the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The Boeing 720 is  shorter than the Boeing 707.
The 720 had a lot of changes made to the outside of the plane.
These changes helped the 720 fly faster than the 707−120.
It had four Pratt & Whitney JT3C-7 turbojet engines.
The engines made  of thrust each.
At one point while the plane was being designed, it was called the 717-020.
However, Boeing used the name "717" for a military jet, but this was changed to the MD-95 after Boeing bought McDonnell Douglas in 1997.
Since the plane was so similar to the Boeing 707, no prototype Boeing 720 was needed.
Any new systems were tested on the Boeing 367-80.
The first 720 took off on November 23, 1959.
It was first used by United Airlines, on July 5, 1960.
65 720s were made.
The 720B was a different type of 720.
It had JT3D turbofan engines.
These engines made  of thrust each.
The JT3D engines burned less fuel and could make more thrust.
The first 720B took off on October 6, 1960.
The first airline to use it was American Airlines in March 1961.
89 720Bs were made.
American Airlines also changed some of their normal 720s to 720Bs.
Since the Boeing 720 was so similar to the Boeing 707, it did not cost much to design.
This meant that it still earned Boeing money, even though not many planes were sold.
Boeing made 154 Boeing 720s and 720Bs from 1959 until 1967.
Although the Boeing 720 was similar to the Boeing 707-120, it was 9 ft (2.73 m) shorter.
It was also lighter.
The 707 had emergency exits over the wings.
These are called over-wing emergency exits.
The back over-wing exit was removed.
Two extra over-wing exits could be put in so that the plane could hold more passengers.
The 720's wing was taken from the 707, but some changes were made to it.
The 720 had the same wingspan as the 707-120.
For the 720, the wing had something called a wing root glove.
This glove helped the wing make less drag.
Although the 720 first had turbojet engines, the Pratt & Whitney JT3D was much more popular.
720s which had the JT3D were called 720Bs.
American Airlines changed some of their normal 720s to 720Bs.
The 720 used the engines to make air to pressurize the cabin.
However, the engines could not make enough air to do this, so some small holes were put in above the engines for more air.
Other equipment
The first Boeing 720 was for United Airlines.
It first flew on November 23, 1959.
United Airlines first used the plane on July 5, 1960.
It flew from Los Angeles to Denver and then Chicago.
American Airlines was the second airline to use the 720.
The Boeing 720 was replaced by the Boeing 727 during the 1960s.
The first 720 had its name changed to  "The Starship".
It was turned into a private plane used by rock bands.
Led Zeppelin used it most,  in the 1970s.
A bar was put in, as well as beds, a shower, a lounge area, a TV and video cassette player.
Honeywell used the last Boeing 720 in the United States.
It flew from Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport.
Honeywell used it for testing.
Honeywell got rid of this plane on June 21 and 22, 2008.
Honeywell replaced their Boeing 720 with a Boeing 757.
Pratt & Whitney Canada used the last 720 until 2010.
It was used to test new engines.
Pratt & Whitney Canada it with a Boeing 747SP.
In May 2012, flown to the National Air Force Museum of Canada.
It can now be seen there.
Different types of Boeing 720
This was the first type of 720.
It had Pratt & Whitney JT3C turbojet engines.
720B
This type had Pratt & Whitney JT3D turbofan engines.
American Airlines changed its ten 720s to 720Bs.
Avianca got three 720Bs.
Two were delivered in 1961, one was delivered in 1965.
Ethiopian Airlines got three 720Bs.
Two were delivered in 1962, one was delivered in 1965.
Lufthansa got eight 720Bs.
They were delivered in 1961–1962.
Aer Lingus got three 720s.
They were delivered in 1960–1961.
El Al got two 720Bs.
They were delivered in 1962.
Pakistan International Airlines got four 720Bs.
Three of them were delivered in 1961–1962, one was delivered in 1965.
American Airlines got ten 720s, which were delivered in 1960.
It also got 15 720Bs, which were delivered in 1961.
The ten 720s were changed to 720Bs in 1961.
Braniff International Airways got five 720s.
They were delivered in 1961–1963.
Another plane was sold to the Federal Aviation Agency before it was delivered.
Continental Airlines got eight 720Bs.
They were delivered in 1962–1966.
Eastern Airlines got 15 720s, which were delivered in 1961–1962.
The Federal Aviation Agency got one 720 in 1961.
Northwest Airlines got 13 720Bs.
They were delivered in 1961–1964.
Pacific Northern Airlines got two 720s, which were delivered in 1962.
United Airlines got 29 720s.
They were delivered in 1960–1962.
Western Airlines got 27 720Bs.
They were delivered in 1961–1967.
The Boeing 720 has had 23 hull-loss accidents.
It has been hijacked nine times.
One plane was destroyed by a bomb in 1976.
People died in 12 of the hull-loss accidents.
256 people have died on Boeing 720s.
The three worst accidents were:
Planes in museums
720-047B 18351 a former Republic of China Air Force VIP aircraft on display at Kangshan, Taiwan.
720-030B HK-749 on display at Museo de los Ninos, Bogota, Colombia in SAM Colombia livery.
Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Motor Books International, 1999.
He was the first sole Bishop of Rome during his reign.
Previously, the Bishop of Rome was a council of Bishops with the Pope being the head of the council.
His feast day is celebrated on July 11.
2nd-century deaths
The National Institute of Statistics and Census of Costa Rica (Spanish: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de Costa Rica, or INEC) is the government institution in charge of censuses and official surveys in the country.
The main office is located in San José.
INEC was first called Oficina Central de Estadística in 1861.
Later, in 1951, it was called Dirección General de Estadística y Censos, until 1998, when INEC was its legal name.
INEC ran its first census in 1864, and the last one was the 10th population and the 6th dwellings census, held in June 2011.
Censuses in Costa Rica
First Population Census.
Second Population Census.
Third Population Census.
Fourth Population Census.
Fifth Population Census.
Sixth Population Census.
Seventh Population Census.
Available at CCP.
Eighth Population Census.
Ninth Population Census.
Tenth Population Census.
INEC website (in spanish only)
Central American Population Center website (in spanish only).
Centro Centroamericano de Población (CCP), organization in charge of demographic studies, has information about the census that can be accessed online.
Liberia is the capital and largest city of Guanacaste province in Costa Rica.
The city is  northwest of the national capital, San José.
Liberia is often called "la ciudad blanca" (the white city) by its residents because of the white gravel once used to make the city’s roads and the whitewashed colonial houses that once made up a large part of the city.
Nicoya is a town in Costa Rica's Guanacaste Province.
It is one of the most important tourist zones.
It serves as a transport hub to Guanacaste's beaches and national parks.
The town is also the capital of the cantón of the same name (Nicoya Canton).
The town was built in an old colonial style.
It was built in the Cordillera Volcánica de Guanacaste.
Agriculture and cattle are the town's main economic activity.
In early 2006, a group of researchers led by adventure writer Dan Buettner and supported by National Geographic Magazine, the National Institute for Aging, and Alliance Healthcare, designated Nicoya as a Blue Zone.
This designation is granted to global regions that are characterized by the longest life expectancies.
Among the ideal Nicoyan lifestyle characteristics cited by the research were the water’s high calcium content, intense daily physical activity, year-long fruit consumption, and close inter-generational relationships.
While the town elected 61 year old Lorenzo Rosales Vargas as mayor on December 3, 2006 he was only able to serve for about a year before quitting due to health reasons.
Since May 5, 2008 Eduardo Gutiérrez Rosales has been holding the office instead as Nicoya's first supply mayor.
They are both members of the National Liberation Party (PLN).
A lens is a clear (transparent) object (like glass, plastic or even a drop of water) that changes the way things look by bending the light that goes through it.
They may make things appear larger, smaller, or upside-down.
Some places lenses are used include spectacles (eyeglasses), contact lenses, cameras, projectors, microscopes, telescopes, magnifying glasses, etc.
Each eye also has a lens.
Lenses have three main shapes.
Each different shape changes the image (making it bigger or smaller).
The three types are:
Convex: the center part is thicker
Concave: the center part is thinner
Planar: flat
Galileo Galilei is commonly believed to have used lenses to make the first known refracting telescope.
However, he merely adapted and improved a design he learned from Dutch lensmakers such as Hans Lippershey.
He was probably the first to use telescopes to make accurate astronomical observations, though.
Khuiratta (Urdu:تحصیل خیراتا) is a town of the Kotli District in Azad Kashmir.
In has been the headquarters of the district subdivision since 2010.
Lauren Alaina Kristine Suddeth (born November 8, 1994) is an American country singer.
She placed second on the 10th season of American Idol.
Her album Wildflower was released in 2011.
She is from Rossville, Georgia.
"Doin' Fine" (2017)
Banjo-Tooie is a platformer video game for the Nintendo 64 game console released in 2000.
It was made by Rare and published by Nintendo.
It is the sequel to Banjo-Kazooie.
The main characters are a bear named Banjo and an orange bird named Kazooie.
The game takes place two years after Banjo-Kazooie.
It follows Banjo and Kazooie as they try to stop the evil witch Gruntilda Winkybunion and her sisters, Mingella and Blobbelda, from bringing back Gruntilda's body to its original form.
Stockton-on-Tees is a medium-sized town in the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees in County Durham.
When payment is made with credit card, sellers pay small percentage of the transaction to their bank or merchant.
Many credit card companies, especially those in the United Kingdom and United States, share the commission with the owner of card by giving him money bonus, points that can be exchanged for prizes and discounts once some level of purchases is reached.
A monetary benefit is known as cashback, sometimes pronounced as two separate words in the United States - (cash back).
Usual cashback amount is between 0.5% and 2% of buyers net spending (purchases minus refunds and tax) as a yearly bonus, which is either added to the credit card account or paid by cheque, cash or wire to the participant.
An outgrowth of credit card issuers’ general rewards programs, cash-back programs date to 1986, when the Discover card was launched nationally, introducing the concept.
Since then, they have become ever present, and nearly every major card issuer now offers the feature on at least one of its products.
A canton is a type of administrative division of a country.
Generally, cantons have fewer people and are smaller than other administrative divisions like counties, departments, or provinces.
Cantons exist in many countries.
The best-known cantons and the most politically important are those of Switzerland.
The Swiss cantons are semi-sovereign.
Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia (March 10, 1900 – June 9, 1970) was the president of Costa Rica from 1940 to 1944.
Calderón was born on 10 March 1900 in San José.
In his youth, Calderón studied in Costa Rica, France and Belgium, where he married Yvonne Clays Spoelders, who was later the first female diplomat of Costa Rica.
After finishing his studies, Calderón became a practicing surgeon, which he would remain for most of his early career.
Karen Black (July 1, 1939 – August 8, 2013) was an American actress, screenwriter, singer and songwriter.
These include The Great Gatsby, Airport 1975 and Easy Rider.
Black has won 2 Golden Globe Awards for "Best Performance by an Actress In A Supporting Role in a Motion Picture".
She was born in Park Ridge, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago, Illinois.
She was the daughter of Elsie Mary (née Reif), a writer of several prize-winning children's novels, and Norman Arthur Ziegler.
Her paternal grandfather was Arthur Charles Ziegler, a classical musician and first violinist for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.
Her sister is actress Gail Brown.
Black was of German, Czech and Norwegian ancestry.
Black was married four times.
movie site
Podcast interview March 2007
Karen Black - The Terror Trap
Pit Corder (6 October 1918 - 27 January 1990) was a professor of linguistics at the University of Edinburgh.
His important work was studying errors that language learners make.
This is called error analysis.
He was the first chairman of the British Association for Applied Linguistics, 1967-70.
Pit Corder was born at 4 Bootham Terrace, York, into a Quaker family.
His full name was Stephen Pit Corder.
His father, Philip Corder (b. 1885), was a schoolteacher from an English family, and his mother, Johanna Adriana van der Mersch (b. 1887), was Dutch.
Pit studied at Bootham School, a Quaker boarding school near York.
His father was a master at the school.
Corder studied modern languages at Merton College, Oxford University, from 1936 to 1939.
After Oxford, Corder began teaching at Great Ayton Friends' School.
Then, during World War II, he was in the Friends' Ambulance Unit in Finland and Egypt.
He did not have to be a soldier because he was a conscientious objector.
In 1946 Corder married Nancy Proctor (b. 1916), his second cousin.
After the war, Corder worked for the British Council in Austria, Turkey, Jamaica and Colombia.
During this time he taught classes, worked on syllabus design, and prepared new language-teaching materials.
In 1957 Corder joined the school of applied linguistics at the University of Edinburgh.
However, he still worked for the British Council at the same time.
The British Council needed specialists in applied linguistics because it was expanding language teaching programs around the world.
Corder studied for the diploma in applied linguistics to help the Council.
He taught at Edinburgh University for over twenty years until he retired in 1983.
Bilingualism and second language acquisition researchers
Tracy Dale Terrell (June 23, 1943 – December 2, 1991) was an American professor, linguist and education theorist who wrote The Natural Approach along with Stephen Krashen.
The Natural Approach is a way of teaching language, or methodology.
In this methodology, learners should be exposed to a lot of language.
The approach also says that lowering effective or emotional barriers to learning is important.
Tracy D. Terrell graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a PhD in linguistics.
He became an important American Hispanist and theoretical linguist.
He taught at the University of California, Irvine from 1970 until 1985.
Then, he took a job in the linguistics department at the at the University of California, San Diego.
He retired in 1989, and finally died of AIDS in 1991.
Along with Stephen Krashen, he developed the “Natural Approach” to second language learning.
This was a popular way of teaching second languages.
He was also well known and respected for his work in Hispanic linguistics.
Dr. Terrell was fluent in Spanish, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Dutch.
The natural approach: Language acquisition in the classroom, Hayward, CA : Alemany Press, 1983.
Dos Mundos, Spanish language textbook, McGraw-Hill
Deux Mondes, French language textbook, McGraw-Hill
Kontakte, German language textbook, McGraw-HillBravo, Spanish language textbook, Glencoe (McGraw-Hill)
Terrell, T. D. (1980).
A Natural Approach to the Teaching of Verb Forms and Function in Spanish.
Foreign Language Annals, 13(2), 129-136.Krashen, S. D., Terrell, T. D., Ehrman, M. E., & Herzog, M. (1984).
A Theoretical Basis for Teaching the Receptive Skills.
Foreign Language Annals, 17(4), 261-275.
''Terrell, T. D. (1977).
A Natural Approach to Second Language Acquisition and Learning1.
The Modern Language Journal, 61(7), 325-337.
Merrill Swain is a professor emerita of second-language education at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto.
She developed the output hypothesis.
This idea about second-language acquisition says that learners cannot become very good at the grammar of a language only by taking in language and trying to understand it.
They must also speak to learn.
Swain also worked with Michael Canale on communicative competence.
Swain was the president of the American Association for Applied Linguistics in 1998.
She received her PhD at the University of California.
Merrill Swain at the Ontario Institute of Studies in Education
It is known as the largest and the most powerful type of magnet existing in the Universe.
It has the most powerful magnetic field at 1015 gauss.
The theory regarding these objects was proposed by Robert Duncan and Christopher Thompson in 1992, but the first recorded gamma ray burst thought to have been from a magnetar had been detected on March 5, 1979.
Magnetars were previously named as Anomalous X-ray Pulsars (AXPs).
Ravindra Prabhat (born April 5, 1969) is a Hindi-language poet, scholar, journalist, novelist and short story writer from India.
He has been an administrator, editor, researcher, and screenplay writer.
He writes for a major daily newspaper as a historian.
Taki Bacha Rahe Loktantra(2011)  (Hindi)
Prem Na Hat Bikay (2012)  (Hindi)
Dharati Pakad Nirdaliya (2013)  (Hindi)
Contemporary Nepali Literature (critical writings,essays and interviews,1995)
History of Hindi Blogging (2011)  (Hindi)
Contributor to Hindi Blogging: Expression of new revolution (2011)
Naya Bihan (Screen Play Writer, 1992) television documentary film on Women's Education under the UNESCO related plan of Unit of Sitamarhi District in "Bihar Education Project".
Ham Safar (1991) (his first poetry collection)
Mat Rona Ramjani Chacha (1999)
Smriti Shesh (2002)
Urvija 1992 to 1995.
Published at Sitamarhi, Bihar in India.
Fagunahat, 1990 to 1992a yearly magazine published at Sitamarhi, Bihar in India.
Samvad, 1993, editor of a special issue of this monthly magazine, whose principal editor was Basant Arya.
Sahityanjali, 1994.
editor of a special issue of this monthly magazine, whose principal editor was Madhvendra Verma.
Hamari Vani 2010, a Hindi e-journal.
he was consulting editor for the year 2010.
Parikalpna Blogotsav, 2012 - .
He is chief editor of this Internet web journal.
Vatvriksh, May 2011 to May 2013.
A Hindi magazine published in Lucknow.
He is chief editor.
Parikalpana Samay, June 2013 - A monthly Hindi magazine published in Lucknow.
Adaptations of Prabhat's works
Dr. Siyaram written a Book on Prabhat's works-
Ravindra Prabhat Ki Parikalpana aur Blog alochana karm(2017)  (Hindi)
Negligent homicide is the crime of killing a person unintentionally through negligence.
For example, someone might write a text message while driving a car, instead of paying attention to the road.
If that makes them hit and kill someone, that is negligent homicide.
The term crime of passion refers to a criminal act in which the perpetrator commits a crime against someone else due to strong impulse (for example, grief or heartbreak) rather than in the premeditated fashion.
For example, the wife may take her revenge on a person with whom a husband may have had an affair, or vice versa.
This is known by the term temporary insanity in the United States.
A chancellor is a leader of a university or a college.
This title is mainly used in the Commonwealth nations.
In other countries, such as the United States, it is more common to call him/her the university president.
The chancellor is often just a ceremonial figure.
This means he or she does not make many decisions inside the University.
He/She is just a person who is chosen to represent the University at official events and with other organizations.
In this case, the Chancellor might not even live close to the University or take part in meetings there.
For example, at the University of Cambridge the chancellor is a person who has done something important in his life, and is in some way connected to the University.
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was the Chancellor at Cambridge for 36 years.
Vice-chancellor
The vice-chancellor of a university is instead the chief executive.
He/She is the one that makes all the decisions, goes at regular meetings and has the day-to-day duties to do.
The vice-chancellor is often very closely linked to the University: for example, he/she might be a fellow there, who decides to take on additional responsibilities.
The vice-chancellor might also represent the university at important events if the chancellor is not available.
The neck contains the cervical spine (the bones in the neck) many important blood vessels, the trachea (through which breathing is done) the larynx (where the voice comes from) the esophagus, lymph nodes, muscles, nerves, connective tissue, and skin.
Blood vessels include Carotid artery and Jugular vein.
The white-headed capuchin (Cebus capucinus) is a medium-sized New World monkey of the family Cebidae, subfamily Cebinae.
It is also known as the white-faced capuchin or the white-throated capuchin.
It comes from the forests of Central America.
It also lives in the extreme northwestern part of South America.
The white-headed Capuchin is important to rain forests because of its role in dispersing seeds and pollen.
In recent years the species has become popular in North American media.
It is a very intelligent monkey and has been trained to assist paraplegic people.
The monkey is medium-sized.
It can weigh up to .
The color is mostly black but they have a pink face.
They also have white on the front part of the body.
It has a distinctive prehensile tail that is coiled up and is used to help support the monkey on a branch.
In the wild, the white-headed capuchin can live in many different types of forest.
They can eat many different types of food, like fruit, other plants, insects, and small vertebrates.
It lives in troops (groups) that can have more than 20 animals, both males and females.
It is noted for its tool use.
They can rub plants over their fur in using herbal medicine.
They can also use tools as weapons and for getting food.
The monkey has a maximum recorded age of over 54 years.
The white-headed Capuchin was originally described by Carolus Linnaeus in his 18th century work, Systema Naturae.
It is a member of the family Cebidae.
It is part of the family of New World monkeys containing capuchin monkeys, squirrel monkeys, tamarins and marmosets.
It is part of the genus Cebus.
It is part of the C. capucinus species group.
This group also includes the white-fronted capuchin, the weeper capuchin and the Kaapori capuchin.
C. c. capucinus, from the southern part of the range in Ecuador, Colombia and eastern Panama
C. c. imitator, from most of Nicaragua, Costa Rica and western Panama
C. c. limitaneus, from Honduras and northern Nicaragua
Like other monkeys of the Cebus group, the white-headed Capuchin is named after the order of Capuchin friars – the cowls worn by these friars looks like the monkey's white fur.
The white-headed Capuchin has mostly black fur.
It has white or yellow fur on the neck, throat, chest, shoulders, and upper arms.
The face is pink or a white-cream color.
The face can sometimes have marks like dark brows or dark fur patches.
There is also an area of black fur on the top of the head.
Adult monkeys can reach a length of between , excluding the tail.
They can weight of up to .
The tail is longer than the body.
It can be as long as  .
Males are about 27% larger than females.
The brain of a white-headed Capuchin is about .
It is larger than that of other large monkey species like the Mantled Howler.
The white-headed capuchin is a diurnal and arboreal animal.
However, it does come down to the ground more often than many other New World monkeys.
It moves primarily by walking on all four limbs.
lives in troops, or groups, of up to 40 monkeys (mean 16, range 4–40) and has a male/female adult sex ratio of 0.71 on average (range 0.54–0.88).
With rare exceptions, females spend their entire lives with their female kin.
Males migrate to new social groups multiple times during the course of their lifetimes, migrating for the first time between 20 months and 11 years of age.
The median age of migration in the Santa Rosa population is 4.5 years.
Males sometimes migrate alone, but more often they migrate in the company of other males who are often their kin.
One of the unusual features of the kinship structure of the white-headed capuchin, relative to other primate species, is the high degree of relatedness within groups that results from the long tenures of alpha males who sire most of the offspring.
Alpha males have been known to keep their positions as long as 17 years in this species and this puts them in the unusual position of being available to sire the offspring of their daughters and granddaughters, who produce their first offspring at about 6–7 years of age.
Typically, however, alpha males do not breed with their own daughters, even though they do sire virtually all offspring produced by females unrelated to them.
Those subordinate males who are allies of the alpha male in group defense are the males who sire the offspring of the alpha male's daughters.
The high degree to which alpha males monopolize matings results in an unusually large number of paternal half-siblings and full siblings in this species relative to other primate species.
Kinship is an important organizing factor in the structuring of female-female social relationships.
Particularly in larger groups, females preferentially associate with, groom, and provide coalitionary support to their matrilineally related female kin.
They do not exhibit a similar preference for their paternal half sisters, which may mean that they only are capable of recognizing kinship through the maternal line.
Dominance rank is also an important organizing factor, with females more often grooming and associating with females who are closer to them in the dominance hierarchy.
Female-female dyads groom far more than male-female and male-male dyads.
Coalitionary aggression is common both among males and females, and capuchins seem to have an excellent understanding of the alliance structure in their group.
For example, when capuchins are fighting, they sensibly recruit aid from someone who is both higher ranking than they are and also better friends with themselves than with their opponent.
Female capuchins have linear dominance hierarchies.
In contrast to many Old World monkeys such as macaques, in which females socially inherit the rank just below their mothers and just above their next oldest sisters, capuchins do not have a highly predictable ranking within their matrilines.
Males are typically dominant to females.
The alpha male is always easy to discern, but there are sometimes ambiguous rankings among subordinate males.
Male-male relationships are tense, and affiliation between males is typically expressed by resting in contact, playing, or non-conceptive sex rather than by grooming.
Males cooperate in coalitions against potential predators, and also in defense of the group against other males.
Occasionally male coalitionary aggression becomes so violent that males are killed, particularly if they are encountered roaming the forest unaccompanied by allies.
Because aggression from other male capuchins is the leading cause of death (aside from poaching by humans, where there is contact between humans and capuchins), male allies are critical for self-defense during migration, and to assist in taking over other groups.
Male emigration to a new troop typically occurs about every 4 years, so most males are in constant danger of having to defend themselves against other groups of males.
Immigrating males often kill young infants when they take over a group.
Females band together to defend their infants from infanticidal males, but they rarely succeed in saving their infants.
Because infants inhibit their mothers from ovulating by nursing frequently, males are able to bring females into estrus earlier by killing the infants and thereby terminating nursing; this has the effect of increasing their breeding opportunities.
Females do often mate with the killers of their infants, and with time, they typically become as supportive of the new alpha male as they had been of the previous one.
The alpha male helps defend females from subordinate males within the group as well as from infanticidal males from other groups.
Interactions between groups
White-faced capuchin troops occupy home ranges of between .
They travel between  daily, averaging  per day.
Although they engage in activity that has been described as "territorial", more recent research indicates that White-faced capuchin troops tend to behave aggressively to other White-faced capuchin troops regardless of where they meet, and the aggression is not necessarily intended to exclude the other troops from a specific home range.
Home ranges overlap extensively, so groups are not territorial in the strictest sense of the word.
Perhaps because of the intensity of male-male competition and the threat of infanticide, interactions between groups are typically hostile: the males display aggressively toward one another and sometimes engage in physical aggression (even killing an opponent), while females grab their infants and run.
Typically, males are the primary participants in aggressive intergroup encounters, and it seems likely that males are defending access to the females in their groups.
Alpha males, who have the largest reproductive stake in the group, participate at a higher rate than subordinate males.
Groups with more males have an advantage over groups with fewer males, but the location of the encounter within the home range matters as well; smaller groups defeat larger groups when the contest occurs in the core or center area of the smaller group's home range.
Interspecific interactions
The white-headed capuchin sometimes interacts with other sympatric monkey species.
White-headed capuchins sometimes travel with and even groom Geoffroy's Spider Monkeys.
However, aggressive interactions between the capuchins and spider monkeys also occur.
Interactions between the white-headed capuchin and mantled howler are infrequent, and sometimes result in the capuchins threatening the larger howlers.
However, affiliative associations between the capuchins and howlers do sometimes occur, mostly involving juveniles playing together.
Although South American capuchin species often travel with and feed together with squirrel monkeys, the white-headed capuchin only rarely associates with the Central American squirrel monkey.
This appears to be related to the patchier, more dispersed distribution of food resources in Central America and the fact that there is less dietary overlap between the Central American squirrel monkey and the white-headed capuchin than between their South American counterparts.
Therefore, there is less benefit to the Central American squirrel monkey in associating with the white-headed capuchin in order to exploit the capuchin's knowledge of food resource distribution.
In addition, compared to their South American counterparts, male white-headed capuchins are relatively more alert to rival males than to predators, reducing the predator detection benefits that the Central American squirrel monkey receives from associating with the white-headed capuchin compared to its South American counterparts.
Since the squirrel monkeys generally initiate interactions with the capuchins in South America, the fact that similar associations would impose higher foraging costs and impart fewer predator detection benefits to the Central American squirrel monkey leads to fewer associations with the white-headed capuchin.
Several non-primate animal species tend to follow troops of White-faced Monkeys or are otherwise attracted by their presence.
white-lipped peccaries and common agoutis are attracted by feeding white-headed capuchins, looking for fruit that the capuchins drop.
Several species of bird are also known to follow white-headed capuchins looking for food.
These include the double-toothed kite, the white hawk and the sharp-shinned hawk.
The white-headed capuchin is an omnivore.
Its primary foods are fruit and insects.
It forages at all levels of the forest, and also forages on the ground.
Methods for finding food include stripping bark off of trees, searching through leaf litter, breaking dead tree branches, rolling over rocks, and using stones as anvils to crack hard fruits.
Its prehensile tail assists with feeding, helping support the monkey when foraging for food below the branches.
Fruit can make up between 50% and 67% or more of the capuchin's diet.
In one study in Panama, white-headed capuchins ate 95 different fruit species.
Among its favorite fruits are figs from the family Moraceae, mangos and related fruits from the family Anacardiaceae, the bean-like fruits from the family Leguminosae and fruits from the family Rubiaceae.
It generally only eats ripe fruit, testing for ripeness by smelling, tasting and prodding the fruit.
It typically eats only the pulp and juice, spitting out the seeds and fibers.
Other plant matter eaten includes flowers, young leaves, seeds of certain plants, and bromeliads.
It also uses the bromelids as a water source, drinking the water that gets trapped inside.
In Carara National Park the capuchins have a varied diet in addition to the above of banana fruits and flowers, heliconia seeds, huevos de caballo fruits and anacardiaceae stems.
Insect prey eaten includes beetle larvae, butterfly and moth caterpillars, ants, wasps, and ant and wasp larvae.
It also eats larger prey, such as birds, bird eggs, frogs, lizards, crabs, mollusks and small mammals.
The population in Guanacaste, Costa Rica in particular is noted for hunting squirrels, magpies, White-crowned Parrots and baby coatis.
Even neighboring troops can show significant differences in their diets.
The diet can vary between the rainy and dry season.
For example, in Guanacaste, Costa Rica the white-headed capuchin can eat a wide variety of fruits as well as caterpillars in the early rainy season (June to November).
But during the dry season, only figs and a few other types of fruit are available.
During the dry season, chitinous insects, ant and wasp larvae and vertebrates become a particularly important part of the white-headed capuchin's diet.
Access to water can also become an issue during the dry season.
The white-headed capuchin likes to drink daily, so in forests where water holes dry up during the dry season, there can be competition between troops over access to the remaining water holes.
Capuchins are considered among the most intelligent of the New World monkeys; they have been the subject of many studies on behaviour and intelligence.
The capuchins' intelligence is thought to be an adaptation to support their feeding habits; they rely on ephemeral food sources which may be hard to find.
In one particular study conducted in 2007, capuchins were found to be among the ten most intelligent primates, second to spider monkeys among New World monkeys.
The white-headed capuchin is known to rub parts of certain plants into their fur.
Plants used in this manner include citrus fruits, vines of the genera Piper and Clematis, monkey comb (genus Sloanea), dumb cane and custard apple.
Ants and millipedes are also used in this way.
It is not definitively known what this fur rubbing is for, but this may deter parasites such as ticks and insects, or it may serve as a fungicide or bactericide or anti-inflammatory agent.
Alternatively, it may be a form of scent marking.
The white-headed capuchin also uses tools in other ways.
It has been known to beat snakes with sticks in order to protect itself or to get the snake to release an infant.
In captivity, it has been known to use tools to get to food or to defend itself, and in one case a white-headed capuchin used a squirrel monkey as a projectile, hurling it at a human observer.
Some populations also use trees or other hard surfaces as anvils in order to crack mollusks.
And it sometimes uses sticks as probes to explore openings.
Though the white-headed capuchin can use tools in many different ways, it does not use tools as often as the robust capuchins (Sapajus) do, and male capucins tend to use tools more than female capuchins do.
Scientists think animals learn to use tools if food is hard to get and if there are not many predators around, and this seems to be true with different groups of white-faced capuchins.
The white-headed capuchin's intelligence and ability to use tools allows them to be trained to assist paraplegics.
Other species of capuchin monkeys are also trained in this manner.
White-headed capuchins can also be trained for roles on television and movies, such as Marcel on the television series Friends.
They were also traditionally used as organ grinder monkeys.
Loud calls, such as barks and coughs, are used to communicate threat warnings, and softer calls, such as squeals, are used in intimate discourse.
Different types of threats, such as a threat from a terrestrial animal versus a threat from a bird, invoke different vocalizations.
Facial expressions and scent are also important to communication.
It sometimes engages in a practice known as "urine washing", in which the monkey rubs urine on its feet.
The exact purpose of this practice is unknown, but it may be a form of olfactory signal.
The white-headed Capuchin has a polygamous mating system.
The male can mate with many females.
The dominant male usually fathers most of the young.
The dominant male is more likely to mate when the female is the most fertile.
Dominant males avoid breeding with their own daughters who are members of the troop.
This is rare among New World monkeys.
Mating takes about 2 minutes.
The gestation period is 5 to 6 months.
A single young is born.
Twins can sometimes be born.
Most births happen during the dry season.
It is from December to April.
The baby is carried on the mother's back for about 6 weeks.
After 4 to 5 weeks the baby can get off from its mother's back for a short period of time.
At 3 months it can move around by itself.
Some babies will be mostly independent earlier.
Weaning happens between 6 and 12 months.
While the mother rests, the babies spend most of their time foraging or playing.
They can do that on their own or with other babies.
Capuchins engage in high levels of alloparenting, in which monkeys other than the mother help care for the infant.
Males and females engage in alloparenting.
Like other Capuchin monkeys, the white-headed Capuchin matures slowly.
Sexual maturity is reached at 3 years.
On average, females give birth for the first time at 7 years old and give birth every 26 months.
Males reach maturity at 10 years old.
The white-headed Capuchin has a long life span.
The maximum recorded life span in captivity is over 54 years.
The white-headed Capuchin lives in Central America and a small part of South America.
In Central America, its home includes  Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama.
It has also been seen in eastern Guatemala and southern Belize, but these reports are unconfirmed.
In South America the white-headed Capuchin lives in the extreme north-western part between the Pacific Ocean and the Andes Mountains in Colombia and Ecuador.
It is among the most commonly seen monkeys in Central America's national parks, such as Manuel Antonio National Park, Corcovado National Park, Santa Rosa National Park and Soberania National Park.
It is very common in Costa Rica and Panama, but the monkey has been thrown out from Honduras and much of Nicaragua.
Many Honduran Capuchin monkeys were captured and relocated to the island of Roatán, and many Nicaraguan Capuchin monkeys were captured and relocated to the island of Ometepe.
It is found in many different types of forest, including evergreen and deciduous forests, dry and moist forests, and mangrove and montane forests.
The monkey appears to ilke primary or advanced secondary forests.
Use of a club by a wild white-faced capuchin to attack a venomous snake
Barbara Acklin (February 28, 1943 - November 27, 1998) was an American soul singer and songwriter.
She was very popular in the 1960s and 1970s.
She had several hit singles, including "Love Makes a Woman".
She was born in Oakland, California and raised in Chicago.
Acklin later moved to Omaha, Nebraska.
She died there from pneumonia when she was 55.
Lola Albright (July 20, 1924 – March 23, 2017) was an American actress.
She was a fashion model before her acting career.
Albright was born and raised in Akron, Ohio.
Mary Martha Byrne (December 23, 1969) is an American television actress.
She appears mostly in soap operas.
She played Lily in As the World Turns.
She played Andrea in General Hospital.
She was born in Ridgewood, New Jersey.
Georges Appert (1850 – 1934) was a French historian, writer and Japan studies expert.
He was a professor of law at the University of Tokyo.
In an overview of writings by and about Appert, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 26 works in 43 publications in 5 languages and 132 library holdings.
Some of the works are:
Ancien Japon, 1888
Du terme en droit romain et en droit français, 1876
Dictionnaire des termes de droit, d'économie politique et d'administration, 1885
日本立法資料全集 (Japanese legislation Complete Works).
別卷 337, 佛國相續法講義 , 2005
Un code de la féodalité Japonaise au XIIIe siècle, 1900
経済学講義 (Economics lecture), 1883
Rosanne Cash (born May 24, 1955 ) is an American singer, songwriter and author.
She originally did country music, but then expanded to pop, folk and rock music.
Cash has had many hit songs during her singing career.
She is the daughter of Johnny Cash.
Rosanne Cash was born in Memphis, Tennessee.
She moved to Nashville in 1981, and New York City almost nine years later.
es:Semiótica cultural
Carrie Rachel Brownstein (September 27, 1974 ) is an American singer, guitarist and actor.
She sings with the band Wild Flag.
Brownstein plays indie and alternative rock music.
Since 2011, she has acted on the sketch comedy television series Portlandia.
Brownstein was born in Seattle, Washington.
She grew up in Redmond, Washington and lives in Portland, Oregon.
In 2010, she stated that she is bisexual.
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is a surgery where doctors put wires that can carry corrective electric signals inside a patient's brain.
Electronic equipment located outside the brain can then send signals to specific parts of the person's brain.
DBS is used to treat many diseases.
DBS has been used to treat pain disorder, Parkinson's disease, major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and Tourette syndrome.
The Food and Drug Administration approved DBS as a treatment for tremors in 1997, for Parkinson's disease in 2002, Tourette syndrome in 1999, and dystonia in 2003.
DBS is helpful for most patients but there can be serious complications and side effects.
Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's disease is a neurological syndrome characterized by  tremor, hypokinesia, rigidity, and postural instability.
DBS does not cure Parkinson's, but it can help reduce symptoms and improve the patient’s life.
DBS is only used for patients whose symptoms cannot be controlled with medications.
DBS was approved in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Parkinson's in 2002.
DBS carries the risks of major surgery, with a complication rate related to the experience of the surgical team.
The major complications include hemorrhage (1–2%) and infection (3–5%).
Major depression
Deep brain stimulation has been used in a few patients to treat major depressive disorder(MDD).
It is hard to find a good target in the brain for DBS because there are few patients that have had DBS for MDD.
A study of DBS for major depressive disorder and Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) looked at 23 patients — nine for OCD, seven for MDD, and one for both.
It found that "about half the patients did show dramatic improvement" and that there were few side effects and complications.
DBS for treatment resistant depression can be as effective as antidepressants, but side effects and complications need to be watched.
Common side effects for DBS for MDD include infection, headache, bad mood, and suicidal thoughts.
In 1999, DBS was approved for Tourette syndrome - an inherited neurological disorder.
Deep brain stimulation is used to treat patients with severe Tourette syndrome when medication does not help the patient.
Many patients have fewer symptoms after DBS.
In some patients, the DBS is only put on one side of the brain.
This can reduce symptoms and patients may have fewer side effects when the stimulation is only put on one side of the brain.
There are two places in the brain where the stimulation is placed.
The stimulation is either put in the thalamus or the globus pallidus pars interna.
The thalamus is a more common target for DBS, but both targets can reduce symptoms.
The best target for treating Tourette Syndrome with DBS is not yet defined.
Other medical applications
Alzheimer disease
Trauma/coma
In August 2007, US scientists used DBS on a 38-year-old man who was in a coma for six years because of a head injury.
The patient was able to wake up, open his eyes, and turn his head in response to talking.
After more DBS, the patient could name objects and use his hands.
He could also drink liquid and eat food by mouth.
Although DBS has worked for some patients with head injuries, DBS may not work for every patient with serious head injury and/or coma.
DBS has been used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)  The use of DBS for OCD is one of the most successful uses of DBS for any disease.
It is not understood why DBS is so successful for OCD.
Possible complications and side effects
DBS is helpful for some patients, but other patients have side effects and complications.
Patients may experience side effects of apathy, hallucinations, addiction to gambling, hypersexuality, cognitive problems, and depression.
However, these may be temporary and related to correct placement and calibration of the stimulator.
Some side effects can go away after some time.
Because the brain can move a little during surgery, there is the possibility that the electrodes can move out of place.
This may cause more complications like personality changes.
Electrode movement is easy to find using a CT scan.
In an rare case, a patient with severe Tourette's Syndrome had very severe side effects and complications.
The patient suffered from opisthotonus- when the muscles are contracted without the patient's control.
The patient later died from other infections.
Laura Pausini,  (; born 16 May 1974) is an Italian pop singer-songwriter.
She sings both in Italian and Spanish, but also in Portuguese, English, French, Catalan and Latin.
Laura Pausini (1993)
Laura (1994)
Le cose che vivi / Las cosas que vives (1996)
La mia risposta / Mi respuesta (1998)
Tra te e il mare / Entre tú y mil mares (2000)
The Best of Laura Pausini - E ritorno da Te / Lo mejor de Laura Pausini - Volveré Junto a Ti (2001)
From the Inside (2002)
Resta in ascolto / Escucha (2004)
Live in Paris 05 (2015)
Io canto / Yo canto (2006)
San Siro 2007 (2007)
Primavera in anticipo / Primavera anticipada (2008)
Laura Live World Tour 09 / Laura Live Gira Mundial 09 (2009)
Inedito / Inédito (2011)
20 - The Greatest Hits / 20 - Grandes Éxitos (2013)
Simili / Similares (2015)
Laura Xmas / Laura Navidad (2016)
Italian singer-songwriters
Henson was born on June 16, 1934 in St. Albans, Queens, New York City.
She studied at the University of Maryland, College Park.
Henson was married to Jim Henson from 1959 until they separated in 1986.
Henson died on April 2, 2013 in her home in Greenwich, Connecticut from cancer, aged 78.
Maria Granoli (Maria Redaelli; 3 April 1899 – 2 April 2013) was an Italian supercentenarian.
At the time of her death, just one day shy of her 114th birthday, she was the oldest living person in Italy, the oldest living person in Europe, and the 4th oldest living person in the world.
Redaelli was born on 3 April 1899 in Inzago (Province of Milan), Lombardy, Italy.
She was married to Gaspare Granoli until his death.
They had two children; one died.
Redaelli died on 2 April 2013 (just one day away from her 114th birthday) in her home in Filanda, Lombardy, Italy from natural causes, aged 113.
After that, Emma Morano become the oldest living person in Italy and Europe.
Hotel for Dogs is a 2009 American children's comedy movie.