the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
If the judge or magistrate believes the affidavit establishes probable cause, he or she approves the warrant.
A warrant is usually for a specific period of time and spells out exactly what the officers may search for and seize.
Arrest warrant
In many cases an arrest warrant is not needed.
If a police officer personally sees someone committing a crime, the officer may arrest that individual without a warrant.
An officer may also arrest someone if they have probable cause to believe the person had committed or were about to commit a crime.
For example, a police officer is notified a bank has just been robbed and is given a description of the suspect.
The single robber left in a dark blue Ford Mustang.
The officer stops a dark blue Ford Mustang with bags of money on the back seat (in plain sight) and the driver matches the description.
The officer believes he has probable cause and arrests the driver.
In the European Union a European Arrest Warrant (EAW) is most often used between member countries in place of a lengthy extradition process.
These came into effect on 1 January 2004.
Since that time they are used to arrest dangerous criminals who flee across borders in Europe.
In Japan, an officer may arrest a person they believe may have committed a crime.
They can detain the person for up to 48 hours.
The police are required to inform the person why they were arrested.
During the 48 hour period, the person may be brought before a prosecutor if the police have enough evidence.
If the prosecutor believes the evidence is enough, they request a warrant of detention before a judge within 24 hours.
The defendant appears before the judge when the warrant is requested.
The case may be dropped for lack of evidence either before the prosecutor or before the judge.
Prince William County is a county in Virginia.
As of the 2010 census, the population was 402,002.
The 2015 Washington, D.C., mass murder occurred on May 14, 2015.
Three members of the Savopoulos family (Savvas, Amy, and their son, Philip) were murdered at their home in Washington, D.C.. Their housekeeper, Veralicia Figueroa, was also murdered.
The victims were held hostage for nineteen hours, from May 13.
Ten-year-old Philip was tortured in order to coerce $40,000 in cash from the family.
The killers restrained the victims with duct tape before killing them.
They then set the house on fire.
All the victims had been hit with something, and Philip was also stabbed.
The Savopouloses were an upper-class family.
They lived in the Woodley Park neighborhood of Northwest Washington.
Savvas Savopoulos was the CEO and President of American Iron Works.
This is a construction company that helped build the Verizon Center.
Savvas Phillip Savopoulos, age 46, a prominent area businessman
Amy Clare Savopoulos (née Martin), age 47, his wife
Philip Savvas Savopoulos, age 10, their son
Veralicia Figueroa, age 57, their housekeeper
Greater Mexico City refers to the conurbation around Mexico City.
The official name is Mexico City Metropolitan Area (Área Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México).
It is made up of the Federal District itself and 41 surrounding municipalities of the states of Mexico and Hidalgo.
Components of the agglomeration
Mexico City Metropolitan Area
The 16 boroughs (delegaciones) of the Federal District (Mexico City proper)
Azcapotzalco
Cuajimalpa de Morelos
Gustavo A. Madero
Iztacalco
Iztapalapa
Magdalena Contreras
Milpa Alta
Tláhuac
Tlalpan
Xochimilco
The 40 municipalities of the State of Mexico
Melchor Ocampo
Nextlalplan
Nicolás Romero
Papalotla
San Martín de las Pirámides
Tecámac
Temamatla
Teoloyucán
Tepetlaoxtoc
Tepotzotlán
Tlamanalco
Tlalnepantla de Baz
Tultepec
Tultitlán
Valle de Chalco Solidaridad
Zumpango
One conurbation municipality of the State of Hidalgo
Tizayuca is a city and one of the 84 municipalities of Hidalgo, in central-eastern Mexico.
It covers an area of 92.5 km².
La Paz Municipality, Bolivia
La Paz, Córdoba
La Paz, Entre Ríos
La Paz, Mendoza
La Paz Department, Catamarca
La Paz Department, Mendoza
La Paz, Cesar
La Paz, Santander
La Paz Department (Honduras)
La Paz Municipality, Baja California Sur
La Paz, State of Mexico, a large suburb of Mexico City
La Paz, Abra
La Paz, Agusan del Sur
La Paz, Iloilo City, a district of Iloilo City
La Paz, Leyte
La Paz, Tarlac
La Paz, Arizona, a ghost town
La Paz, California, headquarters of the United Farm Workers
La Paz, Indiana
La Paz, Uruguay
La Paz Waterfall, Costa Rica
La Paz F.C., a professional football club from La Paz, Bolivia
Metro La Paz, a Mexico City Metro station
La Paz is a municipality in the State of Mexico, Mexico.
Its municipal seat is the town of Los Reyes Acaquilpan.
It is located on the dividing line between Mexico State and the eastern edge of the Federal District and is part of the Greater Mexico City area.
The area was part of a region called "Atlicpac" which in Nahuatl means 'above or at the edge of water.'
The current city's/municipality's glyph symbolizes water.
San Mateo Piñas is a town and municipality in Oaxaca, Mexico.
The municipality covers an area of 211.8 km².
San Matéo River (Ichilo River)
San Mateo Bay, Vancouver Island, British Columbia
Vega de San Mateo, Las Palmas
San Mateo, Boyacá
San Mateo (canton)
San Mateo de Alajuela
San Mateo, Quetzaltenango
State of Mexico
San Mateo Atenco
San Mateo Cajonos
San Mateo del Mar
San Mateo Etlatongo
San Mateo Nejapam
San Mateo Peñasco
San Mateo Sindihui
San Mateo Tlapiltepec
San Mateo Yoloxochitlán
San Mateo de Otao District
San Mateo District, Huarochirí
San Mateo, Isabela
San Mateo, Rizal
San Mateo, San Pablo
San Mateo, Florida
San Mateo, New Mexico
San Mateo (Santurce), Puerto Rico
San Mateo, Anzoátegui
San Mateo, Aragua
San Mateo Río Hondo is a town and municipality in Oaxaca, Mexico.
It is part of the Miahuatlán District in the south of the Sierra Sur Region.
Charles C. "Hondo" Campbell (1948 – February 8, 2016) was an American general.
He was the 17th Commanding General in the United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM).
He previously served as FORSCOM’s Deputy Commanding General and Chief of Staff from April 26, 2006 to January 8, 2007.
He assumed his Commanding General assignment January 9, 2007, and completed it June 3, 2010.
Campbell died in Shreveport on February 8, 2016, from a heart attack.
Violette Verdy (born Nelly Armande Guillerm; 1 December 1933 – 8 February 2016) was a French ballerina, choreographer, teacher, and writer.
She worked as a dance company director in France and the United States.
She was a Distinguished Professor of Music (Ballet) at the Jacobs School of Music at Indiana University, in Bloomington, Indiana.
She was an artistic director of the Paris Opera Ballet and Boston Ballet, and the recipient of two medals from the French government.
She was born in Pont-l'Abbé, France.
Verdy died in Bloomington, Indiana from heart failure on 8 February 2016.
The kingdom of Mysore was a kingdom in southern India.
It was founded by the Wadiyar dynasty in 1399.
They ruled from 1399 to 1947.
The last ruler was Tipu Sultan.
At first they ruled as vassals of the Vijayanagara Empire from 1399 to 1565.
From 1565 to 1761 they were independent rulers.
From 1761 to 1796 they ruled in name only.
The actual power was with Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan.
When Tipu Sultan died at the hands of the British, they ruled from 1799 to 1947 as British allies.
1399 establishments
Brain injury means that the brain has been hurt in some way.
Many different things can hurt the brain.
For example, brain injuries can happen before a baby is even born.
These are called congenital brain injuries.
A physical injury (trauma) can also hurt the brain (for example, if a person hits their head in a car accident).
These types of brain injuries are called traumatic brain injuries.
Many medical problems can also injure the brain.
For example, the brain can get injured if it does not get enough oxygen (for example, during a stroke).
All brain injuries are different.
Some are mild (not very bad); some are severe (very bad).
Some are temporary (they get better); some get better slowly over time; and some never get better.
Also, since the brain controls every part of the body, the symptoms of brain injury can be very different for different people.
This depends partly on what part of the brain was injured, and how badly.
Types of brain injuries
Congenital brain injuries
The mother drinks alcohol while pregnant (this can cause fetal alcohol syndrome)
The mother takes illegal drugs, or medications that are poisonous to the fetus, while pregnant
The mother has an infection like rubella, chickenpox, or toxoplasmosis while pregnant
Traumatic brain injuries
Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are caused by a physical injury to the brain.
They can happen when the head suddenly hits an object very hard, like in a car accident.
They can also happen when something - like a bullet or knife - goes through the head and into the brain.
Traumatic brain injury is one of the most common causes of disability everywhere in the world.
It is more common in developing countries.
All over the world, about 10 million people are affected by TBI every year.
Experts estimate that the most common causes of TBI in the world are:p.
Injuries from road traffic (they cause about 60% of all TBI)
Falls (about 20%-30%)
Violence (10%)
Injuries from working or playing sports (10%)
War and violence are often much more common causes of TBI in certain parts of the world.
In the past, these places have included Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East.pp.
344–345
Traumatic brain injury has become one of the most common types of injuries in soldiers serving in Iraq and Afghanistan.
The United States Department of Defense says that 22% of all injuries from these wars are traumatic brain injuries.
Some traumatic brain injuries are mild and can get better with time, like a concussion.
Others are more serious, especially if they cause bleeding or swelling in the brain.
Other brain injuries
Another major type of brain injury is a hypoxic brain injury.
This happens when the brain does not get enough oxygen.
This can happen for many reasons, like:
The brain can also be injured by many other things.
Infections like encephalitis and meningitis
Use of illegal drugs or alcohol
Poisons, like lead
Diffuse or focal
A diffuse injury hurts the entire brain.
For example, if a person is drowning, and cannot breathe, no part of their brain will get oxygen.
If this lasts long enough, the entire brain will be injured by not having enough oxygen.
A focal injury hurts just part of the brain.
For example, in some strokes, a person has a blood clot that blocks the blood flow to just part of their brain.
If the person gets good medical treatment, just that part of their brain may be injured.
This is important because different parts of the brain control different things.
When a person has a focal brain injury, their symptoms will depend on what part of the brain was injured.
For example, if a part of the brain that controls speech was injured, the person may have trouble speaking.
For example, brain injuries can cause changes or problems in a person's thinking, senses, feelings, or ability to move.
However, some people might have mild problems in these areas, while other people might have more serious problems:
Mild symptoms: Getting distracted easily; feeling confused sometimes; forgetting things easily
Severe symptoms: Unable to concentrate; getting very confused; unable to remember important things, people, or parts of life; intellectual disability
Problems with the senses
Mild symptoms: Being sensitive to bright lights and sounds
Severe symptoms: Hearing loss; vision loss
Changes in feelings
Mild symptoms: Mood changes; depression; anxiety
Severe symptoms: Long-lasting depression or anxiety; severe, sudden mood changes or aggression; changes in personality
Trouble moving
Mild symptoms: Feeling dizzy
Severe symptoms: Trouble walking; weakness in the arms or legs; trouble with balance
There are many different treatments that may help people with brain injuries.
Physical therapy can help people re-learn how to move, walk, and balance themselves
Occupational therapy can help people practice how to do everyday things, like getting dressed and making meals
Speech therapy can help people who are having trouble speaking after their brain injury
Psychotherapy can help with depression, anxiety, mood changes, and stress
It can be used for both lossy compression and lossless compression, though it is usually used for lossy compression.
H.264 is used in many places including Blu-Ray players, as well as videos streamed through sites like Youtube.
It is also used in some TV broadcasts.
Dominique D'Onofrio (18 April 1953 – 12 February 2016) was an Italian-born Belgian footballer, coach and later chairman.
He was born on in Castelforte, Italy.
He played for R.R.F.C. Montegnée during the 1970s.
He was the head coach of Standard de Liège for almost ten years.
D'Onofrio died on 12 February 2016 from a heart attack while on a trip in Buenos Aires.
He was aged 62.
Dominique D'Onofrio Interviewed
August Paul "Augie" Mardesich (February 11, 1920 – February 8, 2016) was an American politician from the state of Washington.
Mardesich served as a member of the Washington House of Representatives from 1950 through 1963.
He also served as a member of the Washington Senate from the 38th district from 1963 through 1978.
Mardesich died in Mill Creek, Washington from dementia on February 8, 2016.
Eliseo Prado (17 September 1929 – 10 February 2016) was an Argentine football forward.
He played for Argentina in the 1958 FIFA World Cup.
He also played for Club Atlético River Plate.
Prado died of complications from Alzheimer's disease in Buenos Aires on 10 February 2016.
Honda is a city in the Tolima Department in  Colombia.
In 2015, about 35,000 people lived there.
The city was founded in 1539, and has city status since 1830.
Together with Libano it is the seat of the Roman Catholic diocesese Libano-Honda.
Rithvik Dhanjani is an Indian television actor.
He played Arjun Digvijay Kirloskar in Pavitra Rishta.
He won the Indian dance reality show Nach Baliye 6 with his partner Asha Negi and also the host of Zee Rishtey Awards.
In June 2012, Dhanjani  entered Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 5 as Wild Card entry and came in third place.
2010 Bandini as Parth Shashank Mehta
2010-11 Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani as Jay Khurana
2011-14 Pavitra Rishta as Arjun Kirloskar
2014 MTV Fanaah as Vidhyut
2015 Kumkum Bhagya as Arjun kirloskar (cameo appearance)
2012 Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 5 as Contestant
2013 India's Best Dramebaaz as Host
2013 Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6 as Contestant
2013 Yeh Hai Aashiqui as Kabir
2013-14 Nach Baliye 6 as Contestant (Winner) with Asha Negi
2014 Dare 2 Dance as Contestant
2013- present Yeh Hai Aashiqui as Host
2015 Yeh Hai Aashiqui as Rithvik Dhanjani (himself) with Asha Negi
2015 V Distraction as Host
2015 Nach Baliye 7 as host alongside Karan Patel2015 Deva Shree Ganesha as Host
2015 I Can Do That as Contestant (Winner)
2015-Present India's Best Dramebaaz as Host alongside Ravi Dubey2016 I Don't Watch TV''
Awards from popular organisations
Other awards and recognitions
"I Will Never Let You Down" is a song by British recording artist Rita Ora.
It was first planned as lead single for her upcoming second studio album.
But it was later released as a buzz single.
It was written and produced by Calvin Harris.
The single was released on 31 March 2014.
Given a number of characters of an alphabet,  a character encoding is a function that will map each character to a number.
This number must be unique and is called code point.
In this context, a character is the minimal unit of text that has a semantic value: In alphabets that use letters, this is usually a letter.
Early systems, like the telegraph only have a part of all the letters possible.
They have only uppercase letters, numbers, and a few extra characters (punctuation, spacing, newline..).
The flag alphabet ships use is even more restricted.
The Elements of Style is an American English how-to-do-it writing style guide.
It lists brief guidelines for writing simple English.
The book ran to many reprints.
The original was composed by William Strunk Jr. in 1918, and was published by Harcourt in 1920.
It had eight "elementary rules of usage", ten "elementary principles of composition", "a few matters of form", a list of 49 "words and expressions commonly misused", and a list of 57 "words often misspelled".
E. B. White much enlarged and revised the book for publication by Macmillan, in 1959.
That was the first edition of the so-called "Strunk & White", which Time called in 2011 "one of the 100 best and most influential books written in English since 1923".
The first printing of the 1959 edition sold about two million copies.
In the following four decades, more than ten million copies of the three printings (1959 edition, 1972 edition, and 1988 edition) have been sold.
The amniotic sac  holds a fetus while it is developing during pregnancy.
The amniotic sac is filled with amniotic fluid, which protects the fetus.
The amniotic sac starts to form and fill with amniotic fluid just days after a woman gets pregnant.
At first, the amniotic fluid is made from the mother's plasma (the liquid part of her blood).
At first, the amniotic fluid is made mostly of water with electrolytes (salts).
However, by the 12th to the 14th week of pregnancy, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, phospholipids, and urea are all in the amniotic fluid.
These things help the fetus grow.
As the fetus gets bigger, more amniotic fluid gets created.
By the time the baby is born, there is about one liter of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac.
The amniotic fluid
It acts like a cushion, so the fetus does not hit the side of the mother's abdomen
It lets the fetus float and move around, which helps the muscles and bones grow
It keeps the fetus warm
It contains nutrients that help the fetus grow
After the fetus is about four months old, when the kidneys start to work, the amniotic fluid serves another important purpose.
The fetus swallows amniotic fluid.
This fluid passes through the fetus's digestive system and urinary system and gets urinated out into the amniotic fluid.
This helps the fetus "practice" swallowing, digesting, and urinating before being born.
The amniotic sac
The amniotic sac has two layers, which have two different jobs.
The inside layer holds in the fetus and the amniotic fluid.
The outside layer attaches to the umbilical cord, so that blood and oxygen from the mother can get through the amniotic sac and to the fetus.
A sample of amniotic fluid can show whether a fetus has certain genetic disorders or infections.
A test called an amniocentesis can take a sample of amniotic fluid with a needle and study it for problems.
When a woman starts to give birth, the amniotic sac should break and the amniotic fluid will leak out the woman's vagina.
This is often called the time when a woman's "water breaks."
Doctors call it "rupture of membranes."
In the Domain Name System, an A record is something that changes a domain name into a 32-bit IP address (or IPv4 address).
A domain can have many A records, for example, the domain example.com could have an A record for www.example.com that points to the IP 127.0.0.1, and another A record for mail.example.com that points to the IP 127.0.0.2.
In the Domain Name System, an AAAA record is something that changes a domain name into a 128-bit IP address (or IPv6 address).
A domain can have many AAAA records, for example, the domain example.com could have an AAAA record for www.example.com that points to the IP 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:3257:9652, and another AAAA record for mail.example.com that points to the IP 2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:3257:9653.
Aizawl is the capital city of the state of Mizoram in India.
It has a population of 293,416 according to the census of 2011.
It is the largest city in the state.
The population of Aizawl is mostly ethnic Mizo people.
The people are mostly Christian.
Aizawl is located in the northern part of Mizoram.
It is 1,132 metres (3715 ft) above sea level.
In the summer the temperatures range from , and in the winter .
Aizawl Official Website
Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961), was a landmark decision in criminal procedure.
The United States Supreme Court ruled that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment may not be used at trial in a state court.
On May 23, 1957, in Cleveland, Ohio, three police officers arrived at the home of a Miss Mapp, the appellant.
The officers said they had information a bombing suspect was in the house and demanded entry.
After telephoning her attorney, she refused to admit them without a search warrant.
The officers watched the house until more officers arrived.
Three hours later and with four more police officers, they again demanded entrance to the home.
When Mapp did not come to the door immediately, a door was forced open and the police entered.
At about the same time, Mapp's attorney arrived, but was refused permission to see his client or to enter the home.
When Mapp was halfway down the stairs she demanded to see the search warrant.
A piece of paper was flashed at her which she grabbed and hid on her person.
The officers grabbed her to physically recover the paper.
The paper was not a warrant.
The police did not find the bombing suspect.
However, they did find books and photographs they said were sexually explicit.
At trial, the prosecution did not produce a search warrant or prove one was ever issued.
Mapp was convicted of violating Ohio state law prohibiting “lewd, lascivious, or obscene material.”
She was sentenced to one to seven years in prison.
Mapp appealed the conviction based on her First Amendment rights.
Ohio Supreme Court
The Supreme Court of Ohio heard the case.
The court believed an argument could be made for reversing the case because of the way the evidence was obtained.
But they did not determine the evidence was taken from Mapp's person by the use of brutalforce against the defendant.
They added that even if the search was made without authority, it could be used at the state trial.
They ruled the Fourteenth Amendment does not forbid the admission of evidence gained by unreasonable search and seizure.
Therefore, her appeal was denied.
US Supreme Court decision
In their decision, the court ruled in favor of Mapp and overturned her conviction.
In the 6-3 decision, the court found the states were also required to exclude evidence seized in violation of a person's Fourth Amendment rights.
They stated that any evidence obtained in searches and seizures that violated the Constitution were not admissible in state courts.
Otherwise, there would be no right against unreasonable search and seizure.
Associate justice Tom C. Clark delivered the majority opinion.
The Impact of Mapp v Ohio
Dissenting Opinion
Ottaplakkal Neelakandan Velu Kurup (27 May 1931 – 13 February 2016),  popularly known as O. N. V. Kurup or simply  O. N. V., was an Indian poet and lyricist.
He won Jnanpith Award, the highest literary award in India in 2007.
He was born in Chavara, Kollam.
Kurup wrote lyrics for music used in Malayalam cinema.
He has written a lot of lyrics for dramas and television serials also.
He received the awards Padma Shri in 1998 and Padma Vibhushan in 2011, the fourth and second highest civilian honours from the Government of India.
In 2007 he was given an Honorary Doctorate by University of Kerala, Trivandrum.
O. N. V. was known for his leftist political views.
He was the Left Democratic Front (LDF) candidate in the Thiruvananthapuram constituency for the Lok Sabha elections in 1989.
Kurup died of respiratory failure on 13 February 2016 in Trivandrum, Kerala.
He was aged 84.
Bořek Šípek (14 June 1949 – 13 February 2016) was a known Czech architect and designer.
Šípek was known for his individual, unusual, colorful and rich style.
He experiments with unexpected and often weird shapes.
Šípek has been called the father of "neo-baroque".
His architectural works and other designs are known worldwide.
He was the architect of Prague Castle under the presidency of Václav Havel, and designed Havel's Place.
Šípek was knight of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.
He had three sons, one of them with Leona Machálková.
Šípek died on 13 February 2016 from cancer in Prague.
He was a field officer of the Waffen-SS (he had the rank of SS-Standartenführer der Waffen-SS, comparable with the rank of colonel).
He was personal adjutant to the commander of the Schutzstaffel (SS), Heinrich Himmler.
He held this position between November 1940 and August 1941.
Peiper fought on both the Eastern Front against the Red Army and the Western Front against the Western Allies.
He won the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords for bravery on the battlefield and his leadership skills.
By 1945, he was in command of a regiment of the Waffen-SS.
He was the Waffen-SS's youngest regimental colonel.
Peiper was convicted of war crimes committed in Belgium.
He was imprisoned for almost 12 years.
He was also accused of war crimes in Italy.
However, Italian and German courts decided that there was not enough evidence.
After his release from prison, Peiper worked for both Porsche and Volkswagen.
He then moved to France.
In France he translated books from English to German under the pseudonym Rainer Buschmann.
Peiper was murdered in France in July 1976.
He was shot by unknown people who then burned his house to the ground using Molotov cocktails.
Mexico City (México, D.F.; Ciudad de México; Distrito Federal)
Mexico (state) (Estado Libre y Soberano de México; México)
Mexico, Indiana
Mexico, Kentucky
Mexico, Allegany County, Maryland
Mexico, Carroll County, Maryland
Mexico (town), New York
Mexico, Ohio
Mexico, Juniata County, Pennsylvania
Mexico, Montour County, Pennsylvania
Mexico, Texas
Mexico, Pampanga, a municipality in the Philippines
In the Domain Name System, an MX record is something that a domain uses to tell people and software the IP address of an email server.
There can be more than one MX record for a domain.
When there is more than one record, DNS uses a priority list that tells whatever is looking up the records to try the IP addresses in a certain order.
For example, example.com might have a set of MX records that say for mail.example.com to try 127.0.0.5 first.
If that try fails, another record will say to try 127.0.0.6.
This behavior makes email more reliable.
An anti-lock braking system (ABS) is a safety system that prevents the wheels of a vehicle (for example car, motorcycle) from locking up when it is strongly braked.
The goal is to keep the vehicle controllable, because a wheeled vehicle can only be safely steered when its wheels are not skidding.
Milli Gazette (MG) is an English-language newspaper in India.
It is a compact newspaper.
It describes itself as the leading English newspaper for Indian Muslims.
Feature articles generally cover global news concerning Muslims, focusing especially on Indian Muslim issues.
Milli Gazette E-paper
Google Directory Listing of Newspapers from India
Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States are the members of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the Chief Justice of the United States.
The number of Associate Justices is ruled by the United States Congress and is currently set at eight by the Judiciary Act of 1869.
How they are nominated
The President "shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint... Judges of the supreme Court."
Although the Constitution refers to them as "Judges of the Supreme Court," the title actually used is "Associate Justice," introduced in the Judiciary Act of 1789.
Associate justices were traditionally styled "Mr. Justice" in court opinions, but the title was shortened to "Justice" in 1980, a year before the first female justice was appointed.
Succession process
Current justices
Historic collection of Supreme Court decisions and biographies indexed by judge name
John Joseph Lattner (October 24, 1932 – February 12, 2016) was an American football player.
While playing college football for the University of Notre Dame, he won the Heisman Trophy in 1953.
He also won the Maxwell Award twice, in 1952 and 1953.
Lattner played professionally for one season in the National Football League (NFL), with the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1954.
Lattner died in Oak Park, Illinois on February 12, 2016 from lung cancer.
He was aged of 83.
Judicial interpretation is an explanation of how the judiciary interprets the law.
In Common law, judicial interpretation is made up of guidelines that come from case law rather than from a legislature.
These represent all previous judicial decisions.
In constitutional law, there are different methods of judicial interpretation.
Textualism is when judges look at the actual language of more than anything else.
This method can be hampered when the language of the Constitution itself is ambiguous.
This is also called literalism.
Strict constructionism is when a judge interprets the text only as it is spoken.
Once a clear meaning has been established, there is no need for further analysis.
Judges should avoid drawing inferences from previous statutes or the constitution and instead focus on exactly what was written.
Founders' Intent is when judges try to gauge the intentions of the authors of the Constitution.
Problems can arise when judges try to determine which particular Founders or Framers to consult.
It is also a problem to try to determine what they meant based on often sparse and incomplete documentation.
This is also called original intent.
Originalism is when judges try to apply the "original" meanings of various constitutional provisions.
Balancing happens when judges weigh one set of interests or rights against an opposing set.
They typically used to make rulings in First Amendment cases.
Prudentialism discourages judges from setting broad rules for possible future cases.
It advises courts to play a limited role.
Doctrinalism considers how various parts of the Constitution have been "shaped by the Court's own jurisprudence".
Precedent is when judges decide a case by looking to the decision of a previous and similar case.
They find a rule or principle in the earlier case to guide the current case.
Structuralism is a method judges use by finding the meaning of a particular constitutional principle only by "reading it against the larger constitutional document or context."
The incorporation of the Bill of Rights (also called incorporation for short) is the process by which American courts have applied portions of the U.S. Bill of Rights to the states.
This has been done through the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Before 1925, the Bill of Rights was held only to apply to the federal government.
Under the incorporation doctrine, most provisions of the Bill of Rights now also apply to the state and local governments.
Prior to the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment and what became the incorporation doctrine, the Supreme Court in 1833 held in Barron v. Baltimore that the Bill of Rights applied only to the federal government, not the states.
Even years after the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Supreme Court in United States v. Cruikshank (1876) still held that the First and Second Amendment did not apply to state governments.
However, beginning in the 1920s, a series of Supreme Court decisions interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment to "incorporate" most portions of the Bill of Rights, making these portions, for the first time, enforceable against the state governments.
This process has been called selective incorporation.
This is the Results of the first round of 2015 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.
5th round
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Padmanabhan Srikanth "Sri" Srinivasan (born February 23, 1967) is an American jurist.
He is the United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit since May 2013.
He was confirmed by the United States Senate by a vote of 97–0 on May 23, 2013.
Before being confirmed as a judge he was the Principal Deputy Solicitor General of the United States.
He has argued 25 cases before the U.S. Supreme Court.
He was also a lecturer at Harvard Law School.
Srinivasan also is known for having represented former Enron executive Jeffrey Skilling in his appeal before the U.S. Supreme Court, Skilling v. United States (2010).
Srinivasan was born in Chandigarh, India on February 23, 1967.
He was raised in Lawrence, Kansas.
He played basketball at Lawrence High School.
Federal judicial service (2013-present)
On June 11, 2012, President Barack Obama nominated Srinivasan to the seat on the D.C. Circuit.
He was nominated again on January 3, 2013, after the Senate adjourned.
His Senate confirmation hearing on April 10, 2013, was uneventful.
His nomination was reported to the floor of the Senate on May 16, 2013, by a unanimous vote of 18 for and 0 against.
A final vote on his nomination took place on May 23, 2013, where he was confirmed 97-0.
He received his commission on May 24, 2013.
He received the oath of office from Chief Judge Merrick Garland on June 18, 2013.
2016 Supreme Court speculation
Srinivasan lives in Arlington, Virginia.
He has been married to Carla J. Garrett.
John Claggett Danforth (born September 5, 1936) is a retired American politician.
He began his career in 1968 as the Attorney General of Missouri.
He served three terms as a United States Senator from Missouri.
He is considered a moderate and conciliator.
He has been periodically called out of retirement by both of the major political parties to fill diplomatic roles.
In 2004, he served briefly as United States Ambassador to the United Nations.
Danforth is an ordained Episcopal priest.
He presided over the state funeral of Ronald (2004) and Nancy Reagan (2016).
Danforth was born in St. Louis, Missouri.
He is the son of Dorothy (Claggett) and Donald Danforth.
He is the grandson of William H. Danforth, founder of Purina Mills.
His father was the CEO of its successor, Ralston Purina.
Danforth's brother, Dr. William Henry Danforth, is former chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis.
Danforth attended St. Louis Country Day School for high school.
He eventually went to Princeton University where he received his bachelor's degree in 1958.
While in college Danforth joined Lambda Chi Alpha, a fraternity.
He then attended law and divinity graduate schools at Yale University.
He was employed a short time at the New York law firm Davis Polk & Wardwell.
Leo Ehlen (20 May 1953 – 10 February 2016) was a Dutch football player.
He was born in Broeksittard, Limburg (Netherlands).
He was a defender and defensive midfielder.
Ehlen started his professional career with Fortuna SC and joined Roda JC in 1975.
With Roda JC, he played alongside Dick Nanninga, Pierre Vermeulen and Theo de Jong.
He was nicknamed the Neeskens of Roda after Johan Neeskens.
Ehlen scored 6 goals in 233 official matches for the club.
He left them after nine years for a short time with Belgian team Waterschei.
Ehlen died in Sittard, Netherlands on 10 February 2016 from kidney disease.
Star City is a fictional city in DC Comics.
It is the home of Queen Industries, owned by millionaire Oliver Queen.
Queen is the Green Arrow, a trained archer.
He protects this city.
YouTube Premium, previously known as YouTube Red is a premium subscription service to YouTube.
It allows users to watch videos without any advertisements and allows users to download videos to their mobile devices (but not desktop computers).
It costs $11 USD per month as of April 2020, with a free trial that is given new users.
In the United States, a presidential primary is a series of elections and caucuses within a political party.
They are held to choose the party's candidate for the presidential election.
This process was never included in the United States Constitution; it was created over time by the political parties.
Some states hold only primary elections, some hold only caucuses, and others use a combination of both.
These primaries and caucuses are staggered generally between either late-January or early-February, and mid-June before the presidential election in November.
The primary elections are run by state and local governments.
Fairvote.org
Latrobe  is a city in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania in the United States and part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area.
The city population was 8,338 as of the 2010 census (9,265 in 1990).
Latrobe was incorporated as a borough in 1854, and as a city in 1999.
City of Latrobe website
Greater Latrobe Community Network
Viggo Reinholdt Rivad (3 July 1922 – 8 February 2016) was a Danish photographer.
His career began in 1946, and he went on to win many competitions in the 1950s and 1960s.
He was born in Nørrebro, Denmark.
Around 1960, he adopted his so-called "essay approach".
This resulted in a series of related photographs such as "Et farvel" (1962) and "Laurits" (1971).
Rivad also earned a living as a taxi driver.
He was a quiet, dedicated photographer, concentrating on disadvantaged areas and people on the edges of society.
His humanitarian messages were a result of his anger and concern for society's outcasts.
Rivad died in Copenhagen, Denmark of complications from a stroke on 8 February 2016.
Trifon Marinov Ivanov (; 27 July 1965 – 13 February 2016) was a Bulgarian international footballer.
Ivanov played his first game for Bulgaria in 1988.
He earned 76 caps and scored 6 goals over a ten-year international career.
He played in the 1994 and 1998 FIFA World Cups, as well as the 1996 UEFA European Championship.
Ivanov died of a heart attack on 13 February 2016 in Samovodene, Bulgaria.
Competition is an interaction between organisms or species in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of another.
According to evolutionary theory, this competition within and between species for resources plays a role in natural selection.
Competition occurs when  organisms or species need or use the same resources.
Common resources are food, water and territory.
Two species in competition often continue long-term in the same environment.
This suggests they each have an "edge" which the other does not.
In may cases being there first is a big edge.
For example, plants consume nitrogen by absorbing it into their roots, making nitrogen unavailable to nearby plants.
Species in competition may directly interfere with each other.
An example of this can be seen between the ant Novomessor cockerelli and red harvester ants, where the first interferes with the ability of the second to forage.
It does this by plugging the entrances to their rival's colonies with small rocks.
Biological competition
Ottoman Turkish , or the Ottoman language ( ) (also known as   or  , "Turkish"), is a type of Turkish language that was used in the Ottoman Empire between the 13th and 20th centuries.
It was heavily influenced by Arabic and Persian.
It was written in the Arabic and Persian alphabets.
When the Ottoman Empire was at its most powerful, Arabic and Persian words made up to 88% of its vocabulary.
Words of Arabic origins heavily outnumbered native Turkish words.
This is the Results of the second round of 2015 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.
20th round
21st round
22nd round
23th round
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Muriel Casals i Couturier (April 6, 1945 – February 14, 2016) was a French-born Spanish economist.
She was an emeritus professor in the Department of Economics and Historical Economics in the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB).
She was also vicedean of International Relations and Cooperation between 2002 and 2005.
She specialized in industrial reconversions, the history of economic thought and European economics.
Casals was also the representative of the UAB in the Xarxa Vives d'Universitats (Live University Networks) between 2002 and 2009.
She had been a visiting professor at the University of Edinburgh, the London School of Economics and the University of Wales at Bangor.
She was born in Avignon, France to Spanish parents.
Couturier died on February 14, 2016 in Barcelona.
She had been injured after being hit by a bicycle.
She was aged 70.
He served as the Liberal Member of Parliament for Orpington from 1962 to 1970.
He served in the House of Lords, having inherited the title of Baron Avebury in 1971.
In 1999, when most hereditary peers were removed from the House of Lords, he was elected by his fellow Liberal Democrats to remain.
When he died, he was the longest-serving Liberal Democrat peer.
Lubbock died on 14 February 2016 in London from leukemia.
The Liberal Party was a liberal political party.
It was one of the two big political parties in the United Kingdom in the 19th and early 20th century.
The party came from an alliance of Whigs and free-trade Peelites and radicals in the 1850s.
In the next 50 years it formed four governments under William Gladstone.
The party split over the issue of Irish Home Rule.
It returned to power in 1906 with a landslide victory.
They introduced the welfare reforms that created a basic British welfare state.
H. H. Asquith was Liberal Prime Minister between 1908 and 1916.
He was followed by David Lloyd George, whose premiership lasted until 1922.
At that time the coalition the party had formed with the Conservative Party in World War I came to an end.
By the end of the 1920s, the Labour Party had replaced the Liberals as the Conservatives' main rival.
The party went into decline.
By the 1950s, it won no more than six seats at general elections.
Apart from notable by-election victories, the party's fortunes did not improve significantly until it formed the SDP-Liberal Alliance with the newly formed Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1981.
At the 1983 General Election, the Alliance won over a quarter of the vote, but only 23 of the 650 seats it contested.
At the 1987 General Election, it won less than 23% of the vote.
The following is a partial list of landmark court decisions in the United States.
Landmark decisions establish a significant new legal precedent or concept.
They can also substantially change the interpretation of existing law.
Such a decision may settle the law in more than one way:
By distinguishing a new principle that refines a prior principle.
This way it can depart from prior practice without violating the rule of stare decisis.
Or, by establishing a test case (a case used to set a precedent) or a measurable standard that can be applied by courts in future decisions.
In the United States, landmark court decisions come most frequently from the Supreme Court.
Sometimes United States courts of appeals make such decisions, particularly if the Supreme Court chooses not to review the case or if it adopts the holding of the lower court.
Although many cases from state supreme courts are significant in developing the law of that state, only a few are so radically different that they announce standards that many other state courts then choose to follow.
Discrimination based on race or ethnicity
The Supreme Court has dealt with many cases of discrimination based on race or ethnicity.
This is a partial list of such cases.
Dred Scott v. Sandford, , People of African descent that are slaves or were slaves and subsequently freed, along with their descendants, cannot be United States citizens.
For that reason, they cannot sue in federal court.
Also, slavery cannot be prohibited in the western territories before they become states.
After the Civil War, this decision was voided by the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution.
Civil Rights Cases, , Neither the Thirteenth nor the Fourteenth Amendment empower Congress to safeguard blacks against the actions of private individuals.
Korematsu v. United States, , President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Executive Order 9066 is constitutional; therefore, American citizens of Japanese descent can be interned and deprived of their basic constitutional rights.
This case featured the first application of strict scrutiny to racial discrimination by the government.
Hernandez v. Texas , Mexican Americans and all other racial and national groups in the United States have equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
The protection of the 14th Amendment covers any racial, national and ethnic groups of the United States for which discrimination can be proved.
Garner v. Louisiana, , Peaceful sit-in demonstrators protesting segregationist policies cannot be arrested under a state's "disturbing the peace" laws.
Loving v. Virginia,  Laws that prohibit interracial marriage (Anti-miscegenation laws) are unconstitutional.
Segregation (public transportation)
Plessy v. Ferguson,  State laws requiring segregated facilities for blacks and whites are constitutional under the doctrine of separate but equal.
The ruling  held for nearly 60 years. (
Partially overruled by Brown v. Board of Education (1954))
Morgan v. Virginia,  A Virginia law that enforces segregation on interstate buses is unconstitutional.
Henderson v. United States,  The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 makes it unlawful for a railroad that engages in interstate commerce to subject any particular person to any undue or unreasonable prejudice or disadvantage in any respect whatsoever.
Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company, 64 MCC 769 (1955) According to the Interstate Commerce Commission, the non-discrimination language of the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 bans racial segregation on buses traveling across state lines.
The Supreme Court later adopted and expanded this decision in Boynton v. Virginia (1960).
Browder v. Gayle, 142 F. Supp.
707 (M.D. Ala. 1956) Bus segregation is unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Boynton v. Virginia,  Racial segregation in all forms of public transportation is illegal under the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887.
Segregation (housing)
Shelley v. Kraemer,  Courts may not enforce racial covenants on real estate.
Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.,  The federal government may prohibit discrimination in housing by private parties under the Civil Rights Act of 1968.
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke,  Race-based set-asides in educational opportunities violate the Equal Protection Clause.
This decision leaves the door open for the possibility of some use of race in admission decisions.
Segregation (schools)
Brown v. Board of Education,  Segregated schools in the states are unconstitutional because they violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
At least as applied to public schools, the court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson.
A year later in:
Brown v. Board of Education II, , the court ordered school integration for all states "with all deliberate speed."
Bolling v. Sharpe,  Segregated schools in the District of Columbia violate the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education,  The busing of students to promote racial integration in public schools is constitutional.
Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña,  Race-based discrimination, including discrimination in favor of minorities (affirmative action), must pass strict scrutiny.
Grutter v. Bollinger,  A narrowly tailored use of race in student admission decisions may be permissible under the Equal Protection Clause because a diverse student body is beneficial to all students.
This was hinted at in Regents v. Bakke (1978).
Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action,  A Michigan state constitutional amendment that bans affirmative action does not violate the Equal Protection Clause.
Smith v. Allwright,  This case looked at the Texas Democratic Party's policy of preventing black people from voting in primary elections.
The court decided this practice violated the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.
Gomillion v. Lightfoot,  Electoral district boundaries drawn only to disenfranchise blacks violate the Fifteenth Amendment.
New Negro Alliance v. Sanitary Grocery Co.,  Persons having a direct or indirect interest in terms and conditions of employment have the liberty to advertise and disseminate facts and information with respect to terms and conditions of employment, and peacefully to persuade others to concur in their views respecting an employer's practices.
Gates v. Collier, 501 F. 2d 1291 (5th Cir.
1974) This decision brought an end to the trusty system and flagrant inmate abuse at the Mississippi State Penitentiary in Parchman, Mississippi.