the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
These objects are called "NGC objects".
It was created by John Louis Emil Dreyer in 1888.
It's the most famous and known deep-sky catalogue for amateur astronomy.
South Hemisphere objects are less studied than North Hemisphere objects, observed by John Herschel.
The New General Catalogue had some mistakes, that were corrected in a special revised edition: RNGC
NGC 2000.0
The Interactive NGC Catalog online
The Junkers Ju 87 or Ju 87 was a German light bomber of World War II.
It was used as a dive bomber.
Its crew was a pilot with a navigator/radio operator behind him.
He also handled the rear machine gun.
The Ju 87 could drop 500 kg of bombs.
Some Ju-87 were modified as attack aircraft against tanks.
More than 6500 were made.
It's universally known as Stuka, an abbreviation of , German for dive bomber.
The plane was designed by Hermann Pohlmann.
It has first flight 17 September 1935.
The first time it was used in battle was 1936 during the Spanish Civil War.
Junkers Ju 87 attacked Guernica.
In World War II, Ju-87 were used for bombing against Poland, and later against Belgium, Netherlands, France, and Greece.
Early in the Battle of Britain Junkers Ju87 were used to attack Dover, Folkestone and other harbours of the Channel.
Early in the war this aircraft became famous for the siren it used to panic people.
It was removed when enemy forces became accustomed to it.
Many Ju-87 were used in the Soviet Union against Soviet troops.
In the Battle of Stalingrad, they were used to bomb the town.
Douglas SBD
is a German word that can be translated as dive bomber.
Its common abbreviation is Stuka.
It was used for two principal types of aircraft: Henschel Hs 123 and Junkers Ju 87.
Reye syndrome (also called Reye's syndrome) is an extremely rare though incredibly serious condition that is sometimes fatal.
This condition affects primarily the brain and the liver in the body.
Aspirin may cause Reye syndrome in teenagers and young adults.
The symptoms include but are not limited to vomiting and other problems.
Huarache shoes are Mexican shoes that are made with leather and worn mostly by females.
They date back to the late 1920s.
Huaraches come in many shapes and sizes.
They are usually worn during late spring or the summer in many countries.
Cardinal Morra was elected pope on 11 October 1187.
and he chose to be called Gregory VIII.
"Gregory VIII (Pope)", Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,   Cardinal Morra
1187 deaths
The University of Birmingham (or Birmingham University) is a British red brick university in the city of Birmingham, England.
It is based in the suburb of Edgbaston.
It got its royal charter in 1900, and included the Birmingham Medical School (founded 1825) and Mason Science College (1875).
Birmingham was the first redbrick university to get university status.
It is a member of the Russell Group of research universities and a founding member of Universitas 21.
Birmingham is one of the 12 institutions in England with highest entry requirements.
The student population includes around 19,000 undergraduate and 9,000 postgraduate students, making the 11th largest in the UK.
As of 2011 it is the seventh most popular English university by number of applications.
In 2010 Birmingham was ranked as the 10th most popular British university by graduate employers.
The annual income of the institution for 2010-11 was £470.7 million, with an expenditure of £443.7 million.
Birmingham has the ninth largest financial endowment of any British university at approximately £85 million in 2009.
Birmingham is ranked nationally between 10th  and 23rd.
Internationally it is 99th in the 2010 rankings, and 67th in the 2011 rankings.
The Sunday Times composite ranking put the university 19th from 1998 to 2007.
Birmingham was ranked 12th in the 2008 research assessment.
Donkey Kong Land 2 is a Game Boy video game that is a part of the Donkey Kong video game series.
This game was released in 1996 by Nintendo and was developed by Rare, Ltd.. There is a predecessor to this game named Donkey Kong Land and a sequel called Donkey Kong Land III.
The plot is similar to Donkey Kong Country 2's plot.
It has King K. Rool once again kidnapping Donkey Kong, who can only be freed if Diddy Kong gives the bananas from the Banana Hoard to K. Rool.
This game has seven total worlds in the game, as opposed to eight in Donkey Kong Country 2.
The second and third worlds (Crocodile Cauldron and Krem Quay) of Donkey Kong Country 2 have been merged into Krem Cauldron, possibly to save memory on the game's cartridge.
Like Donkey Kong Country 2, there is a Lost World which can be unlocked if Diddy and Dixie pay Klubba fifteen Kremkoins to a level per world.
Krem Cauldron
Wild Things is a 1998 American erotic crime drama mystery movie.
It is set in Miami, Florida.
It stars Kevin Bacon, Matt Dillon, Denise Richards, Neve Campbell and Bill Murray.
Invader Zim, branded as Invader ZIM, is an American science fiction black comedy animated television series aired on Nickelodeon.
The series premiered on March 30, 2001 and ended on August 19, 2006.
The show centers around the eponymous alien from the planet Irk, who inhabitants participate in an event called "Operation Impending Doom 2".
After failing it, Zim is determined to prove himself to his leaders, the almighty tallest and conquer Earth.
However, the tallest only sent him to his planet as a "secret mission" only to get rid of him.
The series has high cost to air and the age demographic was aimed toward children.
Nickelodeon cancelled the series on January 17, 2002, before the second season was completed.
The rest of the completed episodes were first made available on DVD on October 12, 2004.
The series follows Zim, an alien from the planet Irken.
He was sent to a "mysterious planet", because the Tallest sent him for Operation Impending Doom II.
Six months later, Zim lives in a house shaped base, planning world domination on Earth.
The Keg () is a Canadian steakhouse chain of restaurants.
It has restaurants in both Canada and the United States.
It was started by George Tidball in North Vancouver, British Columbia in 1971.
The chain is currently owned by David Aisenstat and is operating in every province in Canada except Prince Edward Island.
It is also operating in Phoenix, Tucson, Dallas/Fort Worth, Denver, and Seattle.
The Nintendo Vs.
System is a series of arcade ports of Nintendo Entertainment System home video games made by Nintendo.
It was released in the late 1980s.
The games are designed for two-player multiplayer.
Some of the games were different from their NES versions.
For example, Vs.
Super Mario Bros. was more difficult, having levels from the Japanese Super Mario Bros. 2 along with the Super Mario Bros. levels.
Others, such as Vs.
Duck Hunt, had better graphics.
Nintendo Vs.
System at PAR PlayChoice-10 Games and Resources
Nicolai Stepanowitsch Turczaninow (1796 - 1863) was a Russian botanist.
He was born in Nikitovka, in the south of European Russia near the Ukrainian city of Kharkiv.
He first identified several genera and many species of plants.
Several species have been named after him.
In 1810 he was in high school in the city of Voronezh and later studied in the University of Kharkiv.
In 1814 he graduated from Kharkiv and went to Saint Petersburg (St. Petersburg) to work with the government.
Work in Siberia
In 1828, Turczaninow was sent to Irkutsk, eastern Siberia, to work with the government of the region.
In his free time he could travel around the Lake Baikal area, collecting many plants that later he sent some to St. Petersburg and keeping the rest for his own herbarium.
He collected plants in the Lake Baikal region and other regions, including northern China and Mongolia.
He sent the collected plants and seeds to the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden, keeping some copies in his herbarium.
In 1831, 1832 and 1834 Turczaninov wrote some articles in the "Bulletin de la Société impériale des naturalistes de Moscou" ("Bulletin of the Imperial Society of Naturalists of Moscow") on the botany of Siberia and Mongolia.
In 1837 he was sent more to west to the town of Krasnoyarsk, and later he became Governor of the region.
In Krasnioarsk, Turczaninov began to publish Flora Baikalensi-Dahurica in separate parts from 1842 to 1857 in the Bulletin de la Société impériale des naturalists de Moscow.
He wrote those articles in Latin.
Later all these articles were published in 2 volumes with the first part (introduction) written in French.
In Taganrog
When he was 49 years old, in 1845, and after 17 years in Siberia, Turczaninov went to live in Taganrog on the Sea of Azov near the Black Sea.
In Taganrog, Turczaninov fell from a ladder and broke one leg; this affected his life and he could not travel to South America as he wanted.
In 1847, Turczaninov move to the city of Kharkiv to work in the herbarium of the University of Kharkiv.
In 1857, The Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg gave him the Demidov Prize because of his contribution to Russian botany.
And the University of Kharkiv named him a member of honour.
Several species of plantas are named after Turczaninov, and the Altai State University publishes the bulletin Turczaninowia ( for the printed version and  for the electronic version).
Flora baicalensi-dahurica scan on Biodiversity Heritage Library
Stafleu F. A. 1969.
Review: Turczaninow's Flora baicalensi-dahurica Taxón 18: 563-565
Jean Ann Kennedy Smith (February 20, 1928 – June 17, 2020) was an American diplomat.
She was the Ambassador to Ireland from 1993 to 1998.
She is the eighth of nine children born to Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.. and Rose Kennedy.
She was their last surviving child.
Her siblings include President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, longtime Senator Ted Kennedy, and Special Olympics founder Eunice Kennedy Shriver.
Jean Ann Kennedy was born on February 20, 1928 in Brookline, Massachusetts, on her elder sister Kathleen's eighth birthday.
She was raised in Boston, Massachusetts.
She studied at Manhattanville College.
Kennedy was married to Stephen Edward Smith from 1956 until his death in 1990.
VSA arts official website
Ambassadors of the United States to Ireland
Pendleton was representative from Ohio from March 4, 1879 through March 4, 1885.
Later he was the Senator from Ohio from March 4, 1879 through March 4, 1885.
He was nominated as Vice President with George McClellan, but they lost to Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson.
He was one of the major Democratic politicians who supported slavery.
He helped create many laws.
Of those laws was the Pendleton Act, which put an end to the system of patronage during the 1880s.
He was later the Envoy of Germany from March 4, 1885 until his death on November 24, 1889.
Pendleton was born on July 19, 1825 in Cincinnati, Ohio.
He studied at Cincinnati College and at University of Heidelberg in Germany.
Pendleton died on November 24, 1889 while on a trip in Brussels, Belgium from an illness, aged 64.
The population of Coquitlam is 708 which makes it the Canada's Smallest City as well as the smallest city in British Columbia.
The population was larger at one point but the population decreased when the city shut down the area's industries.
The mayor of Greenwood is Colleen Lang.
1200 Japanese Canadians were sent to Greenwood because of the Japanese Canadian internment in 1942.
The movie Snow Falling on Cedars was filmed in Greenwood.
Halloween III: Season of the Witch is an 1982 American science fiction horror movie.
It is the third movie in the Halloween movie series.
The movie was released on October 22, 1982.
This movie was not about Michael Myers nor Dr. Loomis.
Other goddamn websites
Watch the Magic Pumpkin.com
Halloween III: Season of the Witch at FEARnet
Katharine Houghton (born March 10, 1945) is an American actress.
She has acted in a few movies.
She played Joanna in the 1967 movie Guess Who's Coming to Dinner.
Houghton was born in Hartford, Connecticut.
Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers is an 1988 horror movie.
It is the fourth movie in the Halloween movie series.
The movie was about Michael Myers returning home to kill his niece Jamie Lloyd (Danielle Harris), the daughter of Laurie Strode.
Dr. Loomis (Donald Pleasence) tries to stop him.
The movie was released on October 21, 1988.
Movies directed by Dwight H. Little
Halloween H20: 20 Years Later is a 1998 American horror thriller movie.
It is the seventh movie in the Halloween movie series.
The movie was released on August 5, 1998.
The movie was released to positive reviews.
The movie is set twenty years after the events of the first two movies.
It is about a post-traumatic Laurie Strode.
She is afraid of her brother, Michael Myers, who tried to kill her in the past.
When Michael appears, Laurie must face him one last time.
The life of her teenage son is in danger.
At the end, Laurie cuts off her brother's head.
She is sent into an asylum.
The movie was dedicated to Donald Pleasence.
Jamie Lee Curtis as Laurie Strode/Keri Tate
Josh Hartnett as John Tate
Michelle Williams as Molly Cartwell
Adam Arkin as Will Brennan
LL Cool J as Ronald "Ronny" Jones
Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Jimmy Howell
Tom Kane as Dr. Loomis (voice)
1998 thriller movies
Halloween: Resurrection is a 2002 American horror movie.
It is the eighth movie in the Halloween movie series.
In the movie, the masked serial killer Michael Myers continues killing in his hometown of Haddonfield.
This time it is in his old childhood home, which is being used for a live internet horror show.
In this movie, Michael Myers finally kills his sister Laurie Strode while she was in an asylum.
The movie was released in July 12, 2002.
Halloween: Resurrection at FEARnet
Hermodr (Old Norse: Hermóðr - “Spirit of War”) is the messenger of the gods in Norse mythology, and is the fastest among the Æsir.
When Baldr died, Hermóðr volunteered to go to Niflheimr to ask Hel to release Odin's beloved son.
Hermóðr was said to have galloped on the horse Sleipnir for nine days and nine nights.
Journey to Hel
Upon reaching the dreaded world of ice and mist, Hermóðr encountered the female jötunn Móðguðr (Old Norse: “Furious Battler”), guardian of Gjallarbrú, the bridge which spans the river Gjöll (Old Norse: Gjǫll - “Noisy”), which separates the realm of the living and the dead.
When Hermóðr stated his business as to why he wished to enter Hel, Móðguðr let him pass.
He finally met with Hel, and begged her to release Baldr.
Hel eventually agreed to his request, on the condition that all of creation weep for Baldr.
Hlin is the goddess of protection.
She is one of Frigg's guardians.
It is possible that Hlin may be another aspect of Frigg.
Hœnir is a warrior god in Norse mythology.
He is sometimes confused with Vili.
Hœnir is part of the Aesir.
Hœnir and Mimir were hostages in a war between the Aesir and Vanir gods.
He was also an original Aesir god himself.
Hœnir usually relied on Mimir.
Hœnir is the god of silence, spirituality, poetry and of passion.
Hœnir goes with Mímir to the Vanir as hostage, in order to seal a truce to the Æsir-Vanir war.
During the negotiations, Hœnir heavily relies on Mímir to address any query, as the latter was better informed and knowledgeable.
The Vanir perceived this indecision and thus noticing a character flaw within Hœnir, which resulted in beheading Mímir as retaliation, thinking the Æsir cheated them in their hostage exchange.
Hœnir is one of the few gods to survive Ragnarök.
Kvasir is a wise god in Norse mythology.
He was made when the spit of the Vanir gods and Aesir gods was mixed after their battle.
He became the new god of knowledge and diplomacy.
Kvasir walked the world spreading his great wisdom to any who asked for it.
He was killed by two dwarves, Fjalar and Galar, who mixed his blood with honey to make a powerful mead that inspired any who drank it to speak with wisdom and poetry.
Odin drank all the mead to gain its knowledge.
He spilled a few drops which fell into Midgard and was said to be the source of all the bad poets and artists.
Odin is said to give the mead to those he feels worthy and this is the source for all the great poets.
Corpus Christi is Latin for the Body of Christ.
It is a Catholic Festival that occurs every year after Trinity Sunday.
In 2013 it was on May 30 or June 2.
It celebrates the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist.
Mani is a god in Norse mythology.
He was made when the sparks of the realm of fire were collected.
The other gods were not pleased with Mani and his sister Sol.
So the gods made them ride in carts.
The purpose of the siblings being in the carts was to guide the moon and sun.
The reason for the waxing and waning moons is because Mani took two kids so they would cover parts of the moon.
The reason for lunar eclipses is Hati (the offspring of Fenrir who is to chase Mani) getting close to Mani.
At Ragnarok, Hati will finally consume Mani.
Mimir was one of the Norse gods.
After his head was chopped off in a battle between the Aesir and the Vanir, Odin carried it around.
The head told him secrets and offered him advice.
Mimir is the god of wisdom.
He was the thinking part of Hoenir, the silent god.
The iridescent shark is a shark catfish that is a native to the rivers across Southeast Asia.
They are not really sharks.
They do, however, look very similar to small sharks.
They are found over Mekong Basin and the Chao Phraya River areas and used for food there.
The fish are marketed as swai in the United States.
They are very similar to the US catfish.
Bullets Over Broadway is a 1994 American crime comedy movie.
It is about Broadway theatre and the Mafia.
This was released in October 1994 for the United States.
Dianne Wiest plays Helen Sinclair, Jennifer Tilly plays Olive Neal and Mary-Louise Parker plays Ellen.
This comedy is set in 1928.
The director and co-writer of Bullets Over Broadway is Woody Allen.
The reviews for this crime comedy were very positive.
Rheology is the study of the flow of liquids and soft solids like mud or blood.
Rheo means flow in Greek.
What's Rheology?
Rheology Society
The Arkansas State University is a public university in Jonesboro, Arkansas.
It was established in 1909.
The university is a division of the Arkansas State University System.
The school has over twelve thousand students.
Science is one of the world's top science journals.
It is also referred to as Science magazine.
It is published weekly, and a peer-reviewed journal.
The publisher is the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Science was founded by John Michaels in 1880 with financial support from Thomas Edison and later from Alexander Graham Bell.
Anne Hathaway (1555/56 – 6 August 1623) was the wife of English playwright and poet, William Shakespeare.
Hathaway married Shakespeare in 1582 at the village of Temple Grafton, near Stratford-upon-Avon.
She lived in Stratford all her life, even while Shakespeare was working and living in London.
She died in Stratford on 6 August 1623 and is buried next to her husband in the Holy Trinity Church, Stratford.
8 in C minor ("Pathetique"), Op.
13 is a work for solo piano written by Ludwig van Beethoven.
It was written between 1797 and 1798.
It was published in Vienna, Austria in 1799.
The work is written in three movements.
The first opens with a slow and serious introduction.
It is followed by an quick section in sonata form.
This section is driven forward by tremolando octaves in the left hand.
The movement expresses a questing, uncertain mood.
The second movement is a slow piece in rondo form.
The third movement is a quick, melancholic rondo.
Its main theme is accompanied by arpeggios in the left hand.
This movement concludes with a brilliant coda.
p. 108. .
Caloocan is one of the cities of Metro Manila in the Philippines.
Caloocan is north of Manila.
It is the third most populous city in the Philippines with 1,489,040 people as of 2010.
1962 establishments in Asia
Bhimber () is the main town of the Bhimber District in Azad Kashmir.
The town is on the border between Azad Kashmir and Pakistan.
It is about 50 km from Mirpur.
Backdraft is a 1991 American crime drama action movie.
The movie is about firefighters in the Chicago metropolitan area.
Kurt Russell and William Baldwin star as firefighters of the Chicago Fire Department.
Donald Sutherland and Robert De Niro also act in the movie.
Backdraft was released in May 1991.
It was well liked by the critics.
It did well in the box office, earning over $152 million worldwide.
La Goulue was Louise Weber (13 July 1866, Clichy, Paris  30 January 1929), a French can-can dancer.
She was always known by her nickname.
La Goulue is French slang for 'greedy guts'.
It came from her habit of picking up a customer's glass and drinking it while dancing past the table.
Growing up, Weber was a poor Jewish girl who loved to dance.
She would dressed up and pretended to be a glamorous star on a great stage.
At 16, she was working with her mother in the laundry.
Without her mother knowing, she began sneaking off to a dance hall wearing a dress she would "borrow" from one of their customers.
Weber quickly became popular because of her dancing at small clubs in Paris.
She was liked for her dancing skills and her behaviour.
In her routine, she teased the male audience by swirling her raised dress to reveal the heart embroidered on her panties.
Another trick of hers was to kick off a man's hat with her toe.
Later, she met the Montmartre painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir.
He introduced her to a group of models who earned money posing for artists and photographers.
The year 146 BCE was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.
At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Achaicus (or, less often, year 608 Ab urbe condita).
Roman forces under the command of Scipio Aemilianus defeat Carthage.
The city is destroyed by order of the Roman Senate.
This ends the Third Punic War.
Little is known about his early work in the church.
The first unmistakable reference to Pope Leo is in 429 when he was only a deacon.
Leo was made Bishop of Rome on 29 September 440.
In other words, he became pope.
Leo is one of only two popes who are called "the Great".
The other "great" is the first pope named Gregory.
In 452, Leo I peacefully convinced Attila the Hun not to destroy and plunder Rome.
This made him a legendary figure in Italy.
Leo also wrote many scholarly books.
One of them, a "Tome" on the Nature of Christ, was read out to both the Roman Emperor and to the Patriarch of Constantinople.
Afterwards, they followed Leo's recommendations, and officially accepted certain religious matters, and rejected others.
These decisions had many political implications, in many areas of the Eastern Roman Empire, for centuries to come.
400s births
461 deaths
Arthur Darvill (born Thomas Arthur Darvill on 17 June 1982) is an English actor.
He is best known for playing Rory Williams in the television series Doctor Who.
He has also acted in Terre Haute and Swimming with Sharks.
Arthur Darvill RADA profile  – includes list of plays while in training
Donkey Kong 3 is an arcade video game made by Nintendo in 1984.
It is the third game in the Donkey Kong arcade series.
A port was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1986.
It was later re-released for the Wii Virtual Console in North America and Europe in 2008 and 2009.
Donkey Kong has taken cover in Stanley's greenhouse.
Stanley is a bugman, and must stop insects from destroying his flowers.
He does this by killing them with bug spray.
The main goal is to shoot Donkey Kong with the bug spray and force him to the top of the vine he is on while killing the insects.
When Donkey Kong gets to the top, the player moves on to the next stage.
The player can also complete a stage by killing all of the insects, which forces Donkey Kong to the top.
At the start of a stage, Stanley can get a special bug spray which allows him to shoot Donkey Kong up at a faster rate.
It is on one of Donkey Kong's vines.
It is dropped when Donkey Kong reaches the point on the vine where the bug spray is.
It only lasts for a certain amount of shots.
Donkey Kong 3 at the Killer List of Videogames website
The colón is the official currency of Costa Rica.
It is named after Christopher Columbus, known as Cristóbal Colón in Spanish.
The plural is colones in Spanish.
The ISO 4217 code is CRC.
The symbol for the colón is a c with two slashes (₡).
The symbol for the colón in many English language Windows keyboards can be made by pressing +.
The colón sign is not the same as the US cent sign, but the US cent sign is much more commonly available (¢).
As such, it is frequently used instead of the colón's own sign in price markings and advertisements.
The colón is divided into 100 centimos
The colón was introduced in 1896 and replaced the Costa Rican peso.
Between 1917 and 1919 coins were issued using the name centavo for the 1/100 subunit.
First coins, 1897–1917
In 1897 gold 2, 5, 10 and 20 colones were issued.
Later, silver 50 centimos and cupro-nickel 2 centimos were issued in 1903.
In 1905 silver 5 and 10 centimos were issued.
The 5 and 10 centimos had the initials G.C.R. (Gobierno de Costa Rica) because they were issued by the government.
Government coins, 1920–1941
The government resumed in 1920 making 5 and 10 centimos coins with the G.C.R initials.
Silver 25 centimos coins were made in 1925.
The last government issued coins were brass 10 centimos coins in 1941.
Banco Internacional coins, 1935
In 1935, the International Bank of Costa Rica (Banco Internacional de Costa Rica) issued cupro-nickel coins of 25 and 50 centimos and 1 colón.
These had the initials B.I.C.R.
Banco Nacional coins, 1937–1948
The National Bank made 25 and 50 centimos coins in 1937.
This bank also issued 1 colón coins.
These coins had the initials B.N.C.R. 5 and 10 centimos coins were made in 1942.
2 colones coins were made in 1948.
Banco Central coins, 1951–
The Central Bank of Costa Rica took over coin production in 1951.
These coins had the initials B.C.C.R. (Banco Central de Costa Rica).
The first Banco Central coins were 5 and 10 centimos.
Then 1 and 2 colones coins in 1954.
In 1965, 50 centimos coins were made.
25 centimos coins were made in 1967.
By 1983, 5 and 10 centimos coins were discontinued.
25 centimos to 2 colon coins were made smaller in size.
By this time 5, 10 and 20 colon coins were made.
By 1998, small brass 1, 5 and 10 colon coins were made.
In this same year 25, 50 & 100 colones coins were added.
In 2003, 500 colones coins were made.
In 2006 aluminium 5 and 10 colones coins were made.
1 colón coins are no longer used.
In 2009 the large silver-colored ¢5, ¢10 & ¢20 were withdrawn.
There are only the smaller silver-colored ¢5 and ¢10 coins and gold-colored ¢5, ¢10, ¢25, ¢50, ¢100 & ¢500 coins.
Private bank issues, 1896–1914
Four private banks, the Banco Anglo–Costarricense, the Banco Comercial de Costa Rica, the Banco de Costa Rica and the Banco Mercantil de Costa Rica, issued notes between 1864 and 1917.
The Banco Anglo–Costarricense was established in 1864 and issued notes from 1864 to 1917.
It later became a state-owned bank and in 1994 went bankrupt and closed.
Notes were issued in denominations of 1, 25, 50, and 100 pesos as well as 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 colones.
Some 1, 5, 10 and 20 colon notes (unsigned and undated) were released in 1963 when the bank celebrated its 100th anniversary.
Some had Muestra sin Valor ("sample without value") printed on them in order to nullify the legal tender status and to prevent people from selling them.
Most, however, didn't have that printed on them, which makes it harder nowadays to find notes with the seal.
The Banco de Costa Rica was established in 1890 and issued notes from 1890 to 1914.
It is currently a state-owned bank.
Notes were issued in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 100 pesos as well as 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 colones.
The Banco Comercial de Costa Rica issued notes between 1906 and 1914 in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 colones.
The Banco Mercantil de Costa Rica issued notes between 1910 and 1916, also in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 colones.
Government issues, 1897–1917
The government issued gold certificates in 1897 for 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 colones.
Between 1902 and 1917, it issued silver certificates for 50 centimos, 1, 2, 50 and 100 colones.
Banco Internacional, 1914–1936
In 1914, the Banco Internacional de Costa Rica introduced notes in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 colones, to which 25 and 50 centimos, 1 and 2 colones were added in 1918.
Although 25 centimos were not issued after 1919, the other denominations continued to be issued until 1936.
After 1917, the Banco Internacional's notes were the only issued for circulation.
Banco Nacional, 1937–1949
In 1937, the Banco Nacional de Costa Rica took over paper money issuing and issued notes for 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 colones until 1949.
Many of the early notes were provisional issues overprinted on notes of the Banco Internacional, including the 1 colón notes which were briefly issued.
Banco Central, 1950–
The Banco Central de Costa Rica began issuing paper money in 1950, with notes for 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 colones.
The first notes were provisional issues produced from Banco Nacional notes (unsigned and undated).
The Central Bank printed on them the corresponding signatures and dates, and the legend "BANCO CENTRAL DE COSTA RICA" over "BANCO NACIONAL DE COSTA RICA".
Regular issues of notes began in 1951, but a second provisional issue of 2 colon notes was made in 1967.
1000 colon notes were added in 1958, followed by 500 colones in 1973, 5000 colones in 1992, and 2000 and 10,000 colones in 1997.
Whenever a banknote of a specific denomination is changed (design, security features, colour, etc.),
a new series is released.
Every banknote issued by this bank measures approximately 6.6 cm x 15.5 cm.
Exceptions occurred with:
2 colones provisional issue: black
5 colones provisional issue: orange
10 colones provisional issue: blue
500 colones series B: black
1000 colones series A issue: dark blue
The 1983 "Z" series of the 20 colón note was an experimental issue of the American Banknote Company which made the notes out of a polymer.
To date, this has been the only Costa Rican note made of that material.
Banknote reform
Since 2012, Costa Rican banknotes are undergoing a reform and are being replaced by a new model.
Two new denominations were introduced as part of the reform; 20,000 and 50,000 colones.
The old notes will all be withdrawn from circulation and be replaced by new ones.
The new banknotes will have different colors, shapes and images than their predecessors.
All the denominations have a different length so that people with visual impairments can recognize the banknotes easily.
Currency peg
On February 6, 2011, the United States dollar was worth 508.11 colones.
The colón has had an unusual relationship with the U.S. dollar that may best be described as a "crawling peg"; instead of being defined by a constant value to the dollar, the colón instead would grow progressively weaker at a fixed rate of about 3.294 colones per dollar per month.
On October 16, 2006, however, this crawling peg was modified due to weakness in the U.S. dollar and the perception that the colón is now undervalued.
The exchange rate is now free to float within a currency band referenced to the United States dollar.
The floor of the band has been set at a fixed value, while the ceiling changes at a fixed rate.
In practice the exchange rate has remained fixed at the lower value of the currency band.
Since October 17, 2006 the colón is no longer bound to controlled devaluations (known in Costa Rica as minidevaluaciones) by the Central Bank of Costa Rica.
With the new system, sistema cambiario de bandas, the exchange rates posted by the Central Bank are a "reference" and each authorized financial institution can determine their value independently in hopes that the free market will provide a mechanism to keep them reasonable.
The colón is sometimes referred to as the peso, which was the name of the Costa Rican currency before the colón, until 1896.
This is very common across Latin American countries, where most have (or had at some point) currencies called pesos.
Another nickname is caña (Spanish for sugar cane, plural cañas) but this nickname is more often used in plural for amounts under 100 colones.
For example: 5 cañas, 10 cañas, 20 cañas.
This term has become less popular.
Teja (roof tile in Spanish) is used as another nickname.
It means one hundred colones.
For example: five hundred colones are called "cinco tejas". "
Teja" can also be used for 100,000 colones. "
Media Teja" (half a roof tile in Spanish) is used for 50 colones or 50,000 colones.
Official site of the Central Bank of Costa Rica
The Museum of the Central Bank of Costa Rica
cambiodeldolar.com-Alternative up to date information about the exchange rate of the Costa Rican Colón to the United States Dollar.
19th-century establishments in Costa Rica
Sainte-Mélanie is a municipality in the Lanaudière region of Quebec, Canada.
It is part of the Joliette Regional County Municipality.
It is located along the western shores of the L'Assomption River.
Sainte-Mélanie used to be part of the territory of the Ailleboust Seignory, which was given to Jean d'Ailleboust d'Argenteuil (1694-1785) in 1736.
By 1800, Pierre-Louis Panet (1761-1812) was Lord of Ailleboust.
His daughter Charlotte-Mélanie Panet (1794-1872) may have been the source of the name Sainte-Mélanie, also a reference to Melania the Younger (383-439).
Charlotte-Mélanie's husband, Marc-Antoine-Louis Lévesque (1782-1833), donated the land in 1814 for a chapel that was built in 1830.
The Parish of Sainte-Mélanie was founded in 1832.
Four years later, in 1836, the post office opened under the name Daillebout.
The Assomption River (in French , named after the Assumption of Mary) is the most important waterway in the Lanaudière region of Quebec, Canada.
It has a drainage basin of .
It flows from the Mont Tremblant massif.
Seven significant rivers flow into the Assomption (de la Boule, Versailles, Noire, la Chaloupe, Ouareau, Saint-Esprit, and Achigan) before it flows into the Rivière des Prairies at Repentigny, Quebec.
The long-tailed river stingray (Plesiotrygon iwamae), also known as the antenna ray, is a species of freshwater stingray in the family Potamotrygonidae.
They eat worms, crustaceans, mollusks, and small bottom fish (such as small catfish).
They can detect electrical and chemical signals from prey in mud and sand.
The species was mentioned in 1987 by Hugo P. Castello from Museu de Zoologia, University of São Paulo.
Examples were then found in other museums that had been given wrong names or identified incorrectly.
Species Description of Plesiotrygon iwamae at www.shark-references.com
Lofn is a goddess in Norse mythology.
Lofn is described in the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson.
She is described as a gentle woman who arranges marriages.
She survived the Ragnarök, the battle at the end of the world to determine the fate of the gods.
The Hawthorne effect is a form of reactivity.
When the group which is under study knows about the study and their behavior changes after knowing that they are being studied, this change of behavior is the Hawthorne effect.
For example: a group of 10 people are being studied for their health after exercising.
Without knowing that they are being studied, they do or not do exercise, but after knowing that they are being studied they regularly do exercise.
Donkey Kong Country was a French/Canadian animated television series.
It was based off the video game of the same name.
It first aired in France on September 4, 1996.
It aired in the United States starting on August 15, 1997.
It first aired on the Fox Box, but after 2 episodes, it moved to Fox Family.
It aired until July 7, 2000.
The series involved a magical coconut named the Crystal Coconut found by Donkey Kong.
It could grant wishes and answer any question.
King K. Rool wanted to steal the Crystal Coconut along with taking over Kongo Bongo Island, the show's setting.
Despite his efforts, he was never able to steal the Crystal Coconut.
Several things from this show, such as the Crystal Coconut, later appeared in the Nintendo 64 video game Donkey Kong 64.
Shigeru Miyamoto was critical of the show, stating his dislike for the show on several occasions.
2000s disestablishments in France
Pac-Man was an animated television series that aired on ABC.
It was created by Hanna-Barbera.
It was based on the video game series of the same name.
It aired from 1982 to 1983.
Two seasons of 21 episodes were aired.
The show followed Pac-Man, his wife Pepper, their child Pac-Baby, their dog Chomp-Chomp, and their cat Sour Puss.
They live in Pac-Land, a place built mostly of spheres and sphere-like shapes.
Episodes were mainly about the Pac family and their battles with their enemies, the Ghost Monsters.
The Ghost Monsters were Blinky, Inky, Pinky, Clyde, and Sue.
They worked for Mezamaron, whose goal was to locate and control the Power Pellets.
The Power Pellets were the food and power source for Pac-Land.
Two special episodes aired.
The first one was the Pac-Man Halloween Special, which was two Halloween episodes of the show.
It aired in primetime on October 30, 1982.
The second was Christmas Comes to Pac-Land, which was a Christmas special where Pac-Man and his family had to help Santa Claus after he crash-landed in Pac-Land.
Cerro Chirripó is the highest mountain peak of Costa Rica.
This mountain is in Chirripó National Park.
It is known for its biodiversity.
From the mountain, it is possible to see both the Carribean Sea and the Pacific Ocean at the same time on a clear day.
Serampore () (also called Serampur, Srirampur, Srirampore, Shreerampur, Shreerampore, Shrirampur, Shrirampore) is a city and a municipality in Hooghly district in the Indian state of West Bengal.
It is a town on the right bank of the Hoogly River.
In the 2011 census,the population of Serampore was of 183,339 personas, of which 94,514 (52%) were male and 88,825 (%) were female; 12,817 (7%) were under 6 years of age.
Those that could read and write were 153,460 (8%): 81,592 men (86% of men) and 71,868 women (81% of women).
Serampore College
Serampore Textile Engineering College
Suro Bharati Sangeet Kala Kendra (All India Board of music and fine arts Education)
Serampore Girls' College
Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority
San Isidro de El General is a city in Costa Rica.
It is the capital of Pérez Zeledón canton located in the province of San José.
It is located 130 km from San José and 212 km from Paso Canoas, a border town with Panama.
Eau de toilette is a kind of perfume used to make skin smell nice.
It is also called "aromatic waters".
It is based on alcohol, its main ingredient.
It is usually used on the skin after bathing or shaving.
It is considered a "weak" and cheap version of perfume.
Toilet water is defined as a dilute perfume (perfume is only ingredient mixed with alcohol and few other lowering the production cost).
It was originally composed of alcohol and various volatile oils.
Newmarket is a town in Ontario, Canada.
It is north of Toronto.
The town was founded in 1801.
Actors John Candy and Jim Carrey were born here.
The Trecento is considered the beginning of the Italian Renaissance cultural movement.
It is sometimes called Proto-Renaissance.
The most important artists who represent this period are Giotto, in painting, and Donatello, in sculpture.
Indeed the Trecento begins with the works of the painter Giotto and includes Taddeo Gaddi, Orcagna, Altichiero and the sculptor Nicola Pisano.
In 1334 Giotto was appointed chief architect to Florence Cathedral, of which the "Campanile" (founded by him on 18 July 1334 AD) bears his name, but was not completed to his design.
Most of the famous Florence Cathedral, an architecture masterpiece, was built during the Trecento.
The Trecento was also famous as a time of heightened literary activity, with writers working in the vernacular instead of Latin.
Dante produced his famous La Divina commedia (The Divine Comedy), a summation of the medieval worldview, and Petrarch wrote verse in a lyrical style influenced by the Provençal poetry of the troubadours.
In music, the Trecento was a time of vigorous activity in Italy.
Musicians and composers of the Trecento included the renowned Francesco Landini, as well as Maestro Piero, Gherardello da Firenze, Jacopo da Bologna, Giovanni da Cascia, Paolo "Tenorista" da Firenze, Niccolò da Perugia, Bartolino da Padova, Antonio Zachara da Teramo and Matteo da Perugia.
Burke, Peter.
The Italian Renaissance: Culture and Society in Italy.
Princeton, 1999.
Socotra ( ) is an island east of the Horn of Africa.
It lies between the Guardafui Channel and the Indian Ocean.
Although Socotra belongs to Yemen, in 2018 it was taken over by the United Arab Emirates.
To its west it is joined by an archipelago of much smaller islands.
It is also named the Islands of San Gustav after the navigator who discovered them, Gustav Peter Galle Daniels.
It is located  east of the Horn of Africa and  south of the Arabian Peninsula.
Socotra has a borderline tropical, desert climate and semi-desert climate (Köppen climate classification: BWh and BSh), with an average yearly temperature over .
With a total of only , the yearly rainfall is light but is fairly spread throughout the year.
The total rainfall in the mountains can average as much as  per year and can average over  per month from October to December, during the northeast monsoon.
The southwest monsoon season from June to September brings strong winds and high seas.
The island is very isolated and some 30% of its plant species are found only on Socotra.
It has been described as the most alien-looking place on Earth.
The island is  in length and  in width.
Socotra belongs to the Republic of Yemen.
From late 2017 to mid-2018, Socotra was occupied by the United Arab Emirates.
In 2018, the island was also occupied by Saudi Arabia.
The Emiratis and later the Saudis came to Socotra because of the Yemeni Civil War (2015–present).
Since 2017, Socotra is no longer under the control of the internationally recognized Yemeni government.
The island is under the control of the UAE and under the authority of the sessecionist Southern Transitional Council which is supported by UAE troops.
Galápagos Islands, an archipelago of Ecuador which is also famous for its isolated geography and plant and animal species
The Ice Sports Forum is the official practicing ice area of the National Hockey League's Tampa Bay Lightning.
The forum has two NHL approved rinks and a laser tag arena.
In 2001, the forum's No Bull adult ice hockey team won the national championship.
Called the "official practice facility of the Tampa Bay Lightning," the team actually practices at the Forum usually when the Tampa Bay Times Forum is being used for an event (concert, etc.).
Ice Sports Forum Official Website
USF Ice Bulls
The Paper is a 1994 comedy movie.
The movie is about people who work for a newspaper in New York City.
It involves personal affairs between members of staff.
The movie stars Michael Keaton as Henry, Glenn Close as Alicia Clark and Marisa Tomei as Henry's wife Martha.
The Paper was well liked by critics but earned less than $50 million at the box office.
Yasujirō Ozu (12 December 1903 – 12 December 1963) was a Japanese movie director.
He made many movies.
These include Tokyo Story in 1953.
His movies show Japanese families and their lives.
Even Cowgirls Get the Blues is a 1993 drama-comedy-romance movie.
It is about homosexuality, use of drugs and political rebellion.
It stars Lorraine Bracco as Delores Del Ruby, Uma Thurman as Sissy and Roseanne Barr as Madame Zoe.
The movie was not liked by critics.
Sacré-Cœur (also called the Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Paris and the Sacré-Cœur Basilica) is a Catholic basilica in Montmartre, Paris.
The foundation was laid in 1875.
It was finished in 1914.
It is named after the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
It is built in the Romano-Byzantine style.
Sacre Coeur
Beit HaNassi ("President's House" in Hebrew), also known as Mishkan HaNassi ( "Presidential Residence") is the main residence of the President of Israel.
The building was opened in 1971, after the Israeli government approved a state home for the president.
In 2011, renovations were started after defects were found in the building.
President of Israel - official website
Addicted to Love is a 1997 American romantic comedy movie set in New York City.
It is about manipulation and revenge.
The movie stars Meg Ryan as Maggie and Matthew Broderick as Sam.
Addicted to Love was released in May 1997.
It got both good and bad reviews by critics.
A pyramid is a three-dimensional shape.
It has triangular sides that come together in a point at the top, call the "apex".
A pyramid with a square base (bottom) and four sides is called a square pyramid.
A pyramid with a triangular base and is called a tetrahedron.
The formula for the volume of a square pyramid is .
The base is also known as the product of the length and the width, thus this formula could alternatively be written as .
Pyramid (geometry), a 3-dimensional shape with triangular sides that come together in a point
Egyptian pyramids, ancient structures located in Egypt
"Pyramids" (song), a song by Frank Ocean
Pyramid scheme, a business model
A hierarchy, the structure of an organisation
The People Power Revolution was a historic event that happened in the Philippines from 22 to 25 February 1986.
It is also known as the EDSA Revolution, the Philippine Revolution of 1986, and the Yellow Revolution.
This case of nonviolent revolution led to the departure of President Ferdinand Marcos from presidency and the restoration of the country's democracy.
It is also referred to as the Yellow Revolution because of the presence of yellow ribbons during the demonstrations following the assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr.. It was widely seen as a victory of the people against the 20-year running authoritarian, repressive regime of then president Ferdinand Marcos and made news headlines as "the revolution that surprised the world".
The Land of Israel ( , ; ) is a name for the region also known as Canaan, Palestine or the Holy Land.
The name comes from the Torah and the Bible.
The area is in the Middle East, and covers the southern part of the Levant.
Before the rise of the Kingdom of Israel, the region was called the Land of Canaan (the home of the Canaanites).
In the Bible, the land was referred to as the ’Promised Land’ or the ‘Holy Land’.
Eparchy is the name of a diocese in  the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches.
An eparchy is headed by a bishop, who is called eparch.
Churches with the Byzantine Rite (or the Rite of Constantinople) also have eparchies.
In Ancient Rome the term eparchia was used to refer to a province in the eastern parts of the Roman Empire.
Today, the term is used for different concepts:
Provinces of Greece used to be called Eparchies, until they were abolished, in 1997.
Districts of Cyprus are called Eparchies.
Dioceses of the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Eastern Catholic Church, and a few other churches of the East are called Eparchies
Gibbsite, Al(OH)3, is one of the mineral forms of aluminium hydroxide.
It is often designated as γ-Al(OH)3 (but sometimes as α-Al(OH)3).
It is also sometimes called hydrargillite (or hydrargyllite).
It is an important ore of aluminium, and one of the main parts of the rock Bauxite.
Tel Aviv University (TAU) ( ) is a university in Israel.
It is in Tel Aviv, in the Ramat Aviv neighborhood, next to the Land of Israel Museum.
It is the second-largest university in Israel, after the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
The Museum of the Jewish People is on the university campus.
People who studied there
Benny Gantz, minister and general
Isaac Herzog, president
Ilan Ramon, astronaut
Ariel Sharon, prime minister and general
Ghil'ad Zuckermann, linguist
- Introduction , and History .
American Friends of Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv University donor group
The Devil Is Not So Black as He Is Painted: BAR Interviews Israel Finkelstein Biblical Archaeology Review
Leon Recanati Graduate School of Business Administration at the TAU website
TAU in the News – an unofficial, alternative website for news about Tel Aviv University and Israeli academia in general
Tel-Aviv University Botanical Garden
Haifa University is a public university in Haifa, Israel.
It was opened in 1963, several years after the opening of the Tel Aviv University.
The university's faculties are located in a big tower on the Mount Carmel viewing the Carmel Forest.
The University of Haifa homepage (English)
Ben-Gurion University is a public university in Israel.
The university was opened in 1970 in Beer Sheba next to the Soroka Medical Center.