the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
He also played NYPD Sergeant Phil Cerreta in Law & Order.
He is the father of actress Mira Sorvino.
Isaiah Washington IV (born August 3, 1963) is an American actor.
He has been in several movies made by Spike Lee.
Between 2005 and 2007, he played Dr. Preston Burke on ABC's Grey's Anatomy.
He also played Vic in the 1994 drama movie Crooklyn.
A stock, also known as a shoulder stock, a buttstock, or simply a butt is a part of a rifle or other firearm, to which the barrel and firing mechanism are attached.
It is held firmly against the shooter's shoulder when firing the gun.
Stocks are also found on crossbows, though a crossbow stock is properly called a tiller.
The stock provides a means for the shooter to firmly support the device and easily aim it.
The stock also transmits recoil (the shock of firing the weapon) into the shooter's shoulder.
The term stock dates to 1571 and comes from the Germanic word stoc, meaning tree trunk.
This refers to the wooden nature of the gunstock.
The law of the United States is made up of many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law.
The most important these is the United States Constitution.
This established the federal government of the United States.
The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law.
This consists of acts of Congress, treaties ratified by the Senate, regulations promoted by the executive branch, and case law originating from the federal judiciary.
The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of general and permanent federal statutory law.
Federal law and treaties, so long as they are in accordance with the Constitution, preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S. states and in the territories.
However, the scope of federal preemption is limited because the scope of federal power is not universal.
In the dual-sovereign system of American federalism states are the plenary sovereigns.
Each state has its own constitution, while the federal sovereign possesses only the limited supreme authority given by the Constitution.
States may grant their citizens broader rights than the federal Constitution as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights.
Most U.S. law (especially the actual "living law" of contract, tort, property, criminal, and family law) experienced by the majority of citizens on a day-to-day basis consists primarily of state law, which can and does vary greatly from one state to the next.
At both the federal and state levels, the law of the United States is largely based on the common law system of English law.
This was the system of law that was in force at the time of the Revolutionary War.
However, American law has changed from its English ancestor both in terms of substance and procedure.
American law also borrows ideas from civil law.
Ninja Kiwi, which was previously known as Kaiparasoft Ltd, is a mobile and online video game developer founded in Auckland, New Zealand.
It was founded in 2006 by brothers Chris and Stephen Harris.
Ninja Kiwi's first game was a browser based game called Cash Sprint, developed on the Adobe Flash Platform.
Since then, they have produced more than 60 games across platforms including Adobe Flash, Android, iOS, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, and more recently, Steam.
They are most known for producing the Bloons and Bloons Tower Defense games.
In 2012, Ninja Kiwi purchased Digital Goldfish, a Dundee, Scotland-based developer, for an undisclosed sum.
After merging Digital Goldfish to Ninja Kiwi, this increased the total number of Ninja Kiwi employees to 35.
By 2021, the total number of employees increased to 70.
Ninja Kiwi has a virtual currency known as NK Coins.
Players make purchases of games and in-game purchases by using NK Coins.
About eighteen months before Mochi Media's parent company disappeared, Mochi Media discontinued its virtual currency (Mochi Coins), and it was replaced with Ninja Kiwi's virtual currency.
Joseph Patrick "Joe" Kenda (born November 14, 1946) is an American television presenter and retired police detective.
He is the former Colorado Springs Police Department detective who solved nearly 400 murders in his career.
He is featured on the Investigation Discovery television show Homicide Hunter, where he recounts stories of homicides he solved.
Kenda was born in Herminie, Pennsylvania.
Joe Kenda at the Internet Movie Database
Homicide Hunter  on Investigation Discovery
Jane O’Meara Sanders (born January 3, 1950) is an American civil servant and educator.
She is the former President of Burlington College and the wife of United States senator of Vermont and Democratic 2016 Presidential candidate Bernie Sanders.
In 1996, she earned a doctorate from Union Institute & University.
Sanders was born in Brooklyn, New York.
She studied at Goddard College.
Sanders was married to David Driscoll until they divorced.
Sanders met Bernie in 1981 when Bernie was elected mayor of Burlington, Vermont.
Sanders was named President of Burlington College in 2004.
She resigned as president in 2011.
Ilse Koch (22 September 1906 – 1 September 1967), was the wife of Karl-Otto Koch.
(Before getting married, Koch's maiden name was Margarete Ilse Köhler.)
During World War II, Karl-Otto Koch was the Commandant (commander) of the Nazi concentration camps at Sachsenhausen, Buchenwald, and finally Majdanek.
In 1947, Ilse Koch became one of the first important Nazis to be tried by the United States Military.
Mass media around the world covered Ilse Koch's trial.
People who had survived the Buchenwald and Majdanek camps talked about how she enjoyed abusing prisoners at the camps.
For example, they said she used to like beating prisoners with her riding crop, and that she used to make prisoners do exhausting exercise because she liked watching them suffer.
In Germany after the war, Koch was seen as "the concentration camp murderess."
She was accused of having prisoners with interesting tattoos murdered so she could take their skin as souvenirs.
The prisoners at the concentration camps called Koch Die Hexe von Buchenwald ("The Witch of Buchenwald") because of she would act cruelly and sexually towards prisoners at the same time.
In English, she has also been called "The Beast of Buchenwald," the "Queen of Buchenwald," the "Red Witch of Buchenwald," the "Butcher Widow," and, most often, "The Bitch of Buchenwald."
Koch was born Margarete Ilse Köhler on 22 September 1906 in Dresden, Germany.
Her father was a factory foreman.
In elementary school, she was known as a polite and happy child.
At age 15, she started school to become an accountant.
Germany's economy had been ruined when Germany lost World War I, and at the time that Koch worked in bookkeeping, the economy still had not recovered.
In 1932, Koch became a member of the Nazi Party, which was getting more and more popular.
Through some friends in the Sturmabteilung (SA) and Schutzstaffel (SS), she met Karl-Otto Koch in 1934.
They got married two years later.
In 1936, Koch began working as a guard and secretary at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp near Berlin, which her fiance, Karl-Otto, commanded.
They got married the same year.
In 1937, Koch went to Buchenwald when Karl-Otto was made Commandant there.
While at Buchenwald, Koch helped with an experiment by picking out tattooed prisoners to be murdered and skinned, so the tattooed parts of their skin could be kept.
Koch later said she did this to help a prison doctor, Erich Wagner, in his study of tattooing and crime.
In 1940, Koch built an indoor sports arena, which cost over 250,000 reichsmarks (equal to about $62,500 at the time).
She had stolen most of this money from prisoners at the camp.
In 1941, Karl-Otto Koch was transferred to Lublin, where he helped create the Majdanek concentration and extermination camp.
Ilse Koch stayed at Buchenwald until 24 August 1943.
On that day, she and her husband were arrested.
The Kochs were charged with embezzlement; stealing huge amounts of money and valuables from prisoners to make themselves rich; and murdering prisoners to keep them from talking about what the Kochs were doing.
Ilse Koch was put in prison until 1944, when she was found not guilty because there was not enough evidence against her.
However, her husband was found guilty and sentenced to death by an SS court in Munich.
He was shot to death in Buchenwald in April of 1945.
After her husband was executed, Ilse Koch went to live with her surviving family in the town of Ludwigsburg.
She was arrested there by United States officials on 30 June 1945.
Koch and 30 other Nazis were arraigned before the American military court at Dachau in 1947.
She was charged with "participating in a criminal plan for aiding, abetting and participating in the murders at Buchenwald."
This meant she had been part of a plan to murder people at Buchenwald, and had helped with the murders in some way.
In the courtroom, Koch said that she was pregnant.
She was telling the truth; she was eight months pregnant.
Koch already had a reputation for having sex with many different men.
The Buchenwald Report said there were rumors that Koch was having relationships with Waldemar Hoven, the chief medical doctor at Buchenwald, and Hermann Florstedt, the Deputy Commandant, at the same time.
In his book Innocent at Dachau, the Dachau tribunal court reporter, Joseph Halow, wrote that rumors said Koch had relationships with many SS officers, and even with some of the prisoners at the Buchenwald concentration camp.
Still, Koch's pregnancy surprised the court because she was 41 years old at the time.
She was also being kept by herself in prison, and saw no men except the Americans who questioned her; most of them were Jewish.
In his book, Halow also says he was shocked to learn that Koch may have turned to other men because her husband was a homosexual.
Records at Buchenwald showed that he had been treated for syphilis.
Lighter sentence
On 8 June 1948, General Lucius D. Clay, the temporary military governor of the American Zone in Germany, decreased Koch's life sentence to four years in prison.
He gave the reason that "there was no convincing evidence that she had selected inmates for [murder] in order to secure tattooed skins, or that she [had anything] made of human skin."
News of the change in Koch's sentence did not become public until 16 September 1948.
Many people were furious about the change, but General Clay did not change his mind.
Because people were so upset about her lighter sentence, Koch was re-arrested in 1949 and tried before a West German court.
The trial started on 27 November 1950 and lasted seven weeks.
During this time, 250 witnesses testified, including 50 who defended Koch.
Koch collapsed and had to be carried from the court in late December 1950, and again on 11 January 1951.
At least four separate witnesses for the prosecution testified either that they had seen Koch choose tattooed prisoners, who were then killed; or that they had seen or helped make human-skin lampshades from tattooed skin.
However, prosecutors dropped this charge when they could not prove lampshades or any other items were actually made from human skin.
On 15 January 1951, the Court gave its verdict in a 111 page-long decision.
Koch was not in court for the verdict.
The Court decided that it could still try Koch, even though she had already been tried in 1944 and 1947, because it was charging her with different crimes than the other trials did.
Because of this, trying Koch again would not be double jeopardy.
Koch was convicted of charges of incitement (encouraging others) to murder, attempt to murder, and hurt other people badly.
On 15 January 1951 , Koch was sentenced to life in prison, and her civil rights were taken away forever.
Koch appealed the Court's decision, but the appeal was denied on 22 April 1952 by the Federal Court of Justice of Germany.
Koch later tried several times to get a pardon.
However, the Bavarian Ministry of Justice refused all of her requests.
Koch also protested her life sentence to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, but got no help from them.
Karl and Ilse Koch had a son named Artwin and two daughters named Gisele and Gudrun (Gudrun died as a baby).
Their son killed himself after the war.
Ilse Koch had another son, Uwe, conceived in her prison cell at Dachau by an unknown father.
Uwe was born in the Aichach women's prison near Dachau where Koch was sent to serve her life sentence.
Right away, he was taken away from her.
At the age of 19, Uwe Köhler learned that Koch was his mother and began visiting her regularly at Aichach.
Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps
A per mille is a sign which means parts per thousand.
Per mil should not be confused with parts per million (ppm).
Benadryl is a brand name for a number of different medications to relieve allergies and coughs.
It usually contains antihistamine diphenhydramine.
In the United Kingdom, it contains either the antihistamine acrivastine or the long-acting antihistamine cetirizine.
Benadryl products are sold in Australia and New Zealand as a cough medicine and do not contain any antihistamine.
Robert Merlin "Bob" Carter (9 March 1942 – 19 January 2016) was a British-born Australian palaeontologist and stratigrapher.
He was best known for his strong doubt about the state of climate change in Australia.
He was professor and head of the School of Earth Sciences at James Cook University from 1981 to 1998.
Carter was born in England on 9 March 1942.
He moved to New Zealand in 1956.
He graduated at the University of Otago in 1963 and the University of Cambridge in 1968.
He was married to Anne Carter.
Carter died from problems caused by a heart attack on 19 January 2016 in Townsville, Queensland.
A gunshot is the discharge of a firearm.
It produces a mechanical sound effect and a chemical gunshot residue.
The term can also refer to a gunshot wound caused by the bullet.
Multiple discharges of a firearm or firearms are referred to as gunfire.
The word can mean either the sound of a gun firing, the projectiles that were fired, or both.
For example, the statement "gunfire came from the next street" could either mean the sound of discharge, or it could mean the bullets themselves.
It is better to be more specific while writing however. "
The sound of gunfire" or "we came under gunfire" would be more descriptive and prevent confusion.
Gunfire characteristics
An optical flash (called muzzle flash) that occurs when an explosive charge is ignited when firing the weapon.
A muzzle blast that occurs when a weapon is fired.
A typical muzzle blast generates a sound wave with a sound pressure level (SPL) of 140dB or louder.
A “snap” or “crack” caused by the sonic boom that occurs as a projectile moves through the air at supersonic speeds.
Gunfire can be confused with other sounds that can sound similar.
These include firework explosions and cars backfiring.
The sounds may be heard at greater distances in the direction of bullet travel than behind or to either side of the firearm.
Urban areas have noise patterns where background noise is higher during the daytime and lower at night.
Firearm muzzle blast may be masked by background noise during daytime.
But it may be detected at greater distances during the quieter hours of darkness.
A popular urban gunfire locator system typically uses six to ten audio sensors per square mile for trilateration. (
two or three per square kilometer)
Suppressors
A suppressor, sometimes called a "silencer", can be attached to the muzzle of a firearm to reduce the sound of firing the weapon.
Suppressors attached to the muzzle will not reduce the sound of high velocity gas released from other locations like the gap between the cylinder and barrel of a revolver.
A muzzle silencer is also ineffective in reducing the snap of a supersonic bullet, or the noise produced by the mechanical action of a self-loading firearm.
A 2007 study estimated unlawful silencers were involved in only 0.05 percent (1 in 2,000) federal criminal prosecutions.
Also, these include cases where the silencer was not used, but simply in the possession of the defendant for 92% of prosecutions involving a silencer.
Gunshot sound effect, YouTube
The Hartheim Euthanasia Centre () was a killing centre that Nazi Germany used to kill people with disabilities during World War II.
The Nazis' ideas about eugenics said that people with disabilities were "life unworthy of life.
Hartheim was one of six "euthanasia centres" the Nazis set up for their T4 Euthanasia Programme.
Their goal was to get rid of all of Germany's people with disabilities.
The killing centre was housed in Hartheim Castle in Alkoven, near Linz, Austria.
Hartheim statistics
In June 1945, after the United States took over Austria, an American soldier found the Hartheim statistics in the Castle.
This was a 39-page report written about the T-4 Euthanasia Programme (Aktion T4).
It was meant to be seen by other Nazis in the program only.
In the report were monthly counts of how many people with mental and physical disabilities were "disinfected" (gassed to death) in the Nazis' six euthanasia centres.
In 1968 and 1970, an ex-employee said that he had to put together the material at the end of 1942.
The Hartheim statistics included a page that said that "disinfecting [killing] 70,273 people with a life expectation of 10 years" had saved food in the value of 141,775,573.80 Reichsmarks.
Numbers killed in the first extermination phase in Hartheim
These statistics only cover the first extermination phase of the Nazi's euthanasia programme, Action T4.
Hitler officially ended that program because of protests, but secretly he kept killing people with disabilities.
He also kept killing people he did not like right up to the end of the war.
In all it is estimated that a total of 30,000 people were executed at Hartheim.
Among those killed were sick prisoners, prisoners with disabilities, and prisoners from concentration camps.
The killings were carried out by carbon monoxide poisoning.
14 f 13 "Special Treatment" programme
Just three days after the formal end of Action T4, a lorry arrived at Hartheim with 70 Jewish inmates from Mauthausen concentration camp.
The inmates were killed at Hartheim.
The Hartheim killing centre achieved a special reputation, because it was where the largest number of patients, and the most concentration prisoners, were gassed.
Their numbers are estimated at 12,000.
Prisoners at Mauthausen who were no longer able to work, especially in the quarries, and "politically undesirable" prisoners were brought to Hartheim to be executed.
These victims included:
"German-haters" (people who did not agree with what the Nazis were doing)
"Communists
"Polish fanatics"
From 1944 on, T4 doctors no longer picked out sick, elderly, or disabled prisoners to be killed.
Instead, the Nazis' new goal was to free up space in the Mauthausen camp quickly, so they would send groups of women to Hartheim to be killed.
Other transports came from the concentration camp of Gusen, and probably also from Ravensbrück, during 1944.
These transports were made most of women with tuberculosis and women who had been labeled mentally ill.
Adolf Hitler's order from 1 September 1939 approving the start of the T4 Programme only mentioned doctors.
Because of this, the Action T4 organisers, Viktor Brack and Karl Brandt, ordered that only medical doctors could execute sick patients.
Doctors controlled the poison gas in the euthanasia centres.
Many doctors used fake names in records about the people they killed.
Niedernhart holding station
The Action T4 Euthanasia Centres had temporary holding stations for victims.
For example, many trucks carrying victims to Hartheim would stop at the Niedernhart Mental Institute in Linz, where Rudolf Lonauer was the senior doctor, as he was at Hartheim.
At Niedernhart, victims were mainly killed by starvation or medical overdose (by giving deadly amounts of medicine).
Patients would be put into categories.
Some would be chosen and taken to Hartheim to be killed.
The Nazis thought that many different groups of people, but especially people with disabilities, were "life unworthy of life."
They killed children and adults in their Euthanasia Centers.
People with medical problems, like epilepsy and muscular dystrophy
People with physical disabilities
People with mental illnesses, like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
People with intellectual disabilities (what was then called mental retardation or "feeble-mindedness")
People who were deaf or blind
Almost 350 priests were killed at Hartheim.
These victims included 310 Polish priests, seven Germans, six Czechs, four Luxemburgians, three Dutch, and two Belgians.
Many of them were taken from the Priest's Block in Dachau concentration camp.
Dachau's chaplain, Hermann Scheipers, was also moved to the camp's invalid's block, so he could be taken to Hartheim as well.
Scheipers' sister—who had kept in touch with Schiepers by mail—tracked down Dr. Bernsdorf, who was in charge of the clergy imprisoned in the Priest's Block.
She told him that, in Münsterland, many people knew that imprisoned priests were sent to the gas chambers.
After the conversation, Bernsdorf telephoned the commandant's office at Dachau.
Scheipers reported that on that same day, 13 August 1942, he and three other German clergymen were saved from being sent to Hartheim.
They were moved from the invalid's block, where the Schutzstaffel (SS) sent prisoners when they were going to be sent to another camp.
The four clergymen were sent back to the priest's block.
Gunshot residue (GSR) is one of the results of firing a gun.
When a bullet leaves the barrel of a firearm, it is accompanied by gases that include both burned and unburned particles of gunpowder.
It also includes traces of metal from the firearm, the ammunition and the primer including the signature components of gunshot residue: lead, barium and antimony.
GSR is usually found on the skin and clothing of the person who fired the gun.
It may also be found in the entrance wound of the victim.
This depends on how close the victim was to the gun when it was fired.
Forensic science of GSR
When a gun is fired, a plume of gas—including GSR particles—is ejected from the barrel and any other openings in the gun.
The gunshot residue is deposited on objects that are close to the fired gun including the gun itself.
Crime scene specialists collect GSR from people and objects when there is reason to believe it may be there.
The collected samples are then taken to a laboratory where they are examined.
Forensic scientists can also use GSR residue to determine the distance between the barrel of the fired weapon and the target.
The farther from the weapon the less the gunshot residue.
Collection of GSR is time sensitive in many cases.
After 4 to 8 hours it may wear off people's hands.
It can remain for longer periods on a dead body or other objects.
A number of advancements have been made in gunshot residue examinations in recent years.
One improvement is in the use of scanning electron microscopes.
Recently, a test for finding GSR when the ammunition used was "green" or lead-free.
In the past lead was required to be in the sample to identify it as GSR.
Now a new test can identify GSR as small as a single particle.
The presence of GSR
A person was standing near the firearm when it was fired.
A subject may have handled a firearm or ammunition.
A subject may have touched a surface that had GSR.
The subject did not fire the weapon.
No GSR was found on the area selected for sampling.
GSR was removed by washing or wiping hands or clothing.
Samples were taken more than 4 hours after the shooting.
Composition of gunshot residue
Forensic Lab Technicians
The list of essential medicines is a listing of drugs compiled by the WHO.
The list contains a number of drugs, which cover the basic  needs of a society.
The drugs on the list should be easy to get, and affordable.
The list was first published in 1977.
It is reviewed every two years.
In 2003, 156 countries have joined the effort.
As of 2016, over 300 different drugs and vaccines are on the list.
About 95 percent of the drugs and substances on the list are not covered by patents, which means that generic drugs using the substance indicated can be produced easily.
There are two major problems with the list: First, there are a number of diseases which mainly occur in developing countries.
Many people there cannot afford to pay high prices for drugs, which means pharmaceutical companies are not interested in developing new drugs for such diseases.
Examples for such diseases are malaria or tuberculosis.
The second problem is that certain drugs on the list are patented, and they are often expensive.
Examples for the second kind of drugs are those used to treat AIDS.
the List, english version
Berkshire County is a county in the U.S. state of Massachusetts.
As of the 2010 Census, the county had a population of 131,219.
The county seat and largest city is Pittsfield.
Rogerson is an unincorporated community in Twin Falls County, Idaho, United States.
Rogerson is part of the Twin Falls, Idaho Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (pronounced  ) or CJD is a neurological disease.
It is degenerative (it gets worse over time); it cannot be cured, and it always causes death.
CJD is sometimes called a human form of "mad cow disease" (bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or BSE).
BSE is actually a cause of one rare type of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease; the two are not the same disease.
CJD is caused by an infectious agent called a prion.
Prions are proteins that are folded wrong.
Prions make copies of themselves by changing correctly folded proteins into misfolded shapes.
CJD causes brain tissue to become unhealthy very quickly.
As the disease destroys the brain, the brain develops holes.
The brain's texture changes and becomes like a kitchen sponge.
Types and causes of CJD
variant (vCJD):
This type of CJD may be caused by eating food that has prions in it, like meat from cows that have BSE ("mad cow disease").
However, this is a very uncommon cause of CJD.
sporadic (sCJD):
This is the most common type of CJD.
85% of cases of CJD are sporadic CJD.
Nobody knows what causes sCJD; it seems to happen randomly.
familial (fCJD):
Most of the other 15% of cases of CJD are familial CJD.
This is a form of CJD runs in families.
iatrogenic:
This form of CJD is usually caused by a medical procedure where a person gets blood or tissue from someone with CJD.
For example, if a person can get iatrogenic CJD if they get a blood transfusion or a cornea transplant from someone who has CJD.
The first symptom of CJD is dementia, which gets worse very quickly.
dementia causes memory loss, personality changes, and hallucinations.
Obsessive-compulsive symptoms
Trouble speaking
Jerky movements (myoclonus)
Trouble with balance (ataxia)
Trouble walking
Shaking or being stiff
Trouble swallowing, which can make eating difficult or impossible
Trouble coughing, which can cause pneumonia
Movements that the patient cannot control (dyskinesia)
Most people with CJD die within six months after their first symptoms appeared.
Often, they die of pneumonia caused by trouble coughing.
About 15% of patients survive for two or more years.
Some patients have lived 4–5 years with mostly mental symptoms until the disease gets worse and causes more physical symptoms.
Once this happens, people usually die within a year.
The symptoms of CJD are caused by the death of more and more of the brain's nerve cells.
When scientists look at brain tissue from a CJD patient under a microscope, they can see many tiny holes where whole areas of nerve cells have died.
Doctors may suspect CJD when a person has certain symptoms.
For example, dementia usually gets worse slowly.
Dementia that gets worse very quickly is unusual.
Along with symptoms like jerky movements, these symptoms may point to possible CJD.
Tests can then be done to show whether the person has CJD.
These tests include:
Electroencephalography (EEG): This test shows the electrical activity in the brain.
A doctor will often be able to see changes in the EEG that are common in people with CJD.
The type of changes that show on the EEG will depend on the type of CJD the patient has, and how far along their disease is.
Lumbar puncture (spinal tap): This test makes it possible to study cerebrospinal fluid (the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord), looking for a specific protein ("14-3-3 protein")
MRI of the brain: A test that uses a very strong magnet to take pictures of the brain
Biopsy: To do a biopsy, a surgeon uses a needle to take a small piece of tissue from the body, so doctors can look at it under a microscope.
vCJD can be diagnosed with a biopsy of the tonsils.
For all of the other types of CJD, a biopsy of the brain is the only way to tell for sure if a person has CJD.
However, since a biopsy of the brain can cause brain damage, a brain biopsy is usually not done if other tests have already shown that a person probably has CJD.
As of 2016, there is no treatment that cures CJD or even slows down its effects.
Many experiments are being done to try to find treatments.
Today, the only treatments for CJD are medicines that treat the disease's symptoms and help patients be more comfortable.
For example, patients who have seizures may be given anticonvulsant medications.
Benzodiazepines can make muscle jerks happen less often.
Patients may also choose to have medical procedures to help with bad symptoms.
For example, CJD may cause so much trouble swallowing that a person cannot eat.
Some people with CJD choose to have a feeding tube put in when they can no longer eat.
This is a tube that goes into the stomach, so that special liquid can be given right into the stomach to give the person nutrition.
Samira Khalil () is an activist from the Homs region of Syria.
She was in prison for four years, from 1987–1991, because she opposed the Bashar al-Assad government in Syria.
She disappeared in the city of Douma on December 9, 2013, with activists Razan Zeitouneh, Wael Hamada, and Nazem Hammadi.
They are called the "Douma 4".
After prison, Khalil operated a publishing house.
Then she worked with families of detainees.
She wrote about detention in Syria.
Before her kidnapping, she worked to help women in Douma to start small projects to make money.
She stayed in Douma to start two centers for women.
Khalil and her husband Yassin al-Haj Saleh were in a documentary film called Baladna Alraheeb (Our Terrible Country).
The film was about the period in their lives before Khalil's kidnapping in 2013.
Khalil received the Petra Kelly Prize from the Heinrich Böll Foundation in 2014.
This was for her work at the Center for Documentation of Violations in Syria.
#Douma4 hashtag on Twitter
The Last Dragonlord is the first book in a series written by Joanne Bertin.
It is a story about Linden Rathan, who is the only Dragonlord (a mythical half-human who can change into a dragon) without a "soultwin" (the other half of his dragon-human soul).
The story takes place in a fictional place called Cassori.
Linden Rathan is the last Dragonlord to have been born in more than 600 years.
He is sent to mediate a regency debate between Prince Peridaen and Duke Beren.
He is sent along with a soultwinned pair named Kief Shaeldar and Tarlna Aurianne, both Dragonlords as well.
Before Linden gets to Cassori, he finds out that one of his friends, Bard Otter Henderson, will be there with him.
Linden is teased by Otter about a person who wants to meet him, but he agrees to meet her.
The person he meets is Maurynna Kyrissaean, who is also a Dragonlord, but has not Changed yet.
Linden finds out that Maurynna is his soultwin after they meet and he begins to show love to her.
During the regency debate, a group called the Fraternity of Blood attacks the Dragonlords.
They are trying to learn how to kill all the Dragonlords and let the Truehumans rule.
Linden meets one of the members of the group named Sherrine Coltrane.
She seduces him into being her lover in order to learn things about the Dragonlords.
She falls in love with Linden and attacks his soultwin Maurynna.
The attack makes Linden leave her and she poisons him with a farewell chalice.
After Linden is poisoned, he tries to leave.
On the road, he is attacked by two people.
During his attack, the poison makes him tell the two people secrets about the Dragonlords.
Linden's soultwin Maurynna feels his sickness and saves him from the attackers.
Linden is very depressed after the attack and refuses to leave his room.
Linden Rathan
Linden Rathan is the main character of the story.
He is the last Dragonlord to have been born for 600 years.
He is the target of a plot by the Fraternity of Blood to learn how to destroy the Dragonlords.
His soultwin is Maurynna Kyrissaean.
Maurynna Kyrissaean
Maurynna Kyrissaean is the soultwin to Linden Rathan.
She starts the story as a new captain of a merchant ship that is bringing goods to Cassori.
During the story, she Changes from a human into a Dragonlord.
Her Change comes very close to killing her.
Otter Henderson
Otter Henderson is a bard that travels with Maurynna Kyrissaean to Cassori.
He is a very old friend of Linden Rathan.
He introduces Linden to Maurynna and her family.
Otter also protects Maurynna from a woman named Sherrine who attacks Maurynna after Linden stops a relationship between himself and Sherrine.
Sherrine Coltraine
Sherrine Colraine is the daughter of Anstella Colraine.
She is a beautiful woman and a member of the Fraternity of Blood.
Sherrine seduces Linden Rathan to learn secrets about the Dragonlords but ends up falling in love with him.
After she attacks Maurynna, Linden stops being her lover.
She and Linden share a poisoned farewell chalice, but she takes an antidote to be safe.
Sherrine kills herself to save Linden and the prince from Kas Althume at the end of the story.
Kas Althume
Kas Althume is the steward to Prince Peridaen.
He is also a wizard for the Fraternity of Blood.
Kas poisons Prince Rann to try to put Prince Peridaen on the Casori throne.
He also poisons Linden Rathan using a farewell chalice and tortures him for knowledge about the Dragonlords.
Kas is killed when Sherrine Coltraine stops a ritual killing of Prince Rann.
Shan is Linden Rathan's horse.
He is a breed that is very smart.
He can understand human speech.
Shan travels very far to find Linden in Cassori after he was left behind.
He helps Linden get better after Linden gets depressed.
Kief Shaeldar and Tarlna Aurianne
Kief Shaeldar and Tarlna Aurianne are a soultwinned pair of Dragonlords sent with Linden Rathan to Cassori.
They help Linden get better from a sickness he has after he drinks from a poisoned chalice.
Prince Peridaen
Prince Peridaen is one of the two people fighting to be regent of Cassori.
He is a member of the Fraternity of Blood.
He tries to win by putting a counterfeit writing in a chest owned by Duke Beren.
Duke Beren
Duke Beren is one of the two people fighting to be regent of Cassori.
He is related to Prince Rann.
The respiratory tract is divided into two sections: the upper airways and the lower airways.
These two sections are separated by the vocal cords.
Upper airways
The nose and nasal cavity
The upper respiratory tract starts with the nose and the nasal cavity.
When a person breathes in through the nose, the air goes into the nasal cavity.
The nasal cavity is lined with mucous and little hairs called cilia.
These help filter things like dust out of the air a person breathes.
The nasal cavity also warms the air.
The pharynx
Next is the pharynx.
The pharynx is a common pathway for air and food.
When a person breathes in, air goes through the pharynx on its way to the lungs.
When a person eats, food passes through the pharynx on its way to the digestive system.
There are three parts to the pharynx:
The nasopharynx ends around the uvula.
The oropharynx goes from the uvula to the base of the tongue.
The laryngopharynx (or hypopharynx) ends by splitting off into two tubes.
These are the trachea and the esophagus.
The trachea is in the front of the throat, and carries air toward the lungs.
The esophagus is in the back of the throat, and carries food toward the digestive system.
The larynx
The next part of the upper airways is the larynx.
The larynx is sometimes called the "voice box" because it has the vocal cords in it, making it possible to speak.
The larynx also protects the trachea.
Important parts of the larynx include:
The epiglottis: This is a leaf-shaped piece of cartilage which drops to protect the trachea when a person swallows food.
This keeps the food from going down the trachea and into the lungs.
The thyroid cartilage (Adam's apple)
The vocal cords
Lower airways
The larynx continues
The larynx continues in the lower airways.
Important parts of the larynx that are in the lower airways include:
The cricoid cartilage: This is a ring of cartilage which anchors the trachea.
The trachea begins at the cricoid cartilage.
The trachea: This is a tube made of smooth muscle which brings air to the lungs.
Because it is made of muscle, the trachea needs cartilage, which is stronger than muscle, to protect it.
After the cricoid cartilage, many C-shaped pieces of cartilage surround the trachea to protect it and anchor it.
The bronchi
The trachea then splits into the two main bronchi.
This split happens at a place called the carina, which is behind the middle of the sternum (breastbone).
The bronchi are two tubes which carry air into the lungs.
The main bronchi then split into smaller and smaller bronchi, which reach out into all the parts of the lungs like tree branches.
Finally, the smallest bronchi, called bronchioles, end in the alveoli.
The airways' job is to bring air to the lungs, so it can get to the alveoli.
At the alveoli, a very important process called "gas exchange" takes place.
Oxygen from the air breathed into the lungs goes into the blood.
The blood can then carry oxygen to every part of the body through the bloodstream.
During gas exchange, carbon dioxide goes from the blood into the lungs, so it can be breathed out.
If this exchange of gases did not happen, the body would not get enough oxygen to stay alive, and would also get poisoned by carbon dioxide.
Food drying is a method of preserving food.
The food is dried (either dehydrated or desiccated).
Drying stops the growth of bacteria and fungi by removing water.
These micro-organisms, which cause food to spoil, need water to survive.
This method of preserving food has been used since ancient times.
The earliest known practice is 12,000 BC by people in the Middle East and Asia.
Water is traditionally removed through evaporation by drying the food in the air, sun or in smoke.
A great variety of drying techniques are now used.
Many different foods can be preserved by drying.
Meat and fish are preserved through such traditional methods as drying, smoking and salting.
The term comes from the French word sans, meaning "without" and "serif" from the Dutch word schreef  meaning "line".
Sans serif typefaces have been used since the 18th century, but became most used in the twentieth century as the modern art movement developed.
Most designers of typefaces were artists.
Some were outstanding in other artistic fields, and were part of the wider artistic culture of their times.
The apostle of sans serif was Jan Tschichold  (2 April 1902 Leipzig, Germany – 11 August 1974 Locarno, Switzerland), a German-Swiss graphic designer.
Tschichold not only designed typefaces, he showed how they could be used in the design of book printing.
He was a chief designer for Penguin Books after the Second World War.
Sans serif faces are most used for display signs, advertising and for headings in books.
Although they seem to work well for the text in books, they are much less used for that purpose.
Other names for sans serif
Gothic (not to be confused with blackletter)
Lineale, or linear
Simplices
The fez (, plural fezzes or fezes from arabic "Fas" the main town in Morocco before 1927 ), as well as its equivalent, the tarboosh ( ṭarbūsh), is a felt hat.
There are two types One is a cone with a flat top, made of red felt.
The other is a short cylinder made of kilim fabric.
Both usually have a tassel attached to the top.
The tarboosh and the modern fez, which is similar, owe much of their development and popularity to the Ottoman era.
Fez (video game)
Dalkurd FF is an association football club in the town of Borlänge in Sweden.
The club was founded by Kurds in Sweden 2004, and played its first Superettan season in 2016.
It was originally designed to protect the head from blows.
One story is that  the British soldier and politician Edward Coke, the younger brother of the 2nd Earl of Leicester had it made in 1849.
Its purpose was to protect his gamekeepers' heads from low-hanging branches while on horseback.
The keepers had previously worn top hats, which were easily knocked off and damaged.
The bowler hat was popular with the working class during the Victorian era, and later on with the middle and upper classes in Britain and the eastern United States.
In Britain, they are worn as civilian dress by Guards officers.
Outside the United Kingdom
The bowler was the most popular hat in the American Old West.
It was "the hat that won the West".
Both cowboys and railroad workers preferred the hat because it would not blow off easily in strong wind while riding a horse, or when sticking one's head out the window of a speeding train.
It was worn by both lawmen and outlaws, including Bat Masterson, Butch Cassidy, Black Bart, and Billy the Kid.
In America the hat came to be commonly known as the derby, and Wild West outlaw Marion Hedgepeth was commonly referred to as "the Derby Kid".
The bowler, called a  in Spanish, has been worn by Quechua and Aymara women since the 1920s, when it was introduced to Bolivia by British railway workers.
For many years, a factory in Italy manufactured the hats for the Bolivian market, but they are now made locally.
Another region where the bowler hat is worn is the Niger Delta area of Nigeria.
The bowler makes regular appearances.
It was part of John Steed's outfit in The Avengers British TV series, and Oddjob's favourite weapon in the original Goldfinger film.
It was worn by Charlie Chaplin and Stan Laurel in movies.
In cosmology, the Steady State theory is a theory about how the universe began.
It is an alternative to the Big Bang model.
This theory says that the continuous decreasing of density, makes also a continuous creation of matter.
A remote keyless system is a device used to control access to a building or car without using a traditional mechanical key.
Edmonde Charles-Roux (17 April 1920 – 20 January 2016) was a French writer.
She was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine.
In 1946, she joined the staff of a magazine being created, a women's weekly: Elle, where she spent two years.
From 1948, she worked for the French edition of Vogue, becoming the magazine’s editor-in-chief in 1954.
"Edmonde Charles-Roux", Academie Goncourt
Ronald Greenwald (January 8, 1934 – January 20, 2016) was an American Orthodox Jewish rabbi.
He was a businessman and an educator.
Greenwald made a career of spy trading, international hostage mediation, and other forms of high-stakes diplomacy.
He worked with Presidents Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford and Ronald Reagan to help the Jewish community.
He served as a community activist, chaired various civic boards, directed a high school a summer camp and was the chairman of Magenu.
Homayoun Behzadi (‎; 20 June 1942 – 22 January 2016) was an Iranian footballer and coach.
He played for Paykan, but most notably for the Iran national football team.
For a very brief time, Behzadi was the coach of the Persepolis football team in 1975.
Behzadi suffered a heart attack in April 2013.
Behzadi died in Tehran on 22 January 2016 at the age of 73.
Homayoun Behzadi at TeamMelli.com
Interview with Homayoun Behzadi
David Geddes Hartwell (July 10, 1941  January 20, 2016) was an American critic, publisher and editor of science fiction and fantasy.
He was best known for work with Signet, Pocket and Tor Books publishers.
He was also known as an award-winning editor of anthologies.
Excerpt from the LOCUS Online Interview with David Hartwell, 2004.
Interview with David G. Hartwell, SpaceWesterns.com, 2007
Profile of David Hartwell by Michael Swanwick, 2009
A kapo or prisoner functionary was a special type of prisoner in the Nazi concentration camps during The Holocaust.
Kapos were chosen by the Schutzstaffel (SS) camp guards to help run the camps.
Some kapos were in charge of other prisoners, who had to do forced labor.
Other kapos did paperwork and kept records in the camps.
The Nazis used kapos for many reasons.
With kapos helping to run the camps, the camps did not need as many SS guards.
The kapos helped the SS control the other prisoners.
This made it possible for a small number of SS to run large concentration camps.
Also, because kapos were prisoners, they were not paid for their work, so this system also saved a lot of money.
Even though they were not paid, the kapos got special treatment.
They did not have to do hard labor, and they were not physically abused like the other prisoners.
They sometimes got extra food, cigarettes, alcohol, regular clothes, and private rooms.
However, to keep this special treatment, the kapos had to keep the SS guards happy.
If they did not control the other prisoners well enough, the kapos would lose their jobs.
They would become regular prisoners again.
The SS often chose kapos who were members of violent criminal gangs.
These kapos often abused other prisoners badly.
The SS allowed this abuse to happen.
What did the kapos do?
The SS controlled the concentration camps.
However, from day to day, the kapos helped keep the camps running.
They made it possible for the camps to run with fewer SS guards.
Sometimes, up to 10% of the prisoners at the camps were kapos.
Without the kapos, the SS running the camps would not have been able to keep the camps running smoothly.
Kapos were often hated by other prisoners and were seen as Nazi henchmen.
Sometimes, other prisoners would spit on the kapos.
Some barracks leaders (blockälteste) secretly helped prisoners in their barracks get extra food or easier jobs.
However, other kapos did more to help the SS, partly because they thought this would help them survive the camps.
Criminal kapos were called "professional criminals" by other prisoners .
These kapos were known for being cruel and brutal to other prisoners.
In fact, this was why the SS had chosen them to be kapos.
According to former prisoners, kapos who were criminals were more likely to be helpful to the SS.
Kapos who were sent to concentration camps for disagreeing with the Nazis' politics were more likely to be helpful to other prisoners.
In his Dictionary of the Camp, Oliver Lustig wrote:
Vicenzo and Luigi Pappalettera wrote in their book The Brutes Have the Floor that, every time a new transport of [prisoners] arrived at Mauthausen [concentration camp], Kapo August Adam picked out the professors, lawyers, priests and magistrates and cynically asked them: "Are you a lawyer?
A professor?
Good! ...
I am a killer.
I have five convictions on my record: one for manslaughter and four for robbery.
Well, here I am in command.
The world has turned upside down, did you get that?
Do you need a dolmetscher, an interpreter?
Here it is!"
And he was pointing to his bat, after which he struck.
When he was satisfied, he formed a [work group] with those selected and sent them to clean the latrines.
Domination and terror
The SS used domination and terror to control the many prisoners in the camps with just a few SS guards.
Kapos were a very important part of this system, where prisoners were completely controlled and always had to be afraid of being hurt or murdered.
The Nazis used many different strategies to torture prisoners mentally and physically, and to keep them under control.
These strategies included:
Starvation: Even though prisoners were doing hard labor, they were not given enough food to survive
Exhaustion: Prisoners were always weak and exhausted (very tired) from doing very hard work without enough food
Physical abuse: The SS or the kapos could hit or hurt prisoners any time they wanted to.
Prisoners never knew when they might be beaten, whipped, or tortured
Humiliation: The Nazis ran the concentration camps in ways that were humiliating, on purpose.
They treated prisoners like they were not even human.
Strict camp rules
If one prisoner did something the SS did not like, whole groups of prisoners would be punished
Kapos helped with all these things.
Their job also included pushing the prisoners to work harder.