the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The sexagenary cycle (六十花甲 liùshí huājiǎ), also known as the "stems-and-branches" or "trunks-and-branches" (干支 gānzhī), is a traditional Chinese calendar system.
It is a list of sixty terms which are used for identifying days or years.
One character is taken from a list of "heavenly stems" or "trunks" (天干 tiāngān), including wood, fire, earth, metal and water.
The other character is taken from a list of "earthly branches" (地支  dìzhī) or animal signs, including Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, and Pig.
The combinations make up a total of 60 different names for a period of time.
Heavenly stems
Earthly branches
Conversion tables
1804–1923
1924–2043
"The Chinese sexagenary cycle and the ritual origins of the calendar"
"The Mathematics of the Chinese Calendar"
Francis Brown Wai (April 14, 1917 – October 20, 1944) was a captain in the United States Army.
He received the Medal of Honor for actions during the recapture of the Philippines from Japan in 1944.
When he was young Wai liked to surf and he played several sports in high school and college.
He graduated from college with a degree in finance.
Although he started planning to work with his father he joined the Hawaii National Guard.
He was commissioned a lieutenant.
Wai was sent with his unit to fight in World War II.
He was killed during the U.S. amphibious assault on Leyte, Philippines.
He was initially presented the Distinguished Service Cross.
It is the United States' second highest decoration for valor.
After an extensive review of awards in 2000, his medal was upgraded to the Medal of Honor.
Wai was the child of a Native Hawaiian mother and a Chinese father.
Growing up, he often surfed with Duke Kahanamoku regarded as the father of surfing.
He also surfed with Buster Crabbe who later became an actor.
He attended the Punahou School in Honolulu where he earned athletic letters in track, football and baseball.
He went to college at the Sacramento Junior College before transferring to UCLA.
At UCLA, he was a four sport athlete and graduated in 1939 with a bachelor's degree in Banking and Finance.
He intended to work alongside his father in real estate and banking but instead joined the military upon the outbreak of World War II.
Military service and death
After his graduation from college Wai enlisted in the Hawaii National Guard.
He was called to active duty before the United States' entrance into World War II.
He received a commission as an officer and completed Officer Candidate School in 1941.
His commission was rare at a time when few Asian-Americans were allowed to serve in combat leadership roles.
He was eventually assigned to the 34th Infantry Regiment of the 24th Infantry Division with the rank of Captain.
The 24th Division, based at Schofield Barracks, Oahu, was among the first American units to be involved in the Pacific Theater.
They exchanged fire with Japanese aircraft during the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor.
Operation Reckless
In May 1943 Captain Wai deployed to Australia with the 24th Infantry Division.
By September 19, 1943 the unit was at Camp Caves, near Rockhampton.
It is on the eastern coast of Australia.
Wai and the rest of the unit began intensive combat training.
With training completed, the division moved to Goodenough Island on January 31, 1944, to prepare for Operation Reckless.
That was the name of the amphibious invasion of Hollandia, Netherlands New Guinea (now Jayapura, in the Papua province of Indonesia).
The 24th landed at Tanahmerah Bay on April 22, 1944.
They seized the Hollandia Airdrome despite torrential rain and marshy terrain.
Shortly after the Hollandia landing, the division's 34th Infantry Regiment moved to Biak.
They went to reinforce the 41st Infantry Division.
Wai's regiment captured the Sorido and Borokoe airdromes before returning to the division on Hollandia in July.
In two months, Wai and his unit had crossed New Guinea and recaptured three airdromes from the Japanese.
After occupying the Hollandia area, Wai was assigned to X Corps of the Sixth United States Army in preparation for the invasion of the Philippines.
On October 20, 1944, his division was paired with the 1st Cavalry Division within X Corps.
The two divisions made an assault landing at Leyte.
When Captain Wai landed at Red Beach, the Japanese forces stationed on the island focused their fire on the waves of incoming troops.
The Japanese fired from gun positions in a palm grove in the middle of submerged rice paddies.
When Wai arrived on the beach in the fifth wave, he found the soldiers there to be leaderless, disorganized, and pinned down on the open beach.
Assuming command, he moved through the rice paddies, without cover.
His demeanor and example inspired the other men to follow him.
Without thinking of his own personal safety, he moved forward without cover to draw Japanese machine gun and rifle fire.
This allowed him to identify the locations of the entrenched Japanese forces.
Systematically, the Japanese positions were assaulted and overcome.
Wai was killed leading an assault against the last Japanese pillbox in the area.
For his actions during the landing on Leyte, Wai was posthumously presented the Distinguished Service Cross.
After the war, his remains were interred at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Hawaii.
His grave is in section Q, grave 1194.
Military awards and honors
In 1996 there were allegations of prejudicial treatment of Asian Americans in uniform in World War II.
Congress directed Louis Caldera, then Secretary of the Army, to conduct a full review of military records.
The review concluded that 22 Asian Americans, including Wai, did not receive full consideration for the Medal of Honor.
In 2000 Wai's Distinguished Service Cross was upgraded to the Medal of Honor.
Of those whose medals were upgraded, Wai was one of only two who did not belong to the predominantly Japanese American 442nd Regimental Combat Team/100th Infantry Battalion; the other being Rudolph B. Davila of the 7th Infantry.
At a White House ceremony June 20, 2000, President Bill Clinton presented the Medal of Honor to 22 Asian Americans whose Distinguished Service Crosses were upgraded to the Medal of Honor.
Captain Francis B. Wai distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action, on 20 October 1944, in Leyte, Philippine Islands.
Captain Wai landed at Red Beach, Leyte, in the face of accurate, concentrated enemy fire from gun positions advantageously located in a palm grove bounded by submerged rice paddies.
Finding the first four waves of American soldiers leaderless, disorganized, and pinned down on the open beach, he immediately assumed command.
Issuing clear and concise orders, and disregarding heavy enemy machine gun and rifle fire, he began to move inland through the rice paddies without cover.
The men, inspired by his cool demeanor and heroic example, rose from their positions and followed him.
During the advance, Captain Wai repeatedly determined the locations of enemy strong points by deliberately exposing himself to draw their fire.
In leading an assault upon the last remaining Japanese pillbox in the area, he was killed by its occupants.
Captain Wai's courageous, aggressive leadership inspired the men, even after his death, to advance and destroy the enemy.
His intrepid and determined efforts were largely responsible for the rapidity with which the initial beachhead was secured.
Captain Wai's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army."
Christopher Dennis Alexander Martin-Jenkins (January 20, 1945 – January 1, 2013) was an English sportcaster, historian, and journalist who broadcast Test Match Special on BBC Radio.
Martin-Jenkins was born on 20 January 1945 in Peterborough, England.
He studied at Marlborough College and at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge.
He had one son, Robin.
Martin-Jenkins died on 1 January 2013 in Rudgwick, West Sussex from lymphoma after being diagnosed a year before, aged 67.
BBC profile of CMJ
CMJ's 'Aggers & Johnners' moment.
See also legover.
James Sebastian Faulkner (born July 18, 1948) or James Reed Faulkner is an English actor who is known for his roles in The Bank Job, Bridget Jones's Diary, Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason, Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London, and in Zulu Down.
Faulkner was born on July 18, 1948 in Hampstead, London, England.
He is married to Kate Faulkner.
They had two sons, Guy and Leo Faulkner.
The Official James Faulkner Website
James Faulkner at the CrystalAcids Anime Voice Actor Database
Luge is a Winter Olympics sport.
It is similar to the bobsleigh, but faster and more dangerous.
At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, a Georgian athlete was killed in practice after several complaints that the track was too fast.
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR; ), previously known as the Russian Soviet Republic and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic as well as being unofficially known as Soviet Russia, Russian Federation  or simply Russia, was an independent socialist state from 1917 to 1922.
Afterwards it was the largest and most populous of the Soviet socialist republics of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1922 to 1991.
Illeana Douglas (born July 25, 1965) is an American actress.
She has appeared in many movies and television programs.
She was in the 1991 remake movie Cape Fear.
She also acted in the television sitcom Ugly Betty.
She also hosts many programs for Turner Classic Movies.
Frederick Franklin (1840–1873) was a United States Navy sailor.
He received the Medal of Honor for actions during the 1871 Korean Campaign.
Along with Bosun's Mate Alexander MacKenzie, Marine Private John Coleman, Ordinary Seaman Samuel F. Rogers and fellow Quartermaster William Troy in the attempt to save the life of Lieutenant Hugh McKee.
Mckee was mortally wounded in the action.
Lieutenant McKee was not eligible for the medal as an officer.
On board the U.S.S. Colorado during the attack and capture of the Korean forts on 11 June 1871.
Assuming command of Company D, after Lt.
McKee was wounded, Franklin handled the company with great credit until relieved.
General of the Armies John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing (September 13, 1860 – July 15, 1948), was a general officer in the United States Army.
He led the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I. Pershing is the only person to be promoted in his own lifetime to the highest rank ever held in the United States Army.
The rank is known as General of the Armies. (
a retroactive Congressional edict passed in 1976 promoted George Washington to the same rank but with higher seniority).
Pershing holds the first United States officer service number (O-1).
He was regarded as a mentor by the generation of American generals who led the United States Army in Europe during World War II.
These include George C. Marshall, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar N. Bradley, and George S. Patton.
Summary of service
Dates of rank
Assignment history
1882: Cadet, United States Military Academy
1886: Troop L, Sixth Cavalry
1891: Professor of Tactics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
1895: 1st Lieutenant, 10th Cavalry Regiment
1897: Instructor, United States Military Academy, West Point
1898: Major of Volunteer Forces, Cuban Campaign, Spanish–American War
1899: Officer-in-Charge, Office of Customs and Insular Affairs
1900: Adjutant General, Department of Mindanao and Jolo, Philippines
1901: Battalion Officer, 1st Cavalry and Intelligence Officer, 15th Cavalry (Philippines)
1902: Officer-in-Charge, Camp Vicars, Philippines
1904: Assistant Chief of Staff, Southwest Army Division, Oklahoma
1905: Military attaché, U.S. Embassy, Tokyo, Japan
1908: Military Advisor to American Embassy, France
1909: Commander of Fort McKinley, Manila, and governor of Moro Province
1914: Brigade Commander, 8th Army Brigade
1916: Commanding General, Mexican Punitive Expedition
1917: Commanding General for the formation of the National Army
1917: Commanding General, American Expeditionary Forces, Europe
1921: Chief of Staff of the United States Army
1924: Retired from active military service
1925: Chief Commissioner assigned by the United States in the arbitration case for the provinces of Tacna and Arica between Peru and Chile.
Richard Goldhurst, Pipe Clay and Drill: John J. Pershing, the classic American soldier, (Reader's Digest Press, 1977)
Gene Smith, Until the Last Trumpet Sounds: The Life of General of the Armies John J. Pershing (Wiley, New York, 1998)
Donald Smythe, Guerrilla Warrior: The Early Life of John J. Pershing (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1973)
Donald Smythe, Pershing: General of the Armies (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1986)
Frank E. Vandiver, Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing - Volume I (Texas A&M University Press, Third printing, 1977)
Frank E. Vandiver, Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing - Volume II (Texas A&M University Press, Third printing, 1977)
Pershing Museum
Biography of John J. Pershing
Black Jack Pershing in Cuba
CHAPTER IV, General of the Armies John J. Pershing, State Funeral, 15-19 July 1948  in The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921-1969  by B. C. Mossman and M. W. Stark, United States Army Center of Military History
Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is a personality condition.
Such people show exaggerated feelings of self-importance.
They find it difficult to show empathy and love to other people.
They want to be admired by others and need to gain power and success.
Cluster B personality disorders are also known as “dramatic” personality disorders.
Common to these is very emotional behaviour which creates problems in relationships.
Studies have found that around 1-6% of the general population suffer from narcissistic personality disorder.
It is usually found in men.
Before the introduction of narcissistic personality disorder, the term narcissism was used to explain a person's extreme self-love and self-admiration.
The word narcissism comes from Greek mythology.
A handsome young man named Narcissus saw his own reflection in a pool of water and fell in love with himself.
Narcissus' love could not be returned back and therefore he became a flower, which was named after him.
In 1925 Robert Waelder introduced the term narcissistic personality and by 1968 the term narcissistic personality disorder was used by Heinz Kohut.
Signs and traits
People with NPD feel very confident in their self and in what they are able to do and achieve and think that they are the best in everything.
They need to be admired by people around them and are obsessed with fantasies of power, beauty and talent.
They consider themselves unique and special and believe that they should be treated differently.
They find it difficult to care for and show empathy to others and therefore struggle to keep stable relationships and show love or interest in anyone else.
An obvious symptom of NPD is arrogant and impatient behaviour and attitude.
These traits make it difficult for people suffering from narcissistic personality disorder to ask for clinical help as they often do not understand they need to do so.
Types of NPD
Narcissistic personality disorder can take many forms.
These are the three general categories and their descriptions:
-       Grandiose narcissists: likely to take advantage of others and ignore their well-being and emotions
-       Shy narcissists: tend to feel both better and worse than people around them, narcissistic traits act as a defence strategy when they don’t feel “enough”.
-       High-functioning narcissists: are competitive and look for attention, they are flirty and energetic
A clear cause for the narcissistic personality disorder has not yet been found.
As with many mental conditions, it is believed that NPD is a result of both nature and nurture.
Studies have suggested that there is 45-80% heritability, meaning that these traits are passed on from a parent to a child, supporting the genetic cause of the disorder.
This means that traits that have to do with sensitivity, aggression and low levels of anxiety can be passed down to a child from a family member.
Other studies support the role of the environment in the development of NPD, meaning that the way a child grew up can play a role in having NPD as an adult later on in life.
One theory thinks that having a distant and cold parent could lead to the child developing NPD.
A different theory focuses again on parenting style but supports that a child can develop NPD if the parents are treating the child as very “special” and “unique”.
Other recent theories believe that a traumatic bad experience when a child is young can cause narcissistic traits and symptoms to develop.
There is no strong evidence of treatment or managing options that work.
However, as with many personality disorders, the most common and used option is psychotherapy and psychodynamic methods.
These options seem to be the ones most likely to control narcissism.
Mental conditions that often come with narcissistic personality disorder, such as depression or anxiety disorder can be treated, but there is no evidence that medicine can treat narcissistic symptoms.
Cluster B personality disorders
Specialist (abbreviated "SPC") is one of the four junior enlisted ranks in the U.S. Army.
It is just above Private First Class and equivalent in pay grade to Corporal.
Unlike Corporals, Specialists are not considered junior non-commissioned officers (NCOs).
On 1 July 1955 four grades of Specialist were established.
The first was Specialist Three (E-4).
It is the only one that still exists.
It was changed to Specialist Four in 1958.
Specialist Two (E-5), Specialist One (E-6), and Master Specialist (E-7) were also created in 1955.
These were all eventually replaced with other titles.
In 1958 the DoD added two more pay grades.
This gave enlisted soldiers more opportunities to progress to a full career.
These were Specialist Eight (E-8) and Specialist Nine (E-9) which were abolished in 1968.
All except SP4 were abolished in 1984 when SP4 was renamed as "Specialist" and abbreviated as "SPC".
The Short History of the Specialist Rank by Daniel K. Elder, CSM (Ret), USA
The 442nd Regimental Combat Team () of the United States Army was a regimental size fighting unit.
It was composed almost entirely of American soldiers of Japanese descent.
These men  volunteered to fight in World War II even though their families were subject to internment.
The 442nd, beginning in 1944, fought primarily in Europe during World War II.
The 442nd was a self-sufficient force.
It fought with uncommon distinction in Italy, southern France, and Germany.
The 442nd is considered to be the most decorated infantry regiment in the history of the United States Army.
The 442nd was awarded eight Presidential Unit Citations and twenty-one of its members were awarded the Medal of Honor for World War II.
The 442nd Regimental Combat Team motto was, "Go for Broke".
22 Asian Americans Inducted into Hall of Heroes  (pentagon.mil)
The "Go for Broke" Regiment Lives Duty, Honor, Country (defenselink.mil)
Asian-Nation: 442nd RCT Rescue of the Lost Battalion
Go For Broke National Education Center
The 442nd Regimental Combat Team
100th Battalion, 442nd Infantry
Hawaii Star Bulletin article on Hawaii Statehood passage
"U.S. Samurais in Bruyeres" by Pierre Moulin
The Story of the 442nd Combat Team compiled by members of the 442nd Combat Team, Mitsuye Yamada papers, Special Collections and Archives, The UC Irvine Libraries, via Calisphere.
"From a Quiet American, a Story of War and Remembrance".
16 August 2008.
Medal of Honor recipient George Joe Sakato on Veterans Chronicles  produced by the
Japanese American Veterans Collection , Archives & Manuscripts Department, University of Hawaii at Manoa Library
442-Live with Honor, Die with Dignity: Documentary Film 2010
Valor with Honor: documentary film on the Japanese American 442nd Regimental Combat Team
ONLY THE BRAVE Official Movie Site
The Official Website for upcoming movie LITTLE IRON MEN about the 442nd's rescue of the Lost Battalion
A Path to Lunch Liberation Day and the Liberation of America, the 442nd in Lunigiana and Versilia.
Americans of Japanese Ancestry World War II Memorial Alliance
WWII Japanese American Veterans' Registry
442nd Regimental Combat Team Historical Society
442nd World War II Reenactors
Rex Taylor Reed (born October 2, 1938) is an American movie critic, journalist, actor, and was the co-host for At the Movies.
He worked for the New York Observer.
He appeared as himself in the 1978 movie Superman.
Reed was born on October 2, 1938 in Fort Worth, Texas.
He now lives in Manhattan, New York City, New York.
He is good friends with Liz Smith.
Rex Reed's New York Observer movie review archive
He was born in Matamoras.
He studied at Lehigh University.
He was married to Piper Laurie from 1962 until they divorced in 1982.
He now lives in New York City, New York.
Bio on Pulitzer Prize Site
"Joe Morgenstern '53: Pulitzer winner is essayist at heart" from the Lehigh University Alumni Bulletin
Vincent Canby (July 27, 1924 – October 15, 2000) was an American movie critic, historian, and journalist who is known for being the critic for The New York Times.
Canby was born on July 27, 1924 in Chicago, Illinois.
Canby died on October 15, 2000 in Manhattan, New York City, New York from cancer, aged 76.
Vincent Canby Reviews at The New York Times
Jonathan Rosenbaum (born February 27, 1943) is an American movie critic, journalist, and historian.
He worked for the Chicago Reader until his retirement in 2008 at age 65.
Rosenbaum was born on February 27, 1943 in Florence, Alabama.
He studied at The Putney School and at Bard College.
Chicago Reader: Jonathan Rosenbaum bibliography
Jonathan Rosenbaum's 1000 Essential Films
Interview with Rosenbaum on Orson Welles
CineScene interview
Interview with: Jonathan Rosenbaum  on The Oxford American
Jane Kaczmarek (born December 21, 1955, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) is an American actress who acted as Lois in Malcolm in the Middle.
She has acted on other television series, particularly sitcoms.
He joined WCW in 2000 and started his "Career Killer" gimmick when he threw Chris Kanyon off the top of the first level of a triple cage and he landed on the entrance ramp.
His gimmick was somewhat changed and he started calling himself "The Fat Chick Thrilla" after his heavy women.
He would later change his gimmick once again and was known as "That '70s Guy" Mike Awesome which was a reference to That '70s Show.
As The '70s Guy, he would dress up in different 1970s inspired outfits and also hosted an interview segment called the "Lava Lamp Lounge".
He also used to drive a bus which was painted like the bus in The Partridge Family into arenas for his entrance.
He also feuded with Vampiro and Insane Clown Posse members Violent J and Shaggy 2 Dope.
He became part of The Invasion storyline and debuted on WWE television when he attacked Rhyno with a metal pipe after Rhyno defeated Test for the Hardcore Championship.
After he attacked Rhyno, he powerbombed him onto a ladder and pinned him to become Hardcore Champion because of the 24/7 rule.
He become the first member of the Invaders to win a title in the WWF but he finally lost the title when he was pinned by Jeff Hardy on SmackDown!.
He was later assigned to appear on WWE Velocity where he jobbed before being released on  September 27, 2002.
He later said in the book, The Death of WCW, that "Being in the WWE (formerly the WWF) sucked.
You had to kiss everybody's ass... You had to be on your political toes all the time.
You would not believe the backstage politics.
I was so happy when I was told I was gone [fired]."
Kenneth Turan (born October 27, 1946) is an American movie critic, journalist, historian, and radio personality.
He has worked for the Los Angeles Times since 1991.
Turan was born on October 27, 1946 in Brooklyn, New York.
He studied at Swarthmore College and at Columbia University.
Turan is not married and has no children.
NPR biography
Turan's page at USC
Steven Rea or Steven X. Rea is a British-born American movie critic, journalist, historian, writer, and poet.
He writes for the Philadelphia Inquirer.
Rea was born in London, England.
He was raised in New York City.
Rea studied at Stuyvesant High School, at San Francisco State University, and at the University of Iowa.
He lives in Los Angeles, California and in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
On Movies, Rea's blog
Previous website for On Movies blog
Michael Phillips (born 1961) is an American movie critic, journalist, and historian who works as a critic for the Chicago Tribune.
His influences include Roger Ebert and Gene Siskel.
Phillips was born in 1961 in Kenosha, Wisconsin.
He was raised in Racine, Wisconsin.
Michael Phillips at the Chicago Tribune
Ansbertus, Ansbert or Ausbert was a Frankish nobleman and politician.
His wife, Billihild, claimed to be the daughter of Charibert I, Merovingian King of Paris, and granddaughter of Chlothar I Magnus.
Ansbert was the father of Arnoald of Mez and grandfather of Doda of Mez.
Pepin von Landen
6th-century deaths
Colin Covert is an American movie critic, historian, and journalist.
He worked as a critic for the Minneapolis Star Tribune.
In December 2018, Covert resigned from the Tribune after he was accused of plagiarism.
Covert was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey.
He studied at Macalester College.
He was raised in Minnesota.
Covert now lives in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Colin Covert at rottentomatoes.com
Colin Covert bio at startribune.com
A curriculum (plural: curricula) is a program of study.
It is used to plan teaching or training.
It spells out the details so others can know what is going to happen:
what topics will be taught
in which order they will be taught
often, how much time will be spent on each topic
it is often linked to a timetable, and other details of an organisation where it will take place
it is often authorised by a public or private examination board, and used as the basis for setting exams
Today it usually means the courses, their content, and the  coursework offered at a school or university.
Often, curricula are backed by some kind of theory, or by intending to change what was done before.
Curricula may be backed by textbooks and by courses to train teachers.
The study of curricula is part of most qualifications for teachers.
A similar word is syllabus, which means a summary of topics which will be covered during an academic course, or book or lecture.
Another term is discipline, which in this sense means an academic subject-matter.
Historically, curricula have done more than act as a background for syllabi and examinations.
They have discussed the basis of teaching by taking account of:
the psychology of children, especially younger children.
the needs of society, including the needs of employers.
the growth in knowledge, for example in science
the balance between education and training
the legal status of the education, for example whether the education is voluntary or mandatory
What educational purposes should the school seek to attain?
How can learning experiences be selected which are useful in attaining these objectives?
How can learning experiences be organized for effective instruction?
How can the effectiveness of learning experiences be evaluated?
There are no hard-and-fast rules for answering those questions.
There have always been different theories of education which are based on different attitudes to education and to life itself.
Roughly speaking, these theories have two opposite ends.
At one end is child-centered education.
This is concerned to adapt the teaching to the needs and development of individual children, and is most used in kindergarten and primary education.
The other end is society-oriented.
It aims to make sure society gets a steady supply of young adults able to fill the jobs and roles which society needs to be filled.
In some countries the approach would be more religion-oriented.
This would aim to produce young adults whose main aim is to live according to the precepts (beliefs, practices) of a particular religion.
Hidden curriculum
A term sometimes used to describe what a critic thinks is really going on in an educational system.
It means the unspoken beliefs and values of an institution, the implicit demands of behavour and respect.
In a school subject-matter is taught, but much else is going on.
Otto I of Saxony and Otto the Illustrious (ca.
841 – 30 November 912) was a German Saxon noble.
He was Duke of Saxony.
He was the father of Henry I the Fowlers and grandfather of Otto I the Great.
He was also father-in-law of Zwentibold, Carolingian King of Lotharingia.
Otto was born between 830 and 841, and was one of the sons of Liudolf, Duke of Saxony, and Gisela, the daughter of Everhart Friuli and Geslea of Franks.
Otto's uncle was Berengar I of Italy.
His paternal ancestor was an old chief of Saxony.
Otto was a powerful noble of Saxony and Eastern Germany  for a long time.
His sister Liutgard was married to King Louis the Younger.
Around the 890s, his daughter Oda married Zwentibold, King of Lotharingia.
In 911, the East Frankish King Louis the Child died without any children.
German nobles said that Otto should be crowned as king, but he declined (said no) because of his old age (he was around 70 at that point).
He instead recommended Conrad to Franken, his powerful political rival.
In 918, his son Henry I the Fowler was appointed as King.
840s births
912 deaths
Rachel Claire Ward (born 12 September 1957) is an English movie and television performer who starred in movies like Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid and Night School.
She also starred in the television miniseries The Thorn Birds.
Trinity Hall is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England.
It is often just called Tit Hall by the students.
It was created in 1350 and it is the fifth oldest college.
It takes its name from the Holy Trinity.
The money to build the college was given by William Bateman, the Bishop of Norwich.
He wanted to build a new centre for studying canon law and civil science.
This was because the Black Death had killed many priests.
The college is found next to the river Cam.
In 1999, the Jerwood Library was built.
It became quite famous in Cambridge because it is a beautiful building by the river.
Stephen Hawking, physicist and cosmologist
J. B. Priestley, author
Rachel Weisz, an actress who won an Academy Award
There also many British rowers that have studied at Trinity Hall and won medals at the Olympics.
This is because the college has a very good boat club, where students can play this sport.
Wolfson College is one of the 31 Colleges of the University of Cambridge, England.
The College admits mature students, who are 21 years or older, for both undergraduate and postgraduate courses.
The College was founded in 1965 as University College.
The name was changed to Wolfson College on 1 January 1973, following a major donation from the Wolfson Foundation, a charity.
Today there are more than 900 students at the College with approximately 70% coming from overseas.
The College is located on Barton Road, which is about a mile to the west of Cambridge city centre.
Comenius  (28 March 1592 – 15 November 1670) was a 17th-century Czech bishop, and an innovator in education.
His name is spelt differently in almost every language.
In English it is John Amos Comenius, but he is usually called just 'Comenius'.
Comenius is famous for arguing for universal literacy, and inventing the idea of a modern textbook which used pictures as well as prose to get its message across.
Comenius also tried to design a language in which false statements could not be written.
Some books by Comenius
1633–1638.
Didactica magna ("The Great Didactic").
A reformation of schools, designed in two excellent treatises.
This is an English excerpt from the above.
It explains his ideas for reform.
Orbis sensualium pictus: quadrilingus.
It is something like an illustrated dictionary, in two languages,  Latin, and German
English edition.
1685 in four languages: Latin, Czech, German and Hungarian (Magyar).
Orbis Pictus had a long-lasting influence on children's education.
It was a precursor of both audio-visual techniques and the lexical approach in language learning.
There is a Kindle version in English.
Czech educators
James Buck (1808 – November 1, 1865) was a sailor in the United States Navy during the American Civil War.
He received the Medal of Honor for his actions aboard U.S.S. Brooklyn.
Buck, born in Denver, Colorado and joined the Navy in 1852.
He was an Acting Master's Mate when he was presented the Medal of Honor.
He received it for his actions aboard U.S.S. Brooklyn.
He was a Quartermaster.
The medal was approved under General Order 11, dated April 3, 1863.
Buck died November 1, 1865.
He is buried in Greenmount Cemetery in Baltimore, MD.
His grave is in section Q-24, GPS (lat/lon): 39.30936, -76.6062.
The United States Navy named three ships USS Buck in his name.
The first ship to be name after Buck was .
It was a motorboat built in 1911.
The second ship to be named after Buck was .
It was a Sims-class destroyer.
That ship served from 1939 until she was sunk during the invasion of Italy in 1943.
The third and final ship to take its name from James Buck was .
This Allen M. Sumner-class destroyer served from 1946 until 1973.
Served on board the U.S.S. Brooklyn in the attack upon Forts Jackson and St. Philip and at the taking of New Orleans, 24 and 25 April 1862.
Although severely wounded by a heavy splinter, Buck continued to perform his duty until positively ordered below.
Later stealing back to his post, he steered the ship for 8 hours despite his critical condition.
His bravery was typical of the type which resulted in the taking of the Forts Jackson and St. Philip and in the capture of New Orleans.
The first USS Buck (SP-1355) was later renamed to USS SP-1355.
It was a tender that served in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1918.
Buck was built as a civilian motorboat in 1911.
On 24 August 1917, the U.S. Navy acquired her under a free lease from the Conservation Commission of Maryland.
She was used during World War I. She was commissioned as USS Buck (SP-1355) on 13 September 1917.
Assigned to the 5th Naval District, Buck served as a tender at Norfolk, Virginia, for the remainder of World War I. She was renamed USS SP-1355 in April 1918.
SP-1355 was decommissioned late in 1918.
The Navy returned her to Consevration Commission of Maryland on either 24 September 1918 or 27 November 1918.
Department of the Navy Naval History and Heritage Command Online Library of Selected Images: U.S. Navy Ships: USS Buck (SP-1355), 1917-1918.
Renamed SP-1355 in 1918
NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive: Buck (SP 1355)
He was given the name "Dead" after a near-death experience when his spleen ruptured after being beat up by bullies and was clinically dead for a while.
He became fascinated with death and dying afterwards and received his name.
He was also a founding member of the death metal band Morbid and performed with them on their December Moon demo.
He was described by Jan Axel "Hellhammer" Blomberg, the drummer for Mayhem, as being "a very strange personality ... depressed, melancholic, and dark" and guitarist Øystein 'Euronymous' Aarseth said "I honestly think Dead is mentally insane.
Which other way can you describe a guy who does not eat, in order to get starving wounds?
Or who has a T-shirt with funeral announcements on it?"
Dead's mental state began to take a turn for the worse due to his fascination with death and his social situation.
Because of this, he would usually cut himself while performing on stage with either a broken bottle or a blade.
Euronymous was fascinated with Dead's suicidal tendencies and would encourage Dead to kill himself often.
Varg Vikernes sent shotgun shells to Dead in 1991.
On 8 April 1991, In the house he shared with Euronymous, he slit his throat and wrists with a knife and then shot himself in the forehead with a shotgun.
His suicide note said that he was sorry for shooting himself indoors and he ended the note with "Excuse all the blood".
Euronymous returned home and had to climb through an open window because all the doors to the house were locked.
He found Dead's body but before he called the police, he went to a nearby shop and bought a disposable camera which he used to photograph Dead's body after he moved around some of the items.
He also kept some pieces of Dead's shattered skull.
Hellhammer developed the pictures and Euronymous said that he would later destroy the pictures but he never did.
He kept the pictures in an envelope at his record shop Helvete instead and sent one of the pictures to the owner of Warmaster Records which used the picture of Dead's body as the cover art for Mayhem's 1995 bootleg live album Dawn of the Black Hearts.
The other band members were disgusted at Euronymous' actions before and after Dead's death and Bassist Necrobutcher decided that he wasn't going to be friends with him anymore.
He was ranked #48 out of 50 of The Greatest Metal Frontmen of All Time by Roadrunner Records.
, also called Teikyō-reki, was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (genka reki).
It was used from 1684-1753.
It was made official in 1685.
The  Jōkyō-reki system was the work of Shibukawa Shunkai.
He recognized that the length of the solar year is 365.2417 days.
Shirakawa discovered errors in the traditional Chinese calendar which had been in use for 800 years.
This older system was also known as the Semmyō calendar or 'Semmei-reki.
It was also known as the Xuanming'' calendar.
General/Doctor James Harold "Jimmy" Doolittle,  USAF (December 14, 1896 – September 27, 1993) was an American aviation pioneer.
Doolittle served as an officer in the United States Army Air Forces during the Second World War.
He earned the Medal of Honor for his valor and leadership as commander of the Doolittle Raid while a lieutenant colonel.
Doolittle was born in Alameda, California.
He spent his youth in Nome, Alaska where he earned a reputation as a boxer.
His parents were Frank Henry Doolittle and Rosa (Rose) Cerenah Shephard.
By 1910, Jimmy Doolittle was attending school in Los Angeles.
When his school attended the 1910 Los Angeles International Air Meet at Dominguez Field Doolittle saw his first airplane.
He attended Los Angeles City College after graduating from Manual Arts High School in Los Angeles.
He later won admission to the University of California, Berkeley where he studied in The School of Mines.
He was a member of Theta Kappa Nu fraternity.
Doolittle took a leave of absence in October 1917 to enlist in the Signal Corps Reserve as a flying cadet.
He did his ground training at the University of California School of Military Aeronautics where he later received his doctorate.
His flight-training was done at Rockwell Field, California.
Doolittle received his Reserve Military Aviator rating.
He was commissioned a first lieutenant in the Signal Officers Reserve Corps on March 11, 1918.
For conspicuous leadership above the call of duty, involving personal valor and intrepidity at an extreme hazard to life.
With the apparent certainty of being forced to land in enemy territory or to perish at sea, Gen. Doolittle personally led a squadron of Army bombers, manned by volunteer crews, in a highly destructive raid on the Japanese mainland.
Army Distinguished Service medal citation
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Major General James Harold Doolittle (ASN: 0-271855), United States Army Air Forces, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility as Commander of the Northwest African Strategic Air Force since its organization.
Under his guidance and direction, this Force has developed a high degree of efficiency and accuracy and brought about, in great measure, a critical reduction in the supplies and reinforcements needed by the enemy.
General Doolittle's energy, good judgment, exceptional qualities of leadership and wholehearted cooperation were primary factors in the ultimate success of air operations during the Tunisian Campaign.
Distinguished Flying Cross citations
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 2, 1926, takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Flying Cross to First Lieutenant (Air Service) James Harold Doolittle (ASN: 0-271855), U.S. Army Air Corps, for extraordinary achievement while participating in an aerial flight.
On September 4–5, 1922, Lieutenant Doolittle accomplished a one-stop flight from Pablo Beach, Florida, to San Diego, California, in 22 hours and 30 minutes elapsed time, an extraordinary achievement with the equipment available at that time.
By his skill, endurance, and resourcefulness he demonstrated the possibility of moving Air Corps units to any portion of the United States in less than 24 hours, thus reflecting great credit on himself and to the Army of the United States.
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 2, 1926, takes pleasure in presenting a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster in lieu of a Second Distinguished Flying Cross to First Lieutenant (Air Service) James Harold Doolittle (ASN: 0-271855), U.S. Army Air Corps, for extraordinary achievement while participating in an aerial flight.
During March 1924, at McCook Field, Dayton, Ohio, Lieutenant Doolittle, piloting a Fokker PW-7 pursuit airplane, performed a series of acceleration tests requiring skill, initiative, endurance, and courage of the highest type.
In these test a recording accelerometer was mounted in the airplane and the accelerations taken for the following maneuvers.
Loops at various air speeds; single and multiple barrel rolls; power spirals; tail spins; power on and power off; half loop, half roll, and immelman turn; Inverted flight; pulling out of dive at various air speeds; flying the airplane on a level course with considerable angle of bank; and flying in bumpy air.
In these test the airplane was put through the most extreme maneuvers possible in order that the flight loads imposed upon the wings of the airplane under extreme conditions of sir combat might, be ascertained.
These test were put through with that fine combination of fearlessness and skill which constitutes the essence of distinguished flying.
Through them scientific data of great and permanent importance to the Air Corps were obtained.
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 2, 1926, takes pleasure in presenting a Second Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster in lieu of a Third Distinguished Flying Cross to Colonel (Air Corps) James Harold Doolittle (ASN: 0-271855), United States Army Air Forces, for extraordinary achievement as Pilot of a B-25 Bomber and Commanding Officer of the 1st Special Aviation Project (Doolittle Raider Force), while participating in a highly destructive raid on the Japanese mainland on April 18, 1942.
Colonel Doolittle with 79 other officers and enlisted men volunteered for this mission knowing full well that the chances of survival were extremely remote, and executed his part in it with great skill and daring.
This achievement reflects high credit on himself and the military service.
Silver Star citation
The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress July 9, 1948, takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star to Major General (Air Corps) James Harold Doolittle (ASN: 0-271855), United States Army Air Forces, for gallantry in action.
Since February 19, 1943, when he took command of the Allied Strategic Air Force (Northwest Africa), General Doolittle, by his untiring energy, initiative and personal example has inspired the units under him to renewed successful efforts against the enemy.
On April 5, 1943, the strategic air force was responsible for the destruction of forty eight enemy planes in the air and approximately 100 on the ground.
This extraordinary achievement under the leadership of General Doolittle reflects great credit to himself and the armed forces of the United States.
In 1972 James H. Doolittle was awarded the Horatio Alger Award which is given to those who are dedicated community leaders who demonstrate individual initiative and a commitment to excellence; as exemplified by remarkable achievements accomplished through honesty, hard work, self-reliance and perseverance over adversity.
The Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans, Inc. bears the name of the renowned author Horatio Alger, Jr., whose tales of overcoming adversity through unyielding perseverance and basic moral principles captivated the public in the late 19th century.
In April 1985, Doolittle was awarded a fourth star making him a full ranked general.
He received the award from President Ronald Reagan and U.S. Senator Barry M. Goldwater.
The Society of Experimental Test Pilots annually presents the James H. Doolittle Award in his memory.
The award is for "outstanding accomplishment in technical management or engineering achievement in aerospace technology".
Spencer Tracy played Doolittle in Mervyn LeRoy's 1944 movie Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo.
This portrayal has received much praise.
Alec Baldwin played Doolittle in Michael Bay's 2001 movie Pearl Harbor.
This portrayal caused much outrage amongst those who knew the general.
Bob Clampett's 1946 cartoon Baby Bottleneck briefly portrays a dog named "Jimmy Do-quite-a-little", who invents a failed rocketship.
The word Estonian can  mean:
Something from or about Estonia, a country in Europe
Estonians, the people of Estonia
was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (genka reki)..  It was published in 1797.
The  Kansei-reki system was the work of Takahashi Yoshitoki and Hazama Shigetomi.
was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (genka reki..  It was published in the Tenpō era (183-1844).
It was in use in the late Edo period.
The  Tenpō-reki system was the work of Shibukawa Kagesuke.
This was the last traditional calendar system created by Japanese astronomers and mathematicians.
The Tenpō calendar was set aside when Japan adopted the Western calendar in 1872 (Meiji 5).
Jessica Danielle Andrews (born December 29, 1983) is an American singer.
She performs country music.
Her first record Heart Shaped World was released in 1999.
On April 7, 2001, her first and only number one single "Who I Am" reached the #1 spot in the country charts.
She was born near Huntingdon, Tennessee.
Anna Eva Lydia Catherine Wing, MBE (30 October 1914 - 7 July 2013) was an English actress.
She is best known for playing Lou Beale on British television soap opera EastEnders.
Wing is best known for playing the Lou Beale on EastEnders from the show's beginning in February 1985, until the character was killed off in July 1988.
In May 2005 Wing attended the British Soap Awards, where she presented June Brown with a lifetime achievement award for Brown's portrayal of Dot Branning in EastEnders.
In 2005, Wing was part of the cast of the short movie Ex Memoria.
She played Grandma in the 2007 movie Son of Rambow.
In 2009, when Wing was 94, she worked on a short movie called Numbers Up.
The same year Wing was named Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2009 Birthday Honours for her services to drama and charity.
Wing was married to Peter Davey from 1944 until they divorced in 1947.
After that, Philip O'Connor was her partner until his death in 1998.
Wing lived in London, England during her final years.
Wing died on the morning of 7 July 2013 in Hackney, East London, England from natural causes, aged 98.
Anna Wing, interview from The Walford Gazette
Lou Beale, BBC character profile
Ex Memoria (short film with Anna Wing)
was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (genka reki).
It was also known as Horiki Kojutsu Gen-reki.
It was published in 1755.
The  Hōreki Kōjutsu Genreki system was the work of Abe Yasukuni, Shibukawa Kōkyō, and Nishiyama Seikyū.
Errors in the calendar were corrected in 1798, and in 1844  In 1872, the Western calendar was adopted.
Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov (10 November 1919 – 23 December 2013) was a Russian designer who is known for designing the AK-47, AKM, and AK-74 assault rifles when he served in the Soviet Army during World War II.
He had the rank of lieutenant general.
Kalashnikov was born on 10 November 1919 in Kuriya, Altai Krai, Russian SFSR.
He served in World War II and created many weapons and bombs including the AK-47 and a submachine gun.
He was married to Ekaterina Kalashnikova.
They had three children, one of them was gun designer Victor Kalashnikov.
He lived in Izhevsk, Udmurtia.