Christianity in Nazi Germany, and make Nazi Germany pagan instead.
Thousands of German clergy, nuns, and Catholic leaders were arrested after the Nazis took over.
In 1939, Hitler invaded Poland, beginning World War II.
Poland was mostly Catholic.
The Nazis wanted to destroy Poland.
They started by destroying the Catholic Church in Poland.
They arrested the Church's leaders and closed churches and monasteries.
In 1940, the Nazis created a special barracks just for priests at Dachau concentration camp.
Of 2,720 clergy imprisoned at Dachau, almost all (94.88 percent) were Catholic.
About 1,700 were Polish priests; half of them died or were killed at Dachau.
The Nazis even made it illegal for priests anywhere to give Catholic sacraments to Polish people.
At least one German priest was sent to Dachau for taking a confession from a Polish Catholic.
In 1933, Germany had made an agreement with the Holy See to protect Catholicism in Nazi Germany.
However, the Nazis often broke this agreement.
They shut down the Catholic press, schools, political parties and youth groups in Germany amid murder and mass arrests.
The Church was treated especially badly in lands that Germany took over.
In Austria, Catholic property was taken, Catholic organizations were closed, and many priests were sent to Dachau.
In Czechoslovakia, the Nazis refused to let people follow religious orders; closed schools; made religious teachings illegal; and sent priests to concentration camps.
Catholic people, bishops, clergy, and nuns protested and attacked Nazi policies.
In 1942, Dutch bishops protested the mistreatment of the Jews.
When the Dutch Archbishop refused to obey the Nazis, the Gestapo rounded up Catholic "Jews" and sent 92 to Auschwitz  A Dutch Catholic nun named Edith Stein was murdered at Auschwitz.
So was Maximilian Kolbe, a Polish priest.
Both were eventually made into Catholic saints by Pope John Paul II in the 1980s.
Other Catholic victims of the Holocaust have also been beatified, including some of the Polish priests who died at Dachau.
Some Protestant Churches agreed with Nazi ideas.
Others did not.
To try to take over Protestantism in Germany, the Nazis formed the National Reich Church: an official state church that taught a state religion based on Nazism.
The Reich Church:
Took away all Christian crosses and replaced them with the Nazi swastika
Fired all clergy members and replaced them with Nazi speakers
Demanded that the Bible never be printed in Germany again
Put Hitler's book Mein Kampf on the altars of all its churches
They fired all clergy members who were not "Aryan."
Church members called themselves "German Christians" and said they had "the swastika on their chest and the cross in their heart."
Protestant groups that disagreed with Nazi ideas formed the Confessing Church, a group of German churches.
Martin Niemöller was one or their leaders.
Nazis persecuted the Confessing Church.
In May 1936, the Confessing Church sent a letter to Hitler criticizing his actions.
The Nazis reacted by:
Arresting hundreds of pastors
Sending some of the Confessing Church's leaders to concentration camps
Taking all of the Confessing Church's money
Making it illegal for the Confessing Church's members to give money to the Church
Most pastors and churches were not members of either the Reich Church or the Confessing Church.
Pastors who spoke out against what the Nazis were doing were threatened, arrested, and sometimes sent to concentration camps.
In 1937, the Nazis made it illegal to practice the Bahá'í Faith.
The Nazis closed all Bahá'í organizations in Germany.
The Nazis did not like the Bahá'í Faith because it taught pacifism.
Throughout the Holocaust, Bahá'ís were arrested and given very expensive fines.
The Nazis also continued to close their organizations.
The Nazis blamed Freemasonry for Germany losing World War I.  They said the Freemasons' leaders were part of a conspiracy with Jewish people to take over Germany.
In 1941, Adolf Hitler decided that Masons were political enemies.
The Nazis sent tens of thousands of Masons to concentration camps.
Between 80,000 to 200,000 Freemasons were killed.
Total deaths
Charles Louis Schultze (December 12, 1924 – September 27, 2016) was an American economist and public policy analyst.
He served as the Chairperson of the Council of Economic Advisers during the President Carter Administration.
Schultze was appointed the assistant director of the Bureau of the Budget by President John F. Kennedy in 1962, and was the Director from 1965 until 1968 during President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society agenda.
Schultze was born in Alexandria, Virginia.
He studied at Georgetown University and at the University of Maryland, College Park.
He was a veteran of WWII, serving in the army in the European theater.
Schultze died from complications of sepsis caused by dementia on September 27, 2016 in Washington, D.C., aged 92.
Brookings scholar page
Census Bureau biography
Selected papers of Charles Schultze cited in the Allan H. Meltzer book A History of the Federal Reserve.
Ramón Eusebio Castro Ruz (October 14, 1924 – February 23, 2016) was a Cuban politician.
He was the older brother of Fidel and Raúl Castro.
He was a key figure of the Cuban Revolution.
Castro was born in Birán, Oriente Province.
After the revolution, Castro left his family farm as it became legal property of the state.
He continued to dedicate himself to the study of agriculture.
Castro died on February 23, 2016 in Havana.
Braga, Michael.
The other Castro brother  in the Sarasota Herald-Tribune, June 15, 2004
ThrustSSC, Thrust SSC, or Thrust supersonic car, is a car powered by a jet engine.
It was made by Richard Noble, Glynne Bowsher, Ron Ayers and Jeremy Bliss of the United Kingdom.
Thrust SSC is the fastest land vehicle.
When tested on 15 October 1997, the car traveled at 1227 kilometres per hour.
École Centrale de Nantes (or Centrale Nantes) is a graduate engineering school in France.
Its campus is in Nantes.
Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Engineering
Diplôme d'ingénieur - equivalent to a Master of Science and Engineering
Masters of Science, Technology and Health
Erasmus Mundus Joint Master Degrees
Advanced Masters (Mastères Spécialisés)
Centrale Nantes is a member of the Ecoles Centrale Group, (with CentraleSupélec, Centrale Lille, Centrale Lyon, Centrale Marseille, and Centrale Beijing).
The school also takes part in international networks: T.I.M.E (Top Industrial Managers for Europe), RMEI , Magalhaes and Heritage Network.
In 2014, the Alliance Centrale - Audencia - ensa Nantes was created, bringing together Centrale Nantes, Audencia Business School and l'Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Nantes.
As part of this alliance the Centrale-Audencia-ensa business incubator was created.
Classes are taught in French and English languages.
The school has students from over 70 nationalities.
Admission to courses at Master's level is possible after two- or three-year scientific undergraduate studies.
The main admission routes are via:
a Bachelor degree in science (for the 2-year curriculum), or
the French nationwide selective examination with numerus clausus : concours Centrale-Supelec (for the 3-year curriculum)
selection by a partner institution (e.g. Top Industrial Managers for Europe (TIME) double degrees procedures applicable in Europe (2+2-year curriculum, including 2 years in France)
The engineering programme, which leads to the award of diplôme d'ingénieur, typically lasts three years.
It involves work experience and time spent abroad.
Students who successfully completed Master's level courses earn 300 ECTS credits in the European education system.
Students enrolled in a double degree programme spend two years at Centrale Nantes and two years in the partner institution.
After these four years a double master's degree is awarded.
Research at Centrale Nantes is centred on three main priorities: factory of the future, energy transition and engineering for health.
The main research topics are:
Ocean engineering and MRE
Computer science and automation
Energy and engines
Manufacturing and Additive Manufacturing
Engineering for health
Civil engineering and innovative concrete
Numerical simulation and high performance computing
Materials science and composites
Urban environment
Broca's area is a region in the brain of humans and other hominids.
It is in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere, usually the left.
It works as part of "speech production".
Language processing has been linked to Broca's area after Pierre Paul Broca.
Broca did autopsies on patients who had difficuty speaking when they were alive.
He found damage to a particular area of the brain.
They had lost the ability to speak after injury to the posterior inferior frontal gyrus of the brain.
Since then, the region he identified has become known as Broca's area.
The deficit in language production is Broca's aphasia, also called 'expressive aphasia'.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have identified activation patterns in Broca's area associated with various language tasks.
However, slow destruction of the Broca's area by brain tumors can leave speech relatively intact.
This suggests that, given time, its functions can shift to nearby areas in the brain.
Cerebral hemisphere
Star City, Saskatchewan
Star City, Illinois
Star City, Indiana
Star City, Michigan
Star City, Nevada
Star City, West Virginia
Lafayette, Indiana, nicknamed Star City
Lincoln, Nebraska, nicknamed Star City
Roanoke, Virginia, nicknamed the Star City of the South
Star City (amusement park), a theme park in Manila, Philippines
Star City (entertainment complex), an entertainment venue in Birmingham, United Kingdom
Star City (shopping mall), a shopping complex in Seoul, South Korea
The Star (casino), a casino in Sydney, formerly known as Star City
Star City (comics), a fictional city
The antbirds are a large passerine bird family, the Thamnophilidae.
They are found in subtropical and tropical Central and South America, from Mexico to Argentina.
There are more than 200 species called antshrikes, antwrens, antvireos, fire-eyes, bare-eyes and bushbirds.
They are related to the antthrushes and antpittas (family Formicariidae), the tapaculos, the gnateaters and the ovenbirds.
Despite some species' common names, this family is not closely related to the wrens, vireos or shrikes.
Antbirds are generally small birds with rounded wings and strong legs.
They have mostly dull grey, white, brown and rufous plumage.
The two sexes have somewhat different pattern and colouring.
Some species communicate warnings to rivals by exposing white feather patches on their backs or shoulders.
Most have heavy bills, which in many species are hooked at the tip.
Most species live in forests, although a few are found in other habitats.
They eat mostly insects and other arthropods.
Small vertebrates are occasionally taken.
Most species feed in the understory and midstory of the forest, although a few feed in the canopy and a few on the ground.
Antbirds are monogamous, mate for life, and defend territories.
They usually lay two eggs in a nest.
Both parents share the tasks of incubating eggs  and raising the nestlings.
After fledging, each parent cares exclusively for one chick.
Thirty-eight species are threatened with extinction as a result of human activities.
The main threat is habitat loss, which lets predators get at their nests more easily.
The Fort de Joux (or Château de Joux) is a castle, transformed into a fort, in France.
It is located in La Cluse-et-Mijoux in the Doubs department in the Jura mountains.
Ratified on December 15, 1791, the Eighth Amendment (Amendment VIII) to the United States Constitution is a part of the United States Bill of Rights.
This amendment has three parts that each grant specific rights.
The excessive bail clause limits excessive bail for any person arrested for a crime but has not yet been placed on trial.
The excessive fines clause is intended to limit fines imposed by state and federal governments on persons who have been convicted of a crime.
The most controversial and most important part is the cruel and unusual punishment clause.
The Eighth Amendment applies to criminal punishment and not to most civil procedures.
The wording of the Eighth Amendment is almost the same as three of the provisions in the English Bill of Rights of 1689.
These provisions were based on the case of Titus Oates, whose lies under oath caused the execution of many innocent people.
Because the English authorities did not want to make honest people fear to give evidence in court, he was not put to death.
While his punishment included those considered ordinary at the time, the combination of these punishments were applied in an excessive and brutal way.
Oates was convicted of sedition, thrown into prison to remain there.
However, after James II of England became king in 1685, he was tried again, this time for perjury.
In addition to being imprisoned for life, he was to be "whipped through the streets of London five days a year for the remainder of his life."
The first use of the provision of the English Bill of Rights was the Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776.
Excessive bail clause
Bail is the amount of money, property or bond that a defendant has to give to the court to guarantee his or her appearance at trial.
The bail put up by the defendant may be recovered at the end of the trial.
But if a defendant fails to appear at the time the trial is scheduled, the bail is forfeited and the defendant may face additional penalties.
A judge, when setting the amount of bail, has to consider several factors.
These include the nature of the offense, how much evidence there is against the accused and what ties the defendant has to the community.
The judge must also take into account the defendant's ability to pay the amount of the bail and how likely it is the defendant will simply flee and not stand trial.
All defendants are presumed innocent.
Setting bail for an unreasonable amount would restrict the freedom and ability of the defendant to make a living as well as make it difficult to support his or her family.
Excessive fines clause
This clause limits the government's power to set fines, which are payments for a punishment or offense.
The amount of the fine must be proportional to the seriousness of the offense.
A fine violates this clause if it is grossly disproportional to the nature of the defendant's offense.
In 1993, in Austin v. United States, the United States Supreme Court ruled that this clause applied also to civil procedures.
In doing this the Court reversed not only its own previous rulings but also those by several circuit courts of appeal.
Cruel and unusual punishments clause
The phrase "cruel and unusual punishments" was first used in 1789 in the English Bill of Rights.
In 1776, George Mason added it to the Virginia Declaration of Rights.
In 1791, this same prohibition became the central part of the Eighth Amendment.
Patrick Henry was among those who argued that prohibiting cruel and unusual punishment should be part of the Bill of Rights.
Otherwise the new federal government could use torture to get confessions.
Torture was still being used at the time by Spain, France and Germany.
The United States should not follow their example.
Because of these arguments this was added to the Eighth Amendment.
Very few would disagree that the use of rack, thumbscrews or the gibbet are cruel and unusual punishments and clearly violate the Eighth Amendment.
But past that point it becomes controversial as to what is and what is not cruel and unusual punishment.
Cruel and unusual punishment was not clearly defined when the Eighth Amendment was passed.
But it was discussed.
Representative Livermore pointed out on the floor of the House of Representatives that the wording was vague.
He asked: "It is sometimes necessary to hang a man, villains often deserve a whipping, and perhaps having their ears cut off, but are we in the future to be prevented from inflicting those punishments because they are 'cruel'?"
But despite his objections the vague language was left in the amendment.
In 1910, in Weems v. United States, the Supreme Court admitted that “what constitutes a cruel and unusual punishment has not been exactly decided.”
The Supreme Court began using the "evolving standards of decency" test.
In Trop v Dulles (1958) the Court agreed with the view that what are prohibited "cruel and unusual punishments" should change over time based on punishments that offend society's "evolving sense of decency."
Very recently the courts have been reluctant to keep the term "unusual" in their judicial interpretations.
Originalists find that evaluating whether a punishment is cruel and unusual still come under the evolving standards test and public opinion.
In Coker v. Georgia (1977) the Supreme Court held that the death penalty is unconstitutional for those convicted of rape.
This was based largely on the fact only one of the 50 states used this sentence.
Even then, juries in that state did not use it very often.
Waterboarding has been seen as torture since the Spanish Inquisition.
US Soldiers who were caught waterboarding in the Philippines in 1901, or during the Vietnam War, in 1968, were put on trial.
When done by other governments the US has not failed to call it torture.
The Bush administration maintained it was not bound by the constitutional test outside of the United States.
Justice Antonin Scalia had said in an interview with the BBC that he did not see anything in the constitution that prohibited torture of detainees.
Not when it was for the purpose of gaining information.
He said it would be unconstitutional if it were inflicted as a punishment, however.
At his inauguration in 2009, US President Barack Obama pledged to end “enhanced interrogation techniques” by the CIA and to close Guantánamo through executive orders.
Wernicke's area is an area of the brain.
It is one of the two parts of the cerebral cortex linked to speech (the other is Broca's area).
It is involved in the production of written and spoken language.
It is in Brodmann area 22, in the dominant cerebral hemisphere.
The dominant hemisphere is the left in about 95% of right handed individuals, and 60% of left handed individuals.
As with Broca's area, Wernicke's area was discovered by autopsies of patients who had speech difficulties.
Carl Wernicke, a German neurologist, had a patient who could speak quite well, but was unable to understand the speech of others.
After the patient's death, Wernicke found damage to an area at the upper portion of the temporal lobe, just behind the auditory cortex.
He thought, correctly, that this area was responsible for speech comprehension.
This kind of aphasia is known as Wernicke's aphasia, or receptive aphasia.
"When you ask a person with this problem a question, they will respond with a sentence that is more or less grammatical, but which contains words that have little to do with the question or, for that matter, with each other.
Strange, meaningless, but grammatical sentences come forth, a phenomenon called "word salad".
Like Broca's area is not just about speech production, Wernicke's is not just about speech comprehension.
People with Wernicke's aphasia also have difficulty naming things, often responding with words that sound similar, or the names of related things, as if they are having a very hard time with their mental dictionaries".
Despite the fact that Broca's and Wernicke's areas are in different lobes, they are quite near each other.
They are connected by a tract of nerves called the arcuate fascilicus, and by another recently discovered tract.
The operation can combine the elements associatively; e.g.
There exists an identity element; e.g. , or
In computing science common monoids include addition, multiplication, or, and.
These properties are useful for various problems e.g. they allow a large set of data to be divided, processed in parallel and combined.
As each part produces a monoid, the final combined result will be the same.
This also works with more complex monoids, such as a map from words to the number of times they appear in a document.
Character strings also form a monoid over concatenation with the empty string "" as the identity element.
Examples of the two properties are "abc" + ("def" + "ghi") = ("abc" + "def") + "ghi" and "abc" + "" = ""+ "abc" = "abc".
This is true even though "abc" + "def" ≠ "def" + "abc".
Peter Fritz Willi Lustig (October 27, 1937 – February 23, 2016) was a German television presenter and author of children's books.
He was known as leading actor in the weekly children's television show Löwenzahn.
He hosted the show from 1979 up until 2006; during its first year the show was still called Pusteblume).
He also appeared on the shows Mittendrin (1987–1995) and Gordos Reise ans Ende der Welt (2007).
Lustig died on February 23, 2016 at his home in Bohmstedt, Germany.
He died from stomach cancer.
He was aged 78.
He was surrounded by his family.
He is survived by four children and nine grandchildren.
Ryszard Janusz Bender (February 16, 1932 – February 24, 2016) was a Polish politician and historian.
He was a specialist on the history of the January Uprising.
He was professor of History at John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin.
From 1976 to 1980 and 1985 to 1989, he was a deputy of the Sejm.
In 2007, he was elected as a member in the Senate of Poland from the Law and Justice party.
He retired from the senate in 2011.
Bender was accused of antisemitism and Holocaust denial after he said that Auschwitz was "not a death camp" but a "labour camp".
He later said his remarks were taken out of context.
He has also spoken out in defense of Dariusz Ratajczak.
Bender died of a stroke on February 24, 2016 in Lublin, Poland.
Official website of Ryszard Bender
Carlo Biotti (1901 – 10 December 1977) was an Italian judge.
He became the President of the Court of Milan.
His forced removal from the case brought by the widow of Giuseppe Pinelli against the police commissioner Luigi Calabresi in 1971 became a cause célèbre.
Biotti was the leading judge in the case brought by the widow of Giuseppe Pinelli against the police commissioner Luigi Calabresi.
Calabresi had led the investigation into the Piazza Fontana bombing.
Pinelli died in mysterious circumstances during a police interrogation after the bombing.
On 27 May 1971, Biotti was removed at the request of Calabresi's lawyer.
The lawyer claimed that in a private conversation Biotti had admitted that for career reasons he had already formed an opinion on the case.
It was a claim that Biotti vehemently denied.
Neither Biotti nor his two fellow judges were convinced that Pinelli had died from falling from the police station window.
His forced removal prevented the exhumation of Pinelli's body, and delayed the investigation for two years.
Biotti fought for years to clear his name and in November 1974 was completely exonerated by the Court of Florence.
He died three years later at the age of 76.
In the 2012 film Piazza Fontana: The Italian Conspiracy, the character of Carlo Biotti is played by Bob Marchese.
Robert J. Walker (known as Bob Walker; February 2, 1929 – February 15, 2016) was an American sailor.
He was the third Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy.
On September 26, 1975, Walker was sworn in as the third Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy.
Walker was a much more conservative, traditional MCPON than his predecessor, John Whittet.
He retired in the 1980s.
Walker was born in Baldwin, New York.
He attended a grammar and high school in Oxford, New York.
Walker died of complications from pneumonia in Norfolk, Virginia.
Extensive bio at quarterdeck.org
John Edward Reinhardt (March 8, 1920 – February 18, 2016) was an American diplomat.
He was the United States' ambassador to Nigeria from 1971 to 1975.
This made him one of the first black ambassadors.
From 1975 to 1977, he was Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs.
He became the director of the United States Information Agency from 1977 to 1980.
Reinhardt died in Silver Spring, Maryland from a stroke.
Casas de Don Pedro is a municipality in Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain.
It has a population of 1559.
Fayette is a town of Maine in the United States.
It is in Kennebec County.
1795 establishments in the United States