the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Marc Bartra (Borussia Dortmund)
Raphaël Guerreiro (Borussia Dortmund)
Gonzalo Castro Randon (Borussia Dortmund)
André Schürrle (Borussia Dortmund)
Julian Weigl (Borussia Dortmund)
Marc Albrighton (Leicester City)
Islam Slimani (Leicester City)
Otávio (Porto)
André Silva (Porto)
Andreas Cornelius (Copenhagen)
Thomas Delaney (Copenhagen)
Federico Santander (Copenhagen)
Mathias Jørgensen (Copenhagen)
Corentin Tolisso (Lyon)
Wissam Ben Yedder (Sevilla)
Samir Nasri (Sevilla)
Miralem Pjanić (Juventus)
Gonzalo Higuaín (Juventus)
Daniel Alves (Juventus)
Marek Hamšík (Napoli)
Manolo Gabbiadini (Napoli)
Thorgan Hazard (Borussia Mönchengladbach)
André Hahn (Borussia Mönchengladbach)
Miroslav Radović (Legia Warsaw)
Jelle Vossen (Club Brugge)
Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain (Arsenal)
Granit Xhaka (Arsenal)
Stefano Denswil (Club Brugge) - against Copenhagen
Raheem Sterling (Manchester City) - against Celtic
Tomasz Jodłowiec (Legia Warsaw) - against Real Madrid
UEFA Champions League (official website)
FK Vardar (Macedonian: ФК Вардар; usually just called Vardar) is a professional association football club from Skopje, North Macedonia.
The club was founded in 1947and have played in every Macedonian First Football League saeson since it's creation.
The club was named after the Vardar river (which runs right through the middle of Macedonia and ends at the Thermaic Gulf in Greece).
FK Vardar is the most successful Macedonian team, winning 9 national championships and 5 national cups.
Winners (6): 1951, 1956, 1960, 1963, 1971, 1979
Macedonian First League:
Winners (9): 1993, 1994, 1995, 2002, 2003, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016
Runners-up (2): 2001, 2005
Macedonian Football Cup:
Winners (5): 1993, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2007
Macedonian Super Cup:
Macedonian Republic Cup:
Winners (12): 1955, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1979, 1980, 1992
Semi-finalists (1): 1968
Round of 16 (2):  1969, 1970
Runners-up (2): 1972, 1974
Winners (3): 1993, 2001, 2006
Official website  (Macedonian)
Supporters Website  (Macedonian)
The Lincoln Red Imps Football Club is a semi-professional association football club from Gibraltar.
They currently play in the Gibraltar Premier Division and share the Victoria Stadium with all other clubs in the territory.
They have won 22 league titles and 17 cup titles.
The football club was first formed in 1976 by Charles Polson and Charles Head.
Gibraltar Football League: 22
1984–85, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1993–94, 2000-01, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16
Rock Cup: 17
1985–86, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1992–93, 1993–94, 2001–02, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16
Gibraltar League Senior Cup: 18
1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1999–00, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2013–14
Lincoln Red Imps F.C. Twitter account
UEFA profile
Falmouth is a  census-designated place (CDP) in Stafford County, Virginia,  United States.
It is situated on the north bank of the Rappahannock River at the falls.
The community is north of and opposite the city of Fredericksburg.
Recognized by the U.S. Census Bureau as a census-designated place (CDP), Falmouth's population was 4,274 as of the 2010 census.
Founded in 1728 by the same act of the Virginia Assembly that established neighboring Fredericksburg, Falmouth was created as a port town on the Rappahannock.
It served the inhabitants living north of the river within the vast Northern Neck holdings of Lord Fairfax.
His agent, Robert "King" Carter, promoted the establishment of the town.
The Carter family played a dominant role in the town's growth throughout much of the colonial period.
Originally located within King George County, Falmouth became part of Stafford County when county lines were redrawn in 1776.
During the American Civil War, Falmouth was occupied by Union forces in 1862 and 1863.
Northern commanders located their headquarters southeast of the town during the Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville campaigns.
Among the community's significant historic structures is Belmont, the home of American artist Gari Melchers, now a historic house museum administered by the University of Mary Washington.
Chatham Manor, the 1771 home of William Fitzhugh and a Union headquarters during the Civil War, is located downstream from Falmouth, opposite the historic district of Fredericksburg.
It is administered by the National Park Service as part of Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania County Battlefields Memorial National Military Park and now serves as park headquarters.
Falmouth is located at  (38.331790, -77.461361).
As of the census of 2000, there were 3,624 people, 1,323 households, and 997 families residing in the CDP.
The population density was 1,155.6 people per square mile (445.6/km²).
There were 1,412 housing units at an average density of 450.3/sq mi (173.6/km²).
The racial makeup of the CDP was 89.29% White, 6.46% Black or African American, 0.22% Native American, 1.08% Asian, 0.61% from other races, and 2.35% from two or more races.
Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.15% of the population.
There were 1,323 households out of which 35.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them.
Of these, 58.5% were married couples living together, 11.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.6% were non-families.
18.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.
The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.03.
In the CDP the population was spread out with 26.2% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who were 65 years of age or older.
For every 100 females there were 92.3 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $57,697, and the median income for a family was $66,989.
Males had a median income of $39,280 versus $31,202 for females.
The per capita income for the CDP was $25,544.
About 5.9% of families and 7.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.6% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.
The Vienne () is one of the most important rivers in southwestern France, a main left tributary of the lower Loire river.
It supports numerous hydroelectric dams.
It flows through the Nouvelle-Aquitaine and Centre-Val de Loire regions, and two French départements are named after the Vienne: the Haute-Vienne (87) and the Vienne (86).
The Vienne river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .
The Vienne river starts in the department of the Corrèze, at the foot of Mont Audouze, on the Plateau de Millevaches, in the commune of Millevaches, at an elevation of about .
It then flows roughly west to the city of Limoges where its water was used in the famous Limoges porcelain industry.
Finally, the river flows into the Loire river, on the left side, in the commune Candes-Saint-Martin.
The Vienne flows through 6 departments and 96 communes, in 2 regions:
Indre-et-Loire: Chinon, Candes-Saint-Martin
Corrèze: Peyrelevade
Haute-Vienne: Rempnat, Eymoutiers, Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat, Limoges, Aixe-sur-Vienne, Saint-Junien
Charente: Confolens
Vienne: Chauvigny, Châtellerault
The Vienne flows through three regional nature parks: Parc naturel régional de Millevaches en Limousin, Parc naturel régional Périgord Limousin and Parc naturel régional Loire-Anjou-Touraine.
Combade - 41 km
Briance - 57.7 km
Clain - 144.3 km
Aixette - 27.1 km
Maulde - 68.5 km
Taurion - 107.5 km
Aurence - 27.3 km
Glane - 41.4 km
Gorre - 39.2 km
Goire - 28.7 km
Issoire - 45.7 km
Blourde - 46.5 km
Creuse - 236.6
Manse - 30.5 km
Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Nouâtre in the Indre-et-Loire department.
Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Nouâtre (1958 - 2017)
Banque Hydro - Station L7000610 - La Vienne à Nouâtre
Aquia Creek () is a  tributary of the tidal portion of the Potomac River and is located in Northern Virginia.
The creek's headwaters lie in southeastern Fauquier County, and it empties into the Potomac at Brent Point in Stafford County,  south of Washington, D.C.
The Public Quarry at Government Island in the creek served as the source for Aquia Creek sandstone.
This sandstone was used in numerous public buildings.
The most important of these public buildings was the first White House in Washington,  DC.
It was painted white for symbolic reasons.
The National Capitol Columns were also quarried at the Aquia Creek Public Quarry in the early 1800s.
They were transported to Washington on a barge.
In an early American Civil War skirmish, the Battle of Aquia Creek, three US gunboats battled a Confederate shore battery.
The skirmish took place from May 29, 1861 to June 1, 1861 during the Union campaign to blockade the Chesapeake Bay.
There were an estimated 10 casualties.
The Mauser C96, is a German semi-automatic pistol that has a broomhandle-style pistol grip made by Mauser.
Nicknames for the gun include the Broomhandle (named for its grip), the Red 9, and the box cannon.
Although there were some semi-automatic pistols made before it was invented, the C96 was one of the first that was successful.
The C96 was used by many countries including Germany, Spain, China, and the Soviet Union.
The C96 was produced by Germany from 1896 and ended in 1937.
Spain and China made many of their own unlicensed models of the C96 Although it was invented in Germany, it was never a standard pistol for the German military.
Nonetheless, it was still very popular pistol for German soldiers and officers until the end of World War II.
The only country that made the C96 its standard pistol was China.
The C96 had many different models that fired different types of bullets.
The first models fired 7.63x25mm Mauser bullets, but Germany later made a 9x19mm Parabellum version.
9x19mm versions of the gun have a red number 9 imprinted on the handle so that people would know to only load 9x19mm bullets and not the 7.63x25mm bullets.
This is how the 9x19mm versions got the nickname "Red 9".
In China, .45 ACP versions were made for the police and the military.
The Chinese Army nicknamed the C96 the boxcannon, but the official name was the Type 17 pistol.
The gun comes with a magazine built in the gun.
Most magazines for the C96 could hold 6 bullets, 10 bullets, or 20 bullets.
Unlike most semi-automatic pistols, in order to load the C96, the shooter must load the bullets through the top of the gun using a stripper clip (like what you see in the picture above), rather than load a box magazine inside the grip.
The C96 can also attach a wooden buttstock to the grip so that the shooter can aim more easily.
The buttstock is also used as the gun's holster.
The gun was also one of the first machine pistols, since some models allow the shooter to shoot the gun in full automatic fire.
Although the C96 is a little awkward to use, especially compared to most pistols today, it's old and unusual appearance make it a popular weapon in video games, like Resident Evil 4, the Metal Gear series, the Zombies game mode in the Call of Duty series, Bioshock: Infinite, Battlefield 1, Call of Duty: WWII, Far Cry 4, and many others.
Tetriodon is a hybrid fruit.
A plumcot is part plum and part apricot.
There are many different types of plumcot.
Some of them are about half plum and half apricot, while others are mostly plum.
One well-known type of plumcot is called the plumcot or the pluot, which is a trademarked name for plumcots that were developed in the 1980s by Floyd Zaiger.
The first plumcots were bred in the late 1800s by Luther Burbank.
A flintlock is a general term for firearms that use the flintlock firing mechanism.
It can also refer just to the firing mechanism itself.
A flintlock uses a piece of flint held in a locking jaw.
When the trigger is pulled, a hammer with the flint attached falls, striking a piece of steel called a "frizzen".
This causes a spark which causes the gunpowder in the pan (directly below the flint) to ignite.
Through a small hole, this ignites the main powder charge in the breech of the gun causing it to fire the round ball, shot or bullet.
The flintlock was a very popular type of musket for over 200 years.
Flintlocks were available with smoothbore and later rifled gun barrels.
The first form of flintlock appeared in 1570 and was called a snaphaunce.
About 1630, Frenchman Marin le Bourgeoys created the first "true" flintlock, also called the "French lock".
Bourgeoys was in the service of King Louis XIII of France for whom he created the flintlock mechanism.
The French lock simplified the Snaphaunce design by creating a one-piece, L-shaped frizzen.
This is the style seen on most flintlocks today.
Like earlier designs such as the matchlock, the flintlock design was used for smoothbore long guns or muskets.
But soon it was used for  shotguns and pistols.
Officers on sailing ships and army officers used flintlock pistols as well.
Famous flintlocks
Long guns
Popularly called the "Brown Bess", The British Land Pattern Musket - was produced between 1725 and 1838, the Land Pattern and its versions were all .75 caliber smoothbore muskets.
They were the standard guns for all land forces in the British Empire.
They were replaced after 1838 by smoothbore percussion cap muskets.
Its effective range was about  but in most battle situations the distance between forces was only about .
Even at that range the gun was not particularly accurate.
The British tactic was to fire in vollies followed by a bayonet attack.
Pennsylvania rifle, after the early 1880s called the "Kentucky rifle" - The Pennsylvania rifle developed from earlier and much heavier Jaeger rifle which were brought to the American colonies by German gunsmiths.
Well out of range of the British Brown Bess muskets, militiamen and snipers with rifled Pennsylvania rifles could target individual soldiers and officers from a long distance.
Springfield Model 1795 Musket - patterned after the French Charleville musket, was the first U.S. flintlock musket to be produced at the Springfield Armory.
Designed by Eli Whitney it was the first gun to use interchangeable parts.
Also produced at the Harpers Ferry Armory, about 10,000 were delivered to the US Army for use in the War of 1812.
Fusil de chasse (French, meaning "hunting gun") - by the mid-18th century a light flintlock musket carried by an officer was called a fusil (corruption of the Italian fucile meaning flint).
Both the French and the British had versions of the officer's fusil.
From this name came the term fusilier.
British officers of foot were originally armed with a spontoon, but later the pole weapon was replaced by the officer's fusil.
A very similar but cheaper version was the "fusil de traite" (trade gun).
The officer's fusil is fitted for a sling and the stock is  shorter than the barrel to fit a bayonet.
The officer's fusil was much better made.
At 20 gauge (.62 caliber) the fusil was also considered a fowling gun (early predecessor of the shotgun).
Some American officers in the Revolutionary War also carried fusils.
Kentucky pistol - Introduced about the turn of the 17th century it has remained basically unchanged.
It is a somewhat awkward piece to load for inexperienced users.
The Kentucky had a tendency to hang fire (also called a misfire).
The flint strikes the frizzen and ignites the powder in the pan but will at times burn slowly like a fuse.
When this happens it is critical to keep it pointed at the target until it fires.
The gun was typically .50 caliber and had an octagonal barrel.
The stock was typically curly maple and usually had a wood ramrod with a brass tip.
Duelling pistols - While not a specific gun it was a type of flintlock weapon.
Duelling pistols were made in matched pairs and usually were in a case.
They were often an ornate and highly decorated gun intended to be used in a duel.
Until the 19th century most were single-shot flintlock pistols.
Like other flintlock pistols, there is a noticeable delay between pulling the trigger and the gun firing.
History of the Gun - Part 4: The Flintlock: YouTube
Shooting the Fusil de Chasse 62 caliber/ 20 gauge Smoothbore Musket: YouTube
The War of Attrition (1967–1970) was a war between Egypt and Israel.
It ran from March 1969 to 7th August 1970 when the ceasefire was restored.
It followed the Six-Day War in 1967, when Israel won a victory and captured the Golan Heights, Gaza Strip and the West Bank.
Both sides used attrition warfare in an attempt to weaken the other.
Both Egypt and Israel thought that by wearing down the other they would gain an advantage in later negotiations.
Egypt wanted its territory back from Israel.
The leader of Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser, thought that by waging a low-grade war against Israel, he would exhaust their resources and get them to give up the territory.
Israel wanted to secure its hold on the Sinai and annex it to Israel.
In the end, neither side achieved their goals.
Egypt did not force an Israeli withdrawal.
Israel still occupied the Sinai.
Both sides claimed they won the war.
The Israeli death toll included 5,000 soldiers and 600 civilians.
Approximately 6,000 soldiers and 1700 civilians were wounded.
Egypt lost about 4,000 soldiers and 900 officers.
Another 2,000 Egyptian soldiers and 200 officers were captured.
Egypt lost about 60% of its military equipment.
The Suez Canal remained closed to shipping.
The War of Attrition between Egypt & Israel (1968-1970); YouTube
"Secret" is a pop song from Madonna's studio album Bedtime Stories.
This song is about a lover having a secret.
It hit #3 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.
The song was released on September 27, 1994.
It was declared Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.
"Express Yourself" is a 1989 dance-pop song by Madonna.
The lyrics are about female empowerment and inspire women to go for the best.
The song was a tribute to American R&B-funk band Sly and the Family Stone.
The song peaked at #2 on the American Billboard Hot 100.
It was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America.
One is almost eleven minutes long.
Fast & Furious (also known by Fast & Furious 4) is a 2009 American action movie directed by Justin Lin.
The story was written by Chris Morgan.
The movie is the fourth one of the Fast and the Furious movies.
The movie gets back together the actors Vin Diesel, Paul Walker, Michelle Rodriguez and Jordana Brewster.
The movie follows from The Fast and the Furious, the 2001 movie into a the time right now.
The same actors are in both movies.
The movie came out on April 3, 2009.
The movie got bad comments when it came out.
The movie made $363 million dollars all over the world.
Michelle Rodriguez as Leticia "Letty" Ortiz
Laz Alonso as Fenix Rise
Tego Calderón as Tego
Don Omar as Rico Santos
Jack Conley as Penning
Shea Wigham as Agent Michael Stasiak
Liza Lapira as Agent Sophie Thrin
Arda Turan (born 30 January 1987) is a Turkish football player.
He plays for F.C. Barcelona and Turkey national team.
The F2000 has been in production since 2001.
It is used in many countries including Belgium, Libya, Peru, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan and more.
The F2000 is a replacement of the FN FNC.
The FS2000 is a civilian version of the gun.
FS2000 is only semi-automatic and has a long barrel.
It began production in 2006.
Starting in World War I, the families of US soldiers and sailors often flew flags that had a blue star for each member of the family that was serving in the military.
If one of them died in battle, the blue star was changed to a gold star.
In August of 1947, the United States Congress authorized the military to present a gold star lapel pin to the family members of those killed in action.
That first pin was a simple gold star on a purple background with a laurel wreath around the star.
Another pin—this time a gold star with a gold background and four oak sprigs around the star—was authorized by Congress in 1973.
It was awarded to the next of kin of service members who die during military service.
Famous Gold Star families
Khizr Khan
General John F. Kelly
Jose Gonzalez Carranza
Darwin Day is celebrated in the United States on 12 February, the birthday of Charles Darwin.
This recognizes the importance of his book The Origin of Species, the basis of the theory of evolution.
The decision was taken by the US Congress.
The date is not widely known or celebrated in the UK.
However, 2009 was the 200th anniversary of Darwin's birth and was also the 150th anniversary of the publication of Origin of Species.
Events were planned, with celebrations in Shrewsbury (his birthplace), the University of Cambridge, and the Natural History Museum in London.
The SPAS-12 is an Italian combat shotgun that was produced from 1979 until 2000.
The SPAS-12 is a dual-mode shotgun, adjustable for semi-automatic or pump-action operation.
The SPAS-12 has been popular in many movies, TV shows, and video games including Call of Duty, Battlefield, Grand Theft Auto, Left 4 Dead and more.
Lucille Dumont (January 20, 1919 – July 29, 2016) was a Canadian singer, radio host and television host.
She was credited by the Canadian Songwriters Hall of Fame for having "served and personified" Quebec popular music.
She was also credited with being "at the birth of Quebec television", having been in Radio Canada's first television shows.
Dumont was born in Montreal, Quebec.
She died at age 97.
Mukto-Mona (Bengali: মুক্তমনা ) is the first online platform for Bengali speaking freethinkers, atheists, and secular bloggers and writers, started by Avijit Roy.
The meaning of Mukto-Mona is "free mind".
The website supports free expression and criticizes religious fundamentalism, especially Islamic religious fundamentalism.
The Council for Secular Humanism called Mukto-Mona "the largest and the fastest-growing collection of contemporary freethinkers in Bangladesh and within South Asia".
The group worked with international NGOs like the Center for Inquiry and the International Humanist and Ethical Union.
The website was moderated by Avijit Roy.
Roy was killed on February 26, 2015.
Ananta Bijoy Das also wrote for the blog.
Das was killed on May 12, 2015.
The group al-Qaida in the Indian Subcontinent said they were responsible for Roy's death.
Ananta Bijoy Das was on a list of targets by the same group of Islamists who were behind the murder of Avijit Roy.
In May 2001,  Avijit Roy started a Yahoo group called Mukto-Mona, meaning "free mind".
In 2002 Mukto-Mona moved to a blog.
Mukto-Mona was the first Bengali group to celebrate  Darwin Day and International Women's Day on the internet.
They worked with international secularist groups to protest killings and arrests.
They also discussed religious questions and LGBT issues, that were taboo subjects in Bangladesh.
In 2005 the website was banned in the United Arab Emirates.
In 2015, Mukta-Mona received "The Bobs – Best of Online Activism" award from German public broadcaster Deutsche Welle.
Blogger Rafida Bonya Ahmed, the wife of murdered blogger Avijit Roy, received the award.
Human rights organizations in Asia
The International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) is a humanist NGO based in the U.K. It has members on United Nations committees and other international organizations.
It was started in Amsterdam in 1952.
In an essay or research paper, a thesis statement is a statement at the start or the end of an introduction that shows the reader the argument of the essay.
A thesis statement gives concise information about what the whole essay is about, including the topic of the paper.
It is usually just one sentence but it may have more than one sentence.
The thesis statement is explained further using body paragraphs.
Thesis statements are not obscure, because obscurity happens when a "writer is himself not quite sure of his meaning.
He has a vague impression of what he wants to say, but has not, either from lack of mental power or from laziness, exactly formulated it in his mind, and it is natural enough that he should not find a precise expression for a confused idea.” (
W. Somerset Maugham).
Clarity and unity of a thought in an essay flows from a good thesis statement.
Rubrics of a good essay involve good sentence development and formation acceptable to grammatical standards and relevant word choices organized in forms of phrases, clauses and sentences.
The thesis statement is developed, supported, and explained in the course of the paper by means of examples and evidence.
Thesis statements help organize and develop the body of the writing piece.
They let readers know, what the writer's statement is and what it is aiming to prove.
A thesis statement does not necessarily forecast organization of an essay which can be more complex than its purpose.
The thesis statement will reflect the kind of paper being written.
The structure of a thesis statement depends upon the nature of controlling essay type.
In simple terms, first a thesis statement will have a main topic sentence formed from questioning the topic, then the writer's statement regarding the topic sentence, and finally ends with the specific supporting points detailing the writer's statement for justifying its relation with the topic sentence.
In general, it should have a supportable opinion (specific/focused) and clear intent for the essay.
The Metropolitan City of Bari () is a metropolitan city in the Apulia region of Southern Italy.
Its capital, and of the Apulia region, is the city of Bari.
It replaced the Province of Bari and includes the city of Bari and some forty other municipalities (comuni).
It was first created by the reform of local authorities (Law 142/1990) and then established by the Law 56/2014.
It has been operative since January 1, 2015.
, there are 1,263,820 persons living in the province, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².
The province has 41 comuni.
The comuni with more people living in them (more than 30,000) areː
The largest comune is Altamura, with  and the smallest is Cellamare, with .
The comune with fewest inhabitants is Poggiorsini, with 1,450 inhabitants.
List of comuni of the Metropolitan City of Bari
BC Budivelnyk Kyiv - is a Ukrainian basketball team.
Ukrainian SuperLeague (9):
Gold - 1992, 1997, 2011, 2013, 2014
Silver - 1998, 2010
Bronze - 1999
Ukrainian Cup (3):
Winner – 2012, 2014, 2015
Oleksandr Bilostinny
Oleksandr Volkov
Anatoliy Polyvoda
Serhiy Kovalenko
Maceo Baston
Malcolm Delaney
Khalid El-Amin
A candidate, or nominee, is a person (or a thing) which is being considered for something.
For a person, it might be an award or honor or membership of a group.
An election, for example, often chooses one or a few, among two or more candidates.
The word comes from a Latin word for white, because men who wanted to be chosen would wear white so everyone would notice them.
The word is also used in problem-solving.
In chess, a distinction is made between legal moves and candidate moves.
The candidate moves are those selected for a more detailed examination.
The administrative district of Biel/Bienne in the Swiss canton of Bern has 19 municipalities in an area of 97.63 km².
The Brown Bess is a nickname for the British Short Land Pattern Musket.
It was produced from 1725 to 1838.
The Land Pattern, or more popularly known as the "Brown Bess", and its versions were all .75 caliber smoothbore flintlock muskets.
It was one of the most important military firearms ever designed.
It helped win the British Empire.
The Brown Bess was replaced after 1838 by smoothbore percussion cap muskets.
While the origins of the name Brown Bess are uncertain, a plausible explanation is the name was based on the German Braun buss, meaning strong gun.
The gun was commissioned during the reign of King George I of Great Britain, who was from Germany.
One of the earliest forms of flintlock musket used by the English Army was the "dog lock".
Very similar to the snaphaunce it was the first to introduce the half-cocked position of the hammer.
This made the gun much safer to handle and load.
It was in use during the English Civil War and many found their way to the British North American colonies.
Another name for the dog lock was the English lock, and the gun was a Swedish styled musket.
Some of these have been found at Jamestown and Yorktown, Virginia by archaeologists.
Between 1710 and 1720 the first King's pattern musket called “Long Land Service” came into use.
It had a  barrel, iron furniture and the French lock (or "true" flintlock) style of flintlock.
Later the metal parts (furniture) were changed to brass and the wood ramrod which broke easily was replaced by an iron ramrod.
About 1722, the British Long Land Pattern musket was developed.
It created a pattern for arms makers to the British Army to follow, creating a standard weapon.
The Long Land Pattern musket weighed just over  and was  long.
It had a  barrel and held a  long bayonet that was used as a crude gunsight.
About 1756 the second version called the Short Land Pattern musket was introduced.
The barrel was shortened to  although the longer Long Land Pattern continued to be made until 1790.
In about 1768, a new pattern Short Land Service Musket with a  barrel was produced.
This was the result of the 1768 Clothing Warrant that was intended to lessen the weight of uniforms and equipment carried by British soldiers.
In addition to shortening the musket, to reduce its weight, soldiers could no longer carry swords (except in the Highland and Grenadier units).
Uniforms were trimmed to be less bulky.
This is the gun most used by British forces during the American Revolutionary War.
Among the variety of weapons used by the Continental Army, versions of the Brown Bess were also used.
Musket drill
The British manual listed 11 drill maneuvers soldiers had to follow to load and fire their muskets.
This was the same drill as the one in the drill manual by Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben for the Continental Army.
Unless otherwise mentioned steps are performed in one motion:
Half cock! -
the hammer is pulled back to the half-cocked position.
Handle Cartridge! -
bring a paper cartridge from your pouch, bite the top off the paper cartridge exposing the gunpowder and cover it with your thumb (so the powder does not spill out).
Prime! -
from the paper cartridge, pour a small amount of powder into the pan.
Again, cover the cartridge while placing three fingers behind the hammer.
The elbow should be up.
Shut Pan! - (
done in two motions), first shut the pan while bringing the elbow to the butt of the musket and while holding the cartridge in your hand.
The second motion is to turn the musket to the loading position.
The butt of the musket is placed on the ground, the lock is to the front and the muzzle is at chin-height; bring your right hand under the muzzle.
Charge with Cartridge - (two motions).
First motion is to place the open cartridge in the muzzle shaking the remaining powder into the barrel followed by the ball and the paper.
Secondly, grasp the ramrod; thumb up and elbow down.
Draw Rammer! - (
two motions), with your fingers, first pull the ramrod up until it is halfway out, quickly backhanding the ramrod.
The second movement is to completely remove the ramrod and turning it quickly place it into the barrel ramming end down.
Ram down Cartridge! -
push the ramrod down quickly ramming the powder and bullet all the way to the breach.
Return Rammer!
quickly reverse the ramrod and place it back in its holder.
Poise Firelock! - (
in two motions), firstly, turn the firearm with the left hand, lock to the front.
Then grasp it with the right hand just below the lock keeping the musket upright.
Secondly, in a quick motion raise the musket to the height of the face.
Cock Firelock! - (
in two motions), first turn the barrel and place your thumb on the cock (hammer).
Secondly, bring the hammer from the half-cock position to full cock moving your fingers under the trigger guard.
Take Aim! -
with the right foot, step back and at the same time drop the muzzle to the level position; bring the butt of the musket to the shoulder, placing the left hand on the stock under the barrel and the finger on the trigger.
At this point, observing the troops are all ready to fire, the command is given to "fire".
The drill is then repeated as necessary.
How to Load and Fire a Brown Bess Flintlock Musket; YouTube
Live Volley Fire At 100 yards (Brown Bess): YouTube
Schlosswil is a former municipality of the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
The Battle of Pirano was a naval battle of the Adriatic campaign of the Napoleonic Wars.
It was between France and the United Kingdom.
The battle was fought around Piran and Grado.
Emirates Flight 521 was an Emirates airline crashed upon landing in Dubai International Airport on 3 August 2016.
One person was killed and 39 others injured.
August 2016 events
The Province of Barletta-Andria-Trani () is a province in the Apulia region of Southern Italy.
The capital is shared by three cities: Barletta, Andria and Trani.
The province borders the Adriatic Sea.
It was created from 10 municipalities (comuni), which were formerly in the provinces of Bari (7 municipalities) and Foggia (3 municipalities), taking its name from the three cities which share the new administrative functions of the province.
The highest point in the province is Monte Caccia,  high; it is in the Altopiano delle Murge, a karstic plateau of rectangular shape in southern Italy.
, there are 393,534 persons (194402 males and 199,132 females) living in the province, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².
The province has 10 comuni.
Barletta city web site
Andria city web site
Trani city web site
Barletta-Andria-Trani
Dissociatives are a type of hallucinogenic drug.
Dissociatives can make the user feel separated or dissociated from their body and environment.
They are often used as anesthetic, to make people unconscious during operations or for other medical uses.
Dissociatives change users perceptions and can cause hallucinations, trance and euphoria.
They are usually only used on animals or children, who won't notice these effects.
However, for this reason they are also used recreationally or for fun.
In many countries however, they are illegal to use for this purpose.
Some dissociatives, like that produced from Salvia divinorum, enter the bloodstream and attach to opioid receptors in the brain.
Others attach to dopamine receptors.
Most block the chemical glutamate from its normal action in the brain.
Glutamate is important in how the brain processes memory and pain.
The most commonly available dissociatives around the world are ketamine, phencyclidine (PCP) and dextromethorphan or DXM.
The US Springfield Model 1795 Musket was the first smoothbore flintlock musket produced in the United States.
It was based on the French Model 1763 Charleville musket and like the French design was a .69 caliber musket.
The Charleville and the Brown Bess were the two most famous muskets during the 18th century.
The Charleville musket had been the primary musket used by Americans during the American Revolutionary War.
The Charleville being the more accurate of the two, it was selected as the model for a new American musket.
About the middle of the 18th century, French gunsmith Honoré Blanc developed the concept of interchangeable parts for muskets.
In 1798, Eli Whitney got the first contract for 10,000 muskets to be delivered within two years.
Congress had already decided to pattern the new musket after the 1763 French Charleville model.
Whitney, like other contractors, had been given 2 or 3 to work with.
The Model 1795 muskets were the first muskets produced at the Springfield Armory and also the Harpers Ferry Armory.
The Harpers Ferry Armory did not begin producing the muskets until 1798 at the earliest and more probably started around 1800.
There were some distinct differences in the muskets produced at the two armories.
The models from the Springfield Armory have dates of manufacture on the lockplate and have an eagle stamp with the word "Springfield".
Between 1795 and 1816, the Springfield Armory produced about 85,000 muskets.
Between the two armories, some 700,000 muskets were produced between 1795 and 1844.
This makes it the longest production run in American history.
The Springfield musket was used in the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, and even the American Civil War.
They were also carried on the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
The Springfield Armory
Created in 1777, during the American Revolution the arsenal stored muskets, cannon, and other weapons.
When France entered the war on the side of the United States, the large stores of arms and ammunition were sent to Springfield for storage and to be sent to the troops.
After the war there were large supplies of Charleville muskets stored at Springfield.
When the US decided to manufacture its own muskets, Springfield had a daunting task ahead of it.
The government had to start up arms factories with no past experience in doing so.
When Whitney was awarded the contract (for five years) he was paid most of the money up front.
The contract paid Whitney $13.40 per musket when it was determined the Springfield armory could make them for $10 each.
The reason they did this was to learn from Whitney and other contractors how the weapon was produced and assembled efficiently.
When government inspectors saw talented workers at various contractor's factories, they would often persuade them to come work at Springfield.
By the 1840s the government no longer saw the need to pay contractors the higher prices and would award contracts based on the best bid.
musket
1795 Springfield VS Brown Bess: YouTube
The RPK is a Soviet machine gun that was designed by Mikhail Kalashnikov.
The RPK is a replacement of the older RPD.
The RPK production began in 1961 and ended in 1978.
The RPK-74 began in 1974 replacing the older RPK.
The RPK was based on the AK-47.
The RPK was used by the NVA and Viet Congs in the Vietnam War.
South Italy is defined only for statistical and for some elections.
It should not to be confused with the Mezzogiorno, or Southern Italy, which generally refers to all the southern half of the Italian State, including the island of Sicily and sometimes even Sardinia.
The two islands form a distinct statistical region.region.
South Italy borders to the north with Central Italy (to the northwest with Lazio and to the northeast with Marche).
The Adriatic Sea is to the east and the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west, and the Ionian Sea to the south.
The Apennines are mountain ranges that goes from north to south through South Italy.
The highest point in the region is the Corno Grande () (part of the Gran Sasso) that is  high.
Central Italy encompasses six of the 20 regions of Italy, including 24 provinces and 1,789  comuniː
Champdor-Corcelles is a commune in the Ain department of eastern France.
It was established on 1 January 2016.
It is made of the former communes of Champdor and Corcelles.
Le Poizat-Lalleyriat is a commune in the Ain department of eastern France.
It was established on January 1, 2016.
It is made of the former communes of Lalleyriat and Le Poizat.
Val-Revermont is a commune in the Ain department of eastern France.
It is made of the former communes of Treffort-Cuisiat and Pressiat.
Schwendibach was a municipality in Thun in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2020 the former municipality of Schwendibach became part of of Steffisburg.
Seeberg is a municipality of the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
The lake Burgäschisee is on the border with Aeschi.
On 1 January 2016 the former municipality of Hermiswil merged into Seeberg.
Official website of Seeberg
In physics, a number of noted theories of the motion of objects have developed.
Among the best-known are:
Euler's laws
Cauchy's equations of motion
Interchangeable parts is a  basic concept of creating identical or nearly identical parts to be mass produced.
These parts can then be put together to form a product.
For example, cars, computers, furniture, almost all products used today, are made from interchangeable parts.
These parts are made with precision machines so each part can fit in any product that uses this part.
Since it is no longer necessary to make each part one at a time and by hand, assembling products takes fewer workers.
This lowers the cost of the product.
Interchangeability of parts also allows products to be repaired by replacing a broken part with an identical new part.
Eli Whitney was the first to use interchangeable parts in manufacturing.
Several inventors have had the idea of interchangeable parts in the past.
But their version of the idea revolved around parts that had very loose tolerances or were used only for very simple parts.
In 1720 a Swedish inventor named Christopher Polhem used interchangeable parts for clocks in his workshop.
But the idea was not used outside his shops.
It came at a critical time when Congress was preparing for a war with France.
What he produced was the first smoothbore flintlock musket produced in the United States, the Springfield Model 1795 Musket.
Whitney's idea of using machines to create interchangeable parts started what came to be known as the "American system" of mass production.
The concept of mass production depends on the use of interchangeable parts.
One of the most famous inventors to use interchangeable parts, mass production and the assembly line was Henry Ford.
Unlike other cars of the time, his Ford Model T used the same identical parts in each vehicle.
Parts were created in large quantities and delivered to his assembly plant where workers built the cars on an assembly line.
This allowed Ford to produce a quality vehicle ready to go in just 93 minutes.
Ford raised workers' wages in 1914 to $5 a day.
That was an excellent wage at the time, so much so that it allowed many of his workers to buy their own Model T. That same year Ford produced more cars than all other car manufacturers combined.
His least expensive model in 1914, the Runabout, sold for $440.
By 1925 he was able to sell a Model T for as little as $260.
Eli Whitney: Father of American Technology - Fast Facts / History: YouTube
Early Industrialization; Digital History
In 2016, social media had the biggest effect ever on the United States presidential election.
For the first time, social media created the change (of plans for Democratic and Republican primaries) rather than talking about it.
Many journalists expected this.
Benefits to candidates
Many people think social media is the reason Bernie Sanders did so well in the Democratic primaries.
In May 2016, 450,000 people belonged to the pro-Sanders Facebook group Bernie Sanders' Dank Meme Stash.
Another pro-Sanders group, Bernie or Hillary?,
Social media is also thought by most people to be the reason Donald Trump did so well in the Republican primaries.
Activity by Donald Trump supporters on social media was one of the things talked about at the first Republican debate.
Trump mentioned that his social media accounts provided a tremendous platform for his election and helps keep people interested.
Right Side Broadcasting Network often uploads live footage of Donald Trump rallys on YouTube, causing their popularity to go way up.
In April 2016, Correct the Record, a pro-Clinton super PAC, started a program called "Barrier Breakers" that wants to compete with the mostly online volunteer efforts of Sanders and Trump supporters.
With $1 million in funding, Correct the Record hired a paid staff of people that used to be reporters, bloggers, public affairs specialists, designers to post good things about Clinton.
On June 9, 2016, as a response to Donald Trump's tweet about Obama's endorsement to Clinton, she wrote with a three word tweet: "Delete your account".
This tweet has become her most retweeted tweet of all time.
One form of social media being used in the 2016 election are memes.
The Guardian compared Internet memes to political cartoons, saying, "For the first time in a US election cycle, community-generated (created) memes have grown to play a significant (important) role in political discourse (debate), similar to the classic printed cartoon.
While an Internet meme is unlikely to destroy a political career, lots of memes targeting a candidate might."
Many memes attacked Ted Cruz.
FN BRG-15 was a heavy machine gun.
It was designed by Fabrique Nationale de Herstal to replace Browning M2HB .50 caliber heavy machine gun.
However, the project was cancelled in the early 1990s.
Münchwilen is a municipality of the district Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
Honoré Blanc (1736–1807) was a French gunsmith and inventor.
He was one of the first to use the concept of interchangeable parts.
Blanc was born in Avignon, France in 1736.
At age 12 he became an apprentice to a gunsmith.
He was an armorer at the Charleville armory in Charleville-Mézières, Ardennes, France.
In 1763 he became the controller of gunlocks at the Saint-Étienne arms factory.
Just before the French Revolution, he came up with the idea of interchangeable parts for gun locks.
By the 1760s, Blanc was making specialized machinery and tools to make gunlocks.
His design for the Musket Model 1777 was accepted and he was made chief controller for three arms factories.
In 1785, in an experiment, Blanc mixed parts from 25 gunlocks and assembled several models with ease.
His demonstration showed the benefit of interchangeable parts and how it worked.
He repeated the experiment for military policy makers in 1790.
The French Academy of Sciences supported his idea in 1791.
But the Legislative assembly would not fund his work.
Blanc shifted his attention to setting up a private company to produce gunlocks using interchangeable parts in 1791.
Even after receiving permission and funds from the French government, he was very slow in getting started.
He did not produce any gunlocks until 1796.
His factory was still making gunlocks in 1807 when Blanc died.
While European gunsmiths were not impressed by the idea, he did interest the American Ambassador to France, Thomas Jefferson.
This was the first time in the US Blanc's ideas of mass production were put to use.
Congress had already decided to pattern the new musket after the 1763 French Charleville musket.
This was one that Blanc had worked on early in his career.
What resulted was the Springfield Model 1795 Musket, the first military musket made in the United States.
LeBlanc and Interchangeable parts
History of Interchangeable Parts
Official website of the municipality of Seedorf
Seehof () is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
This is one of two German speaking cities in the majority French-speaking Bernese Jura (Jura bernois).
The other is Schelten.
Long range shooting is a relative term generally meaning accurate shooting at distances ordinary shooters with ordinary rifles could not hit.
For example, Daniel Boone, using a flintlock rifle could probably hit a target at up to .
Today, expert marksmen are hitting targets well over  away.
Modern long range shooting is more than just using modern machined actions and precision gun barrels.
These produce a rifle that a decent shooter can hit targets at about 250 yards, ranges that were unheard of by black powder shooters.
The ability to hit a target at  (or 10 football fields away) requires the shooter to become an expert in ballistics.
First, the shooter has to know exactly how far away target is.
They have to be able to compensate for windage (the effects of wind on a bullet).
Next, the shooter has to compute the "elevation".
This is how far above the target the shooter must aim to compensate for the force of gravity on the bullet at a given distance.
Shooters have to compensate also for shots uphill or downhill from their position.
Other factors include "bullet Drift".
This means a bullet that fired out of the barrel with a muzzle velocity (speed at the muzzle) of 2800 FPS that exits a barrel with 1:12 rifling is spinning at 168,000 RPMs.
At just  the bullet will drift about  in the direction it was spinning.
If the rifle has a right-hand twist, the bullet will go to the right of the target.
Long range shooters, and especially snipers, operate as a team.
As difficult as long range shooting is, it would be even harder without a spotter.
Spotters are also trained snipers or long range shooters.
The spotter has a number of jobs.
He helps locate the target.
He does most of the calculations for elevation, windage, and hitting a moving target.
With several targets, the spotter decides which to hit first.