the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The telescope uses a disk to block the bright surface of the sun, exposing bright objects around the sun to be visible to human eyes.
He was born in Portmoak, Scotland.
He died in of an illness in Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester.
Research on hypnotism
Braid saw a demonstration of mesmerism by Charles Lafontaine in 1841 and began to explore and research the subject for himself.
He argued that the trance like state that a person went into, which he called hypnotism, was a state of mind.
He said it was not caused by the transferring "mesmeric fluid" or "animal magnetism".
He believed a hypnotic state could be caused by having a person stare at a small bright object.
When a person was in a hypnotic state, they could be given suggestions which they did not remember when fully awake.
He also noted changes in pulse and blood circulation, which he believed were able to cure some illnesses.
He began using hypnotism and suggestion as way of treating some of his patients.
His ideas were later developed by a group of doctors in Paris, who were called "Braidists".
Led by the neurologist J. M. Charcot, their work made it scientifically acceptable to study hypnotism.
Neurypnology, or, The Rationale of Nervous Sleep (1843).
The Power of the Mind over the Body (1846).
Magic, Witchcraft, Animal Magnetism, Hypnotism, and Electro-Biology (1852).
Hypnotic Therapeutics, Illustrated by Cases (1853).
Norman Colin Dexter, OBE, (29 September 1930 – 21 March 2017) was an English crime writer.
He was known for his Inspector Morse novels, which were written between 1975 and 1999 and adapted as a television series from 1987 to 2000.
In 2000 Dexter was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to literature.
In 2001 he was awarded the Freedom of the City of Oxford.
Sheila Mercier (1 January 1919 – 4 December 2019) was an English actress.
She was born in Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England.
She played Annie Sugden in Emmerdale for over 20 years between 1972 and 1994, she made 3 further appearances in 1995, 1996 and 2009.
The Buick Rendezvous was a midsize crossover SUV.
It was built by General Motors from 2002 to 2007.
The Rendezvous was built on a short wheelbase of the GM U platform similar to the Pontiac Aztek.
It slotted between the Rainier and the Terraza.
From 2002 to 2006, it offered the option of front-wheel-drive or all-wheel drive.
This was dropped for the final model year.
The Rendezvous was later discontinued due to a drop in sales and replaced by the slightly larger Buick Enclave CUV which also replaced the Rainier and Terraza.
Stuck in the Middle is a Disney Channel Original Series.
It was created by Alison Brown and executive producer Linda Videtti Figueiredo.
The series stars Jenna Ortega as Harley Diaz.
The series aired on February 14, 2016.
The main character of the show is one year older than Lincoln Loud from The Loud House.
Jenna Ortega as Harley Diaz
Ronni Hawk as Rachel Diaz
Kayla Maisonet as Georgie Diaz
Isaak Presley as Ethan Diaz
Nicolas Bechtel as Lewie Diaz
Malachi Barton as Beast Diaz
Ariana Greenblatt as Daphne Diaz
Cerina Vincent as Suzy Diaz
Joe Nieves as Tom Diaz
The Disney Channel series Stuck in the Middle started airing on February 14, 2016.
The series premiered on March 11, 2016.
Production began on November 30, 2015.
Ariana Greenblatt, Kayla Maisonet, Nicolas Bechtel, Malachi Barton, Cerina Vincent, and Joe Nieves are absent for three episodes each.
2016 television series debuts
Budō is a Japanese term describing modern Japanese martial arts.
Budō, which means "the martial ways", has its origins in bushidō, "the way of the warrior".
The budō arts include aikido, judo, jūkendō, Kendo, Kyūdō, naginata, shorinji kempo and sumo.
In battle, budō teaches defense with the ideas of nonviolence and spiritual enlightenment.
Originally designed for warfare, budō became a way of self-defense.
From his book Meditations on Violence, Rory Miller wrote:
"It is better to avoid than to run; better to run than to de-escalate; better to de-escalate than to fight; better to fight than to die.
Budō is based on the principles of Zen.
The term budō is often used in another sense to refer to specific martial arts such as Akai Budo, Judo and Kendo.
A rearguard is a part of a military force that protects the main force from attack from the rear.
This is either during an advance or withdrawal.
The term can also be used to describe forces protecting lines of communication behind an army.
In modern armies the rearguard may be used to delay an enemy, to keep supply routes open or may also gather intelligence on an enemy approaching from the rear.
One of the best recorded examples of a rearguard action is found in The Song of Roland.
It is based on the historical events of the attack on the rearguard of Charlemagne's army in the Pyrenees.
It was written in the 11th century, three hundred years after it happened.
The Song of Roland () is an epic poem based on the Battle of Roncevaux in 778 during the reign of Charlemagne.
It is the oldest surviving major piece of French literature.
It exists in different manuscript versions which shows its great popularity in from the 12th to 14th centuries.
The date of poem is somewhere between 1040 and 1115.
An early version began around 1040.
Additions and changes were made up until about 1115.
The final text has about 4,000 lines of poetry.
These are further divided into 298 poetic units called laisses.
It was written to be performed, possibly to music.
The author of the poem is unknown.
The epic poem is the oldest example of the chanson de geste.
This was a literary form popular between the 11th and 15th centuries.
It was all about legendary deeds and heroes.
Historical event
The poem is about an actual historical event that happened centuries earlier.
In 778 Charlemagne invaded Spain.
On his way through the Pyrenees he looted and plundered Basque lands.
He found little resistance in Spain until he reached the city of Zaragoza.
Charlemagne demanded they surrender.
The city governor, Hussain Ibn al-Ansari, refused.
Charlemagne then laid siege to the city but with little success.
Finally the governor paid Charlemagne a large amount of gold in return for Charlemagne's army leaving the area.
Charlemagne had a pending Saxon revolt at home so he needed little persuasion to leave.
As Charlemagne marched north back to France he again passed through Basque territory.
His large army was deep in the Pyrenees in a long column on August 15, 778.
His rearguard was commanded by Roland, one of Charlemagne's most trusted leaders.
The rearguard was attacked starting the Battle of Roncevaux Pass.
The Basques using their knowledge of the terrain were able to overcome the Frankish rearguard.
But their job was to protect the main army so they fought to the last man.
The Basques plundered the baggage trains and captured the gold Charlemagne was paid at Zaragoza.
Before the Frankish army could turn to fight the Basques, they had gone.
Roland and his men died as heroes.
Main characters in the poem
Baligant
Blancandrin
Bramimonde
Ganelon
King Marsile
Naimon
Chumar is a place in the provences of Jammu and Kashmir, India.
The area is claimed by both China and India.
According to China's Ministry of Defence "the two countries’ border, to this day, has not been designated".
The problem is that for centuries, the sparsely inhabited mountainous region existed as a buffer zone between empires.
A border war broke out in 1962 that has to date killed thousands of soldiers.
The tension between the two countries has come and gone but is now raised again.
She competed in the long jump.
She competed for her native country at the 1956 Summer Olympics held in Melbourne, Australia where she won the gold medal in the Women's Long Jump.
She returned to the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome but failed to defend her title, finishing second behind Soviet Vera Krepkina.
Polish Olympic medalists
Pavel Srníček (10 March 1968 – 29 December 2015) was a Czech professional footballer.
He played as a goalkeeper from 1990 to 2007, mainly for Newcastle United.
He represented Sheffield Wednesday,  Portsmouth and West Ham United in England, and also played in Italy for Brescia and Cosenza, in Portugal for Beira-Mar, and in his native country for Banik Ostrava.
After retiring, he worked as a goalkeeping coach for his own private school and for Sparta Prague.
Srníček played internationally for the Czech Republic from 1994 to 2001, earning a total of 49 caps.
He was part of their squad that came runners-up at UEFA Euro 96, and was their first-choice goalkeeper when they came third at the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup and contested UEFA Euro 2000.
Srníček suffered a massive heart attack while out jogging on 20 December 2015.
He was put into an induced coma at a hospital in his native Ostrava.
He died nine days later at the age of 47, when his life support was turned off due to irreversible brain damage.
Progeria (), also called Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome and HGPS progeria syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder.
Children born with progeria show symptoms which are like aging.
This can include skin wrinkles and grey hair or baldness.
Progeria is one of several progeroid syndromes.
The word progeria comes from the Greek words "pro" (πρό), meaning "before" or "premature", and "gēras" (γῆρας), meaning "old age".
It is very rare, only 1 child in every 8 million live births.
People with progeria usually only live to their mid teens to early twenties.
It is a genetic condition that occurs as a new mutation.
It is rarely inherited, as people with the condition do not usually live long enough to have children.
Scientists are studying progeria because it might reveal clues about the normal process of aging.
Progeria was first described in 1886 by Jonathan Hutchinson.
It was also described independently in 1897 by Hastings Gilford.
The condition was later named Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome.
Anthony George Booth (9 October 1931 – 25 September 2017), later known as Tony and Antony, was a retired English actor.
He is best known for his role as Mike Rawlins in the BBC series Till Death Us Do Part.
Booth is the father-in-law of former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair.
Blair is married to Booth's daughter Cherie Booth.
Booth suffered a stroke in 2010.
He was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2004.
He died of the disease in London on 25 September 2017 at the age of 85.
Robert Henry Cerv (May 5, 1925 – April 6, 2017) was a former American baseball player.
Before his professional career, he was a collegiate baseball and basketball player at the University of Nebraska.
He was born in Weston, Nebraska.
Cerv signed with the New York Yankees in 1950 and was a little-used reserve outfielder on the Yankee teams of the early 1950s.
Cerv played for the Yankees from 1951 through 1956, again in 1960, and lastly from 1961 through 1962.
He also played for the Kansas City Athletics (1957-1960), Los Angeles Angels (1961), and the Houston Colt .45s (1962).
Robin Williams is a British slalom canoeist who competed in the 1980s.
He won two medals in the C-2 team event at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with a gold in 1981 and a bronze in 1983.
Florida A&M University or FAMU, is a public, historically black university in Tallahassee, Florida.
Its official name is Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University.
Florida A&M University was built on the highest of seven hills in Tallahassee.
It opened on October 3, 1887.
It is one of the largest historically black universities in the United States, in number of students.
It awards bachelor's, master's and doctorate degrees.
FAMU's main campus is in Tallahassee.
It is close to the State Capitol and the campus of Florida State University.
The university also has campuses in Orlando, Miami, Jacksonville, Tampa and Crestview.
National historic district
has 132 buildings that spread out over .
Part of the campus is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
This is named the Florida Agricultural and Mechanical College Historic District.
It was placed on the list on May 9, 1996.
The district is in the center of the campus.
In the National Register, it covers .
It includes 14 historic buildings and 1 object.
One campus building, the old Carnegie Library, is listed separately on the National Register.
On April 18, 2012, the AIA's Florida Chapter put Lee Hall at Florida Agricultural & Mechanical University on its list of Florida Architecture: 100 Years.
100 Places.
Florida A&M Athletics website
Frank James Malzone (February 28, 1930 – December 29, 2015) was an American baseball player.
He was a former Major League Baseball third baseman and right-handed slugger who played for the Boston Red Sox (1955–65) and California Angels (1966).
"Over and Over Again" is a song by English recording artist Nathan Sykes.
The song was written by Sykes and was released in the United Kingdom on 20 November 2015 as the second single from his debut studio album.
The song peaked to number 8 on the UK Singles Chart.
Sykes performed the song live on The X Factor on 22 November 2015.
Kim Yang-gon (; 24 April 1942 – 29 December 2015) was a North Korean politician.
He was a member of the ruling party Workers' Party of Korea (WPK).
He served as head of relations with South Korea from 2007 until his death, under both Kim Jong-il and later Kim Jong-un.
He was born in Anju, South Pyongan Province.
The rufous-tailed lark (Ammomanes phoenicura) is a passerine bird.
It is native to India and northeast Pakistan.
Turpenoids, or isoprenoids, are a large group of organic compounds.
They are built of five-carbon isoprene units put together  and modified in thousands of ways.
They are lipids, and are found in all classes of living things.
They are the largest group of natural products.
About 60% of natural products are terpenoids.
Plant terpenoids are often used for their scent.
They are used in traditional herbal remedies.
Terpenoids help the scent of eucalyptus, the flavors of cinnamon, cloves, and ginger, the yellow color in sunflowers, and the red color in tomatoes.
Well-known terpenoids include citral, menthol, camphor, salvinorin A in the plant Salvia divinorum, the cannabinoids found in cannabis, ginkgolide and bilobalide found in Ginkgo biloba, and the curcuminoids found in turmeric and mustard seeds.
Astrocytes  are characteristic star-shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord.
They are also known collectively as astroglia.
The proportion of astrocytes in the brain varies.
Studies have found that the astrocyte proportion varies by region from 20% to 40% of all glia.
Astrocytes do many things.
They help the endothelial cells of the blood–brain barrier, provide nutrients to the nervous tissue, keep extracellular ions in balance.
They also help repair the brain and spinal cord after traumatic injuries.
Research since the mid-1990s has shown that astrocytes release Ca2+ ions, and adjust brain functions.
Such discoveries have made astrocytes an important area of research in neuroscience.
Antonino Natoli of Patti (1539-1618), Italian priest
Giuseppe Natoli (1815-1867), Italian politician
Prince Giovanni Natoli (died 1633), Italian nobleman
Mangesh Keshav Padgaonkar (Devanagari: मंगेश केशव पाडगांवकर; 10 March 1929 – 30 December 2015) was an Indian poet from Maharashtra, India.
He was born on 10 March 1929 in Vengurla, Sindhudurg District in Maharashtra.
Padgaonkar has 40 publications to his credit.
He began writing at the age of 14.
The United States Library of Congress has 31 of his publications in their collection.
He has also translated works of Kabir and Surdas in Marathi along with Shakespeare's plays The Tempest, Julius Caesar and Romeo and Juliet.
In 2008, his translation of the Bible was released.
Joe Houston (July 11, 1926 – December 28, 2015) was an American tenor saxophonist.
He played jazz and rhythm and blues.
He was born in Bastrop, Texas.
His career began in the 1940s in Kansas City, Missouri.
Houston formed his own band The Rockets, and moved to Los Angeles in 1952.
He scored his only two chart hit singles in 1952 with "Worry, Worry, Worry" and "Hard Time Baby" both of which peaked at #10 on Billboard's R&B singles chart.
Houston's musical career ended after he suffered a stroke in 2005.
He died on December 28, 2015 in Long Beach, California, following a series of strokes, aged 89.
The Apgar score is used in medicine.
It is a quick way of measuring how healthy a newborn baby is.
Virginia Apgar invented the Apgar score in 1952.
She was an anesthesiologist, and created the score to measure how babies were affected by anesthesia given to their mothers during childbirth.
Today, the Apgar score is very commonly used by doctors, nurses, midwives, emergency medical technicians (EMTs), and other medical professionals.
One of the reasons it is so popular is that doing an Apgar test is very quick.
It usually takes less than a minute, sometimes just seconds.
When an Apgar test is done, five simple things about the newborn baby are checked.
The newborn gets a score of 0, 1, or 2 on each of these give things.
The scores are added up, and the total is the newborn's Apgar score.
"Apgar" is the name of the woman who invented the Apgar scale.
But "APGAR" is also a backronym that stands for the things the Apgar scale checks.
These are Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration.
The Apgar score
What the scores mean
The Apgar test is usually done one minute after birth, and again five minutes after birth.
It may be repeated later if the score is low and stays low.
The main goal of the Apgar score is to see whether the newborn needs medical help.
Usually:
Scores of 7 or more are normal, and the newborn only needs basic care.
Scores of 4, 5, and 6 are low.
The newborn may need some medical help, like being warmed up or being given oxygen.
Scores of 3 or below are dangerously low.
The newborn may need immediate medical help, like CPR or help breathing.
Low scores
If a newborn has a low Apgar score one minute after birth, this does not mean the baby is going to have long-term health problems.
This is especially true if the Apgar score is better five minutes after birth.
But an Apgar score that stays below 3 at later times—like 10, 15, or 30 minutes after birth—may show that the newborn has brain damage.
These newborns are a little more likely to have cerebral palsy.
However, the Apgar test cannot predict (say for sure) whether a baby will have long-term health problems.
(Retrieved from Profiles in Medicine-The Virginia Apgar Papers)
Neheb is listed on the Palermo Stone as a Predynastic ancient Egyptian king who ruled in the Lower Egypt.
There is no other evidence of such ruler.
Neheb may be a mythical king only remembered in unwritten stories, or may even be completely fictitious.
Douglas Leon Atkins (May 8, 1930 – December 30, 2015) was a former American football defensive end.
He played for the Cleveland Browns, Chicago Bears and New Orleans Saints in the National Football League.
He played college football at the University of Tennessee under legendary head coach Robert Neyland.
He is a member of the College Football Hall of Fame and the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
He was born in Humboldt, Tennessee.
Jerzmanice-Zdrój is a small village in Lower Silesia, Poland.
The first time it appeared in sources in 1253 as Hermanstorph.
The village administrator is Edward Janiec.
Jerzmanice-Zdrój was a health resort from 1881, when a doctor from the nearby town Złotoryja made a small place for sick people called "Hermsdorf Bad".
This lasted until World War II.
After the war, the health resort did not re-open.
The origin of "Jerzmanice" is unknown.
One theory is that this part of the name is a Polish crack from German name "Hermsdorf" or "Hermannsdorf".
These names are an earlier name of Jerzmanice-Zdrój.
The origin of zdrój is means "spring" or "spa" in English.
A lot of people do not say "Jerzmanice-Zdrój", only "Jerzmanice".
The earlier names of Jerzmanice are: Bad Hermsdorf, Hermsdorf, Hermannsdorf, Hermanstorph, Hermsdorf am Katzbach.
In 1946 the name "Jerzmanice Zdrój" was established.
The highest point in Jerzmanice is Goleń Hill.
It is in the valley of Kaczawa.
Through Jerzmanice run few streets: DW364 and DW328.
The most popular way of travel is private transportation.
Most citizens are Roman Catholics, but only  about 20% practise it.
Some people are Jehovah's Witnesses or atheists.
Gino John Marchetti (January 2, 1926 – April 29, 2019) was an American professional football player in the National Football League and businessman.
A defensive end, he played in 1952 for the Dallas Texans and from 1953 to 1966 for the Baltimore Colts.
Marchetti was born in Smithers, West Virginia.
He was raised in Antioch, California.
Marchetti studied at Modesto Junior College and at the University of San Francisco.
Smith, Don. "
Gino Marchetti," The Coffin Corner, Vol.
5, 1996.
Ravens Nest Baltimore Colts Page
Sundays at 2:00 With the Baltimore Colts. ()
Gallery of Gino Marchetti's football cards
Catching Up With...former Colt Gino Marchetti," The Toy Department (The Baltimore Sun sports blog), Wednesday, October 14, 2009.
Mekh is listed on the Palermo Stone as a Predynastic ancient Egyptian king who ruled in the Lower Egypt.
Mekh may be a mythical king who is only remembered in unwritten stories, or may even be completely fictitious.
A reign is the period of time that a monarch (a king, queen, emperor, etc.)
rules over a country.
It can also be the period of time that a spiritual leader rules in a particular office.
For example, the reign of a pope, dalai lama, patriarch etc.
A reign can also be used for an office or championship.
In many cases a reign lasts until the monarch (or leader) resigns, dies, or is removed.
A monarch's reign was sometimes used to mark time officially.
In Anglo-Saxon England for example, many royal documents were dated by the regnal year of the king.
This lasted until about the 10th century.
Current Longest Reigning Monarchs
Elizabeth II, United Kingdom, 62+ years .
Sikiru Kayode Adetona, Nigeria, 55+ years.
Hassanal Bolkiah, Brunei, 47+ years.
Margrethe II of Denmark, 42+ years.
Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi, United Arab Emirates, 42+ years.
Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden 41+ years.
Sobhuza II, Swaziland, reigned for 82 years, 253 days.
Bernard VII, Lord of Lippe, reigned for 81 years, 234 days.
Bhagvat Singh, ruler of Gondal, India, reigned for 74 years, 87 days.
Louis XIV of France reigned for 72 years, 110 days.
Shortest Reigning Monarchs in History
Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême as "Louis XIX of France", reigned for 20 minutes.
Dipendra of Nepal, reigned for 56 hours (in a coma).
Dục Đức reigned as Emperor of Vietnam for 3 days.
Lady Jane Grey reigned as Queen of England for 9 days.
Edward V of England was King of England for 2 months, 16 days.
Dafydd ap Gruffydd was the Prince of Wales (last independent ruler) for 6 months, 11 days.
Double Falcon (also possibly Dju and Nebwy) was a Predynastic pharaoh of Lower Egypt belonging to Dynasty 0.
The exact timeline of his reign is unknown, although it is estimated to be during the 33rd century BCE.
In 1910  M. J. Clédat, an Egyptologist, discovered the first evidence for king Double Falcon.
A farmer at el-Mehemdiah in the north-eastern delta brought him a jar and some incised fragments found while planting a palm-grove in nearby el-Beda.
Clédat soon discovered four serekhs of king Double Falcon.
In 1912  Hermann Junker found a tomb at Tura, which contained a complete jar with a serekh topped by two falcons.
More serekhs of king Double Falcon have been found in the Sinai, in Tell Ibrahim Awad in the eastern delta, in Adaima and Abydos in Upper Egypt, and in the Palmahim quarry in southern Israel.
Because these finds have mainly been in Lower Egypt and north-western Sinai, it shows Double Falcon may have only ruled over these areas.
However as some of his serekhs have been found in Upper Egypt and Canaan, it shows that the power of the Dynasty 0 kings was spreading.
This had already begun towards the end of the Naqada III period, through trading or warfare.
The serekh of Double Falcon is unique.
Firstly, it is the only one topped by two Horus falcons, facing each other.
Secondly, the serekh does not have a place for the name.
Instead this space is filled by vertical lines which usually represent the niched facade of a palace.
The serekh does not have the horizontal line that separates the palace facade from the name of the ruler above.
Finally, each falcon stands on its own peak.
Experts believe that these features are symbolic.
The two falcons could represent Lower Egypt and the Sinai, as it seems that Double Falcon reigned over both regions.
Dreyer believes that the falcons stand on a on a sign meaning "mountain" which is N26 of Gardiner's sign list: N26 He reads the name as Dju (), so that the name of the king is shown by a pair of falcons on mountains above a plain serekh.
But another expert, van den Brink, reads the name as Nebwy (), meaning "the two lords", and similar to a much earlier palette on display in the Barbier-Mueller Museum of Geneva.
Alcohol withdrawal (also called alcohol withdrawal syndrome) is medical problem.
It is a set of symptoms that can happen when a person who has drunk alcohol for a long time stops drinking.
It can also happen when a person starts drinking less than they used to.
Alcohol withdrawal can be very dangerous.
In the worst cases, it can even kill a person.
This is why it is dangerous for people who drink a lot to stop drinking without talking to a doctor first.
Why does withdrawal happen?
Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant.
This means that alcohol slows down the activity in some parts of the brain.
This can create good feelings, like feeling relaxed and happy.
If a person drinks a lot of alcohol, eventually their body will get used to the alcohol.
After a while, the person will need to drink more and more alcohol to feel drunk and to slow down parts of their brain.
This is called tolerance.
Once the body is used to having alcohol (and having parts of the brain slowed down), suddenly taking away the alcohol will cause withdrawal symptoms.
The central nervous system is used to being slowed down by alcohol.
So without alcohol, the central nervous system gets very excited and over-active.
A person who gets tolerant to alcohol, and gets withdrawal symptoms when they stop drinking, is physically dependent on alcohol.
This is also called physical addiction.
Who gets alcohol withdrawal?
Not everybody who drinks a lot of alcohol gets withdrawal symptoms when they stop.
No one knows why some people get withdrawal symptoms and others do not.
About half of people with alcoholism will get withdrawal symptoms if they drink less than usual.
About 5% to 20% of patients withdrawing from alcohol will get the most dangerous form of alcohol withdrawal: delirium tremens.
About 1/3 (one out of three) people who have withdrawal seizures will get delirium tremens.
Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal
Everybody has a different set of withdrawal symptoms.
Some people have only mild symptoms, like being unable to sleep or feeling anxious.
Other people have very bad, life-threatening symptoms, like delirium, hallucinations, very high blood pressures, and very high fevers.
Withdrawal usually begins 6 to 24 hours after a person takes their last drink.
Acute withdrawal can last for up to one week.
Tremors in the hands
Nausea or vomiting
Hallucinations (seeing, hearing, or feeling things that are not really there)
Being agitated (unable to sit still)
Tonic-clonic seizures (seizures where the person is not awake and jerks around)
Autonomic instability (quickly changing symptoms related to the autonomic nervous system, like high blood pressure and high fevers
How bad are the symptoms?
Many things affect how bad alcohol withdrawal symptoms can be.
The most important things are:
How much alcohol a person has drunk;
How long the person has been drinking; and
Whether the person has had alcohol withdrawal symptoms before
Alcohol hallucinosis: Patients may see, hear, or feel things that are not there, but have no other symptoms.
These hallucinations will stop when alcohol withdrawal is over.
Withdrawal seizures: Seizures happen within 48 hours after the person stops drinking alcohol.
A person may have a single generalized tonic-clonic seizure, or a brief episode of multiple seizures.
Delirium tremens: This is the worst form of alcohol withdrawal, and can kill a person.
It usually happens 24 to 72 hours after the person stops drinking alcohol.
For more information, see the page on delirium tremens.
Order of symptoms
Every person goes through alcohol withdrawal differently.
Even the worst of alcohol withdrawal symptoms can happen as soon as 2 hours after a person stops drinking.
Because of this, it is best to talk to a doctor, go into the hospital, or get treatment before a person stops drinking alcohol.
In many people, however, symptoms usually happen in this order:
Six to 12 hours after the last drink:
Shaking (tremor)
Twelve to 24 hours after the last drink:
Agitation (being unable to relax)
24 to 48 hours after the last drink:
Some alcoholics will have seizures, and may even go into status epilepticus.
This can kill a person.
The person will still have all of the other symptoms they had earlier.
48 hours after the last drink:
Usually, people will start to feel better after 48 hours.
But sometimes, after 48 hours, alcohol withdrawal can still get worse and turn into delirium tremens.
Delirium tremens can last anywhere from 4 to 12 days.
Post-Acute Withdrawal Syndrome (PAWS)
Acute alcohol withdrawal usually lasts only a week.
But many alcoholics have what is called Post-Acute Withdrawal Syndrome (PAWS) (also called "protracted alcohol withdrawal syndrome).
This means that some withdrawal symptoms continue beyond the acute withdrawal stage.
Some withdrawal symptoms can last for at least a year after a person stops drinking.
Cravings for alcohol (wanting alcohol very, very badly)
Anhedonia (not being able to enjoy things that a person normally likes)
Not seeing, hearing, tasting, hearing, or smelling things as well as usual
Feeling disoriented (meaning a person does not know who they are, where they are, or what is going on)
Insomnia is also a common symptom of PAWS.
It often keeps happening after acute (immediate) alcohol withdrawal.
Research has showed that people with insomnia are more likely to relapse (start using alcohol again).
Studies have found that magnesium or trazodone can help treat insomnia in recovering alcoholics.
For some people, the acute phase of alcohol withdrawal can last longer than usual.
Protracted (longer than usual) delirium tremens has been reported in medical research, but is not common.
Benzodiazepines are the most commonly used medication for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal.
They can help decrease alcohol withdrawal symptoms and prevent seizures.
The most commonly used benzodiazepines are long-acting (medications whose effects last a long time), like chlordiazepoxide and diazepam (Valium).
These seem to be the best medicines for treating delirium, and do not have to be given as often.
Although benzodiazepines work very well at treating alcohol withdrawal, they should be carefully used.
Benzodiazepines should only be used for short periods in alcoholics.
This is because alcoholics are more likely to get addicted to benzodiazepines.
There is a risk of replacing an alcohol addiction with benzodiazepine dependence or adding another addiction.
Also, both alcohol and benzodiazepines are depressants.
If a person takes both at the same time, they are more likely to get depression or become suicidal.
Alcoholics often do not have enough of certain vitamins in their bodies.
One of these important vitamins is thiamine.
If a person does not have enough thiamine in their body, they can get serious health problems and even brain damage.
When a person is going through alcohol withdrawal, the most important vitamins are thiamine and folic acid.
If an alcoholic who stops drinking does not have enough of these vitamins, they can get Wernicke syndrome, a very serious brain problem.
To keep this from happening, people who have stopped drinking alcohol are often given thiamine and folic acid intravenously (through a needle placed into a vein).
They may also be given other vitamins.
This can help prevent Wernicke syndrome.
Other medicines
Antipsychotic medicines, such as haloperidol, are sometimes used along with benzodiazepines to control agitation or psychosis.
However, antipsychotics have to be used carefully.
They can make alcohol withdrawal worse, since they make it more likely for a person to have a seizure.
Alcoholics often cannot stop drinking alcohol after their withdrawal symptoms are over.
Often, they need support for months or years after withdrawal is over.
Pilot Butte is a town in Saskatchewan, Canada.
It has over 2,100 people living in it.
Most people live in town but drive into the nearby city Regina to work.
The town got its name after the hill (or butte) that it surrounds.
Pilot Butte is sometimes known as the "Sand Capital of Canada" because of all of the sand and gravel it has.
The Pilot Butte Storm are a junior ice hockey team that play in Pilot Butte.
A basidium (plural basidia) is a microscopic type of spore-producing cell found on certain fungi.
Most often the basidia are elongated and club  shaped.
But there is variation in the shape.
A basidium usually bears four sexual spores called basidiospores.
Comedy may be divided into many genres.
The genre may depend on the source of humor, how the joke is told, and context.
Cocaine withdrawal happens when a person who uses a lot of cocaine stops using cocaine.
It can also happen when a person who uses a lot of cocaine starts using less cocaine than they did before.
Cocaine (also called coke) is a powerful stimulant.
It is an illegal drug outside of hospital usage.
It makes people feel very happy, talkative, energetic, and not want to eat as much food.
Side effects of cocaine
Increased body temperature (high fever)
Irregular heart rate or rapid heart rate
Increased risk of heart attack
Sudden death from cardiac arrest
Sudden aggression
Sudden very bad paranoia
Feeling, seeing, or hearing things that are not really there (hallucinations), including feeling like there are insects under the skin (this is called formication or coke bugs)
Withdrawal effects of cocaine
After using cocaine regularly, some users will become addicted.
When a person who is used to using cocaine stops right away, they will go through what is called a "crash" along with many of other cocaine withdrawal symptoms, like:
Exhaustion (feeling very tired)
Mood swings (quick changes in emotions)
Irritability (feeling easily annoyed)
Fatigue (feeling tired), sleeping many hours
A very strong craving for more cocaine
Nausea and vomiting.
Some cocaine users also report having similar symptoms to schizophrenia patients and feel that their mind is lost.
Some users also report formication: feeling like things are crawling on the skin (also called, "coke bugs" or "spiders").
These symptoms can last for weeks or, in some cases, months.
Even after many withdrawal symptoms go away, most users feel like they need to keep using cocaine.
This feeling can last for years and may get worse during times of stress.
About 30-40% of cocaine addicts start using other kinds of drugs or alcohol after they stop using cocaine.
Twelve-step programs like Cocaine Anonymous (modeled on Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous) have been widely used to help people addicted to cocaine.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Motivational Therapy (MT) have proven to be more helpful than 12-step programs in treating cocaine dependency.
However, both of these approaches have a fairly low success rate.
Ibogaine has been researched a treatment for cocaine dependency.
It is used in clinics in Mexico, the Netherlands, and Canada, but it cannot be used legally in the United States.
Non-drug treatments like acupuncture and hypnosis have been studied.
However, these studies have not clearly shown that acupuncture or hypnosis helps with cocaine withdrawal.
Medications that have been studied to treat cocaine withdrawal include acetylcysteine, baclofen, bupropion, vanoxerine,  and vigabatrin.
The anti-convulsant drug carbamazepine (Tegretol);
Medicines which increase the amount of dopamine in the brain, like L-DOPA/carbidopa
Finally, drugs have been used to cause an "aversion reaction" (a very bad reaction) when given with cocaine.
The most common of these drugs is phenelzine.
Reward-based treatments
On February 14, 2011, two Swiss psychologists published two years' research on cocaine addiction.
They found that addicts who gambled were less likely to use cocaine or to relapse on cocaine.
They think gambling may refocus the brain's "reward center" from cocaine to gambling.
They said that psychotherapy should be used along with gambling.
More research is being done on long-term relapse rates (the number of people who eventually start using cocaine again).
However, a more recent study looked at prize-based contingency management: a treatment method that offers addicts chances to win prizes if they do not use cocaine.
This study found that prize-based contingency management helped cocaine addicts stay off cocaine, whether or not they had gambled recently.
This suggests that it is the chance of a reward, not the gambling itself, that helps cocaine addicts stay off of cocaine.
Naloxone (often called Narcan), is a medication.
It is used to reverse the effects of opioid painkillers, especially when a person has overdosed on opioids.
Examples of opioids include:
Morphine (often called MSIR or MS Contin)
Oxycodone (often called Percocet (when mixed with acetaminophen), OxyIR, or OxyContin)
Hydrocodone (often called Vicodin when mixed with acetaminophen)
Meperidine (Demerol)
These painkillers are central nervous system depressants.
This means they slow down certain areas of the brain.
If a person takes too many opiates, this can shut down the part of the brain that controls breathing.
The person may become unable to breathe and die.
When given intravenously (into a needle placed into a vein), naloxone works within two minutes.
When injected into a muscle, it works within five minutes.
The medication may also be shot up the nose.
The effects of naloxone last about half an hour to an hour.
Since most opioids last longer than naloxone, a person may need several doses of naloxone to fight the effects of an overdose.
How does naloxone work?
When a person takes opioids, the opioids have to attach to certain receptor sites in the brain in order to work, like a lock in a keyhole.
Once the opioids attach to these opiate receptor sites - like a lock fitting into a keyhole - the opiates start to work.
They kill pain, create euphoria, and make people feel calm and relaxed.
But if a person takes too many opiates, they can also make it impossible to breathe.
Naloxone fits better onto these opiate receptor sites than actual opiates do.
If a person takes naloxone, the naloxone will throw any opiate off of the opiate receptor sites (like a key getting taken out of a door).
Naloxone will stay attached to these opiate receptor sites.
This reverses the effects of the opiates that the person took.
Naloxone reverses the effects of opiates.
Because of this, if a person who is addicted to opiates gets naloxone, they will have symptoms of opioid withdrawal.
People have withdrawal symptoms when their body gets used to having opiates all the time.
Because naloxone reverses the effects of opiates, the side effects of naloxone can include restlessness, agitation, nausea, vomiting, a fast heart rate, pain, and sweating.
To prevent this, small doses every few minutes can be given until the desired effect is reached.
Naloxone has to be given carefully to people with heart disease.
Naloxone can cause more heart problems, like changes in the rhythm of the heart beat, in these people.
Naloxone seems to be safe in pregnant women.
Naloxone is a pure opioid antagonist.
Naloxone was patented in 1961 by Jack Fishman, Mozes J. Lewenstein, and the company Daiichi Sankyo.
The drug was approved for opioid overdose by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1971.
It is on the World Health Organization's Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.
Naloxone is available as a generic medication and is not very expensive.
Its wholesale price is between $0.50 and $5.30 USD per dose.
Opiate overdose
Naloxone is included as a part of emergency overdose response kits distributed to heroin and other opioid drug users.
This has been shown to reduce deaths due to overdose.
On a high dose of opioid (over 100 mg of morphine a day, or an equal amount of another opiate);
Is prescribed any dose of opioid along with a benzodiazepine; or
Is suspected or known to abuse opioids
Preventing opioid abuse
Naloxone may be mixed with a number of opioids like buprenorphine.
(Buprenorphine mixed with naloxone is called Suboxone.)
Buprenorphine is used to decrease cravings for opiates.
When buprenorphine and naloxone are mixed, and taken by mouth, only buprenorphine has an effect.
Buprenorphine is a long-acting partial opioid agonist, meaning that although it binds to the body’s opioid receptors, it produces milder effects over a more prolonged period of time vs. the commonly abused full opioid agonists (heroin fentanyl, oxycodone, etc.).
Buprenorphine has a high affinity for the opioid receptor, thereby preventing illicit and prescription opioid painkillers from attaching to the receptor.
This leads to a lower risk of overdose and generally doesn’t produce a high in people who use opioids.
Naloxone is added to reduce the risk of misuse, as it blocks the effects of buprenorphine if the medication is injected.
But if a person misuses Suboxone by injecting it or taking large doses, the naloxone blocks the effect of the opioid.
This combination is used to try to prevent abuse.
If the patient uses Suboxone long-term or stops its usage rapidly Suboxone withdrawal can occur.
Suboxone withdrawal symptoms from quitting its use can begin with 36 hours of the last dosage and last for several weeks.
Some of these symptoms include muscle cramps, leg kicking, insomnia, diarrhea, sweating, anxiety, and depression.
Because of the discomfort caused by the withdrawal, many patients return to Suboxone use to stop the symptoms.
There are two methods of detoxification used for Suboxone users.
The first method consists of rapid anesthesia detoxification.
Under this treatment, a patient is given anesthesia that places them asleep as the drug is flushed from the body.
In this way, the patient avoids most of the severe withdrawal symptoms.
The second method is slower.
It involves slowly tapering the patient off the drug by reducing dosages consistently until they are no longer administered.
Pulmonary edema (pulmonary oedema in British English) is fluid in the lungs ("Pulmonary" means "lungs"; "edema" means "swelling" or "fluid").
Normally, the lungs fill with air when a person breathes in.
From the alveoli in the lungs, oxygen goes into the blood.
The blood then carries oxygen to the entire body.
When a person has fluid in their lungs (pulmonary edema), there is not enough space left for air to get into the lungs.
The person will not be able to breathe in as much air.
This means not as much oxygen will get into the blood, and the body will not get the oxygen it needs.
The most common cause of pulmonary edema is heart failure on the left side of the heart.
The left side of the heart is supposed to pump blood to the entire body.
If the left side of the heart is too weak to do this, blood will back up into the lungs.
This is called cardiogenic pulmonary edema.
("Cardiogenic" means "caused by the heart.")
Other, non-cardiogenic causes of pulmonary edema include:
Fluid overload: When a person with kidney failure eats too much salt or drinks too much fluid.
Because the kidneys cannot filter out fluids like they normally do, the fluid backs up into the lungs.
Drowning in salt water
High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE), which happens when people are at very high altitudes, like climbing mountains
Hypothermia (a very low body temperature)
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, caused by some kind of lung illness (like pneumonia or sepsis) or injury (like smoke inhalation)
Pulmonary embolism, where a blood clot from one part of the body travels to the lungs
Injury to the chest or lungs
Infections caused by viruses, like dengue fever
Bad reactions to drugs, including illegal drugs like heroin and cocaine, and legal medicines like aspirin
Orthopnea (breathing is hardest when lying down)
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (this means that difficulty breathing may wake the person up when they are sleeping at night)
Pink, frothy sputum
A medical professional will hear rales when they listen to breath sounds with a stethoscope
Flash pulmonary edema
Flash pulmonary edema is a medical emergency.
It is pulmonary edema that comes on very quickly.
Usually pulmonary edema takes a few hours to develop.
But in the worst cases of flash pulmonary edema, a person's lungs can fill completely with fluid in minutes.
Flash pulmonary edema can also be caused by moving a person with pulmonary edema, or lying them down.
Giving the person oxygen
Sitting the person straight up (this makes it easier to breathe)
Forcing air into the person's lungs (this is called ventilation) if needed
Diuretic medicines, which remove extra fluid from the body
Medicines like nitroglycerine ("nitro"), which reduce the pressure caused by fluid going into the lungs.
Nitroglycerine can also make the blood vessels in the lungs wider, so more fluid fits into them; this can free up some extra space for air to get into the lungs.
Other treatments can focus on the cause of the pulmonary edema.
For example, if a person with kidney failure has had too much salt or fluid, they can have dialysis to take away the extra fluid and salt.
Armand Hammer United World College of the American West (UWC-USA) is an independent boarding school for students in high school in Montezuma, New Mexico, USA.
UWC-USA was opened in 1982.
Classes take place in a historic hotel and students live in buildings nearby.
UWC-USA is a high school that focuses on active learning and a worldwide community.
People from all over the world study at this college.
There are 200 students at the school in grades 11 and 12.
UWC-USA's official website
United World Colleges homepage
Serekhs, particularly those found throughout Egyptian history, are typically composed of three components: a recessed or niched façade, the king’s name inscribed in a panel, and a falcon.
While both the façade and name depictions are consistent in history, during a portion of Egyptian history there appears variety among the animal incarnation specified.
This can be seen by the falcon being presented singularly, joined alongside a Seth chimera, completely replaced by the Seth, or absent of both.
Prominent examples include the mid-Dynasty II’s ruler Peribsen whose serekh exclusively displays the Seth animal and his predecessor, Khasekhemwy, whose serekh joins both falcon and Seth animal.
Dissecting these components, it appears each element serves a purpose in its iconography of kingship.
The recessed or niched façade, which appears at the bottom of the serekh, is often considered associated with the king’s ownership of large building such as a palace or tomb.
This rendition would serve both to certify the king’s authority but also to acknowledge his possession of wealth.
The panel, which exists between the niched façade and the falcon, is observed as the space where the king’s name is written.
It’s underlying purpose is often debated, however, some claim it to be an allusion to early architectural elements such as the false doors in many pharaonic tombs.
On top of this panel, as stated earlier, is often a falcon denoting the god Horus.
Horus’s presence in the serekh suggests the name inscribed in the panel as being the king’s Horus name, but the god’s association with kingship often lends credibility to the monarch.
Both the Seth and Horus animals can be shown wearing a red, white, or double crown of Egypt and in some instances, appear in control of weapons.
Such personification indicates the larger role played by the serekh, and potentially the use of the animal god as a representation of the king.
The king himself would often be known to contain or exemplify the ‘Ka’ of Horus, which was the internal spirit that was later removed following the kings death and transitioned to fill that of the succeeding king.