the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia
South Ossetia and Abkhazia separated from Georgia.
Armenian separatists of Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan.
In the 16th and 17th century, certain people in Great Britain wanted to become independent of the Church of England.
The separation of beliefs and/or practices is often followed by a migration.
The dissident group may fear sanctions for heresy if they stay in their original homeland.
Physical separation of different religions
The Partition of British India into the modern-day countries of India, Pakistan,  Bangladesh and Myanmar (which was called Burma at the time).
In India, most people are Hindu, in Pakistan, Islam is the state religion.
In Bangladesh most people are Muslim.
In Myanmar most are Buddhist.
The Partition of the British Mandate of Palestine into Jewish and Arab nations.
This has led to separatism between the Jewish nation (Israel) and the Arab nations (Jordan and the Palestinian territories).
Racial separatists are against their members marrying with other races.
They want separate schools, businesses, churches and other institutions or even separate societies, territories and governments.
Black separatism is the idea to create separate institutions for black people in the United States
There were two wars in South Africa, where the Boer wanted to form an independent state: The First Boer War and the Second Boer War
Separatist feminism is a form of feminism
Segregation, forced separation
List of unrecognized countries
Ugni is a genus of plants of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae).
Four species belong to this genus, all from western America.
They are small evergreen shrubs.
The leaves are simple, entire, opposite, elliptical; they are 1–2 cm long and 0.2-2.5 cm broad, dark green, and with a spicy scent if broken into many small pieces.
The solitary flowers are usually hanging; they are 1–2 cm diameter with four or five white or pale pink petals and many short stamens.
The fruit is a small red or purple berry, 1 cm in diameter, with many seeds.
The name comes from Uñi with which the Mapuches (native people from south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina) name the fruits of the best known species of the genus, Ugni molinae.
The genus was formerly often included in either Myrtus or Eugenia; it is distinguished from these two genera by the hanging flowers with stamens shorter than the petals.
The Russian botanist Nicolai Stepanowitsch Turczaninow created the genus Ugni in 1849.
Ugni candollei (Barnéoud) O.Berg: Chile
Ugni molinaeTurcz.:
Chile and Argentina
Ugni myricoides (Kunth) O.Berg: Southern Mexico, Central America to Bolivia, Venezuela and northern Brazil
Ugni selkirkii (Hook. &
Arn.)
O.Berg: Endemic species of the Juan Fernández Islands, Chile
Ugni molinae is grown as an ornamental plant and for its edible fruits; these fruits are also used to make jams.
Ugni in Encyclopedia of the Chilean Flora
Ugni molinae at ChileBosque
Flora of Chile: Ugni
Trees and shrubs of Ecuador: Ugni
The Bell X-1 is a famous US jet aircraft.
It was the first aircraft in the world that reach a speed of Mach 1 in level flight.
It was the October 14th 1947.
Its pilot was Chuck Yeager.
World War II.
It is a modernized variant of the P-39 Aircobra.
Refused by USA and UK, it was used by Free France and USSR as fighter-bomber.
After war some were used by Honduras.
More than 3300 examples were built between 1943 and 1945.
P-63
The Curtiss C-46 Commando is an American cargo aircraft.
It was mainly used by US Army Air Force and US Navy for the World War II and after the Korean War.
It was called R5C-1 by US Navy.
After 1945 many were sold to airlines across the world.
It's often confused with the Douglas C-47 Skytrain.
The Dassault Super Mirage 4000 is a prototype of a fighter aircraft.
It was built in France by Dassault Aviation to compete McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle and Panavia Tornado.
Its first flight was in 1979, but it was refused by the French Air Force.
Since 1995 it is at the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace, near Paris.
Super Mirage 4000
The Dassault Falcon 20 is a French twin-turbojet aircraft.
It was the first business jet built in France.
It can carry two pilots and between eight and twelve passengers.
Militaries variant
The United States Coast Guard uses a special variant for search and rescue and reconnaissance called HU-25 Guardian.
A similar aircraft is used by French Navy as Gardian for operations in Overseas France.
Falcon 20
The Dassault Falcon 10 is a French light business jet.
It's a shorter variant of the Falcon 20.
Between 1973 and 1985 a total of 212 examples were built.
Some are used by French Navy as training aircrafts.
Falcon 10
The Gloster Gladiator is a biplane fighter aircraft of the World War II.
It was built in UK and used by Royal Air Force, especially in Malta.
Sea Gladiator was a variant, built for operations from an aircraft carrier, and used by Fleet Air Arm.
Belgium, Finland, and Norway also used it.
It was the last biplane fighter in service in UK.
The Leduc 0.10 is an experimental jet aircraft.
Built in France, it was the first aircraft in the world to fly powered just by a ramjet.
In 2013 it is at the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace.
The Duke of Norfolk is an aristocrat or peer in the United Kingdom.
He is Earl Marshal in the House of Lords.
He has a family home at Arundel Castle in West Sussex.
His family have long been Catholic.
They paid for the building of Arundel Cathedral.
The title dates to 1397.
As of 2013 the holder of the title is the 18th Duke, Edward Fitzalan-Howard.
He took the title in 2002.
The McDonnell FH Phantom was one of the first U.S. jet fighters.
It was used by the US Navy and US Marines Corps from aircraft carriers between 1947 and 1954.
Mc Donnell F2H Banshee is a modernized variant.
Arundel Cathedral is a Roman Catholic church in West Sussex in Southern England.
It was built in 1868.
It is dedicated to Our Lady and Saint Philip Howard, the 20th Earl of Arundel, who died in the Tower of London under Queen Elizabeth I.
Kensuke Shinzaki (born December 2, 1966) is a Japanese professional wrestler.
He is better known under the ring names, Jinsei Shinzaki and Hakushi.
He competed in the World Wrestling Federation in 1995 where he portrayed a Japanese villain named Hakushi (White Messenger).
e debuted in a match against a young Matt Hardy which Hakushi won.
He gained victories over Aldo Montoya and 1-2-3 Kid.
He embarked on a short feud with Bret Hart and also competed in the 1996 Royal Rumble but was eliminated by Bret's brother, Owen Hart.
During a match against Justin "Hawk" Bradshaw, Bradshaw hit Hakushi with a branding iron after Bradshaw defeated him and Hakushi  had been so humiliated by the branding that he (kayfabe) left the WWF.
AJPW All Asia Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Hayabusa)
Tohoku Tag Team Championship (three times) (with Último Dragón (one) and Gaina (two))
Futaritabi Tag Tournament (1994) (with Super Delfin)
He was ranked #209 of the 500 best singles wrestlers by PWI during the "PWI Years" in 2003.
Michinoku Pro Wrestling profile
Arundel is a small town on the River Arun in West Sussex, England.
It is the site of Arundel Castle, the seat of the Duke of Norfolk, and the Catholic Arundel Cathedral.
It is 10 miles east of Chichester.
A flower pot is a container in which flowers and other plants are grown.
They are traditionally made from terracotta, but are now often also made from plastic, wood or stone.
The flower pot is filled with soil and have a plant planted in them.
Often there are holes in the bottom, to allow water to flow out, sometimes into a saucer that is placed under the flowerpot.
If the plant becomes too big for the pot, it is moved to a bigger one.
Lafont won the César Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her role in An Impudent Girl (L'Effrontée) in 1985.
For her long service to the French motion picture industry, in 2003 she was awarded an Honorary César.
Lafont was born on 28 October 1938 in Nîmes, Gard, France.
She has been married to Gérard Blain from 1957 until they divorced in 1959.
Then she was married to Diourka Medveczky until they divorced.
She had a daughter, actress Pauline Lafont (1963-1988).
Lafont died on 25 July 2013 in Nîmes, Gard, France from cardiac arrest, aged 74.
Johnson was born on February 11, 1925 in Springfield, Missouri.
She studied at Drury University.
Johnson divorced her first husband, with whom she had had two children – Scott Forstall and Lisa Evans – in 1956.
Then she was married to William H. Masters from 1971 until they divorced in 1992.
Johnson died on July 24, 2013 in St. Louis, Missouri from an illness, aged 88.
Educators from Missouri
William Howell Masters (December 27, 1915 – February 16, 2001) was an American gynecologist, best known as the senior member of the Masters and Johnson sexuality research team.
Along with Virginia Eshelman Johnson, he pioneered research into the nature of human sexual response and the diagnosis and treatment of sexual disorders and dysfunctions from 1957 until the 1990s.
Masters was born on December 27, 1915 in Cleveland, Ohio.
He was married three times, all marriages ended in divorce.
Masters died on February 16, 2001 in Tucson, Arizona from Parkinson's disease, aged 85.
Married... with Children is an American sitcom.
It aired for 11 seasons.
It is about a family living in a fictional Chicago, Illinois, suburb.
It stars Ed O'Neill, Katey Segal, Amanda Bearse, Christina Applegate, David Faustino, Ted McGinley, and David Garrison.
On April 22, 2012, Fox re-aired the series premiere in honor of its 25th anniversary.
According to Jim is an American television sitcom.
It stars Jim Belushi as a suburban father of three children (five children starting with the season-seven finale).
It originally ran on ABC from October 1, 2001 to June 2, 2009.
George Lopez (also known as The George Lopez Show) is an American sitcom starring comedian George Lopez.
The show originally aired on ABC from March 27, 2002, to May 8, 2007.
Emiliano Díez and Belita Moreno also star in the show.
Aurabela "Belita" Moreno (born November 1, 1949 in Dallas, Texas) is an American actress best known for her roles as Benita "Benny" Lopez on the ABC sitcom George Lopez and Edwina Twinkacetti/Lydia Markham on Perfect Strangers.
Belita Moreno profile at Starpulse.com
Date of birth of Belita Moreno confirmed as November 1, 1949 at Texas Births, 1926-1995.
Family Tree Legends Records Collection (Online Database).
Pearl Street Software, 2004-2005
Emiliano Díez (born 26 August 1953 in Havana, Cuba) is a Cuban movie and television actor.
He is best known for his role as Victor Palmero in the sitcom George Lopez, as well as his role as Manny Beltrán in the sitcom Los Beltrán.
Valente Rodriguez (born February 14, 1964 in Edcouch, Texas) is an American actor.
He is best known for his role as Ernesto "Ernie" Cardenas on the sitcom George Lopez.
He currently stars as Cesar in the TV Land sitcom Happily Divorced.
She is known for her role as Angie Lopez on George Lopez (2002–2007) and for her role as Marcella Quintanilla (mother of Selena) in the 1997 movie Selena.
She now plays Regina Vasquez on the ABC Family drama Switched at Birth.
Constance Pallo's Spay/neuter PSA in English
Luis Armand Garcia,  (born March 9, 1992) is an American actor.
He is best known for his role as Max Lopez on the sitcom George Lopez.
Garcia was born on March 9, 1992 in LaGrange, Illinois.
He moved to Los Angeles, California.
He lives in Valencia, California.
He graduated from high school in 2010.
Luis Armand Garcia at tvguide.com
Aimee Garcia (born November 28, 1978) is an American actress, known for her roles as Veronica Palmero on the sitcom George Lopez and Jamie Batista on the Showtime drama Dexter.
Aimee Garcia interview
Paranoia is an American drama thriller movie directed by Robert Luketic.
The screenplay was written by Barry L. Levy and Jason Dean Hall, based on the 2004 novel of the same name by Joseph Finder.
It stars Liam Hemsworth, Gary Oldman, Harrison Ford, Amber Heard and Josh Holloway.
The Conjuring is a 2013 American supernatural horror movie.
The movie is based on the real life events of Ed and Lorraine Warren.
It is set in Rhode Island in 1971.
It stars Patrick Wilson, Vera Farmiga, Ron Livingston, Lili Taylor, Mackenzie Foy, and Joey King.
The Conjuring was released in the United States and Canada on July 19, 2013, and in the United Kingdom on August 2, 2013.
A prequel titled Annabelle was released in October 2014.
A sequel, The Conjuring 2 was released in 2016.
Family Weekend is an American comedy/drama movie.
It was the first movie directed by Benjamin Epps.
It stars Matthew Modine, Kristin Chenoweth, Olesya Rulin, Joey King, Shirley Jones, and Chloe Bridges.
It was released on March 29, 2013.
Michael James "Mick" Dodson, AM (born 10 April 1950, in Katherine, Northern Territory) is an indigenous Australian activist, lawyer and teacher.
He is the director of the National Centre for Indigenous Studies at the Australian National University.
He is also a professor of law at the university's College of Law.
He was previously director of the Indigenous Law Centre at the University of New South Wales.
He was named Australian of the Year in 2009.
Dodson was born in Katherine, in the Northern Territory.
He is a member of the Yawuru people, who are the traditional owners of the land around Broome, in Western Australia.
His brother is Patrick Dodson, who has become a well-known Aboriginal leader as well.
Their parents died when they were still children.
When this happened, Mick moved to Monivae College, a boarding school in Hamilton, Victoria.
He graduated in law from Monash University in 1974.
He was the first indigenous person to graduate from law in Australia.
Dodson has been an important advocate of land rights and other issues affecting Indigenous Australians.
He was a commissioner with the Australian Human Rights Commission from April 1993 to January 1998.
From August 1988 to October 1990, he worked with the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody.
He is currently a chairperson of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS).
Cronyn was born in July 18, 1911 in London, Ontario, Canada.
He studied at Ridley College and at McGill University.
Cronyn was married to Emily Woodruff from 1934 until they divorced in 1936.
Then he was married to Jessica Tandy from 1942 until her death in 1994.
Then he was married to Susan Cooper from 1996 until his death in 2003.
Hume Cronyn at Virtual History
Hume Cronyn - Internet Accuracy Project
Edward Cuthbert Platt (February 14, 1916 – March 19, 1974) was an American actor best known for his role as "The Chief" in the 1965-70 NBC/CBS television series Get Smart.
With his deep voice and mature countenance, he played an eclectic mix of characters over the span of his career.
Platt was born on February 14, 1916 in Staten Island, New York City.
He studied at Juilliard School of Music and at Princeton University.
Platt was married to Suzanne Belcher from 1954 until his death in 1974.
Platt died on March 19, 1974 in Santa Monica, California from a heart attack, aged 58.
However, one of his sons confirmed that Platt committed suicide after two previous attempts while suffering from an undiagnosed and untreated depression that was further sparked by financial troubles.
It is also said that Platt's Get Smart co-star Don Adams knew the real cause of death.
"Chief" places 6th on Great Secondary TV Characters list
Barbara Feldon (born March 12, 1933) is an American character actress who works mostly in the theatre but is primarily known for her roles on television.
Her most well-known role was that of Agent 99 on the 1960s sitcom Get Smart.
She also worked as a model.
Institute of Political Studies in Belgrade is a leading academic institution in Belgrade, Serbia.
It is for research of political science.
The institute was started in 1968.
It developed out of the research unit of the High School of Political Science.
It developed into a modern and independent scientific institution.
After separating from the Faculty of Political Science in Belgrade, the Institute for Political Studies was given the status of independent scientific institution.
It was given this status in 1978.
The institute does research work in the field of political science.
It particularly deals with problems of national importance in Serbia.
Beside the scientific work, the institute is for certain fields of education.
It offers research services, such as political marketing, consulting services, research of public opinion, and media.
One of the main activities of the institute is publishing.
It produces monographs, magazines, journals and other publications.
The institute's scientific projects are focused on the development of political science as a university subject.
The institute carries out numerous projects in the fields of law, political systems, international relations, political economy, sociology and political theory.
Serbian Political Thought
Political Review
National Interest
Christina Cox (31 July 1971) is a Canadian actress.
She acts in television programs and independent movies.
She became known for playing Eve Logan in The Chronicles of Riddick.
She is also a stuntwoman who did boxing stunts for Hilary Swank in Million Dollar Baby.
Cox was born in Toronto.
Lanu-puisto is a park near Pikku-Vesijärvi in Lahti, Finland.
It contains 12 statues by Olavi Lanu, made of concrete.
It was built 1988-1992.
Olavi Lanu in Lahti library's pages
A tube amplifier is a sound amplifier that uses vacuum tubes instead of transistors to amplify signal.
Some people think the sound from tube amplifiers is better than transistor-based amplifiers.
Even the measured distortion would be higher with vacuum tubes.
To distort is to change the shape of something.
Distortion may refer to:
Distortion in electrical signal
Distortion, a type of musical effect that can be controlled using an effect pedal
Distortion (economics), a state where the agent does not maximize its profit or utility
Cognitive distortion, irrational thought patterns
In statistics, the bias of an estimator is sometimes called distortion
In medicine, a Strain (injury) is called distortion
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) issues tax forms to people and organisations who pay tax in the United States.
These documents are used by taxpayers to report information about their finances.
This includes information about income, which is required by the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) in order to calculate how much tax must be paid to the federal government of the United States.
There are over 800 forms.
The best-known of these is Form 1040 used by individual people.
Types of forms
Form 1040 is used by individual people.
It is used to report their income, calculate how much tax they have already paid, and how much more they need to pay.
These are issued every year, and each person must send the form back with their information written in.
The forms are normally due by April 15 of the next year.
Form 990 provides the public with financial information about a specific organization.
It is also used by government agencies to make sure organizations that do not have to pay tax (such as non-profit organizations) comply with the rules.
By doing this, they make sure that these organizations are really not making any profits.
Form 1040NR is used by foreign workers who have earned income from the United States.
Informational returns report information to taxpayers to help them complete their own tax returns.
They are prepared by employers and banks.
Copies of them are also sent to the IRS.
An example is Form 1098, which is used to report interest that a taxpayer has paid on his or her mortgage.
Several forms begin with the code W. Some examples of these include:
Form W-2 is used by an employer to report wages paid to employees.
It also reports the tax that was deducted from those wages.
Employers must complete a Form W-2 for each employee to whom they pay a salary or wage.
An employer must mail out the Form W-2 to employees on or before January 31.
This gives the employees about 2 months to finish their tax returns before the April 15 due date.
Form W-9 is used to request a taxpayer's identification number and certification.
To apply for this, the taxpayer must give some basic information like name, marriage status, and social security number.<ref name="internal1">Internal Revenue Code § 31.3406(h)-3</ref
The Division of Aston is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria.
It was created in 1984 and is named for Tilly Aston.
Aston was a blind writer and teacher who helped setup the Library of the Victorian Association of Braille Writers in 1894.
Aston is in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne, including Rowville, Scoresby, Knoxfield, Vermont and Wantirna.
2016 election result
Division of Aston - Australian Electoral Commission
Alan Tudge's website
The Division of Batman was an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria.
It was created in 1906 and replaced the Division of Northern Melbourne.
It was abolished in 2019 and replaced by the Division of Cooper.
It took its name from John Batman, one of the founders of the city of Melbourne.
At first it covered the inner suburbs of Carlton and Fitzroy, but as the boundaries changed it moved north.
It included Alphington, Clifton Hill , Northcote, Preston, Reservoir and Thornbury.
Brian Howe was the Deputy Prime Minister in the Hawke and Keating governments.
Martin Ferguson was the leader of the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) before being elected.
David Feeney was elected to the Australian Senate in 2007, and resigned to take up a seat in the House of Representatives.
Division of Batman - Australian Electoral Commission
David Feeney's website
A balanced circuit is a way to connect electrical signal wires together to avoid interference.
To do this, the two or more wires must be in the same cable.
Balanced audio cables in studios commonly add a grounded wire, and use XLR connectors or phone connectors.
Balanced circuits first became standard practice in early 20th century telephone lines.
A rotary switch is an electric switch.
It may have several positions.
Its position can be changed by rotating.
Commodore VIC-20 was a home computer released in 1980.
It was made by Commodore Business Machines.
It was the first computer that sold over million sets.
The Commodore VIC-20 was powered by a 6502 CPU, running at 1 MHz.
Though the system reportedly had 5KB of RAM, users only had access to about 3.5KB for BASIC programs.
It had no internal, permanent, data storage, but could save programs on standard audio tapes and later, on 5.25 inch floppy disks.
In early 1985,this computer was discontinued.
Commodore 16 was a home computer made by Commodore International.
It was intended to replace VIC-20 computer, but it failed.
It was only sold in Europe.
The Incredible Burt Wonderstone is a 2013 comedy movie directed by Don Scardino.
It stars Jim Carrey, Steve Carell, Steve Buscemi, Alan Arkin, Olivia Wilde, and James Gandolfini.
It was released on March 8, 2013.
Flight is a 2012 drama movie directed by Robert Zemeckis.
It stars Denzel Washington, Kelly Reilly, Melissa Leo, Don Cheadle, and John Goodman.
Critic Roger Ebert gave the movie four out of four stars.
It was released on November 2, 2012.
It was nominated for two Academy Awards.
Jessica Kelly Siobhán Reilly (born 18 July 1977) is an English actress.
She is known for her roles in Eden Lake, Sherlock Holmes, After Miss Julie, Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows, and Flight.
Reilly was born on 18 July 1977 in Surrey, England.
She has been married to Kyle Baughner since 2012.
Richard I of Normandy (933–996), also known as Richard the Fearless (French, Sans Peur), was the "Duke of Normandy" from 942 to 996.
Richard made Normandy into a feudal society where he owned all the land.
His followers held on to the lands given them by remaining loyal to him.
He made Normandy a much stronger a power in western France.
Richard was the son of William Longsword, princeps or ruler of Normandy.
His mother's name was Sprota.
She was a Breton prisoner captured in war who William later married.
William Longsword was told of the birth of a son after the battle with Riouf and other viking rebels.
But he kept this a secret until a few years later.
When he first met his son he kissed him and made him the heir to Normandy.
William then sent Richard to be cared for in Bayeux.
When his father died, Richard was only 10 years old (he was born in 933).
King Louis IV of France decided to take charge of Normandy himself.
The king placed the young duke in the custody of the count of Ponthieu.
Then the king gave the lands in lower Normandy to Hugh the Great.
Louis kept Richard a prisoner at Lâon.
Fearing the king was going to harm the boy Osmond de Centville, Bernard de Senlis (who had been a companion of Richard's grandfather Rollo), Ivo de Bellèsme, and Bernard the Dane freed Richard.
In 946, Richard agreed to be a ward of Hugh, Count of Paris.
He then allied himself with the Norman and Viking leaders.
Together they drove Louis out of Rouen and took back Normandy by 947.
In 962 Theobald I, Count of Blois, attacked Rouen.
But Richard's army defeated them.
Lothair king of West Francia stepped in to prevent any more war between the two.
For the rest of his reign Richard chose not to make Normandy bigger.
Instead he worked on making Normandy stronger.
Richard used marriages to build strong alliances.
His marriage to Emma gave him a connection to the Capet family.
His wife Gunnor was from a rival Viking group in the Cotentin.
His marriage to her gave him support from her family.
Her sisters married several of Richard's loyal followers.
Also Richard's daughters provided valuable marriage alliances with powerful counts as well as to the king of England.
Richard also made sure the church and the great monasteries were doing well.
His reign was marked by a long period of peace and tranquility.
Richard died in Fecamp, Normandy, on 20 November 996.
William married first (960)to Emma, daughter of Hugh "The Great" of France.
They were promised to each other when both were very young.
She died after 19 March 968, before they had any children.
Richard had children with his concubine Gunnora.
Richard later married her to make their children legitimate:
Richard II "the Good", Duke of Normandy
Robert II, Archbishop of Rouen, Count of Évreux
Mauger, Earl of Corbeil
Emma of Normandy, wife of two kings of England
Maud of Normandy, wife of Odo II, Count of Blois, Champagne and Chartres
Hawise of Normandy married Geoffrey I, Duke of Brittany
Papia of Normandy
William, Count of Eu
Illegitimate Children
Geoffrey, Count of Eu
William, Count of Eu (-),
Beatrice of Normandy, Abbess of Montvilliers d.1034 m. Ebles of Turenne
930s births
Betsy Ross (January 1, 1752 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – January 30, 1836 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), born  Elizabeth Griscom and also known by her second and third married names Elizabeth Ashburn and Elizabeth Claypoole, is widely known as making the first American flag.
There is, however, no evidence that the story is true.
Flag: An American Biography website
Betsy Ross Homepage from ushistory.org
The Douglas A-1 Skyraider is an attack aircraft designed and built in the United States.
Its first flight was in 1945, but it was too late to be flown in World War II.
Originally designed for the US Navy, it was also used by the US Air Force, Fleet Air Arm and French Air Force.
It was used by US pilots in the Korean War and Vietnam War, and by the French in the Algeria War.
Some were modified for reconnaissance or electronic warfare.
Before 1962, the US Navy's A-1 were called AD.
The North American Aviation OV-10 Bronco is a twin-turboprop reconnaissance and light attack aircraft.
It was designed and built in the United States.
The US Air Force, US Marines Corps, and US Navy used it in the Vietnam War.
It was also used by the German and Indonesian air forces.
Spherical geometry is the use of geometry on a sphere.
It was started for cartography, as well as for making maps of stars.
It is different from Euclidean geometry (which is always on a plane), and Non-Euclidean geometry.
Points are defined in the same way as they are in Euclidean geometry: A point is at a defined location on the sphere.
A "staight line" is different though: It is the shortest path between two points, which stays on the surface of the plane.
Some theorems of Euclidean geometry cannot be used on the sphere, many of them have been adapted though.
The SPAD S.XII is a French fighter aircraft of World War I. It was used by French pilots, but also by Belgians, British, and American pilots.
More than 8400 examples were built.
SPAD S.13
Photobleaching is when a dye or a fluorophore (a chemical that re-emits light) breaks down from exposure to strong light; similar to how the detergent chemical bleach breaks down dye in clothing.
Introduction to Optical Microscopy an article about photobleaching
The Cotentin Peninsula (\kō-ˌtäⁿ-ˈtaⁿ\), also known as the Cherbourg Peninsula, is a peninsula in Normandy that is part of the coast of France.
It extends in a northwest direction into the English Channel.
To its west are the Channel Islands and to the southwest is the Brittany Peninsula.
It is in the Departement of Manche, in the region of Normandy.
The largest town is Cherbourg on the north coast.
Cherbourg is a major port on the English Channel.
The west coast of the Cotentin known as Côte des Îles ("Islands Coast") faces the Channel Islands.
Ferry links serve Carteret, and the islands of Jersey, Guernsey and Alderney from the port of Dielette.
The peninsula formed part of what the Romans called Armorica.
Coutances was the capital of the Unelli, a Gaulish tribe.
It got its name Constantia in 298 during the reign of Roman emperor Constantius Chlorus.
Under the Carolingians it became known as the Cotentin and was controlled by viscounts.
For some time these were members of the Saint-Sauveur family.
They lived at Saint-Sauveur on the Douve river.
In the ninth century, Vikings settled the Cotentin, which became part of Normandy in the early tenth century.
Many place names there come from the Norse language.
Examples include La Hague, and La-Hougue both derived from the Old Norse word haugr meaning a hill or mound.
Until the construction of modern roads, the peninsula was almost inaccessible in winter because of marshland cutting off the higher ground.
This explains occasional historical references to the Cotentin as an island.
King Alan the Great of Brittany waged war successfully on the Norsemen.
As the result of his conquests, the Cotentin Peninsula was included in the territory of the Duchy of Brittany.
After his death, the Norsemen invaded and occupied Brittany from 907 to 939.
While they were eventually expelled by Alan's grandson, Alan II, Duke of Brittany, the subsequent rulers of Brittany were weaker than Alan the Great.
The succeeding Dukes of Brittany suffered continuing Norse invasions and Norman raids.
Eventually the Cotentin Peninsula was lost to the  Brittany, and became part of Normandy.
In 1088 Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, gave the Cotentin to his brother Henry, later King Henry I of England.
Henry, as count of the Cotentin, established his first power base there and in the adjoining Avranchin to the south During the Hundred Years' War, King Edward III of England landed in the bay of La Hogue, and then came to the Church of Quettehou in Val de Saire.
It was there that Edward III knighted his son Edward, the Black Prince.
A remembrance plaque can be seen next to the altar.
The naval Battle of La Hogue in 1692 was fought off Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue near Barfleur.
The town of Valognes was, until the French Revolution, a provincial social resort for the nobility, nicknamed the Versailles of Normandy.
The social scene was described in the novels of Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly (himself from the Cotentin).
The grand houses and châteaux; were destroyed during World War II.
During World War II, part of the 1944 Battle of Normandy was fought in the Cotentin.
The westernmost part of the D-Day landings was at Utah Beach, on the southeastern coast of the peninsula.
What followed was a campaign to occupy the peninsula and take Cherbourg.
The main economical resource is agriculture.
Dairy farming is a prominent activity.
Along the west coast, renowned vegetables are grown, such as the carrots of Créances.
The renowned trademark "Florette" was created in Lessay.
The region is also famous for its shellfish culture.
These include oysters from Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue and Pirou.
Other products are alcoholic beverages like cider and calvados, made from locally grown apples and pears.
The region hosts two important Nuclear power plants.
At Flamanville there is the Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant.
The other is the COGEMA La Hague site.
It is a large nuclear waste reprocessing and storage complex operated by Areva NC.
The nuclear power industry provides many jobs in the region.
The roads used for transport of nuclear waste have been blocked many times in the past by environmental action group Greenpeace.
Local environmental groups have voiced concerns about the radioactivity levels of the cooling water of both these nuclear sites.
These are being flushed into the bay of Vauville.
However, the radioactivity is much lower than the natural background levels and does not pose any hazard.
The state-owned shipyard DCNS has built French nuclear submarines since the 1960s.
Privately owned CMN builds frigates and patrol vessels for various states, mostly from the Middle East.
Tourism is also an important economic activity in this region.
Many tourists visit the D-Day invasion beaches, including Utah Beach in the Cotentin.
At Sainte-Mère-Église a few miles away from the beach, there is a museum dedicated to the 82nd Airborne Division and the 101st Airborne Division.
The Cité de la Mer in Cherbourg is a museum of oceanic and underseas subjects.
The main attraction is Redoutable, the first French nuclear submarine, launched in 1967.
Due to its relative isolation the Cotentin is one of the last remaining places the Norman language is spoken.
The Norman language writer Alfred Rossel, native of Cherbourg, composed many songs which form part of the heritage of the region.
Rossel's song Sus la mé ("on the sea") is often sung as a regional patriotic song.
Renaud, Jean   Les Vikings et la Normandie (Ouest-France.
2002) ISBN/ISSN : 2-7373-0258-7
Renaud, Jean   Les dieux des Vikings  (Ouest-France.
2002) ISBN/ISSN : 2-7373-1468-2
The Aérospatiale SA-315 Lama is a French helicopter designed and built for operations in mountains.
It is used by both civilians and the military.
It is a fuselage of Alouette II which was assembled an Alouette III's turboshaft.
Many were built in India as Cheetah.
George Herbert Hitchings (April 18, 1905 – February 27, 1998) was an American doctor.
He shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Sir James Black and Gertrude B. Elion for their discoveries of important steps for drug treatment.
The Amazon Standard Identification Number (ASIN) is number used by Amazon.com to identify books.
When there is a ten-digit ISBN code, the ASIN is usually the same number.
The ASIN can be useful to use when a book is old and has no ISBN code.
Fuji Television is a Japanese broadcasting company.
It is part of a large media company that also owns the record label and film group Pony Canyon, the newspaper Sankei shinbun, and other TV networks.
The Division of Northern Melbourne was an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria.
It was one of the first 75 divisions set up for the first Federal election in 1901.
It was located in the inner northern suburbs of Melbourne, including the suburbs of Carlton, North Melbourne and Fitzroy.
It was abolished in 1906 when the boundaries were redrawn and mostly replaced by the Division of Batman.
The division was held by one member, H. B. Higgins.
Higgins was Attorney General from 1904 to 1905.
He was appointed a Justice of the High Court of Australia in 1906.
Isaac Selby, who was an unsuccessful candidate in the 1901 election, became famous in 1905 when he tried to shoot a judge during a court case in San Francisco.
Northern Melbourne
Soups have been made since ancient times.
This page lists a selection of well-known soups from the various cuisines around the world.
They are sorted by the type of soup.
Some soups are served with large chunks of meat or vegetables left in the liquid; these are categorised below as "chunky".
A broth is a flavoured liquid usually made from boiling a meat and bone or vegetable for a period of time in a stock.
A common type of broth is consommé.
A potage is a category of thick soups, stews or porridges.
In some of them, meat and vegetables are boiled together with water until they turn into a thick mush.
Bisques are creamy soups traditionally made with shellfish, but can be made with any type of seafood.
The base of cream soups is dairy.
Chowders are thick soups usually containing some type of starch.
Coulis were originally meat juices, and now are thick purees.
Some soups are only ever served cold, and other soups can be served cold as an option.
Household hardware, equipment sold in hardware stores
Computer hardware, physical devices that make up a computer system
Electronic component, a basic electronic element
Digital electronics, the hardware used by digital computer systems that can be controlled by software
Vibe (band)
Fedor Jeftichew, better known as Jo-Jo the Dog-Faced Boy (1868 - January 31, 1904) was a Russian sideshow performer.
Like his father, Adrien, with whom he performed, Jo-Jo was afflicted with hypertrichosis, an abnormal growth of hair over the face and body.
Jo-Jo was covered with long, silky hair and was said to resemble a Skye terrier.
Jo-Jo was born in St Petersburg, Russia in 1868.
He began touring Europe in 1873.
He was five feet eight inches tall, had only four or five teeth, and spoke Russian, German, and a little English.
He dressed like a Russian cavalryman.
He would bark at an audience, and would perform as often as 23 times a day.
In 1886, he was making US$500 a week.
Jo-Jo toured Europe and Russia, playing in fairgrounds.
He was discovered by Charles Reynolds in London, England.
Jo-Jo was performing with his father, Adrien, who resembled a poodle.
Reynolds realized the Dog-Faced Boy could be presented in a more professional manner.
He took the boy to the United States on the City of Chicago on 12 October 1884.
A press conference was called.
Journalists were allowed to pull Jeftichew's hair to be assured it was real and not pasted on.
The New York Herald described Jeftichew as "the most extraordinary and absorbingly interesting curiosity that has ever reached these shores."
In 1884, Jeftichew signed with P. T. Barnum.
Barnum stated (falsely) that Jo-Jo was captured by a hunter in the wilds of central Russia.
Barnum advertised him as "the most prodigious paragon of all prodigies secured by P. T. Barnum in fifty years.
The Human Skye Terrier, the crowning mystery of nature's contradictions."
He toured Europe with Barnum and Bailey's Greatest Show on Earth in 1901 and 1902.
He died in Greece in 1904 while on tour of pneumonia.
He was the subject of a song recorded by Annette Funicello in the 1960s and was a character in an episode of the television series, Buffy the Vampire Slayer.
Bondeson, Jan. 2000.
The Two-Headed Boy, and Other Medical Marvels.
Cornell University Press.
DeMello, Margo.
Faces Around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face.
ABC-CLIO.
p. 176.
2006 (pbk).American Sideshow: An Encyclopedia of History's Most Wondrous and Curiously Strange Performers.
p. 144.
Nickell, Joe.
Secrets of the Sideshows.
University Press of Kentucky.
Sideshow performers
Epiphany is a Christian holiday or festival on January 6.
It celebrates the revelation of the Christ child to the Gentiles, when the Magi or wise men visited Bethlehem to see Jesus, by following a star.
It is recorded in the Gospel of Matthew, chapter 2.
Epiphany is included in the Christmas time.
Catholic encyclopedia
Bangor is a town in Franklin County, New York, United States.
There were 2,224 people living in Bangor at the 2010 census.
The town was founded around 1806.
It is named after Bangor in Wales.
Communities and locations in Bangor
Baconville – A former community in the southwest part of the town.
Bangor – The hamlet of Bangor is in the south part of the town.
Cooks Corners – A hamlet in the north of the town.
North Bangor – A hamlet in the north of the town.
West Bangor – A hamlet west of Bangor village.
It was formerly called "Pottersville."
Korpilahti is a former municipality of Finland.
It was merged with Jyväskylä on 1 January 2009.
Ranua is a municipality in Finland.
As of 2013, almost 4,200 people lived there.
Neighbouring municipalities are Ii, Simo, Tervola, Rovaniemi, Posio and Pudasjärvi.
As of January 2014, there were almost 4,150 people living in Ranua.
Simojärvi, Näskäjärvi, Penämönjärvi, Impiönjärvi and Ranuanjärvi.
There is also many smaller lakes in the area.
Posio is a municipality in Finnish Lapland.
As of January 2014, about 3,660 people lived there.
The Magi were "wise men from the east" who came to Jerusalem during the reign of Herod :  'saying, Where is he that is born King of the Jews?' (
Gospel of Matthew chapter 2 verse 1) Their visit to Jesus, guided by the Star of Bethlehem is celebrated every year at Epiphany on January 6, just after Christmas.
Magi at Catholic encyclopedia
Tornio () is a town in Lapland, Finland.
As of January 2014, the municipality had a population of almost 22,400.
Neighbouring municipalities are Kemi, Keminmaa, Tervola and Ylitornio.
Bordering Tornio in Sweden is Haparanda.
Kozienice is a city in Poland.
In 2009 its population was 18,075.
Through the city swims a river Zagożdżonka.
Kemi is a town in Finnish Lapland, Finland.
As of 2013, the municipality had a population of about 22,150.
Neighbouring municipalities are Keminmaa, Simo and Tornio.
Inari is a municipality in Lapland.
As of 2013, about 6,730 people lived there.
Neighbouring municipalities are Enontekiö, Kittilä, Sodankylä and Utsjoki.
The largest urban area in Inari is Ivalo.
Inari covers more area than any other municipality in Finland.
Lake Inari is in Inari.
There are also over 8,000 other lakes.
That is why the size of the municipality is so large.
The River Vaskojoki is located in western Inari.
It flows to the lake Paateri.
Pello is a municipality in Finland.
As of 2013, about 3,800 people lived there.
In statistics, a sample is part of a population.
The sample is carefully chosen.
It should represent the whole population fairly, without bias.
When treated as a data set, a sample is often represented by capital letters such as  and , with its elements being represented in lowercase (e.g., ), and the sample size being represented by the letter .
The reason samples are needed is that populations may be so large that counting all the individuals may not be possible or practical.
Therefore, solving a problem in statistics usually starts with sampling.
Sampling is about choosing which data to take for later analysis.
As an example, suppose the pollution of a lake should be analysed for a study.
Depending on where the samples of water were taken, the studies can have different results.
As a general rule, samples need to be random.
This means the chance or probability of selecting one individual is the same as the chance of selecting any other individual.
In practice, random samples are always taken by means of a well-defined procedure.
A procedure is a set of rules, a sequence of steps written down and exactly followed.
Even so, some bias may remain in the sample.
Consider the problem of designing a sample to predict the result of an election poll.
All known methods have their problems, and the results of an election are often different from predictions based on a sample.
If you collect opinions by using telephones, or by meeting people in the street, you won't ask people who don't answer phone calls or who don't walk on the street.
Therefore, in cases like this a completely neutral sample is never possible.
In such cases a statistician will think about how to measure the amount of bias, and there are ways to estimate this.
A similar situation occurs when scientists measure a physical property, say the weight of a piece of metal, or the speed of light.
If we weigh an object with sensitive equipment we will get minutely different results.
No system of measurement is ever perfect.
We get a series of estimates, each one being a measurement.
These are samples, with a certain degree of error.
Statistics is designed to describe error, and carry out analysis on this kind of data.
A complete sample includes all the elements that have a given property.
An unbiased or representative sample is produced by taking a complete sample and selecting elements from it, in a process that does not depend on the properties of the elements.
If a population has obvious sub-populations, then each of the sub-populations needs to be sampled.
This is called stratified sampling.
Stratified sampling is also known as stratified random sample.
Stratified sampling is often represented as proportion, such as percent (%).
Suppose an experiment set out to sample the incomes of adults.
Obviously, the incomes of college graduates might differ from that of non-graduates.
Now suppose the number of male graduates was 30% of the total male adults (imaginary figures).
Then you would arrange for 30% of the total sample to be male graduates picked at random, and 70% of the total to be male non-graduates.
Repeat the process for females, because the percentage of female graduates is different from males.
That gives a sample of the adult population stratified by sex and college education.
The next step would be to divide each of your sub-populations by age groups, because (for example) graduates might gain more income relative to non-graduates in middle age.
Another type of stratified sample deals with variation.
Here larger samples are taken from the more variable sub-populations so that the summary statistics such as the means and standard deviations, are more reliable.
Mean (statistics)
Enontekiö is a municipality in Lapland, Finland.
As of 2013, about 1,890 people lived there.
Neighbouring municipalities are Inari, Kittilä and Muonio.
Enontekiö shares a border with Norway and Sweden.
The point where the borders of Finland, Norway and Sweden meet is Treriksröset.
This is located about 10 km west of Kilpisjärvi village.
A monument was built at Treriksröset in 1926.
It replaced an earlier monument built of stone in 1897.
Saana mountain
Halti mountain
Pihtsusköngäs, 17 meters higs waterfall
Pukkila is a municipality in Finland.
As of 2013, about 2,040 people lived there.
The municipalities next to it are Orimattila, Myrskylä, Askola and Mäntsälä.
The municipality of Pukkila was established in 1898.
Official community website
Kerava is a town in Finland.
It is in the province of Southern Finland and is part of the Uusimaa.
The town has a population of 34,601 (28 February 2013).
The municipalities next to it are Vantaa, Tuusula and Sipoo.
A sound level meter (or sound meter) is a device used to measure sound pressure levels.
It is often used to study and measure different kinds of noise, especially industrial and transport noise.
The display indicates sound level in decibel units.
The 2012 Pacific hurricane season was started on 15 May 2012 in the eastern Pacific, and on 1 June 2012 in the central Pacific.
It ended on 30 November.
These dates are usually the period during which most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.
However, Tropical Storm Aletta formed on 14 May.
Hurricane Bud was the first major hurricane of the season.
It was one of three storms to turn into a hurricane during the month of May.
In the middle of June, Hurricane Carlotta came ashore near Puerto Escondido, Mexico.
Seven people were killed by Carlotta and caused damage costing about MX$1.4 billion (US$107.7 million).
Hurricane Paul caused major damage to Baja California Sur.
Hurricane Emilia was the only Category 4 hurricane.
It started as a Tropical Depression near the coast of Mexico.
It then intensified into a Category 3 hurricane, and later into a Category 4.
National Hurricane Center's Eastern Pacific Tropical Weather Outlook
Porvoo () is a town in Uusimaa, Finland.
It has a lot of old buildings.
Neighbouring municipalities are Askola, Loviisa, Myrskylä, Pornainen and Sipoo.
Trinity Church () is a Roman Catholic church in Halmstad in Sweden.
It is part of Saint Mary Catholic Parish within the Catholic Diocese of Stockholm.
Churches in Sweden
1980s establishments in Sweden