the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Culp died on March 24, 2010 while suffering a heart attack while taking a walk in Los Angeles, California.
Culp's remains were buried in the Sunset View Cemetery in El Cerrito, California, located not far from his hometown of Oakland.
Lee Wallace (born Leo Melis, July 15, 1930 – December 20, 2020) was an American movie, stage, radio and television actor.
Wallace only had movie roles in; Used People (1992), Batman (1989) as Gotham City's mayor William Borg, Private Benjamin (1980) as Mr. Waxman, and as the Mayor of New York City in The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974), The Muppets Take Manhattan as the Mayor of New York City.
On Broadway, he appeared in A Teaspoon Every Four Hours, Unlikely Heroes, The Secret Affairs of Mildred Wild, Molly, Zalmen or The Madness of God, Some of My Best Friends, Grind and The Cemetery Club.
Wallace was born in Brooklyn, New York on July 15, 1930 to Celia (née Gross) and Eddie Melis.
Wallace died on December 20, 2020 at his New York City home after a long-illness, aged 90.
IC 1101 is the largest known galaxy.
It is a supergiant elliptical galaxy  at the center of the Abell 2029 galaxy cluster.
It, along with its cluster is 1.07 billion light years away in the constellation of Virgo.
The galaxy has a diameter of about 4 or 6 million light years, which makes it the largest known galaxy in terms of breadth and size.
It is the central galaxy of a huge galaxy cluster called Abell 2029 which has a mass (mostly dark matter) of roughly 100 trillion stars.
IC 1101 Is also known as A2029-BCG, as it is the brightest member of the aforementioned cluster Abell 2029 .
IC 1101 is more than 50 times the size of the Milky Way and 100 times as massive.
If it were in place of our galaxy, it would swallow up the Milky Way, Large Magellanic Cloud, Small Magellanic Cloud, Andromeda Galaxy, and the Triangulum Galaxy, and even most of the Local Group.
IC 1101 owes its size to many collisions of much smaller galaxies about the size of the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies.
It has steadily grown to this size due to these collisions.
It also has the largest core of any galaxy, at a core diameter of around 13,000 LY, bigger than the previous largest core of any galaxy which is at 10,000 LY, in the elliptical galaxy A2261-BCG .
Abell 2029-The galaxy cluster in which IC 1101 is located.
The scale of the Universe (Astronomy Picture of the Day March 12, 2012)
Vostok 2 (, Orient 2 or East 2) was a Soviet space mission.
It carried cosmonaut Gherman Titov into orbit for a full day to study the effects of a long period of weightlessness on the human body.
Titov orbited the earth over 17 times.
Yuri Gagarin in Vostok 1 had only done one orbit.
The flight was an almost complete success.
Problems included not turning on a heater which meant the temperature dropped to , a period of space sickness, and problems on re-entry when the reentry module failed to separate cleanly from its service module.
Titov took manual control of the spacecraft for a short while.
The Soviets admitted that Titov did not land with his spacecraft.
Titov said he ejected from his capsule to test another landing system.
It is now known that all Vostok program landings were done this way.
As of 2012, Titov is the youngest person to reach space.
He was 25 years old at launch.
Saint Thérèse of Lisieux (1873 - 1897) (aka.
St Therese of the Child Jesus/ Sainte Thérèse de Lisieux) is  Doctor of the Catholic church, which means that her life and writings are considered particularly important for Catholics.
She is also called the Little Flower of Jesus.
She lived in France as a nun, and died at 24 from tuberculosis.
Mother Teresa chose her name in honor of her.
Delphinus is a genus of dolphin, commonly known as the "Common Dolphin".
There are two species in this genus, the Short-beaked Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis), and the Long-beaked Common Dolphin (Delphinus capensis).
But some studies say that there is a third species, the "Arabian Common Dolphin" (Delphinus tropicalis), which has a long, thin beak and is found in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea.
Both, the Short-beaked Common Dolphin and the Long-beaked Common Dolphin are medium-sized dolphins.
Adults grow between the lengths of 1.9 to 2.5 meters (6.2 to 8.2 ft), and weigh around 80 to 235 kg (180 to 520 lb).
Males are longer and heavier than females.
They are dark grey on the back, the belly is white, and the sides are light grey, gold, or yellow in color.
Common Dolphins live in both, warm temperate and tropical waters from 40°N to 50°S. They eat many species of fish like sardines, herrings, and bonitos, octopuses and squids.
They are fast swimmers, swimming up to the speed of 60 km per hour.
They have made dives up to 200 meters (660 ft) deep.
Common Dolphins are pregnant for around 10 to 11 months before giving birth to young which are 70 to 100 centimeters (2.3 to 3.3 ft) long, and weigh around 10 kg (22 Ib).
They give birth to 1 young at a time.
Females mature between the age of 2 and 7 years old and males mature between the age of 3 and 12 years old.
They live for around 35-40 years.
At first it was thought that there was only one species of the Delphinus genus, the Short-beaked Common Dolphin (Delphinus Delphis).
But later, studies showed that there was another species, the Long-beaked Common Dolphin (Delphinus Capensis).
The difference between the Short-beaked Common Dolphin and the Long-beaked Common Dolphin, is that the Short-beaked Common Dolphin is smaller in size and has a smaller beak than the Long-beaked Common Dolphin.
Now scientist say there is a third species, the Arabian Common Dolphin (Delphinus Tropicalis) which has a long, thin beak and lives in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, but it is not confirmed.
Elizabeth Berkley (born July 28, 1974, in Farmington Hills, Michigan) is an American movie and television actress.
She is best known for her role in Saved by the Bell.
She also acted in the 1995 erotic drama Showgirls.
Most of her movies are independent movies.
The Cartwheel galaxy (also known as ESO 350-40) is a lenticular galaxy about 500 million light-years away in the constellation Sculptor.
It is about 150,000 light years across, slightly larger than the Milky Way.
It has a mass of about  solar masses, and rotates at .
It was discovered by Fritz Zwicky in 1941.
Zwicky said his discovery was "one of the most complicated structures awaiting its explanation on the basis of stellar dynamics".
The galaxy was a normal spiral galaxy before it had a collision with a smaller galaxy about 200 million years ago.
When the nearby galaxy passed through the Cartwheel Galaxy, the power of the collision sent a strong shock wave through the galaxy.
Moving at high speed, the shock wave moved gas and dust.
This made a starburst around the galaxy's center.
This explains the blue colored ring around the center, bright section.
It can be seen that the galaxy is beginning to take the shape of a normal spiral galaxy again, as spiral arms (The spokes) are spreading out from a central core.
Galaxy evolution simulation: the Cartwheel Galaxy
Lenticular galaxies
Ring galaxies
de:Ringgalaxie#Wagenradgalaxie
Messier 49 (also known as NGC 4472) is an elliptical galaxy about  away in the constellation of Virgo.
This galaxy was discovered by French astronomer Charles Messier in 1771.
Messier 49 is 4.1° west-southwest of the star Epsilon Virginis.
Messier 49 was the first member of the Virgo Cluster of galaxies to be discovered.
It is the most luminous member of that cluster and is brighter than any galaxy closer to the Earth.
This galaxy is part of the smaller Virgo B subcluster 4.5° away from the dynamic center of the Virgo Cluster, which is centered on Messier 87.
Messier 49 is gravitationally interacting with the dwarf irregular galaxy UGC 7636.
Messier 49 has the radio emission of a normal galaxy.
However, the core of the galaxy is emitting X-rays, which suggests the presence of a supermassive black hole of , or 565 million times the mass of the Sun.
To the southwest of the core, the luminous outline of the galaxy can be traced out to a distance of 260 thousand parsecs.
The only supernova event observed within this galaxy is SN 1969Q, discovered in June 1969.
This galaxy has a large collection of globular clusters, estimated at about 5,900.
However, this count is far exceeded by the 13,450 globular clusters orbiting the supergiant elliptical galaxy Messier 87.
On average, the globular clusters of M 49 are about 10 billion years old.
Between 2000–2009, strong evidence for a stellar mass black hole was discovered in an M 49 cluster.
A second candidate was announced in 2011.
, also known as NAOJ, is a Japanese astronomy research organization.
NAOJ has several facilities in Japan; and it has an observatory on Mauna Kea in Hawaii.
NAOJ was established in 1988.
Three institutions merged.
They were the
Tokyo Astronomical Observatory of the University of Tokyo
International Latitude Observatory of Mizusawa
Research Institute of Atmospherics of Nagoya University.
In 2004, NAOJ became part of the National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS).
NINS was created to promote collaboration among researchers of the five constituent institutes.
NAOJ merged with four other national institutes.
National Institute for Physiological Sciences
Institute for Molecular Science
1888 	Tokyo Astronomical Observatory was established by the University of Tokyo
1899 	Latitude Observatory was established in Mizusawa.
1908 	Astronomical Society of Japan established.
1949 	Nobeyama University Atmospheric Research Center established
1960 	Okayama Astrophysical Observatory established
1981 	Hinotori satellite launched
1988 	NAOJ established
1992 	Nobeyama Radio Heliograph began observations
1996 	Introduction and open use of super computers
1997 	HALCA satellite launched
1999 	Subaru Telescope begain working on Mauna Kea in Hawaii
2004 	NAOJ merged into NINS
2006 	Ishigakishima Obervatory established, Akari satellite  launched
2007 	Kaguya satellite launched
Mitaka Campus at Mitaka, Tokyo
The Headquarters, Astronomy Data Center, Advanced Technology Center, Public Relations Center
Solar Flare Telescope, Sunspot Telescope, TAMA 300 gravitational wave detector
Tokyo Photoelectric Meridian Circle
Historical instruments: Solar Tower Telescope, 65cm refractor dome, 20cm refractor dome
Nobeyama Radio Observatory & Nobeyama Solar Radio Observatory at Minamimaki, Nagano
45m Millimeter Radio Telescope, Nobeyama Millimeter Array, Nobeyama Radio Heliograph
Mizusawa VERA Observatory at Ōshū, Iwate.
20m radio telescope, 10m VLBI radio telescope
Historical building: Dr. Kimura Museum
Norikura Solar Observatory at Mount Norikura, Nagano
10cm Coronagraph, 25cm Coronagraph
Okayama Astrophysical Observatory at Mount Chikurinji, Okayama.
188cm telescope, 91cm telescope, 65cm Coude-Type solar telescope
VERA 20m radio telescopes
Mizusawa
Ogasawara.
Iriki.
Ishigakijima.
Hawaii Observatory on the island of Hawaii
Subaru 8m telescope (Mauna Kea)
Hilo Base Facility (Hilo, Hawaii).
SELENE
National Astronomical Observatory Of Japan website
The short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) is one of the two species of the genus, Delphinus.
It is found in warm temperate and tropical waters of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean.
It is also found in the Caribbean and the Mediterranean Sea.
The short-beaked common dolphin is a medium-sized dolphin, but is smaller than the other species of the genus Delphinus, the long-beaked common dolphin.
Adults grow between the lengths of 1.6 to 2 meters (5.2 to 6.6 ft), and weigh between 70 and 235 kg (150 to 520 Ib).
Short-beaked common dolphins are said to be heavier than the Long-beaked common dolphin.
The back of the short-beaked common dolphin is dark grey, the belly is white, and the sides are light grey, gold or yellow.
Short-beaked common dolphins eat fish like cod, herrings, sardines, and flying fish.
They also eat octopuses, squids, cuttlefish, and crustaceans.
Female short-beaked common dolphins are pregnant for around 10 to 11 months before giving birth to young which are 70 to 100 cm (2.3 to 3.3 ft) long, and weigh about 10 kg (22 Ib).
Males mature at the age of between 3 and 12 years old, and females mature at the age of between 2 and 7 years old.
They live for around 35 years, but some live for only 22 years.
The short-beaked common dolphin was first thought to be the only species of the genus, Delphinus.
But soon, studies show that there is another species, the long-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus capensis).
The difference between the short-beaked common dolphin and the long-beaked common dolphin is that the short-beaked common dolphin is smaller in size and has a smaller beak than the long-beaked common dolphin.
Cheryl Rae Tiegs (born September 25 1947 in Breckenridge, Minnesota) is an American fashion model and actress.
She is best known for her modeling for the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue.
Tiegs has been on the cover of the SI Swimsuit Issue three times.
She has also been on the covers of many other magazines.
These include Vogue, Glamour, Harper's and Time.
Tiegs performed as herself in the sitcom Just Shoot Me.
Models from Minnesota
Patrika Darbo (born April 6, 1948 in Jacksonville, Florida) is an American movie and television actress.
She played Nancy Wesley in the television soap opera Days of Our Lives.
She also acted in independent movies.
Messier 84 (also known as NGC 4374) is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation of Virgo.
M84 is in the heavily populated inner core of the Virgo Cluster of galaxies.
Radio observations and Hubble Space Telescope images of M84 have revealed two jets of matter shooting out from the galaxy's centre, as well as a disk of rapidly rotating gas and stars.
This suggests there is  a supermassive black hole at the centre of the galaxy.
Its mass is  1.5  M☉, that is gravitation amounting to 15 billion solar masses.
Charles Messier discovered Messier 84 in 1781 when he searched for "nebulous objects" in the night sky.
The object is the 84th in the Messier Catalogue.
Ricardo Montalbán (Ricardo Gonzalo Pedro Montalbán y Merino, KSG November 25, 1920 – January 14, 2009) was a Mexican radio, television, theatre and movie actor.
He had a career seven decades long (motion pictures from 1943 to 2006) and many notable roles.
During the mid-1970s, Montalbán was the spokesman in TV automobile advertisements for the Chrysler Cordoba, in which he praised the "soft Corinthian leather" used for its interior.
He also advertised the Chrysler New Yorker.
From 1977 to 1984, he was famous as Mr. Roarke the main star in the television series Fantasy Island.
He played Khan Noonien Singh in the 1967 episode "Space Seed" of the first season of the original Star Trek series, and the 1982 film Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan.
He won an Emmy Award in 1978 for his role in the miniseries How the West Was Won and a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Screen Actors Guild in 1993.
Into his 80s, he continued to perform, often providing voices for animated films and commercials, and appearing in several Spy Kids films as "Grandfather Valentin".
Montalbán was born in Mexico City, Mexico on November 25, 1920.
He grew up in the city of Torreón, the son of Spanish immigrants Ricarda Merino and Jenaro Montalbán, a store manager.
He was married to Georgiana Belzer from 1944 until her death in 2007.
Mexican radio actors
is the large telescope of the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan at the Mauna Kea Observatory on the island of Hawaii.
From 1999 to 2005, its main mirror was the largest in the world.
In September 1999, former-Princess Sayako of Japan dedicated the telescope.
For the dedication, an eyepiece was constructed so that Princess Sayako could look through it directly.
Subaru Telescope website
Corning Museum of Glass, Telescopes and Mirrors
Kepler-22b is an extrasolar planet orbiting (going around) G-type star Kepler-22.
It is located about 600 light years away from Earth in the constellation Cygnus.
It was found by NASA's Kepler Space Telescope.
It is also the first known planet to orbit within the habitable zone of a Sun-like star.
Kepler-22b's first transit in front of its host sun was observed on Kepler's third day of scientific operations in mid-2009.
Kepler-22b's third transit was detected in late 2010.
The Spitzer Space Telescope provided more data that confirmed Kepler-22b's transits.
On December 5, 2011, the confirmation of the existence of Kepler-22b was announced.
Composition and structure
Kepler-22b's radius is roughly 2.4 times the radius of Earth.
Its mass and surface composition remain unknown, with only some very rough estimates established: It has less than 124 Earth masses at the 3 sigma confidence limit, and less than 36 Earth masses at 1 sigma confidence.
It is thought that the object has a mass similar to that of Neptune (~35 Earth masses).
Another possibility is that Kepler-22b is an "ocean-like" world.
It might also be comparable to the water-rich planet GJ 1214 b although Kepler-22b, unlike GJ 1214 b, is in the habitable zone.
If it has an Earth-like composition, the compression of material in the interior of the planet would give an overall mass greater than 40 Earth masses.
Such a planet would also produce surface gravity greater than 7 times that on Earth.
This is ruled out to at least 1-sigma uncertainty by radial velocity measurements of the system, suggesting Kepler-22b does not have Earth-like composition.
It is likely to have a more volatile-rich composition with a liquid or gaseous outer shell; this would make it similar to Kepler-11f, the smallest known gas planet.
"If it is mostly ocean with a small rocky core," Natalie Batalha, one of the scientists on the project, speculated "it's not beyond the realm of possibility that life could exist in such an ocean."
This possibility of life has spurred SETI to perform research on top candidates for extraterrestrial intelligence.
However, if the planet's carbon cycle has ceased due to lack of oceans and plate tectonics, Kepler-22b may turn out to be a searing, sterile super-Venus.
No information is available about the shape of the planet's orbit.
Many extrasolar planets are known to move in highly elliptical orbits.
We only know that the semi-major axis of its orbit is within its host star's habitable zone.
If Kepler-22b has a highly elongated orbit it may well only spend a small fraction of its time within this habitable zone, which would cause extreme temperature differences on the planet and make it inhospitable.
In order to obtain information about the shape of the planet's orbit, other methods of planetary detection, such as the radial velocity method, need to be used.
While such methods have been performed on the planet after its discovery, they have not yet detected what the orbital eccentricity of the planet actually is, and have as of March 2012 only set an upper limit on the mass of the planet.
Surface temperature and composition
The average distance from Kepler-22b to its host star Kepler-22 is about 15% less than the distance from Earth to the Sun but the luminosity (light output) of Kepler-22 is about 25% less than that of the Sun.
This combination of a shorter average distance from the star and a lower stellar luminosity are consistent with a moderate surface temperature at that distance if we assume that the surface is not subject to extreme greenhouse heating.
If the planet is found to move in a highly elliptical orbit, its surface temperature will vary from a higher temperature when close to Kepler-22 to lower when further away.
If the orbit is indeed highly elliptical, then the temperature variance range will be extreme.
In the absence of an atmosphere, the equilibrium temperature would be approximately .
If the atmosphere provides a greenhouse effect similar in magnitude to the one on Earth, the planet would have an average surface temperature of  (72°F).
If the atmosphere provides a greenhouse effect similar in magnitude to the one on Venus, the planet would have an average surface temperature of  (860°F).
"NASA Telescope Confirms Alien Planet in Habitable Zone" (Space.com)
"Kepler 22-b: Earth-like planet confirmed" (BBC)
"NASA's Kepler Confirms Its First Planet In Habitable Zone" (NASA)
"Kepler discoveries: Kepler-22b: 'a yearly orbit of 289 days'" (NASA)
"View of Kepler 22-b Sky Location" (Worldwide Telescope)
"The Habitable Exoplanets Catalog" (PHL/UPR Arecibo)
Preprint of discovery paper - Accepted to Astrophysical Journal
Kepler mission newsfeed
A Western scrub jay (Aphelocoma californica) is a type of jay bird in Western North America.
They live in forests and look for food on the ground.
They eat acorns, hairy caterpillars, beetles, wasps, corn, nuts, fruit, lizards, and other things.
Jill Dorothy Ireland (April 24, 1936 - May 18, 1990) was an English actress.
She also did some television performances.
She was married to the actor Charles Bronson.
Ireland died in Malibu, California due to breast cancer.
Cynthia Ellen Nixon (born April 9, 1966) is an American actress, activist and politician.
She is most well known role comes from playing Miranda Hobbes in the HBO series Sex and the City (1998-2004).
She has had other movie and TV starring acts as well.
In 2016, she played Nancy Reagan in the television movie Killing Reagan.
The Vostok rocket was developed by the Soviet Union to as their main launch vehicle for space flights.
It was based on the R-7, an ICBM designed by Sergei Korolev and first launched in 1957.
An R-7 rocket was used to carry Sputnik 1 into space on October 4, 1957.
It was a single rocket with 4 booster engines attached to the sides, which acted like a multi stage rocket.
The Vostok was an R-7 with an extra upper stage rocket, called Blok-E. This upper stage would fire as the lower stages ran out of fuel (a mix of kerosene and liquid oxygen.
The Vostok was the first rocket with enough power to reach a solar orbit, with Lunar 1, launched on January 2, 1959.
Luna 2 was the first rocket to reach the Moon, launched September 14, 1959.
Luna 3, launched October 4, 1959, was able to take photographs of the far side of the Moon.
A Vostok rocket carried the Vostok 1 spacecraft, carrying Yuri Gagarin, the first person to go into space on April 12, 1961.
Vostok 6 carried Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman in space on June 16, 1963.
Robin Gayle Wright (born April 8, 1966 in Dallas, Texas) is an American actress.
Her roles include starring as Jenny in the Academy Award winning movie Forrest Gump.
She played in many other movies and television series.
Wright was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for her acting in the soap opera Santa Barbara.
Wright was married to actor Sean Penn from 1998 until 2010.
They have 2 children.
Australian Aborigines were some of the first people in the world to develop ideas with astronomy.
It is possible that their interpretation of astronomy is the oldest still alive today.
Studying astronomical subjects – such as the Sun, Moon, stars and planets – and the way they appeared to move was used as a way to find and explain the relationship between people, nature and the sky.
The ideas that came from this contributed to their basic perception of the universe (their cosmology), and still form an important part of traditional culture and knowledge.
Many legends, art forms, music and ceremonies originate from interpretations of astronomical phenomena and objects in the sky.
Many Aboriginal groups give spiritual or mythological meanings to these things.
Some groups used their knowledge of the movement of objects across the sky to develop practical tools like calendars.
Old Australian Aboriginal culture is an oral tradition, so knowledge of astronomy has been passed down through stories, song and dance.
A lot of knowledge is kept secret, only passed to those who have been initiated.
As in all aspects of Aboriginal society, some things are only known to men, other things are only known to women.
The earliest written account of Aboriginal astronomy was published in 1857.
It was written by Edward Stanbridge, an Englishman who became friends with the Boorong people of Victoria.
Astronomy is a huge part of Aboriginal people's social, cultural and religious knowledge.
It has little relation to the scientific theory of Western thinking.
There are many different Aboriginal groups in Australia, and each interpret the sky in different ways.
The interpretations all developed along the same lines and share the same basic themes, but can be very different in meaning.
Most objects and phenomena are interpreted as figures or events in the Dreaming.
Unlike in other ancient cultures, these legends and beliefs are still part of modern life for Australian Aborigines.
Sun and moon
In most Aboriginal cultures, the Sun is regarded as a woman, and the Moon is a man.
Tradition in Arnhem Land says that each morning, the Sun wakes up and lights a fire at her camp in the east.
She then gets up and carries a torch across the sky from east to west, creating daylight.
The Yolngu call her Walu, and believe that at sunrise and sunset her ochre body paint is brushed onto the clouds.
At night, she is said to travel under ground back to her camp in the east.
Similar stories are used to explain the phases of the Moon.
For example, the Kuwema people say that at each full moon, he grows fat by eating the spirits of those who disobey tribal law.
Some coastal peoples, such as the Yolngu, clearly saw the connection between the Moon and the tides.
In other groups, the Moon is linked with fertility due to the similar pattern of the lunar cycle and the female menstrual cycle.
Solar and lunar eclipses were widely explained as the male Moon and female Sun mating with or marrying each other.
Several astronomers note that these explanations show Aborigines understood that eclipses are caused by the paths of the Sun and Moon crossing each other.
Norris (2009) argues that early Aborigines must have had a very good understanding of this in order to identify a lunar eclipse as being caused by the alignment of the Sun and Moon (since the Sun does not actually appear in the sky).
In his study of the central desert peoples, anthropologist Charles P. Mountford wrote that most, if not all, of the stars seen in the southern hemisphere had Aboriginal myths associated with them.
Most groups distinguish red, white, blue and yellow stars.
Stars are often grouped together in unique ways – some groups classify stars using social kinship systems.
So many of the constellations known to Aboriginal groups are different to those known to Western astronomers.
The broad band of the Milky Way that runs across the sky at night is commonly interpreted by Aboriginal groups as a legendary river.
Several groups in the central desert believe the river divides two tribes of ancestor spirits who live on either side.
To some groups, the stars along the river represent fish; other groups, such as the Yolngu, believe the stars are the campfires of their ancestors.
Other groups identfy the Milky Way as the Rainbow Serpent, a major creator being.
The Emu is a constellation known to many Aboriginal groups in Australia.
It is not a constellation in the usual sense, because it is defined by areas of dark shadow between the bands of the Milky Way (caused by dust and gas clouds in space), rather than by stars.
The emu's head is the very dark Coalsack nebula, next to the Southern Cross.
The body and legs are other dark clouds trailing out along the Milky Way and across the Scorpius constellation.
This shape in the sky is said to have influenced the style of the emus drawn on rock art.
Where it appeared in the sky during the course of the year indicated when ceremonies should be held.
Just north of Sydney is a well-known set of rock engravings, one of which is an emu in the same pose and orientation as the emu in the sky.
In autumn, the emu in the sky will stand directly over her portrait on the rock, indicating to the Kuring-gai people that it is time to gather emu eggs.
At the head of the emu, the Southern Cross is easily spotted in the sky, and there are many different interpretations of this constellation across Australia.
Several groups identify it as an eagle, a sky god, or both.
For the Arrernte, it represents the foot of Waluwara, an eagle spirit – the four bright stars mark his talons, and the Coalsack is his nest.
To the Ngarrindjeri of South Australia, the Southern Cross is a stingray being chased by two sharks.
The sharks, which is a sacred totem to the Ngarrindjeri, are represented by Alpha Centauri and Beta Centauri.
In Victoria, the Boorong people identified the Southern Cross as the possum Bunya hiding from an emu spirit whose outline could be seen in the Coalsack nebula.
To the Wardaman, the Coalsack is the head of a "law man".
In 1972, the poet Oodgeroo Noonuccal wrote of the Southern Cross as the hands and feet of a wise leader named Mirabooka, who was given eternal life as a spirit in the sky.
Orion and the Pleiades
Aboriginal interpretations of the constellations Orion and Pleiades are very similar to the stories about them in Greek mythology.
The stars of Orion are widely associated with young men – usually fishermen or hunters – while the seven stars of Pleiades are usually seen as young women.
The two constellations often appear in legend together, and are part of the Dreamings of several language groups.
In the central desert region, the Pleiades are said to be seven sisters running away from the unwelcome attentions of a man represented by some of the stars in Orion.
In Pitjantjatjara legend, the Pleiades represent the Kungkarungkara, a group of seven ancestral sisters.
They are guarded by a pack of dingos from Njiru, the hunter, who is the stars in Orion's Belt.
Njiru is said to have raped one of the sisters, who then died and became the darkest of the Pleiades stars.
The sisters transformed into birds and fled to safety in the sky, but Njiru still chases after them.
Other legends are less harsh: the Adnyamathanha, for example, believe the Pleiades are the wives of the stars in Orion.
Tiwi people see them as a group of kangaroos being chased by a pack of dingos.
Yolngu people see the constellation of Orion as a canoe.
They tell the story of three brothers who went fishing, and one of them ate a fish that was forbidden under their law.
Seeing this, the Sun blew the three brothers and their canoe up into the sky.
The three stars in the constellation's centre, which form Orion's Belt in Western mythology, are the three brothers.
The Orion Nebula above them is the forbidden fish, and the bright stars Betelgeuse and Rigel are the front and back of the canoe.
In this example, the astronomical legend has a clear message about a moral that people would follow on Earth.
Aboriginal myths such as these are often focused around moral lessons, such as reminders of whether it is alright to eat certain types of food.
Tagai
Tagai is a large constellation made up of Scorpius, Lupus, Centaurus, Crux, Corvus, with part of Hydra and one of the stars of Ara.
In the culture of the Torres Strait Islanders, Tagai is a legendary sea hero.
He is depicted as a fisherman standing in a canoe.
His crew is represented by the six stars of the Pleiades and six stars of Orion.
In the legend, Tagai's crew eats all the food and water that had been prepared for their journey.
Tagai punishes them by tying them together and throwing them into the ocean.
The stars in the sky are said to be their reflection.
The islanders used this constellation to tell the seasons.
This calendar organised their cycle of fishing and farming, as well as their rituals and social activities.
The appearance of the Pleiades told them that it was turtle-mating season, time for travelling and to prepare for planting before the rainy season.
Comets and meteors
Unexpected new arrivals in the sky, such as comets and meteors, were widely associated as omens of death or bad spirits.
Ngarrindjeri people of the central desert say that a meteor is an omen of deathly disease.
Tiwi-speaking people in New South Wales and the Kuninjku in Arnhem Land both interpreted meteors as the eyes of evil spirit creatures running across the sky hunting for the souls of the sick and dying.
The idea of comets and meteors bringing misfortune and death was also shared by many other cultures around the world.
Impact events are also described in Aboriginal legends, including in creation stories about particular landforms.
An example is the Arrernte story about the creation of Gosse's Bluff, an impact crater said to be nearly 150 million years old.
According to the Arrernte legend, this was created by a baby's cradle that fell from the sky world.
The baby's mother and father are the evening and morning stars (Venus), still searching for their baby.
Several other legends from across Australia tell about falling stars that bring fire to the earth.
Aborigines traditionally used the stars to navigate to where they wanted to go.
This is still the case in the remote outback, where there might not be any other signs or landmarks.
They also use the Sun, the Moon and the stars to tell the time.
Aboriginal calendars are usually more complex than those from Western culture.
Many groups in northern Australia use a calendar with six seasons, and know what season it is by what stars can be seen during that period.
In 1857, an Englishman named William Edward Stanbridge published the first written account of Aboriginal astronomy.
He wrote about the Boorong people of northern Victoria, and how they used astronomy to better understand seasons.
They thought of the constellation Lyra as a malleefowl (which they called Neilloan).
It disappears from the southern sky in October, and this event told the Boorong that the bird's egg-laying season had begun.
Other groups know that when Orion first appears in the sky, dingo puppies are about to be born.
When Scorpius appears, the Yolngu know that the Macassan fisherman would soon arrive to fish for sea cucumber and bring goods to trade.
For the Pitjantjatjara, the rising of the Pleiades at dawn (in May) marks the start of the cool season, when some animals in the desert go into hibernation.
Extensive reading list on Aboriginal Astronomy, intended as a resource for researchers
D.W. Hamacher (2011). "
Meteoritics and cosmology among the Aboriginal cultures of Central Australia".
Journal of Cosmology, Vol.
3743–3753.
D.W. Hamacher & D.J. Frew (2010). "
An Aboriginal Australian record of the Great Eruption of Eta Carinae".
Journal of Astronomical History & Heritage, Vol.
13(3), pp.
220–234.
D.W. Hamacher & R.P. Norris (2011). "
Eclipses in Australian Aboriginal Astronomy".
14(2), pp.
Comets in Australian Aboriginal Astronomy".
Journal of Astronomical History & Heritage, Vol 14(1), pp.
31–40.
D.W. Hamacher & R.P. Norris (2010). "
Meteors in Australian Aboriginal Dreamings" .
WGN - Journal of the International Meteor Organization, Vol.
38(3), pp.
87–98.
D.W. Hamacher & R.P. Norris (2009). "
Australian Aboriginal Geomythology: eyewitness accounts of cosmic impacts?"
Archaeoastronomy, Vol.
60–93.
R.F. Haynes, et al. (
1996). “
Explorers of the Southern Sky”, Cambridge University Press.
D. Johnson (1998). “
Night skies of Aboriginal Australia : a Noctuary”.
University of Sydney Press.
R.P. Norris & D.W. Hamacher (2011). "
Astronomical symbolism in Australian Aboriginal rock art".
Rock Art Research, Vol 28(1), pp.
R.P. Norris & P.M. Norris (2008). "
Emu Dreaming: An Introduction to Aboriginal Astronomy", Emu Dreaming Press, Sydney.
Elizabeth McGovern (born July 18 1961 in Evanston, Illinois) is an American movie, television and stage actress.
Her movies include Johnny Handsome (1989) and Once Upon a Time in America (1984).
Most of her acting has been on stage or in television.
The flag of Belize comes from the earlier flag of British Honduras.
British Honduras is the name of Belize during the time the British ruled.
The flag is royal blue.
It has a white disc at the centre with the national coat of arms held by a white and a black man.
They are surrounded by fifty mahogany leaves.
The colours on the flag are for the country's national parties.
The People's United Party (PUP) uses the color blue.
The United Democratic Party (Belize) (UDP) uses red.
National flags
1981 establishments in Belize
The Coat of Arms of Belize began to be used when Belize became independent.
The current coat of arms is only slightly different from that used when Belize was a British colony.
The border is a circle of twenty-five leaves.
Inside the circle is a mahogany tree.
There are the tools of a woodcutter and a ship.
These show the importance of mahogany in the 18th and 19th century Belizean economy.
The shield is supported by two wood-cutters of different races.
The one on the left is holding an axe.
The one on the right is holding an oar.
Again this shows the importance of the mahogany and its importance to boat building.
At the bottom is the national motto: SUB UMBRA FLOREO.
This means "Under the Shade I Flourish".
Land of the Free is the national anthem of Belize.
Samuel Alfred Haynes wrote the words.
Selwyn Walford Young wrote the music.
They did this in 1963.
It became official in 1981.
This article is about the river in Belize and Mexico; for other uses, see Rio Hondo
The Rio Hondo is a river of Central America.
It is about 150 km (93.2 mi) in length.
It flows in a northeasterly direction and ends in the Chetumal Bay on the Caribbean Sea.
Most of border of Mexico and Belize runs along its length.
The river is mentioned in a stanza of Belize's national anthem, Land of the Free:
Map showing location
Rivers of Belize
Rivers of Guatemala
Río Hondo, Zacapa, a municipality in the Guatemalan department of Zacapa
Rio Hondo (Belize), a river that is much of the border between Belize and Mexico
Rio Hondo (California), a tributary of the Los Angeles River in the U.S. state of California
Rio Hondo College, a college named after the California river
Rio Hondo, a barrio in Consolación del Sur, Cuba
Rio Hondo (crater), a named impact crater on the asteroid 951 Gaspra
Rio Hondo (Northern New Mexico), a river in the northern part of the U.S. state of New Mexico
Rio Hondo (Southern New Mexico), a river in the southern part of the U.S. state of New Mexico
Rio Hondo, a barrio in Zamboanga City, Philippines
Rio Hondo (Puerto Rico), a river in the U.S. territory of Puerto Rico
Rio Hondo, Texas, a township in the U.S. state of Texas
Termas de Río Hondo, a city in the province of Santiago del Estero, Argentina
Mopan are one of the Maya peoples in Belize and Guatemala.
Their language is also called Mopan.
It is one of the Yucatec Maya languages.
The British forced the Mopan out of British Honduras and into Guatemala.
The Mopan in Guatemala were made into slaves.
In the 19th century, many Guatemalan Mopan came back into British Honduras.
In the 2000 Census, 6,093 Belizeans said Mopan was their first language.
This was 3% the population.
Q'eqchi' (K'ekchi', or simply Kekchi) are one of the Maya peoples in Guatemala and Belize.
Their language is also called Q'eqchi'.
Before the Spanish came in the 1520s, Q'eqchi' were mostly in what are now the departments of Alta Verapaz and Baja Verapaz in Guatemala.
With the activity the Q'eqchi' moved into other regions of Guatemala, southern Belize, and smaller numbers in El Salvador, Honduras and southern Mexico.
Ambergris Caye is the largest island of Belize.
It is in the northeast of the country in the Caribbean Sea.
It is administered as part of the Belize District.
The closest point on the mainland is part of the Corozal District.
Caye is pronounced as "key".
It means an island.
The Caye is about  long from north to south, and about  wide.
It was named after large lumps of ambergris which washed ashore here.
A Maya community lived on the island in Pre-Columbian times.
They made polished red ceramics.
San Pedro Town is the largest settlement and only town on Ambergris.
There are a number of small villages and resorts.
The main attractions are the Belize Barrier Reef and its beaches.
The barrier reef is the second-largest in the world.
Only the Great Barrier Reef of Australia is bigger.
Izabal is one of the 22 departments of Guatemala.
Its coastal areas are part of the homeland of the Garifuna people.
Izabal is bordered to the north by  Belize, to the north east by the Gulf of Honduras, and to the east by  Honduras.
It is bordered by the Guatemalan departments of Petén to the north west, Alta Verapaz to the west, and Zacapa to the south.
The department of Izabal surrounds Lago Izabal.
It is Guatemala's largest lake at about 48 km long and 24 km wide, with an area of about 590 km².
The Spanish Colonial fort of San Felipe overlooks the point where the lake flows into the Río Dulce.
The small town of Izabal is on the south shore of the lake.
Before the ports of Livingston and Puerto Barrios were built in the 19th century this was Guatemala's main Caribbean Sea port.
It was the original seat of Izabal department.
Now Izabal town is a remote village that gets little traffic.
The department of Izabal includes the ports of Puerto Barrios (the departmental seat), Santo Tomás de Castilla, Livingston and Guatemala's free trade zone Zolic.
El Estor
Puerto Barrios
Departments of Guatemala
SpongeBob SquarePants is an animated television series broadcast on Nickelodeon, an American cable network.
The series started showing on May 1, 1999.
Season 1: 1999–2001
The first season of SpongeBob SquarePants premiered on May 1, 1999.
The season ended on March 3, 2001.
The DVD for the season was released in regions one, two and four on October 28, 2003, November 7, 2005, and November 30, 2006, respectively.
The pilot episode, "Help Wanted" was not included on the season one DVD, due to copyright issues with Tiny's Tim song "Livin' in the Sunlight, Lovin' in the Moonlight," which was used in the episode.
However, this episode was included as a bonus feature on the season three DVD.
41 episodes were produced this season.
Season 2: 2000-2003
The second season of SpongeBob SquarePants premiered on October 20, 2000, with the episodes "Something Smells" and "Bossy Boots".
The season ended on July 26, 2003 with "Gary Takes a Bath".
The DVD for the season was released in Regions one, two, and four on October 19, 2004, October 23, 2006, and November 30, 2006, respectively.
39 episodes were produced this season.
Season 3: 2001–2004
The third season of SpongeBob SquarePants premiered on October 5, 2001, with the episodes "The Bully" and "Just One Bite".
The season ended on October 11, 2004 with "SpongeBob Meets the Strangler" and "Pranks a Lot".
The DVD for the season was released in regions one, two and four on September 27, 2005, November 8, 2007 and December 3, 2007 respectively.
Following the season three finale, the series entered a hiatus that would last for over six months.
During the hiatus, The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie was released to cinemas.
37 episodes were produced this season.
Season 4: 2005–2007
The fourth season of SpongeBob SquarePants premiered on May 6, 2005, with the episodes "Fear of a Krabby Patty" and "Shell of a Man".
The season ended on July 24, 2007 with the episode "Squid Wood".
Unlike the previous seasons, season four was released in two volume DVDs.
The volume one DVD was released in region one on September 12, 2006.
The volume two DVD was released in region one on January 9, 2007, with nine episodes from the season being released on that DVD before airing on American television.
The season set was released in its entirety in region two on November 3, 2008.
38 episodes were produced this season.
Season 5: 2007–2009
The fifth season of SpongeBob SquarePants premiered on May 5, 2006, with the episode "Friend or Foe".
The season ended on July 19, 2009 with the airing of "Goo Goo Gas".
As in season four, the season DVDs were split into two volumes.
The volume one DVD was released in region one on September 4, 2007 while the second was released on November 18, 2008.
Season 6: 2008-2010
The sixth season of SpongeBob SquarePants premiered on March 3, 2008, with the episode "Krabby Road".
The season ended on July 5, 2010 with "The Clash of Triton".
Like season five, the season DVD was split into one volume.
The volume one DVD was released in region one on December 8, 2009.
47 episodes were produced this season.
Season 7: 2009–2011
The seventh season of SpongeBob SquarePants was announced in March 2008.
The season premiered on July 19, 2009 with the airings of "I ♥ Dancing", "Someone's in the Kitchen with Sandy", "Growth Spout", "Tentacle-Vision", "The Inside Job", and "Stuck in the Wringer", and ended on June 11, 2011 with the Legends of Bikini Bottom episode "The Curse of the Hex".
The DVD for this season was released in region one on December 6, 2011, in region four on September 9, 2012, and region two on September 17, 2012, making it the first season DVD since the third season DVD to be have its season released in its entirety in region one.
Season 8: 2011–2012
The eighth season of SpongeBob SquarePants was announced in December 2009.
The season premiered on March 26, 2011 with the airings of "Oral Report" and "A Friendly Game", and ended on December 6, 2012 with the Nickelodeon airing of "It's a SpongeBob Christmas!".
Season 8 consist of episodes 153-178.
With the airing of "Squiditis", on April 12, 2012, it surpassed Rugrats, which had 172 episodes, and became Nickelodeon's longest running cartoon.
The DVD for this season was released in region one on March 12, 2013, in region two on October 28, 2013, and region four on October 30, 2013.
Season 9: 2012–2017
On Monday January 3, 2011, Nickelodeon ordered 26 episodes for a ninth season, which was confirmed to begin airing in 2012.
This season consists of episodes 179-204, and marks the 200-episode milestone.
The season premiered with the episodes "Extreme Spots" and "Squirrel Record" on July 21, 2012, and ended on February 20, 2017 with the episode "Goodbye, Krabby Patty?",
making it the longest-running season of SpongeBob SquarePants to date; between the episodes "SpongeBob You're Fired" and "Lost in Bikini Bottom", production of this season went on hiatus to finish production of The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water.
Starting from this season, episodes are now in HD widescreen.
The DVD for this season was released on October 10, 2017 in region one.
Season 10: 2016-2017
Season 10 was officially announced on May 21, 2012.
This season was scheduled to premiere in 2014, but got delayed due to the production of The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water.
The season premiered with the episode "Whirly Brains" on October 15, 2016, and ended on December 2, 2017, with the episode "The Incredible Shrinking Sponge".
It is the shortest season of the series, having only 9 half-hours instead of 26; Vincent Waller said on his Twitter that this was due to accounting and contractual issues.
The DVD for this season was released in region one on October 15, 2019, exactly three years after the season first premiered.
Season 11: 2017-2018
Season 11 was announced on March 3, 2016; it premiered on June 17, 2017, with the episodes "Patrick's Coupon" and "Out of the Picture", and ended on November 25, 2018, with the episode "Goons on the Moon".
The DVD for this season was released in region one on March 17, 2020.
Season 12: 2018-present
Season 12 was announced on May 5, 2017.
It premiered on November 11, 2018 with the episodes "FarmerBob" and "Gary & Spot".
This is the next season show creator Stephen Hillenburg is involved in before his burgers on November 26, 2018.
The DVD for this season was released on January 12, 2019, before several episodes premiered in the United States; however, "Shell Games" is not included on this DVD, due to the episode being too unintentionally similar to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic; this makes it the second season DVD to include "Kwarantined Krab", after the Complete 1st Season, which included "Help Wanted".
Season 13: 2020-present
Season 13 was announced on July 17, 2019.
It premiered on October 22, 2020 with the episodes "A Place for Pets" and "Lockdown for Love".
Originally set to contain 13 half-hours, it was extended to 26 on August 11, 2021.
This is the last season to be produced after show creator Stephen Hillenburg's burgers.
List of The Pocoyo and Patpits Show episodes  at TV.com
List of SpongeBob SquarePants episodes at The Internet Movie Database
Episode Guide at epguides.com
List of SpongeBob SquarePants episodes  at SpongePedia
List of SpongeBob SquarePants episodes at the SpongeBob SquarePants Wiki
Sarstoon River is a river in the Toledo District of Belize.
It makes the country's southern border with Guatemala.
The river's sources are in Guatemala.
There it is called by its Spanish name, Río Sarstún.
It flows through the Guatemalan departments of Alta Verapaz and Izabal.