the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
To many people, it was not clear exactly what this meant.
It also meant that the Court was denying relief to the black students in the Brown lawsuits.
As constitutional law scholar Steven Emanuel explains:
Instead of ordering the states to de-segregate right away, the Court created a slower plan.
It gave federal district courts the power to look after whether schools were de-segregating.
Justice Warren wrote: "[These] courts will [make sure] that the defendants make a prompt and reasonable start" toward obeying Brown.
Brown II did make it clear that schools in the United States would have to de-segregate.
It also set out a process for making sure schools integrated, by giving federal district courts the power to supervise the schools, control how long they could have to de-segregate, and punish them if they refused to integrate.
However, many states, especially in the South, were able to avoid integrating their schools for years because Brown II did not set a specific deadline for integration.
Justice Warren's ruling that schools needed to de-segregate "with all deliberate speed" was vague and could have many different meanings.
States and schools that did not want to integrate chose meanings that gave them excuses not to let black students into their schools.
The Griffin case
For example, based on the Brown II ruling, a federal district court ruled that Prince Edward County, Virginia, did not have to de-segregate its schools right away.
Several years later, in 1959, a federal court of appeals ordered the county to start de-segregating its schools.
Prince Edward County responded by refusing to fund (give any money to) the county's schools.
With no money, the schools had to close.
They stayed closed for five years, from 1959 to 1964.
Prince Edward County helped white students go to white-only private schools.
Black students could not go to school at all, unless they moved to a different county.
Finally, in 1964, the United States Supreme Court ruled that what Prince Edward County was doing was unconstitutional, and ordered the schools to re-open  without segregation.
Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (makes school segregation illegal)
Racial segregation in the United States
Joseph Weizenbaum (8 January 1923 - 5 March 2008) was a German-American mathematician and computer scientist.
He became famous for writing the program ELIZA, which simulated a doctor, in the 1960s.
He also became well-known for having a critical attitude to what computers can and should do.
Weizenbaum died of a stroke at age 85, in 2008.
Benjamin Franklin Tilley (March 29, 1848 in Bristol, Rhode Island – March 18, 1907 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was an admiral in the US Navy who served in the American Civil War and the Spanish-American War.
He was also governor of American Samoa.
Native Americans have a long history in the Black Hills.
After conquering the Cheyenne in 1776, the Lakota took over the territory of the Black Hills.
In 1868, the U.S. government signed the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868.
This exempted the Black Hills from all white settlement forever.
But, when European Americans discovered gold there in 1874, miners swept into the area in a gold rush.
The US government reassigned the Lakota, against their wishes, to other reservations in western South Dakota.
Unlike most of South Dakota, the Black Hills were settled by European Americans from population centers to the west and south.
Miners flocked there from earlier gold boom places in Colorado and Montana.
As the economy shifted from mining and logging, the tourism industry has grown.
The Black Hills have two areas: "The Southern Hills" and "The Northern Hills".
The Southern Hills is home to Mount Rushmore National Memorial, Wind Cave National Park, Jewel Cave National Monument, Harney Peak (the highest point in the United States east of the Rockies), Custer State Park (the largest state park in South Dakota, and one of the largest in the US), the Crazy Horse Memorial (the largest Mountain sculpture in the world), and the Mammoth Site in Hot Springs, the world’s largest mammoth research facility.
The Corn Palace is an arena in Mitchell, South Dakota.
The designs on the buildings are covered in corn and other grains.
The Corn Palace has concerts, sports events, exhibits and other community events.
Each year, the Corn Palace is celebrated with a citywide festival, the Corn Palace Festival.
Historically it was held at harvest time in September, but now it happens in August.
Other popular annual events include the Corn Palace Stampede Rodeo in July and the Corn Palace Polka Festival in September.
It is also where the Dakota Wesleyan University Tigers and the Mitchell High School Kernels basketball teams play their games.
Corn Palace Convention & Visitors Bureau
Corn Palace Stampede Rodeo
Corn Palace Fan Site
The Chaplain-Medic massacre was a crime in the Korean War.
It happened on a mountain in South Korea.
Thirty unarmed, and critically wounded United States Army soldiers and an unarmed chaplain were killed by people of the North Korean army during the Battle of Taejon.
Knossos is a Bronze Age archaeological site on the island of Crete.
It is at modern Heraklion.
It may be Europe's oldest city.
Many Roman coins found on the site had 'Knosion' or 'Knos' on one side, and an image of a Minotaur or Labyrinth on the reverse.
These are symbols from the myth of King Minos, supposed to have reigned at Knossos.
The excavations at Knossos began in 1900 by the English archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans (1851–1941) and his team.
They worked there for 35 years.
The palace was excavated and partly restored.
It was large.
The team discovered two ancient scripts, called Linear A and Linear B. From the layering of the palace, Evans developed an idea of the civilization that used it, which he called Minoan.
The palace was built over a previous Neolithic town.
During the Bronze Age, the town surrounded the hill on which the palace was built.
Imre Nagy (7 June 1896 - 16 June 1958) was a Hungarian communist politician.
He was born in Kaposvár.
He was chairman on two occasions.
He was executed by hanging in Budapest.
Lee Buck Trevino (born September 1, 1939) is a retired American professional golfer who was born in Dallas, Texas.
The China National Space Administration (CNSA) is the national space agency of China, and is based in the Haidian District.
It is in charge of the national space program and of managing different space-related activities.
Betts v. Brady, , was a landmark case decided by the United States Supreme Court in 1942.
The case had to do with "indigent" (poor) people who were on trial for crimes, but did not have enough money to pay for a lawyer.
The Court ruled that a person did not need a lawyer to get a fair trial.
They also ruled that the states did not have to pay for free lawyers for poor defendants.
In 1963, the Court reversed its decision in Betts when it decided Gideon v. Wainwright, .
("Counsel" is another word for "lawyer.")
In 1932, the Court decided a case called Powell v. Alabama, .
They ruled that the states had to assign free lawyers to poor defendants, but only if they were being tried for capital crimes.
(Capital crimes are crimes that can be punished with the death penalty.)
Then, in 1938, the Supreme Court ruled in Johnson v. Herbst that in federal courts, any person who was charged with a crime and could not pay for a lawyer had to be assigned a lawyer for free.
However, the Court also ruled that the Sixth Amendment applied only to federal courts  not to state courts.
This meant that if a person was charged with a crime in a state court, and he could not afford a lawyer, he would have to defend himself in court.
In 1941, Betts was indicted (formally charged) with robbery by a court in Maryland.
Betts could not pay for a lawyer.
He asked the court to assign him a free lawyer.
The judge refused.
He said the court only appointed free lawyers to people charged with rape or murder.
Betts had to defend himself, without the help of a lawyer.
He argued that he had been in a different place at the time of the robbery.
He called witnesses who said this was true.
However, the judge did not believe Betts.
He sentenced Betts to eight years in prison.
Betts filed a writ of habeas corpus with a Maryland appeals court.
A writ of habeas corpus asks to be set free from unfair imprisonment.
Betts argued that his imprisonment was unfair because he had not been given a lawyer.
Next Betts filed a writ of habeas corpus to the Court of Appeals of Maryland, the most powerful court in Maryland.
It also denied his petition.
Finally, Betts filed a request with the Supreme Court of the United States, asking them to hear his case.
The Court agreed.
The Betts case brought up some important legal issues for the Court to decide.
The Court had already decided that the right to have a lawyer applied to all people in federal criminal trials; people being tried by the states for rape or murder; and anyone who could pay for a lawyer.
Now they needed to decide whether poor people had the right to have lawyers too, even if they could not pay for them.
If a poor person did not have a lawyer, could they get a fair trial?
Without a lawyer, would a poor person be getting the "due process" that the Constitution required?
If poor people could not get lawyers, would they be getting the "equal protection of the laws?"
On June 1, 1942, the Supreme Court voted 63 against Betts.
They ruled that his conviction was fair.
The Court ruled that having a lawyer was not a basic right.
Usually, a defendant did not need a lawyer to get a fair trial, the Court said.
In each case, the judge was supposed to talk to the defendant to figure out whether any of these "special circumstances" existed.
For example, was the defendant mentally able to defend himself?
Did he have enough education?
Did he understand what happens during a trial?
For 21 years, Betts set a precedent that allowed individual courts and judges to decide whether poor people would be given lawyers or not.
Finally, in 1963, the Supreme Court decided a case called Gideon v. Wainwright, .
In the Gideon decision, the Court admitted that it made the wrong decision in Betts.
A lawyer is needed for a fair trial.
The Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments
1942 in the United States
1940s in law
A mamba is a fast-moving venomous snakes of the genus Dendroaspis (means "tree asp").
They are native to Africa.
The black mamba is one of the well-known species and is also the most feared.
Other members include the eastern green mamba, western green mamba and Jameson's mamba.
Most mambas are arboreal, meaning they live in trees.
The only exception is the black mamba, which lives on land.
All mamba species hunt during the day.
They prey on birds, lizards and small mammals.
There are many stories of mambas chasing humans, but these snakes usually prefer to avoid contact with humans.
Humans are actually their main predators, rather than prey.
Because mambas and cobras are in the same family, they share some similarities.
Like the cobra, a mamba might display a hood when threatened.
However, a mamba's hood is more narrow and is longer.
A mamba usually opens its mouth when threatened, so they lean forward unlike the cobra which usually stands erect.
All mambas are very venomous.
Their venom is mostly comprised of neurotoxins, which attack the nervous system.
The venom can also contain cardiotoxins (which damage the heart muscle) and fasciculins (which cause muscle twitches).
The toxicity of the venom varies.
Changes in the toxicity can even be caused by the weather or altitude.
Chanel is a French fashion company created by  Coco Chanel (19 August 1883 – 10 January 1971).
It designs clothing, perfumes, luxury goods and jewellery, usually of simple design.
It is widely known for the "little black dress" and Chanel No.
5 perfume.
The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) is an American organization that works to protect marine life.
It was founded in 1977 by activist Paul Watson, a former member of  Greenpeace.
One of the things they heavily campaign against is whaling.
Sea Shepherd Conservation Society website
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Canada are some of the most advanced in the world.
During the British North America era, same-sex relationships were illegal.
They were punishable with capital punishment.
Homosexual activity became legal in 1969.
Same-sex marriage became legal in 2005.
Swinging is a human sexuality based on multi-partner relations.
In contrast with an affair, both partners are consenting to sexual exchange of one and the other.
It was this exchange that creates a certain eroticism and even sexual arousal.
Neufchâtel-en-Bray is a commune of Seine-Maritime.
It's famous as cheese production: the Neufchâtel.
The Iris nebula is a reflection nebula in the constellation of Cepheus.
It is about 1,300 light-years away from Earth.
Escobedo v. Illinois, , was a landmark United States Supreme Court case decided in 1964.
The Court ruled that suspects in crimes have the right to have a lawyer with them while they are being questioned by the police.
This case was decided just a year after the Court ruled in Gideon v. Wainwright, , that indigent (poor) criminal defendants had a right to be assigned free lawyers at trial.
Crime and arrests
Danny Escobedo's brother-in-law, Manuel Valtierra, was shot and killed on the night of January 19, 1960.
Escobedo was arrested without a warrant early the next morning and interrogated.
However, Escobedo did not admit anything to the police, and was let go that afternoon.
Another man named Benedict DiGerlando had also arrested, and the police thought he was another suspect.
DiGerlando told the police that Escobedo's brother-in-law, Valtierra, treated Escobedo's sister badly.
Because of this, Escobedo had shot and killed Valtierra, said DiGerlando.
On January 30, 1960, the police again arrested Escobedo, as well as his sister, Grace.
While driving them to the police station, the police explained that DiGerlando had told them Escobedo was guilty.
The police urged him and Grace to confess.
Escobedo again refused.
Escobedo asked to speak to his lawyer, but the police refused.
They said that although he was not formally charged with a crime yet, he was in police custody and could not leave.
Escobedo's lawyer went to the police station and asked many times to see Escobedo, but was not allowed to.
Police and prosecutors interrogated Escobedo for fifteen hours.
They made Escobedo stand, handcuffed, for the entire time.
Escobedo continued to ask to speak with his lawyer, and they continued to refuse.
Escobedo later said that the police promised him he could go free, and would not be charged with murder, if he just confessed to the crime.
Finally, after "becoming more emotional," Escobedo said something about being connected with the crime.
The police took this as an indirect confession.
At his murder trial, the prosecution used Escobedo's 'confession' as its most important evidence against him.
A jury convicted Escobedo of murder and sentenced him to 20 years in prison.
Escobedo appealed his conviction to the Illinois Supreme Court.
His trial lawyer refused to help him, so Escobedo wrote the appeal himself.
However, after the Supreme Court got his appeal, he did receive a volunteer lawyer named Barry Kroll.
Together, they argued that Escobedo's right to a lawyer had been violated and that his confession had been coerced (made because of pressure, lies, and threats).
At first, the Illinois Supreme Court agreed, and decided to give Escobedo a whole new trial.
But later, it reversed its decision.
The members of the court had changed their minds and decided Escobedo was guilty after all.
They refused to reverse or change the original trial court's sentence.
Finally, Kroll and Escobedo appealed to the United States Supreme Court.
The Court had already decided that people had the right to a lawyer during trials.
However, the Court had always thought that the Sixth Amendment's right to a lawyer applied to people only after they were "accused," once they were already "in... criminal prosecutions," as the Amendment itself says.
Did people have the right to a lawyer during police interrogations?
If the police refuse to let a suspect have a lawyer during an interrogation, are they violating the Sixth Amendment?
If so, would that make anything the suspect said inadmissible?
(Inadmissible evidence is evidence which cannot be used in court to prove a person's guilt.)
For Escobedo
The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) helped Kroll argue before the Court.
They argued that the police violated not only Escobedo's Sixth Amendment rights, but also his Fourteenth Amendment rights.
Escobedo's team argued that the police took away his freedom without due process or equal protection of the laws by:
Not letting him have a lawyer
This denied him the protection of the Sixth Amendment's right to a lawyer
This also denied him his right to due process and a fair trial
Not telling him about his rights, like his right not to say anything to the police
This denied him the protection of those rights
Against Escobedo
Lawyers for Illinois argued that the police officers did the right thing when they refused to let Escobedo have a lawyer.
According to the law and past Supreme Court cases, the right to a lawyer was not guaranteed until a person had actually been charged with a crime.
Illinois also argued that if the Court ruled in favor of Escobedo, the results for law enforcement could be terrible.
If lawyers had to be at every interrogation, it would be almost impossible to get confessions.
The Escobedo case divided the Supreme Court.
By a vote of 5-4, the Court ruled in favor of Escobedo.
They threw out his conviction, and he went free.
The Court ruled that the Sixth Amendment does apply to police interrogations.
In other words, people have the right to a lawyer when they are being questioned by the police.
Specifically, the Court ruled that the right to a lawyer begins before a person is charged with a crime.
It begins when the police start treating a person like a suspect.
Justice Arthur J. Goldberg wrote the Court's majority opinion.
He rejected the state of Illinois' argument that having lawyers around would be terrible for law enforcement.
The Escobedo decision affected every police department, prosecutor, and court in the country:
Police departments had to change their rules and their ways of getting confessions.
Now they have to make sure that if a suspect asks for a lawyer, he gets one
Before using confessions in court, prosecutors now have to make sure that the suspect had a lawyer with him when he gave the confession
Courts now had different rules about how to decide whether a confession is admissible (whether it can be used as evidence in court).
If police refuse to let a suspect talk to a lawyer, anything the suspect says after that is inadmissible.
It cannot be used as evidence that the suspect is guilty.
Escobedo also added extra protections for suspects.
It allows them to use their Sixth Amendment right to a lawyer as soon as they become a suspect, not just after they are charged with a crime.
Miranda v. Arizona (requires police to tell suspects about their rights before questioning them)
1960s in Illinois
The Caldwell catalogue is an astronomical catalogue of 109 objects.
It includes star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies for observation by amateur astronomers.
The list was compiled by English astronomer Patrick Moore as a complement to the Messier catalogue.
The Messier catalogue is used by amateur astronomers as a list of deep-sky objects for observation.
However, it was not compiled for that purpose.
It does  not include many of the sky's brightest deep-sky objects, such as the Hyades, the Double Cluster (NGC 869 and NGC 884), and the Sculptor Galaxy (NGC 253).
The Messier catalogue was compiled as a list of known objects that might be confused with comets.
As Messier got his list from observations in Paris, it did not include bright deep-sky objects visible in the Southern Hemisphere, such as Omega Centauri, Centaurus A, the Jewel Box, and 47 Tucanae.
So Moore compiled a list of 109 objects – to match the accepted number of Messier objects.
The list was published in Sky & Telescope in December 1995.
The Sunflower galaxy (Messier 63 or NGC 5055) is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Canes Venatici.
It is about 37 million light-years away from Earth.
NGC 6334 is an emission nebula and star-forming region in the constellation of Scorpius.
NGC 1291 is a ring galaxy in the constellation of Eridanus.
It is about 33 million light-years away.
A ring galaxy is a kind of galaxy that has a ring shape.
Hoag's Object and NGC 1291 are two examples.
The ring is made up of many massive, young blue stars, which are extremely bright.
The middle of the galaxy contains far less luminous matter.
Some astronomers believe that ring galaxies are formed when a smaller galaxy passes through the center of a larger galaxy.
Because galaxies are mostly made up of empty space, a collision rarely happens between stars.
However, the gravitational disruptions could cause a wave of star formation to move through the larger galaxy.
Other astronomers think that rings are formed around some galaxies when an accretion disc is formed.
Star formation would then result from the shocks and compressions in the newly formed disc.
United States district courts hold trials, like state courts do.
However, the Constitution only gives federal courts the power to hear certain kinds of cases.
For example, federal courts can hear cases about:
Whether a law is constitutional
Disagreements between two or more states
Crimes that happen at sea
United States Ambassadors' treaties
There are 94 U.S. district courts in the United States.
Every district court also includes a bankruptcy court.
Each state (and Washington, D.C.) has at least one district court.
So do four U.S. territories: Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
The next-most powerful federal courts are the United States Courts of Appeals.
They are also called "appellate courts."
There are 13 Courts of Appeals.
The 94 district courts are organized into 12 larger areas, called "circuits."
Each Court of Appeals deals with appeals filed in their circuit.
For example, the Districts of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, Rhode Island, and Puerto Rico are grouped together into the "First Circuit."
If, for example, somebody wanted to appeal a decision made by the District Court of Massachusetts, they would write an appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.
Locations of District Courts
Here is a map that shows which circuit each United States District Court is in.
States that are the same color are in the same circuit.
Each circuit has a number on it  for example, Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi are in the 5th Circuit.
The dotted lines on the map also show the areas which the District Courts cover.
On the map, some states have no dotted lines in them.
This means there is only one District Court in that state.
For example, Alaska has only one District Court: the District Court of Alaska.
This court covers the entire state of Alaska.
Other states are divided into more than one district.
The dotted lines on the map show where one district ends and another begins.
For example, on the map, Washington is divided down the middle by a dotted line.
Washington has two District Courts: the District Court for the Western District of Washington, and the District Court for the Eastern District of Washington.
List of District Courts
Here is a list of information about all of the United States District Courts.
Just like with the map, districts that are in the same circuit are the same color.
The colors are the same as the map (for example, districts in the 8th Circuit are orange on the map and on the list).
To sort this table, click on the little triangle on the top row of the table, in the column you want to sort by.
Federal judiciary of the United States (the whole federal court system)
Swati (also known as Swazi) ( SiSwati) is part of the Nguni group of Bantu languages.
It is spoken by about 1.5 million people in Eswatini and South Africa.
It is one of the eleven official languages in South Africa.
It is taught in the schools of Eswatini, and in some South African schools.
Swati is closely related to Phuthi, a language spoken in Lesotho, and to Zulu, Ndebele and Xhosa.
Swati has four main varietes: Shiselweni, Hhohho, Manzini and Shiselweni.
They correspond with the four administrative regions of Eswatini.
The trusty system was a system that Mississippi State Penitentiary and other prisons used to control prisoners.
In the trusty system, some prisoners were given more power than others.
These trusties guarded the other prisoners.
The trusty system worked out well for prison officials because they did not have to pay civilian (non-prisoner) guards to control the prisoners.
However, the trusties kept the other prisoners under control through physical abuse, torture, fear, and humiliation.
Finally, in 1974, a federal court ruled that the trusty system, and the whole prison, were violating the United States Constitution by giving out cruel and unusual punishments.
This ruling ordered the trusty system to be shut down.
Mississippi State Penitentiary was built in 1901.
It was originally called Parchman Farm.
Mississippi law said that the prison had to pay for itself  and make a profit for the state.
In other words, the prison had to pay for everything it needed itself, and make money for the state.
Basically, this meant Parchman was like a business for the state of Mississippi.
It was like a business that used slave labor  the state made money without having to pay for anything, including workers' salaries.
In fact, one year, Parchman earned $180,000 for the state of Mississippi  not including what it had to spend on itself.
The Governor of Mississippi, James K. Vardaman, even said the prison was run “like an efficient slave plantation.”
This hurt other local businesses, which did have to pay their workers and other costs.
The prison warden controlled the prison completely.
Nobody from outside of the prison ever came in to see what was going on.
Because of this, nobody outside the prison knew what Parchman was really like.
For example, in 1911, the New York Times wrote an article congratulating the Mississippi prison system for figuring out how to keep people in prison and make money at the same time.
Also, because no outsiders ever came into Parchman, the conditions and abuse at the prison changed very little from the time it opened in 1903 until the Gates v. Collier case forced it to change.
The prison had  approximately  of good farmland.
Prisoners grew cash crops (crops which prison officials could sell to make money), like cotton.
They also bred livestock.
Trusties control the prison
As of 1973, there were about 1,900 inmates at Parchman.
Two-thirds were black.
Black and white inmates were kept apart.
However, Mississippi law said that the prison could hire 150 staff members at most, so the prison would not cost too much.
This meant there were about 13 inmates for every staff member.
There just were not enough staff members to guard the prisoners, make the prison work every day, take care of the farm, and do everything else they needed to do.
With so few staff members, the inmates did all the farm work.
Also, with so few guards, inmate trusties did most of the guardian and punishing other prisoners.
Trusties also did most of the paperwork, office work, and cleaning.
Basically, the trusties ran the prison system.
Abuse of prisoners
In the trusty system, some trusties had more power than others.
The most powerful were the "trusty shooters."
They were allowed to carry rifles and shoot at or around prisoners who made mistakes.
Sometimes they hit them with their shots.
They whipped prisoners who did not pick enough cotton in a day.
They were in charge of the inmates' barracks, fields, and the farms.
They could give punishment, and they could also suggest more punishment in the "special punishment area."
Very few people supervised what the trusty shooters did.
For example, the farm's camps of black inmates were supervised by one white sergeant.
Under him, black trusty shooters, who were serving sentences for murder, carried rifles and enforced discipline.
End of the system
For years, there were protests over Parchman's abuse of prisoners' civil rights.
Eventually, a civil rights lawyer named Roy Haber began to collect evidence of the abuse.
They said that prison trusties punished and tortured prisoners in ways that were painful and humiliating on purpose.
A United States District Court, and then the more powerful Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, strongly agreed with the prisoners.
Both courts ruled that Parchman was violating the prisoners' constitutional rights.
Both courts found that trusties gave prisoners all kinds of cruel and unusual punishments, including:
However, some states, like Texas, continued to use trusty systems (renamed "building tenders") until the 1980s, when Federal Judge William Wayne Justice, in the case of Ruiz v. Estelle, 503 F. Supp.
1265 (S.D. Tex.
1980), ordered Texas to end the system.
Ryan Drummond (born January 10, 1973) is an American actor, voice actor, mime and comedian.
He is best known for voicing Sonic the Hedgehog in several installments of the Sonic the Hedgehog series from 1998 to 2004.
He is also known for being the bass vocalist in the A.Y.U. Quartet since 1991.
He has been starring in a musical comedy in San Diego called "Forever Plaid".
Drummond married his wife, Lisa Drummond, on October 8, 2002.
He and his wife, Lisa Drummond, are divorced in 2019.
Role !!
| 1997 || Baywatch || DJ Johnny Jam || Episode: "Baywatch at Sea World"
| 1998 || Two Guys, a Girl and a Pizza Place || Isaac Glickstein || Episode: "Two Guys, a Girl and an Elective"
| 2001 || The Chronicle || Andy || Episode: "What Gobbles Beneath"
| 2001 || The Invisible Man || Mime, Man || 2 Episodes: "Money for Nothing: Part 2", "Immaterial Girl"
| 2003-06 || Sonic X || Sonic the Hedgehog/Super Sonic/Dark Sonic || Originally
| 2004 || Veronica Mars || Associate || Episode: "You Think You Know Somebody"
| 2005 || Point Pleasant || Booth Vendor || Episode: "Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Choked"
| 2009 || Trauma || Fair Patron || Episode: "All's Fair"
| 2011 || Dual Suspects || Robert Evans || Episode: "Fast Food Fatality"
S.C.R.A.M., 1994 studio album by the A.Y.U. Quartet - Harmony & Lead Vocals
Atomic Young Ultrasonics, 1996 studio album by The A.Y.U. Quartet - Harmony & Lead Vocals
Acappella Yuletide Uproar'', 2010 studio album by The A.Y.U. Quartet - Harmony & Lead Vocals
The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit is one of the 13 appeals courts in the United States's federal court system.
In case citations, the Court's name is abbreviated "5th Cir."
The 5th Circuit
The Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit is the appeals court that has jurisdiction, or legal power, to review cases decided by less powerful courts in the 5th Circuit.
These less powerful courts are called United States district courts.
They are federal trial courts.
If someone wants to appeal a decision that one of these courts made, they would have to appeal to the Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit.
The Court has 17 judges.
The main court building is located in the John Minor Wisdom United States Court of Appeals Building in New Orleans, Louisiana.
The court clerk's office is at the Felix Edward Hébert Federal Building in New Orleans.
Famous decisions
The Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit decided a landmark case called Gates v. Collier, which stopped the severe physical abuse of prisoners by "trustys" at Mississippi State Penitentiary (then called Parchman).
Federal judiciary of the United States (the entire federal court system)
Steven Browning Sample (November 29, 1940 – March 29, 2016) was the 10th president of the University of Southern California (USC).
He became president in 1991 and was succeeded by C.L. Max Nikias on August 3, 2010.
Before he was president at USC, he held the same position at the University at Buffalo (UB) in the State University of New York (SUNY) system from 1982 to 1991.
He was succeeded by William R. Greiner.
In 2001, Sample was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, but said he still felt able to serve as president of USC.
On March 29, 2016, Sample died at the age of 75.
He had lived in San Marino, California.
Steven B. Sample University at Buffalo presidential biography
University of Southern California, President website
Engineers from Missouri
The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (in case citations, 9th Cir.)
is the largest of the 13 appeals courts in the United States's federal court system.
It hears cases from federal trials courts in nine western states and two Pacific Island jurisdictions.
The 9th circuit
Headquartered in San Francisco, California, the Ninth Circuit is by far the largest of the thirteen courts of appeals, with 29 active judgeships.
The court's regular meeting places are in Seattle, Portland, San Francisco and Pasadena.
Panels of the court occasionally travel to hear cases in other locations within the circuit.
Although the judges travel around the circuit, the court arranges its hearings so that cases from the northern region of the circuit are heard in Seattle or Portland, cases from southern California are heard in Pasadena, and cases from northern California, Nevada, Arizona, and Hawaii are heard in San Francisco.
For lawyers who must come and present their cases to the court in person, this administrative grouping of cases helps to reduce the time and cost of travel.
History and background
The large size of the current court is due to the fact that both the population of the western states and the geographic jurisdiction of the Ninth Circuit have increased dramatically since the U.S. Congress created the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in 1891.
The court was originally granted appellate jurisdiction over federal district courts in California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington.
As new states and territories were added to the federal judicial hierarchy in the twentieth century, many of those in the West were placed in the Ninth Circuit: the newly acquired Territory of Hawaii in 1900, Arizona upon its admission to the Union in 1912, the Territory of Alaska in 1948, Guam in 1951, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in 1977.
The Philippines were never under the Ninth Circuit's jurisdiction.
Congress never created a federal district court in the Philippines from which the Ninth Circuit could hear appeals.
Instead, appeals from the Supreme Court of the Philippines were taken directly to the Supreme Court of the United States.
The cultural and political jurisdiction of the Ninth Circuit is just as varied as the land within its geographical borders.
In a dissenting opinion in a rights of publicity case involving the Wheel of Fortune star Vanna White,  Circuit Judge Alex Kozinski sardonically noted that "[f]or better or worse, we are the Court of Appeals for the Hollywood Circuit."
Judges from more remote parts of the circuit note the contrast between legal issues confronted by populous states such as California and those confronted by rural states such as Alaska, Idaho, Montana, and Nevada.
Judge Andrew J. Kleinfeld, who maintains his judicial chambers in Fairbanks, Alaska, wrote in a letter in 1998: "Much federal law is not national in scope....It is easy to make a mistake construing these laws when unfamiliar with them, as we often are, or not interpreting them regularly, as we never do."
Ninth Circuit home page
Action Comics is an current comic book series.
Superman first appeared in it.
It is one of the longest comic series in America.
It started in 1938.
Ricardo Goulart Pereira or simply Ricardo Goulart (; born 5 June 1991), is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao in the Chinese Super League as an attacking midfielder.
When a person commits a capital crime, a mitigating factor is something that might help the person avoid getting the death penalty.
("To mitigate" means "to decrease."
A "factor" is something that causes something else.
So, in law, a mitigating factor is something that can cause punishment to decrease.)
Mitigating factors do not automatically result in decreased punishment.
Judges and juries also think about aggravating factors  things that are likely to cause a more severe punishment.
Also, mitigating factors are not an excuse for committing a crime.
They may help explain what caused a person to commit a crime, but they do not mean the person did nothing wrong.
Sixteen countries in Africa have abolished the death penalty (made it illegal in the country).
Another 22 countries have not used the death penalty in over 10 years, or have a moratorium (a temporary stop) on the death penalty.
According to Cornell University's Law School, as of 2015, only one of the countries in Africa that still uses the death penalty has laws about mitigating factors.
That country is Botswana.
In Botswana, a person convicted of murder is given the death penalty unless they can show mitigating factors.
However, the law in Botswana does not say what these mitigating factors could be, or give examples.
This means it is up to each individual judge to decide whether something is a mitigating factor.
The law in Botswana does not allow judges to consider mitigating factors from before the murder.
For example, if a person was abused as a child, or was abused by their victim, these could not count as extenuating circumstances.
Only things that happened right at the time of the murder are considered as mitigating factors.
Mandatory death penalty
Nine countries in Africa that use the death penalty have mandatory death sentences for certain crimes.
This means courts will not consider any mitigating factors, no matter what.
Only two countries in the Americas have executed a person in the past ten years: the United States and St. Kitts and Nevis.
The rest have abolished the death penalty or have a moratorium in place.
St. Kitts and Nevis allows the death penalty for murder or treason.
One of the country's Supreme Court decisions said that the death penalty must only be used with "the most exceptional and extreme cases of murder."
However, the law does not seem to define what makes a murder "exceptional" and what mitigating factors might prevent the death penalty.
In the United States, mitigating factors are very important in death penalty cases.
Mitigating factors can help prosecutors decide whether to ask for the death penalty.
Also, the United States Supreme Court has ruled several times that judges and juries must think about mitigating factors before deciding on a sentence.
The United States Supreme Court has made the mandatory death penalty illegal.
To be fair, the Court ruled, each judge or jury has to think about whether an individual defendant deserves the death penalty.
The defendant was young when they committed the crime, though not younger than 18
The defendant was not able to understand how wrong their crime was (they had "impaired capacity")
The defendant committed the crime while they were badly mentally ill or having severe emotional problems
The defendant was intoxicated with drugs or alcohol
Asia-Pacific region
Mandatory death sentences
In 1968, a 19-year-old named Norio Nagayama murdered four people in Japan.
The Japanese Supreme Court sentenced him to death.
In the same ruling, the Supreme Court set out nine different things that Japanese courts needed to think about before sentencing a person to death:
However, these nine things are not all equal.
For example, a person could have five mitigating factors (they were young, they felt terrible about the crime, and so on).
However, if the victim's family very much wanted the killer to get the death penalty, the judge might order the death penalty anyway.
In this Japanese system, mitigating factors do not "outweigh" aggravating factors.
In the late 1990s, China started working on making punishments fit the crime, instead of requiring the death penalty automatically for many crimes.
For example, in 1999, China's Supreme People's Court ruled that the death penalty should not be used if there were mitigating circumstances  for example, if a murder victim did something to cause the crime or make the situation worse.
In 2012, China wrote new rules for sentencing criminals.
They include stricter rules for sentencing, so judges have a few specific choices for sentences.
Then they can think about mitigating factors (and aggravating factors) to decide which of these choices fits the crime the best.
Examples of mitigating factors under these new rules include surrendering and confessing to police.
Political scholar Benjamin MacQueen writes that some Middle Eastern countries, like Algeria, give "mitigated sentences" to people who belong to terrorist groups or the insurgency (groups fighting against different governments in the Middle East.
These people get they death sentences cancelled, and their prison sentences cut by years or even decades, he says.
This way, the state and prison officials can look like they were doing nothing wrong; they were just letting people out early for behaving well in jail.
At the same time, the terrorists and insurgents could go back to fighting, and the states could support them without looking like they really were.
Europe and Central Asia
As of January 2016, Belarus is the only country in Europe or Central Asia that still uses the death penalty.
Some other countries still have death penalty laws, but they have not used the death penalty in over 10 years, or they have a moratorium (a temporary stop) on the death penalty.p.
41  Outside of Belarus, nobody has been executed in Europe since 1997.
The European Union is strongly against the death penalty, and fights for this punishment to be ended throughout Europe.
Any country that wants to be in the European Union must first end the death penalty in their country.
The only mitigating factor listed in Belarus's laws is mental illness.
If a person becomes mentally ill after being sentenced, and they cannot understand or control their behavior, they are not given the death penalty.
However, if they recover, they are executed, no matter how long it has been.
The law in Belarus also lists some groups of people that cannot be executed, no matter what.
People who were under age 18 when they committed their crimes
People who are older than 65 when they are sentenced
International courts
Since the end of the Nuremberg Trials after World War II, the major international courts in the world have outlawed the death penalty in their courts.
For example, in 1993, the United Nations set up an International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (which is still prosecuting people as of 2016).
In 1994, the United Nations Security Council set up the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, to look into and punish crimes committed during the Rwandan Genocide.
Neither of these courts were allowed to hand out death sentences.
In 1998, the International Criminal Court was created as a permanent international.
Its job is to look into and try war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide, wherever in the world they happen.
However, no matter how bad these crimes are, the ICC is not allowed to use the death penalty as a punishment.
Selkirk Transit is a public transit system based in Selkirk, Manitoba.
The operators are Selkirk and District handi bus.
http://mysta.ca/
Selkirk is a Town   in Manitoba.
It is west of Winnipeg.
It was named after the 5th Earl of selkirk.
It was incorporated as a Town in 1882 and as a CITY    in 1998 and as a Town again in 2018
Selkirk has many businesses.
These include McDonald's, Dairy Queen, and A&W. It also has Sterling Press and International Pipe.
James Hadley "Jay" Snyder (born February 7, 1975) also known by his stage name as Dan Green, is an American voice actor, voice director and script adapter who is known for his work with 4Kids Entertainment, DuArt Film and Video, NYAV Post and Central Park Media.
He is best known for his voice work as Yugi Mutou in the Yu–Gi–Oh!
franchise and as Knuckles the Echidna in Sonic X and in the Sonic the Hedgehog video game franchise from 2005 to 2010.
He married his wife Michal Lura Friedman, a singer and fellow voice actress in 2008.
they were married for four years until her death in 2011, from complications during childbirth.
They have two children, Jackson James Snyder and Reverie Vivian Snyder.
The United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit is one of the 13 appeals courts in the United States's federal court system.
In case citations, the Court's name is abbreviated "1st Cir."
The 1st Circuit
The Court of Appeals for the 1st Circuit is the appeals court that has jurisdiction, or legal power, to review cases decided by less powerful courts in the 1st Circuit.
If someone wants to appeal a decision that one of these courts made, they would have to appeal to the Court of Appeals for the 1st Circuit.
About the Court
The First Circuit is the smallest of the thirteen United States courts of appeals.
As of 2016, the Court has six full-time judges and six judges on senior status.
Senior status is like being partly retired.
Three of the Senior Judges do not hear any cases.
The others may hear cases if they choose to.
Since he retired from the United States Supreme Court, Justice David Souter regularly sits on the First Circuit "by designation."
This means he is a visiting judge who comes to hear cases at the First Circuit, to add his knowledge and experience.
The Court usually "sits" (meets at the Courthouse and hears cases) for one week a month, eleven months per year.
Court sittings are held in the mornings, usually between 9:30 AM and 1:00 PM (EST).
For one month out of the year  either July or August  the Court takes a summer break and does not meet.
In every month except September and the Court's summer break month: The Court sits for one week each month, starting on the first Monday of the month
In both March and November: The Court sits for an extra week at the Jose V. Toledo Federal Building and United States Courthouse in Old San Juan, Puerto Rico
In September: The Court starts on the Wednesday after Labor Day, sits for the three days in that week, and sits for all five days the next week
On March 3, 1891, the United States Congress created the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.
Congress approved two judgeships for the Court (it allowed two judges to sit on the Court).
On January 28, 1915, Congress passed a law that added the District of Puerto Rico to the First Circuit.
The law said that the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit would hear appeals from Puerto Rico's district court.
The Zomi Baptist Church is a christian believer church.
In India the  Zomi Baptist Church (ZBC) was established in 1982.
The ZBC headquarters is at Champhai, India.
In  Myanmar the ZBC is known as ZBCM (Zomi Baptist Church in Myanmar).
Nowadays the ZBC is also present in the United States (Tulsa) and other countries in the world.
707 (1956), was a case heard before a three-judge panel of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama on Montgomery and Alabama state bus segregation laws.
The District Court ruled 2-1, with one dissenting, on June 5, 1956 that bus segregation was unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment protections for equal treatment.
The state and city appealed, and the decision was upheld by the United States Supreme Court on November 13, 1956.
A motion for clarification and for rehearing was denied on December 17, 1956.
About two months after the Montgomery Bus Boycott began, civil rights activists reconsidered the case of Claudette Colvin.
She was a 15-year-old girl who had been the first person arrested in 1955 for refusing to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus.
Black leaders had been looking for a test case to test the constitutionality of the segregation laws of the state of Alabama and the city of Montgomery.
One of the attorneys, Clifford Durr, was concerned that an appeal of Mrs. Rosa Parks' case would get tied up in the Alabama state courts.
They needed a way to get directly to the federal courts.
Colvin and several others who were discriminated against on Montgomery busses, agreed to become plaintiffs in a federal civil action lawsuit, thus bypassing the Alabama court system.
The bus company said segregation was valid on "privately owned busses" which operated according to the laws of the city and state.