the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
It contains memoirs of those who worked with him, and governmental volumes concerning about World War I. It is in Staunton, Virginia.
"Life Portrait of Woodrow Wilson", broadcast from Woodrow Wilson Birthplace from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits
Manse, Frederick & Coalter Streets, Staunton, Staunton, VA: 3 photos, 1 color transparency, 8 measured drawings, 4 data pages, and 1 photo caption page at Historic American Buildings Survey
The Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Calvin Coolidge.
The library was started in 1920.
It is at the Forbes Library in Northampton, Massachusetts.
This is where Coolidge practiced law and served as mayor.
The Division of Bowman is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland.
It was set up in 1949 and is named for David Bowman (1860-1916), an early leader of the Australian Labor Party, in Queensland.
The seat is located in the eastern suburbs of Brisbane, and includes Capalaba, Cleveland, Redland Bay, Birkdale, Thorneside, Alexandra Hills, Thornlands, Mount Cotton, Cornubia, Ormiston, Wellington Point and Victoria Point.
It also includes the islands of Moreton Bay including Coochiemudlo Island, the Bay Islands (Russell, Karragarra, Macleay and Lamb) and North Stradbroke Island.
- Division of Bowman (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission
The Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum, also known as the LBJ Presidential Library, is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Lyndon Baines Johnson.
It is also the final resting place of him and his wife Lady Bird.
The library was started in 1971.
It is next to the LBJ School of Public Affairs in Austin, Texas.
The Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt.
The library was started in 1941.
It is in Hyde Park, New York.
The Jimmy Carter Library and Museum is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Jimmy Carter.
The library was started in 1986.
It is in Atlanta, Georgia.
Its system is regulated by the National Archives and Records Administration.
It is the location of the Carter Center.
The Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Harry S. Truman.
The library was started in 1957.
It is on a hill facing U.S. Route 24 in Independence, Missouri.
The Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Gerald R. Ford.
The library was started in 1981.
It is in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum
The Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Gerald R. Ford.
It is also the final resting place of him and his wife Betty.
The library was started in 1982.
It is in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
The Sicklefin lemon shark (Negaprion acutidens) is a species of requiem shark, in the order of Carcharhiniformes.
The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library of Herbert Hoover.
Hoover was the 31st president of the United States.
It is in West Branch, Iowa.
It is next to the Herbert Hoover National Historic Site.
The library is one of thirteen presidential libraries run by the National Archives and Records Administration.
The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum
"Life Portrait of Herbert Hoover", broadcast from the Herbert Hoover Presidential Library & Museum and the Herbert Hoover National Historic Site from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits
Opening and dedication of the Library, 1962 Universal International Newsreel, at 1m26s
The George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library of George H. W. Bush, the 41st president of the United States.
It is located in College Station, Texas.
It was dedicated on November 6, 1997 and then rededicated in November 10, 2007.
Barbara Bush was buried here in April 2018.
Former President Bush was buried here in December 2018.
George Bush Presidential Library and Museum
George Bush Presidential Library Foundation
"Life Portrait of George H. Bush", broadcast from the George Bush Presidential Library from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits
The Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum is a presidential library created in honor of the 34th president of the United States, Dwight D. Eisenhower.
It is located in Abilene, Kansas.
The library also contains Eisenhower's grave and boyhood home.
It was dedicated in 1963.
Official Eisenhower Library website
The Eisenhower Presidential Library & Museum
Records of the General Services Administration regarding Eisenhower Presidential Center site acquisition, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
"Life Portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower", broadcast from the Eisenhower Presidential Center from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits
The George W. Bush Presidential Center is a presidential library in honor of George W. Bush, the 43th president of the United States.
It houses the George W. Bush Policy Institute, and the offices of the George W. Bush Foundation.
It is on the campus of Southern Methodist University (SMU) in Dallas, Texas.
It was dedicated in April 2013.
George W. Bush Presidential Library of the National Archives and Records Administration.
Southern Methodist University website for the Bush Library
An Interview with Ambassador James K. Glassman, Founding Executive Director of the George W. Bush Institute.
at Free Market Mojo
21st-century establishments in Texas
The Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library Richard Milhous Nixon, the 37th president of the United States.
The museum contains many important files, his birthplace, his presidential helicopter, and his tomb.
It is located in Yorba Linda, California.
It was dedicated on July 19, 1990, when it was called the Richard Nixon Library & Birthplace.
It was then rededicated in July 11, 2007.
Richard Nixon Presidential Library
Richard Nixon Foundation
Video of the dedication of the Richard Nixon Library and Birthplace, 1990
"Life Portrait of Richard M. Nixon", broadcast from the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum from C-SPAN's American Presidents: Life Portraits
The Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington at Mount Vernon is the presidential library of George Washington, the first president of the United States.
It is located in Fairfax, Virginia.
It was dedicated in September 2013.
Petrov was born on 15 January 1917 in Chernolesskoye, Stavropol Governorate.
Petrov joined the Red Army in 1939 and completed the lieutenant's course in 1941.
In the late 1970s, Petrov served as a military advisor to the Ethiopian Army.
She was born in Notodden.
She started stage acting in 1950 at the Studioteatret.
She also worked at Folketeatret from 1951 to 1956, at Den Nationale Scene from 1959 to 1964, and at Oslo Nye Teater from 1967 to 1998.
Sissel Sellæg died on 5 January 2014, aged 85, in Oslo.
She was outlived by her husband, actor Per Theodor Haugen and their son, actor Kim Haugen.
Carmen Margarita Zapata (July 15, 1927 – January 5, 2014) was an American actress.
She appeared in over one hundred movies and shows, including Batman: The Animated Series, Married... with Children, Sister Act, and she was Carmen Castillo in Santa Barbara.
Zapata died on January 5, 2014 from heart failure in Los Angeles, California.
Smedsaas was born in Solna Municipality.
She started working in journalism in 1973.
She was best known for being a political commentator, presenter and editor for TV4Nyheterna on TV4.
Lena Smedsaas died from cancer on 6 January 2014, aged 62, in Täby.
She was survived by her husband, writer and journalist Claes-Göran Kjellander and their two children.
Cancer deaths in Sweden
Bleskin was born in Tribsees, East Germany.
He began working after receiving a doctorate from the Akademie für Gesellschaftswissenschaften.
He spoke five languages.
Gahm was born in Stockholm.
He is the professor emeritus of astronomy at Stockholm University.
Until 2010, he was the chairman of the Swedish Astronomical Society.
He is the main initiator of the popular science project Sweden Solar System.
Scientists from Stockholm
Williams was a professor emeritus of biology at the State University of New York at Stony Brook.
He was best known for his critique of group selection, though later in life he recognized that it did sometimes occur.
The work of Williams in this area, with W.D. Hamilton, John Maynard Smith and others, led to the development of a gene-centered view of evolution.
Williams' 1957 paper Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence was influential in 20th century evolutionary biology.
It contains three important ideas.
In this paper Williams proposed that senescence should be  generally synchronized by natural selection.
"if the adverse genic effects appeared earlier in one system than any other, they would be removed by selection from that system more readily than from any other.
In other words, natural selection will always be in greatest opposition to the decline of the most senescence-prone system."
This paper also contains the first outline of the idea that natural selection might select for menopause and post-reproductive life in females, although Williams does not explicitly mention grandchildren or the inclusive fitness contribution of grandparenting.
By helping grandchildren survive, grandparents promote the survival of an average of one-quarter (1/4) of their own genome.p100
In his first book, Adaptation and Natural Selection, Williams advocated a "ground rule  or perhaps doctrine would be a better term  ... that adaptation is a special and onerous concept that should only be used where it is really necessary", and, that, when it is necessary, selection among genes or individuals would in general be the preferable explanation for it.
This contributed to the development of a gene-centered view of evolution; Richard Dawkins built on Williams' ideas in this area in the book The Selfish Gene.
Williams G.C. 1966.
Adaptation and natural selection.
Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
Williams G.C., ed.
Group selection.
Aldine-Atherton, Chicago.
Williams G.C. 1975.
Sex and evolution.
Williams G.C. 1992.
Natural selection: domains, levels, and challenges.
Oxford University Press, New York.
Nesse R.M. and G.C. Williams.
Why we get sick: the new science of Darwinian medicine.
Times Books, New York.
Williams G.C. 1996.
Plan and purpose in nature.
Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London (published in the U.S. in 1997 as The Pony Fish’s glow and other clues to plan and purpose in nature.
Basic Books, New York).
Sigurðsson was a new New Romantic-style writer.
He was born in Reykjavík.
He studied at the Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík until 1903.
In November 1905, Sigurðsson fell ill and was hospitalized.
He died on 20 May 1906, aged 24, in Reykjavík.
Johann Gunnar Sigurdsson
Ferrari was born in Hódmezővásárhely.
She began working in 1950.
She appeared mostly in stage performances.
She left show business in 1983.
Tor Milde (14 January 1953 – 15 January 2014) was a Norwegian music journalist and writer.
He was a judge on the music competition Idol in 2005 and 2006.
Milde was born in Oslo.
He started working in journalism in 1984.
He was best known as a music journalist and critic for Verdens Gang (VG).
Milde died after a short illness on the morning of 15 January 2014, aged 61, at the Ullevål University Hospital in his hometown of Oslo.
He was survived by his two sons and his girlfriend, Irja Anthi.
Zilberman was born in Eilat, Mandatory Palestine (now Israel).
He started working in 1965.
He most often worked as a stand-up comic.
Zilberman died from a heart attack on 13 January 2014, aged 67, in Los Angeles, California in the United States.
He had lived there since 2000.
Pedersen started working in 1949.
He was best known as an editor for Se og Hør.
Danish journalists
The Battle of Lewes was an important battle in the history of England.
It was fought near the town of Lewes, in Sussex,    England.
The battle took place on 14 May 1264.
It was one of two main battles of the conflict known as the Second Barons' War.
The two armies that met in the battle were led by King Henry III of England and a rebel leader, Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester.
Henry III's son, Prince Edward, fought on his side.
The battle came about because many of the leading noblemen of England were unhappy with the way King Henry was ruling the country.
They wanted more involvement in the government.
The Barons voted to hold a Parliament regularly so that they could discuss subjects such as taxation.
King Henry would not agree to this, and so both sides started to raise armies.
When the two sides met at Lewes two days before, Simon de Montfort tried to arrange a truce with the king.
King Henry refused and so both sides got ready to fight a battle.
The king's army was nearly twice as big as the rebel army.
The battle began when the Baronial forces attacked the king's foragers.
When the fighting started, it looked as though the king's army would win easily.
Prince Edward, who was only 25, was headstrong and made one big mistake.
Edward was in charge of the cavalry, who did well in the battle but then chased some of the rebels who were running away.
By the time they came back to the battlefield, the rebels had managed to win the battle.
With Edward off chasing foot soldiers, Henry was forced to attack using his two remaining divisions.
Henry led one, the other was led by his brother, Richard, Earl of Cornwall.
Henry's division fought until driven back by the Baronial reserve forces.
Cornwall's division did not do well from the start.
Cornwall fled the field and hid in a windmill but was quickly captured by the barons.
As a result of the battle, King Henry III was forced to sign a document called the Mise of Lewes.
This gave the rebel barons what they wanted.
A year later the barons were defeated at the Battle of Evesham.
Battle of Lewes, The Battlefields Trust
Persecution of Muslims is the religious persecution of Muslims (persecution based on their religion).
This can mean any form of participating in discrimination against Muslims.
This includes using violence against them or putting them in prison.
Muslims were persecuted during the crusades.
There was also persecution during the Mongol invasion and in the Iberian Peninsula when they were subject to the Inquisitions.
Modern persecution of Muslims exists in many countries such as Myanmar, Central African Republic and Serbia.
Anti-Shi'ism
Sub-Saharan Africa is the part of Africa that is south of the Sahara.
It includes of all the countries of Africa that are fully or partly located south of the Sahara desert (except Sudan).
It contrasts with North Africa, which is considered a part of the Arab world.
Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros and Mauritania are geographically part of Sub-Saharan Africa, but also part of the Arab world.
Horner is an English surname.
It comes from the Anglo-Saxon language.
It is from the Middle English word for people who made or blew horns.
Henry Horner (1879–1940), a Governor of Illinois
James Horner (1953–2015), American composer of movie scores
A photodiode is a light sensitive semiconductor.
It is a type of photodetector capable of changing (or converting) light into either current or voltage, depending upon its connections.
It is a diode and wired with reverse biasing so that when in the dark, only a small amount of current, known as dark current, will flow.
When in the light, a current known as photocurrent flows through the diode.
Photodiodes may contain optical filters, built-in lenses, and may have large or small surface areas.
Photodiodes usually have a slower response time as its surface area increases.
The common, traditional solar cell used to generate electric solar power is a large area photodiode.
Photodiodes and phototransistors look the same physically but have different functions.
He directed and wrote the script to the 1967 popular Brazilian movie, ABC do amor.
It was made near the beginning of his career.
The movie was entered into the 17th Berlin International Film Festival.
Madalyn Murray O'Hair (April 13, 1919 – September 29, 1995) was an American atheist activist.
She was the founder of the American Atheists and its president from 1963 to 1986.
She created the first issues of American Atheist Magazine.
Many people criticized her and called her "the most hated woman in America".
Biography of O'Hair at About.com
Biography of O'Hair  at Rotten.com
1968 debate between Baptist minister Walter Martin and O'Hair  – MP3 file
Madalyn Murray O'Hair at NNDB
Madalyn Murray O'Hair vs. Religious Broadcasting at urbanlegends.about.com
Meeting Satan Herself: An evening with Madalyn Murray O'Hair: 14 September 1977
The Murder of Madalyn Murray O'Hair: America's Most Hated Woman Crime Magazine
The Division of Brisbane is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland.
It includes Alderley, Ascot, Ashgrove, Bowen Hills, Brisbane City, Clayfield, Enoggera, Ferny Grove, Fortitude Valley, Gaythorne, Grange, Hamilton, Hendra, Herston, Kelvin Grove,  Keperra, Milton, Mitchelton, New Farm, Newmarket, Newstead, Red Hill, Spring Hill, Upper Kedron, Wilston, Windsor, parts of Bardon, Everton Park, Paddington and Stafford.
Division of Brisbane (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission
The Division of Dawson is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland.
It was set up in 1949 and is named after Anderson Dawson, the first Labor Premier of Queensland and leader of the first parliamentary socialist government in the world.
It is on the North Queensland coast, and includes the towns of Ayr, Bowen, Mackay, Proserpine and parts of Townsville.
Rex Patterson won the seat at a by-election for Dawson in 1966 following the death of George Shaw.
Patterson became Minister for Northern Development, and later Minister for Agriculture in the Whitlam Government.
Division of Dawson (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission
Born in Rotterdam, South Holland, he began his career in 1972 and developed a method to classify journalistic products and improve.
He also advised editors and publishers of newspapers and magazines in the Netherlands and Belgium.
Deaths from multiple system atrophy
Pye Ester Agneta Engström (née Nanneson; born 8 June 1928) is a Swedish sculptor.
She was born in Danderyd Municipality, Sweden.
Engström studied at the Konstfack (1945–48), Royal Institute of Art (1945–48) and Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts (1948–53).
She has been married to writer Clas Engström since 1951.
Born in Paris, France, she studied humanities at Uppsala University and Harvard University.
At the University of Bonn she studied Arabic.
Kahle married German diplomat John H. Kahle in 1951, and stayed together until his death in 2003.
Disease-related deaths in Sweden
In stratigraphy, bedrock is the common term for solid rock under the surface of the Earth.
Above the bedrock is usually an area of broken and weathered rock, soil, sand, pebbles, etc.
The top of the bedrock is known as the rockhead and identifying this, via excavations, drilling or geophysical methods, is an important task in most civil engineering projects.
Loose material on top (known as drift) can be extremely thick, so that the bedrock lies hundreds of meters below the surface.
Harold Fitzgerald Hogue, Sr. (
born November 13, 1967 in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American retired professional wrestler.
He is known for his time when he wrestled in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) from 1990 to 2001.
He competed in WCW under the ring names Ice Train and M.I. Smooth.
Catch Cup (1995)
He was ranked #221 of the best 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1993.
Ice Train's profile on the Internet Wrestling Database
Born in Ponce, he started working in 1983.
Raúl died from bilateral pneumonia on February 2, 2014, aged 51, in San Juan.
He arrived at hospital on January 13 and his condition worsened two weeks later.
Raymond M. Lloyd (born May 13, 1964 in Brunswick, Georgia) is an American professional wrestler, martial artist and actor.
He is known for his time when he wrestled in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) during the late 1990s.
He competed in WCW under the ring name Glacier.
He currently wrestles on the independent circuit.
Outside of professional wrestling, Lloyd has appeared in movies and television series.
The first movie he appeared in was a low budget movie called Blood Bath, in 2002.
In 2007, Lloyd guest starred in an episode of Burn Notice.
AWA World-1 South
Georgia All-Star Wrestling
GASW Tag Team Championship (one time, last) (with R.D. Swain)
GCW Tag Team Championship (one time) (with R.D. Swain)
NWA World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Jason Sugarman)
PSW United States Tag Team Championship (two times, first) (with R.D. Swain)
He was ranked #146 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI Years in 1997.
TCW Heavyweight Championship (two times)
TCW Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Jorge Estrada (one), Big Ron Studd (one))
United States Wrestling Alliance
USWA Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Jesse Neal)
World Karate Association
Southeastern Super Heavyweight Full Contact Karate Champion
Glacier's profile on the Internet Wrestling Database
The system of highways in Puerto Rico is made up of about  of roads.
It is managed by Puerto Rico's Department of Transportation and Public Works.
Primary roads
Urban primary roads
Secondary (or inter-municipal) roads
Tertiary (or local) roads
A highway may contain several types of roads, but the highway will continue to have the same route number.
Primary roads have numbers 1 to 99.
Secondary roads are numbered 100 to 299.
Municipal (tertiary) roads are numbered 300 to 9999.
There are three Interstate Highways in Puerto Rico.
Together, they total .
As with Interstate Highways in Alaska and Hawaii, these routes do not connect to the rest of the United States' Interstate Highway System.
However, they still get money from the U.S. government.
These Interstate Highways run along tollways and roads that are not grade-separated, which means drivers must use a specially made group of ramps to get to the road.
There are no signs for these Interstate Highways.
They are signed as Puerto Rico routes.
Puerto Rico's interstate routes are not to be confused with Puerto Rico Routes PR-1, PR-2, and PR-3.
These are other major highways in Puerto Rico.
Interstate PRI-1 goes from San Juan southwest to Ponce on the shortest route.
It goes along Puerto Rico Highway 52 and Puerto Rico Highway 18.
Interstate PRI-2 goes from San Juan to Ponce along the coast of western Puerto Rico.
It goes along Puerto Rico Highway 22 and Puerto Rico Highway 2.
Interstate PRI-3 goes from San Juan southeast to Ceiba.
It goes along Puerto Rico Highway 53.
A police car is a motor vehicle used by police.
It is used to assist with their duties in patrolling and responding to incidents.
Typical uses of a police car include transportation for officers to reach the scene of an incident quickly.
Police cars are also used to transport suspects, or to patrol an area.
Some police cars are adapted for certain functions such as traffic control, to transport police dogs or bomb disposal.
Police cars usually marked to identify them.
There are two reasons for this: firstly, so that other drivers know to get out of the way of a police car that is rushing to a crime scene, and secondly so that the car can be a deterrent to crime.
Police cars also have sirens and flashing lights which are also used when they rush to a crime scene.
However, some police cars are unmarked, so that police can carry out work without being noticed.
In the United Kingdom in the early 1900s, police vehicles were first used to chase speeding motorists.
This had very poor results until police schools were opened to teach officers how to use their vehicles properly.
In 1910 the first police car in the US was used in Akron, Ohio.
By 1920 police cars were in wide use in the US.
It was noticed that patrol cars allowed police to respond faster.
It also allowed an officer to cover a wider area.
By the 1960s most major cities had shifted away from foot patrols altogether in favor of police cars.
But studies proved a mix of foot officers and police vehicles worked best.
Chases
Police cars are used for chases ("pursuits") against suspects.
The crime the suspect is believed to have committed may have been anything from a traffic violation to a major felony.
Suspects often attempt to lose law enforcement by driving away, sometimes at high speed.
From 1990 to 2005, 136 people were killed in the US in high speed pursuits by police.
Despite controversy as to whether high speed chases are necessary police continue to work on the problem using technology and new techniques.
One technique is the 'take out'.
A take out is a technique used to cause the fleeing vehicle to lose control and be turned sideways by the police vehicle.
When rushing to a crime scene, police officers can drive their cars through red lights and break the speed limit and other traffic laws.
They must still be careful when doing this, however.
Terms for police cars include (police) cruiser, squad car, area car and patrol car.
They may also be informally known as a cop car, a 'Black and white', a 'Cherry top', a 'gumball machine', a 'jam sandwich' or 'panda car'.
Depending on the configuration of the emergency lights and livery, a police car may be considered a marked or unmarked unit.
The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), , is a federal law.
It allows for the full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased information and documents controlled by the United States government.
The law defines agency records subject to disclosure.
It outlines mandatory disclosure procedures and grants nine exemptions to the law.
It was originally signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, despite his doubts, on July 4, 1966 and went into effect the following year.
In basic mathematics, a linear function is a function whose graph is a straight line in 2-dimensions (2D, see images).
An example is: y=2x–1.
In higher mathematics, a linear function often refers to a linear mapping.
Formally, a linear function is a function f(x):R→R such that the graph of f is a line.
This means the domain or input of f is a real number R and the range or output of f is also a real number R. Usually we write y(x) or just y in place of f(x).
So the formal statement means:
we input or substitute a real number x into the linear function
the linear function outputs or gives a real number y and
all of these points (x,y) make a line.
Slope-intercept form
The slope-intercept (also called point-slope or explicit) form of a linear function is    or   .
This form has 2 variables x and у and 2 constants m and b.
The letters m and b are constants.
Before working with a linear function, we replace m and b with actual real numbers.
The letters x and y are variables.
In slope-intercept form, the letter m stands for the slope and b stands for the y-intercept.
The variable x is called the independent variable or argument.
Any real number x can  be input or substituted into a linear function.
The function will then output the corresponding value for y.
The variable y is called the dependent variable.
It is the output value after substituting an input value for x.
Horizontal lines are included.
The line is horizontal if and only if m=0.
Then we have just y=b. Since b is a real number, this is a constant function.
So a constant function is also a linear function.
Vertical lines are never included because a vertical line is not a function.
A vertical line does not pass the vertical line test. (
A vertical line is defined by the equation: x=b where b is a real number.)
Slanted lines are included.
The line is slanted if and only if m≠0.
The slope-intercept form is unique.
A different value of m or a different value of b gives a different line.
A linear function is a  polynomial function of first or zero degree in one variable х .
The constant term is b. If we substitute x=0 into the function, we get y=b. So the number b is the y-intercept and the line crosses the у-axis at the point (0,b).
If m≠0, the number –b/m is the x-intercept or root or zero and (–b/m,0) is the point where the line crosses the х-axis.
Here the value of the function is zero.
The coefficient m of x is called the slope or gradient of the line.
For each line, the number m is a constant and so the slope is constant for the whole line.
The slope determines both the direction and steepness of the line.
Direction and steepness are called the rate of change.
So the rate of change is m and it is constant for each line.
The sign of m determines the direction.
If m>0 then the linear function is increasing; if m<0 then the function is decreasing.
The absolute value of m determines the steepness.
If |m|<1 then the slope is gentle; if |m|>1 then the slope is steep.
If the slope of a line is m and (х,у) is any point on the line, we must also have the point (х+1, y+m) on the line.
Example: y=–2x+4.
The slope is m= –2 and the y-intercept is b=4 or the point (0,4).
Substituting y=0 and solving for x, we get 0=–2x+4 or x=2.
So x=2 is the root of this linear function and the point (2,0) is the x-intercept.
Since the slope is m = –2, the line is decreasing.
Since |–2|=2>1, the decrease is relatively steep.
For each change in х of 1 (to the right), the value of у changes -2 (goes down).
The graph of a line is determined by two points.
To graph a linear function, we can substitute two different values for x into the function and solve for the corresponding y-values.
We graph these two points.
Using a straightedge, we draw the line through these two points extending it past both points.
Substituting x=0 we get y=4 (this is the y-intercept) and thus the point (0,4).
Substituting x=1, we get y=2 and thus the point (1,2).
Plot these points and draw the line. (
Notice that the 2nd point is 1 to the right and 2 down from the 1st point.
As we said in the above example, this happens because the slope is m= –2)
A linear function that is not a constant function is a bijection.
It will output each real number (surjection) for exactly one input value (injection).
Example: y= –x+2.
Suppose y= –1.
We substitute y= –1 and get: –1= –'x+2 or x=3.
This is the only solution.
We can do this for any y-value.
Standard form
The standard form has 2 variables x and у and 3 constants A, B, and C that are replaced by actual real numbers before working.
This form is often used in geometry and in systems of linear equations.
Example: The linear function 3x–2y=1 is in standard form.
The constants are A=3, B=–2 and C=1.
This form is sometimes written as: .
So instead of writing 3x-2y=1, we write the equivalent equation 3x-2y-1=0.
The constants A, B, and C are not uniquely determined.
If we multiply them by a factor k, the value of these constants change, but the line is still the same.
Example: The lines 3x–2y=1  and 6x–4y=2 are coincident (same line).
Here the factor is: k=2.
We multiplied the first equation by 2 to get the second equation.
The unique slope-intercept form of this line is: y=1.5x–0.5 (solve either equation for y).
Vector-Parametric form
Parametric form:     or
Vector form:   or   .
The parametric or vector or vector-parametric form has 1 parameter t, 2 variables x and у, and 4 constants a1, a2, x1, and y1.
The coefficients a1, a2, x1, and y1 are not uniquely determined.
The line passes through the points А=(x1,y1) and B=(x1+a1,y1+a2) so that taking taking any other points or even just reversing the order ot the points will result in different constants for the same line.
The parameter t is not visible on the graph.
Engineers usually use the letter t for the parameter.
Mathematicians often use the Greek letter λ.
Example: X=(–1,1)+t(2,3), t∈R is a line in vector form.
Here: a1=2, a2=3, x1=–1 and x2=1.
The line goes through the points (x1,y1)=(–1,1) and (x1+a1,y1+a2)=(1,4).
The corresponding parametric form of this line is: x(t)= –1+2t, y(t)=1+3t.  The unique slope-intercept form of this line is: y(x)=1.5x+2.5   (solve the first equation for t and substitute this result into the second equation).
The vector-parametric form of a line extends naturally to lines in 3-dimensional and higher spaces.
The other forms do not.
Example: X=(–1,1,2)+t(2,3,–1), t∈R is a line in 3-dimensional space.
The line goes through the points (–1,1,2) and (1,4,1).
Derivative of a linear function
In the context where it is defined, the derivative of a function is a measure of the rate of change of function values with respect to change in input values.
A linear function has a constant rate of change.
This rate of change is the slope m. So m is the derivative.
This is often written:
Example: y= –2x+4.
Here m= –2 and so y′= –2.
Linear function vs. Linear equation
Often, the terms linear equation and linear function are confused.
Both are polynomials.
However, the word linear in linear equation means that all terms with variables are first degree. (
The word linear in linear function means the graph is a line.)
A linear equation can have 1, 2, 3, or more variables.
So a linear equation is a linear function only if it has exactly 2 variables. (
A linear equation in one variable is a point on the number line and a linear equation in 3 variables is a plane in 3-dimensional space.)
In many countries, a linear functions is often written as  where a is the slope and b is the y-intercept.
In business and economics, a linear function is often written as  where a is the y-intercept and b'' is the slope.
(examples from economics)
YM (or Your Magazine) was an American magazine for teenaged girls.
It originally began being published in the 1930s.
It was published for 72 years.
It was the second-oldest girls' magazine in the United States; the oldest being Seventeen.
It began as two separate magazines: Compact and Calling All Girls.
Compact was aimed at older teenagers.
Calling All Girls was intended for younger girls.
It began publication in July 1941 after a teen column in Parents' Magazine produced a positive interest from readers.
It was the first magazine for girls.
Contents consisted of comics, fashion advice, and short stories.
It was originally published four times a year, but soon became published every month.
This was because it was popular.
By 1945 it was selling 500,000 copies of each issue.
The average reader was aged 13.
The magazine never appealed to older teens or fashion advertisers because of its emphasis on comics.
During the 1960s, the two titles (Compact and Calling All Girls) merged into Young Miss. The title changed again to Young & Modern in the 1980s.
It was changed one final time in 2000 to YM.
This was said to stand for Your Magazine.
YM stopped being published in 2004.
Subscriptions were replaced with Teen Vogue.
A Bantustan (also known as a Bantu homeland, black homeland, black state, or simply homeland) was a territory set aside for South Africa's black inhabitants during apartheid.
Ten Bantustans were established in South Africa and ten more in South West Africa (now Namibia), with the goal of creating nation states for the black tribes of Africa.
The term Bantustan comes from Bantu (meaning "people" in the Bantu languages) and -stan (meaning "land" in Persian).
The founders of apartheid tried hard to make the Bantustans recognised internationally, but this never happened, and most blacks did not like the Bantustans.
They were unpopular because:
The borders of the Bantustans were drawn to exclude valuable land.
The large number of reassigned citizens combined with the small size of the Bantustans meant that a lot of people had to share small amounts of land, compared to how people lived in the rest of South Africa.
Becoming citizens of the new territories meant losing citizenship of South Africa, where the majority of candidates for reassignment of citizenship lived and worked.
This would cause them to lose what few rights and privileges they had as citizens of South Africa.
The Bantustans were dissolved in 1994 and their territory incorporated into the Republic of South Africa.
From 1994, most parts of the country were redivided into new provinces.
List of Bantustans
Bantustans in South Africa
Transkei (declared independent on 26 October 1976)
Bophuthatswana (declared independent on 6 December 1977)
Venda (declared independent on 13 September 1979)
Ciskei (declared independent on 4 December 1981)
Gazankulu
Lebowa
QwaQwa
KaNgwane
KwaNdebele
KwaZulu
Four of the South African Bantustans, Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda, and Ciskei  (also called the "TBVC States") were granted independence from South Africa, but were never internationally recognised.
The other six had a high amount of autonomy.
Bantustans in South West Africa
Bushmanland
Damaraland
East Caprivi (self-rule 1976)
Hereroland (self-rule 1970)
Kaokoland
Kavangoland (self-rule 1973)
Namaland
Ovamboland (self-rule 1973)
Tswanaland
Beginning in 1968, ten Bantustans were established in South West Africa.
Unlike the Bantustans in South Africa, only four Bantustans in South West Africa were granted autonomy, and none were granted independence.
The Bantustans were abolished in May 1989 in the transition to independence.
They form the majority of the Northern Cape and Western Cape populations.
Most Coloured speak Afrikaans as their first language, although there are some native English speakers.
The majority of Coloureds living in Cape Town are able to speak both languages.
Because of South Africa's history of racial discrimination, many feel that the term coloured is derogatory.
The official term is "Coloured people", but many Coloureds prefer to call themselves "Black", "Khoisan", or just "South African".
During apartheid, people were classified into four groups: White, Black, Coloured, and Asian.
The Cape Malays, who are of Asian descent, were not classified as Asians, but as Coloureds.
Although they were discriminated upon by the government, many Coloureds and Asians got to enjoy certain rights during the apartheid era.
For example, they did not have to carry around a passbook, had limited political representation, and were considered citizens of South Africa.
Sami Gayle (born January 22, 1996) is an American actress.
She co-stars as Nicky Reagan in the CBS series Blue Bloods.
Jan Smuts was born into a wealthy Afrikaner family living in the British Cape Colony.
He first went to school at age 12, going to Victoria College four years later to study science and the arts.
He later went to Christ's College in Cambridge to study law.
Boer War and Unification
Smuts was a supporter of Cecil Rhodes until it was revealed that he was apart of the Jameson Raid by a group of Uitlanders (foreigners in Afrikaans) in the Transvaal Republic.
In 1898, Smuts moved to Johannesburg in the Transvaal to practice law and later became a minister in the Transvaal government until the outbreak of the Anglo-Boer War.
During the Boer War, he led a Boer Commando in the Cape Colony using guerrilla tactics.
After the war, Smuts joined the cabinet led by Louis Botha in 1907.
However, uneasiness with his Afrikaner comrades cooperating with the British led him to disown the Afrikaners on year later, declaring himself to be South African instead.
Soldier and Statesman
Two years after the Union of South Africa was formed, Smuts created the Union Defence Force (UDF).
He led the UDF and was instrumental in the conquest of German South-West Africa and German East Africa during World War I. In 1917, Smuts was invited to join the Imperial War Cabinet.
In 1918, Smuts helped created the Royal Air Force.
Smuts and Botha were key negotiators at the Paris Peace Conference.
After signing the Treaty of Versailles, which gave South Africa control over Namibia, Smuts returned to politics.
When Hertzog asked for neutrality towards Nazi Germany during World War II, he was deposed and Smuts became Prime Minister again.
During World War II, Smuts was invited to the Imperial War Cabinet again, where he worked closely with Winston Churchill.
In 28 May 1941, Smuts became a Field Marshal of the British Army, becoming the first South African to hold that rank.
This cooperation with Churchill made Smuts very unpopular with the Afrikaners, which led to his downfall.
In May 1945, Smuts represented South Africa during the drafting of the Charter of the United Nations.
Just as he did in 1919, Smuts urged the delegates to create a powerful international organisation to preserve peace.
Smuts signed the Paris Peace Treaty, becoming the only person to sign the treaties that ended both the First and Second World Wars.
After World War II, Smuts continued to represent South Africa internationally.
Smuts was in favour of Zionism and his government quickly recognized the newly formed State of Israel after its establishment in May 1948.
However, his support for the war and plans to change racial segregation in South Africa made him very unpopular with the Afrikaners, and in 1948, lost the election to Daniel Francois Malan and the pro-Apartheid National Party.
Endless Love is an American romantic drama movie.
It was released February 2014 in the United States and the United Kingdom.
The movie is about a charismatic boy and wealthy girl.
Her parents want them separated.
This movie was rated PG-13 in the United States, for language, sexual content and brief nudity.
It is a remake of the movie of the same name from 1981.
They are both based on the novel of the same name.
A tension headache is a common form of headache.
Tension headaches affect the head, eyes and nearby areas of the body.
They are very common with adults.
Females are twice as likely as males to have them.
irregular or changing meal times
too much caffeine
depression or anxiety
Christopher "Chris" Ford (born March 4, 1974 in Rutherford, New Jersey) is an American professional wrestler.
He is known for his time when he wrestled in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) from 1999 to 2001 uner the ring name Crowbar.
He has also competed in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).
He currently wrestles on the independent circuit under the ring names Crowbar and Devon Storm.
Century Wrestling Alliance
CWA Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
ECPW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
ECPW Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Ace Darling (one) and Timothy Plazma (one))
ECWA Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
Eternity Wrestling Association
EWA Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
Independent Superstars of Professional Wrestling
ISPW Heavyweight Championship (two times)
International Fighting Network
IFN Heavyweight Championship (one time)
MEWF Mid-Atlantic Championship (one time)
MEWF Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Mark Schrader)
NWA 2000 Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
NWA New Jersey Hardcore Championship (one time)
NWA New Jersey State Heavyweight Championship (one time)
NWA United States Tag Team Championship (New Jersey version) (one time) (with Ace Darling)
NWA World Light Heavyweight Championship (New Jersey version) (one time)
NWA New York Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
NWA New York Television Championship (one time)
New Jack City Wrestling
NJCW Light Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Richmond Championship Wrestling
RCW Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
WCW Cruiserweight Championship (one time)1
WCW World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with David Flair)
WWA Hardcore Championship (one time)
1During his reign, he held the championship with Daffney.
Crowbar's profile on the Internet Wrestling Database
People from Rutherford, New Jersey
About Last Night is a 1986 American romance-comedy-drama movie.
Two people begin a relationship from a one-night stand after meeting in a Chicago bar.
Demi Moore plays Debbie.
Rob Lowe plays Danny.
Megan Mullally plays Pat.
This movie was released on July 2, 1986.
A remake was released in 2014.
About Last Night is a 2014 American romantic comedy movie.
It is a remake of the 1986 movie of the same name.
It is about romantic encounters in Los Angeles.
Paula Patton is in the cast.
The original movie was set in Chicago.
This one is set in Los Angeles and has an all-black cast The remake was released in mid February of 2014.
It was rated R. The original romance movie was also rated R.
Sabotage is a 2014 action and crime thriller movie.
It is about DEA officials busting safe houses of drug lords.
An assassin begins to target them later on.
Arnold Schwarzenegger plays John.
Terrence Howard plays Sugar.
Natasha Henstridge (born August 15, 1974) is a Canadian model turned actress.
She played Lisa Rayborn in You Lucky Dog.
She also played Dawn in The Secret Circle, a TV series.
Henstridge was born in Newfoundland.
She was raised in Fort McMurray, Alberta.
Emma Catherine Rigby (born 26 September 1989) is an English actress.
She played Hannah Ashworth in the series Hollyoaks.
She played Gemma Roscoe in Prisoners' Wives.
Entertainers from Merseyside
"Dancing Crazy" is a popular single sung by singer Miranda Cosgrove.
The song is about being involved in parties and having a lovely time.
Avril Lavigne was the co-writer of this song.
The music critics didn't accept "Dancing Crazy".
It was, however, moderately strong in certain music charts.
It was released in December 2010.
The term mass murder refers to when a murder of four people or more happens by the same person or group at the same time.
Usually the murders happen at the same time or over a relatively short period of time.
The FBI defines mass murder as the killing of many people without any cooling-off period.
By comparison a serial killer has a cooling-off period between murders.
Murder can be done by a person, a gang, a terrorist group, a government or police.
Mass murderers commit their crime for many reasons.
Examples of why they do it include: politics/religion/ethnicity, sadism, being bullied, mental disorders and inceldom.
In many cases, the killer commits suicide or is killed by police.
The United Kingdom's mass murders include the Denmark Place fire in London in 1980, the Hungerford massacre in Hungerford, Berkshire in 1987 and the Pan Am Flight 103 Lockerbie, Scotland in 1988.
Australia's mass murders include the Port Arthur massacre in 1996.
France's include the November 2015 Paris attacks.
Turkey's include the 2015 Ankara bombings.
Sexual violence a sexual act or attempt to get sex by force, violence, unwelcome harassment or advances.
It has risks of causing sexually transmitted conditions and mental troubles.
Sexual violence happens mostly to females.
Males can also be victims.
Speed Badminton (or "Speedminton") is a form of badminton played without a net.
It is faster than ordinary badminton.
It combines rules from different sports like badminton, squash and tennis.
Today, Speedminton is played all around the world.
There are about 3,000 registered players that compete internationally and about 2 million players around the world.
There is no net in between players.
There is also no firm rules about where it is played.
It can be played on tennis courts, streets, beaches, fields or gyms.
The court is two squares of 5.50–metre (18 ft) length.
They are fixed opposite to each other at a distance of 12.8 m (42 ft).
There are tournaments all over the world.
Tournaments are organized into a growing number of clubs.
In some countries, associations are already established, for example the German Speed Badminton Association (DSBV) and the Swiss Speed Badminton (SSB).
On August 25, 2011 the international Speed Badminton Organization (ISBO) was founded in Berlin.
A system file is an important file which an operating system needs to be able to work properly.
System files are found mainly in computers and device drivers.
They can contain important information.
They can contain information which enables a computer to start.
They can also contain information which tells the computer how to run properly as you use it.
Deleting a system file can damage a computer or make it unusable.
System files in a Windows operating system are found in the System32 folder, the most important folder on the computer's hard drive.
Most system files cannot be edited or deleted as they are always in use by the system.
Marquinhos (real name Marcos Aoás Corrêa, born 14 May 1994 in São Paulo) is a Brazilian footballer.
He plays as a defender for Paris Saint-Germain F.C. in France.
The Guardian newspaper think that he is one of the 10 best young football players in the world.
The Daily Star is a tabloid newspaper in the United Kingdom.