the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Following the Mormon surrender in November 1838, Missouri governor Lilburn Boggs sent Price and a company of solders to protect the Mormons.
Price was elected to the Missouri State House of Representatives from 1836–1838, and again from 1840–1844.
He was chosen as its speaker.
He was then elected as a Democrat to the 29th United States Congress, serving from March 4, 1845, to August 12, 1846.
He resigned from the House to participate in the Mexican-American War.
Price raised the Second Regiment, Missouri Mounted Volunteer Cavalry and was appointed its colonel on August 12, 1846.
He marched his regiment under Alexander Doniphan to Santa Fe, where he assumed command of the Territory of New Mexico after Gen. Stephen W. Kearny, departed for California.
Price served as military governor of New Mexico, and put down the Taos Revolt, an uprising of Native Americans and Mexicans in January 1847.
President James K. Polk promoted Price to brigadier general of volunteers on July 20, 1847.
He was named military governor of Chihuahua that same month.
He led 300 men from his Army of the West at the Battle of Santa Cruz de Rosales on March 16, 1848, defeating a Mexican force three times his size.
This was the last battle of the war, taking place days after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had been ratified by the United States Congress on March 10.
Although reprimanded by Secretary of War William L. Marcy and ordered to return with his army to New Mexico, Price was not punished.
He was honorably discharged on November 25, 1848, and returned to Missouri as a hero.
Governor of Missouri
Price now became a slave owner, and raised tobacco on the Bowling Green prairie.
Popular because of his war service, he was easily elected Governor of Missouri in 1852, serving from 1853 to 1857.
During his service as governor, Washington University in St. Louis was established, the state's public school system was restructured, the Missouri State Teachers Association was created, the state's railroad network was expanded, and a state geological survey was created.
Although the state legislature passed an act to increase the governor's salary, he refused to accept anything except than the salary when he had been elected.
Price became the state's Bank Commissioner from 1857 to 1861.
He also secured a rail line through his home county, now forming part of the Norfolk and Western Railway.
Civil War service
Early months
When the Civil War began, Price was opposed to Missouri's secession.
He was elected presiding officer of the Missouri State Convention on February 28, 1861, which voted against the state leaving the Union.
The situation changed drastically, however, when Francis Preston Blair, Jr. and Capt.
Nathaniel Lyon seized the state militia's Camp Jackson at St. Louis.
Outraged by this, Price sided with the secessionists.
Pro-Confederate Governor Claiborne Fox Jackson appointed him to command the newly reformed Missouri State Guard in May 1861.
He led his young recruits (who nicknamed him "Old Pap") in a campaign to keep Missouri for the Confederacy.
The most famous battle of the conflict was the Battle of Wilson's Creek.
This occurred on August 10, 1861.
The Missouri State Guard along with Confederate troops under the command of Brigadier General Benjamin McCulloch defeated Union troops in the Union Army of the West, under the command of General Lyon.
Lyon was killed in the battle.
After this victory, Price's troops launched an offensive into Northern Missouri, where they defeated Federal forces commanded by Colonel James Mulligan at the First Battle of Lexington.
However, additional Union troops forced Price and Jackson's men to retreat, leaving most of the state to the Union.
Pea Ridge, Iuka, and Corinth
Still operating as a Missouri militia  general (rather than as a commissioned Confederate officer), Price was unable to agree with his Wilson's Creek colleague, Brigadier General Benjamin McCulloch, as to how to proceed following the battle.
This led to the splitting of what might otherwise have become a sizable Confederate force in the West.
Price and McCullough became bitter rivals, leading to the ultimate appointment of Maj.
Gen. Earl Van Dorn as overall commander of the Trans-Mississippi district.
Van Dorn reunited Price's and McCullough's formations into a force he named the Army of the West, and set out to engage Union troops in Missouri under the command of Brig.
Gen. Samuel R. Curtis.
Now under Van Dorn's command, Price was commissioned in the Confederate States Army as a major general on March 6, 1862.
Outnumbering Curtis's forces, Van Dorn attacked the Union army at Pea Ridge on March 7–8.
Although wounded in the fray, Price pushed Curtis's force back at Elkhorn Tavern on the March 7, only to see the battle lost on the following day after a furious Federal counterattack.
Price next crossed the Mississippi River to reinforce Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard's army at Corinth, Mississippi.
Price was able to seize the Union supply depot at nearby Iuka, but was driven back by Maj.
Gen. William S. Rosecrans at the Battle of Iuka on September 19, 1862.
A few weeks later, on October 3–4, Price (under Van Dorn's command once more) was defeated with Van Dorn at the Second Battle of Corinth.
Van Dorn was replaced by Maj.
Gen. John C. Pemberton, and Price, who had become thoroughly disgusted with Van Dorn and was eager to return to Missouri, obtained a leave to visit Richmond, the Confederate capital.
There, he obtained an audience with Confederate President Jefferson Davis to discuss his grievances, only to find his own loyalty to the South sternly questioned by the Confederate leader.
Price only barely managed to secure Davis's permission to return to Missouri.
Not at all impressed with the Missourian, Davis pronounced him "the vainest man I ever met."
Arkansas and Louisiana
Price was not finished as a Confederate commander, however.
He contested Union control over Arkansas in the summer of 1863, and while he won some of his engagements, he was not able to move Union forces out of the state.
In early 1864, Confederate General Edmund Kirby-Smith, in command of the Western Louisiana campaign, ordered General Price in Arkansas to send all of his infantry to Shreveport.
Confederate forces in the Indian Territory were to join Price in the endeavor.
General John B. Magruder in Texas was instructed to send infantry toward Marshall, Texas, west of Shreveport.
General St. John R. Liddell was instructed to proceed from the Ouachita River west toward Natchitoches.
With a force of five thousand, Price reached Shreveport on March 24.
However, Kirby-Smith detained the division and divided it into two smaller ones.
He hesitated to send the men south to fight Union General Nathaniel P. Banks, whom he believed outnumbered the Confederate forces.
This decision which drew the opposition of General Richard Taylor.
But the western campaign was nearing its conclusion.
Price's Missouri Raid
Despite his disappointments in Arkansas and Louisiana, Price managed to convince his superiors to permit him to invade Missouri in the fall of 1864.
He was hoping to win that state for the Confederacy or at the very least imperil Abraham Lincoln's chances for reelection that year.
Confederate General Kirby Smith agreed, though he was forced to detach the infantry brigades originally detailed to Price's force and send them elsewhere.
This changed Price's proposed campaign from a full-scale invasion of Missouri to a large cavalry raid.
Price gathered 12,000 horsemen for his army, and fourteen pieces of artillery.
The first major engagement in Price's Raid occurred at Pilot Knob, where he successfully captured the Union-held Fort Davidson but he needlessly slaughtered many of his men in the process.
It was for a gain that turned out to be of no real value.
From Pilot Knob, he swung west, away from St. Louis (his primary objective) and toward Kansas City, Missouri and nearby Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.
Forced to bypass his secondary target at heavily fortified Jefferson City, Price cut a swath of destruction across his home state.
All the while his army steadily grew smaller due to battlefield losses, disease, and desertion.
Price defeated inferior Federal forces at Glasgow, Lexington, the Little Blue River and Independence.
But Price was ultimately boxed in by two Northern armies at Westport, in today's Kansas City, and forced to fight against a much larger army.
This unequal contest, known afterward as "The Gettysburg of the West", did not go his way, and he was forced to retreat into hostile Kansas.
A new series of defeats followed, as Price's battered and broken army was pushed steadily southward towards Arkansas.
Then it was pushed further south into Texas, where Price remained until the war ended.
Price's Raid would prove to be his last significant military operation, and the last significant Confederate campaign west of the Mississippi.
Post-war activities and death
Instead of surrendering at the war's end, Price led what was left of his army into Mexico.
There he wanted the remains of his army to serve the Emperor Maximilian, but was flatly refused.
Price became leader of a Confederate exile colony in Carlota, Veracruz, but when the colony proved to be a failure, he returned to Missouri.
While in Mexico Price started having severe intestinal tract problems.
These grew worse in August 1866 when he contracted typhoid fever.
Impoverished and in poor health, Price died of cholera (or "cholera-like symptoms") in St. Louis, Missouri.
The death certificate listed the cause of death as "chronic diarrhea".
Price's funeral was held on October 3, 1867 in St. Louis.
The funeral procession, with his body carried by a black hearse drawn by six matching black horses, was the largest funeral procession in St. Louis up to that point.
He was buried in Bellefontaine Cemetery.
Grave of General Sterling Price
Sterling Price, Encyclopedia Britannica
List of Missouri Governors
Elder Tadej (Thaddeus) of Vitovnica (10 October 1914 – 13 April 2003) was a Serbian Orthodox Christian elder (known as a staret).
He was also a published author.
He is best known for writing and teaching the idea that our "thoughts determine the outcome of our lives".
Future Elder Thaddeus  was born in Vitovnitsa village,  community Petrovac-on-Mlawa, located in Braničevo district, in Serbia on October 6 (19) 1914.
The boy was born during the city fair,  It  was a premature birth and the child was very weak, so his parents hastened to baptise him.
The memory of St. Thomas was celebrated that day derfor the boy was christened Tomislav.
According to the legend the child opened his eyes only after the Baptism ceremony.
Tomislav's mother died  when he was just a little boy and his father remarried.
After some time, father's second wife died too and he got married for the third time.
The boy did not have any friends among his peers and as he grew up, he felt more and more lonely.
Despite family problems Tomislav graduated from high school with honors and intended to fulfil his childhood dream to become a monk, but at the insistence of his father he had to enter the craft and trade school to learn to tailor.
About this time the boy was diagnosed with tuberculosis.
The treatment prescribed to him was painful and complicated, but according to the doctors he would die within 5 years without it.
This illness became a turning point in Tomislav’s life.
He later recalled: "I made a decision to no longer live for this world but to devote my last remaining days to the Lord".
Having made this decision, he left the hospital under his sole responsibility.
Monastery and monastic life
By that time, it’ s been a year  since Tomislav wrote his appeal to the Gornjak monastery, now he came to the abbot asking to become  a novice.
It so happened that one Russian monk overheard Tomislav’s conversation with the abbot.
The next day he said to young man: “Yesterday I heard your conversation and I can tell you that there is only one monastery I know, that lives according to the rules you wish to follow.
This is Milkovo monastery.
There live some Russian monks, who fled from Valaam.
There you will find what your soul is searching for.”
On July 24, 1932 Tomislav came as  a novice to  the Milkovo Monastery.
It was a Russian-Serbian monastery and living there Tomislav had to learn the Russian language.
It became a great advantage for him later as he was able to read books in Russian, which he enjoyed all his life.
In the Mikovo monastery the young man became acquainted with Hieromonk John Maximovich.
They enjoyed each other’s company and used to have long conversations while doing numerous monastic jobs.
A year after the abbot passed away and the situation in the monastery changed.
Some monks made a decision to leave Milkovo and in May 1933 they moved to Gornjak monastery.
Novice Tomislav went with them.
1935 was an important year in Tomislav’s life as he took his monk's vow in Gornjak monastery with the name Thaddeus.
Soon after he was ordained as a Hierodeacon.
When World War II began, Thaddeus together with 4 other monks fled to Belgrade.
He lived in the monastery of Rakovica until 1943, when he was arrested by the occupation authorities and condemned to death.
Father Thaddeus went through several prisons before he in March was transferred to the monastery Voylovitsa.
Hieromonk Vasily Kostic recalled that father Thaddeus was very weak, nevertheless on March 13 he already served the Divine Liturgy together with the Bishop Nicholas (Velimirovic).
From the end of 1970 up to 1981 elder Thaddeus lived in Tuman monastery where he was a spiritual guide and confessor for the sisterhood.
At this time a steady stream of pilgrims and penitents came to see father Thaddeus and he often worked around the clock talking to people, hearing confessions and praying for the ill and needy.
It was a burdening job for an old man not just physically.
As he said “Praying for others we bring a part of their sufferings upon ourselves”.
Though many people believed that elder Thaddeus had foresight, he never admitted it.
He used to say ironically: “Well, yes, I definitely get some foresight after climbing on a windowsill”.
He departed this life on 13 March 2003 and was buried in the monastery of Vintovitsa.
He is venerated by his many spiritual children, especially Serbians and Bosnians, including former Muslims whom he converted to Christ.
His handsome face of a gray-haired old man was illuminated with spiritual lite and joy.
Confessors like him are God’s gracious gift to us in this difficult time.”
The life of Archimandrite Tadej
Damascus College is the only Catholic high school in Ballarat that teaches both males and females.
The school started in 1995 when three different Catholic schools, St Martin's in the Pines, Sacred Heart College and St Paul's College joined.
The school is in Mount Clear, 7 km from the heart of Ballarat.
Damascus College is a school for high school children  in years 7 to 12.
In 1881, the Sisters of Mercy started Sacred Heart College in Ballarat East for children from Prep to Year 12.
The younger students were moved to St Francis Xavier College in 1906.
St Paul's Technical College
The Bishop of Ballarat James O'Collins started St Paul's Technical College in 1948.
The Christian Brothers controlled the school.
St Martin's in the Pines
Miss Alice Fanning gave her land in Mt Clear to the Sisters of Mercy on her death in February 1960.
The nuns used the land to farm vegetables and cows.
In 1967 the land came to be a school for the Year 11 and 12 girls from Sacred Heart College.
The school was named St Martin's in the Pines.
In 1988 boys started at the school.
Most of the boys were from St Paul's Technical College.
In 1995  Sacred Heart College, St Martin’s in the Pines and St Paul’s Technical College joined into the only male and female Catholic high school in Ballarat.
Year 7 to 9 children studied in Victoria St at the old St Paul’s school and Year 10 to 12 children studied in Mt Clear at the old St Martin's in the Pines.
In 2011 all children started studying in Mt Clear.
Damascus College is jointly supported by the Sisters of Mercy and the parish priests of Ballarat, Ballarat East, Ballarat North, Bungaree, Cressy, Creswick, Daylesford, Gordon, Linton, Redan, Sebastopol, and Wendouree.
The school's educational program is supported in the College Vision and Mission Statement, the Teaching and Learning Policy, the Australian Curriculum, the Victorian Essential Learning Standards (VELS), the Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority (VCAA) and the Victorian Registration and Qualifications Authority.
The children can learn French or Indonesian from Year 7 to 12.
Physical Education and Health are taught in years 7 to 10.
Religious Education is taught in all years.
Damascus College gives the Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE), Vocational education Training (VET) and the Victorian Certificate of Applied Learning (VCAL) to Year 10, 11 and 12 children.
Mercy and Justice
Timor-Leste Immersion Program - pupils can to get money to help and visit the sister school Santa Maria in Ainaro, in Timor-Leste
Edmund Rice Camps - pupils can help with camps for poor children and families
Seeds of Justice - pupils learn about justice
Mercy Works - pupils help others from Australia and overseas
Justice Action Group (JAG) and Making A Difference (MAD) - social justice groups
Christian Personal Development Award (CPDA)
Energy Breakthrough Team (EBT)
Since 1998 Damascus College pupils have built Human Powered Vehicles (HPVs).
The group trains and competes every year in the RACV Energy Breakthrough Challenge in Maryborough.
EBT is a Year 9 subject.
The school won the World Future Cycle Challenge in 2005 and 2007.
The group drove 1200 km from Ceduna to Adelaide.
In March 2008 Damascus College rode 1009 km in under 24 hours from Sydney.
In 2009, EBT drove 3775 km by solar vehicle from Darwin to the Victorian State Parliament in Melbourne.
They helped raise awareness about climate change and how people can lower their environmental impact.
Students can join the senior or junior Drama Club, can participate in the annual production and the biannual Easter production the Final Hours.
Each year school swimming, athletics and ball sports carnivals are held for all pupils.
Damascus College is a member of the Ballarat Associated Schools where students can choose to play for the school in:
Debating
SRC (Student Representative Council)
French and Indonesian language trips
Ski trips
Youth-Tutoring-Youth program
Green Group
Bishop Connors Wing - Year 9 and 10 classrooms named for Bishop of Ballarat Peter Connors
Catherine McAuley Wing - Year 7 and 8 classrooms named for Sister Catherine McAuley
Genevieve McDonald Wing - Science classrooms named for Sister Genevieve McDonald
John Shannon Centre - gymnasium named in for the first Damascus principal, Mr John Shannon
Mercy Wing - offices named for the Sisters of Mercy
Our Lady of Mercy Chapel
St Martin's Resource Centre - the library, named for St Martin's in the Pines
St Paul's Arts and Technology Wing - art, metal and woodwork rooms named for St Paul's Technical College
Valda Ward Auditorium - Drama rooms named for Sister Valda Ward
McAuley - Sister Catherine McAuley started the Sisters of Mercy in Ireland in 1831.
The Catherine McAuley and the sisters helped and educated poor girls and young women.
Rice - Brother Edmund Ignatius Rice started the Christian Brothers  in Ireland in 1802.
He helped educate the sons of poor Catholic families.
Xavier - Mother Xavier Flood helped start the Sisters of Mercy in Ballarat East and was the first principal of Scared Heart College.
O'Collins - Bishop James O'Collins was the Bishop of Ballarat and started St Paul's Technical College in 1948.
Principals
Karen Overington (1969), Member of the Victorian Parliament for Ballarat West
Judith Myrea Brewer (1979), Officer of the Order of Australia
Mick Malthouse (1971), AFL footballer and coach
Val Perovic (1971), AFL footballer
Maurice O'Keefe (1972), AFL footballer
Geoff Cunningham (1977), AFL footballer
Daryl Cunningham (1978), AFL footballer
Sean Simpson (1987), AFL footballer
Anthony McDonald (1990), AFL footballer
James McDonald (1992), AFL footballer
St Martin's In the Pines
Rachael Taylor (1994), olympic medalist for rowing
Darren Jolly (1996), AFL footballer
Ash Lieb (2000) Artist, writer and comedian
Shayne Reese (2000), Olympic swimmer
Cameron Richardson (2005), AFL footballer
James Frawley (2006), AFL footballer
Jordan Roughead (2008 school captain), AFL footballer
Aislinn Prendergast (2009), orienteer for Australia
Shaun Reeves (2011), member of band Kuchi Kopi
Damascus College website
"The Straight Dope" is a newspaper column.
Its author uses the pen name "Cecil Adams."
Readers send questions in to Adams, and he answers them.
He often uses humor in his answers.
The first Straight Dope column was published on February 2, 1973.
As of 2013, The Straight Dope was published in the Chicago Reader and syndicated in eight newspapers in the United States.
Creators and format
Most reader questions are answered by Cecil Adams.
Adams describes himself as "the world's most intelligent human being."
He describes The Straight Dope's goal this way:
The name "The Straight Dope" comes from the American idiom meaning roughly "the true information; the full story".
The column covers many subjects, including history, science, urban legends, myths, and inventions.
The column's motto is: "Fighting ignorance since 1973 (it's taking longer than we thought)."
The Straight Dope is illustrated by Slug Signorino.
As of 2016, The Straight Dope's website includes all of Adams' new columns, and archives of his past columns.
There are also online forums where users can discuss Adams' columns, as well as many other topics.
To date, Adams has published five collections of his columns, and his "assistant," Ed Zotti, has published a children's collection in the Adams style, Know It All.
In 1996, the A&E Network briefly aired a show based on The Straight Dope, hosted and co-written by comedian Mike Lukas.
Snopes.com
FactCheck.org
TruthOrFiction.com
Saintpaulia, African violets, are small plants from Africa which live in cloud forest habitats.
They are herbaceous perennial flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae.
Victoria City was one of the first urban settlements in Hong Kong after it became a British colony in 1842.
It was named after Queen Victoria, the Queen of the United Kingdom.
In 1857, the British government expanded Victoria City and divided it into seven districts, including Sai Ying Pun, Sheung Wan, Tai Ping Shan and Central.
These were located in the area that is now the Central, Western and Wanchai districts.
Victoria City is technically the capital of Hong Kong.
However, the name is rarely used today.
Historical and statistical abstract of the colony of Hongkong (1907)
A cloud forest or fog forest is a (usually) tropical or subtropical, contains mostly evergreen trees, and is high up on a mountain.
There is a large amount of water in the air.
Cloud forests have cloud cover for much of the year, usually at the same height as the canopy, the place where the trees' branches meet.
Cloud forests often have mosses covering the ground and large plants.
Such mossy forests usually grow on the saddles of mountains, where the wind cannot blow away moisture from clouds.
Cloud forests grow from 500 to 4000 meters above sea level.
Usually, they grow where the fog is right at the level where the plants grow, so there is less sunlight to burn away the mist.
Many of the plants take water through fog drip.
Fog drip is when water forms drops on tree leaves and then drips onto the ground below.
Bollodingen was a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2011 it was merged with the municipality of Bettenhausen.
Bürglen UR is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland.
Around 3,000 people live in Bürglen.
Official Website of Bürglen
Alessia Caracciolo (born July 11, 1996), known professionally as Alessia Cara, is a Canadian singer and songwriter.
She is best known for her hit songs "Here" and "Wild Things".
Cara released her first single "Here" in April 2015.
The following single, "Scars to Your Beautiful", was released from her first studio album, Know-It-All.
She collaborated with German DJ Zedd on the song "Stay".
"Stay", "Here", and "Scars to Your Beautiful" all reached the top ten in the US and topped the US Mainstream Top 40 radio chart.
Benjamin McCulloch (November 11, 1811 – March 7, 1862) was a soldier in the Texas Revolution, a Texas Ranger, a Major general in the Texas militia and thereafter a major in the United States Army during the Mexican-American War.
He was afterwards a U.S. marshal, and a Brigadier general in the army of the Confederate States during the American Civil War.
Unlike most generals in the Civil War, he was not a West Point graduate.
McCulloch was born November 11, 1811 in Rutherford County, Tennessee.
He was one of thirteen children and the fourth son of Alexander McCulloch and Frances Fisher LeNoir.
His father was an officer on Brigadier general John Coffee's staff in 1813 during the Creek War.
His mother was a daughter of a prominent Virginian planter.
After moving several times the family settled at Dyersburg, where one of their closest neighbors was Davy Crockett.
Ben assumed the duties of "man of the house" and probably ended his formal education.
This was at about age 14, although his father's library of books added to his continuing education.
He helped with running the farm and also joined the local militia.
He learned to be a great woodsman under his mentor Davy Crockett.
He also learned something else from Crockett, that a military academy education was not necessary to command men in battle.
In 1832, McCulloch headed west.
He reached Independence, Missouri too late to join the fur trappers headed for the mountains for the season.
He moved on to Galena, Illinois to the lead mines for a time.
In the fall of 1832, he returned to Tennessee.
He and his brother floated cypress logs down the Obion and Mississippi Rivers to Natchez, Mississippi and New Orleans to market twice a year until 1835.
Texas career
When Davy Crockett went to Texas in 1835 McCulloch along with his brother Henry decided to go with him.
They planned to meet Crockett at Nacogdoches on Christmas Day.
The brothers arrived too late, however.
McCulloch sent his brother Henry back home and went on to join Crockett at the Alamo in San Antonio.
However, before reaching the Alamo, he came down with the measles.
By the time he recovered, it was too late and the Alamo had fallen.
McCulloch joined the Texas army under Sam Houston in its retreat to East Texas.
At the Battle of San Jacinto (April 21, 1836) he commanded one of the cannons nicknamed the "Twin Sisters".
At the end of the battle Houston found him and immediately promoted him to first lieutenant.
In 1837, he worked as a surveyor in the area around Gonzales, Texas.
There he met and joined Jack Hays' company of Texas Rangers.
He became an experienced Indian fighter.
He fought in the Battle of Plum Creek in 1840.
In 1841 he was part of the expedition against Indians along the tributaries of the Guadalupe River.
In 1842 he was elected a first lieutenant in Captain Jack Hays' company of Rangers.
War with Mexico
At the start of the Mexican War, McCulloch raised a company of volunteers.
They became Company A of Colonel Jack Hays' First Regiment, Texas Mounted volunteers.
With his skills in tracking and scouting, he was soon named General Zachary Taylor's chief of scouts.
He fought at the battles of Monterey and Buena Vista.
When the war ended he held the rank of major.
At the war's end, McCulloch scouted for Major General David E. Twiggs, but joined the rush to the California gold fields in 1849.
While he never struck gold, he was elected sheriff of Sacramento. (
His old commander, Col.
Hays, had been elected sheriff of San Francisco on the same day.)
His old friends Sam Houston and Thomas J. Rusk, both now in the U.S. Senate, tried to arrange for his appointment to command a frontier army regiment, but his lack of formal education was against him and the appointment never went through.
In 1852, President Franklin Pierce promised him command of the U.S. Second Cavalry, but Secretary of War Jefferson Davis gave it instead to Albert Sidney Johnston.
McCulloch was appointed U.S. marshal for the Eastern District of Texas in 1852.
He served during the Pierce and Buchanan administrations.
However, conscious of his lack of formal military education, he actually spent much of his term studying military science in libraries in Washington, D.C. In the aftermath of the Utah War, in 1858 he was one of the peace commissioners sent to negotiate with Brigham Young in Utah (the other being former Gov. Lazarus W. Powell of Kentucky).
Texas seceded from the union on February 1, 1861, and on February 14, McCulloch received a colonel's commission.
He was authorized to demand the surrender of all federal military posts in the state.
U.S. Army General Twiggs, turned over to McCulloch all federal property in San Antonio.
In return Twigg's troops were to be allowed to leave the state unharmed.
On May 11, President Davis appointed McCulloch a brigadier general.
McCulloch was placed in command of the Confederate troops in Arkansas.
On August 10, 1861, McCulloch's poorly armed troops defeated the army of General Nathaniel Lyon at the Battle of Wilson's Creek, Missouri.
Afterwards, he was put under the command of Major general Earl Van Dorn.
At the battle of Battle of Pea Ridge, McCulloch was killed by a Union sharpshooter.
McCulloch's body was buried on the field at Pea Ridge.
He was later removed to a cemetery in Little Rock.
Finally, his body was later moved to the Texas State Cemetery in Austin.
He was known for his roles in Little World of Don Camillo, Concert of Intrigue, White Nights, Last Year at Marienbad, Eva, Redhead, I Married You for Fun, The Assassination of Trotsky, Five Women for the Killer, Mark of the Cop, Once a Year, Every Year, Li chiamarono... briganti!,
The Rage and in Some Say No.
His best known directed movies were La governante and Gradiva.
He sang the soundtrack for Gli angeli del potere.
Georges Sesia (8 July 1924 – 12 May 2016) was a French footballer who played as a striker.
He was born in Villerupt.
He made one appearance for the French national team in 1948.
His Honour Judge Sir Gavyn Farr Arthur KStJ GCFO (13 September 1951 – 16 May 2016) was a British judge.
He served as the 675th Lord Mayor from 2002 to 2003.
He served as Alderman for the Ward of Cripplegate in the City from his election in 1991 until 2005.
British judges
John Bainbridge Webster DD FRSE (20 June 1955 – 25 May 2016) was a British theologian of the Anglican Communion.
He was born in Mansfield, England.
He wrote about systematic, historical and moral theology.
He was the Chair of Divinity at St. Mary's College, University of St Andrews, Scotland.
Webster's webpage at the University of St. Andrews
Kantzer Lectures  at the Henry Center
Webster at Frost's Scottish Who's Who
John Webster at Theopedia
Bryce Alexander Dejean-Jones (August 21, 1992 – May 28, 2016) was an American professional basketball player.
He played college basketball for Iowa State University.
He played professionally for the New Orleans Pelicans of the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 2016.
On May 28, 2016, Dejean-Jones died in Dallas, Texas when he was shot by his ex-girlfriend's neighbour, after breaking into the neighbor's apartment.
He thought he was breaking into his ex-girlfriend's apartment.
He was 23 years old.
Iowa State bio
UNLV bio
Stanley Burke, Jr. (February 8, 1923 – May 28, 2016) was a Canadian television journalist.
He was the anchor of CBC Television's The National News from 1966 to 1969.
The show was renamed The National after he resigned to launch a public campaign on the Biafran civil war.
František Jakubec (12 April 1956 – 27 May 2016) was a Czech football player.
He played for Bohemians Prague for most of his career.
He also played with Veria in the Greek Super League.
He was born in Český Brod, Czechoslovakia.
ČMFS entry
David Cañada Gracia (11 March 1975 – 28 May 2016) was a Spanish professional road racing cyclist.
He was known for winning the 2006 Volta a Catalunya.
He competed in the 2005 Tour de France.
Cañada was unable to compete in the 2009 season, due to treatment for skin cancer which had been detected in 2007, and retired early in the 2010 season.
The Civil Air Patrol (CAP) is a non-profit organization that serves as the official civilian auxiliary of the United States Air Force (USAF).
CAP is a volunteer organization with members from many backgrounds.
It performs three missions: emergency services, which includes search and rescue (by air and ground) and disaster relief operations; aeronautics education for youth and the general public; and cadet programs for teenage youth.
Membership in the organization consists of cadets ranging from 12 to just under 21 years of age, Senior members are 18 years of age and up.
All members wear uniforms while performing their duties.
Flying Minute Men The Story of the Civil Air Patrol
Clervaux (, German: Clerf) is a commune and town in northern Luxembourg, administrative capital of the canton of Clervaux.
In 2012, the commune of Clervaux was combined with the communes of Heinerscheid and Munshausen.
The commune is in the Oesling, a region within the greater Ardennes area.
The highest point in the commune is in Schwaarzenhiwwel near the town of Marnach that is  high, and the lowest point is  high that is in the valley of the Our river near the town of Roder.
At the railway station, the altitude  is  high.
To the east, the Our river forms the border with Germany and, to the north, is the commune borders Belgium.
In this commune is the place where three countries meetː Luxembourg, Germany and Belgium.
There were 5,069 persons living in the commune in 2017, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².
Other towns, besides the town of Clervaux, within the commune are:
Drauffelt (Draufelt)
Eselborn (Eeselbur)
Fischbach (Fëschbech)
Grindhausen (Grandsen)
Heinerscheid (Hengescht)
Hupperdange (Hëpperdang)
Urspelt (Ischpelt)
Kalborn (Kaalber)
Lieler (Léiler)
Marnach (Maarnech)
Mecher (Mecher)
Munshausen (Munzen)
Reuler (Reiler)
Roder (Rueder)
Siebenaler (Siwwenaler)
Weicherdange (Wäicherdang)
The Clervaux Castle.
Here is on permanent display The Family of Man, a famous exhibit of photos collected by Edward Steichen.
The castle also includes the Battle of the Bulge Museum, with an extensive collection of objects from World War II, and an exhibition of models of the castles and palaces of Luxembourg.
The Abbey of St. Maurice and St. Maur is situated close to the town of Clervaux.
Halldór Laxness, 1902–1998, the Nobel Prize-winning Icelandic writer, stayed at the abbey for some time.
Church of Saints Cosmas and Damian, built in the years 1910-1912.
Destination Clervaux
Château fort de Clervaux
Abbaye Saint-Maurice-et-Saint-Mau
Donald Joseph "Don" McNay (February 13, 1959 – May 29, 2016) was an American financial author and columnist.
He was a chartered financial consultant and specialist on what to do when you win the lottery.
He was born in Covington, Kentucky, but was raised in Lexington, Kentucky.
He was a financial author and The Huffington Post contributor.
Robert Frank "Bob" List (born September 1, 1936) is an American attorney and politician.
He served as the 24th Governor of Nevada from 1979 to 1983.
List was defeated for re-election in 1982 by Nevada Attorney General Richard Bryan.
The M14 is an American 7.62 NATO battle rifle that was adopted in 1959 during the Vietnam War.
The M14 production begin in 1959 and ended in 1964.
The M14 can be used as a battle rifle, marksman rifle and a sniper rifle.
The M14 was based on a WW2 M1 Garand.
In the late 1960s and early 1970s the M14 got replaced by the M16A1 by the United States Army in Vietnam.
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Mount Kinabalu
| other_name = Gunung Kinabalu'
| photo = MtKinabalu_view_from_kundasan.jpg
| photo_caption = Mount Kinabalu
| elevation_m = 4096
| prominence_m = 4096
| prominence_ref = Ranked 20th
| listing = Country high pointUltraSpesial (Ribu)
| range = Crocker Range
| location = Sabah, Borneo,Malaysia
| label_position = bottom
| coordinates       =
| coordinates_ref =
| first_ascent = March 1851Hugh Low (summit plateau)
1888John Whitehead (highest peak)
| easiest_route = Hiking
Mount Kinabalu  is a high mountain on the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia.
This is in Malaysia.
The mountain is protected as a park, named Kinabalu Park.
The park was awarded the country's first World Heritage Site.
Because of over 5,000 plant species, it is also one of the world’s most important biological sites.
At its peak, the indigenous Kadazan people make their homes there.
The mountain's name comes from the name "Akinabalu" (meaning Revered Place of the Dead'').
Spread spectrum is a method in radio and other kinds of telecommunication.
Its purpose is to overcome interference, noise and jamming of signals.
Sending electromagnetic signals through the air became possible in the later 19th century with wireless telegraphy.
The fact that signals were affected by natural interference was soon discovered.
By the early 1900s, wireless telegraphy could cross the Atlantic.
Intercepting the enemy's radio communications and interfering with their transmission was important in World War II.
Messages in code were intercepted and recorded for decryption and translation.
Not only can radio signals be detected, but those listening can be detected, since radio receivers also emit a signal.
Above all, since radio direction-finding is widely used in civil and military aviation, ways are needed to reduce interference with these transmissions.
The main method is spread spectrum.
Spread spectrum systems transmit the message using a bandwidth that is wider than the bandwidth actually needed by the message signal.
This spreading of the transmitted signal over a large bandwidth make the resulting wideband signal appear as a noise signal.
This resists intentional and unintentional interference with the transmitted signal.
Direct-sequence spread spectrum transmits the messages and adds chips of noise to the message.
The sequence of chips produced by the transmitter is already known by the receiver.
The receiver uses the same pseudonoise (PN) sequence to  reconstruct the information signal.
It resists intended or unintended jamming
It shares a single channel among multiple users
It reduces the signal/background-noise level: this hampers interception
Determines the relative timing between transmitter and receiver
Frequency-hopping spread spectrum transmits radio signals by rapidly switching a carrier among many frequency channels.
It uses a pseudorandom sequence known to both transmitter and receiver.
Its benefits are:
Spread-spectrum signals can resist narrowband interference.
Spread-spectrum signals are difficult to intercept.
A spread-spectrum signal may simply look like an increase in the background noise to a narrowband receiver.
Spread-spectrum transmissions can share a frequency band with many types of conventional transmissions with little interference.
Military users can generate the channel sequence with a transmission security key (TRANSEC) that the sender and receiver share in advance.
For such critical uses, spread spectrum methods alone do not give enough security.
Boltigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Obersimmental-Saanen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Official website of the Boltigen Community
In electronics, noise is a random fluctuation in an electrical signal.
This happens in all electronic circuits.
Noise made by electronic devices varies greatly.
In communication systems, noise is an error or random disturbance of useful information in a communication channel.
The noise is the total of unwanted or disturbing energy from natural and sometimes man-made sources.
Noise is usually distinguished from interference, such as deliberate jamming or other unwanted electromagnetic interference.
The Santa Fe Trail was a 19th century transportation route through central North America.
It connected Independence, Missouri with Santa Fe, New Mexico.
It was pioneered in 1821 by William Becknell.
The Santa Fe Trail was a vital commercial highway until the introduction of the railroad to Santa Fe in 1880.
Santa Fe was near the end of the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro which carried trade from Mexico City.
The route skirted the northern edge and crossed the northwestern corner of Comancheria, the territory of the Comanches.
they demanded payment for allowing people to use the trail.
Comanche raiding farther south in Mexico isolated New Mexico.
This made the area more dependent on the American trade.
It also gave the Comanches  a steady supply of horses.
By the 1840s trail traffic along the Arkansas River valley was so heavy that bison herds could not reach important seasonal grazing land.
This contributed to their decline which in turn hastened the decline of Comanche power in the region.
The Trail was used as the 1846 U.S. invasion route of New Mexico during the Mexican–American War.
After the U.S. took the Southwest ending the Mexican–American War, the trail helped open the region new settlement.
It was important for the expansion of the U.S. into the lands it had taken.
Historic trail
The road route is commemorated today by the National Park Service as the Santa Fe National Historic Trail.
A highway route that roughly follows the trail's path through the entire length of Kansas, the southeast corner of Colorado and northern New Mexico has been designated as the Santa Fe Trail National Scenic Byway.
It is  long and takes about 12 hours to drive the trail today.
Bönigen is a municipality of the administrative district Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
It lies on the shore of Lake Brienz.
Bowil is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Claiborne Fox Jackson (April 4, 1806 – December 6, 1862) was a pro-Confederacy governor of the state of Missouri.
He was elected in 1860 and sworn in on January 3, 1861 as Missouri's 15th governor.
He remained in office for five months, until being effectively deposed on June 15, 1861.
At that time he fled to Arkansas and joined the Confederacy.
He died on December 6, 1862.
On April 4, 1806, Jackson was born in Fleming County, Kentucky.
His parents were Dempsey and Mary Jackson.
The Jacksons were tobacco farmers who owned many slaves.
In 1826, Jackson moved to Franklin, Missouri where the Santa Fe Trail began.
The trail was an important link to trading with Mexico.
While the economy was poor in most of the region, Franklin was growing and becoming prosperous.
Jackson and his older brother opened a mercantile store in the town.
Most of the new residents were from the South and brought their slaves with them.
They started farms along the Missouri River.
This became the center of slavery in Missouri.
In 1836 Jackson entered politics representing Saline County, Missouri in the Missouri House of Representatives.
Between 1838 and 1842 he was a cashier at the state bank in Fayette, Missouri.
He was elected a state representative again in 1842, this time from Howard County, Missouri.
In 1844 and 1846, he served as Speaker of the House.
In 1848 he was elected to the Missouri State Senate.
In 1852 he was elected to the House of Representatives again.
From 1857 to 1860, he served as state bank commissioner.
In 1860, as a Democrat, he secured his party's nomination for governor.
He ran against Sample Orr in the general election and won.
He was sworn in on January 3, 1861.
Jackson had won the nomination and election for governor by presenting himself as a moderate.
But he quickly showed himself to be a pro-slavery activist.
Following Abraham Lincoln's election as President of the United States Jackson began to court support for Missouri's secession from the Union.
When Fort Sumter fell to the Confederates on April 14, 1861, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to put down the rebellion.
Jackson refused Lincoln's call for volunteers from Missouri.
Instead, he called for 50,000 volunteers to defend the state against the Union.
Jackson secretly contacted the Confederates and tried to get artillery for his militia.
Jackson knew the most important resource in the state was the federal arsenal at St. Louis.
But quietly, Lyon had sent almost all the gunpowder and weapons to safety in Illinois.
Also, the United States Secretary of War, Simon Cameron, had sent a letter to Lyon authorizing him to raise more companies of Union soldiers.
On May 6, Jackson sent his militia to camp near St. Louis in order to provoke the Union soldiers and perhaps secure their arms for his militia.
However, on May 10, Lyon marched some 6,500 Union troops to surround the militia and arrest all of them.
Following the Camp Jackson Affair, Lyon was promoted to Brigadier general and took charge of all Union forces in the state.
On June 17, both sides fought the Battle of Boonville which lasted only about 30 minutes.
Jackson observed the battle and retreated with the militia.
Battle of Carthage
Jackson and approximately 4,000 of his untrained and poorly armed militia fled to Carthage, Missouri.
In order to find Jackson and his militia, Lyon had split his forces.
He sent Colonel Franz Sigel with about 1,000 soldiers into southwest Missouri to search for Jackson.
On July 4 Jackson learned that Sigel was camped at Carthage.
The next day Jackson led his militia to attack the smaller Union force.
The battle line was about ten miles south of Carthage.
He waited for Sigel to attack him.
Sigel, in turn, opened the battle with artillery fire.
He then attacked the militia.
However, after seeing a large Confederate force moving around him on his left flank, he moved back to prevent being surrounded.
He did not know the force to his left were mainly unarmed militia.
Sigel fought a successful rearguard action as his small army fell back to Carthage.
He then retreated to Sarcoxie, Missouri.
The battle had little meaning but it encouraged the pro-Confederates in Missouri with news of their first victory.
Jackson was the only sitting governor to have commanded troops in a battle.
After the battle, Jackson, assuming he still had his powers as governor, called together a rump legislature at Neosho, Missouri.
He called for session on October 28, 1861 and, although deposed, officially claimed Missouri to have joined the Confederacy in November 1861.
He was given the rank of Brigadier general in the Confederate Army.
But he soon resigned due to failing health.
On December 6, 1862, Jackson died in Little Rock, Arkansas from stomach cancer.
He is buried at Arrow Rock, Missouri in the Sappington family cemetery.
Claiborne Fox Jackson  at the National Governors Association
Claiborne Fox Jackson at The Political Graveyard
Franklin is a city in Howard County, Missouri, United States.
It is located along the Missouri River.
Part of a rural area, the population was 95 at the 2010 census.
The town of Franklin was founded in 1816 and named for Founding Father Benjamin Franklin.
William Becknell, known as the "Father of the Santa Fe Trail" lived on a farm a few miles northwest of Franklin.
There was a spring near Becknell's property, Boone Lick Spring.
The spring and its salt water attracted people from St. Louis and points east.
They came to distill the water for its salt.
The Boone refers to Nathan and Daniel Morgan Boone, sons of Daniel Boone.
The two brothers first operated the saltlick business.
Franklin is located at  (39.011316, -92.753747).
As of the census of 2010, there were 95 people, 42 households, and 26 families residing in the city.
There were 52 housing units at an average density of .
The racial makeup of the city was 98.9% White and 1.1% African-American.
Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.1% of the population.
There were 42 households of which 28.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.6% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 38.1% were non-families.
31.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.
The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.88.
The median age in the city was 47.1 years.
24.2% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.1% were from 25 to 44; 36.8% were from 45 to 64; and 13.7% were 65 years of age or older.