the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
He was also a member of the Canadian Parliament from 1963 to 1965.
Mullally was born in Souris, Prince Edward Island.
The "Leishemlon" (), also spelt as the "Leishemlol", "Leisemlol" or "Leisemlon" (literally,"Story of the creation of the universe"), is an ancient Meitei religious text, about the cosmology and the mythology of the creation of the universe.
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=135jMeynvZQC&q=leishemlol&dq=leishemlol&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiWwLLy3uvuAhVCVH0KHXYxAeoQ6AEwAXoECAUQAg
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=O1IwvZkp9ZgC&q=leishemlon&dq=leishemlon&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwixtfWK3-vuAhXMfn0KHdyfAbgQ6AEwAXoECAEQAg
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=C2Q-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT358&dq=leisemlon&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjA6ZHn3-vuAhVZlEsFHRnzBSEQ6AEwBnoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=leisemlon&f=false
Joseph Hillis Miller Jr. (March 5, 1928 – February 7, 2021) was an American literary critic and scholar.
He worked with Johns Hopkins University, Yale University, and University of California, Irvine, and wrote over 50 books about American and British literature.
2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup was held in Chile from 19 November to 7 December.
Burwell Otis Jones (March 23, 1933 – February 6, 2021) was an American competition swimmer.
He was a Pan American Games champion in 1951.
Jones competed at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
2010 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup was held in Germany from July 13 to August 1.
Theo van Haren Noman (29 April 1917 – 6 February 2021) was a Dutch filmmaker.
He won several prizes and awards.
Bodil Skjånes Dugstad (23 May 1927 – 6 February 2021) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party.
Dugstad was born in Trondheim.
She was a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from 1973 to 1977.
From 1973 to 1975, he was Ministry of Church Affairs and Education.
2012 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup was held in Japan from 19 August to 8 September.
Noboru Ishiguro (2 August 1932 – 11 February 2021) was a Japanese racewalker.
He competed in the men's 20 kilometres walk at the 1964 Summer Olympics.
2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup was held in Canada from 5 to 24 August.
Rowsch Nuri Shaways (Kurdish رۆژ نووری شاوەیس;  Arabic روز نوري شاويس; 1947 – 15 February 2021) was a Kurdish politician.
He was the first Prime Minister of the KDP-controlled part of Kurdistan.
He was one of Iraq's two vice presidents in the interim government in 2004.
He was a Deputy Prime Minister in the government headed by Ibrahim al-Jaafari and later held the same post under Nouri al-Maliki.
He was speaker of the Iraqi Kurdistan National Assembly in the Kurdish autonomous region.
Shaways was a member of the Kurdistan Democratic Party.
Tyler Joseph Ducklo (born September 22, 1988) is an American political advisor.
He was a Special Assistant to the President and White House Junior Deputy Press Secretary for the Joe Biden administration from January 2021 until February 13, 2021.
2016 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup was held in Papua New Guinea from 13 November to 3 December.
Roseanna's Grave (also known as For Roseanna) is a 1997 American romantic dramedy film directed by Paul Weiland.
In his review, Roger Ebert concludes that Roseanna's Grave "isn't of much consequence, perhaps, and the gears of the plot are occasionally visible as they turn.
But it's a small, sweet film that never tries for more than it's sure of, and the actors find it such a relief to be playing such goodhearted characters that we can almost feel it."
Jean Reno as Marcello
Mercedes Ruehl as Roseanna
Polly Walker as Cecilia
Mark Frankel as Antonio
Trevor Peacock as Fredo Iaccoponi
Fay Ripley as Francesca
George Rossi as Sergeant Baggio
Alfredo Varelli as Shop Owner (final film role)
The Xiaomi Mi Note 10 Lite is an Android smartphone developed by Xiaomi Inc. It was announced on April 20, 2020.
The FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup is an international association football tournament for female players under the age of 17.
It is organized by Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA).
The serial position effect is a psychological phenomenon that suggests that people are more likely to remember the first and last items on a list, rather than the middle ones.
The term was invented in 1913 by Herman Ebbinghaus, a German psychologist who was interested in testing his ability to remember items on a list (free-recall).
To do so he performed free-recall experiments on himself using a list of 2000 made-up syllables.
He observed that how well he would remember an item depended on the item's position on the list and is reflected by the serial position curve.
The serial position curve reflects two cognitive biases.
The first 2-3 items and up to the last 8 items in a list are always better remembered than those in the middle (in lists with 20 or more items).
These findings are not influenced by the size and presentation rate (how fast items were presented) of the list.
They show a primacy and recency effect.
Free Recall
Free recall is an experimental method used in psychology to test memory.
It is the most common method of studying the serial position effect.
It involves presenting participants with a list of items (normally words) and asking them to remember them in any order.
However, one major disadvantage is that it is very artificial because experiments are often conducted in labs.
So results of free-call experiments may not fully reflect the real world.
Primacy effect
The tendency to remember the first piece(s) of information given to us is known as the primacy effect.
Many psychologists propose that the primacy effect may be a result of rehearsal.
Participants may be able to rehearse previous items in the list before being introduced to new ones (repeating the first item in their head by itself, then the first followed by the second when it is presented, then the third after the first two items, and so on).
Therefore, items at the start of the list are more likely to be rehearsed than middle and end items.
Slower presentation rates allow participants to rehearse a larger number of items, causing a larger primacy effect.
In the 1970s psychologists became interested in testing the role rehearsal played on the primacy effect.
In 1972 psychologist Phillip Marshal tested whether eliminating rehearsal would affect the primacy effect.
He did this by engaging his participants with a word-sorting task while presenting a list of 18 common nouns.
Participants were not asked to learn the nouns in this experimental condition but were still tested on recall accuracy.
Being unaware that researchers were going to test the participants’ memory meant that there was no need for rehearsal.
Marshal found that eliminating rehearsal also eliminated any significant primacy effect.
Which proved that rehearsal accounted for the existence of a primacy effect.
In 1971, Dewey Rundus developed a technique called overt rehearsal (participants were asked to recite their thoughts out loud), to test how and when participants rehearsed each item in a list.
In 1977 Brodie and Murdock, used the overt rehearsal technique to offer an alternate explanation for the primacy effect.
They discovered that even as participants got towards the end of the list, they were still rehearsing initial terms.
Because of this, the initial items were still present in the participant's short-term memory (STM) towards the end of the list, creating a recency effect.
Though Brodie and Murdock acknowledged that rehearsal is essential to the primacy effect, they asserted that the primacy effect may indirectly be a type of recency effect.
Recency effect
The tendency to remember items towards the end of a list is known as the recency effect.
Unlike primacy, the recency effect is not influenced by changes in presentation rates and list length.
Instead, psychologists have found that asking participants to list the items in the ‘order they were presented’ decreases the recency effect.
Additionally, Glanzer and Kunitz's famous 1966 study found that delaying the retention period (the time between the presentation of the last item and recall test) by just 30 seconds, got rid of the recency effect.
Interestingly in 1990, researchers tried to engage participants with a ‘distractor task’ during the retention period.
This is a task that suppresses short-term memory (rehearsal), for example counting backward from 3.
And results showed that the presence of a distractor task also eliminated the recency effect.
Therefore the recency effect is commonly explained by short-term memory (STM)(also known as primary or working memory).
Our STM can store a small amount of information (2-4 items) for a limited time.
The final few items of a list being present in our STM during recall may be one reason for the primacy effect.
This theory explains why the recency effect is generally larger than the primacy effect.
More effort is needed to retrieve initial items from long-term memory (LTM).
However, distractor tasks can easily suppress or distract STM, explaining why they eliminate the recency effect.
Newer research, however, shows that the recency effect can exist without STM.
For instance, Bjork and Whitten showed that even when STM was engaged there may be a delayed, long-term recency effect.
During their study, they added a continuous distractor task to free recall to suppress STM.
This meant participants did a distractor task after each item was presented.
Because this did not eliminate the recency effect as expected, some psychologists suspected that the recency effect is based on a theory of temporal context (literally meaning the context of time).
Although theories in this field are vague and still developing.
The general idea remains that a contextual element is attached to each item on the list.
During recall, the test’s context will act as a retrieval cue (a prompt that will help us remember).
The later the item in the list, the similar the presentation context would be to test context.
However, recall is probably dependent on the effectiveness of the retrieval cue.
Link to models of memory
Earlier research directly related the serial position effect to single store mechanisms such as LTM (primacy) and STM (recency).
And research on brain-damaged patients with amnesia (with damaged LTM) who showed a recency effect but not a primacy effect during recall tasks, provides good evidence for this.
On the other hand, the serial position effect is also supported by dual-store or multi-store models of memory.
For instance, research on the serial position effect provides some of the strongest evidence for the multi-store model of memory by Atkinson and Shieffrin.
Plus, research around the long-term recency effect may provide evidence for theories of the working memory model.
The First Council of Constantinople was a large meeting of Christian priests.
It happened in the year 381.
Emperor Theodosius I called the meeting in Constantinople.
At the meeting, the church adopted the Nicene Creed.
The Nicene Creed is not the same as the Creed of Nicaea.
The sepia color is a dark brown color.
It is named after the rich brown pigment from the ink sac of the common cuttlefish Sepia.
Sepia ink was used as writing ink in Greco-Roman civilization
In HTML, Sepia's color code is #704214
Sepia is composed by 43.9% red, 25.9% green and 7.8% blue.
Sepia could be obtained by mixing #e08428 with #000000.
Sepia's closest web-safe color is #663300.
In CMYK, Sepia is composed by 0% cyan, 41.1% magenta, 82.1% yellow and 56.1% black.
Sepia can also be a filter to put in photos
Sometimes sepia is confused with light Sepia
Sepia is also know as deep orange and brown
Similar colors
Gray-brown(code:#756b5b)
light brown(#ad9d86)
orangeish light brown(#a1865d)
Orangeish dark brown(#a8772d)
Gray orange(#d4c498)
Dark Gray orange(#63552d)
High contrast dark orange(#c49000)
light orange brown(#a8945d)
White sepia(#e3d3a6)
Light Sepia White(#fcf5e1)
Gray sepia(#d9d2bf)
Other type of similar colors
Sepia similar colors that are obtained mixing  sepia and other colors.
Cyan similar Sepia(#758e8f)
Green Similar Sepia(#758f7f)
Lime similar sepia(#798f75)
Pink similar Sepia(#8f7585)
Red similar sepia(#523c3c)
The AFC U-20 Asian Cup, formerly known as the AFC Youth Championship and AFC U-19 Championship, is a biennial international association football competition organised by the sport's Asian governing body, the Asian Football Confederation (AFC).
The competition has been held since 1959.
Between 1959 and 1978 the tournament was held annually, since 1980 it has been held every two years.
1 Title shared.
2 Third place shared.
3 Final tournaments in round-robin format.
4 No third place match played since 2008; losing semi-finalists are listed in alphabetical order.
5 Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The AFC U-17 Asian Cup, formerly known as the AFC U-16 Championship and AFC U-17 Championship, is a football competition, organised by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) held once every two years for Asian under-17 teams that also serves as a qualification tournament for the FIFA U-17 World Cup.
The top 4 countries qualify to participate in the FIFA U-17 World Cup.
Until 2006 it was held as an under-17 tournament.
p: after penalty shoot-out
1 No third place match was played.
2 Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Successful national teams
Results as hosts in bold.
"Sanamahi Kachin" (), also known as "Lainingthou Kachin" (), is an altar place dedicated to Lainingthou Sanamahi in the household of the followers of Meitei religion (Sanamahism).
It is located at the south-western corner of the house.
According to religious beliefs, people performing rites and rituals, as well as prayers to the deity, in the place, get blessings from the deity.
The AFC U-20 Women's Asian Cup is an association football tournament for women's national teams under the age of 20, organized by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC).
It is organised by the Asian Football Confederation every two years, and serves as a qualifying competition for the FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup.
It was first played in 2002 as the AFC U-19 Women's Championship with an upper age limit of 19.
Starting from the 2022 edition, the age limit was raised to 20.
Under-19
Under-20
The AFC U-17 Women's Asian Cup, founded as the AFC U-17 Women's Championship and later the AFC U-16 Women's Championship, before changing to its current name after the 2019 edition, is a biennial women's football tournament for youth teams organised by the Asian Football Confederation.
It further serves as the qualifying competition for the FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup.
The AFC have agreed to the proposal for switching the tournament from under-16 to under-17 starting from 2022.
Moreover, the tournament will also be rebranded from the "AFC U-16 Women's Championship" to the "AFC U-17 Women's Asian Cup".
Under-16
Under-17
Vinnytsia () is a city on the banks of the Southern Bug, the administrative center of the Vinnytsia Oblast in Ukraine.
Vinnytsia is an important historical center of eastern Podillya, a historical part of Ukraine.
As of January 1, 2021, the population was 370,600 people.
The city's history begins in the Middle Ages.
It was founded in 1363 and for a long time remained under Polish and Russian control.
Imoinu (Emoinu) () is a goddess in Meitei mythology and religion of Ancient Kangleipak (Antique Manipur).
She is the goddess of household, hearth, family, fireplace, kitchen, wealth, peace and prosperity.
She is frequently associated with Leimarel Sidabi.
She is regarded as one of the incarnations or representations of goddess Leimarel Sidabi.
The personality of Emoinu and other goddesses like Panthoibi and Phouoibi depict as well as influence the boldness, courage, independence, righteousness and social honour of Meitei women.
The meaning of the name "Emoinu Ahongbi" ("ꯏꯃꯣꯢꯅꯨ ꯑꯍꯣꯡꯕꯤ") can be found by splitting it up word by word.
Here, "E" ("ꯏ") refers to human being. "
Moi" ("ꯃꯣꯢ" or "ꯃꯣꯏ") refers to rearing. "
Nu" ("ꯅꯨ") refers to female deity or goddess.
So, "Emoinu" means goddess who rears the human beings. "
Ahongbi" means giver of plentiful household properties.
Dr. Parratt described Emoinu Ahongbi (alias Emoinu Ahong Achaubi) as another form of Goddess Leimarel Sidabi.
Leimarel Sidabi is the supreme mother.
Imoinu is regarded as an ever resourceful lady.
She always gives wealth and prosperity to the mankind.
She was shown as having a human appearance.
She resides near the fire hearth.
The goddess is believed to be the controller and regulator of good conduct and behavior of the human beings.
Imoinu Ahong Achaubi is a deity for good moral behavior, besides wealth and prosperity.
As a social code of conduct, a Meitei woman should go out from home only after prayers and worship of the goddess and other household deities.
When she returns home, she should pray to the deity.
The Meitei people believed that goddess Imoinu lives in the houses of those who strictly obey her favorite social and moral behavior norms.
Imoinu blesses such people with nungai yaifaba (well being and prosperity), watta padaba (having neither shortage nor excess), tekta kaidaba (unaffected by troubles of life) and punshi nungshangba (long life).
These are the basic needs of life in the human world.
After the creation of the sky and the planets, Sidaba () (the Supreme Being) ordered His wife, Leimarel Sidabi () (the first woman) to produce another Leimarel.
The second Leimarel would be the second woman.
Her responsibility was to take care of the mankind on the planet called earth.
Goddess Leimarel Sidabi obeyed her divine husband's order.
She created another Leimarel.
The appearance of the second Leimarel was similar to the first Leimarel.
The first Leimarel named the second Leimarel as "Emoinu Ahongbi".
Once goddess Imoinu fell in love with a man.
The two became lovers.
They swore to be husband and wife.
One day, she visited his house in his absence.
She discovered that he was already married to another woman.
After knowing this, she sacrificed her love.
She swore on not to see the man again.
She never married to anyone.
So, she remained as a virgin goddess.
Ancient worship
Imoinu (Emoinu) is a hearth deity.
She is annually worshipped on the 12th of the Meitei month of Wakching (December-January interface month).
Despite this annual event, she is also worshipped everyday.
The daily worship is a part of a Meitei ritual.
It is done in every Meitei household with the offering of little cooked rice before eating.
Modern worship
Nowadays, there is little or no households with proper phunga lairu (traditional fire hearth).
So, a modern fireplace is developed.
Here, traditional rites and rituals are performed in honor of the goddess.
There are a lot of changes in the way of worshipping Goddess Imoinu.
However, the essence and the importance always remain the same as forever.
The Imoinu Iratpa (Emoinu Eratpa) is a religious festival dedicated to goddess Imoinu (Emoinu).
It is celebrated on the 12th of Wakching month (December-January interface month) every year.
Traditionally, worship and prayers are performed inside every households.
Nowadays, Imoinu Iratpa festival is also celebrated in a larger way in public gathering clubs also.
Wherever the festival is performed, seasonal fruits, vegetables and fish are offered to goddess Imoinu.
Ima Keithel () is the world's only women run market.
It has three major building complexes.
Imoinu Ima Keithel is the Complex Number 2 of the market.
It is preceded by Leimarel Sidabi Ima Keithel (Complex Number 1) and followed by Phouoibi Ima Keithel (Complex Number 3).
This 500 years old market is in the center of Imphal, Manipur.
Phouoibi - Meitei goddess of agricultural crops
Emoinu Ahongbi Tungnapham by Budhichandra, Yumnamcha
Holy Man by Dhiren Meitei,a.k
Laiyingthou Lairemmasinggee Waree Seengbul by Neelabi, Sairem
Leeklam by Apunba Shintha Lup
E-pao, Imoinu
E-pao, Emoinu
Internet Archive, Imoinu
Internet Archive, Emoinu
Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary, Imoinu
The blue-spotted Mexican tree frog, blue-spotted tree frog or blue-spotted smilisca (Smilisca cyanosticta) is a frog that lives in Mexico, Belize and Guatemala.
Leimarel Sidabi () or Leimalel Sitapi () is a goddess in Meitei mythology and religion of Ancient Kangleipak (Antique Manipur).
She is the highest female divinity in Meitei pantheon.
She is the goddess of earth, nature and household.
She is the mother of everyone in the universe.
The Meitei word "Leimarel" (ꯂꯩꯃꯔꯦꯜ) or "Leimaren" (ꯂꯩꯃꯔꯦꯟ) is as "queen" or "goddess" in English.
The word "Leimarel" (or "Leimaren") can be broken into pieces: "Lei" (ꯂꯩ), "Ma" (ꯃ) and "-ren" (-ꯔꯦꯟ) or "-rel" (-ꯔꯦꯜ). "
Lei" means land or earth. "
Ma" means mother. "
-ren" (or "-rel") means excellent.
Another Meitei word "Sidabi" can be broken into "Si" (ꯁꯤ), "-da" (ꯗ) and "-bi" (-ꯕꯤ). "
Si" ("See") means "to die". "
-da" denotes negative meaning. "
-bi" ("-bee") denotes feminine gender.
Leimarel is the eternal mother goddess.
In ancient times, the ruling royal couples sat in the Laplen Ka (the central room).
They faced the sacred spot of goddess Leimarel.
It was believed that men and women originated from Leimarel's womb.
A house symbolises the Mother in traditional Meitei cosmic beliefs.
The supreme creator Atingkok (alias Salailel) asked his two sons, Sanamahi and Pakhangba to run in a race around the world.
The winner would become the ruler of the world.
Sanamahi was stronger than his younger brother, Pakhangba.
He started his journey.
Pakhangba wept to his mother, Leimarel Sidabi.
She told him the secret behind the throne of the universe.
The secret is that going around the throne of the Supreme Being is shorter than going around the universe.
So, Pakhangba went around the Supreme Being, his father.
Thus, he won the race and became the ruler of the universe.
When Sanamahi returned home, he found his younger brother sitting on the throne.
He attacked Pakhangba.
Pakhangba ran away.
He hid himself among seven lairembis.
The Supreme Being intervened the situation.
He brought peace of Sanamahi.
He made Sanamahi as the king of the household of the mankind.
At the same time, goddess Leimarel Sidabi became another Imung Lai (household deity), besides Sanamahi.
According to some legends, goddess Ima Leimaren (lit.
Mother Leimarel) takes care of the market.
She brings peace and harmony by doing so.
This tradition is still maintained by womenfolk.
The women are considered as the descendents of the "Ima".
Several ancient texts (PuYas) write things about the goddess Leimarel.
Some include the Leimaren Naoyom, the Leimaren Langon, the Leimaren Mingkhei, the Leimaren Shekning Lasat, the Leimaren Ungoiron, besides others.
Leimarel Sidabi and her son Sanamahi are worshipped in the first room of every Meitei household.
Goddess Leimarel doesn't want the Korou Anganba (sunlight) in the morning.
So, houses of Loi castes are mainly made facing southwards.
She lives in water also.
So, she is worshipped in an Isaiphu (an earthen pitcher or terracotta pot containing water).
There are no images kept to represent the two deities inside their abode.
A senior woman or women of the house fills the earthen pot of the goddess with fresh water.
She does this after taking a holy bath.
Fresh flowers, fruits, vegetables and rice are offered.
Prayers are also offered to protect the family members from every troubles.
The maibas perform rites and rituals by chanting hymns dedicated to goddess Leimaren (ancestral mother goddess).
It is generally done inside the house.
Water, rice and flowers are mainly placed.
Goddess Leimarel Sidabi and her son Sanamahi are mainly worshipped in many religious occasions.
Some are Cheiraoba and Saroi-Khangba.
Cheiraoba is the Meitei new year (Manipuri new year) festival.
Saroi-Khangba is a religious event to please the evil spirits.
In Arts
The Leimarel Sheisak is one of the 9 singing styles (tunes) of Meitei tradition (Manipuri culture).
It is sung during the festival of Lai Haraoba.
It has 3 major complexes.
Leimarel Sidabi Ima Keithel is the Complex Number 1 of the market.
It is followed by Imoinu Ima Keithel (Complex Number 2) and Phouoibi Ima Keithel (Complex Number 3).
This 500 year old market is in the center of Imphal, Manipur.
In geography
The Leimarel Hill is a hill in Manipur.
Trekkers go here for panaromic viewing of 360 degree of Loktak Lake.
Ariba Meiteigee Seitha by Gourachandra, Mayanglambam
Kangleikhol January 1988 by Kangjia, Ng
Leimarel Mingkhei by Bhogeshawr, Oinam
Yimpallon by Singh, Wakhemcha Tomba
Internet Archive, Leimarel
E-pao, Leimarel
Irai Leima (also known as Ireima) is a goddess in Meitei mythology and religion (Sanamahism) of Ancient Manipur (Antique Kangleipak).
She is the goddess and the female personification of water and aquatic life.
She is also considered to be the incharge of the diseases.
She is the consort of Irai Ningthou (literally, king of water).
Both are regarded as the divine spirits of water bodies.
Irai Leima is the daughter of King Heibok Ningthou and the princess of Heibok Ching.
Her father was an expert in witchcraft and black magic.
Irai Leima is known for her exceptional beauty.
One day, she was fishing in the Liwa river.
King Kwakpa (Kokpa) of Khuman dynasty saw her and fell in love with her.
He proposed her.
She replied that her parents' wish will be her wish.
So, King Kwakpa consulted his subjects.
They presented Heibok Ningthou many presents.
King Kwakpa planned to marry Irai Leima if her father agreed or to bring her by force if her father rejected.
Seeing the arrogance of Kwakpa, Heibok Ningthou turned all the gifts into stone.
At this, followers of Kwakpa fled the place.
Kwakpa returned home disappointed.
One day, King Kwakpa got intoxicated after drinking a juice of the roots of Tera plant (Bambax malabaricum).
He wanted to meet Irai Leima.
So, he went to her place riding on a Hiyang boat.
Seeing his approach, she fled to Pakhra Ching mountain.
Kwakpa chased her.
Seeing all these, Heibok Ningthou turned the Hiyang boat into stone and the oar into a tree.
Getting angry, Kwakpa ran towards Heibok Ningthou to kill him.
Then, Heibok Ningthou turned Khuman Kwakpa into a stone.
Irai Leima saw all this and was afraid of her father.
She left her father and ran away.
She passed the Pakhra Ching, crossed the Liwa river and entered the house of Sarangthem Luwangba.
She hid herself inside the granary of the house.
When Sarangthem Luwangba and his good lady Thoidingjam Chanu Amurei left the house for field, Irai Leima came out from her hiding place.
In the meantime, she completed all the household chores.
When the couple returned home, she hid herself again.
The couple got surprised at this but it happened everyday.
So, one day, the man returned home earlier than usual.
He found out the truth.
But when he came near Irai Leima, she had disappeared below the granary.
He looked under the granary but he saw nothing.
He was amazed at this.
So, he discussed the issue with all his clan members.
They searched everywhere but didn't find her anymore.
Irai Leima appeared in the dream of Sarangthem Luwangba and told him that she was merged into his clan and became his daughter.
The matter was reported to King Senbi Kiyaamba of Ningthouja dynasty.
The king sent maibas and maibis to examine the case.
The examiners said that the mysterious lady was a goddess and she should be worshipped.
King Kiyaamba also told Luwangba to do so.
From that year onwards, Irai Leima was worshipped as a goddess.
The day on which Luwangba first saw Irai Leima was the first Monday of the Meitei lunar month of Lamta (Lamda).
And the day on which the maibas and maibis came was the first Tuesday of Lamta (Lamda).
Still today, from the time of King Senbi Kiyaamba (1467-1508 AD), the Sarangthem family members annually hold a grand feast (Chaklen Katpa) in honor of the goddess.
Later, Irai Leima came to be known as Hiyangthang Lairembi.
When a person gets ill after bathing in a spring, pool, stream, people believed that the water spirits (Irai Leima and Irai Ningthou) had caught the person.
To get well again, people worship the two deities.
For this, the maibas perform the rites and rituals.
The offerings include 2 eggs and 7 bamboo vessels filled up with rice paste.
The Thadou people also highly respect the deities.
They offer many wild sacrifices.
The sacrifices maybe a white fowl, a pig, a dog or a he-goat.
Irai Leima (Ireima) is considered as one of the divine manifestations of Leimarel (Leimaren), the supreme mother earth goddess.
She is also described as a form of goddess Imoinu.
Irai Leima is also known as Hiyangthang Lairembi.
During the reign of King Garib Niwaj (alias Pamheiba), goddess Hiyangthang Lairembi was converted to Hindu goddess Kamakhya (a form of Durga).
The 3rd day of Durga Puja is observed as the "Bor Numit" (literally, Boon Day).
Hiyangthang_Lairembi_archive.org
Irai_Leima_archive.org
Ereima_e-pao.net
Hiyangthang_Lairembi_e-pao.net
Panthoibi () or Panthoipi () is a goddess in Meitei mythology and religion of Ancient Kangleipak (Antique Manipur).
She is the goddess of civilization, courage, fertility, handicraft, love, victory, warfare and wisdom.
She is married to Nongpok Ningthou.
According to Col.
John Shakespear, Panthoibi is the most well known goddess of her religion.
Panthoibi is frequently associated with Leimarel Sidabi.
She is regarded as one of the representations of Leimarel.
The personality of Panthoibi and other goddesses like Emoinu and Phouoibi depict as well as influence the boldness, courage, independence, righteousness and social honour of Meitei women.
The Meitei term "Panthoibi" (ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯢꯕꯤ or ꯄꯥꯟꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ) is made up of three words, "Pan" (ꯄꯥꯟ), "Thoi" (ꯊꯣꯢ or ꯊꯣꯏ) and "Bi" (ꯕꯤ).
In Meitei language, "Pan" (ꯄꯥꯟ) means to rule over something like country, kingdom, land, nation or state.
In Meitei language, "Thoi" (ꯊꯣꯢ or ꯊꯣꯏ) means to exceed, or to transcend, or to win, or to excel, or to increase.
In Meitei language, "Bi" ("Bee") (ꯕꯤ) or "Pi" ("Pee") (ꯄꯤ) is a suffix to denote feminine gender.
For example, Thoibi is a female given name.
It is made up of "Thoi" and "Bi".
The term "Thoibi" (ꯊꯣꯢꯕꯤ or ꯊꯣꯏꯕꯤ) also refers to perfection or completion of beauty and accomplishments.
The worship of goddess Panthoibi started right from the era of the Khaba dynasty ruling over the Kangla.
This was written in the Panthoibi Khongul.
The Panthoibi Naheiron text was written before Common Era.
The fact was confirmed by the National Archives of India.
It contains Meitei hymns.
In 1100 AD, the Loyumba Shinyen text mentions the Heishnam clan's service to goddess Panthoibi.
The text addresses her as the most adored Meetei goddess.
In the 17th century, Panthoibi appeared as a war goddess riding on a tiger.
The Cheitharol Kumbaba's first record of the building of a temple of Panthoibi was in the year 1686.
The same text's first record of the making of her statue was in the year 1699.
In the 18th century, there was a downfall of the worship of Panthoibi with the rise of Vaishnavism in Manipur.
Hindu King Garib Niwaj Pamheiba (1709-1748) pulled down her temples.
He broke her statues.
Her last recorded temple was built in 1700.
After that, no temple was built in her honour until modern era came.
From the 18th century onwards, Meitei goddess Panthoibi was equated as Hindu goddess Durga or her manifestation.
The identity of Panthoibi was changed to that of Hindu goddess Durga.
She was worshipped for five days in September – October.
However, since 1960s, the worship of Panthoibi got increased.
It started replacing the worship of Durga.
In many regions, the place usurped by Durga had been restored to Panthoibi.
Goddess Panthoibi is regarded as self-confident and self-conscious with female pride.
Legend says she has many metamorphosis (forms).
One example is Phouoibi (goddess of grains).
Panthoibi is regarded the ruling deity of birth and death.
Panthoibi as a priestess goddess
According to the Anoirol text, goddess Panthoibi is a personification of Khabi Lengnao Mombi.
The latter is the ancient amaibi (lit.
priestess).
Different personifications of Panthoibi manifest differently according to different texts.
Panthoibi was regarded as a pre-historical Maibi.
She is also regarded as an incarnation of goddess Nongthang Leima, another goddess amaibi.
Panthoibi as a goddess of game
Panthoibi is a ruling deity of the Kang game.
Kang is a popular indoor game of Meitei tradition in Manipur.
Kang players pray to her before and during the game.
People believe that one cannot do his or her best at the game without her blessings.
Panthoibi as a patron goddess of potters
Goddess Panthoibi is the patron deity of all the potters.
She gifted the pot-making art to the women of Manipur.
She was taught the art of pottery by goddess Leimarel Sidabi before her disappearance.
She has another mythology about this.
Panthoibi as the goddess of death and fertility
Goddess Panthoibi has legendary connections to Haoreibi Shampubi (alias Haoreima).
Haoreibi Shampubi is a woman from the hills.
She is regarded as an incarnation of Panthoibi.
So, the goddess became associated with death and fertility.
Panthoibi as the goddess of diseases and illnesses
Panthoibi reacts badly to bad actions of the humans.
If a person has spit nearby Panthoibi's shrine, he or she will not be able to turn his or her neck.
It could be healed only by a maiba.
For this, the maiba will perform a ritual.
Panthoibi as the goddess of spinning and weaving
Learned from a spider
Goddess Panthoibi got inspired by a spider.
It was making cobwebs in a corner.
From the spider, the art of spinning and weaving was learned.
Panthoibi imitated the pattern of weaving of the spider.
Later, she introduced the art of weaving.
Learned from another goddess
In another legend, Panthoibi was taught the art of weaving  by Goddess Leishambi.
Leishambi is the goddess of creation.
Panthoibi is a maiden of extraordinary beauty.
She is a daughter of a Meitei king.
Many kings and princes wanted to marry her.
King Shapaiba () was from the western parts of the valley of Ancient Kangleipak (Antique Manipur).
He was one among her suitors.
He promised her to construct good roads, beautiful bridges, spacious house and fish ponds.
Every promises were just for the sake of her.
Despite all these, she did not accept his proposal.
Finally, Panthoibi was married to Tarang Khoinucha (alias Taram Khoinucha).
Her mortal husband is the son of King Khaba Sokchrongba and Queen Teknga of the Khaba dynasty.
Her marriage ceremony was an outstanding one.
Bridge poles were made of iron.
The planks were made of silver plates.
The side railings were made of golden rods.
Meeting Nongpok Ningthou
Goddess Panthoibi first met God Nongpok Ningthou (alias Angoupa Kainou Chingsangsompa) when she was wandering in the open meadows, bathing and sporting in the cool waters of the running river.
She was attracted to his handsome looks and towering personality.
The two fell in love at first sight.
She was proposed by Nongpok Ningthou to elope with him.
But the already married goddess did not accept the instant proposal very soon.
It was because it was not even five days passed after her wedding.
She insisted him to spend some time.
Panthoibi and Nongpok Ningthou secretly met many times.
This causes the in-laws of Panthoibi to have suspicion over her.
Her mortal husband tried to win her heart many times.
But all of these attempts failed.
Panthoibi and Nongpok Ningthou finally eloped.
They wore the attires of the Tangkhuls.
The two divine lovers ultimately got united on the sun-washed slopes of the Nongmaiching Hills.
Their happy union was celebrated with dances and music by the gods (by the Langmai people and not the gods in another version).
These celebration gave birth to the Lai Haraoba festival.
In another version of the story, Panthoibi first met Nongpok Ningthou when she was helping her father at jhum cultivation (Slash-and-burn).
The two fell in love at first sight without any talks.
But Panthoibi got married to another man against her wish.
She left her husband's house to search for her true lover.
Nongpok Ningthou also left his home for the same purpose.
The two lovers met at the Kangla.
Kangla became the place of their divine union.
So, it is considered to be a special place of coronation of the Meitei kings.
Panthoibi and the Sun God
According to the Numit Kappa text (c. 1st century), two suns shone in the ancient sky.
One was wounded by an archer hero (many men in some version).
The two brother suns fled from their positions.
They hid for ten long days.
So, the world remain in darkness.
No men could work.
Crops perished.
Cattles died.
So, the ten godly kings (or kingly gods) approached to many divinities.
They requested each to plead with the Sun God.
None succeeded to do so.
Finally, the ten gods came to Princess Panthoibi.
It was because she knew many mysteries and secrets.
So, she showed them magical ceremonies to lure the Sun God.
They did the same to the Sun God.
The unwounded Sun God returned.
But the wounded one never returned.
Panthoibi and the weaving spider
Once Panthoibi saw a spider.
It was producing fine threads.
It was also making cobwebs (spiderwebs).
From this, she got the knowledge.
She started the art of weaving.
The divine feminine association of the art signifies the association of females with weaving.
Pottery and Human Civilization
After the creation of the human beings, Panthoibi made their settlements and habitats.
Human started eating and drinking.
Panthoibi realised the need of vessels to store food and water.
So, she started making pots.
In the beginning, she lacked the idea how to make a pot.
Later, she looked around.
She saw a flower - Nura Khudonglei (Malabar melastome).
She imitated the shape and the design of the flower.
Then, she produced a pot.
Since then, human civilization starting making pots for cooking food and drinking water.
Panthoibi is mainly worshipped by the Heisnam family of Meitei ethnicity.
So, she is also known as Heisnam Lairembi (lit.
Lairembi of the Heisnam).
Panthoibi is regarded as one of the divine incarnations of Goddess Leimarel Sidabi.
She is also regarded as an incarnation of goddess Nongthang Leima.
She also has many forms including Phouoibi (goddess of grains).
Goddess Haoreibi Shampubi (alias Haoreima) is also regarded as an incarnation of Panthoibi.
Panthoibi Iratpa (Panthoibi Eratpa) is a religious festival dedicated to goddess Panthoipi.
Panthoibi and Nongpok Ningthou are at the core of Lai Haraoba festival.
Their legend finds an important place in the lyrical literature of Ancient Manipur.
In Art forms
Panthoibi Jagoi is a duet dance form.
It is accompanied by a song of love.
It is sung by a maibi and a Pena Khongba (pena player).
It has reference to the love of Panthoibi and Nongpok Ningthou.
It also depicts the process of weaving.
Panthoibi Sheishak
Panthoibi Sheishak is a song sung in the Lai Haraoba festival.
It is performed by the pena players.
It retells the story of Panthoibi searching for her beloved Nongpok Ningthou.
It is one of the 9 singing styles (tunes) sung in the Lai Haraoba.
Tangkhul Nurabi Loutaba
Tangkhul Nurabi Loutaba is an enactment of the repartee between Tangkhul Pakhang (an incarnation of Nongpok Ningthou) and Tangkhul Nurabi (an incarnation of Panthoibi).
The two repartee players dress up in Tangkhul Naga costumes of farming in the field.
This is performed on the last night of the Kanglei Haraoba (one of the 4 forms of Lai Haraoba festival).
Panthoibi Emporium
The Panthoibi Emporium is a trading center in New Delhi, India.
Panthoibi Housing
The Panthoibi Housing Finance Company Limited is a housing financial company.
Its main branch office is near Flyover bridge of Uripok Tourangbam Leikai in Imphal.
Panthoibi Manipur Handicrafts Emporium
The Panthoibi Manipur Handicrafts Emporium is an emporium in Delhi, India.
It mainly stores handmade by-products made of silk from Manipur.
Thoibi
Ariba Manipuri Sahityagee Saklon by Nabachandra, Polem
Chinglon Laihui by Manglem Meitei, Lairenjam
Erat Laisol by Singh, Khulem Chandrashekhar
Khannashi Neinnashi Leishatpa Puya by Manglem Meitei,l
Lairemjam Manglem Gi Lai Haraoba by Manglem Meitei, Lairenjam
Langgol Chinggoirol by Singh, Kulchandra Ngariyambam
Manipuree Funggawaree Part 1 by Singh, Kabrabam Neelakanta
Manipuree Funggawaree Part 2 by Singh, Kabrabam Neelakanta
Yek Taretki Meihourol by Manglem Meitei,l
Yek Taret Ki Meihouron by Manglem Meitei,l
E-PAO, Panthoibi
INTERNET ARCHIVE, Panthoibi
Learners' Manipuri-English dictionary, Panthoibi
Johnny Speight (2 June 1920 – 5 July 1998) was an English television screenwriter who wrote many British sitcoms like Till Death Us Do Part and In Sickness and in Health.
Speight also wrote some episodes of All in the Family.
He wrote for people who had radio shows like Cyril Fletcher and Frankie Howard.
He was born in Canning Town, London.
"Nongthang Leima" () is the primordial goddess of seduction, thunder and lightning in Meitei mythology and religion.
She is created by Atingkok (Salailen or Soraren) to seduce Haraba (Pakhangba).
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Hoffish(also called hoseff) is a dialect of swedish mostly spoken in the north of scandinavia.
It is often called hoffish or hope language, although locals call it by hoseff.
It is one of the most least spoken languages with 642 speakers world wide.
It is commonly confused with the sami language but both languages have common similarity in grammer and noun pronunciation.
The language was proclaimed as a dialect of sami in 1937 although the noted differences.
Little has been done to help this dying language in the past century other then a few people trying to make the language more public.
As of 2021, all of its speakers speak it as a secondary language with finnish or plain sami being first.
Hoffish originally started off as a dialect of the sami language in what is guessed to be in the middle ages.
All we know about its history is from Mina Napoi, who interviewed many people of the sami culture.
Her findings are at the helsinki central library in finland which are currently being approved for digitalization as of February 2021.
In her last two pages of her article titled, "Saamen murre nimeltä hoseff", she talks about how the language most likely formed as a dialect of sami in the late middle ages but then over time reformed due to the hoffish-sami group's migration.