the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
It is linked by highways with Lashkar Gah to the east, Farah to the north and Zabol in Iran to the west.
Nuristān (Persian:نورستان), also spelled Nurestān or Nooristan, is a region in Afghanistan.
It is in the south of the Hindu Kush valleys.
The capital is Parun.
Parun (پارون) is a small town in Afghanistan.
It is the capital of Nuristan Province.
Urōzgān (), also spelled Uruzgan, Oruzgan, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan.
Its capital is Tarinkot.
Most of the province is mountains.
Tarinkot or Tarin Kowt () is the capital of Orūzgān Province in southern Afghanistan.
It is a town of about 10,000 people.
Its population is mostly of Pashtun ethnic origin, including a sizable number of Tarins, whose ancestors were the original founders and settlers here some 500 years ago.
The satellite was sent into orbit on August 30, 1991.
Its mission was to study the sun.
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Yohkoh (Solar-A) mission profile
Gardēz (, Persian: گردیز) is the capital of the Paktiā province of Afghanistan.
There are about 70,000 people who live in the Province.
Sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance is a diagnostic method in epidemiology.
It has been used in the Soviet Japanese campaign in WWII immediately behind the first echelon of tanks and mechanized vehicles of advancing Soviet army should they encounter any particular contagious disease as withdrawing enemy forces had poisoned many wells and water sources.
The use of sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance or similar practices in the armed forces is mentioned elsewhere.
The Polish contingents serving under the UN auspices focused their tasks among others on … sanitary-epidemiological reconnaissance …
Sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance is a collection and transfer of all data available on sanitary and epidemiological situation of the area of possible deployment and action of armed forces, the same data for the neighbouring and enemy armed forces.
The aim for the reconnaissance is to clear up the reasons of the specific disease origin- sources of the infection in extreme situations, including local wars and armed conflicts, the ways of the infection transfer and all factors promoting to the infestation.
It should result in revealing of the patients and persons, suspected to the specific disease, their isolation and hospitalization.
Mobile equipped group for sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance includes: epidemiologist, specialist on infections, assistant of epidemiologist (bacteriologist- lab assistant), medical orderly (if necessary, the group will include zoologist or parasitologist).
After the armed forces have become stationary during wartime and emergency of peace time the sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance turns into sanitary and epidemiological surveillance of vital and communal activity of the armed forces.
In 2010 at The Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons  and Their Destruction in Geneva
the sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance was suggested as means for monitoring of infections and parasitic agents and for practical implementation of the International Health Regulations (2005).
The aim was to prevent and minimize the consequences of natural outbreaks of dangerous infectious diseases, the treat of alleged use of biological weapons.
The sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance will be important in assessing the sanitary-epidemiological situation, organizing and conducting preventive activities, indicating and identifying pathogenic biological agents, suppressing hotbeds of infectious diseases, providing advisory and practical assistance to local health authorities.
Sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance (inspection) or a similar practice and specific indication in the hotbed  should be performed immediately after the receiving of the information about bio-terrorism attack.
Cambridge Airport  (previously Marshall Airport Cambridge  UK) is a small regional airport in South Cambridgeshire, England.
It is on the eastern edges of Cambridge, south of Newmarket Road and west of the village of Teversham,  from the centre of Cambridge and about  from London.
The airport opened in 1938.
It replaced the old airfield at Fen Ditton.
The airport is owned and run by Marshall Aerospace.
This is a Cambridge-based company with many years' history servicing civilian and military contracts.
The main building was designed by the architect Harold Tomlinson of the University of Cambridge.
It was constructed in 1936–37.
Marshall of Cambridge Aerospace Limited has a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence (Number P433).
This is a special license that allows it to have public passenger flights and flights for flying training.
It has four flying schools.
It is also used for corporate and private flights.
In October 2008, the airport's name was changed from Cambridge City Airport to Marshall Airport Cambridge UK.
This happened at the same time as the new Marshall Business Aviation Centre was opened.
In 2011, Cambridge Airport officially broke off from Marshall.
It hired a new director and changed its name back to Cambridge Airport.
Its aim is to become a "hub" (important airport) for the east of England.
The Passenger Terminal will be refurbished.
Land in Cambridge is expensive.
Around the city are large areas of green belt land.
Building new houses on this land is not allowed.
Because of this, a proposal was made in 2000 to move the airport to a new site away from the city.
It would have freed up  of land so that several thousand new homes could be built there instead.
Cambridgeshire County Council did a study for a new airport.
The council asked for permission to plan the new airport, but they withdrew the request later.
Since then, Marshall Aerospace has continued to develop the site.
In autumn 2008 new facilities for aviation companies were opened.
These included a new  hangar, which added to the  of hangar space already on the site.
In April 2010, Marshall Aerospace said it would not be moving Cambridge Airport to make way for new housing.
RAF Mildenhall, Waterbeach Barracks and RAF Wyton were though of as alternative sites, but Marshall decided that there were "no suitable relocation options" (none of the options were good enough).
In January 2011, Cambridge Airport broke off from Marshall, and released plans for the airport's future.
Its plans are to have international flights for the London 2012 Olympic Games.
For 2012 the airport has introduced new international holiday charter flights to Europe as well as new regular (on a timetable) air links to the Channel Islands.
Passenger terminal facilities are being fully upgraded to improve services and convenience for passengers.
The airport is planning to add flights to more places that are important for business and leisure.
Airlines and places they fly to
Marshall Airport Cambridge UK website
Cambridge Aeroclub
Mid Anglia Flying School
Cambridge Flying Group
Fortune-telling is the practice of predicting information about a person's life.
It is in principle identical with the practice of divination.
The difference is that divination is the term used for predictions considered part of a religious ritual, invoking deities or spirits, while the term fortune-telling implies a less serious or informal setting.
"Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus" is the reply The New York Sun editor Francis Pharcellus Church gave eight-year-old Virginia O'Hanlon (1889–1971) in his September 21, 1897 editorial after she wrote the newspaper asking "Is There a Santa Claus?"
Virginia had first asked the question of her father, Dr. Philip O'Hanlon, who suggested she write The Sun.
He assured her that "If you see it in The Sun, it's so."
The editorial is one of the most reprinted editorials in the world.
Daniel Irvin Rather, Jr. (born October 31, 1931 in Wharton, Texas) is an American journalist and reporter.
He worked with the CBS network until 2006.
Controversy over documents Rather reported on that he claimed indicated President George W. Bush avoided military service during Vietnam caused him to leave CBS Evening News in 2005, his last broadcast on that program was March 9, 2005 and the whole network altogether two years later.
He is now reporting for HDNet.
Journalists from Texas
The Lycée Edgar-Poe  is a private secondary school in Paris.
It is named after the American writer Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849).
Its motto is  ('"The interest for the student develops the student's interest").
Its director is Mrs Evelyne Clinet.
The Lycée Edgar-Poe was created in 1965 under the name Cours Edgar-Poe and has been recognized by the French State the 26th of February 1980.
Olivier Caudron (born in 1955), singer.
François Ravard (born in 1957), French record and film producer.
The bias of a piece of woven fabric is at 45 degrees to its warp and weft threads.
Every piece of woven fabric has two biases, at right angles to each other.
Fabrics which are not woven, such as felt, do not have a bias.
When cut on the bias, woven fabric is more elastic as well as more fluid in movement, compared to the on-grain direction.
This helps many types of garment, such as skirts, dresses and neckties.
The "bias-cut" is a technique used by tailors and dress-makers for cutting cloth.
The greater stretch in the bias (diagonal) direction of the fabric, helps it accentuate body lines and curves and drape softly.
For example, a full-skirted dress cut on the bias will hang more gracefully or a narrow dress will cling to the figure.
Bias-cut garments were prominent in haute couture clothes designed by Madeleine Vionnet in the 1920s.
It is still used often in both haute couture and high street clothing.
In the Middle Ages, before the development of knitting, hose leggings were cut on the bias in order to make them fit better.
Madeleine Vionnet (22 June 1876 – 2 March 1975) was a French fashion designer.
She used the bias cut, made  Grecian-style dresses and introduced haute couture design to high street shops.
Born into a poor family in Chilleurs-aux-Bois, Loiret, Vionnet began her apprenticeship as a seamstress at age 11.
After a brief marriage at age 18, she left her husband and went to London to work making clothes in a  hospital.
While in London, Vionnet worked as a fitter for Kate Reily (or Reilly).
Reily bought original French designer dresses and brought them to her London workshop.
There she had them copied, and sold the copies to her London clients for half the price of the originals.
Vionnet was head of her workshop (atelier), cutting, fitting and directing the seamstresses.p30
Vionnet eventually returned to Paris and trained with well known fashion houses.
In 1912 she founded her own fashion house, "Vionnet".
In the 1920s she created a stir by re-introducing the bias cut, an old technique for cutting cloth diagonal to the grain of the fabric.
She developed techniques for managing the problems the bias cut caused.
Bias cuts cling to the body and move with the wearer.
Vionnet's use of the bias cut to create a sleek, flattering, body-skimming look would change women's clothing and carry her to the top of the fashion world.
Madeleine's clothes were famous for accentuating the natural female form.
Influenced by the modern dances of Isadora Duncan, Vionnet created designs that showed off a woman's natural shape.
Like Duncan, Vionnet was inspired by ancient Greek art, in which garments appear to float freely around the body rather than distort its shape.
Vionnet's simple-looking styles were not simple to produce.
She cutt, draped, and pinned fabric designs on to miniature dolls, before recreating them in chiffon, silk, or Moroccan crepe on life-size models.
Vionnet used materials such as crêpe de chine, gabardine, and satin to make her clothes; fabrics which were unusual in women's fashion of the 1920s and 30s.
She would order fabrics two yards wider than necessary in order to accommodate draping, creating clothes – particularly dresses – that were luxurious and sensual but also simple and modern.
Characteristic Vionnet styles included the handkerchief dress, cowl neck, and halter top.
Vionnet influenced the design of mass production prét à porter (ready to wear) clothing.
She had worked in mass production as a hospital seamstress, and could simplify her designs for the retail market.
High fashion was too expensive for working people, and (unlike today) was not copied in the high street.
Vionnet's ability to take her designs off the cat walk and into the high street revolutionised the fashion industry and popular culture.
Career stages
Apprentice seamstress, Aubervilliers, 1888–93.p29–39
Seamstress at the House of Vincent, Paris, 1893–95.
Head of workroom for Kate Reilly, London, 1895–1900.
Brief period as a saleswomen at Bechoff-David, Paris, 1900–01.
Première, making the original models from designs of Mme Gerber at Callot Soeurs, Paris, 1901–07.
Designer for Doucet, 1907–11.p35
Maison Vionnet, 1912–14, 1919–39; retired 1940.
Copyright on fashion designs
In 1930, Suzanna Laneil was caught with 48 copies of Chanel and Vionnet designs.
Vionnet sued her, in a French landmark case.
The Court found that the design originals by Vionnet were "real works of art" and that they were "entitled to the same protection accorded authors and copyright holders".
That protection has been written into the statute and ratified by European treaties on copyright law.
Vionnet began as a style copiest with Kate Reilly, but became a strong supporter of intellectual property protection for designers.
Légion d'Honneur, 1929.
1987 Three Women: Madeleine Vionnet, Claire McCardell and Rei Kawakubo.
Fashion Institute of Technology, New York,
1991 Madeleine Vionnet, 1876–1975: l'art de la couture.
Centre de la Vieille Charité, Musée de Marseille,
1994 Madeleine Vionnet—les années d'innovation: 1919-1939.
Musée historique des tissus de Lyon.
Lydia Kamitsis 1996.
Vionnet.
Fashion memoir series, Thames & Hudson, London.
was a  after Kanpyō and before Engi.
This period started in April 898 and ended in July 901.
Events of the Shōtai era
7 December, 899 (Shōtai 2, 1st day of the 11th month): At winter solstice, all the great officials of the empire presented themselves in the Imperial court.
6 February 900 (Shōtai 3, 3rd day of the 1st month):  The emperor went to visit his father in the place former-Emperor Uda had chosen to live after abdication.
900 (Shōtai 3, 10th month): The former-Emperor Uda traveled to   in what is now Wakayama Prefecture.
He visited the temples on the slopes of the mountain.
898 establishments
901 disestablishments
10th-century disestablishments in Japan
Ballesteros won The Open Championship in 1979, 1984 and 1988.
He won the Masters Tournament in 1980 and 1983.
He was ranked number one golfer in the world for parts of the 1980s.
People from Cantabria
, also known as Katsuo-dera, is a Japanese Buddhist temple in Minō, which is in the mountains of northern Osaka Prefecture.
Katsuō-ji website
Buddhist temples in Japan
765 establishments
Paktika () is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan.
It is in the south-east of the country.
Its capital is Sharana.
Sharana (), or Sharan (), is the capital of Paktika Province, Afghanistan.
There are about 2,200 people who live in the town.
Alexander Konstantinovich Glazunov (10 August 186521 March 1936) was a Russian composer, music teacher, and conductor.
He was the director of the Saint Petersburg Conservatory between 1905 and 1928.
He left the Soviet Union in 1928 and did not return.
Glazunov successfully reconciled nationalism and cosmopolitanism in Russian music.
Paul Oswald Ahnert (November 22, 1897 - February 27, 1989) was a German astronomer.
He worked at the Sonneberg Observatory.
He made an annual astronomical calendar called the "Kalender für Sternfreunde", which translates as the calendar for star friends.
He included items in space which could easily be seen by amateur astronomers using small telescopes, or even just by eyesight.
The calendar was first published in 1948 and was one of the few books from the German Democratic Republic which was highly regarded by people in other countries.
After Ahnert's death the calendar continued to be published by astrophysicist Rainer Luthardt.
An asteroid, 3181 Ahnert, was named after him.
Jason Scott Dolley (born July 5, 1991) is an American actor who was in Hatching Pete and Good Luck Charlie.
Panjshir (, meaning "Five Lions", also spelled as Panjsher) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan.
Panjshir province is known for not being taken by the Soviets during their occupation in the 1980s.
There has not been as much violence here as the rest of the country.
Bazarak () is a town in the Panjshir Valley, in northern Afghanistan.
It is the capital of Panjshir Province.
It has six villages: Khanez, Jangalak, Malaspa, Parandeh, Rahmankhil.
The tomb of Ahmad Shah Massoud, known as the "Lion of Panjshir", is in Bazarak.
Parwān (Persian/Pashto: پروان), also spelled Parvān, is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan.
There are about 560,000 people.
The capital is Charikar.
In 329 BC, Alexander the Great formed the settlement of Parwan.
It was conquered by the Arabs in 792.
Charikar () is a city in northern Afghanistan.
It is the capital of Parwan Province.
The city is on the road 69 km from Kabul.
The Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919, also known as the Treaty of Rawalpindi, was a treaty which brought the Third Anglo-Afghan War to an end.
It was signed on 8 August 1919 in Rawalpindi by Great Britain and Afghanistan.
Britain recognised Afghanistan's independence (as per Article 5 of the treaty), agreed that British India would not extend past the Khyber Pass and stopped British subsidies to Afghanistan.
Afghanistan also accepted all previously agreed border arrangements with British India as per Article 5 of the Anglo-Afghan treaty of 1919.
Thus, Afghanistan as an independent country agreed to recognise Durand Line as international border between the two countries.
Afghanistan has around 29.8 million people as of the year 2011.
About 2.7 million Afghan refugees are living in Pakistan and Iran.
The country is multi-ethnic and multi-lingual.
Most of Afghanistan's people are of the Iranic peoples.
The Pashtun is the largest group followed by Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, Aimak, Turkmen, Baloch and others.
Demographics of Afghanistan
Samangan () is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan.
About 313,211 people live in the Province, as of 2006.
The capital is Samangan.
Samangan (previous: Eukratidia; then Aybak or Aibak) is the capital of Samangan Province in the northern part of Afghanistan.
It was a major Buddhist centre during the 4th and 5th centuries.
Sar-e Pol, also spelled Sari Pul (), is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan.
The capital is the city of Sar-e Pol.
Dari (Persian) is the main language.
About 442,261 people live in the Province.
There are many mountains, especially in the south part.
Sar-e Pol or Sari Pul () is the capital city of the province of Sar-e Pol in northern Afghanistan.
It is in Sari Pul District.
About 115,463 people live in the city.
According to the principle of 'To each according to his contribution', during the transition of a society from capitalism to socialism and then to communism, individuals should be rewarded for the amount they contribute to society.
Economists such as David Ricardo (1772-1823) had this idea.
Ricardo founded a movement that is known as Ricardian socialism today.
Many people in the labour movement had this idea too.
Ferdinand Lassalle (1825–1864) and Eugen Dühring (1833-1921) expressed such ideas towards Leon Trotsky.
Despite this, Vladimir Lenin was the first person to say that this element is fundamental to Marxist theory.
According to Libertarian socialist thinkers, such as American anarchist Benjamin Tucker, socialism is a system in which the laborer receives the full product of his labor.
This eliminates exploitation and unearned income accrued to the capitalist.
The term To each according to his contribution simply means that each worker in a socialist society receives "wages" and benefits according to the quantity and value of the labor that he or she contributed.
That way, highly productive workers will receive more wages and benefits than workers of average productivity, and substantially more than workers of low productivity.
What is more, the more difficult the job is, the more one is rewarded for the labor contributed.
Difficulty can result from factors such as greater training requirement, job intensity or safety hazards.
According to Trotsky, the idea is to promote productivity.
This is done by creating incentives to work harder, longer, and more productively.
In the end, the principle comes from capitalism, but will vanish, according to Marx, as work becomes more automated and enjoyable, and as goods become available in greater quantities.
In capitalism, the means of production are owned by a few people; these people are also known as the bourgeoisie.
These people do not produce, but they live off the work others do for them.
Socialism can fix this issue, because with socialism, the means of production are owned by all people, they are a common good.
He who does not work, neither shall he eat
Takhār () is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan.
The capital is Taloqan.
Its salt mines are one of Afghanistan's major mineral resources.
Tāloqān (, also Tāleqān or Tāluqān) is the capital of Takhar Province, in northern Afghanistan.
It is in the Taluqan District.
About 196,400 people live in the city.
Maidan Wardak Province (also spelled Maidan Wardag, or Maidan Vardak,  , ) is one of thirty four provinces of Afghanistan.
It is in the central east part of Afghanistan.
About 540,100 people live in the province.
The capital is Maidan Shar.
Maidan Shar ( - Maidān Šhār; ; also Maydan, Meydan, Maidan) is the capital of Wardak Province, Afghanistan.
About 35,008 people live in the town as of 2003.
Most of the people in Maidan Shar do agriculture, livestock, gardening and trade.
Many of the people are poor.
By the end of 2008, there were a total of 14 schools with about 9268 students.
There were about 275 teachers teaching in these schools.
Zabul () is a historic province in southern Afghanistan.
Qalat is the capital.
About 275,100 people live in the province.
The major ethnic group is Pashtun.
In 2006, the province's first airstrip was opened near Qalat.
It was for the Afghan National Army.
The airstrip is not paved.
Qalat () is a town in southern Afghanistan.
It is the capital of Zabul Province.
It is linked by a highway with Kandahar to the west and Ghazni to the east.
In 2006, Zabul's first airstrip was built near Qalat.
The afghani is the type of money used in Afghanistan.
100 pul make 1 afghani.
Pul coins are not used any longer.
In 2005, coins with a value of 1, 2 and 5 Afghani were made.
The Pamir languages are a group of the Eastern Iranian languages.
Many people in the Pamir Mountains, mostly along the Panj River speak the language.
This includes the Badakhshan Province of northeastern Afghanistan and the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province of eastern Tajikistan.
Smaller communities can be found in areas of Pakistan.
The only other living member of the Southeastern Iranian languages is Pashto.
Durrës is the second largest city of Albania.
It is on the central Albanian coast, about  west of the capital Tirana.
It is one of the most ancient and economically important cities of Albania.
Durrës is at one of the narrower points of the Adriatic Sea.
It is opposite the Italian ports of Bari ( away) and Brindisi ( away).
Durrës is home to Albania's main port, the Port of Durrës.
The Aleksandër Moisiu University is here.
The town has about 115,550 people.
Durrës was the national capital from 7 March 1914 until 11 February 1920 .
Durrës has a typical Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and cool winters.
The average of water temperature in Durrës is from  in February to  in August.
The summer in Durrës starts from May to middle of October .
This is a list of municipalities () of Albania.
They are sorted by county and by district.
List of municipalities
Elbasan is a city in central Albania.
It is on the Shkumbin River in the District of Elbasan and the County of Elbasan.
It is one of the largest cities in Albania.
There are about 79,810 people.
Vlorë is a city in Albania.
It is the second largest port city of Albania.
There are 79,948 people who live here.
It is on the Adriatic Sea, almost surrounded by mountains.
Vlorë is where the Albanian Declaration of Independence was proclaimed on November 28, 1912.
The city was for a short time the capital of Albania.
Vlora is one of the oldest cities of Albania.
It was formed by Ancient Greeks in the 6th century BC.
Albania is divided into 36 districts.
Districts are grouped into counties or prefectures, of which there are 12.
Bulqizë
Delvinë
Devoll
Dibër
Gramsh
Kavajë
Kolonjë
Kuçovë
Kurbin
Librazhd
Lushnjë
Malësi e Madhe
Mallakastër
Peqin
Përmet
Pogradec
Pukë
Sarandë
Skrapar
Tropojë
The flag of Albania () is a red flag, with a silhouetted black double-headed eagle in the centre.
The coat of arms of Albania is similar to the flag of Albania.
It is based on the seal of Gjergj Kastriot Skanderbeg.
The picture above the head of the two-headed eagle is the helmet of Skanderbeg.
The helmet also has billy goats' horns.
Bamir Myrteza Topi (born 24 April 1957 in Tirana) is an Albanian diplomat and politician.
He served as President of Albania from 2007 to 2012.
Presidents of Albania
Sali Berisha (born 15 October 1944) is an Albanian politician.
He was the Prime Minister from 2005 to 2013.
He was the President of Albania from 1992 to 1997.
Prime Ministers of Albania
The Godfather Part III is a 1990 American crime drama movie directed and produced by Francis Ford Coppola, that stars Al Pacino and Diane Keaton.
The movie is set in 1989 and 1990.
It is the sequel to The Godfather and The Godfather Part II.
It received mixed to positive reviews and did well at the box office.
This movie was released December 25, 1990 in the United States.
Media interest
The final scenes of the movie were filmed at the Teatro Massimo in Palermo, where the uncle of Francis Ford Coppola, the composer and conductor Anton Coppola, is shown conducting the opera, Cavalleria rusticana.
The architecture of Singapore shows influences and styles from different places and periods.
Singapore architecture may be divided into two periods: the more traditional pre-World War II colonial period, and the modern post-war and post-colonial period.
Pre-colonial architecture
Colonial period
After the British established a settlement near the mouth of the Singapore River in 1819, building construction in Singapore changed.
The new settlement was small but very urban.
Merchants built warehouses right next to each other along Boat Quay.
Risk of fire became a problem because the buildings were so close together and had many valuable goods inside.
Builders switched to brick masonry with clay tiled roofs, to reduce the fire hazard.
Bricks and tiles were made at kilns on the island, and the mortar and plaster was made by grinding up corals from sea around Singapore.
Shophouse
Shophouses are common style of building in Southeast Asia.
They are usually two or three storeys high.
Each shophouse is usually very narrow and part of a long row of terraced buildings.
But, shophouses may be very deep front to back.
The first floor is usually for business and the upper floors are for living.
The front of the building usually has a covered area called the "five foot ways".
An 1822 law in Singapore said that all houses made of brick or tiles should be similar in the front.
They should have an open arcade making an open passage on each side of the street.
This style of building shophouses soon spread to other states in British Malaya.
More rules said that the verandah ways should be .at least seven feet from the edge of the road and the walkway must be at least five feet wide.
Black and White bungalow
A bungalow is usually a small one or one-and-half storey home with deep verandahs.
In Singapore, Many Europeans lived in bungalows from the 19th century until World War II.
They are called Black and Whites for their white paint and dark wood.
These homes were similar to the UK's Arts and Crafts and Art Deco movements.
They were built large enough to give rich families homes with light, air, and space.
Black-and-Whites were built by wealthy families, successful businesses, the Public Works Department, and the British Armed Forces.
Many are still homes today, but some have become shops, restaurants, or bars.
Singapore has many Art Deco buildings from the 1920s and 1930s.
The style was especially popular in commercial architecture, like factories and offices.
Sometimes the style was only on the surface.
Often, Art Deco style ornaments were added to typical shophouses or bungalows.
The Art Deco period was important as a style, but also for bringing modern construction technologies like reinforced concrete to Singapore.
Singaporean architecture moved to a modern direction after the war.
The need to save money meant less spending on ornaments or features that only looked good.
Simple forms and surfaces became more common.
Modern architecture was also better for building many public buildings with the same or similar designs such as schools, clinics, factories, and especially public housing.
Public housing started in Singapore in the 1930s.
The Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) carried out a building programme because there was not enough housing in the city.
The SIT mainly built housing for middle and lower-middle class Asians at first.
The Tiong Bahru estate is a typical example.
It is a group of four-storey Art Deco style apartment blocks, shops, and markets outside the city center.
After the war, the style changed from Art Deco to a simple, modern style.
1970s to present
Modern architecture was most important during the 1970s and 1980s.
Brutalist architecture was common.
Some older commercial buildings, such as the OCBC Centre by I. M. Pei, and many government office buildings are examples of this style.
Black and white bungalow
National Monuments of Singapore
Public housing in Singapore
Powell, Robert (2004) Singapore Architecture: A short history Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd, Hong Kong
The County of Berat is one of the 12 counties of Albania.
It has the districts Berat, Kuçovë, and Skrapar.
Its capital is Berat.
It is 123 km south of Tirana, the capital of Albania.
The County of Dibër is one of the 12 counties of Albania.
The districts are Bulqizë, Dibër, and Mat.
Its capital is Peshkopi.
The County of Durrës is one of the 12 counties of Albania.
It has the districts Durrës and Krujë.
Its capital is Durrës.
The County of Elbasan is one of the 12 counties of Albania.
It has districts  Elbasan, Gramsh, Librazhd and Peqin.
Its capital is Elbasan.
Diarchy (or dyarchy) is a form of government where two people are usually the heads of state.
The word comes from the Greek δι- "two elements" and ἀρχή, "rule" (from ἄρχω; -αρχία is a derived suffix).
The term duumvirate is a hyponym (from Latin duumvirātus, "male diarchy") but some people use it erroneously for women.
Most commonly, the leaders of these diarchys, called diarchs, have the job for life with the position being hereditary.
This means the position is given to children or family after the death of the diarch.
Not all Diarchys have the diarchs as the head of state nor do they necessarily rule for their life.
In Andorra for example, the Diarchs are the President of France, an elected, temporary position not passed down to children, as well as the Catholic Bishop of Urgell who is appointed to the position by the Catholic Church.
Ancient Sparta had Diarchs who were given the hereditary job for life, but only had roles in the military and religion, not politics.
There are numbers of countries in world claiming democratic country / states but in reality are under diarchs.
The current Cap de Govern is Antoni Martí.
Heads of Government of Andorra (1982–present)
The Co-Princes of Andorra are the two rulers of the Principality of Andorra.
Andorra is a tiny landlocked nation in the Pyrenees mountains between France and Spain.
Currently, the Bishop of Urgell and the President of France are Andorra's co-princes.
Juan Luis Vives (), also Joan Lluís Vives i March () (6 March 1493 – 6 May 1540), was a Valencian Spanish scholar and humanist.
He lived during the reign of Charles I of Spain (technically under Philip II of Spain, as Charles was more preoccupied with the Holy Roman Empire).
He caused great upset during this period of time, as the Church wanted religious unity and his beliefs caused more religious contradications to what the Inquisition and Philip wanted.
He descended from conversos (converts)- his parents had practiced the Jewish faith.
He was offered a position at Alcala University but after the burning of his father, he could not take up this post.
Vives had to leave Spain.
He was born in the town of Tuapse, Krasnodar Territory, Russia on May 15, 1967.
His father played the garmon and accordion.
At the age of 9, Arhipovsky started at musical school to study the balalaika.
Later he entered Gnessin State Musical College, the department of folk instruments, class – balalaika.
Upon graduation, he entered the Smolensk folk orchestra as a soloist-balalaika.
In 1985 he became a laureate of the Contest of Folk Instrument Performers in Russia.
Since 1998 he toured around Russia and abroad with the State Academic Folk Ensemble "Rossiya" Russia directed by Lyudmila Zykina.
Since 2002 he cooperated with Stas Namin, the musician, composer, and record producer.
Arhipovsky took part in festivals of Russian culture in the United States, China, South Korea, Germany, France, Spain and Bulgaria.
He participated in jazz festivals in Russia and abroad, in radio and TV programmes.
He recorded a DVD album Alexey Arhipovsky in 2009.
The name Kate is a girl's name.
It's a variant of the name Katherine.
There are many famous people who have the name Kate (e.g. Kate Hudson, Kate Winslet).
The County of Fier is one of the 12 counties of Albania.
It has the districts of Fier, Lushnjë and Mallakastër.
The capital is Fier.
Fier's western edge is the shoreline of the Adriatic Sea.
Gjirokastër County is one of the 12 counties of Albania.
It has the districts Gjirokastër, Përmet, and Tepelenë.
The capital is Gjirokastër.
There are some Greek people who live here.
To the southeast, Gjirokastër shares a border with Greece.
The County of Korçë is one of the 12 counties of Albania.
It is the largest county of Albania.
The districts are Devoll, Kolonjë, Korçë and Pogradec.
The capital is Korçë.
The County of Kukës is one of the 12 counties of Albania.
The districts are  Has, Kukës and Tropojë.
The capital is Kukës.
To the east, Kukës borders Kosovo.
The northwest  borders Montenegro.
The southeast borders North Macedonia.
Lezhë County is one of the 12 counties of Albania.
It has the districts Kurbin, Lezhë and Mirditë.
The capital is Lezhë.
Shkodër County is one of the 12 counties of Albania.
It has the districts Malësi e Madhe, Pukë and Shkodër.
The capital is the city of Shkodër.
In its southwest, Shkodër County has a small shoreline on the Adriatic Sea.
The northern border is Montenegro.
Tirana County (), formally the County of Tirana (), the county is one of the 12 counties of Albania.
It has the districts Kavajë and Tirana.
The capital is Tirana.
There are 800,347 people.
It has the most people of the Counties of Albania.
The County of Vlorë is one of the 12 counties of Albania.
It has the districts Delvinë, Sarandë and Vlorë.
The capital is Vlorë.
There are about 211,773 people who live here.
Vlorë's western and southern edges are the shorelines of the Strait of Otranto.
It also has a small border with Greece.
Berat is a town in south-central Albania.
It is the capital of both the District of Berat and the larger County of Berat.
About 71,000 people live here.
Berat is on the right bank of the river Osum.
Peshkopi is a city in Dibër District, Dibër County, northeastern Albania.
It is the capital of both.
It is  away from Tirana, the capital of Albania, and  from North Macedonia.
About 14,100 people live here.
The constitution of UNESCO was ratified in 1946 by 26 countries.
The World Heritage Site (WHS) list has developed over time.
12 cultural sites
Tentative List
Asuka-Fujiwara: Archaeological Sites of Japan's Ancient Capitals and Related Properties
Churches and Christian Sites in Nagasaki
Hikone-Jo (castle)
Jômon Archaeological Sites in Hokkaidô, Northern Tôhoku, and other regions
Main Building of the National Museum of Western Art
Modern Industrial Heritage Sites in Kyûshû and Yamaguchi
Mozu-Furuichi Kofungun, Ancient Tumulus Clusters
Okinoshima Island and Related Sites in Munakata Region
Sado complex of heritage mines, primarily gold mines
Temples, Shrines and other structures of Ancient Kamakura
Tomioka Silk Mill and Related Industrial Heritage
In January 2012 the Japanese government requested the inscription of the tentative sites of Kamakura and Mount Fuji in 2013, with plans to request the inscription in 2014 of The Tomioka Silk Mill and Related Industrial Heritage.
The Amami and Ryūkyū Islands (Yanbaru) have been selected for nomination as a joint fifth Natural Site and a study panel is to be formed to consider a sixth candidate site.
UNESCO, World Heritage Sites
GoJapan, World Heritage Sites
Agency for Cultural Affairs, Database of National Cultural Properties ; http://www.bunka.go.jp/bunkashingikai/sekaibunkaisan/08/pdf/sankou_1_4.pdf
Fieri is a city in southwest Albania.
It is the capital of the district and county of the same name.
About 82,297 people live in Fier.
Fier is  from the ruins of the ancient Greek city of Apollonia.
Gjirokastër is a city in southern Albania.
There are about 43,000 people who live here.
It is the capital of both the Gjirokastër District and the larger Gjirokastër County.
Gjirokastër is between the Gjerë mountains and the Drino River.
The Eqerem Çabej University is in the city.
Korçë is a city in southeastern Albania.
It is the capital of the Korçë District.
About 105,000 people live here.
It is the sixth largest city in Albania.
Kukës is a town in Albania.
It the capital of Kukës District and Kukës County.
About 16,000 people live here.
The town is in the mountains of northern Albania.
It is famous because during the Kosovo conflict they took 450,000 refugees from Kosovo (Serbia).
Because of this, it was nominated for the 2020 Nobel Peace Prize.
It was the first time a town was nominated for the prize.
Lezhë is a city in northwest Albania.
It is the capital of Lezhë District and Lezhë County.
About 27,500 people live here.
Year 385 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.
At the time, it was known as the Year of the Tribunate of Capitolinus, Cornelius, Capitolinus, Papirius, Capitolinus and Fidenas
Jason of Pherae becomes tyrant of Thessaly.
Dionysius I of Syracuse attempts to restore Alcetas I of Epirus to the throne.
Bardyllis becomes king of Illyria and the Dardani and forms the Bardyllian Dynasty.
Plato forms his Academy, teaching mathematics, astronomy and other sciences as well as philosophy.
It is dedicated to the Attic hero Academus.
Philanthropists pay all costs; students pay no fees.
Democritus announces that the Milky Way is composed of many stars.
Tap dancing  is a type of dance.
Its main feature is the sound made by tap shoes hitting the floor.
Tap dancers wear special shoes with metal pieces on the bottom.
There is one metal piece at the toe, and another at the heel.
There are two main types of tap dance: rhythm (Jazz) tap and Broadway tap.
Broadway tap is more about the dance.
It is often done in musical theater.
Rhythm tap is more about the sound of the tapping.
In tap dancing dancers use their shoes to tap the floor like drummers.
Tap shoes have metal taps on the bottom of the shoe to make a sound.
The sound you get from the tap shoe depends on how hard you hit the floor, and what part of your foot you use.
is a Japanese city in eastern Shizuoka Prefecture on the island of Honshū.
In the Edo period, Mishima-juku was the 11th of the 53 shogunate-maintained waystations (shuku-eki) along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto.
http://www.city.mishima.shizuoka.jp/foreign/e/index.html#
Shkodër is a city in northwestern Albania.
It is the capital of Shkodër District.
It is one of the oldest towns in Albania.
There are about 74,876 people in the city.
It is near the Lake of Shkodër.
Luigj Gurakuqi University of Shkodër is in the city.
It is an important school in Albania.
Shkodër is also the home of Loro-Boriçi Stadium, the second biggest stadium in Albania.
Isadora Duncan (May 27, 1877 – September 14, 1927) was an American dancer.
She was an inspiration for modern dance.
Duncan was born in San Francisco, California.
She preferred natural movement, instead of what she called the artificial movements of ballet.
Her 'free dance movement' was based on simple, flowing movements of the body.
It was inspired by nature, and by ancient Greek sculptures.
Costumes were flowing and transparent.
Dances involved simple runs, skips and jumps, big gestures and mime.
Duncan was wildly unconventional.
A bisexual who had two children but did not marry either of their fathers, she became a communist, and boasted about it.
She went to the Soviet Union in 1922, but left in less than two years.
At different times she lived in Paris, London and other European cities.
She started dance schools in Moscow, Berlin and Paris.
The schools did not last long, but Duncan had admirers who have continued her influence to the present day.
Duncan's private life was tragic.
Both her children were killed in a strange accident on the River Seine in 1913.
The children were in a car with their nanny when the car stalled as the driver tried to avoid a collision.
He got out to hand-crank the engine, but forgot to put the brake on.
The car rolled across the road, down the bank and into the river.
The children and their nanny drowned.
Duncan married poet Sergei Yesenin (1895–1925) in 1922.
He left her in 1923, and hanged himself two years later.
Duncan liked long, flowing scarves.
One of these scarves caused her own death.
As The New York Times noted in its obituary: "Isadora Duncan, the American dancer, tonight met a tragic death at Nice on the Riviera.
According to dispatches from Nice, Miss Duncan was hurled in an extraordinary manner from an open automobile in which she was riding and instantly killed".
At her death, Duncan was a Soviet citizen.
"Isadora Duncan’s death was as dramatic as her life.
On September 14, 1927, she encountered a young driver in Nice, France and suggested he take her for a spin in his open-air Bugatti sports car.
As the car took off, she reportedly shouted to her friends, "Adieu, mes amis, je vais a la gloire!" — “
Goodbye my friends, I go to glory!"
Moments later, her trailing shawl became entangled in the rear wheel, breaking her neck instantly".
Born in the United States, she lived in Europe from the age of 22 until her death at age 50.
In the United States she was popular only in New York, and then only later in her life.
Her work was continued by some of her six adopted daughters.
They were her pupils, the Isadorables, who continued to teach her methods after her death.
There have been several revivals of interest in Duncan.
There was a film, Isadora (1969) by Karl Reisz.
There were two ballets.
Five Brahms Waltzes in the Manner of Isadora by Frederick Ashton had its first show in 1976.
Kenneth Macmillan created a two-act ballet Isadora for the Royal Ballet (1981).
In New York her tradition has passed to third generation Duncan dancer Lori Belilove.
She founded The Isadora Duncan Dance Foundation in 1979 and The Isadora Duncan Dance Company  in 1989.
Her ideas on natural dance influenced a wide range of other dancers.
Some of the ideas of the Denishawn School of Dancing are quite Duncanesque, and the growth of modern dance in general owes something to her.
Archive film of Anna Duncan dancing a piece by Isadora Duncan in 1942 at Jacob's Pillow.
Anna Duncan was one of her adopted daughters.
The District of Berat is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania.
It is part of Berat County.
About 117,066 people live in the district.
The capital is Berat.
Other cities in this district are Polican and Ura Vajgurore.
The District of Kuçovë is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania.
About 34,907 people live in the district.
The capital is Kuçovë.
The District of Bulqizë is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania.
It is part of Dibër County.
About 28,374, people live in the district.
The capital is Bulqizë.
The District of Delvinë or District of Delvina is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania.
It is part of Vlorë County.
About 11,985 people live in the district.
Many of them are Greek.
The capital is Delvinë.
The District of Devoll is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania.
It is part of Korçë County.
The name is from the Devoll River flowing through the valley.
About 33,785 people live in the district.
The capital is Bilisht.
The District of Dibër is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania.
About 62,825, people live her.
The capital is Peshkopi.
Raveena Tandon (born 26 October 1974) is an Indian Bollywood actress, and producer.
She used to be a model.
Her first acting role was in the movie Pathhar Ke Phool in 1991.
Since then has starred in many movies.
Raveena Tandon to host a chat show
Myles Standish (1584 1656) was an English military officer who was selected to defend the Pilgrims in the New World  He travelled on the Mayflower in 1620 and signed the Mayflower Compact.
Standish became a assistant governor, and a treasurer of Plymouth Colony.
Standish's place of birth is uncertain.
In his will he mentions Lancashire.
Nathaniel Morton, secretary of Plymouth Colony, wrote that Standish was born in Lancashire.
Standish and his wife did not believe in the Church of England and in 1608 they moved to Leiden Netherlands.
After some years, they became concerned because their children were losing their English customs and culture.
Since their religion was outlawed in England, they decided to travel to the New World.
There were many people in Leiden who did not believe in the Church of England and they also wanted to travel to the New World.
They looked to employ someone who would protect them in the New World.
They first asked John Smith.
Smith was one of the founders of the English colony at Jamestown, Virginia.
He had explored and made a map of the North American coast.
Smith's experience would have helped them but he asked for too much money.
He was also too bold and they feared he might try to rule over them.
They asked Standish instead and he agreed to help protect them.
They decided to hire the ship Mayflower to take them on their long voyage.
On the Mayflower
The Mayflower left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620.
There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew.
On 19 November 1620, the Mayflower saw land.
The Mayflower was supposed to land in Virginia Colony, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor on November 21.
Exploration Missions
William Bradford wrote of one of the exploration missions.
They were Bradford, John Carver, Myles Standish, Edward Winslow, John Howland, Richard Warren, Stephen Hopkins and Edward Doty set off in small boats.
Hopkins was the most experienced because he had seen Native Americans during his time at Jamestown.
Bradford said they set off in below freezing temperatures.
Many of the men were ill, and when they left the salt spray froze on their coats.
During their trip they saw Native Americans who appeared to be cutting up a whale which was very large.
When they saw the men approaching the Indians fled.
At night they tried to protect themselves from the cold and the Indians.
After more trips in late December 1620 they picked a place to live.
Standish gave good advice and they built a small fort and placed cannon for protection against any who might try to harm them.
Standish's wife, Rose, died in January.
Many passengers were sick but Standish stayed healthy.
Standish was a source of great comfort and strength to those who suffered.
Standish helped to care Bradford when he was sick and they became good friends.
Bradford held the position of governor for most of his life and worked closely with Standish.
In March of 1621, a Native American named Samoset came to the colony and spoke to the people in English.
He stayed one day and talked with the leaders about many things.
When he returned he brought the tribe leader Massasoit to meet with the Pilgrims.