the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
On February 7, 2019, Ocasio-Cortez wrote her first piece of legislation, the Green New Deal, and sent it to the Senate.
Senator Ed Markey of Massachusetts supported the deal, laying out the main ideas of a 10-year economic plan that would slowly remove fossil fuel use.
The plan would create jobs and boost the economy.
The first version of the Green New Deal wanted the completely stop using fossil fuels.
The plan set a goal of having the United States "creating 'net-zero' greenhouse gases in 10 years."
Ocasio-Cortez said that "We set a goal to get to net-zero, rather than zero emissions, in 10 years because we aren’t sure that we’ll be able to fully get rid of farting cows and airplanes that fast."
Ocasio-Cortez wanted a marginal tax as high as 70% on income above $10 million to pay for the Green New Deal.
Tax experts said in The Washington Post, that this tax would bring in more money of $720 billion every ten years.
She used the Modern Monetary Theory as a reason for higher deficits to pay her agenda.
She said that the Green New Deal needs a large amount of money like President Franklin D. Roosevelt's original New Deal during the Great Depression.
Not one Republican supported the Green New Deal.
The plan had support from some Democratic senators, including Elizabeth Warren, Bernie Sanders and Cory Booker.
Other Democrats, such as Senator Dianne Feinstein and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi did not support it.
Pelosi called it "the green dream, or whatever they call it."
On March 26, Senate Republicans called for an early vote on the Green New Deal without letting anyone talk before the vote.
Senator Ed Markey said Republicans were not being serious about voting for the Green New Deal.
In protest, Senate Democrats voted "present" or against the bill, resulting in a 57–0 defeat on the Senate floor.
In March 2019, a group of activists, inspired by Ocasio-Cortez, in the United Kingdom wanted the Labour Party to create a similar plan, "Labour for a Green New Deal."
In May 2020, Ocasio-Cortez was picked by then-Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden to be in charge of his climate task force.
Ocasio-Cortez would  help Biden's campaign talk about climate change related problems and solutions.
Name calling incident
On July 21, 2020, Republican Representatives Ted Yoho and Roger Williams had angrily yelled at Ocasio-Cortez on the steps of the Capitol.
Yoho called her "disgusting" and told her, "You are out of your freaking mind".
They were mad at Ocasio-Cortez after she said that poverty and unemployment were the reasons for an increase in crime in New York City during the coronavirus pandemic.
Ocasio-Cortez told Yoho he was being "rude".
A reporter who heard the conversation said that as Ocasio-Cortez walked away from Yoho into the Capitol, Yoho called her a "fucking bitch".
When asked about the incident, Ocasio-Cortez said, "That kind of [event] hasn't ever happened to me ever... I've never had that kind of abrupt, disgusting kind of disrespect [aimed] at me".
Minority Leader Kevin McCarthy did not support Yoho's actions and House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer said that Yoho should apologize publicly.
On July 22, Yoho talked about the event on the House floor and, without naming Ocasio-Cortez, said he had not addressed the "offensive name-calling words" to any congress members directly.
He apologized for the conversation and said "having been married for 45 years with two daughters, I'm very [careful] of my language".
On July 23, Ocasio-Cortez responded to Yoho's comments.
In a speech she criticized male privilege, sexist behavior and culture, and violent language against women.
She also criticized Yoho for "hiding behind his wife and daughters" in his speech the day before.
In early August 2020, two weeks before the 2020 Democratic National Convention was to be held, people began to say that Democrats were not going to let Ocasio-Cortez speak at the convention.
On August 10, the Democratic National Committee said that she would speak at the convention on the second day on August 18.
The same day, she formally nominated Senator Bernie Sanders for the Democratic presidential nomination.
Online harassment from Paul Gosar
In November 2021, Representative Paul Gosar shared a video parody of the opening for the anime series Attack on Titan on social media.
He had edited with the faces of Ocasio-Cortez, Joe Biden, and himself on the show's characters, showing Gosar attacking them with swords and killing Ocasio-Cortez.
Speaker Nancy Pelosi wanted the U.S. House to investigate it as a threat.
Pelosi said that the video is "a danger that it represents to everyone in the country".
When Republican House members did not want to criticize Gosar or the video, Ocasio-Cortez said that she believed the video was "part of a pattern that normalizes violence".
She gave a six-minute floor speech, saying, "This is not about me.
This is not about Representative Gosar.
This is about what we're willing to accept".
The House voted to censure Gosar, in doing so it became the first time the House censured a Representative since 2010.
Committee on Financial Services
Subcommittee on Investor Protection, Entrepreneurship and Capital Markets
Subcommittee on Consumer Protection and Financial Institutions
Committee on Oversight and Government Reform
Subcommittee on Civil Rights and Civil Liberties
Subcommittee on Environment
Ocasio-Cortez is a member of the Democratic Socialists of America and supports the democratic socialist name of the group as part of her political beliefs.
In an interview on NBC's Meet the Press, she said that democratic socialism is a "part of what I am.
It's not all of what I am.
And I think that that's a very important [difference]."
During an interview on PBS, she was asked if democratic socialism would to end capitalism, and she answered: "we are marching towards progress on this issue.
I do think that we are going to see a [change] in our economic system of an [unknown level], and it's hard to say what direction that that takes."
Ocasio-Cortez supports progressive policies such as single-payer Medicare for All, tuition-free public college and trade school, a federal job guarantee which would make sure states would hire unemployed workers, the cancellation of all $1.6 trillion student debt, supporting family leave, ending U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement and private prisons, creating safer gun-control policies, and energy policy that would use 100% renewable energy.
She told Anderson Cooper that she supports policies like those in United Kingdom, Norway, Finland, and Sweden.
Ocasio-Cortez supported Bernie Sanders in the 2020 presidential election and appeared with him at campaign rallies.
In January 2020, she and director Michael Moore replaced Sanders at a rally at the University of Iowa while he was at the Senate's impeachment trial of President Donald Trump.
Ocasio-Cortez wants more environmental politicians in Congress.
She called climate change "the single biggest national security threat" for the United States and the world".
With the United Nations saying that the effects of climate change cannot be fixed until carbon emissions are slowed down in the next 12 years.
She said that the younger generation would suffer from the effects of climate change.
Ocasio-Cortez supports ending the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agency.
She compared the agency to the Patriot Act and to a paramilitary-like agency.
In June 2018, she said she would support ending the agency and she would rather "create a pathway to citizenship for more immigrants through decriminalization."
She later said that this does not mean ending all deportations.
Two days before the primary election, she went to a protest at an ICE child-detention center in Tornillo, Texas.
She was the only Democrat to vote against H.R. 648, a bill to fund and reopen the government, because it would give more federal money to ICE.
Ocasio-Cortez supports moving to a single-payer health care system.
She said that medical care is a human right.
In September 2019, she created an anti-poverty policy proposal that would make the cost of childcare, health care, and "new necessities" like Internet access when measuring poverty.
The proposal would stop rent prices going higher and create better ways for people with convictions and immigrants to have social welfare programs.
Ocasio-Cortez is a supporter of LGBTQ rights and equality.
She has said she supports the LGBTQ community and thanked its members for their role in her campaign.
In January 2019, she gave a speech in support of laws needed to keep LGBTQ rights in jobs and everywhere in the country.
She also supports transgender rights and said that "trans rights are civil rights".
Ocasio-Cortez has been supportive of Puerto Rico.
Ocasio-Cortez did not approve of the Federal Emergency Management Agency's response to Hurricane Maria.
She believes the federal government should pay more attention to Puerto Rico.
The MIT Lincoln Laboratory named the asteroid 23238 Ocasio-Cortez after her when she was a senior in high school because she finished in second-place in the 2007 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair.
She was named the 2017 National Hispanic Institute Person of the Year by Ernesto Nieto.
In 2019, She received the Adelle Foley Award.
She was named as one of the 2019 BBC 100 Women.
After the death of Ocasio-Cortez's father in 2008, her mother and grandmother moved to Florida because of money problems.
She still has family in Puerto Rico, where her grandfather was living in a nursing home before he died during Hurricane Maria.
Ocasio-Cortez talked about her Catholic faith and why it is important for her life and her campaign for criminal justice reform in an article she wrote for America.
At a December 2018 Hanukkah celebration in New York, she said that she has Jewish ancestry, although she does not practice Judaism.
In 2020, Ocasio-Cortez was a guest judge on an episode of RuPaul's Drag Race.
That same year in May, Ocasio-Cortez said that she has been in psychotherapy because of the events of the United States Capitol.
She said she "did not know if I was going to make it to the end of that day alive".
In March 2021, Ocasio-Cortez was name one of the least wealthy members of the Congress, with a net worth of $30,000.
Congresswoman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez official House website
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez for Congress
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's file at Politifact
The Cambrian Railways owned  of track over a large area of mid-Wales.
The system was made from a number of earlier railways.
The Cambrian connected with two of the larger railways to give connections to England.
London and North Western Railway for connections to North West England
Great Western Railway for connections to London
The Cambrian Railways amalgamated with the Great Western Railway on 1 January 1922 as a result of the Railways Act 1921.
The London and North Western Railway (LNWR) was a British railway company between 1846 and 1922.
In the late 19th century the LNWR was the largest joint stock company in the world.
The LNWR was formed in 1846 by a merger of the Grand Junction Railway, the London & Birmingham Railway and the Manchester & Birmingham Railway.
The London terminus was at Euston railway station
In 1923, the LNWR became a part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) under the Railways Act 1921.
In 1948, it became the London Midland Region of British Railways.
The LNWR may be seen as an ancestor of today's West Coast Main Line.
David Richard Berkowitz (born Richard David Falco; June 1, 1953), known also as the Son of Sam and the .44 Caliber Killer, is an American serial killer.
Berkowitz pleaded guilty to eight separate shooting attacks that began in New York City during the summer of 1976.
The crimes were done with a .44 caliber Bulldog revolver.
He killed six people and wounded nine others by July 1977.
On the night of August 10, 1977, Berkowitz was taken into custody by New York City police homicide detectives in front of his Yonkers apartment building.
The Spike Lee drama Summer of Sam was released in 1999 with actor Michael Badalucco in the role of Son of Sam.
Arise and Shine, official website
Gary Leon Ridgway (born February 18, 1949), also known as the Green River Killer, is an American serial killer.
He was convicted of 48 separate murders.
As part of his plea bargain, an additional conviction was added, bringing the total number of convictions to 49, making him the most prolific serial killer in United States history according to confirmed murders.
Ridgway murdered many women and girls in the state of Washington during the 1980s and 1990s.
He would mainly kill runaways or prostitutes and would strangled his victims.
A copy of Ridgway's infamous letter to the press (PDF)
Donn Moomaw (born October 15, 1931) is an American football player and Presbyterian minister.
In the 1950s, he plated for Toronto Argonauts and for Ottawa Rough Riders.
In 1953, he was drafted by the Los Angeles Rams.
Moomaw played for UCLA as the center and linebacker for the team.
He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1973.
Moomaw later became a Presbyterian minister, most notably serving Los Angeles' Bel Air Presbyterian Church as pastor from 1964 to 1993.
He became friends with California Governor Ronald Reagan and wife Nancy.
Moomaw later gave the invocation and benediction at Reagan's 1981 presidential inauguration and 1985 presidential inauguration.
Bruce Davison (born June 28, 1946) is an American actor and director.
Davison is well known for his starring roles in the horror movie Willard (1971), Longtime Companion (1989) and in the X-Men movie franchise – through X-Men (2000) and X2 (2003) as Senator Robert Kelly.
Davison won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in Longtime Companion.
Daniel Pilon (November 13, 1940 – June 26, 2018) was a Canadian-born actor.
He was known for his role in Dallas as Naldo Marchetta.
Pilon was born in Montreal, Quebec.
In addition to Dallas, he has appeared in daytime soap operas such as Ryan's Hope, Guiding Light and Days of Our Lives.
He also starred as Donn Moomaw in The Reagans and as Senator Rutledge in Shoot 'Em Up.
Fountain Hill is a town in Ashley County, Arkansas, United States.
The population was 175 at the 2010 census.
Fountain Hill is located at  (33.355421, -91.851173).
Five Nights at Freddy's: Sister Location, or simply Sister Location, is a survival horror video game created by Scott Cawthon.
It is the fifth installment of the main series of the game franchise Five Nights at Freddy's.
The game was released on October 7, 2016.
Throughout the game, the player interacts with a new cast of animatronic characters, central to which is an animatronic named Circus Baby.
In addition, Sister Location is the first core game in the series to feature professional voice acting and an original soundtrack.
FNaF World is an indie role-playing video game created by Scott Cawthon.
It is the first official spin-off to the Five Nights at Freddy's series.
The game was released for Microsoft Windows on January 21, 2016.
On February 8, 2016, the game was updated, and re-released as freeware on Game Jolt free of charge.
Metacritic gave the game a review of 4.6/10.
Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator is a point-and-click survival horror video game created by Scott Cawthon.
It is the sixth official main installment of the Five Nights at Freddy's game series.
The game was released on December 4, 2017 for free on Steam and Gamejolt.
Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator received mostly positive reviews.
GameCrate called it the "best value in gaming right now".
Scott Braden Cawthon (born June 4, 1978) is an American video game designer, developer, animator, and writer.
He is best known as the creator of the Five Nights of Freddy's game franchise.
Cawthon has also created other games, such as Chipper & Son's Lumber Co., The Desolate Hope, and There is No Pause Button!,
as well as Christian-based animations such as A Christmas Journey and The Pilgrim's Progress.
He used Autodesk 3ds Max, Autodesk Maya, and Clickteam Fusion 2.5 to develop Five Nights at Freddy's and most of his other games.
In 2015, Cawthon released his first novel, Five Nights at Freddy's: The Silver Eyes.
On June 24, 2016, Cawthon announced that he had made a 3-book deal with Scholastic and that the first book (The Silver Eyes) would be re-printed on paperback in October that year, with the second and third being released in 2017 and 2018.
Cawthon will be producing a Five Nights movie with Blumhouse Productions.
The Midland Railway (MR) was a railway company in the United Kingdom from 1844 to 1922.
It had a large network of lines managed from its headquarters in Derby.
It became the third-largest railway undertaking in the British Isles after the Great Western Railway and the London and North Western Railway.
The company was formed in 1844 by the merger of the Midland Counties Railway, the North Midland Railway, and the Birmingham & Derby Junction Railway.
The Birmingham & Gloucester Railway joined two years later.
The earlier systems met at Derby railway station.
The MR established its locomotive works, and later its carriage and wagon works, at Derby.
Salado ( ) is a village in Bell County, Texas, United States.
The population of the village was 2,126 at the 2010 census.
It is part of the Killeen–Temple Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Killeen is a city in Bell County, Texas, United States.
According to the 2010 census, its population was 127,921, making it the 21st-most populous city in Texas.
Temple is a city in Bell County, Texas, United States.
As of 2016 the city has a population of 73,600 according to a US census estimate.
It is near the county seat of Belton, Texas.
It is located off Interstate 35, Temple is  north of Austin and  south of Waco.
Belton is a city in the U.S. state of Texas, within the Killeen-Temple metropolitan area.
The city is on the Interstate 35 corridor between Austin and Waco.
It is the seat of Bell County.
The population was 20,547 in 2015 according to a US Census Estimate.
As of 2015 the metro region had a population of 450,051.
Clio is a city in Barbour County, Alabama, United States.
The population was 1,399 at the 2010 census, down from 2,206 in 2000.
The Great Northern Railway (GNR) was a British railway company established in 1846.
The main line ran from London King's Cross station via Hitchin, Peterborough, and Grantham, to York.
There was a loop line from Peterborough to Bawtry (south of Doncaster) via Boston and Lincoln.
There were also branch lines to Sheffield and Wakefield.
On 1 January 1923 the company became a part of the London and North Eastern Railway.
Today, the GNR main line forms part of the East Coast Main Line.
The North Eastern Railway (NER) was a British railway company.
It was incorporated in 1854 by the combination of several existing railway companies.
In 1923, it was merged with other railways to form the London and North Eastern Railway under the Railways Act 1921.
The NER main line survives today as part of the East Coast Main Line between London and Edinburgh.
Francis George Steiner, FBA (April 23, 1929 – February 3, 2020) was a French-born American literary critic, essayist, philosopher, novelist, and educator.
He wrote about the relationship between language, literature and society, and the impact of the Holocaust.
George Steiner at ContemporaryWriters.com.
George and his dragons.
The Guardian, March 17, 2001.
A traveller in the realm of the mind.
Interview with George Steiner, The Times, September 22, 1997.
Grammars of Creation.
Full text of Steiner's 2001 lecture.
"Between Repulsion and Attraction: George Steiner's Post-Holocaust Fiction" .
Jewish Social Studies, 1999.
"George Steiner's Jewish Problem".
Azure: Ideas for the Jewish Nation.
The Turk, also known as the Mechanical Turk or Automaton Chess Player was a trick chess-playing machine.
First put on show in 1770, the machine was in use until it was destroyed in a fire in 1854.
It was later found to be a hoax.
It was built in 1770 by Wolfgang von Kempelen to impress the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria.
The machine could play chess against a human.
It could also perform the knight's tour, a puzzle where a player moves a knight to every square of a chessboard exactly once.
The Turk was not a real machine, but a mechanical illusion.
There was a person inside the machine working the controls.
With a skilled chess player hidden inside the box, the Turk won most of the games.
It played and won games against many people including Napoleon Bonaparte and Benjamin Franklin.
The chess players who secretly worked inside the box included Johann Allgaier, Hyacinthe Henri Boncourt, Aaron Alexandre, William Lewis, Jacques Mouret, and William Schlumberger.
How the Turk was made
The machine had a life-sized model of a human head and body, placed next to a large wooden box.
The model was dressed in Ottoman robes and wore a turban.
Its left arm held a long smoking pipe.
The large box was about three-and-a-half feet (110 cm) long, two feet (60 cm) wide, and two-and-a-half feet (75 cm) high.
On the top of the box was a chessboard, about 18 inches square.
The front of the box had three doors, an opening, and a drawer.
Inside the drawer was a red and white ivory chess set.
The inside of the box was very complicated.
It was meant to trick those who looked into it.
When the left front doors were opened you could see clockwork gears and cogs.
If the back doors of the box were open at the same time you could see through the machine.
The other side of the box contained a red cushion and some removable parts.
This area also gave a clear view through the machine.
Under the robes of the Turk were two more doors.
When these were opened you could also see the clockwork parts with a view right through the machine.
The design allowed the presenter of the machine to open every door to the public, to keep the illusion.
However the clockwork parts on the left side and the drawer did not go back as far as the back of the box.
They only went one third of the way.
This gave room for a sliding seat, so the person inside was able to slide from place to place.
This meant they were not seen when the doors were opened.
Moving the seat caused fake machinery to slide into its place to further hide the person inside the box.
The chessboard on the top of the box was thin.
This allowed for a magnetic linkage.
Each piece in the chess set had a small, strong magnet joined to its base.
When placed on the board the pieces would attract a magnet attached to a string under their places on the board.
The person inside the machine could see which pieces moved where on the chess board.
The bottom of the chessboard was also numbered, 1–64, allowing the person to see which places on the board were affected by a player's move.
The magnets were placed so that they were not affected by any magnets outside the box.
Kempelen would let people from the audience put a large magnet next to the board to show that the machine was not influenced by magnetism.
To distract the audience, the Turk came with a small wooden box.
This would be put on the top of the box.
Kempelen would look into into the small box during play, suggesting that it controlled the machine.
The box was believed by some to have magic powers.
Inside the box was a chess board connected to a series of levers.
These controlled the model's left arm and could move it around the chess board.
The arm could be moved up and down, and turning the lever would open and close the Turk's hand.
This let it pick up the chess pieces on the board.
The machinery made a clockwork-type sound  when the Turk made a move, further adding to the machinery illusion.
The levers also made the Turk make various facial expressions.
A voice box was added later, allowing the machine to say "Échec!" (
French for "check") during matches.
The person inside and the presenter on the outside could send messages to each other.
There were two brass discs with numbers on the inside and outside of the box.
The discs could be turned to a number which acted as a code between the two.
The first display of the Turk was in 1770 at Schönbrunn Palace.
Kempelen showed everyone what he had built.
He opened the doors and drawers of the cabinet, so the audience could look into the machine.
It was then ready for a game.
The Turk would use the white pieces and have the first move.
Between moves its left arm sat on a cushion.
The Turk could nod twice if it threatened the other player's queen, and three times upon placing the king in check.
If the other player made an illegal move, the Turk would shake its head, move the piece back.
The first person to play against the Turk was Count Ludwig von Cobenzl, an Austrian courtier at the palace.
He was quickly defeated.
Another part of the show was the knight's tour, a famed chess puzzle.
The puzzle requires the player to move a knight around a chessboard, touching each square once along the way.
While most experienced chess players of the time still struggled with the puzzle, the Turk was able to make the moves easily.
The person inside had a map of moves needed.
The Turk could also communicate with the audience using a letter board.
It was able to do this in English, French, and German.
Carl Friedrich Hindenburg, a university mathematician, wrote down the conversations during the Turk's time in Leipzig and published it in 1789 as Über den Schachspieler des Herrn von Kempelen und dessen Nachbildung (or On the Chessplayer of Mr. von Kempelen And Its Replica).
Questions included the Turk's age, marital status, and its secret workings.
Tour of Europe
Interest in the machine grew across Europe.
Kempelen, however, was more interested in his other projects and did not want to show the Turk.
He would tell people it was not working.
After the performances at the Schönbrunn Palace the Turk only played Sir Robert Murray Keith, a Scottish noble.
Kempelen took the machine to pieces after the match.
Kempelen said the machine was a "mere bagatelle".
He was not pleased with its popularity and would rather continue his work on steam engines and machines that could speak.
In 1781, Kempelen was ordered by Emperor Joseph II to rebuild the Turk and take it to Vienna for a state visit from Grand Duke Paul of Russia.
This was so successful that Grand Duke Paul suggested a tour of Europe for the Turk.
Kempelen reluctantly agreed.
The tour began in 1783, beginning in France.
In Paris,  the Turk lost a match to Charles Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne, the Duc de Bouillon.
People wanted the Turk to play a game with François-André Danican Philidor, the best chess player of his time.
Philidor won, but it was "his most fatiguing game of chess ever!"
The Turk's final game in Paris was against Benjamin Franklin, the United State's ambassador to France.
Franklin enjoyed the game with the Turk and kept a copy of Philip Thicknesse's book The Speaking Figure and the Automaton Chess Player, Exposed and Detected in his personal library.
After Paris, Kempelen moved the Turk to London, where it was on show every day at a  cost of five shillings.
Thicknesse, a skeptic, tried to explain that the machine was just a trick.
He said Kempelen was "a very ingenious man", but the Turk was an elaborate hoax.
He thought there was a small child inside the machine.
The Turk was "a complicated piece of clockwork ... which is nothing more, than one, of many other ingenious devices, to misguide and delude the observers".
After a year in London, Kempelen and the Turk went to Leipzig, Dresden, and Amsterdam.
After that the machine was probably stored at the Schönbrunn Palace for 20 years.
Kempelen did try to sell it before his death.
He died at the age of 70 on 26 March 1804.
Mälzel and the machine
In 1805 Kempelen's son sold the machine to Johann Nepomuk Mälzel, a Bavarian musician interested in machines and devices.
Mälzel had designed a type of metronome.
He had tried to purchase the Turk before Kempelen's death but the price was too high.
Mälzel had to learn how the machine worked and make some repairs.
He wanted to make the Turk a greater challenge.
In 1809, Napoleon I of France arrived at Schönbrunn Palace to play the Turk.
Before the game, the Turk, with Johann Baptist Allgaier hidden inside, saluted Napoleon.
In a surprise move, Napoleon took the first turn instead of allowing the Turk to make the first move.
When Napoleon attempted an illegal move, the Turk put the piece back in its original spot and continued the game.
After a second illegal move the Turk took the piece from the board.
When Napoleon tried a third illegal move the Turk swept its arm across, knocking all the pieces off the board.
Napoleon was amused, and then played a real game with the machine.
After 19 moves Napoleon pushed over his king to show that he knew he could not win, and was giving up.
In 1811, Mälzel took the Turk to Milan to show Eugène de Beauharnais, the Prince of Venice and Viceroy of Italy.
Beauharnais liked it so much, that he bought the Turk for 30,000 francs – three times what Mälzel had paid – and kept it for four years.
In 1815, Mälzel went to Beauharnais in Munich and bought the Turk back.
Mälzel took the Turk back to Paris where he made friends of many of the leading chess players at Café de la Régence.
In 1818 he moved to London and held a number of performances with the Turk and many of his other machines.
He added a voice box so the machine could say "Échec!"
when placing a player in check.
Mälzel in America
In 1826, Mälzel took the machine to New York City.
Mälzel had problems finding people to operate the machine.
He ended up bringing William Schlumberger, from Alsace in Europe to come to America and work for him once again.
Mälzel had to provide the money for Schlumberger's transport.
In Boston, Mälzel told a story that the New York chess players could not handle full games and that the Boston players were much better.
This was a success for many weeks, and the tour moved to Philadelphia for three months.
In Baltimore, it lost a match against Charles Carroll, a signer of the Declaration of Independence.
Two American brothers built their own machine, the Walker Chess-player.
Mälzel tried to buy it, but they would not sell it.
This second machine toured for a number of years, but was never as famous as the Turk.
Between 1828, Mälzel visited Europe, returning to the States in 1829.
In the 1830s, went as far west as the Mississippi River and visiting Canada.
In Richmond, Virginia, Edgar Allan Poe, wrote about the Turk for the Southern Literary Messenger.
Poe's essay "Maelzel's Chess Player" was published in April 1836 and is the most famous essay on the Turk.
Mälzel took the Turk on his second tour to Havana, Cuba.
In Cuba, Schlumberger died of yellow fever, leaving Mälzel without an operator.
Mälzel died at sea in 1838 at the age of 66 during his return trip, leaving his machine with the ship captain.
Final years and beyond
The Turk was given to a friend of Mälzel's, the businessman John Ohl.
He tried to sell it at auction but ended up buying it himself for $400.
John Kearsley Mitchell, Edgar Allan Poe's doctor, bought the Turk from Ohl.
Mitchell formed a club to fix it, completing the rebuilding in 1840.
Mitchell and his club gave the machine to the Chinese Museum of Charles Willson Peale.
After a few shows it was put into a corner and forgotten.
On 5 July 1854, a fire that started at the National Theater in Philadelphia reached the Museum and destroyed the Turk.
Mitchell believed he had heard "through the struggling flames ... the last words of our departed friend, the sternly whispered, oft repeated syllables, 'echec!
echec!!'
John Gaughan, an American in Los Angeles who made items for magicians, spent $120,000 building a copy of Kempelen's machine over a five-year period from 1984.
The new machine used the Turk's chessboard, which was saved from the fire.
Gaughan's Turk was displayed in November 1989 at a history of magic conference.
This time, the Turk played against a computer running a chess program.
Revealing the secrets
It was not until Dr. Silas Mitchell's series of articles for The Chess Monthly that the secret was fully revealed.
Mitchell, son of the final owner of the Turk, wrote that "no secret was ever kept as the Turk's has been.
Guessed at, in part, many times, no one of the several explanations ... ever solved this amusing puzzle".
As the Turk had been destroyed, Silas Mitchell felt that there were "no longer any reasons for concealing from the amateurs of chess, the solution to this ancient enigma".
New interest began in the Turk when IBM created Deep Blue.
This was a computer that could challenge the world's best players.
The Turk was used as a personification of Deep Blue in the 2003 documentary Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine.
Legacy and popular culture
The Turk inspired a number of inventions and copies.
These included the Ajeeb, or "The Egyptian", built by Charles Hopper that President Grover Cleveland played in 1885; and Mephisto, the self-described "most famous" machine, of which little is known.
The Walkers made the "American Chess Player" first shown in May 1827 in New York.
El Ajedrecista was built in 1912 by Leonardo Torres y Quevedo and first shown at the Paris World Fair of 1914.
It was the first true chess-playing automaton, and a precursor of sorts to Deep Blue.
Other people were inspired by the Turk.
The Rev. Edmund Cartwright saw it in London in 1784.
He later wrote "it is more difficult to construct a machine that shall weave than one which shall make all the variety of moves required in that complicated game".
Cartwright would later invent the power loom.
Sir Charles Wheatstone, an inventor, saw the Turk while it was owned by Mälzel.
Mälzel later showed his speaking machines to the researcher and his teenage son.
Alexander Graham Bell read a copy of a book by Wolfgang von Kempelen on speaking machines after seeing a similar machine built by Wheatstone.
Bell went on to invent the telephone.
A play, The Automaton Chess Player, was performed in New York City in 1845.
The play used a copy of the Turk made by J. Walker, who had earlier built the Walker Chess-player.
Raymond Bernard's silent movie, The Chess Player (The Chess Player, France 1927), uses the story of the Turk in an adventure tale set during the Partitions of Poland in 1772.
A Polish nationalist escaping from the  Russians, also happens to be an expert chess player.
He is hidden inside a chess playing automaton called the Turk.
Just as he is about to escape over the border, the machine is taken to Saint Petersburg for the empress Catherine II.
Copying the Napoleon incident, Catherine attempts to cheat the Turk, who sweeps all the pieces from the board.
In 1849, Edgar Allan Poe published a tale "Von Kempelen and His Discovery".
Ambrose Bierce's short story "Moxon's Master", published in 1909, is a story about a chess-playing automaton like the Turk.
In 1938, John Dickson Carr published The Crooked Hinge, in his Dr. Gideon Fell detective novels
Gene Wolfe's 1977 science fiction short story "The Marvellous Brass Chessplaying Automaton" also has a machine like the Turk.
Robert Loehr's 2007 novel "The Chess Machine" (published in the UK as "The Secrets of the Chess Machine") is a story about the man inside the machine.
F. Gwynplaine MacIntyre's 2007 story "The Clockwork Horror" tells of Edgar Allan Poe's meeting with the Turk.
Walter Benjamin mentions the Turk his Theses on the Philosophy of History (Über den Begriff der Geschichte), written in 1940.
In 2005, Amazon.com launched the Amazon Mechanical Turk.
The program is designed to have humans perform tasks with which computers struggle, such as color comparisons.
Nagin (1954 movie), a Bollywood movie
Nagin (1976 film), a Bollywood movie
Nagin (2010 movie) (also called Hisss), a Jennifer Lynch movie
Naagin (TV series), a 2015 Indian television series on Colors TV
Ikchhapyaari Naagin on Sab TV in 2016
Naagin (Geo Kahani) on Geo Kahani in 2017
Daniel Nagin (born 1948), American criminologist
Ray Nagin (born 1956), mayor of New Orleans
Wolfgang von Kempelen (; 23 January 1734 – 26 March 1804) was a Hungarian author and inventor.
He is known for his chess-playing "automaton" hoax, The Turk, and for his speaking machine.
Von Kempelen was born in Pressburg, part of the Kingdom of Hungary.
He was the last child of Engelbert Kempelen (1680–1761), and Anna Theresa Spindler.
He studied law and philosophy in Pressburg, and attended the Academy in Győr, Vienna and Rome.
He was interested in mathematics and physics.
He spoke German, Hungarian, Latin, French, Italian.
Later, during his travels he learned English and Romanian.
His first job was in 1755 as a clerk in the Hungarian Court Chamber in Pozsony.
Later he became a secretary (1757), a Councillor of the Court Chamber (1764), Director of Salt Mining (1765), Second Commissioner of the Constitutional Commission for the Region of Banat (1769), and finally Imperial-Royal Court Councillor (1787).
He also helped move the University of Nagyszombat to Buda Castle, and looked after the building of the Court Theatre in Buda's old Carmelite monastery.
He married twice, first in 1757 to Maria Franziska Piani, who died in 1758, and again in 1762 to Maria Anna von Gobelius.
Five children were born from his second marriage, of whom two survived into adulthood: Maria Theresia (1768–1812) and Karl (1771–1822).
Von Kempelen was most famous for his construction of The Turk, a chess-playing automaton presented to Maria Theresa of Austria in 1769.
The machine had a life-sized model of a human head and body, dressed in Turkish robes and wearing a turban.
It was seated behind a large wooden box on with a chessboard on the top.
The machine could play a game of chess against a human opponent.
But it was a trick.
There was a person, a skilled chess player, hidden inside the box.
The Turk was a really a puppet, worked from below by levers.
The Turk won most of the games played during its shows around Europe and the Americas for nearly 84 years.
It played and defeated many people including Napoleon Bonaparte and Benjamin Franklin.
Kempelen also built a speaking machine.
One of them can still be seen in the Musical Instruments section of the Deutsches Museum in Munich.
In 1789, he published a book of his 20 years of speech research, Mechanismus Der Menschlichen Sprache Nebst Beschreibung Seiner Sprechenden Maschine.
He also built steam-engines, waterpumps, a pontoon bridge in Pressburg (1770), patented a steam turbine for mills (1788/89) and a typewriter for the blind Viennese pianist Maria Theresia von Paradis (1779), and built a theatre house in Buda opened on 25 October 1790 (now Budapest) and the famous fountains at Schönbrunn in Vienna (1780).
He was also an artist, wrote poems and epigrams, and composed a singspiel, Andromeda and Perseus, performed in Vienna.
He retired in 1798, after 43 years of service to the Austrian Empire.
In 1771, Maria Theresia gave von Kempelen an annual pension of 1,000 ducats.
After her death, her son Joseph II cut the pensions given to the court's civil servants.
In 1802, he tried to get his pension back from Francis II, and also asked for compensation of 20,000 Gulden, but was not granted.
Mechanismus der menschlichen Sprache.
Wolfgangs von Kempelen k. k. wirklichen Hofraths Mechanismus der menschlichen Sprache, nebst der Beschreibung seiner sprechenden Maschine; Wien 1791. (
Digitalisat bei Oregon Health & Science University Digital Collections)
Wolfgang von Kempelen: Der Mechanismus der menschlichen Sprache. /
The Mechanism of Human Speech.:
Kommentierte Transliteration & Übertragung ins Englische / Commented Transliteration & Translation into English.
Herausgegeben von / Edited by Fabian Brackhane, Richard Sproat & Jürgen Trouvain; Dresden 2017 (Online-Version).
Angéla Imre: On the personality of Wolfgang von Kempelen, in: Grazer Linguistische Studien 63 (2004), pp.
61–64
Wolfgang von Kempelen on the Web
Wolfgang von Kempelen's speaking machine and its successors
The Chess-playing Turk
Meadowbank Stadium (Meadowbank Sports Centre) is a multi-purpose sports facility in Edinburgh, Scotland.
It was originally built to host the 1970 Commonwealth Games.
It also hosted the Games in 1986, the first venue to host the Games twice.
The stadium is the home ground of Scottish Football League team Meadowbank Thistle.
The Meadowbank complex also hosts Leith Athletic, who play on the Meadowbank artificial pitch next to the main stadium.
Meadowbank Stadium was also used for rugby union as the home venue of Edinburgh Rugby between 2002 and 2004.
A knight's tour is a set of moves of a knight on a chessboard.
The knight visits every square only once.
If the knight ends on a square that is one knight's move from the beginning square (so that it could tour the board again immediately, following the same path), the tour is closed, otherwise it is open.
Making a program to find a knight's tour is a common problem given to computer science students.
Variations of the knight's tour problem involve chessboards of different sizes than the usual , as well as irregular (non-rectangular) boards.
Derby railway station, also known as Derby Midland, is a main line station serving the city of Derby in England.
It is owned by Network Rail and managed by East Midlands Trains.
The station is also used by CrossCountry services and one daily Northern service.
It lies  north of London St Pancras.
It is situated to the south-east of Derby city centre, and is close to the west bank of the River Derwent.
Northern, was the trading name of Arriva Rail North.
It was a train operating company in Northern England.
It was a subsidiary of Arriva UK Trains.
It operated the Northern franchise from 1 April 2016 to February 2020 and inherited trains from the previous operator Northern Rail.
The Great Central Railway (GCR) of England was created in 1897 when the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway changed its name.
In 1899, the GCR opened its London Extension to a new terminus at Marylebone station.
The London and South Western Railway (LSWR) was a railway company in England from 1838 to 1922.
It started as the London and Southampton Railway from Waterloo station to Southampton.
Later, the network extended to Plymouth via Salisbury and Exeter.
There were branches to Ilfracombe and Padstow.
Beyond  Southampton there were branches to Bournemouth and Weymouth.
The LSWR also had many routes connecting towns in Hampshire and Berkshire, including Portsmouth and Reading.
An epitaph is a short text honouring a deceased person.
Strictly speaking, it is text that is carved on a tombstone or plaque.
Usually it gives the person’s name and dates of birth and death.
Some epitaphs say what the person did, and other things.
Some people write their own epitaphs before they die.
The 2020 UEFA Champions League Final was the final match of the 2019–20 UEFA Champions League.
It was played on 23 August 2020 at the Estádio da Luz in Lisbon, Portugal, between Paris Saint-Germain and Bayern Munich.
The match was held behind closed doors due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey.
Originally, it had been scheduled to be played at the Atatürk Olympic Stadium in Istanbul, Turkey, on 30 May 2020.
On 17 June 2020, the UEFA Executive Committee chose to relocate the final to Lisbon as part of a "final-eight tournament" consisting of single-match knockout ties played in two stadiums across the city.
In the following table, finals until 1992 were in the European Cup era, since 1993 were in the UEFA Champions League era.
The final was originally scheduled to be played at the Atatürk Olympic Stadium in Istanbul, Turkey, on 30 May 2020.
However, UEFA announced on 23 March 2020 that the final was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
The home stadium of Benfica since 2003, it was rebuilt to host five matches of UEFA Euro 2004, including the final.
Before its demolition in 2003, to make way for the new 65,000-capacity ground, the original Estádio da Luz hosted the 1992 European Cup Winners' Cup Final, where Werder Bremen beat Monaco 2–0, and the second leg of the 1983 UEFA Cup Final, where Anderlecht secured a 1–1 draw with Benfica to lift the trophy.
Lisbon had also hosted a European Cup final in 1967, when Celtic beat Inter Milan 2–1 at the Estádio Nacional.
Lisbon also hosted the 2005 UEFA Cup Final at the Estádio José Alvalade, home of Benfica's local rivals and finalists Sporting CP, who lost 3–1 to CSKA Moscow.
Paris Saint-Germain reached their first Champions League final.
They entered the final having played 110 matches in the European Cup and Champions League, the most for a final debutant, surpassing Arsenal's record of 90 matches prior to their final appearance in 2006.
Bayern Munich reached their eleventh Champions League final, tying Milan for the second-most finals behind Real Madrid's 16.
Recently, they appeared in the 2013 final, in which they won 2–1 against Borussia Dortmund for their fifth title.
Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away; N: neutral).
On 20 August 2020, UEFA named Italian Daniele Orsato as the referee for the final.
He was joined with Lorenzo Manganelli and Alessandro Giallatini as assistant referees, Massimiliano Irrati as the video assistant referee and Marco Guida as the assistant VAR official.
The fourth official was Ovidiu Hațegan, while Roberto Díaz Pérez del Palomar and Alejandro Hernández Hernández served as the offside and support VAR officials, respectively.
Each team made one change to their starting line-up following the semi-finals.
After recovering from injury, Keylor Navas started in place of Sergio Rico.
For Bayern Munich, Hansi Flick decided to replace Ivan Perišić, and Kingsley Coman on the left wing.
Jérôme Boateng was also fit to start for Bayern, having suffered a minor injury in the semi-final which required him to be substituted off at half-time.
2020 UEFA Europa League Final
2020 UEFA Women's Champions League Final
2020 in association football
August 2020 events
John Napier (he also signed as Neper, and Nepair) 1550 – 4 April 1617)  was a Scottish landowner,  nicknamed "Marvellous Merchiston".
He was a mathematician, physicist, and astronomer.
He was the 8th Laird of Merchiston.
His Latinized name was Ioannes Neper.
John Napier is best known as the discoverer of logarithms and Napier's constant.
He also invented the so-called "Napier's bones" and made common the use of the decimal point in arithmetic and mathematics.
The London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR was a railway company in England from 1846 to 1922.
Its territory formed a rough triangle, with London at its apex, most of the coastline of Sussex as its base, and a large part of Surrey.
The LBSCR had the most direct routes from London to the south coast seaside resorts of Brighton, Eastbourne, Worthing, Littlehampton and Bognor Regis, and to the ports of Newhaven and Shoreham-by-Sea.
It served the inland towns/cities of Chichester, Horsham, East Grinstead and Lewes, and jointly served Croydon, Tunbridge Wells, Dorking and Guildford.
At the London end was a complicated suburban and outer-suburban network of lines emanating from London Bridge and Victoria, and shared interests in two cross-London lines.
The LBSCR was formed by a merger of five companies in 1846.
On 1 January 1923, it became part of the Southern Railway under the  Railways Act 1921.
Shoreham-by-Sea (often shortened to Shoreham) is a seaside town and port in West Sussex, England.
The town is bordered to its north by the South Downs, to its west by the Adur Valley and to its south by the River Adur and Shoreham Beach on the English Channel.
The town lies in the middle of the ribbon of urban development along the English south coast.
It is about half-way between  Brighton and Hove to the east and Worthing to the west.
Shoreham covers an area of  and has a population of 20,547 (2011 census).
Famous people born in Shoreham-by-Sea
The South Eastern Railway (SER) was a railway company in south-eastern England from 1836 to 1922.
The company was formed to construct a route from London to Dover.
Branch lines were later opened to Tunbridge Wells, Hastings, Canterbury and other places in Kent.
The SER absorbed or leased other railways, including the London and Greenwich Railway and the Canterbury and Whitstable Railway.
Most of the company's routes were in Kent, eastern Sussex and the London suburbs.
There was also a long cross-country route from Redhill, Surrey to Reading, Berkshire.
Much of the company's early history saw attempts at expansion.
This sometimes led to feuds with its neighbours, the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway (LBSCR) in the west and the London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR) to the north-east.