the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
These include a domed or oblong hut similar to a wickiup, a permanent structure made of wood and earth, or even a simple hole dug into the ground and covered with wood.
Stones are typically heated and then water poured over them to create steam.
In ceremonial usage, these ritual actions are accompanied by traditional prayers and songs.
Native Americans in many regions use the sweat lodge.
For example, Chumash peoples of the central coast of California build sweat lodges in coastal areas in association with habitation sites.
The ancient Mesoamerican tribes of Mexico, such as the Aztec and Olmec, practiced a sweat bath ceremony known as temazcal as a religious rite of penance and purification.
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry (also known as John Brown's raid or The raid on Harpers Ferry) was an effort by white abolitionist John Brown to start an  armed slave revolt in 1859.
He attacked and captured the United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
Brown's raid, accompanied by 21 men in his party, was defeated by a platoon of U.S. Marines led by Colonel Robert E. Lee.
John Brown had originally asked Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass, both of whom he had met in Springfield, Massachusetts, to join him in his raid.
Tubman was prevented by illness.
Douglass declined because he believed Brown's plan would fail.
Brown came from a staunch Calvinist and anti-slavery family.
He failed at most business ventures he tried and declared bankruptcy at age 42.
He attended a meeting of abolitionists in Cleveland, Ohio in 1837 that changed his life.
He publicly declared he would destroy the institution of slavery.
By 1848 he was already making plans to start a rebellion.
In 1856 Brown, four of his sons and three other followers killed five unarmed men and boys in retaliation for a raid by Missouri Border Ruffians on the town of Lawrence, Kansas.
It was called the Pottawatomie massacre and it marked the beginning of the period called Bleeding Kansas.
On August 30, 1856, Brown and about 40 men fought against about 250–300 Border Ruffians at the Battle of Osawatomie.
Two years later Brown and his men raided into Missouri where they killed a planter and set 11 slaves free.
They also took wagons, horses and mules.
Brown had planned to set up a base in the Blue Ridge Mountains.
From there he and his followers would help runaway slaves and launch attacks on slaveholders.
He described this plan to abolitionists who might fund this plan.
But the plan changed.
By 1858, with the money and men to proceed, a follower revealed Brown's plan.
He was forced to go into hiding.
After a year, Brown was ready to go again.
He rented a farm in Maryland across the river from Harpers Ferry.
But many of his followers had changed their minds or didn't believe the plan would work.
He did have 21 men and on October 16, they set out for Harpers Ferry.
About 4 am on the morning of the 17th, Brown and his men arrived at Harpers Ferry.
They cut the telegraph lines then captured the federal armory.
Next they captured Hall's Rifle Works, a weapons supplier to the federal government.
Then Brown and his men took 60 prominent citizens as hostages.
Brown hoped slaves would join the fight but none came.
Later that morning the local militia arrived and kept Brown and his men pinned down in the arsenal's engine house.
Later in the afternoon, US Marines arrived commanded by Colonel Robert E. Lee.
The Marines stormed the engine house killing several of Brown's men.
They captured Brown.
He was quickly put on trial for treason against the state of Virginia, murder and slave insurrection.
Brown was sentenced to death and was hanged on December 2, 1859.
Brown quickly became the Martyr for the Abolitionist cause.
Many said he accomplished more by his death than he ever did in life.
Robert E. Lee left the U.S. Army in the spring of 1861.
He became the commander of the Confederate Army of America.
Jeb Stuart became the Confederate Army Chief of Cavalry.
Israel Greene also resigned from the army and joined the Confederacy.
He became a Captain in the Confederate Marines and rose to the rank of Major.
Major Russel was the only officer who did not join the Confederacy.
He was Paymaster of the United States Marine Corps and died in 1862.
Official Homepage of Habkern
Border Ruffians were pro-slavery activists from the slave-state of Missouri.
From 1854 to 1860 they crossed the state border into Kansas Territory to force the acceptance of slavery there.
The name was applied by Free-Staters in Kansas and abolitionists throughout the North.
Armed Ruffians interfered in territorial elections, and attacked Free-State settlements.
This violence was the origin of the phrase "Bleeding Kansas".
The Ruffians contributed to the growing sectional tensions, and helped bring on the American Civil War.
Only a few of the Border Ruffians actually owned slaves.
Most were simply too poor.
What motivated them was hatred of Northerners and abolitionists.
The Ruffians were driven by the rhetoric of leaders such as U.S. Senator David Rice Atchison of Missouri, who called Northerners "negro thieves" and "abolitionist tyrants."
He encouraged Missourians to defend the institution of slavery "with the bayonet and with blood" and, if necessary, "to kill every God-damned abolitionist in the district."
Ironically, most of the Free-State men in Kansas were not abolitionists.
They opposed the presence of either free black people or slaves. "
We want no slaves and we want no Negroes" was the prevailing sentiment reported by an abolitionist in 1854.
Additionally, the presence of bands of both Kansan and Missourian combatants in the area made it difficult for families on the border to remain neutral.
Their part in "Bleeding Kansas"
Kansas Territory was created by the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854.
The Act repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820.
The Kansas-Nebraska Act introduced the doctrine of popular sovereignty.
That meant the people of Kansas would decide on the issue of slavery.
At this time, many (probably most) of the settlers in Kansas opposed slavery.
However, slavery advocates were determined to have their way no matter what.
When elections were held in Kansas Territory, bands of armed Ruffians seized polling places.
On 29 November 1854, Border Ruffians elected a pro-slavery territorial representative to Congress.
On 30 March 1855, the Ruffians elected a pro-slavery legislature.
Despite these measures, far more Free-State settlers moved to Kansas than pro-slavery settlers.
In 1857, pro-slavery settlers in Kansas proposed the Lecompton Constitution for the future state of Kansas.
The Ruffians tried to get the Lecompton Constitution adopted with additional fraud and violence.
But by then there were too many Free-Staters there.
The Border Ruffians also engaged in general violence against Free-State settlements.
In this incident, Brown and his followers dragged five unarmed men and boys from their houses and murdered them with swords, guns and knives.
This started a rash of violence.
19th century in Kansas
Ernesto Madarang Maceda (March 26, 1935 – June 20, 2016) was a Filipino columnist and a politician.
He served as a Senator from 1971 to 1972 and again from 1987 to 1998.
He served as Senate President from 1996 to 1998.
Official Website of the Philippine Senate – Sen. Ernesto Maceda, PhD
Presidents pro tempore of the Senate of the Philippines
An odometer or odograph is an instrument that shows the distance traveled by a vehicle, such as a bicycle or automobile.
It can be electronic, mechanical, or a combination of the two.
The name comes from the Greek words hodós ("path" or "gateway") and métron ("measure").
It is sometimes called a mileometer or milometer.
The odometer could either be mechanical, electronic or a combination of both.
In some countries, odometers are also popularly known as mileometer or tripometer.
An Odometer was first developed for wagons and other horse-drawn vehicles in the 1600s for measuring the distances they travelled.
The first odometer for an automobile was developed by Arthur P. and Charles H. Warner of Beloit, Wisconsin which appeared in 1903 and was soon patented as the Auto-Meter.
Champion: 1937, 1941, 1942, 1943 and 1968.
Runner-up: 1935, 1936, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1967, 1980, 1982 and 1995.
Champion: 1985, 1988 and 2013.
Runner-up: 2007.
Runner-up: 1969.
Galícia Esporte – Official Site
Clash of the Titans is a 2010 American-British adventure fantasy movie.
A remake of the 1981 film and directed by Louis Leterrier, it stars Sam Worthington, Liam Neeson, Ralph Fiennes, Gemma Arterton, Mads Mikkelsen and Alexa Davalos.
It was poorly received by critics, however it was a commercial success, grossing $493 million at the American box office.
A sequel, Wrath of the Titans was released in 2012.
In ancient times, the Titans are defeated by their children, the gods, who subsequently divide the universe among themselves: Zeus (Liam Neeson) rules the sky, Poseidon (Danny Huston) rules the ocean and Hades (Ralph Fiennes), having been tricked by Zeus, rules the Underworld.
The gods created humans, and their prayers fueled their immortality.
But, as time goes by, mankind eventually questions and begins to resist against their creators, to the ire of the Olympians.
Meanwhile, the fisherman Spyros (Pete Postlethwaite) discovers a coffin adrift in the sea and inside, he discovers a baby, Perseus, and his mother  Danaë.
Spyros and his wife Marmara (Elizabeth McGovern) take him in as their own, along with their own daughter Tekla (Sinead Michael).
The adult Perseus (Sam Worthington) and his family fish from a boat, when they witness soldiers from Argos felling a statue of Zeus.
Angered by this desecration, the gods unleash the furies, who attack the soldiers and destroy the fishing boat.
Perseus, the only survivor, is found by a group of soldiers.
He is brought to the court of King Cepheus (Vincent Regan) and Queen Cassiopeia (Polly Walker), who are celebrating their campaign against the gods.
The queen brashly compares the beauty of her daughter Andromeda (Alexa Davalos) to that of Aphrodite (Agyness Deyn), and the celebrations are cut short when Hades arrives, who has been given leave by Zeus to punish the mortals for defying the gods.
He warns that unless Andromeda is sacrificed to the Kraken, a monster that he created, he will unleash it onto Argos.
Before he leaves, Hades reveals that Perseus is a demigod.
His origins are compared by Io (Gemma Arterton), a girl cursed with agelessness for spurning a god's romantic advances; he was born after Zeus impregnated Danäe, who was the wife of King Acrisius (Jason Flemyng), in revenge for rebelling against the gods.
After he tried to kill his wife and illegitimate son by drowning them in a coffin, Zeus struck him with lightning, deforming him and transforming him into the monster Calibos.
Perseus leads the King's Guard to a trio of hags called the Stygian Witches, looking for a way to kill the Kraken.
After being betrayed by Hades, Zeus sends Perseus a sword forged on Olympus and the winged horse Pegasus.
Perseus refuses them both, but Draco,  captain of the king's guard, keeps the sword for when Perseus needs it.
The group are attacked by Calibos, but Draco severs his hand and forces him to flee.
The band pursue him, but they are later attacked by a group of giant scorpions called Scorpioxs which are created from Calibos' blood.
The monsters are tamed and the group are rescued by the djinn, a race of warrior sorcerers which live in the desert.
They are also wishing for the gods' defeat and aid Perseus and his friends.
The party arrive at the Stygian Witches' lair, and they reveal that the only way to defeat the Kraken is with the head of the gorgon Medusa, who lives  in the ruins of a temple at the edge of the Underworld and whose deadly gaze can turn onlookers into stone.
Perseus, Io, Suleiman, Draco and the surviving members of the group enter the Underworld.
The men venture into the temple, while Io, who is a woman and forbidden from entering, waits outside.
Medusa kills everyone except Perseus, who, with the use of his reflective shield to look at her with his back turned, decapitates her.
As Perseus leaves the temple, Calibos appears and stabs Io to death.
As Perseus and Calibos fight, he accepts he is Zeus's son and stabs Calibos with the Olympian sword, turning him back into a human.
The dying Calibos urges Perseus not to become one of the gods.
With her final breath, Io urges Perseus to save the people of Argos and Andromeda.
He rides back to Argos on Pegasus as the Kraken is released.
The people of Argos seize Andromeda and bind her to offer her as a sacrifice to the beast.
Meanwhile, Hades reveals he feeds off man's fears rather than their faith or worship as Zeus does, before then subduing his brother.
Perseus arrives at Argos and, with Medusa's severed head, turns the Kraken to stone before it can reach Andromeda.
The beast crumbles into pieces and its hand falls on Prokopion (Luke Treadaway), the insane leader of Cult of Hades, and Cepheus, who was injured fighting Prokopion, and the two men are crushed to death.
Hades appears, with the intent of killing Perseus, but Perseus, calling upon Zeus, throws his sword at Hades and he is banished into the Underworld.
Andromeda is rescued by Perseus and she is crowned the Queen of Argos.
Perseus declines her offer to rule with her as King and he also refuses another chance at immortality from Zeus, who then proclaims that if he chooses to be mortal, he should not live alone, and brings Io back to life.
Official website of Hasle bei Burgdorf
The Wakarusa War was a skirmish that happened in Kansas Territory.
It started on November 21st, and it ended on December 8th, 1885.
It was part of the Bleeding Kansas violence.
It happened mostly in Lawrence and the Wakarusa River Valley.
The events that led to the Wakarusa War started on November 21, 1855.
A Free-Stater named Charles Dow was shot and killed by pro-slavery settler Franklin N. Coleman.
The two had been involved in a land dispute at a place called Hickory Point, south of Lawrence.
Four hours after the shooting the property owner, Jacob Branson, recovered Dow’s body.
Abolitionists then set fire to several pro-slavery cabins.
When the (pro-slavery) Douglas County Sheriff, Samuel Jones, learned about what happened at Hickory Point, he led a posse to the area to restore order.
But Jones did not arrest Coleman.
Instead, he arrested the property owner (and abolitionist leader) Jacob Branson.
But while taking Branson to jail, an abolitionist party stopped them and freed Branson.
The Sheriff then assembled about 1,500 Missouri Border Ruffians to put down what he called an insurrection.
The Missourians camped along the Wakarusa River while they made plans to invade Lawrence.
Before coming to Lawrence, the bushwhackers had broken into the United States Arsenal at Liberty, Missouri, and stolen guns, swords, a cannon and ammunition.
In Lawrence, John Brown and James Lane had mustered Free-State settlers into a defending army and erected barricades.
It was the first time armies from Missouri and Kansas faced each other.
It was demanded free-staters obey the laws and give up their weapons.
But they replied they had broken no laws and had the right to bear arms.
The only fatal casualty occurring during the siege was of a Free-State man named Thomas Barber.
On December 6, 1855 he was shot and killed by George W. Clark, the Indian agent, on a road four miles outside of Lawrence.
History of the State of Kansas by William G. Cutler (1883)
1912 article on Wakarusa War
"Burial of Barber" at Bartleby.com
Lecompton (pronounced ) is a city in Douglas County, Kansas, United States.
In 2010, there were 625 people there.
Lecompton had a big historical role in pre-Civil War America as the territorial capital of Kansas from 1855 to 1861.
This time period was known as Bleeding Kansas.
Lecompton was founded in 1854 on a bluff on the south side of the Kansas River.
At first, the city's name was "Bald Eagle", but the name was changed to Lecompton in honor of Samuel Lecompte, the chief justice of the territorial supreme court.
In the spring of 1855, the town became the capital of the Kansas Territory.
President James Buchanan chose a governor and officials to create government offices in Lecompton.
The first post office in Lecompton was created in September 1855.
In the fall of 1857 a convention met in Constitution Hall.
They drafted the famous Lecompton Constitution, which would have made Kansas become a slave state.
The constitution was rejected after angry national debate and was one of the main ideas of the Lincoln-Douglas debates.
The controversy added to the growing fight that became the civil war.
The Lecompton Constitution failed, in part, because the antislavery people had control of the territorial legislature in the election of 1857.
The new legislature met at Constitution Hall and quickly started to get rid of the pro-slavery laws.
The free-staters shortly tried to move the territorial capital to Minneola, Franklin County, Kansas through a vote, but the resulting bill was later rejected by Kansas territorial governor James W. Denver, and was made void by Jeremiah S. Black, Attorney General of the United States.
As such, Lecompton remained the de jure territorial capital.
This was until Topeka became the capital when Kansas became a state on January 29, 1861.
The American Civil War began on April 12, 1861.
Lecompton is at  (39.042927, -95.395039).
The climate in this area is has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters.
According to the Köppen climate classification system, Lecompton has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.
A Skirmisher is a soldier usually sent ahead of a main body of troops to harass the enemy.
Groups of skirmishers may also be placed on the flanks to prevent a surprise attack or flanking maneuver.
A skirmish is a term first used in the 14th century.
It meant a small-scale fight between two opposing forces or a preliminary battle involving troops in front of the main force.
Skirmishers were those involved in the fight or battle.
It comes from the Old French eskirmir "to defend".
Skirmishers were usually infantry or cavalry soldiers who formed a skirmish line ahead or next to friendly troops.
Early America
Two conflicts that involved the American Colonies and the development of skirmishers were the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War in the American colonies) and the American Revolutionary War.
The main development of skirmisher tactics came from the Native American allied primarily to the English and French.
Indian warriors did not fight in the European style of closely packed formations of soldiers, but more often fought as individuals.
They used cover, ambush and lines of fighters that would later come to be called skirmishing.
The tactics of the day called for heavy cavalry to be kept in reserve.
Light cavalry were often used as skirmishers.
They were usually positioned on the sides of an army and served two purposes.
In "skirmish order" they could be placed some distance from the main force.
That way they could warn the commander if any enemy approached from that direction.
The other purpose was to use their quick speed to engage the enemy and hold them until more forces arrived.
By their very presence they discouraged the enemy from mounting a flanking attack.
During the American Civil War, infantry manuals paid a good deal of attention to skirmishing.
The tactics were based on Napoleon's heavy dependence on skirmishing during the Napoleonic Wars.
Paintings and images of Civil War battles show two lines of soldiers, standing shoulder to shoulder, firing at the enemy lines at short distances.
But massed formations were not frequently used during the Civil War.
Skirmishes and skirmish lines were the more common tactic.
The terrain in many cases did not allow mass formations of armies but did allow skirmishers to fight in open order.
The increased accuracy of rifles and Rifled muskets at longer ranges made battles fought at close range unnecessary.
Battles fought before at  could now be fought at .
Pre-war training had also changed skirmisher tactics.
Instead of one company out of ten now entire Regiments were taught how to fight as skirmishers.
They fought in small formations called “comrades in battle”.
This called for four men to move and fight supporting each other.
The Confederate Army actually made more effective use of skirmishers.
In each brigade there was an elite battalion of sharpshooters who were used as skirmishers.
Plains Indian Wars
During the Plains Indian Wars, especially following the Civil War, The US Army used companies of skirmishers ahead of the main force.
The recommended distance between them was  but most commanders simply kept skirmishers within sight of each other.
They were used mainly ahead of the main force but could be used to defend the flanks or as a rearguard.
If the Indians attacked, the skirmisher company formed a defensive circle.
Once the danger had passed, they returned to their original positions.
Often, the entire company was not deployed as skirmishers.
Some were kept in reserve to fill gaps, to get ammunition or to carry messages.
Civil War Reenactment 2011: Skirmish Of Gamble's Hotel March 5, 1865; YouTube
Diablo 4 Man Room Clearing at Military Base Skirmish; YouTube
George Howard Brett (born May 15, 1953 in Glen Dale, West Virginia) is a retired American baseball player.
He played 21 years in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Kansas City Royals.
He is a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame and was inducted in 1999 with a fourth-highest voting percentage in baseball history (98.2%).
Brett was a third baseman and designated hitter.
In 1994, his number (#5) was retired  by the Royals.
He is one of only two Royals players to have his number retired by the team (the other is Frank White).
Avers () is a municipality of the Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.
Villa Epecuén was a tourist village in Adolfo Alsina, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.
It was flooded in 1985, and was abandoned.
Its ruins are on the eastern shore of the Laguna Epecuén, about  north of Carhué.
Settlements in Argentina
1985 disestablishments
Official Website of Hasliberg
Mountain biking is the sport of riding bicycles off-road.
Often this is done over rough terrain.
Mountain biking uses specially designed mountain bikes.
Mountain bikes are similar to other bikes, but have features designed to make them stronger and hold up in rough terrain.
Mountain biking can generally be broken down into multiple categories.
These include cross country, trail riding, all mountain (also referred to as "Enduro"), downhill, freeride and dirt jumping.
However, the majority of mountain biking falls into the categories of trail and cross country riding styles.
This individual sport requires the rider to have endurance, core strength and balance.
The rider also needs bike handling skills, and self-reliance.
Advanced riders take on steep technical descents and high incline climbs.
Mountain biking can be performed almost anywhere from a back yard to a gravel road, but the majority of mountain bikers ride off-road trails.
Using the bike's brakes must be done carefully on a mountain bike, especially when going downhill.
In order to work on rough terrain, mountain bikes have several gears from which to choose.
It is recommended to use safety gear such as helmet, gloves, elbow and knee pads to avoid injuries in rough terrain.
Mountain biking should be done so as to enjoy the ride but not damage the environment.
International Mountain Biking - Groups by State
Off Road Use of Bicycles, Sierra Club
The Battle of Osawatomie took place on Saturday, August 30, 1856 in the town of Osawatomie, Kansas.
John Brown and about 40 men tried to defend the town against an attack by about 250–300 Border Ruffians.
The Missouri ruffians were led by John W. Reid.
The attack began early in the morning when Frederick Brown, son of John Brown, was shot and killed outside of the town.
This alerted John Brown and others who tried to defend the town.
But heavy casualties forced Brown and the other abolitionists back across the nearby river.
The town was looted and burned but Brown was not pursued.
This was one of many clashes between pro-slavery and free-staters during the period known as Bleeding Kansas.
In 1854, the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act began a policy known as popular sovereignty in the United States.
It allowed settlers in the Kansas Territory to decide by popular vote whether Kansas would be admitted to the United States as a slave or free state.
This led activists from both sides of the issue to flood into Kansas trying to influence the outcome.
It led to a period of violence that continued into the Amer Civil War.
John Brown was an abolitionist who came to the Kansas Territory on October 7, 1855, to help several of his sons who were already there.
He was considered an extremist by some, a martyr by others.
On the night of May 24, 1856, Brown and a few followers attacked and murdered five men in a small settlement on the Pottawatomie Creek near Manhattan, Kansas.
Up to that time there had not been much bloodshed between proslavery and free-state groups.
Brown's raid brought retaliation.
In mid-august Missouri Border Ruffians had been looting and killing in the area near Osawatomie.
On August 25, about 150 Missourians were camped nearby planning to take the town by surprise.
They were discovered and driven away in disorder.
On the night of August 29, a band of about 400 ruffians led by John William Reid approached Osawatomie.
Their plan was to attack at sunrise.
At about the time the attack was supposed to start, the Missourians, guided by a minister named Martin White came across two men leaving town.
White recognized one as Frederick Brown, son of John Brown.
White immediately shot and killed Brown.
Settlers hearing the shot alerted John Brown and the people of the town.
The men were gathered together to form a hasty defense of the town.
At first they were going to use the blockhouse.
But on learning the ruffians had cannon it was decided to position themselves in the woods across the Marais des Cygnes River.
The abolitionists defended the town for a time but were eventually overpowered.
They retreated and left the town for the Missourians to rob and burn.
Only four buildings remained among the ruins of what had been the village of Osawatomie.
Diary of Spencer Kellogg Brown (account of the battle), Kansas Memory
Theodore Roosevelt's Osawatomie Speech; Kansas Historical Society
Neot Kedumim - the Biblical Landscape Reserve in Israel ( is a Biblical garden dedicated to the Nature of the Jewish Bible and also a nature preserve located in Ben Shemen  Forest and near of the city "Modi'in" on Route 443 (Israel), between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, Israel.
The terms may be used to describe an aeroplane's movements through the air.
They are also applied to fish moving through water, and spacecraft moving through space.
pitch nose up or tail up.
yaw nose moves from side to side
roll a circular (clockwise or anticlockwise) movement of the body as it moves forward
The surfaces of a plane and the fins of a fish have a similar function.
They serve to adjust the object's attitude as it moves through the fluid.
Submarines face the same dynamic control problems as fish do.
The subject is often taught under degrees of freedom (mechanics).
This is the number of independent motions that are allowed to the body.
Heatwave is an international disco and funk band.
The group was formed around 1975.
Its most popular lineup was Americans Johnnie Wilder, Jr and Keith Wilder for vocals, Englishman Rod Temperton for the keyboards, Jamaican Eric Johns and Briton Roy Carter for guitar.
However, Heatwave got back together around 1988 and resumed releasing R&B music.
Someo is a village and former municipality of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
The municipality has 258 people in 2003.
It has an area of 32.73 km².
2004 disestablishments in Switzerland
The Marais des Cygnes massacre happened on May 19, 1858 near the town of Trading Post, Kansas.
It was the last violent episode in the period known as Bleeding Kansas.
Border Ruffians led by Charles Hamilton stopped in the small village of Trading Post in Lynn County, Kansas on their to West Point, Missouri.
Hamilton had previously been driven from his land in Lynn County by free-staters and abolitionists.
He came back to seek revenge.
They captured eleven free-state men, all of whom Hamilton had a grudge against.
The captives were marched into a nearby ravine where the Missourians opened fire on them.
The story got national attention in the press.
Eastern newspapers including the New York Times printed the story.
Anti-slavery groups called the victims martyrs.
In 1974, the site of the massacre was designated a National Historic Landmark.
It led to a period of violence that continued into the American Civil War.
In Lynn County, trouble between free-state and pro-slavery settlers began in about 1856.
This was when a large group of pro-slavery Southerners came through the area destroying property and capturing free-state settlers.
One of those who escaped the Southerners was James Montgomery.
He became the leader of the free-state settlers in the area called Jayhawkers.
Various encounters between the two groups went on until 1857 when James H, Lane assembled a company of free-state men to harass the pro-slavery forces in Kansas and Western Missouri.
When Lane's company disbanded, James Montgomery took over.
He ordered the pro-slavery leaders out of the county.
Many did leave and returned to Missouri.
Charles A. Hamilton was one who left Kansas, but with bitter feelings.
Hamilton called a meeting together at Papinville, Missouri to get men for an invasion of Kansas.
It was decided they would eliminate the free-state settlers living in Lynn County.
Hamilton's group of exiles plus about 17 Missourians rode back into Kansas.
They stopped at the village store and with guns drawn they disarmed the customers and tied their hands.
Hamilton took a list from his pocket and read out the names.
One by one the men on the list were taken from their cabins or fields.
The village blacksmith had resisted the ruffians with a shotgun and was not taken.
The eleven they did capture were led to a gulch that drained into the Marais des Cygnes River.
They were lined up in the gulch as if before a firing squad.
One Missourian lowered his gun saying he would "have nothing to do with such a piece of business as this".
Hamilton then gave the order to fire.
The eleven men fell to the ground.
Then Hamilton dismounted and turned the bodies over with his boot.
Any he found alive he shot in the head with his pistol.
Five of the men were killed and five were seriously wounded.
One escaped unharmed by pretending to be dead.
Other Missourians went through the pockets of the men presumed to all be dead.
Finally, they all rode out in different directions so as to make it harder to trail them.
Sarah Read, the wife of Reverend Samuel Read, one of those captured, quickly followed Hamilton's men on foot.
She found the victims and gave aid to those who were still alive.
Word of the massacre spread quickly and free-staters rushed to the village to help the wounded and bury the dead.
Quickly Montgomery's Jayhawkers began trailing the gang but could not find them.
Meanwhile Sarah Read searched all night for her husband.
He had crawled off after being shot.
She discovered him the next morning, still alive.
Called "Preacher Read" he survived the massacre.
The atrocity got widespread attention in the North.
The murders were shown as an example of organized extermination by Missourians and Southerners.
The details of the murders were in every newspaper and were read in nearly every home.
John Brown came to the village near the end of June.
In 1856, Brown had led a massacre of his own, the Pottawatomie massacre, against five pro-slavery men and boys.
He built a log blockhouse two stories high with a spring inside for water.
The blacksmith, Eli Snider, owned the land.
He later sold it to Charles C. Hadsall, a friend of Brown's.
Brown and his men stayed in the fort until the end of summer.
Then they left it to Hadsall to keep manned.
Hamilton was never captured.
During the Civil war he served as a Colonel in the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia.
One, a Charles Matlock, was arrested for the crime but he later escaped.
Only one was brought to justice.
William Griffith was arrested in 1863, tried for murder and on October 30, 1863 was hung.
Whittier poem
The poet and abolitionist, John Greenleaf Whittier, wrote a  poem about the massacre several months later and published it in the Atlantic Monthly:
The Marais Des Cygne Massacre (movie trailer)
Trading Post Museum
The 2003 European heat wave was a natural disaster in Europe in July and August 2003.
The heat led to the hottest summer on record since at least 1540.
France was especially hard hit.
The heat led to health crises in several countries.
It combined with droughts to reduce crops in Southern Europe.
More than 70,000 people died in Europe.
According to an Inserm study, nearly 19,000 people died in France.
People also died in the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain.
2003 heat wave
Disasters in France
Alberswil is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
2013 establishments in Switzerland
In military science, a blockhouse is a small fortification.
It usually has one or more rooms with loopholes, allowing its defenders to fire rifles or handguns in various directions.
It usually refers to an isolated fort in the form of a single building.
It serves as a defensive strong point against any enemy that does not possess siege equipment or, in modern times, artillery.
A fortification intended to resist these weapons is more likely to qualify as a fortress or a redoubt.
In modern times, it may be a pillbox, a small underground bunker.
However, a blockhouse may also refer to a room within a larger fortification, usually a battery or redoubt.
The term "blockhouse" is of uncertain origin, perhaps related to Middle Dutch blokhus and 18th-century French blocus (blockade).
Electoral fraud, or vote rigging, is any alteration or change of the vote count in an election.
Acts of fraud affect vote counts to bring about an election result.
That can be by increasing the vote share of one candidate or by lowering the vote count of another.
It can also be a person casting more than one vote if only one vote is permitted, which is called ballot-box stuffing.
What defines electoral fraud under law varies from country to country.
Many kinds of election fraud are outlawed in specific electoral laws.
Other kinds violate general laws, such as those banning assault, harassment or libel.
Technically, the term "electoral fraud" covers only acts that are illegal.
Generally, the term is sometimes used to describe acts that are legal but are considered morally unacceptable, outside the spirit of electoral laws, or in violation of the principles of democracy.
In national elections, successful electoral fraud can have the effect of a coup d'état or corruption of democracy.
In a narrow election, a small amount of fraud may be enough to change the result.
Even if the outcome is not affected, fraud can still have a damaging effect if not punished.
For example, it can reduce voters' confidence in democracy.
Even the perception of fraud can be damaging.
Fraudulent elections can lead to the breakdown of democracy and to the establishment or ratification of a dictatorship.
Fraud in elections is not limited to those for public office.
Elections, such as for a corporation's directors, labor union officials, or student council members are subject to similar fraud, as are sports judging, and the awarding of merit to works of art and literature.
Muhammad Azam Shah is the successor of the last Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after his death in 1707.
He is also the elder son of Aurangzeb.
He was at throne from 14 March 1707 to 8 June 1707.
He was born on 28 June 1653 to Aurangzeb and his first wife and chief consort Dilras Banu Begum.
He was also a timurid from father's blood and a Persian Safavid by mother's blood.
He was the grandson of Shah Nawaz Khan Safavi, the Safavid Emperor of Persia and father of Azam Shah's mother.
After his father Emperor Aurangzeb's death, he ruled the empire.
Then a succession war took place between the three sons of Aurangzeb.
Azam Shah and his son were killed in the Battle of Jajau on 8 June 1707 by his step brother Bahadur Shah I, who ruled the empire by killing his both brothers in war.
Douglas County is a county in the U.S. state of Kansas.
In 2010 census, there were 110,826 people living in the county.
That made it the fifth-most populous county in Kansas.
The city with the most people is Lawrence.
For many centuries, the Great Plains of North America was inhabited by nomadic Plains Indians.
From the 16th century to 18th century, the Kingdom of France claimed ownership of large parts of North America.
In 1762, after the French and Indian War, France secretly gave all the territory west of the Mississippi River to Spain, per the Treaty of Fontainebleau.
In 1802, Spain returned most of the land to France.
But it kept about 7,500 square miles.
In 1803, most of the land including the modern-day state of Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of Louisiana Purchase.
In 1854, the Kansas–Nebraska Act created the territory of Kansas.
In 1855, Douglas County was established.
Douglas County was opened for settlement on May 15, 1854.
It was named for Stephen A. Douglas.
The county was practically at the center of the Bleeding Kansas years as leaders in Lecompton, the territorial capital, wanted Kansas to be a slave state.
Leaders in Lawrence wanted Kansas to be a free state.
A number of events took place in Douglas County.
These including the drafting of the controversial Lecompton Constitution (attempting to admit Kansas as a slave state), the sacking of Lawrence, and the Battle of Black Jack.
Of this,  is land and  (4.0%) is water.
It is the fifth-smallest county in Kansas by land area.
Much of its northern border is defined by the Kansas River, which goes through Lawrence.
The Bowersock Dam is one of the county's producers of hydropower.
Clinton Lake
In 2000, there were 99,962 people, 38,486 households, and 21,167 families living in Douglas County.
The people were 86.1% White, 4.2% Black or African American, 2.6% Native American, 3.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.2% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races.
3.3% of the people were Hispanic or Latino.
There were 38,486 households.
27.4% of them had children under 18 years old; 43.1% of them had married people; 8.5% had only a woman as the main person (with no man); 45% were not families.
28.5% were people living alone, and 5.8% were people over 65 years old living alone.
The Democratic Party has been dominant in Douglas County.
Democrats control all County-wide offices in the county, except for the Sheriff.
Douglas County is currently served by county commissioners Mike Gaughan, Nancy Thellman, and Michelle Derusseau.
Gaughan and Thellman are Democrats, while Derusseau is the lone Republican on the commission.
Democratic state representatives representing portions of the county include John Wilson (10th District), Barbara Ballard (44th District), and Dennis Highberger (46th District), Mike Amyx (45th District); Republican state representatives include Jim Karleskint (42nd District) and Ken Corbet (54th District).
The three state senators representing the county, Marci Francisco (2nd District), Tom Holland (3rd District), and Anthony Hensley (19th District), are all Democrats.
Douglas County has a political history similar to that of the Yankee Northeast than of the Great Plains.
This can be seen from its voting history.
It has the exact same voting history as that of Vermont or Cheshire County, New Hampshire (except the 1912 presidential election).
This is due to the county's strong New England heritage.
Douglas County voted for the Republican candidate in every Presidential election between 1864 and 1960, except in 1912 when it voted for Progressive Theodore Roosevelt.
The Republican presidential nominee got over sixty percent of Douglas County's vote in every election between 1920 and 1960 (except 1932 when Herbert Hoover received 58.7 percent).
To show how deeply the county's Republican roots ran, even when Kansas voted for Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 and 1936, Republican candidates won the county easily.
This changed in 1964, with the anti-Yankee feeling and Southern leanings of Barry Goldwater.
This led to Douglas County voting for Lyndon B. Johnson, making Johnson the first Democrat ever to win the county.
With more moderate GOP candidates, the GOP carried the county in every election between 1968 and 1988.
However, the growing transformation of Lawrence into a liberal academic town pulled the county into the Democratic column from 1992 onwards.
This was similar to many counties around the United States with college towns.
Since the 2004 election, Douglas County has been one of the strongest Democratic places in Kansas, second only to Wyandotte County.
Often, Douglas and Wyandotte are the only two counties in the state to vote for Democratic presidential candidates.
Lawrence USD 497 serves Lawrence and the Clinton Lake area.
Baldwin City USD 348 serves Baldwin City and most of southern Douglas County.
Perry-Lecompton USD 343 serves Lecompton and most of northwest Douglas County.
Eudora USD 491 serves Eudora and the northeast part of the county.
Santa Fe Trail USD 434 covers the southwest part of the county.
Wellsville USD 289 covers extreme southeast Douglas County.
Shawnee Heights USD 450 services the far western part of the county including Big Springs.
The University of Kansas's main campus is in Lawrence.
Haskell Indian Nations University is also in Lawrence.
Baker University, the state's oldest university, is in Baldwin City, Kansas.
Clinton Lake, completed in 1980, offers boating, fishing and other water sports.
Various parks around the lake have camping and trails for mountain biking, hiking and horseback riding.
Lone Star Lake is a small lake to the southwest of Lawrence.
It offers fishing, boating and camping.
Just northwest of Baldwin City is Douglas State Fishing Lake which provides hunting, fishing and limited camping.
Other parks around the county include Black Jack Park, which includes the Ivan Boyd Prairie Preserve and Robert Hall Pearson Memorial Park, Broken Arrow Park in Lawrence, and Wells Overlook Park just south of Lawrence.
Big events in the county include the Maple Leaf Festival in Baldwin City every third full weekend in October.
Lecompton's Territorial Days take place every year in June.
Lawrence has many parades throughout the year including Christmas and St. Patrick's Day.
, runs east to west just north of Lawrence.
runs north to south through the middle of the county and the middle of Lawrence.
virtually follows the Oregon Trail heading west out of Lawrence.
runs east to west in the southern half of the county, going through Baldwin City and skirts the Santa Fe Trail.
runs from the I-70 Lecompton Exchange along the south and west border of Lawrence to US-59 then north until 23rd Street where it heads east out of town into Johnson County.
which is in Grant township leading from Leavenworth to Jefferson County.
starts just outside Lawrence and leads into Leavenworth County.
is in extreme southeast Douglas County and leads into Franklin County.
County Highways
Douglas County also maintains an extensive network of county highways to serve the rural areas of the county.
None of these county highways go into Lawrence.
Big Springs
Hesper
Kanwaka
Sibleyville
Kansas River – Natural crossing point for westward wagon trains on the Oregon Trail
California Road – Cutoff on the Oregon Trail to Lawrence, Kansas from Westport
Santa Fe Trail Swales – Visible near Black Jack Park
Geographic Information System Viewers
Nowak, David.
J. Assessing Urban Forest Effects and Values, Douglas County, Kansas.
Newtown Square, PA: United States Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 2014.
Armitage, Katie H., “‘Seeking a Home Where He Himself Is Free’: African Americans Build a Community in Douglas County, Kansas,” Kansas History, 31 (Autumn 2008), 154–75
Standard Atlas of Douglas County, Kansas; Geo.
A. Ogle & Co; 53 pages; 1921.
Plat Book and Complete Survey of Douglas County, Kansas; Kenyon Co; 44 pages; 1909.
A. Ogle & Co; 43 pages; 1902.
Standard Atlas of Marion County, Kansas; F.W. Beers & Co; 25 pages; 1873.
Douglas County – Directory of Public Officials
Douglas County – Law Library
Aerial Photography from Multiple Decades
Douglas County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
The Marais des Cygnes River  is a principal tributary of the Osage River.
It is about  long, and runs through eastern Kansas and western Missouri in the United States.
Via the Osage and Missouri rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River.
The name Marais des Cygnes means "Marsh of the Swans" in French.
But the name actually comes from an Osage name “Mixa-ckau-tse” (where white swans are plentiful).
It was probably so named because of the trumpeter and tundra swans that were plentiful here before the late 1800s.
The river is notorious for flash flooding.
The river is referenced in the song "The River" by Chely Wright.
Marais des Cygnes Wildlife Area & National Wildlife Refuge
Trails Along the Marais des Cygnes River
The following is a list of the 59 comuni of the Province of Pesaro and Urbino, Marche, in Italy.
Pesaro and Urbino
Bever is a municipality of the district of Maloja in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.
Official website of Bever
Official website of Bivio
Brexit () is a movement that promotes that the United Kingdom (UK) leave the European Union (EU).
The name "Brexit" is a portmanteau (merging two words together) of "British" and "exit".
On 23 June 2016, the UK made a referendum that asked whether the UK should leave the EU.
The result was that 51.9% of the UK electorate (the main region of the UK) voted that the UK should leave the EU.
The rest wanted the UK to stay in the EU.
On 29 March 2017, the UK government said that they will definitely be leaving the EU.
This started the procedure of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union, a law that deals with countries that leave the EU.
The UK was expected to fully leave the EU on 29 March 2019 at 11p.m. UTC.
The deadline to leave was later changed to 31 October 2019.
On 24 December 2020, a post-Brexit trade deal was made.
22 May: 2014 European election: Anti-EU party UKIP led by Nigel Farage comes first, while pro-EU parties suffer.
24 January: The Parliament must pass legislation (approve of this rule) before Article 50 can be accepted as a law.
The UK Supreme Court says that the Parliament must follow this new rule, as explained by the Miller case.
26 January: The UK Government introduces a 137-word bill in Parliament.
This ensures that Theresa May can enforce Article 50.
Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn instructs his MPs to support it.
16 March: The bill receives Royal Assent (royal approval).
29 March: A letter from Theresa May is handed to President of the European Council Donald Tusk to convince him to approve Article 50.
Starting from 29 March 2017, the UK will begin to leave the EU by 29 March 2019, a two-year process.
8 April: Theresa May announces that a general election will take place on 8 June.
8 June: A general election is held in the UK.
The Conservative Party remains the largest single party but loses its majority.
They form a minority government with a confidence-and-supply arrangement with the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) of Northern Ireland.
19 June: Brexit negotiations begin.
25 November: All EU members accept a withdrawal agreement.
15 January: The UK House of Commons reject the agreement.
21 March: The UK House of Commons reject it again.
Instead, they decided to extend the due date to 31 October instead of 29 March.
23 May: Brexit Party comes first in the European Election while pro-EU Lib Dems comes second.
After the conservative party slips to 5th place, Theresa May announces her resignation and that a new party leader will be found.
24 July: Boris Johnson becomes the prime minister of the United Kingdom.
19 October: The UK House of commons rejects Boris' deal and force the prime minister to write to the EU asking to extend the due date to 31 January 2020 instead of 31 October 2019.
28 October: The European Council agrees to extend the Brexit deadline until 31 January 2020.