the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The first train ran on 12 June 2005.
The Heathrow Connect service ran every half-hour throughout the day and evening from Monday to Saturday and every hour on Sunday.
It followed the same route as the Heathrow Express service, but while Heathrow Express ran non-stop between Paddington and the airport, Heathrow Connect stopped at some stations in between.
Altogether, there were eight stations at which Heathrow Connect trains stopped, so the train could connect places in west London with each other, the airport, and Central London.
The trains used on the line were five Class 360s made by Siemens.
Abellio Greater Anglia is a British train operating company that provides suburban and express passenger rail services from Liverpool Street station in the City of London to destinations in the East of England.
In August 2016, it was announced that Abellio had won the franchise again until 2025.
They promise to replace all its trains by 2020.
Sadly this has not happened.
Luis Miguel Gallego Basteri (April 19, 1970) is a Mexican singer.
He is widely known only by the name Luis Miguel.
He is often called "El Sol de México" (The Sun of Mexico) or simply "El Sol" (The Sun).
Luis Miguel has won five Grammys and four Latin Grammys among other numerous awards.
He is considered as one of the top male pop vocalists in the world.
At the age of fifteen, Luis Miguel received his first Grammy for his duet "Me Gustas Tal Como Eres" (I Like You Just The Way You Are) with Sheena Easton.
Luis Miguel is the only Latin artist to have two Spanish-language albums (Romance and Segundo Romance) go platinum in the USA.
His album Luis Miguel got gold and platinum certifications in four countries, including the United States, within just three days of its release.
1982:  Un Sol
1982:  Directo Al Corazón
1983:  Decídete
1984:  Ya Nunca Más
1984:  Palabra De Honor
1984:  Meu Sonho Perdido
1985:  Fiebre de amor
1986:  Canta in italiano
1986:  Tambien es Rock
1987:  Soy Como Quiero Ser
1988:  Busca Una Mujer
1990:  20 Años
1991:  Romance
1992:  América & En Vivo
1993:  Aries
1994:  Segundo Romance
1995:  El Concierto
1996:  Nada Es Igual
1997:  Romances
1998:  Todos Los Romances
1999:  Amarte Es Un Placer
2000:  Vivo
2001:  Mis Romances
2002:  Mis Boleros Favoritos
2003:  33
2004:  México En La Piel
2005:  Mexico En La Piel: Edición Diamante
2005:  Grandes Éxitos
2006:  Navidades
2008:  Cómplices*2009:  Cómplices: Edición Especial
2009:  No Culpes a La Noche
2010:  Luis Miguel
2017:  ¡México Por Siempre!
1989:  Un Año De Conciertos
1991:  Luis Miguel: 20 Años
1992:  Romance: En Vivo
1996:  Los Videos
2001:  Romances (DVD Audio)
2005:  Grandes Exitos Videos
Billboard No.
1 Hot Latin Tracks
1987: "Ahora Te Puedes Marchar" (Soy Como Quiero Ser)
1988: "Fría Como el Viento" (Busca Una Mujer)
1989: "La Incondiconal" (Busca Una Mujer)
1990: "Tengo Todo Excepto a Tí" (20 Años)
1990: "Entrégate" (20 Años)
1991: "Inolvidable" (Romance)
1992: "No Sé Tú" (Romance)
1993: "Ayer" (Aries)
1993: "Hasta Que Me Olvides" (Aries)
1994: "El Día Que Me Quieras" (Segundo Romance)
1994: "La Media Vuelta" (Segundo Romance)
1995: "Si Nos Dejan" (El Concierto)
1997: "Por Debajo De La Mesa" (Romances)
1997: "El Reloj" (Romances)
1999: "O Tú, O Ninguna" (Amarte Es Un Placer)
2002: "Cómo Duele" (Mis Romances)
2003: "Te Necesito" (33)
Maná is a Mexican rock band from Guadalajara, Jalisco.
Their career has been more than three decades.
The group has earned four Grammy Awards, seven Latin Grammy Awards, five MTV Video Music Awards Latin America, five Premios Juventud awards, nine Billboard Latin Music Awards and 13 Premios Lo Nuestro awards.
The band formed in 1986 and released its first album, Falta Amor, in 1990.
In 1992, the group released ¿Dónde Jugarán Los Niños?,
which sold more than 3 million copies worldwide.
It was the best selling Spanish-language rock album of all time.
The band's sound comes from the pop rock, Latin pop, calypso, and reggae music genres.
They first received international commercial success in Australia and Spain.
They have since gained popularity in the US, Western Europe, Asia, and the Middle East.
Their worldwide sales stand at more than 25 million albums as of 2011.
Fher Olvera—lead vocals, acoustic guitar, rhythm guitar
Alex González—drums, backup vocals
Juan Calleros — bass guitar
Sergio Vallín — electric guitar
Juan Carlos Toribio — keyboards, piano, flute.
From 1994–present.
Fernando "Psycho" Vallin — rhythm guitar, 2nd bass guitar, backup vocals.
From 1997–present.
Luis Conte - percussion MTV Unplugged 1999.
Hector Quintana — percussion, backup vocals.
From 2006–present
Aaron Alberto Barrios - Guitarra/Coros invitado al grupo (2012)
Abraham Calleros — drums.
From 1978–1985.
Gustavo Orozco — electric guitar.
Ulises Calleros — electric guitar.
From 1978–1991.
César "Vampiro" López — electric guitar.
From 1991–1994.
Ivan Gonzalez — keyboards.
Sheila Rios — backup vocals.
From 1992–2003.
Sombrero Verde
(before Maná)
1981: Sombrero Verde
1983: A Tiempo de Rock
1987: Maná
1990: Falta Amor
1992: ¿Dónde Jugarán los Niños?
1994: Maná en Vivo
1995: Cuando los Ángeles Lloran
1997: Sueños Líquidos
1999: “Maná MTV Unplugged”
2002: Revolución de Amor
2006: Amar es Combatir
2008: Arde el Cielo
2011: Drama y Luz
1993-1995: ¿Dónde Jugarán Los Niños?
1998: Liquido Tour
1999: Unplugged U.S. Tour
2002–2003: Revolución de Amor Tour
2007–2008: Amar es Combatir Tour
2011 - 2012: Drama y Luz World Tour
RBD was a two-time Latin-Grammy nominated Mexican pop group.
They gained popularity from Televisa's teen drama series Rebelde.
RBD sold over 17 million digital downloads and over 57 million albums worldwide in four years.
The band was officially formed on October 4, 2004.
They announced their separation on August 15, 2008.
Spanish albums
2004: Rebelde
2005: Nuestro Amor
2006: Celestial
2007: Empezar Desde Cero
2009: Para Olvidarte De Mí
Bilingual albums
2005: Rebelde
2006: Nosso Amor Rebelde2006: Celestial
2006: Rebels
2005: Tour Generación RBD En Vivo
2006: Live in Hollywood
2007: Hecho En España
2008: RBD: Greatest Hits (Only Mexico)
2008: Hits Em Português (Only Brazil)
2008: Greatest Hits RBD (Only E.U.A)
Ariadna Thalía Sodi Miranda (born August 26, 1971), known as Thalía, is a Mexican singer, songwriter and actress.
She has sold over 25 million albums worldwide.
She has sung in Spanish, English, French, Portuguese and Tagalog.
She was also in very successful soap operas like Marimar and María la del Barrio.
She is also an occasional author, businesswoman and fashion designer.
Thalía (1990)
Mundo de Cristal (1991)
Love (1992)
En éxtasis (1995)
Amor a la Mexicana (1997)
Arrasando (2000)
Thalía (2002)
Thalía (English) (2003)
El Sexto Sentido (2005)
Lunada (2008)
Habítame Siempre (2012)
Amore mio (2014)
Latina (2016)
Valiente (2018)
2 (2020)
desAMORfosis (2021)
Nandito Ako (1997)
Thalía con banda: Grandes éxitos (2001)
Hits Remixed (2003)
Greatest Hits (2004)
Primera Fila (2009)
Music groups
Din Din (1981–83) – (4 albums)
Timbiriche (1986–89) – (3 albums)
High Voltage Tour (2004)
Pobre Señorita Limantour (1987) – Diana
Quinceañera (1987–88) – Beatriz Villanueva
Luz y Sombra (1989) – Alma Suárez
María Mercedes (1992–93) – María Mercedes Muñoz Del Olmo
Marimar (1994) – Marimar Perez / Bella Aldama
María la del barrio (1995–96) – María Hernández De la Vega
Rosalinda (1999) – Rosalinda Perez Romero / Paloma Dorantes
Vaselina (1984) – Sandy
La Guerra de los Pasteles (1979)
Anastasia (1997) – (soundtrack performer, Spanish version)
Mambo Café (1999) – Nydia
VIP de Noche (1991–92)
Las Aventuras de Eebee y Thalia (2009–10)
Conexión Thalía Radio Show (2007–11)
Thalía: ¡Belleza!
Lessons in Lipgloss and Happiness (2007)
Thalía: ¡Radiante!
Your Guide to a Fit and Fabulous Pregnancy (2009)
Thalía: Growing stronger (2011)
Olga Tañón (born April 13, 1967) is a two-time Grammy Award and three-time Latin Grammy-winning Merengue and Latin Pop artist.
Tañón has earned 5 Latin Grammy Awards and 28 Premios Lo Nuestro awards during her career.
Tañón is the youngest of four children born to José Tañón and Carmen Gloria Ortíz in the Santurce district of San Juan, Puerto Rico.
She was raised in Levittown, a suburb of San Juan, located in the municipality of Toa Baja, Puerto Rico, where she received her primary and secondary education.
In 1992, Tañón signed a contract with the WEA Latina record label to record a solo album.
Her first recorded album was titled "Sola" (Alone).
Among the songs in the album were, "Me Cambio por Ella" (I Change Places With Her), and "Quiero estar contigo" (I Want To Be With You).
In 1993, she recorded her second album for WEA Latina, "Mujer de Fuego" (Woman of Fire).
Tañón also debuted as a composer with the song, "Presencié tu Amor" (I Witnessed Your Love).[3] That year, Tañón received three Lo Nuestro Awards nominations in the Tropical/Salsa field: Album of the Year (Sola), Female Artist and New Artist.[4]
In 1994, Tañón earned her first double platinum record and in 1995, she earned 3 more platinum records with her album, "Siente el Amor" (Feel the Love).
This album also included another of her compositions, "Unicornio" (Unicorn), which was written to the rhythm of Salsa and also included the unforgettable Merengue song, "Es Mentiroso" (He's a Liar).
Tañón had gained fame and recognition throughout Latin America.
Tañón recorded a Tex-Mex CD with Mexican singer Marco Antonio Solís, "Nuevos Senderos".
She was now being heard internationally, and with that recording she became the first Puerto Rican musician to be certified by the RIAA to sell over half a million records.
The lead single, the ballad "Basta Ya!"
topped the U.S. Billboard Top Latin Tracks for several weeks and became Tañón's first #1.[3] For the album Tañón earned 3 Lo Nuestro Awards nominations for Pop Album of the Year, Pop Song of the Year and Pop Singer of the Year.[5]
In 1997 Tañón debuted as an actress in the Puerto Rican version of the popular production of "Jesus Christ Superstar", produced by Rafo Muñiz.
She played the part of Mary Magdalene.
This version had a tropical feel to it and included some of Tañón's songs.
In 1998, Tañón married Juan González a Puerto Rican major-league baseball star.
They had a daughter, Gabriella Marie, but divorced in 1999.[3]
In 2000 Tañón, now known as the "Woman of Fire" or "Mujer de Fuego" by her fans, recorded her first concert, titled, "Olga Viva...Viva Olga" in the House of Blues in Orlando, Florida.
This production was named by the National Foundation of Popular Culture as one of the year's top 20 productions.
The record went platinum and Tañón earned her first Grammy Award.
In August 2000, Tañón sold out 12 shows in the Antonio Paoli Hall at the Luis A. Ferre Center of the Fine Arts in San Juan.
Later that month she debuted in the Bass Performance Hall in Fort Worth, Texas.
Her performances received rave reviews in the Fort Worth Star Telegram and the Dallas Morning News.
At the end of 2000, Tañón presented her musical spectacular at Panama's Anayansi Theater and toured the southeastern United States with Mexican singer Alejandro Fernández.[3]
In 2001 Tañón recorded a CD titled, "Yo por Ti" (Me for You), which won both American and Latin Grammys.
The first single, Como Olvidar, topped the U.S. Billboard Top Latin Tracks.
The CD became a best-seller in Puerto Rico, Latin America, and among the Hispanic population in the United States.
In 2002 Tañón toured many countries, including Venezuela, Panama and the United States.
That year she became the first merengue artist to successfully score a chart topper in the Middle East when her partnership with Egyptian music singer Hakim yielded the highly successful Arabian hit, Ah Ya Albi.
In 2003, Tañón toured Europe and made a total of ten recordings for WEA Latina.
In 2003 she released Sobrevivir and won her fourth Grammy.
She also married Billy Denizard, with whom she had two sons, Indiana Noa and Ian Nahir.[3]
In support of Latin American immigrants in the U.S., in 2006 Tañón recorded, "Nuestro Himno" in collaboration with Pitbull, Carlos Ponce, and Wyclef Jean.
On May 2, 2010, Tañón first performed in Iquitos a concert where presented her classic songs.
The concert was part of her tour, which started in Peru.[7][8]
On February 22, 2007 Tañón won 3 awards at the 19th edition of Premio Lo Nuestro.[9] During the 2006 show, she won in the categories: "Album of the Year", "Female Artist" and "Song of the Year".
She holds the record as the artist who has won the most "Premio Lo Nuestro Awards", with a total of 29.
In June 2009, Tañón released a new hit single called "Amor Entre Tres" which is the theme song for the new soap opera in Venezuela called "La Vida Entera."
That month, WEA Latina released "25 Exitos de Fuego Vol.
Each CD has a set of greatest hits through her entire career of merengue and Latin pop.
In September 2009 participated, next to Juanes and other internationally acclaimed artists, in "Concierto por la Paz" at Plaza de la Revolucion in La Habana, Cuba.[3]
In 2011 the first of three Tañon albums was released on the Mia Musa Label: "Ni Una Lagrima más’".
In 2013 "Una Mujer" was released, and in 2017 "Olga Tañon y Punto".[1
1992: Sola
1993: Mujer de Fuego
1994: Siente el Amor...
1996: Nuevos Senderos
1997: Llévame Contigo
1998: Te Acordarás de Mí
2001: Yo por Ti
2002: Sobrevivir
2005: Una Nueva Mujer
2006: Soy Como Tú
2007: Exitos en 2 Tiempos
2011: Ni Una Lagrima Más
2009: 4/13
1995: Éxitos y Más
2003: Puro Fuego
2005: Como Olvidar: Lo Mejor de Olga
2006: 100% Merengue
2006: 25 Exitos de Fuego / Vol.
1999: Olga Viva, Viva Olga (Live)
2008: Fuego En Vivo / Vol.1  "Solo Exitos" (Live)
2008: Fuego En Vivo / Vol.2  "Solo Exitos" (Live)
2002: Olga Viva, Viva Olga
2005: Como Olvidar: Lo Mejor de Olga (CD+DVD)
2005: Exitos en Video
2009: 4/13 (CD+DVD)
2010: Incomparable Tour
Los Temerarios are a Mexican musicgroup.
They were started in 1978 by brothers Adolfo Angel and Gustavo Angel and their cousin Fernando Angel.
During their early years, they were known as Conjunto La Brisa.
Los Temerarios have recorded more than 20 albums.
They have gotten many awards and award nominations.
In 1991, they earned 5 Billboard awards nominations in the Latin categories.
1983 - Los 14 Grandes exitos De Los Temerarios.
1984 - Los Temerarios En La Altura
1985 - Cumbias Y Nortenas
1986 - Pero No
1988 - Los Temerarios
1989 - Incontenible
1990 - Internacionales y Romanticos, Revelacion Romantica de los noventas.
1992 - Seduccion Romantica De Los Noventas,  Mi Vida Eres Tu
1994 - Tu Ultima Cancion, Los Temerarios En Concierto Volumen Uno
1995 - Camino del Amor, Nuestras Canciones,Te Quiero
1997 - Nuestras Canciones Volumen 2, Los Temerarios En Concierto Volumen Dos
1998 - Como Te Recuerdo
2000 - En La Madrugada se Fue
2002 - Una Lágrima No Basta
2004 - Veintisiete
2005 - Sueño de Amor
2007 - Recuerdos del Alma
2008 - Si Tú Te Vas
2009 - Evolucion de Amor
Great Lake Swimmers is a Canadian folk rock and Indie band originally from Wainfleet, Ontario and now based in Toronto, Ontario.
They released their self-titled debut album on January 28, 2003 and it was re-released on April 5, 2005.
Great Lake Swimmers has five members in the band; the current band members are Tony Dekker, Erik Arnesen, Greg Millson, Miranda Mulholland and Bret Higgins.
The band was named Favourite Folk/Roots Artist/Group in 2010 by the Canadian Indie Awards.
Great Lake Swimmers (2003)
Bodies and Minds (2005)
Ongiara (2007)
Lost Channels (2009)
New Wild Everywhere (2012)
Hands in Dirty Ground (2006)
Live at the Church of the Redeemer (2007)
The Legion Sessions (2009)
The bottle tree is a plant that has adapted to hot climates, such as the desert.
They are called bottle trees because the shape of their trunk is a bottle shape.
There are several different species including:
Adansonia species, the baobabs;
Adansonia gregorii (the boab)
Pachypodium lealii, (Apocynaceae), the bottle tree of Namibia and Angola;
The genus Moringa, (Moringaceae), of Madagascar;
Brachychiton species, (Malvaceae), of Australia;
Ceiba species, the floss silk tree or palo borracho of South America.
The name bottle tree is also used to describe an artificial tree made of glass bottles, usually of colored glass.
Associated with Hoodoo and primarily found in the Southern United States.
The Principality of Polotsk, also known as the Kingdom of Polotsk or the Duchy of Polotsk was a medieval principality of the Early East Slavs.
It was considered one of the principalities in the Kievan Rus'.
It had a wide degree of power to make its own rules.
It was started around the ancient town of Polotsk.
It is not clear the date it started.
Polotsk is mentioned in the mid 9th century as part of Novgorod.
In the second half of 10th century Polotsk was ruled by its own dynasty.
The first ruler that is mentioned in the history was a semi-legendary Rogvolod (? -
978).
Rogvolod is better known as the father of Rogneda.
The Principality was in several succession crises of the 11-12th centuries and a war with the Land of Novgorod.
By the 13th century it was added into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
At the time it was largest the principality stretched over large parts of today's northern and central Belarus and a smaller part of today's southeastern Latvia.
1397 disestablishments
–13th century until 1569.
In 1569 it became a part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1791.
It was started by the Lithuanians.
The duchy grew to include large parts of the former Kievan Rus' and other Slavic lands.
It  covered the land of present-day Belarus,  Latvia, Lithuania  and parts of Estonia, Moldova, Poland, Russia and Ukraine.
At its biggest in the 15th century, it was the largest state in Europe.
There was great diversity in languages, religion, and cultural heritage.
Bringing together of the Lithuanian lands began in the late 12th century.
Mindaugas, the first ruler of the Grand Duchy, was crowned as Catholic King of Lithuania in 1253.
The pagan state was targeted in the religious crusade by the Teutonic Knights and the Livonian Order.
When Gediminas began to rule, he allowed people to have different religions.
This grew under his son Algirdas.
In 1386 Jogaila changed the religion to Catholicism.
He also made a dynastic union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland.
Vytautas the Great grew the land of the Grand Duchy.
He also led the defeat of the Teutonic Knights in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410.
After Vytautas's death, Lithuania's relationship with the Kingdom of Poland was not good.
The Union of Lublin of 1569 created a new state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
In this federation, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had a separate government, laws, army, and treasury.
They were invaded by Russia in 1792.
The land was divided out among the Russian Empire, Prussia and Austria in 1795.
Lithuania, Grand Duchy
Kievan Rus' (also known as Kyivan Rus) was a medieval state in Europe.
It was from the late 9th to the mid 13th century.
It broke apart under the Mongol invasion of 1237–1240.
The state was called "land of the Rus' " .
The name "Kievan Rus' " was used in the 19th century to mean the time when the center was in Kyiv.
The early part of the state is sometimes known as the "Rus Khaganate".
The history of Rus' proper begins in 882.
This is when the capital was moved from Novgorod to Kyiv.
This was after Varangians (Vikings), who were called Rus, freed this slavic city from the Khazars' tribute.
The state reached its most powerful in the mid 11th century.
Its lands went south to the Black Sea, east to the Volga, and west to the Kingdom of Poland and to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Vladimir the Great (980–1015) and his son Yaroslav I the Wise (1019–1054) ruled in the "Golden Age" of Kyiv.
With the end of the Viking age, the state lost power in the late 11th and during the 12th century.
The broke apart into various rival regional powers.
The various East Slavic principalities were brought together in the Russian Empire in the 18th century.
The modern East Slavic states of  Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia all get their identity from the early medieval state.
882 establishments
The Australian Ballet is the largest classical ballet company in Australia.
It was started in 1962 by J. C. Williamson Theatres Ltd. and the Australian Elizabethan Theatre Trust.
The first artistic director was Dame Peggy van Praagh, the English-born dancer, teacher, repetiteur and director.
The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic was one of fifteen constituent republics of the Soviet Union (USSR).
In 1922, it was one of the four founding members of the Soviet Union.
The other three were the Ukrainian SSR, the Transcaucasian SFSR and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR).
Byelorussia was one of several Soviet republics occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II.
The BSSR, along with the Ukrainian SSR and the Soviet Union, were founding members of the United Nations Organization (UN) in 1945.
The end of the Soviet Republic occurred in 1991.
The nation became an independent republic.
The country renamed itself as the Republic of Belarus.
In earlier time periods, Western Europeans called Byelorussian territory as White Russia.
During its early years in the USSR, the republic was sometimes known as the White Russian Soviet Socialist Republic.
The Republics of the Soviet Union or the Union Republics of the Soviet Union were administrative units that report directly to the Government of the Soviet Union.
The Soviet Union was a highly centralized state.
Artillery is a thrash metal band from Denmark.
They started in 1982 and have split up and reformed twice.
Fear of Tomorrow (1985)
Terror Squad (1987)
By Inheritance (1990)
B.A.C.K. (1999)
When Death Comes (2009)
My Blood (2011)
Voivod is a heavy metal band from Canada.
Their musical style has been changing since their beginnings.
They started out as a speed metal band, but eventually began adding a mix of progressive metal and thrash metal to create their own unique metal style.
Today, Voivod have released eleven studio albums as well as one EP, one live album, two compilations, seven demos and one DVD featuring a live concert.
They rose to popularity with their fifth studio album Nothingface (1989), which was the first Voivod album to enter the Billboard 200 charts, peaking at number 114, and is their most successful one yet.
The last studio album Voivod released is "Target Earth", from 2013.
They are working on a new album.
War and Pain (1984)
Rrröööaaarrr (1986)
Killing Technology (1987)
Dimension Hatröss (1988)
Nothingface (1989)
Angel Rat (1991)
The Outer Limits (1993)
Negatron (1995)
Phobos (1997)
Target Earth (2013)
The Wake (2018)
Synchro Anarchy (2022)
The 1939 Soviet invasion of Poland was a Soviet military operation that started without a formal declaration of war on 17 September, 1939.
It was during the early stages of World War II.
After Nazi Germany had invaded Poland from the west on September 1.
The Soviet Union invaded from the east and ended on 6 October 1939.
Germany and the Soviet Union divided the whole of the Second Polish Republic.
In early 1939, the Soviet Union asked the United Kingdom, France, Poland, and Romania to make an alliance against Nazi Germany.
The Soviet Union wanted Poland and Romania to let Soviet troops go through their territory, but Poland and Romania refused.
The Soviet Union made a secret deal with Nazi Germany on 23 August.
They planned to divide Northern and Eastern Europe into German and Soviet lands.
One week later, German forces invaded Poland from the north, south, and west.
Polish forces then withdrew to the southeast to wait for French and British support.
The Soviet Red Army invaded the eastern Polish region of Kresy on 17 September.
The Soviet government used the excuse that it was acting to protect the Ukrainians and Belarusians, who lived in the eastern part of Poland.
The Soviet government took pver the area.
In November 1939, it made the 13.5 million formerly-Polish citizens become Soviet citizens.
The Soviets sent hundreds of thousands of people from the region to Siberia and other remote parts of the Soviet Union.
Soviet forces stayed in eastern Poland until the summer of 1941, when the German Army invaded Operation Barbarossa.
The area was under Nazi occupation until the Red Army reconquered it in the summer of 1944.
An agreement at the Yalta Conference let the Soviet Union keep almost all of what it had occupied in the Second Polish Republic.
The People's Republic of Poland got the southern half of East Prussia and lands east of the Oder-Neisse Line.
The Soviet Union put those areas into the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic or in short, the Ukrainian SSR or Soviet Ukraine was in the southwestern part of the Soviet Union.
It had the second largest population of the fifteen republics of the Soviet Union.
This lasted from 1922 to 1991.
The Ukrainian SSR was a founding member of the United Nations.
It did not really have much power because it was tightly controlled by central all-Soviet Union authorities.
When the Soviet Union broke apart, the Ukrainian SSR became Ukraine.
During its 72-year history, the republic's borders changed many times.
The eastern city of Kharkiv was the republic's first capital.
However, in 1934, it was moved to the city of Kyiv.
Kyiv is still the capital of Ukraine.
Among other largest cities there were Odessa, Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk (named Stalino before 1961), Lviv, Zaporizhia.
Ukrainian SSR was one of 4 first republics of USSR.
During the WWII all of its territory was occupied.
There was large partisan movements.
Kyiv and Odessa became hero cities.
The Linear Pottery culture was an important culture in the Neolithic(later Stone Age) of Europe.
It was from 5500–4500 BC.
The most evidence for the culture is in Central Europe.
It is important evidence for early farming in Europe.
The pottery after which it was named has simple cups, bowls, vases and jugs, without handles.
They were made as kitchen dishes, or for carrying food and drink.
The pots had line patterns on them.
The LBK people lived over a period of 1000 years, long before the Bronze Age and farmed crops like wheat, lentils and peas.
They also kept cows and dogs, and sometimes hunted in the forests around them for other animals, like deer.
Food and health
Their diet probably didn't contain enough energy for them, as they often did not grow as tall as the people who came before them, or as people do now.
This might have also been because of disease, which can spread more easily in a village than it can when people are moving about a lot and not seeing many other people, as people did before the Neolithic.
People in the LBK culture probably died quite young, in their twenties or thirties, and many of their children would die before they grew up.
If a person was very sick and in a lot of pain, the LBK people might have had access to opium which did not make them better but took away the pain.
They probably knew how to make some illnesses better by using wild herbs as medicine.
Because this was before the Bronze or Iron Ages, there were no metal tools, and everything the LBK people had was made from either stone, wood and plants (such as flax which could be made into clothing, and things that could be got from animals (like leather or fur).
They even had sickles, which are used for cutting down grass and are half-moon shaped blades with a handle coming off one end; however theirs were made of wood with sharp stone points glued into them for the cutting.
The LBK people lives in rectangular longhouses, and digging up an area often shows several clusters of about 6 of these long houses.
The people in nearby clusters of houses probably knew each other and shared or traded their goods.
Their houses were made of wood, mud and straw and they might have let their animals stay in there too.
Some LBK settlements have palisades, or long walls around them, to defend themselves from other people who might attack them.
There are also some skeletons of LBK people that look like they died from battle injuries, and some look like they may have even been eaten by cannibals.
This shows that there was a lot of war between nearby groups.
The Excavations at Oslonki in Poland had a large fortified settlement.
There were nearly 30 longhouses and over 80 graves.
This makes it one of the richest  settlements in archaeological finds from all of central Europe.
According to the Greek historian Herodotus, the Cimmerians lived in the north of the Caucasus and the Black Sea during the 8th and 7th centuries BC.
They lived in what is now Ukraine and Russia.
Others have said there is no evidence of Cimmerians in the southern parts of Russia.
Where the Cimmerians come from is unclear.
Most think they belong to either Iranian or Thracian speaking groups.
A recent DNA analysis (Oct. 2018) of three Cimmerians indicate "the appearance of East Asian haplogroups in the steppe populations might be associated with the Iron Age nomads, starting with the Cimmerians."
The authors found it "noteworthy that the oldest of the Cimmerians studied here (cim357) carried almost equal proportions of Asian and West Eurasian components, resembling the Pazyryks, Aldy-Bel, and Iron Age individuals from Russia and Kazakhstan.
The second oldest Cimmerian (cim358) was also the only one with both uniparental markers pointing toward East Asia.
The Q1* Y chromosome sublineage of Q-M242 is widespread among Asians and Native Americans and is thought to have originated in the Altai Mountains.
It has previously been identified in numerous ancient samples from Siberia, the Americas, and in representatives of the Siberian Bronze Age and nomadic populations.
This is the first indication that Cimmerians did not originate in the PCS region but were nomads tracing their origin to the Far East."
A new study in July 2019 revealed that 2 other Cimmerians were of haplogroup R1a-Z645 and R1a2c-B111.
The Varangians or Varyags was the name given by Greeks and East Slavs to Vikings.
Between the 9th and the 11th centuries they ruled the medieval state of Rus'.
They were the personal bodyguards of the Byzantine Emperors, and formed the Byzantine Varangian Guard.
A group of Varangians known as the Rus' settled in Novgorod in 864, under the leadership of Rurik.
Rurik's relative Oleg conquered Kiev in 882.
He made the state of Kievan Rus', which was later ruled by Ruriks descendants.
The name of the Rus' is the origin of the name Russia.
Varangians did trade, piracy and mercenary activities.
They move around using the river systems and portages of Gardariki.
The Gardariki was the areas north of the Black Sea.
They had trade routes that connected Dark Age Europe with rich Arab Caliphates and the Byzantine Empire.
Wanting the riches of Constantinople, Rus' Varangians started a number of Rus'-Byzantine Wars.
Most of them, both in Byzantium and in Eastern Europe, were converted from paganism into Orthodox Christianity.
The Varangians were slowly taken over by East Slavs by the late 11th century.
Yaroslav I, Grand Prince of Rus', known as Yaroslav the Wise (c. 978 – February 20, 1054) was Grand Prince of Novgorod and Kiev.
He brought together the two principalities for a time under his rule.
A son of the Varangian (Viking) Grand Prince Vladimir the Great, he was vice-regent of Novgorod at the time of his father’s death in 1015.
His oldest surviving brother, Svyatopolk the Accursed, killed three of his other brothers and took power in Kiev.
Yaroslav, with the support of the Novgorodians and the help of Varangian mercenaries, defeated Svyatopolk.
He became the Grand Prince of Kiev in 1019.
Yaroslav started to write down the legal customs.
This served as the basis for a law code called the Russkaya Pravda ("Russian Justice").
During his long reign, Rus' reached the height of its cultural flowering and military power.
978 births
1054 deaths
Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic or Litbel was a Soviet socialist republic.
It was in the territories of modern Belarus and eastern Lithuania.
It existed for about seven months during 1919.
It was formed after the merger of Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia.
The republic was went away after the Polish Army took over its claimed territory of eastern Lithuania during the Polish–Soviet War.
The Belarusian People's Republic, historically called the White Ruthenian Democratic Republic, was a self-declared independent Belarusian state.
They said they were independent in 1918.
It is also called the Belarusian Democratic Republic or the Belarusian National Republic.
This is to be separate from the Communist People's Republics.
The BNR was recognized by several Central Powers and former Russian countries.
It was not recognized by most of the international community.
They country ended when Belarus went under Soviet control.
The Belorussian SSR was founded in 1919.
The leaders of the government went into exile.
They still say the Belarusian People's Republic is a country.
Jan Sierada (1918–1919)
Piotra Krečeŭski (1919–1928)
Vasil Zacharka (1928–1943)
Mikoła Abramčyk (1944–1970)
Vincent Žuk-Hryškievič (1970–1982)
Jazep Sažyč (1982–1997)
Ivonka Survilla (1997–present)
William Clark Haines (1810–3 February 1866) was the first Premier of Victoria.
He served two terms as premier, the first from 30 November 1855 to 25 August 1856, and a second term from 29 April 1857 to 10 March 1858.
Born in London, Haines attended Charterhouse school, and then Cambridge University where he studied surgery.
He moved to Victoria in 1842, and started farming around Geelong.
After selling the farms in the 1850's he became a magistrate and was appointed to Victoria's Legislative Council.
He helped to write the Victorian Constitution.
In December 1854 he became the Colonial Secretary, and assisted the Governor of Victoria, Sir Charles Hotham.
The British government passed the Victorian Constitution Act in 1855.
Hotham was convinced to hand his power over as soon as possible.
Haines and three other council members were made government ministers with the job of organizing the change to self-government.
Haines was appointed by Hotham to be the Chief Secretary of Victoria and act as Premier until the elections could be orgaized.
He resigned when several of the ministers wanted the elections by secret ballot.
He thought this would increase corruption and bribery.
He was reappointed when the Council decided that it, not the ministers should make the decision.
He was the Chief Secretary until the first election in November 1856.
After the election, as a member of the new Legislative Assembly, Haines became Premier until his government was defeated in 1857 by a group led by Sir John O'Shanassy.
The O'Shanassy government was soon defeated and Haines again became Premier.
In 1858 he was defeated during arguments about how the electorates should be divided.
Haines traveled to the USA and Europe.
On his return to Victoria in October 1860, he was again elected to the parliament, and became Treasurer in O'Shanassey's government.
After losing his seat in 1863, he was appointed to the Legislative Council.
The Polish–Soviet War (February 1919 – March 1921) was an armed conflict between Soviet Russia and Soviet Ukraine against the Second Polish Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic.
It was for control of what is present day Ukraine and parts of present-day Belarus.
A formal peace treaty, the Peace of Riga, was signed on 18 March 1921.
It divided the land between Poland and Soviet Russia.
Much of the land given to Poland became part of the Soviet Union after World War II.
The land is Hrodna and Brest voblasts.
It is also parts of today's Minsk and Vitsebsk oblasts.
The historical population of West Belarus included Belarusians, Poles, Lithuanians, Jews, and Russians.
Geography of Belarus
Neman or Niemen or Nemunas is a major Eastern European river.
It starts in Belarus and flows through Lithuania before draining into the Curonian Lagoon and then into the Baltic Sea at Klaipėda.
It is the northern border between Lithuania and Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast in its lower reaches.
It also very briefly forms part of the border between Lithuania and Belarus.
It is the largest river in Lithuania and the 3rd largest in Belarus.
People are able to travel on it for most of its 900-kilometer length.
Its depth varies from one meter to five meters.
The Neman tributaries
The Neman  tributaries are:
the rivers Neris (Viliya), the Shchara, and the Šešupė,  Svisloch, Nevėžis River, Dubysa, Jūra, Minija, Western Berezina, Zelvyanka, Molchad, Roś, Servech, Losha, Gorodnichanka and others.
The following fish have been found in the Neman: perch, pike, zander, roach, tench, bream, rudd, ruffe, and bleak.
Its tributaries also contain  stone loach, the three-spined stickleback, minnows, trout, sculpins,  gudgeon, dace and chub.
Atlantic salmon used to migrate upstream to spawn.
The dams on the river made there be less.
The dam at Kaunas does not provide fish ladders.
The Pripyat River or Prypiat River is a river in Eastern Europe.
It flows east through Ukraine, Belarus, and Ukraine again.
It drains into the Dnieper.
The Pripyat passes through the zone of alienation around the Chernobyl reactor, site of the nuclear disaster.
It is polluted with radionuclides.
The amount of caesium-137 in river sediments continues to go up.
The city of Prypiat, Ukraine (population 45,000) was completely evacuated after the Chernobyl disaster.
Dzyarzhynskaya Hara is the highest point in Belarus.
The hill is 345 meters (1,130 ft) above sea level.
It is west of Minsk, near Dzyarzhynsk, in the village Skirmuntava.
The original name of the hill was Svyataya Hara.
In 1958 the hill was renamed Hara Dzyarzhynskaya, after Felix Dzerzhinsky, the founder of the NKVD/KGB.
Jalan Damai Secondary School or simply SMK Jalan Damai, is a national secondary school located in Kampung Baru, Penang, Malaysia.
It has about 2370 students and 120 teachers.
SMK Jalan Damai, Bukit Mertajam was founded on 5th January 1970.
At that time, it was known as Sekolah Menengah Rendah, Bukit Mertajam (the Lower Secondary School, Bukit Mertajam) with a total of 717 students and 29 teachers (including a religious teacher and a principal Mr. A. Gopala Krishnan).During that time, the official buildings were still under construction, so the students had to share facilities and spaces with Sekolah Tinggi Bukit Mertajam (Bukit Mertajam High School) in the afternoon session.
At the end of 1973, the new buildings (14 classrooms, 3 science labs, 2 domestic science rooms, industrial arts workshop and canteen) were completed on Jalan Damai, Bukit Mertajam.
On the 7th of January 1974, 602 students moved to the new buildings.
In December 2020, SMK Jalan Damai has changed principle again.
The new principle's name is Dr. Ooi Yek Hwa.
He succeeded the job from Mr Lee Cheah Kuen.
Mr Lee Cheak Kuen retired on December 2020. ..
The Governor of Victoria represents the head of state, Elizabeth II in the Australian state of Victoria.
The Governor performs the same tasks at the state level as the Governor-General of Australia at the national level.
The Governor's office and official residence is Government House in central Melbourne.
In a Westminster system of parliamentary government, the Governor nearly always acts on the advice of the head of the elected government, the Premier of Victoria.
However, the Governor retains the reserve powers of the Crown, and has the right to dismiss the Premier.
Related offices
There is also a Lieutenant-Governor and an Administrator.
The Chief Justice of Victoria is the Administrator, unless he or she is the Lieutenant-Governor, in which case, the next most senior judge is the Administrator.
The Lieutenant-Governor takes on the job of the Governor when that post is vacant, when the Governor is out of the State, or is unable to act.
The Administrator takes on those duties if both the Governor and Lieutenant-Governor are unable to act.
Australian-born governors
The first Australian (and Victorian) born Governor of Victoria was Sir Henry Winneke (appointed 1974).
Apart from Dr Davis McCaughey (b. Ireland), Professor David de Kretser (b.  Ceylon) and Alex Chernov (b. Lithuania), all governors since 1974 have been born in Australia.
List of governors of Victoria
Lieutenant-governors
Other  websites
The Official Website of the Governor of Victoria
Governors of Victoria, Parliament of Victoria
Chernov was born in Lithuania to Russian parents, and moved with his family to Salzburg, Austria where he started school.
In 1949 his family moved to Australia and he completed his schooling at Melbourne High School.
He studied commerce (business) and law at the University of Melbourne during the 1960s.
Chernov became a barrister in 1968, practising mostly in commercial law and equity.
He was made a Queen's Counsel in 1980.
He was Chairman of the Victorian Bar 1985–86, Vice-President of the Australian Bar Association 1986–87 and President of the Law Council of Australia 1990–91.
He was Vice President of LawAsia 1995–1997.
He wrote a book with Robert Brooking AO, Tenancy Law and Practice: Victoria (1972) and edited the second edition (1980).
In May 1997 he was appointed to the Trial Division of the Supreme Court of Victoria, and in October 1998 to the Court of Appeal.
He retired in February 2008.
Vice-regal office
On 21 February 2011, it was announced that he would become the 28th Governor of Victoria.
He took officee on 8 April 2011.
University of Melbourne biography
The yellow-billed magpie (Pica nuttalli) is a species of magpie, a type of songbird.
It is a medium-sized member of the crow family with glossy black and white plumage and a yellow beak.
The yellow-billed magpie lives only in California where it can be found in dry and warm oak savannah and shady valleys along the Central Valley.
It is an omnivorous species: Insects and seeds are its main food, but it also takes carrion, small vertebrates and eggs.
The breeding season of the yellow-billed magpie starts in April and it takes until the end of June for all chicks to fledge.
The birds breed in loose colonies of 3−30 nests and they feed in flocks of several dozens.
John James Audubon was the first person to formally describe the yellow-billed magpie.
He named it "Corvus nuttalli" to honor the naturalist Thomas Nuttall.
Within the genus Pica, the species is closest to the North American black-billed magpie (P. hudsonia).
Both species share a common ancestor that migrated from Kamtchatka to Alaska some time in the Pleistocene.
Black-billed and yellow-billed magpie diverged as a result of the glaciation of the Rocky Mountains.
The yellow-billed yagpie became isolated in the warm climate of California and adapted to it.
The species' population was hit hard by the outbreak of the West Nile Virus after 1999.
It is currently not considered as endangered, but the virus and the degradation of its habitat pose a serious threat to some populations.
1920 establishments in the United Kingdom
Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 is a station of the London Underground.
It is at Heathrow Airport and serves terminals 2 and 3 of the airport.
The station used to be called Heathrow Terminals 1, 2, 3 until January 2016 when Heathrow Terminal 1 closed.
Although the station has been renamed, the signage and announcements on the train and platform do not use the new name.
It is on the Heathrow branch of the Piccadilly Line.
He is said to have started western sequential art.
His work ranged from realistic portraits to comic strip-like series of pictures called "modern moral subjects".
His work is so well known that satirical political illustrations in this style are often referred to as "Hogarthian".
Moral series art
Harlot's Progress
In 1731, he completed a series of moral works which made him recognised as a great and original genius.
This was A Harlot's Progress.
It was first done as paintings, which are now lost.
Then the series was published as engravings.
In the six scenes, the fate of a country girl who became a prostitute in town is traced out.
At the start, the girl meets a bawd, a woman who persuades her to take up prostitution.
At her shameful end, the girl dies of venereal disease and there follows a merciless funeral ceremony.
The engraving show vivid scenes of drunken and loose behaviour.
The series was an immediate success.
A Rake's Progress showed in eight pictures the reckless life of Tom Rakewell, the son of a rich merchant.
Tom wastes all his money on luxurious living, whoring, and gambling, and dies in Bedlam.
The original paintings of A Rake's Progress is displayed in the gallery room at Sir John Soane's Museum, London.
Marriage à-la-mode
In 1743–1745 Hogarth painted the six pictures of Marriage à-la-mode (National Gallery, London), a pointed skewering of upper class 18th century society.
This moralistic warning shows the miserable tragedy of an ill-considered marriage for money.
This is regarded by many as his finest project and may be among his best planned story serials.
Marital ethics were the topic of much debate in 18th century Britain.
Marriages of convenience, and their unhappiness, came in for particular criticism.
The series shows the story of the fashionable marriage of the son of bankrupt Earl Squanderfield to the daughter of a rich but miserly city merchant.
It starts with the signing of a marriage contract at the Earl's mansion and ending with the murder of the son by his wife's lover, and the suicide of the daughter after her lover is hanged at Tyburn.
Industry and Idleness
In the twelve prints of Industry and Idleness (1747) Hogarth showed the lives of two apprentices, one of whom is dedicated and hard working, the other idle.
The industrious apprentice becomes Sheriff and Lord Mayor of London.
The idle turns one to crime.
In the end, he is executed at Tyburn.
The idle apprentice is sent to the gallows by the industrious apprentice himself.
Beer Street and Gin Lane
Beer Street and Gin Lane (1751) was his warning on alcoholism.
They were two engravings designed to be seen side by side.
Hogarth engraved Beer Street to show a happy city drinking the 'good' beverage of English beer.
On the other side was Gin Lane.
This showed the effects of drinking gin which, as a harder liquor, caused more problems for society.
People are shown as healthy, happy and prosperous in Beer Street, while in Gin Lane they are scrawny, lazy and careless.
The woman at the front of Gin Lane who lets her baby fall to its death, echoes the tale of Judith Dufour who strangled her baby so she could sell its clothes for gin money.
The prints were published in support of what would become the Gin Act of 1751.
Hogarth's friend, the magistrate Henry Fielding, may have got Hogarth to help with propaganda for the Gin Act: Beer Street and Gin Lane were issued shortly after Fielding's work An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers, and Related Writings.
Other prints were his outcry against inhumanity in The Four Stages of Cruelty (published 21 February 1751).
Hogarth depicts the cruel treatment of animals, and suggests what will happen to people who carry on in this manner.
In the first picture there are scenes of torture of dogs, cats and other animals.
The second shows one of the characters from the first painting, Tom Nero, has now become a coach driver, and his cruelty to his horse has caused it to break its leg.
In the third painting Tom is shown as a murderer, with the woman he killed lying on the ground, while in the fourth, titled Reward of Cruelty, the murderer is shown being dissected by surgeons after his execution.
The method of execution, and the dissection, reflect the 1752 Act of Parliament.
This allowed the public dissection of criminals who had been executed for murder.
Humours of an Election
The Humours of an Election is a series of four oil paintings and later engravings by Hogarth.
They show what went on in the 1754 election of a Member of Parliament.
The oil paintings were created in 1755.
At this time each constituency elected two MPs, and there was a property qualification for voters, so only a minority of the male population was enfranchised.
There was no secret ballot, so bribery and threats were used to raise votes.
In 1746 he painted actor David Garrick as Richard III.
He was paid £200, “which was more,” he wrote, “than any English artist ever received for a single portrait”.
In the same year a sketch of Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat, afterwards beheaded on Tower Hill, had an exceptional success.
Hogarth's portrait of his friend, the philanthropic Captain Coram (1740; Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now Foundling Museum), and his unfinished oil sketch of The Shrimp Girl (National Gallery, London) are highly regarded.