the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The term is used especially in physiology, in phrases like "the function of the kidneys is to excrete urea from the body" or "the function of the heart is to push blood around the body".
It is incorrect to use the word 'purpose' instead of 'function', because the word 'purpose' implies forethought.
A British princess is a princess who has the title of a Princess of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
In Britain, the title "Princess" and the use of the style "Royal Highness" can only be used for these persons:
the legitimate daughters of a British sovereign,
the legitimate male line granddaughters of a British sovereign,
the wife of a British prince.
Queen Elizabeth II issued Letters Patent dated 21 August 1996 stating that any woman divorced from a Prince of the United Kingdom would no longer be entitled to the style "Royal Highness".
This has so far applied to Diana, Princess of Wales, and Sarah, Duchess of York.
Ladhabhai Nakum Amar Singh  (4 December 1910 – 21 May 1940) was an Indian cricketer.
His full name was Ladhabhai Nakum Amar Singh Lodha.
He was a right arm fast bowler and an effective lower order batsman.
Amar Singh was the first Indian to receive a Test cap.
He was born in Rajkot, Gujarat on 4 December 1910.
Amar Singh played for the Indian cricket team, Hindus cricket team and various teams in the first class cricket matches.
He took 28 wickets and scored 292 runs in 7 Test cricket matches, playing for the Indian cricket team.
Pietro Martorana  (1705 – 1759), was an Italian painter.
He was a member of a family of artists from Palermo.
He was one of the main representatives of the classic late Baroque painting in Sicily.
Martorana painted frescos in Palermo in the churches of Santa Rosalia, St. Chiara and St. Carlo.
With Olivio Sozzi.
He decorated the palace of Michele Gravina Branciforte, prince of Butera in Palermo.
Gioacchino Martorana
1705 births
Mohamed Siad Barre was the President of the Somali Democratic Republic from 1969 to 1991.
In 1969 President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was assassinated.
The military took power of the government.
Major General Barre became the leader of the country.
The new government used a form of socialism called scientific socialism.
The country was renamed to the Somali Democratic Republic.
In 1991 Somalia had a civil war.
Barre was removed as the leader.
He tried to take back the city of Mogadishu but lost.
He then went into exile.
Barre died on 2 January 1995.
Roger Michael Humphrey Binny (born 19 July 1955) is a former Indian cricket all rounder.
He is best known for his impressive bowling performance in the 1983 Cricket World Cup in which India won the cup.
Binny took the most wickets in the 1983 Cricket World Cup  with 18 wickets.
He was born in Bangalore, Karnataka on July 19, 1955.
His full name is Roger Michael Humphrey Binny.
Binny's batting style is right arm batting.
He bowling style is right arm fast bowling.
Binny's son Stuart Binny plays for an Indian cricket team.
Roger Binny scored 830 runs in test cricket and 629 runs in One Day International matches.
He took 47 wickets in test cricket and 77 wickets in One Day International matches.
Mohammad Mosaddegh was an Iranian politician.
He was elected Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 until 1953.
He was also an author, administrator, lawyer, and parliamentarian.
On 19 August 1953 Mosaddegh was removed from office by the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and Britain's MI6.
This was called Operation Ajax in the West.
In Iran it is called the 28 Mordad 1332 coup.
The change in power was one reason for the Iranian Revolution in 1979.
Mosaddegh was named man of the year in 1951 by Time magazine.
He remains one of the most popular people in Iranian history.
The First Battle of Kernstown was fought on March 23, 1862, in Frederick County and Winchester, Virginia during the American Civil War.
Confederate General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson's Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862 was generally a success.
However, the First Battle of Kernstown was one his few defeats.
At the beginning of 1862, President Abraham Lincoln wanted his generals to attack in force against the Confederacy.
McClellan was massing his army for his Peninsula Campaign with the goal of capturing the Confederate capital of Richmond and ending the war.
To do this McClellan had to weaken his forces protecting Washington, D.C.. This left only two Union forces to protect Washington.
Besides Banks in the Shenandoah Valley, General Irwin McDowell had forces in Northern Virginia.
Banks was to clear the Shenandoah Valley of Confederate forces then move up towards Washington so McDowell's force of 30,000 to move against Richmond from the north.
Banks left General James Shields with a force of about 9,000 in the Valley while he would move east to Manassas, Virginia, to be closer to Washington, D.C.
Stonewall Jackson was given the task of keeping the Federal Army busy in the Valley so they could not join McClellan.
Jackson's cavalry commander, Colonel Turner Ashby, learned that part of the Union forces were leaving the valley and only a small force remained.
Skirmish, March 22
Jackson gave Ashby permission to attack while he moved the remainder of his forces up to join Ashby.
Unfortunately, Ashley's information was bad.
While the Confederates thought they were attacking only four regiments (totalling about 3,000 men), there were actually about three times that number of Union soldiers.
The remaining Union troops remained out of sight during the skirmish.
General Shields was wounded in the fighting and turned command of the Union division over to Colonel Nathan Kimball.
Battle, March 23
At about nine o'clock on the morning of March 23, Ashby's cavalry attacked.
Kimball was not certain if this was another skirmish or the start of a battle.
But just in case, he placed his forces in a strong defensive position on Pritchard Hill.
He placed his artillery there as well.
On seeing this, Jackson concentrated his artillery on Sandy Ridge, west of Prichard Hill.
At about three-thirty, Jackson could see from Sandy Ridge that what he thought was a small Union force was actually much bigger.
Jackson told one of his officers "We are in for it."
Kimball, believing he was up against a much larger Confederate force, decided to silence the Confederate guns on Sandy Ridge.
His attack was met with strong resistance from the Confederates and the battle soon became a stalemate.
Jackson kept sending in more Confederate troops, but he could not drive the Union line back.
Kimball still had fresh reserves he could send into the battle.
By six o'clock the Confederates were running low on ammunition and were nearly exhausted.
When one of his brigades ran out of ammunition completely, they had to withdraw from the battle.
The Union army attacked through the gap they left and Jackson's entire force had to quickly retreat.
Jan Sokol (18 April 1936 – 16 February 2021) was a Czech philosopher, translator and politician.
He was son of architect Jan Sokol.
He was a member of parliament from 1990 to 1992.
He was minister of education from January to July 1998.
In 2003, he was candidate for President of the Czech Republic.
He was a member of Charles University faculty.
Anastasio "Tachito" Somoza DeBayle was officially the 73rd and 76th President of Nicaragua.
As the leader of Nicaragua's military he was really the leader of the country from 1967 to 1979.
Many people did not like Somoza as a leader.
A group called the Sandinista National Liberation Front wanted to make Nicaragua a better country.
They had support from inside and outside the country.
In 1975 Somoza Debayle tried to stop the Sandinistas and anyone in Nicaragua who supported them.
The Soviet Union and Cuba were giving the Sandinistas money to keep fighting the Somoza family.
In 1979 the United States stopped supporting Somoza.
On 17 July 1979 Somoza quit the presidency.
He fled to Miami but U.S. President Jimmy Carter would not allow him to enter the country.
Somoza then went to Paraguay.
Autism speaks was founded in February 2005 by Bob and Suzanne Wright.
Their earlier groups were Cure Autism Now (founded in 1995) and the National Alliance for Autism Research (founded in 1994).
Autism Speaks is a controversial network.
It views autism as a disease.
This has caused controversy in the autistic community.
Aubusson (Occitan auvergnat: Le Buçon, formerly Aubuçon) is a commune of the  Creuse department in central France, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.
In 1790, when the departments were created, Aubusson was named as district of the Creuse department and an arrondissement in 1800.
The commune of Aubusson is in the southern part of the department, at the confluence of the Creuse river and its tributary the Beauze river.
The city is at the northeastern end of the Millevaches plateau.
The city of Aubusson is at about  from Bordeaux, at  from Toulouse, at  from Paris and at  from Lyon.
The communes that are around Aubusson are Blessac, Alleyrat, Saint-Maixant, Saint-Amand, Saint-Alpinien , Saint-Pardoux-le-Neuf, Moutier-Rozeille, Saint-Quentin-la-Chabanne and Saint-Marc-à-Frongier.
The inhabitants of Aubusson are known, in French, as Aubussonnais (women: Aubussonnaises).
The commune of Aubusson has a population, in 2014, of 3,591; its population density is of  inhabitants/km2.
Aubusson forms the urban area of Aubusson with a population of 3,679 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .
This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Aubusson, formed by 9 communes with a population of 6,386 inhabitants and an area of .
Aubusson is the subprefecture of the Creuse department, the capital of the arrondissement of Aubusson and the administrative centre () of the canton of Aubusson, with 9,437 inhabitants (2014).
It is part of the intercommunality Creuse Grand Sud ().
Aubusson is well known for its tapestry and carpets, which have been famous throughout the world since the 14th century.
Its origins were born with the arrival of weavers from Flanders, who moved to Aubusson around 1580.
There is a famous collection of Aubusson tapestries at Vallon-Pont-d'Arc.
Ville de Aubusson - official website
Aubusson et Felletin Tourism website
Institut des sciences et industries du vivant et de l'environnement (Agro ParisTech, Paris Institute of Technology for Life, Food and Environmental Sciences) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France.
It is in a campus of the University of Paris-Saclay (Northern France).
Ingénieur Agro ParisTeh (Agro ParisTech Graduate engineer Masters level program)
Students of many nationalities participate to the different curricula at Agro ParisTech.
Agronomy, Forestry, Water and Environmental Science and Technology
Life Science and Health
Science and Engineering for Food and Bioproducts
Social science, Economics and Management
Modeling: Mathematics, Informatics and Physics
Tiger Electronics is an American toy manufacturer which was founded in 1979.
It makes entertainment products for children.
Tiger is based in Vernon Hills, Illinois.
In 1998, Tiger Electronics, Ltd., became a subsidiary of the toy manufacturer Hasbro.
Tiger Electronics is probably best known for Furby toys, Giga Pets and the Game.com handheld game console.
The First Battle of Winchester was fought on May 25, 1862, in and around Frederick County and Winchester, Virginia during the American Civil War.
The battle was a victory in Confederate Army Major General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's Campaign through the Shenandoah Valley.
Jackson enveloped the right flank of the Union Army under Major General Nathaniel P. Banks.
The Union forces retreated across the Potomac River into Maryland.
Due to confusion among Confederate commanders, Jackson was unable to pursue Banks into Maryland.
Major General George B. McClellan was massing his army for his Peninsula Campaign with the goal of capturing the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia and ending the war.
Banks was to clear the Shenandoah Valley of Confederate forces, then move up towards Washington so McDowell's force of 30,000 could move against Richmond from the north.
Confederate General Stonewall Jackson was given the task of keeping the Federal Army busy in the Valley so they could not join McClellan.
Jackson was defeated at the First Battle of Kernstown on March 23, 1862.
In spite of the loss, Jackson did gain a strategic victory.
It kept Banks in the Valley and prevented McDowell from sending troops to McClellan's Peninsula Campaign.
On April 17, the weather cleared and Banks started moving south towards Harrisonburg.
At about this time the strategic situation changed for the Confederacy.
General Joseph E. Johnston had moved to the Peninsula taking 55,000 Confederate soldiers to defend against McClellan's 110,000 troops.
Confederate general Richard S. Ewell's division was now between Johnson on the Peninsula and Jackson in the Valley and could support either as the need arose.
So Jackson no longer needed to keep Union forces in the Valley from joining McClellan, he now wanted to force them out of the Shenandoah Valley completely.
On April 25, Banks' Union force occupied Harrisonburg.
Jackson withdrew to Swift Run Gap (about 20 miles East of Harrisonburg).
This put him in a position to outflank Banks if the Union forces moved any further south and allowed him to stay in contact with Ewell's Confederate division if he needed support.
Meanwhile a Union brigade under Robert H. Milroy was at the village of McDowell, Virginia which threatened Jackson's supply depot at Staunton.
Jackson left Ewell at Swift Run Gap to move against Milroy.
On May 8, Jackson's forces attacked Milroy's Union forces at McDowell.
It was a Union tactical victory because the Union forces had fewer casualties than Jackson's forces.
But it was a strategic victory for Jackson because the Union forces withdrew back across the Allegheny Mountains ending the threat.
Jackson returned to the Shenandoah Valley and decided that his and Ewell's command would now deal with Banks.
In turn, Banks anticipated Jackson's move and asked permission to leave Strasburg and move north, but it was denied.
Earlier, on May 1, Lincoln had ordered one of Banks' divisions to join the Union forces at Fredericksburg under General McDowell.
This weakened Banks's forces but he believed Jackson had left the Valley.
On learning Milroy had been driven back at McDowell, Banks sent his 1st Maryland Infantry division to Front Royal, Virginia (about 12 miles to the east) to protect his left flank.
Jackson had intended to move against Banks at Strasburg.
But when he learned there were Union infantry at Front Royal, he decided to attack there first.
On May 23, at the Battle of Front Royal, Jackson's Confederates captured the town of Front Royal, along with most of the 900 Union soldiers who defended it.
Realizing Jackson was now on his flank and he had no support at Front Royal, on May 24 Banks retreated to Winchester.
Because of the good protection provided by his rearguard and poor communications between Jackson and Ewell, Banks was able to reach Winchester with minimal losses.
When Banks arrived at Winchester, he started organizing his defenses.
On May 25, Jackson's first attack was thrown back.
Ewell approached Winchester from the southwest with his division and attacked Camp Hill (now Overlook Park in the southeastern part of Winchester).
At the same time Jackson's Louisiana Brigade outflanked, then overran the Union position on Bower's Hill (southwestern part of Winchester).
With their flanks broken, the Union troops began a disorganized retreat through the city of Winchester.
Even citizens of Winchester fired on the Union soldiers.
Banks retreated across the Potomac River back into Maryland.
This was the decisive victory for Jackson's Valley Campaign.
Jackson lost about 68 killed and 329 wounded.
Banks Union casualties were approximately 62 killed, 243 wounded and over 1,700 captured or missing.
Jackson's infantry was too tired to keep up with the retreating Union soldiers.
His cavalry, led by Colonel Turner Ashby, was completely useless.
They had started looting the abandoned and damaged Union wagons for supplies and had broken off from fighting.
Confederate General J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry was attached to Ewell's forces.
But they could not be found in time.
Once they were located, Stuart refused Jackson's order and waited for the order to come through Ewell.
Jackson won a victory at Winchester, but could not finish off his enemy.
The defeat of Banks caused great concern in Washington.
President Lincoln ordered McDowell to send 20,000 men to help deal with the situation in the Shenandoah Valley.
These were troops McClellan needed in his Peninsula Campaign.
For the next few weeks, Jackson continued to defeat Union efforts at the Battles of Cross Keys and Port Republic in June 1862.
Nogizaka （C 05） - Akasaka （C 06） - Kokkai-gijido-mae （C 07）
Auxiliary languages
The Cordillera department () is a department of Paraguay.
The capital is the city of Caacupé.
Its ISO 3166-2 code  is PY-03.
The Cordillera department is in the Oriental region.
It has an area of , the largest of the Oriental region, with a population of 282,981 for a population density of .
To the north: San Pedro department.
To the east: Caaguazú department.
To the south: Paraguarí and Central departments.
The main lake is the Ypacaraí.
Gobernación de Cordillera website
Zhao Ziyang was a high-ranking politician in China.
He was the Premier of the People's Republic of China from 1980 to 1987, Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China from 1981 to 1982 and General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1987 to 1989.
Zhao did not like Maoist policies.
He received support from Deng Xiaoping after the Cultural Revolution.
Zhao tried to stop corruption and to make general market economic changes.
His views made him unpopular with important leaders including Premier Li Peng, former President Li Xiannian and Party elder Chen Yun.
After the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Zhao was not allowed to be a politician.
He was placed under house arrest.
Nikolai Ivanovich Ryzhkov (born 28 September 1929) is a former Soviet official.
He became a Russian politician after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Ryzhkov was Boris Yeltsin's leading opponent in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) 1991 presidential election.
Ryzhkov was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour twice, the Order of the October Revolution in 1971, the Order of Lenin twice, and the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 4th class.
He was named a National Hero of Armenia.
Marga Marga Province () is one of eight provinces of the central Chilean region of Valparaíso (V).
The city of Quilpué is the capital of the province.
(last national census), there were 277,525 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².
The largest city of the province is Quilpué, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 128,578 inhabitants.
Other cities are Villa Alemana (95,623), Limache (39,219) and Olmué (14,105).
As a province, Marga Marga is a second-level administrative division, consisting of four communes (comunas).
The city of Quilpué serves as the provincial capital.
Province of Marga Marga website
In the western-rite Church, the term Missal is used for a text that describes the different types of Mass there are, as well as how to celebrate a given type Mass. Pope Pius V published the first missal for the Roman Catholic Church 1570.
American Civil War casualties are those soldiers, both Union and Confederate, who died, were wounded, went missing or were captured.
The American Civil War was the nation's bloodiest war.
The violence in battles such as Shiloh, Antietam, Stones River and Gettysburg shocked everyone in the country, both North and South.
It also shocked international observers.
Of those who died, by far the leading cause of death was disease.
The exact number of dead will never be known with any certainty.
All Civil War casualty numbers are estimates, no matter what the source.
For over a hundred years the total number of dead has been accepted by most historians as 618,222, generally rounded off to 620,000.
Newer estimates have put the number at about 750,000 or about 20% higher than previously approximated.
In 1860, no one expected any armed conflict would come from the Southern states secession from the Union.
Or, if it did, it would be brief and mostly for show purposes.
Southerners did not believe the North would mobilize an army against them.
The U.S. Senator from South Carolina made the statement he would drink all the blood shed over the South declaring their independence from the Union.
Then, as it became apparent that it would become a military confrontation, both sides believed it would not last very long.
In 1861, when the Union Army entered the First Battle of Bull Run, they thought a quick victory would bring an end to the war.
After the Union loss at Bull Run, the Confederates thought the Union would simply give up the idea re-uniting the North and South.
Both were wrong.
During the 1850s there were a number of improvements in weapons, especially rifles.
During the Civil War, both armies were equipped with rifles that could shoot farther, could reload faster and were much more accurate than the muskets used in the Mexican–American War.
Yet the same military tactics were being used as the earlier war; close formations of men firing in volleys.
The new rifles combined with obsolete tactics were responsible for up to 90% of all deaths in battle.
Death was only one of several ways a soldier could be listed as a casualty.
During the Civil War a casualty was any soldier who could not perform his duties.
This could be for any reason including being sick, wounded, captured, missing or killed.
A single soldier could be listed as a casualty several times during the war.
The good death
The mid-nineteenth century attitudes towards death and dying for a noble cause were considerably different than modern thinking.
Men saw going to war as a chance for glory and honor.
They thought that giving one's life for their country or cause was the highest calling.
But dying of disease was considered a horrible way to die and most feared it more than dying in battle.
War was presented to soldiers as a way to die "for God and country".
It represented both Christian and nationalist reasons for going to war.
As most were Christians, they were far better prepared to die than to kill.
American society in general, and soldiers in particular, believed in the ars moriendi (the art of dying) or the "good death."
These attitudes left soldiers to believe that a good death was glorious and at the same time a last act of redemption.
Also, by dying well a person showed others how to die well.
Civil war medicine
Another factor which contributed to the high death tolls was the status of medical care at the beginning of the Civil War.
In 1861, medical knowledge, diagnostic procedures, equipment, and treatment protocols were very crude by modern standards.
Because doctors were often unaware of what caused the diseases they were encountering, and because medical hygiene practices were poor compared with those practiced today, physicians often could do very little to treat their patients; in many cases, they even hastened soldiers' deaths by failing to wash their hands and instruments before moving from one patient to the next - simple protocols which did not begin to take hold until later in the war through the pioneering military medical management efforts of William A. Hammond and Jonathan Letterman.
As a result, at times, a physician's treatment of wounds, infections and diseases did more harm than good.
In addition, camp hygiene was extremely poor.
Inadequate sanitation facilities, and the lack of shelter, clothing, shoes and food, as well as contaminated water contributed to high death rates in the camps.
Diarrhea and dysentery became the leading causes of death with casualty figures showing that roughly twice as many soldiers died from disease as from the most frequent type of battle injury - the gunshot wound (shown in Latin terminology on military medical records as Vulnus Sclopet).
brain, cardiac, kidney, and respiratory conditions (asthma, Bright's Disease, bronchitis, cardiac/heart disease, heatstroke/sunstroke, nephritis, pleuresy)
dermatologic conditions (army itch, dermatitis, erysipelas, insect stings and bites)
digestive complaints and other illnesses arising from poor food or water quality (constipation, scurvy)
infectious diseases (abscesses, cholera, conjunctivitis, consumption/tuberculosis, diphtheria, malarial/intermittent fevers, measles, pneumonia, scarlet fever, smallpox/variola, syphilis and other venereal diseases, tetanus, typhoid fever, typhus fever, unidentified viral infections, yellow fever)
musculoskeletal injuries (broken bones, dislocations, rheumatism, sprains)
parasites.
Poor records
As many as half of the men killed in battle were not identified when they were buried.
The records kept by each company were designed to keep track of how many men were in each unit, not to keep track of each soldier.
Confederate military records are much fewer than Union records.
When Richmond fell in 1865, records were destroyed, shipped south or left behind.
Some of the records were kept by the Union Army and sent to the War Department in Washington, D.C.. The Adjutant General started a bureau for the “collection, safekeeping, and publication of Rebel Archives” in July of 1865.
In 1903, the Secretary of War made an appeal to Southern Governors to lend the War Department any Confederate Army records in their possession so they could be copied.
Early death estimates
Since about 1900, historians have quoted the numbers produced by Thomas L. Livermore of 618,222 Confederate and Union deaths during the war.
Livermore's number was based on incomplete battle reports.
It also made a crude guess as to how many died from disease and other causes.
His book was titled Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America, 1861-65.
Before Livermore, another Civil War veteran, William F. Fox, compiled his estimate the hard way.
He went over every muster list, battlefield record and pension record he could find.
In 1889 he wrote Regimental Losses in the American Civil War, 1861-1865.
Fox came up with the round number of 94,000 dead.
In addition to the number, Fox contributed information on the average Union soldier.
For example, that he averaged 5 feet 8 ¼ inches tall and weighed 143 ½ pounds.
Interestingly, before Fox or Livermore, the superintendent of the1870 United States Census, Francis A. Walker, had estimated the number of male deaths to be “not less than 850,000.”
But this was not as widely accepted as the lower numbers.
Probably the main reason was that the census itself that year was suspected of being wrong.
Walker's estimate was based on calculating a typical growth in population which had been consistent during the nineteenth century, minus the number of males who were missing from the census.
Modern death estimate
Many historians are beginning to accept that the earlier death estimates were probably far too low.
A demographic historian from New York's Binghamton University, J. David Hacker, has made a new calculation of Civil War deaths which is about 20% higher.
The new estimate is 750,000 deaths and is based on digitized nineteenth century census data.
The population of the United States in 1860 was just under 31.5 million.
Approximately 2,000,000 men served in the Union forces while about 750,000 served in the Confederacy.
About 75% of soldiers were born in America.
Of the remaining 25% who were foreign born, many did not appear in any census records prior to the Civil War.
Wounded warriors
Amputation was by far the most common surgery in the Civil War.
During the war it is estimated that about 60,000 surgeries were performed.
Of these, nearly 75% were amputations.
There were several reasons why amputation was the main procedure.
Bullet wounds made by the slow moving Minié ball caused major damage.
They often shattered bones beyond repair.
Another reason was to prevent gangrene and other complications.
Men often lay unattended for a day or more before being brought to a surgeon.
Perhaps the most important reason was that medics had too many wounded men and very little time to reconstruct damaged body parts.
Lastly, if a man was wounded in the head, stomach or chest, he rarely lived long enough to be taken to a field hospital.
Until the war, most American doctors had never seen wounds like these.
Most only had experience in lancing boils or pulling teeth.
Doctors knew very little about germs and bacteria.
Bandages were used over and over again on different men without washing or disinfecting them first.
By modern standards the operations were crude, even brutal.
Soldiers called medics "butchers" and they feared amputations more than anything else.
To avoid losing a limb and the painful operation, some soldiers and officers went so far as to try to treat their wounds themselves.
Where the wound was located on a limb affected the soldier's ability to survive after the Surgery.
The closer a wound was to the body the higher the mortality rate.
For example, Confederate General John Bell Hood was wounded in the leg at the Battle of Chickamauga.
His leg was amputated just over  from his hip.
This type of hip operation had an 83% mortality rate.
Hood was among the 17% who survived.
Arm wounds had a lower mortality rate of 24%.
But Stonewall Jackson did not long survive the loss of his arm.
The amputation process itself was done quickly.
A cut was made around the arm or leg.
Then the bone was sawed through.
Nerves were pulled out as far as possible then cut off.
The bloody stump was often left to heal by itself or a flap of skin was sewn over the stump.
The surgeon had to move quickly to keep the patient from losing too much blood or going into shock.
A leg amputation at the knee could be done in three minutes.
In most cases anesthesia was used.
Men who survived an amputation needed to return to their work after the war.
They needed a prosthesis to replace a missing arm or leg.
In the case of North Carolina, it was the first of the former Confederate states to provide artificial legs to its veterans who needed them.
In 1866, they passed a law providing artificial legs to their veterans.
For those who could not use an artificial leg, the veteran amputee was given $70.
North Carolina took care of 1,550 veterans who applied for help.
casualties
Tuncay Şanlı (born 16 January 1982) is a former Turkish football player.
Marko Podraščanin () (born 29 August 1987) is a Serbian volleyball player, a member of Serbia men's national volleyball team and Italian club Sir Safety Umbria Perugia.
He has participated in two Olympic Games (Beijing 2008, London 2012), and is a bronze medalist of the World Championship 2010.
FIVB profile 2012
Andrea Sartoretti (born June 19, 1971) is an Italian former volleyball player.
He has won two silver medals and a bronze medal in three Olympic Games between 1996 and 2004.
Sports-ref Profile
Earvin N'Gapeth (born 12 February 1991) is a French volleyball player, a member of French national volleyball team and Italian club Modena.
Ngapeth winner 2015 European Champion, a gold medalist of the 2015 World League, French Champion (2010), Italian Champion (2016).
FIVB profile 2015
Highlight movie
North Chungcheong Province, or Chungcheongbuk-do (Korean pronunciation: [tɕʰuŋtɕʰʌŋbukt͈o]), is a province in the centre of South Korea.
It was formed in 1896 from the northeastern half of the former Chungcheong province.
The provincial capital is Cheongju.
The Port of Amsterdam is a port located in the city of Amsterdam, in the Netherlands.
Looking at the amount of cargo shipped, the port is the 4th most important in Europe.
The port was created in the 13th century.
It was one of the main ports of the Dutch East India Company, in the 17th century.
Today, it is the second largest port in the Netherlands, after the port of Rotterdam.
The North Sea Canal connects the port to the North Sea.
The port of Amsterdam is mostly used for bulk cargo.
In 2013, about 95 million tons of goods passed through one of the ports in Amsterdam.
79 millon tons of these were bulk cargo.
About 60.000 people work in the port.
The Khalji dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Turkic origin.
It ruled large parts of South Asia between 1290 and 1320.
1290 establishments
1320 disestablishments
Lawrence Saltzman (September 28, 1926 – July 17, 1992), also known as Larry Roberts, was an American actor and comedian.
He was best known for his role of playing the voice of Tramp in the 1955 Disney movie Lady and the Tramp.
He was also well known for his roles in the 1950s TV series Lights, Camera, Action!.
Lights, Camera, Action! (
Lady and the Tramp (1955) - Tramp (voice)
Bulk cargo is a type of cargo that is carried in big amounts.
Bulk cargo can be gases, liquids, coal, and wheat.
A sepoy was an Indian footsoldier (of whatever religion) in the East India Company army or the British Indian Army.
The term comes from the Persian language "Sipahi".
Vicente Martín y Soler (2 May 1754 – 30 January 1806) was a composer from Spain.
He wrote many operas and ballets.
He was born in Valencia, a city in Spain.
He studied music in Bologna in Italy.
His teacher in Bologna was Giovanni Battista Martini.
His first opera was Il tutore burlato.
It was performed in Madrid in 1775.
Then he went to Italy.
He worked as a composer for the Teatro di San Carlo in Naples from 1777 to 1785.
Then he moved to Vienna in Austria.
His operas in Vienna had much success.
In 1788 Catherine the Great, the Empress of Russia, invited him to work for her.
In Russia he wrote more operas and ballets.
They were performed in the Empress's theater in Saint Petersburg.
Martín y Soler died in Saint Petersburg.
Il burbero di buon cuore (1786)
Una cosa rara (1786)
L'arbore di Diana (1787)
La capricciosa corretta (1795)
Les Rodanes is a natural reserve in Valencian Community, Spain located into the municipal boundary of Vilamarxant, Valencia province.
The territory occupies an area of .
In 2002 was stated as nature reserve into the municipal boundary of Vilamarxant, Camp del Turia.
It's located few kilometers at south of the River Turia.
It has an area of 582,47 ha.
This place is the habitat of around 50 bird species as Buteo buteo, Falco tinnunculus, Tyto alba, Strigidae, Athene noctua and mammals as Mustela nivalis, Vulpini and Sus scrofa.
Generalitat Valenciana - Paraje Natural Municipal "Les Rodanes"  (Valencian)
There are 4 arrondissements in the Indre department.
1790 : creation of the Indre department with six districts: Issoudun, Châteauroux, Argenton, Le Blanc, La Châtre and Châtillon-sur-Indre.
Châteauroux was the capital of the department.
1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Châteauroux, Le Blanc, La Châtre and Issoudun.
1926 : the arrondissement of Issoudun was eliminated.
1942 : Issoudun was made again an arrondissement.
A field hospital is a small mobile medical facility that takes care of casualties close to the battlefield, or in case of disasters, the scene of the natural or man-made catastrophe.
The World Health Organization gives the definition of a field hospital as: "a mobile, self-contained, self-sufficient health care facility capable of rapid deployment and expansion or contraction to meet immediate emergency requirements for a specified period of time".
The treatment of wounds received in war is an ancient art.
The term "field hospital" is most often used as a military term.
It has been the custom of removing wounded soldiers from the battlefield and caring for them since ancient times.
They were taken to temporary shelters and given what care was customary for that time period.
In Homer's Iliad, it makes brief mention of Machaon and Podalirius.
These are the earliest mention in literature of field surgeons who helped fallen soldiers.
The Greeks and Romans were known to use nearby houses, stables and temples as field hospitals to care for wounded soldiers.
Even then, Romans understood drainage and sewage systems helped keep field hospitals clean and get injured soldiers back to health again.
Among the men returning from the Crusades were many lame, blind and sick who needed care.
The Church set up Religious orders to care for the sick and injured.
One group who provided this care was called the Knights Hospitallers.
They had set up field hospitals at Jerusalem and Acre from 1120 to 1291.
Medieval Spain was fairly advanced in field medicine.
When Spanish armies went on campaigns, medics and surgeons went with them.
During the 13th century, hospitals followed the Arabic pattern of orgainzing patients into different areas based on sex, type of disease or injuries.
During the Conquest of Granada, when Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile expelled the Moors from Northern Spain, Queen Isabella had established ambulances and field hospitals for her soldiers.
Near the end of the 18th century, France began paying closer attention to the poor condition of its hospitals.
In Paris, the Hôtel Dieu was full of disease and vermin.
It had about 1,220 beds and up to six patients shared a bed.
Others lay in halls on piles of straw in extremely dirty conditions.
When doctors came to visit in the morning, they had to hold sponges dipped in vinegar over their faces because of the bad smell.
The Hôtel-Dieu was not a military hospital, but was typical of most hospitals at the time.
In 1788, the French Academy of Sciences made several recommendations to make hospitals cleaner and have better ventilation.
It laid out the size the rooms should be, that they should contain 34 to 36 beds and have floor to ceiling windows.
The committee borrowed several ideas from visiting England and seeing hospitals there.
Field hospitals during the Napoleonic era were crude by modern standards.
There was still no knowledge of hygiene, antibiotics had not yet been discovered and amputation was the most common treatment for battlefield wounds.
Soldiers sometimes waited for days to be removed from the battlefield.
The wounded had no water or food, and flies would plague them as they lay there bleeding.
Many died from infection before getting medical help.
If they were removed, they were sent to makeshift surgical facilities where overworked surgeons did the best they could.
In a "field hospital" they had to endure amputations with no anesthetic.
Officers were sometimes offered rum or brandy while regular soldiers were given a piece of wood to bite down on.
The prospects for surviving their wounds were dim.
By 1861, medical knowledge and equipment still had far to go.
Treating wounds, infections and diseases often did more harm than good.
Doctors did not understand what caused infections and could do very little to treat them.
Estimates are that twice as many soldiers died from disease as died from gunshot wounds.
Camp hygiene was extremely poor.
Sanitation facilities, the lack of shelter, clothing, shoes and food all contributed to high death rates in the camps.
Prisoners of war lived under the most miserable conditions.
Dysentery was extremely common in most camps because of poor sanitation and contaminated water.
Doctors did not wash instruments or their hands as they moved from patient to patient.
Nurses who tended the sick risked catching the diseases themselves.
With the crude state of medicine at the time, most diseases could be fatal.
While medical knowledge and conditions gradually improved during the war, it still wasn't enough to save thousands of lost lives.
Twentieth century field hospitals
In World War I, the U.S. Army used "evacuation hospitals" (called "evacs") which were a part of getting them care as soon as possible.
Stretcher bearers were medical soldiers who carried the wounded off the field.
They were first brought to the Battalion Aid Station.
Here medics gave basic first aid.
For any more serious treatment stretcher bearers and ambulances took the wounded to a field hospital.
At the field hospital, they went through triage which was a process of sorting out patients by how serious and life-threatening their wounds were.
Soldiers who were exposed to poison gas were treated at specially equipped hospitals.
After triage, they were taken by ambulance to the evacuation hospitals.
There they received surgery and would stay there while they got better.
After the evac hospital, they went to base hospitals where they could receive more care and rest.
World War I was the first time the army experimented with mobile hospitals.
During World War II, allied field hospitals were mobile.
They usually held about 400 beds while the more stationary evacuation hospitals could be 400 or 750 bed hospitals.
The mobile hospitals would arrive within days after an invasion and would move with the armies, always remaining a few miles behind the front lines.
They usually used canvas tents but would also use any buildings in the area when available.
When the field hospital was about to move, they stopped accepting casualties and sent those they had to other field hospitals.
They then packed their tents and equipment onto trucks and moved to the new location.
Within a few hours they were ready to accept wounded soldiers again.
The World War II German field hospitals were very similar to those of the U.S. Army.
But the Germans differed in their triage procedures were different.
Their first aid was given at a verwundetennest by army medics (not doctors).
This consisted of using bandages and/or splints and were located very close to if not on the battlefield.
They were then sent to the truppenverbandplatz (aid station) where they were seen by a doctor.
After this patients who were stabilized were sent to a hauptverbandplatz (clearing station).
This was located about  from the front and usually had two doctors (but more were added as needed).
They had a staff that could take care of about 200 patients (more staff was added if necessary).
If the soldier had an abdomenal or other serious wound, they were given surgery here.
Then, after the most serious were taken care of, any less serious wounds that needed surgery were taken care of.
For those who had severe bone fractures, brain injuries or chest wounds, they were sent to a military hospital called a kriegslazarett.
Modern field hospitals
In the United States, there are more than 75 military hospitals and 461 clinics who see both military personnel and their families.
In times of emergency, they see civilian patients.
Another example is Israel.
The Israel Defense Forces can set up a field hospital within 12 hours of arriving when local hospitals are either overwhelmed or are not functioning.
These are two examples of modern military field hospitals serving a dual purpose.
For countries affected by natural disasters, many (in the Americas at least) have most of the supplies they need already in the country.
This is contrary to what the news media often reports.
Ironically, this causes many well-meaning people to send donations to places where they may not be drastically needed.
Also, field hospitals that are already in the country can usually be set up much faster than waiting on other countries to send field hospitals.
For those countries who do not have these resources, one of the items highest on their list of things to have in case of emergency are field hospitals.
Modern field hospitals have changed from canvas tents to modern, well-equipped health care centers.
While many are still made of fabric, they are specifically designed to be clean, safe and comfortable shelters.
They are highly mobile and may be found in nearly all parts of the world.
They range in size from small single room shelters to fully equipped hospitals with 200 or more beds.
They provide all kinds of necessary medical care.
Modern field hospitals may have emergency rooms (ER), intensive care unit (ICU) and outpatient clinics.
They provide all areas of needed health care from first aid to psychological care to preventive healthcare.
Often, international disaster responses are limited by politics more than availability of equipment and personnel.
The affected country, international relief organizations (e.g. the United Nations), non-profit organizations or the country providing the emergency relief often cause delays or otherwise limit the providing of emergency medical facilities.
All too often the needs of that organization or government come first.
Ideally, the situations should be quickly evaluated to determine what help is needed by those trained to do so.
Then, the response should be based on humanitarian needs and not political considerations.
Field hospitals and the law
Under international humanitarian law hospitals of any kind have a special protected status.
To deliberately attack a hospital or any medical unit is considered a war crime.
It is also prohibited to use a hospital or medical facility as part of a military action.
For example, to use a hospital as a fortification.
It is also against international law to use a hospital, ambulance or any medical facility as camouflage to hide soldiers who are not wounded.
In addition to international law, the laws and military codes of all nations protect hospitals and medical personnel.
This has been a basic part of international law since it was started in 1864.
It is also a part of four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and was added to in 1977.
Doctors, nurses and medical personnel have a duty to treat the sick and wounded in a war zone.
Attacking them or the hospitals they work in is a crime on many levels.
International law protects medical personnel to make sure they are not subject to military interference.
They must treat patients on their medical needs alone and may not be forced to give priority to treat one side or the other.
Medical personnel cannot be punished for carrying out their medical activities no mater who the patient is.
They may not violate doctor-patient confidentiality.
All hospital personnel must remain neutral and ethical at all times and may not take sides in a war or dispute.
Medical care units must collect all weapons at the entrance to the facility and store them until the patient is released.
If the territory or area that includes hospitals or mobile medical facilities is captured by enemy soldiers, medical personnel are not immune from being seized.
The medical team as well as the patients (of either side) should be treated with respect.
They must be allowed to perform their normal duties tending to the sick and wounded.
In international conflicts, permanent medical personnel must be repatriated except for a short period of time when their services are needed to care for their patients.
Permanent medical personnel are those who are assigned to a medical mission for the entire time of the conflict.
Temporary personnel may be taken prisoner and their medical skills may be used during the time they are imprisoned.
If a conflict is not international, then the above distinctions between permanent and temporary medical personnel are not made.
But in no case may medical personnel be punished for caring for sick and wounded enemy soldiers.
al Azraq Camp Field Hospital Staff Video - Jordan المستشفى الميداني - مخيم الأزرق: YouTube (with subtitles)
212th Combat Field Hospital (Warning: Graphic Content): YouTube
Samaritan's Purse Mobile Field Hospital; YouTube
About Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Frontières; YouTube
An Anarkali Shalwar suit is a form of women's dress.
The anarkali suit is made up of a long, frock-style top and features a slim fitted bottom.
It is mostly worn by women in Pakistan and other countries in South Asia such as India and Bangladesh.
The anarkali suit varies in many different lengths and embroideries including floor length anarkali styles.
Anarkali suits owe their name to the fictional Anarkali, a courtesan in the court of Mughal emperor Akbar  who was legendarily murdered for her illicit relationship with the Crown Prince Salim.
China Northwest Airlines Flight 2303 was a flight from Xianyang Airport, in Xianyang to Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport (former).
The aircraft used was a Tupolev Tu-154M. On June 6, 1994  the aircraft crashed into a field due to mechanical flaw in Xi'an.
All 160 people were killed in China's worst air disaster.
The arrondissement of Le Blanc is an arrondissement of France, in the Indre department of the Centre-Val de Loire region.
Its capital is the city of Le Blanc.
When the Indre department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Le Blanc was part of that original department.
The arrondissement of Le Blanc is the most western arrondissement of the Indre department; it covers parts of the west and southwest of the department.