the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
They form areas where landslides may occur, as on Mam Tor.
The National League is a league for Association football teams in England (though some teams come from Wales).
It is the fifth highest division of Football in England.
The league is made up of professional and non professional clubs.
The league was created in 1979 from the Northern Premier League and the Southern League.
In 1987, teams began to be promoted to Football League Two, and since 2003, a second team was also promoted.
The league was renamed from the Conference National to the National League in 2015.
Vanarama also announced their sponsorship the same year, so the league became the Vanarama National League.
In 2004, two divisions were created below the main league, known as the National League North and National League South.
In 2006, the league expanded from 22 to 24 teams.
Finsterhennen () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
Official website of Trub
The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is the part of the Federal government of the United States responsible for collecting taxes and enforcing tax laws.
The IRS decides how much tax is owed and collects the revenue on a regular basis.
The IRS is the largest bureau in the United States Department of the Treasury.
It is one of the world's most efficient tax collection agencies.
The IRS processed over 224 million tax forms and collected over $2 trillion in revenue in 2004.
The IRS collects taxes in advance by  withholding them through employers.
Individuals who overpay through tax withholding are issued refunds after they file their income tax return.
In 2006 the Seattle Times reported that up to 11.6 million refunds were not paid back because the IRS suspected fraud.
According to the Seattle Times the affected taxpayers were not informed of the reason for not getting their refund.
Many or most of the people who were not issued refunds were low-income individuals
Beginning in 1791, the federal government was supported by taxes on distilled beverages, tobacco, sugar, corporate bonds and slaves.
These were indirect taxes, the only kind permitted by the United States Constitution.
In 1812, the cost of the war added the first sales taxes on gold, jewelry, and silverware.
In 1817, the government did away with all these taxes and relied on the funds from tariffs on imported goods.
During the American Civil War, funds were needed to finance the war.
In 1861, Congress drafted a bill for a direct tax on personal and corporate income.
This first income tax charged 3% on incomes over $800.
The bill passed both houses of Congress but never went into effect.
In 1862, however, Abraham Lincoln signed a bill that called for a 3% tax on incomes between $600 and $5,000, 7.5% on incomes between $5,000 and $10,000 and 10% on incomes over $10,000.
There were debates in Congress over the constitutionality of the direct income tax, but no action was taken.
It was allowed to expire in 1872 when it came up for renewal.
In 1862, Congress had authorized the office of Commissioner of Internal Revenue.
Much as today, he had the power to assess, levy and collect taxes.
He also had the right to enforce the tax laws by prosecution and seizing property and income.
George S. Boutwell was the first commissioner of the Bureau of Internal Revenue.
In 1894, Congress passed the Wilson-Gorman Tariff.
It reduced the  Tariffs on certain imports into the United States.
However, it made up for this by charging  a 2% direct income tax.
The Supreme Court, in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co ruled the income tax unconstitutional a year later.
The Court ruled that the Constitution did not allow an income tax without apportionment among the states.
On February 3, 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified.
Free of the critical apportionment issue, it allowed Congress to impose an income tax.
The Bureau of the IRS was charged with collecting income taxes.
Personal income tax was 1% on income above $3,000.
Incomes over $5,000 were subject to an additional 6% tax.
Income taxes were as high as 77% in 1918 to help finance World War I. In 1929 they dropped to a high of 24% but rose again during the Great Depression in 1929.
During World War II withholding and quarterly taxes were introduced.
In 1998, the IRS Restructuring and Reform Act again reorganized and modernized the agency.
Taxpayer rights were further expanded.
IRS retakes crown as most hated government agency
The $600 Billion the IRS Can’t Collect; Time
Direct taxes
The Koh-i-Noor (also spelled Koh-i-Nûr and Kooh-è Noor) is a large, colourless diamond that was found near Guntur in Andhra Pradesh, India, possibly in the 13th century.
The name means Mountain of Light in the Persian language.
Before it was cut for jewellery, it weighed .
It was first owned by the Kakatiya dynasty.
Ownership of the stone changed several times between various ruling groups in South Asia over the next few hundred years.
The Koh-i-Noor ended up in the possession of Queen Victoria after the British conquest of the Punjab in 1849.
It is now part of the British Crown Jewels, part of the Royal Collection held in trust by Queen Elizabeth II for her successors and the UK.
In 1852, Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria, unhappy with its dull and irregular appearance, ordered it cut down from .
It emerged 42 per cent lighter as a dazzling oval-cut brilliant weighing  and measuring 3.6 cm x 3.2 cm x 1.3 cm.
Since arriving in the U.K., it has only ever been worn by female members of the family, starting with Queen Victoria.
After Queen Victoria's death, the Koh-i-Noor was set in the crown of Queen Alexandra, the wife of Edward VII.
It was used to crown her at their coronation in 1902.
The diamond was transferred to Queen Mary's crown in 1911, and finally to the Queen Mother's crown in 1937.
When The Queen Mother died in 2002, it was placed on top of her coffin for her state funeral.
Today, the diamond is set in the front of the crown, as part of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom.
It is seen by millions of visitors to the Tower of London each year.
Leonorilda Ochoa Pagaza (30 October 1937 – 22 May 2016) was a Mexican actress and comedian.
She was on movies, television, and theatre productions.
She became popular as La Pecas in the sitcom Los Beverly de Peralvillo (1968-1973).
She was in the movies Capulina Speedy Gonzalez (1970), Los Beverly de Peralvillo (1971) and Que familia tan cotorra! (
Her last telenovelas were Rubí (2004) and Código postal (2006-2007).
"Send My Love (To Your New Lover)" is a song recorded by English singer-songwriter Adele.
It was on her third studio album, 25.
It was released on streaming services on May 16, 2016.
It was released to radio in the U.S. on May 17, 2016.
It was the album's third single, after "Hello" and "When We Were Young".
Adele has said that she heard fellow singer-songwriter Taylor Swift's 2012 single "I Knew You Were Trouble" and asked who the writers of that song were.
After learning that they were producers Max Martin and Shellback, Adele worked with them on 25.
A music video of the song premiered on May 22 at the 2016 Billboard Music Awards.
It was uploaded to the singer's official Vevo account soon afterwards.
The video shows the singer in front of a black backdrop.
The song reached number 8 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 1 on the Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs) chart.
It reached the top five in the UK and the top 10 in Canada.
It ranked #26 on the Year-End Billboard Hot 100 of 2016.
BBC News''' Mark Savage said this is a "nimble pop song" and wrote that it "shows a fresh, playful side to the star".
Rob Garratt of The National (Abu Dhabi) said the song is a "bouncy pop nugget" and it "falls into that classic pop tradition of transforming a turn-down into a lover's rebuke".
In a positive review, a writer for The Hindu wrote that the song is a "spritely song" and called it "an I'm-so-glad-you're-gone number".
Los Angeles Times Mikael Wood wrote that the song is "a welcome flash of sass".
Maeve McDermott and Patrick Ryan of USA Today included "Send My Love (To Your New Lover)" in their list of 2015's 50 best songs.
McDermott wrote "this song is among the most interesting of her career".
Michael Arceneaux, of Complex magazine, says that the track was the least sad song on 25.
He also wrote, "It’s a little melancholy, but it comes with some shimmy-inducing production".
Business Insiders Tony Manfred says this song is different from Adele's earlier work.
He writes that "she wades into the waters of contemporary pop music like never before".
Nick Messitte of Forbes gave the song a positive review, writing "It’s got the grace of damning individuals without sinking to their level; it boasts nostalgia—not the least of which for a sound popularized in 2013".
Vanity Fair's Josh Duboff called "Send My Love (To Your New Lover)" "the poppiest song Adele has ever recorded".
He named it his "pick for the breakout track on 25''".
A small clip of the video was released on Adele's Twitter page.
She wears a flower-printed dress and sways while different scenes of her play on top of each other.
The full music video was shown during the 2016 Billboard Music Awards on May 22, 2016.
It also appeared on Adele's Vevo channel shortly after the show.
Vocals, guitar – Adele
Songwriting - Adele Adkins, Max Martin, Shellback
Production - Max Martin, Shellback
Red: represents blood of patriots who fought for independence.
White: represents snow of the Andes.
Blue: represents the blue of the skies.
Single star: stresses the fact that Chile is an unitarian republic.
Description in Flags of the World
The Coat of Arms of Chile consist of a shield holding the national symbol of a star in a blue and red field.
This shield is supported by a condor and huemul.
At the top of the shield are three feather plumes in the colors of the national flag.
The center shield has the star found on the national flag on a blue and red background.
The blue represents the sky, and the red represents the blood of martyrs, as well as the Andes.
The condor and huemel are animals found in Chile.
The crowns they wear are naval crowns, and represent the rich naval history of Chile.
The peso is the money of Chile.
It was divided into 100 centavos.
In 2011, 483.36 pesos were equal to one United States dollar.
In 2014, 570.01 pesos are equal to one United States dollar.
Banknotes of Chile
Ayora is a town in the Community of Valencia.
It has 5,303 people.
It is in the district of Valle de Ayora and the province of Valencia.
Ayora is in the inland and near Castilla-La Mancha.
Sierra Palomera and Sierra del Mugrón are the mountains to the west.
Muela de Cortes and Pico Caroig are the mountains to the east.
The flat land to the south connects with Almansa.
The river valley runs to the north.
It connects with Confrentes.
Nick Menza (July 23, 1964 – May 21, 2016) was a German-born American professional drummer and songwriter.
He was best known for his work in Megadeth from 1989 to 1998 and in 2004.
He recorded drums on four of Megadeth's albums: Rust in Peace (1990), Countdown to Extinction (1992), Youthanasia (1994) and Cryptic Writings (1997).
Alexander Van der Bellen (born 18 January 1944) is an Austrian politician and economist.
On 23 May 2016, he was elected the President-elect of Austria.
However, after this, the court said the results had been wrong.
He redid the election, and on 4 December 2016, he won even better.
He was sworn into office on 26 January 2017 officially becoming the president.
Van der Bellen was born in Vienna.
His father was Russian and his mother was Estonian.
In 1962, he graduated from the Akademisches Gymnasium in Innsbruck.
He studied economics at the University of Innsbruck.
He received a doctorate in 1970.
Van der Bellen is a retired professor of economics at the University of Vienna.
He is a member of the Austrian Green Party.
He served as a member of the National Council from 1994 to 2012.
He was the chairman of the parliamentary club and federal spokesperson of his party from 1997 to 2008.
Presidency (since 2017)
He ran as a nominally independent candidate supported by the Green Party in the 2016 presidential election, and finished second in the first round before winning the second round against far-right candidate Norbert Hofer.
A second election was ordered since the votes were too narrow.
In December 2016, Van der Bellen won the election with more votes.
He took office on 26 January 2017.
John Brophy (January 20, 1933 – May 23, 2016) was a Canadian ice hockey coach and former hockey player.
He was born and raised in Antigonish, Nova Scotia.
Brophy spent most of his career in minor professional leagues, including 18 years as a player in the Eastern Hockey League and 13 seasons as a coach in the East Coast Hockey League.
From 1986 to 1988, he was head coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League.
Arie "Aar" de Goede (21 May 1928 – 16 May 2016) was a Dutch politician.
He was a member of the Democrats 66.
He served in the House of Representatives (1967–1973), European Parliament (1979–1984) and Senate (1986–1987).
As part of the executive he was State Secretary of Finance between 1973 and 1977.
Suberin is a waxy, waterproof substance which is found in plants.
It blocks movement of water and solutes.
It is  in the walls of cork cells.
Suberin is named after the cork oak, Quercus suber.
Mullah Akhtar Mohammad Mansoor ( Akhtar Muḥammad Manṣūr; pronounced  or ; born probably in 1968) was the Emir (leader) of the Taliban, an Islamic fundamentalist political movement in Afghanistan also known as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (a recently created title).
On 21 May 2016, it was reported by a  United States Department of Defense official that Mansour had been killed in a U.S. drone strike in Pakistan.
T.A.C. – link published November 2009
P. Tomsen – text published by PublicAffairs, November 25, 2013, 912 pages,
The Scream is Edvard Munch's most famous painting.
It is an example of modern art.
The picture shows an imaginary creature with its mouth and eyes open.
Munch got the idea for the painting when he was walking with friends.
It was sunset and the sky was red, like the color of blood.
Munch heard a sound in his ears, like the sound of nature screaming.
The painting was made with oil, tempera and pastel on cardboard.
The size of the painting is 91 x 73.5 cm (35 7/8 x 29").
The painting is in the Nasjonalgalleriet (National Gallery) in Oslo, Norway.
From 1893 to 1910, Munch made four paintings of “The Scream”.
Three of the paintings are in Norwegian museums.
The fourth painting has a private owner.
In 1994, thieves stole the painting from the Norwegian National Gallery.
Three months later, the painting was found.
The value of the painting is about $55 million.
Steffisburg is a municipality in Thun in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2020 the municipality Schwendibach became part of Steffisburg.
Official website of Steffisburg
Hebron Jewish Cemetery is an ancient cemetery in Hebron.
the cemetery was open in 1290 near the "Cave of the Patriarchs (Tel Rumeida of today)".
The Last Judgment is a fresco by Toma din Suceava at the Moldovita Monastery in Romania.
The name of the work in Romanian is "Judecata de Apoi".
The Last Judgment covers the west wall of the monastery.
It shows the day of judgment with a river of fire and the dead coming out of the sea.
Prince Mohammed is one of the heretics.
There are 105 paintings of angels near the roof.
The Moldovita Monastery also has famous frescos of the Siege of Constantinople and the Tree of Jesse, showing Christ's genealogy.
Prince Rares and the artists
The Moldovita Monastery is a UNESCO site.
It was started in 1532 by Prince Petru Rares, the illegitimate son of Stephen the Great.
It was built on the location of an old stone church built by Alexandru cel Bun (1400-1432).
The old church fell in the early 16th century because of rain and landslides.
Petru Rares ruled Moldavia between 1527-1538 and 1541-1546.
He had new ideas for the churches in Bukovina.
Rares hired artists to cover the walls of the churches with complicated designs of saints, prophets, and scenes from the life of Jesus.
The best preserved monasteries are in Sucevita, Moldovita, Voronet, Humor, Suceava, Pătrăuţi, and Probota.
Seven monasteries were put on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1993.
The Moldovita Monastery was consecrated to the Annunciation (Romanian: "Bunei Vestiri") on March 25.
It is one of five monasteries in northern Moldavia with frescoes painted on the outside walls.
The monastery is in the style of Moldavian Gothic architecture.
It combines Gothic and Byzantine elements.
It is a Romanian Orthodox monastery.
The Moldoviţa frescoes were completed by Toma of Suceava in 1537.
Toma of Suceava's painting is in the Italian Renaissance style, with humanized characters.
The Last Judgment in art
The theme of death is a common subject for religious art, but the frescos in the monasteries in northern Moldavia are special.
These frescos are more complex than art in other areas of the former Byzantine Empire.
The Moldovan work was a model for Mount Athos.
The oldest image of the Last Judgment is from the seventh century CE.
It is in the Christian Topography of Cosmas Indicopleustes.
The manuscript is in the Vatican library.
The first known frightening picture of the Judgment in fresco are from 1075.
They are in the church "San Angelo in Formis" near Naples.
The oldest mosaic with this theme is in Venice, in the church of Torcello.
It is probably from the twelfth century.
Churches of Moldavia photo gallery (UNESCO--public domain)
The Christian Topography  by Cosmas Indicopleustes  fol 89r plate iii, scan of Codex Vat.gr.699 on Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana website
Capellen () is a canton in Luxembourg.
Its capital is Capellen.
On 1 January 2012, the communes of Bascharage and Clemency were merged to make the new commune of Käerjeng.
With an area of , and a population (2017) of 47,209, the Capellen canton has a population density of  inhabitants/km².
The canton has the Redange canton to the north, the Mersch canton to northeast, the Luxembourg canton to the east and the Esch-sur-Alzette canton to the south.
The canton borders, to the west, the arrondissement of Arlon in Belgium.
Dippach (4,178)
Garnich (2,099)
Hobscheid (3,518)
Käerjeng (10,232)), formed January 1, 2012 from:
Bascharage and
Kehlen (5,903)
Koerich (2,528)
Kopstal (3,673)
Mamer (9,185)
Septfontaines (812)
Steinfort (5,081)
Emergency medical services (EMS), also known as ambulance services or paramedic services, are agencies that deal with medical emergencies, mostly by sending ambulances to help people who are severely ill or injured.
Their job is to treat those people at the scene and to take them to a hospital if needed.
The staff of the ambulances are known most often as paramedics.
Some ambulances have staff with more basic training, known as "emergency medical technicians", while others have doctors with advanced training.
The exact role of the emergency medical services varies by country.
In some countries like the US and UK, their job is seen as bringing the patients to treatment.
Until the 1970s, their ambulances carried patients to hospital and gave them little medical care.
Since then, paramedics have been trained to give some medical care before they get to hospital.
Other countries like France and Germany run them in a different way, where their job is seen as bringing treatment to the patients.
In those countries, doctors work on ambulances and they try to treat patients at the scene rather than take them to hospital.
The type of organization that provides emergency medical services also varies by country.
This may be:
A government EMS agency
A fire department
A hospital
A business
A non-profit organization, such as Red Cross and St John Ambulance
Clervaux () is a canton in Luxembourg.
Its capital is Clervaux.
With an area of , and a population (2017) of 17,631, the Clervaux canton has a population density of  inhabitants/km².
It is bordered on the north by the arrondissement of Verviers in Belgium, to the east by the German district of Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm (part of the Land of Rhineland-Palatinate), to the southeast by the Vianden canton, to the south by the Diekirch canton, to the southwest by the Wiltz canton, and to the west by the arrondissement of Bastogne in Belgium.
Clervaux (5,069)
Parc Hosingen (3,434)
Troisvierges (3,141)
Weiswampach (1,760)
Wincrange (4,227)
Adolf Born (12 June 1930 – 22 May 2016) was a Czech painter, illustrator, caricaturist, animator and film-maker.
He was known as a children's illustrator for most of his career.
Born was a finalist for the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 2008.
The asteroid 17806 Adolfborn is named after him.
Born at Galerie Krause
Born at ArtForum
2008 Exhibition in Greece
Interview in Athens News
Recently illustrated world classics
Review by Czech Business Weekly
Czech entertainers
Lucjan Avgustini (August 28, 1963 – May 22, 2016) was an Albanian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.
He was the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sapë.
Avgustini was born in Ferizaj, SFR Yugoslavia.
Avgustini was a priest of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Prizren from 1989 to 2006.
In 2006, he was made the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Sapë in Albania.
Velimir "Bata" Živojinović (Serbian Cyrillic: Велимир "Бата" Живојиновић; 5 June 1933 – 22 May 2016) was a Serbian actor and politician.
His best known movie was Valter brani Sarajevo.
He become popular in China for his role in the movie.
In 1990 he was elected for the Serbian Parliament, as a member of the Socialist Party of Serbia.
He was a candidate in the September-October 2002 presidential election, receiving 3.27% of the popular vote.
The Veiled Christ (Italian: Cristo velato) is a statue made of marble.
It was made by Giuseppe Sanmartino.
It is in Cappella Sansevero, Naples.
The sculpture, made in 1753, is considered one of the world's masterpieces.
Antonio Canova who once tried to acquire the work declared that he would willingly give up ten years of his own life to produce a similar masterpiece.
History and description
The order for the Veiled Christ was given to Antonio Corradini.
However, he died a short time later.
Sanmartino took over the work.
He decided to place the Christ figure on a couch, covered by a veil.
It was to show the suffering that Christ has undergone.
Legend of the veil
An analysis shows that the work is completely made in marble.
A receipt of payment to Sanmartino dated 16 December 1752, signed by the prince, is preserved in the historical archive of the Bank of Naples.
Elio Catello, Giuseppe Sanmartino (1720-1793), Napoli, Electa, 2004.
Official website of the Museum of the Cappella Sansevero
Ljubiša Samardžić (19 November 1936 – 8 September 2017) was a Serbian actor and director.
He was best known as Šurda in the popular television series Vruć vetar.
He was a popular cinema actor in the Serbian movie industry.
Samardžić was a member of the Central Committee of Yugoslav Communist Party in late 1980s.
Isaac Charles Parker (October 15, 1838 – November 17, 1896) was an American politician and jurist.
He served as the United States Congressman for Missouri's 7th congressional district for two terms and presided over the United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas for 21 years.
He was known as the "Hanging Judge".
In 21 years on the federal bench, Parker tried 13,490 cases; more than 8,500 defendants either pleaded guilty or were convicted at trial.
He sentenced 160 people to death and 79 were executed; the others died while incarcerated, were acquitted, pardoned, or their sentences were commuted.
National Park Service (National Historic Site) entry about Judge Isaac Parker
Judge Isaac Parker reference on About.com
List of men executed at Fort Smith while Isaac Parker presided
Clash of Clans is a freemium mobile strategy game made by the Finnish company Supercell.
It was released to the App Store for iOS platforms on August 2, 2012 and to Google Play for Android on October 7, 2013.
Clash of Clans is a massively multiplayer online game where players train their troops and attack other players' towns to earn gold and elixir, the in-game currency.
Gold and elixir can be used to build defenses for the player's town, make upgrades, and more.
Also, players can join a group called a clan to help its members or to receive help from them.
Mario Almada Otero (born January 7, 1922 – October 4, 2016) was a Mexican actor.
His career has lasted for over 70 years.
He has appeared in over 300 movies.
He was most known for his roles in urban westerns and action movies.
Manuel "El Loco" Valdés (29 January 1931 – 28 August 2020) was a Mexican actor and comedian.
He was member of the Valdés family.
He was the brother of Ramón Valdés (aka "Don Ramón"), from the sitcom "El Chavo", and Germán Valdés (aka "Tin Tan").
He was known for his roles in La Carabina de Ambrosio, La pulquería, La leyenda de la Nahuala, Caperucita y Pulgarcito contra los monstruos and Calabacitas tiernas.
He was in three telenovelas: Amy, la niña de la mochila azúl (2004), Entre el amor y el odio (2002) and Siempre te amaré (2000).
Pasir Ris is a place in the east of Singapore.
It is near Changi.
The Pasir Ris MRT Station is located here.
An acid-base reaction is a chemical reaction between an acid and a base.
The products of such a reaction are a salt and water.
This reaction may also regarded as neutralization reaction.
(aq) + (aq) →
The other ions remain constant because they are not affected by the reaction.
They are called spectator ions.
Acids and oxides
H2SO4 + CuO —> CuSO4 + H2O
2 HNO3 + Na2O —> 2 NaNO3 + H2O
acid + oxide = salt + water
Acids and hydroxides
This is one of the more common acid-base reactions.
This reaction is one of the few processes to make sodium chloride using hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide:
HCl + NaOH —> NaCl + H2O
Acids and carbonates
An acid can also react with a carbonate, which is a relatively weak base.
An example is
2 CH3COOH + CaCO3 —> Ca(CH3COO)2 + CO2 + H2O
Auswil is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Official website of Auswil
The Parish Church of St. Lawrence in Radymno is a historic church in Poland.
It is in the Przemyśl archdiocese.
The church was built in the years 1724-1730 in the Baroque style.
The bishop Aleksander Antoni Fredro was the prime mover of this facture.
By the church there is a belfry from the year 1729, an antique manse and a nuns' home.
During the First World War St. Lawrence's church was vastly damaged but shortly after the war it was renovated.
After the Second World War the aim was to embellish the temple which is why, the front of the church and the belfry renovations.
The temple's historic door was rebuilt as well.
The interior has got 7 altars.
Some of the altars are: St. Anna's altar, Jezus's Sacred Heart altar, St. Agnes's altar and St. Nicholas's altar.
Inside the church there is a solid pulpit which has got a rich wood carving decoration.
There is also the fontal source with figures of Jesus and John the Baptist.
It comes from the first half of the 19th century.
http://radymno.przemyska.pl/historia/
Ballmoos is a former municipality of the district of Fraubrunnen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2010 the municipality of Ballmoos merged into the municipality of Jegenstorf.
The Scion FR-s is a sports car developed by Toyota and Subaru.
It is built solely.
It features a rear wheel drive drivetrain and 2+2 seating.
Toyota 86 in Asia, South Africa, North America (from August 2016), South America and Australia; GT86 in Europe; New Zealand; FT86 in Nicaragua and Jamaica;
Subaru BRZ worldwide;
Scion FR-S in the US and Canada.
After August 2016, the Scion FR-S will be renamed as the Toyota 86.
Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond (11 June 1431 – 3 November 1456) was the father of Henry VII, who invaded England and became king of England in 1485.
He was the son of Owen Tudor and his mistress or wife Catherine of Valois.
He was also a half-brother to Henry VI.
He was married to Lady Margaret Beaufort when she was only 13 years of age.
Edmund Tudor died while fighting for the Lancaster side in the Wars of the Roses.
1456 deaths
The Crow (also known as Apsáalooke in their own Siouan language, or Absaroka) are Native Americans.
In the past, they lived in the Yellowstone River valley, which is in Wyoming, Montana, and North Dakota.
Today, they are federally recognized as the Crow Tribe of Montana.
During their history, the Crow have changed their territory many times because of conflicts with the Ojibwe, Cree, Cheyennes, and Lakota (Sioux) peoples.
They were generally friendly with the whites.
Since the 19th century, most Crow people have lived on their reservation that is south of Billings, Montana.
Although they have lost land, it is over 9300 km2.
They also live in several major western cities.
The tribe's headquarters are located at Crow Agency, Montana.
The name Apsáalooke means "children of the large-beaked bird".
The French translated the name as gens du corbeaux ("people of [the] crows"), and they became known in English as the Crow.
Other tribes also refer to the Apsáalooke as "crow" or "raven" in their own languages.
In 1743 the Crow first encountered people of European descent.
They were French fur traders.
In the Northern Plains
The Crow and Hidatsa used to be the same tribe.
They were nomadic hunters and farmers.
The earliest known home of the Crow-Hidatsa tribe was in present-day Ohio.
They were pushed out by stronger neighbors and moved to Manitoba.
Later, they moved to North Dakota, where they split from the Hidatsa.
The Crow were then pushed westward, mostly by the Cheyenne and Sioux.
To gain control of their new home in the Yellowstone River valley, they fought against the Shoshone and drove them westward.
They were allied with some of the Kiowa and Kiowa Apache.
The Crow were an important tribe in this area through the 18th and 19th centuries, the era of the North American fur trade.
After they started living in this area, the Crow divided into four groups: the Mountain Crow, River Crow, Kicked in the Bellies and Beaver Dries its Fur.
They adopted the nomadic lifestyle of the Plains Indians, becoming gatherers and bison hunters.
Enemies and allies
Around 1740, the Plains tribes, including the Crow, started using horses.
This allowed them to hunt buffalo more actively.
The Crow became well-known horse breeders and dealers.
Sometimes, their horses were stolen by tribes like the  Blackfoot Confederacy, Gros Ventre, Assiniboine, Pawnee, and Ute.
Later they had to fight the Lakota and their allies, the Arapaho and Cheyenne.
The tribes in the Blackfoot Confederacy and the Lakota-Cheyenne-Arapaho alliance became their greatest enemies.
The Crow were generally allies with the northern Plains tribes of the Nez Perce, Kutenai, Shoshone, Kiowa and Kiowa Apache.
They were also allies with the Flathead, although sometimes they had conflicts with them.
The powerful Iron Confederacy (Nehiyaw-Pwat), an alliance of northern plains Indian nations developed as enemies of the Crow.
It included the Plains Cree and Assiniboine peoples, and later included the Stoney, Saulteaux, Ojibwe, and Métis.
Gradual displacement from tribal lands
When a large number of white Americans arrived, the Crows were fighting enemies who greatly outnumbered them.
In the 1850s, a boy named Plenty Coups had a vision.
The tribal elders said the dream meant that the whites would become dominant over the entire country, and that the Crows would need to remain friendly with the whites.
By 1851, the Lakota and Cheyenne were fighting the Crow for their hunting lands.
They took over the eastern hunting lands, and pushed the Crow to the west and northwest upriver on the Yellowstone.
After about 1860, the Lakota Sioux had all the former Crow lands.
They threatened Americans who were moving into these areas.
The Crow signed the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 with the United States.
This treaty recognized a large area around the Big Horn Mountains as Crow lands.
But the Cheyenne and Lakota Sioux were still moving westward and pushing the Crows.
After Red Cloud's War (18661868) between the Lakota Sioux and the United States, the Lakota controlled territory from the Black Hills to the Big Horn Mountains.
Bands of Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne began to hunt and raid in ancestral Crow territory.
Crow warriors fought for the US Army in the Great Sioux War (1876–1877).
This war ended with the defeat of the Sioux and Cheyenne.
Some of the Sioux and their allies went to Canada, while others were removed to reservations.
Gender and kinship system
The Crow had a matrilineal system.
After marriage, the husband moved to the wife's mother's house.
Women held a significant role within the tribe.
Like other Plains tribes, the Crow historically had three defined gender roles: male, female and baté (trans female / "two-spirit").
The modern Crow Tribe Apsáalooke Nation
The Crow Indian Reservation is in south-central Montana.
Its area is about , making it the fifth-largest Indian reservation in the United States.
The 2000 census reported a total population of 6,894 on reservation lands.
In 1948, a Constitution was adapted.
It organized the tribe as a General Council (Tribal Council).
The General Council had the executive, legislative, and judicial powers of the government.
It was made up of all adult members of the Crow Nation.
To be members of the General Council, females had to be 18 years or older and males had to be 21 or older.
The General Council was a direct democracy, similar to that of ancient Athens.
A chairperson was elected once every two years.
At a 2001 Council Meeting, four officials of the General Council established a three-branch government.
The new government is known as the 2001 Constitution.
The General Council is still the governing body of the tribe, but it has not met since 2001.
Its powers were given to the three-branch government.
The 2001 Constitution has been controversial because its establishment did not follow the rules of the 1948 Constitution.
Opponents also say that it gives too much power to the US Bureau of Indian Affairs over the Crow government.
The officials who established the 2001 Constitution became the Executive Branch.
These officials are known as the Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson, Secretary, and Vice-Secretary.
The Chairperson's term lasts four years.
The current Chairman is Darrin Old Coyote.
The Legislative Branch has three members from each district on the Crow Indian Reservation.
The Crow Indian Reservation is divided into six districts known as The Valley of the Chiefs, Reno, Black Lodge, Mighty Few, Big Horn, and Pryor Districts.
The Judicial Branch consists of all courts established by the Crow Law and Order Code.
It consists of an elected Chief Judge and two Associate Judges.
The Crow Court of Appeals receives all appeals from the lower courts.
The Chief Judge of the Crow Nation is Julie Yarlott.
Notable Crow
Joe Medicine Crow, war chief, educator, historian, author, and World War II veteran
The Crow Indians, Robert H. Lowie, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1983, paperback,
The World of the Crow Indians: As Driftwood Lodges, Rodney Frey, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1987, hardback,
Stories That Make the World: Oral Literature of the Indian Peoples of the Inland Northwest.
As Told by Lawrence Aripa, Tom Yellowtail and Other Elders.
Rodney Frey, edited.
University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1995, paperback,
The Crow and the Eagle: A Tribal History from Lewis & Clark to Custer, Keith Algier, Caxton Printers, Caldwell, Idaho, 1993, paperback,
From The Heart Of The Crow Country: The Crow Indians' Own Stories, Joseph Medicine Crow, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2000, paperback,
Apsaalooka: The Crow Nation Then and Now, Helene Smith and Lloyd G. Mickey Old Coyote, MacDonald/Swãrd Publishing Company, Greensburg, Pennsylvania, 1992, paperback,
Parading through History: The Making of the Crow Nation in America 1805-1935, Frederick E. Hoxie, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1995, hardcover,
The Handsome People: A History of the Crow Indians and the Whites, Charles Bradley, Council for Indian Education, 1991, paperback,
Myths and Traditions of the Crow Indians, Robert H. Lowie, AMS Press, 1980, hardcover,
Social Life of the Crow Indians, Robert H. Lowie, AMS Press, 1912, hardcover,
Material Culture of the Crow Indians, Robert H Lowie, The Trustees, 1922, hardcover, ASIN B00085WH80
The Tobacco Society of the Crow Indians, Robert H. Lowie, The Trustees, 1919, hardcover, ASIN B00086IFRG
Religion of the Crow Indians, Robert H. Lowie, The Trustees, 1922, hardcover, ASIN B00086IFQM
The Crow Sun Dance, Robert Lowie, 1914, hardcover, ASIN B0008CBIOW
Minor Ceremonies of the Crow Indians, Robert H. Lowie, American Museum Press, 1924, hardcover, ASIN B00086D3NC
Crow Indian Art, Robert H. Lowie, The Trustees, 1922, ASIN B00086D6RK
The Crow Language, Robert H. Lowie, University of California press, 1941, hardcover, ASIN B0007EKBDU
The Way of the Warrior: Stories of the Crow People, Henry Old Coyote and Barney Old Coyote, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2003,
Two Leggings: The Making of a Crow Warrior, Peter Nabokov, Crowell Publishing Co., 1967, hardcover, ASIN B0007EN16O
Plenty-Coups: Chief of the Crows, Frank B. Linderman, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1962, paperback,
Pretty-shield: Medicine Woman of the Crows, Frank B. Linderman, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1974, paperback,
They Call Me Agnes: A Crow Narrative Based on the Life of Agnes Yellowtail Deernose, Fred W. Voget and Mary K. Mee, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1995, hardcover,
Yellowtail, Crow Medicine Man and Sun Dance Chief: An Autobiography, Michael Oren Fitzgerald, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1991, hardcover,
Grandmother's Grandchild: My Crow Indian Life, Alma Hogan Snell, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2000, hardcover,
Memoirs of a White Crow Indian, Thomas H. Leforge, The Century Co., 1928, hardcover, ASIN B00086PAP6
Radical Hope.
Ethics in the Face of Cultural Devastation, Jonathan Lear, Harvard University Press, 2006,
Crow Nation, Apsaalooké
Crow Indians - Their Lands, Allies and Enemies
Little Big Horn College Library
2001 Constitution
1948 Constitution
Photo exhibition on Crow Indians, with short account of 21st century lifestyle , Untold London
Collection of historical Crow photographs
List of Crow Chiefs , Little Big Horn College Library.
Crow Indian Recipes and Herbal Medicine, by Pretty Shield's granddaughter, Alma Hogan Snell
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Its capital is Echternach.
The population in 2017 was 18,702.
The Echternach canton has a population density of  inhabitants/km².
It is bordered on the north by the German district of Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm (part of the Land of Rhineland-Palatinate), to the east by the Trier-Saarburg district (also part of Rhineland-Palatinate), to the south by the Grevenmacher canton and to the west by the Diekirch and the  Mersch cantons
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The ISTD (Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing) lists jazz dance under 'Modern Theatre', and the IDTA (International Dance Teachers Association) lists it in their 'Theatre Branch'.
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A direct tax may not be passed on to another person or entity but must be paid by the entity responsible for the tax.
A direct tax is different from an indirect tax, which is paid by someone other than the person or entity who would normally be responsible for it.
For example, a tax owed on a piece of property is a direct tax.
A tax on the sale of that property would be considered an indirect tax.
An income tax is a tax that governments levy on individuals and businesses on their income.
In the US and other countries, businesses and individuals need to file an Income Tax Return every year.
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The 16th Amendment
In the United States Constitution, the difference between indirect and direct taxes was important enough to require a Constitutional amendment in order for the federal government to levy an income tax.
This was the Sixteenth Amendment which was ratified in 1913.
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Abdication of Edward VIII
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