the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
hide (musician) (1964–1998), Japanese musician
From Russia with Love is the second James Bond movie made by Eon Productions.
It is also the second to star Sean Connery as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond.
Released in 1963, the film was produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman.
From Russia with Love is based on the 1957 novel of the same name written by Ian Fleming.
In the movie, James Bond is sent to assist in the defection of Soviet consulate clerk Tatiana Romanova in Turkey, where SPECTRE plans to avenge Bond's killing of Dr. No.
Rotten Tomatoes gave the move a 96% rating.
Sean Connery as James Bond: Secret Intelligence Service Agent 007.
Daniela Bianchi as Tatiana Romanova (voiced by Barbara Jefford): Soviet Embassy clerk and Bond's love interest.
Fleming based Romanova on Christine Granville.
Pedro Armendáriz as Ali Kerim Bey: British Intelligence station chief in Istanbul.
Lotte Lenya as Rosa Klebb: A former SMERSH colonel, now chief operations officer for SPECTRE.
Robert Shaw as Donald "Red" Grant: Cunning SPECTRE assassin and one of the principal Bond enemies.
Bernard Lee as M: Chief of British Intelligence.
Walter Gotell as Morzeny: SPECTRE thug who trains personnel on SPECTRE Island.
Vladek Sheybal as Kronsteen: Chess grandmaster, and chief planning officer for SPECTRE.
"?" (
anonymous credit for Anthony Dawson (body) and Eric Pohlmann (voice)) as "Number 1" (Ernst Stavro Blofeld): Chief of SPECTRE and Bond's nemesis.
Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny: M's secretary.
Desmond Llewelyn as Major Boothroyd: Head of "Q" Section (British Intelligence gadgetry department).
Eunice Gayson as Sylvia Trench: Bond's semi-regular girlfriend.
Francis de Wolff as Vavra: Chief of a Gypsy tribe used for dirty work by Kerim Bey.
George Pastell as the Orient Express train conductor.
Fred Haggerty as Krilencu: A Bulgarian assassin who works as a killer for the Soviets in the Balkans.
Aliza Gur and Martine Beswick as Vida and Zora, respectively: Two jealous Gypsy girls who are disputing the same man.
Nadja Regin as Kerim Bey's lonely girlfriend.
IMDb release dates
From Russia With Love (1963) Official Trailer - Sean Connery James Bond Movie HD; YouTube
Maha Vajiralongkorn (born 28 July 1952) is the King of Thailand since October 13, 2016.
He is the only son of former King Bhumibol Adulyadej and Queen Sirikit.
In 1972, the king gave him the title "Somdech Phra Borom Oras Adhiraj Chao Fah Maha Vajiralongkorn Sayam Makutrajakuman" and the title made him the Crown Prince and heir apparent to the throne.
Vajiralongkorn was also a marshal in the Thai military.
After his father's death on 13 October 2016, he succeeded to the throne of Thailand, with a delay, saying he needed "time to prepare before being proclaimed as the new king".
He accepted the throne on December 1, 2016.
The coronation was held in May 2019.
Vajiralongkorn has been married and divorced three times.
He has three daughters and five sons.
His four eldest sons were born before he married their mother.
They are not able to succeed as king, because their titles have been removed.
28 July 1952 – 28 December 1972: His Royal Highness Prince Vajiralongkorn
28 December 1972 – 13 October 2016: Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn
13 October 2016 - present: King Vajiralongkorn
Thai military people
On Her Majesty's Secret Service is a James Bond movie.
It stars George Lazenby as Bond.
It also stars Diana Rigg and Telly Savalas.
It is the sixth movie in the James Bond series.
It is based on the novel of the same name by Ian Fleming.
George Lazenby as James Bond
Diana Rigg as Countess Tereza di Vicenzo
Telly Savalas as Ernst Stavro Blofeld
Gabriele Ferzetti as Marc-Ange Draco
Ilse Steppat as Fraülein Irma Bunt
Angela Scoular as Ruby Bartlett
George Baker as Sir Hilary Bray
Bernard Horsfall as Shaun Campbell
Yuri Borienko as Grunther
Catherine Schnell as Nancy
George Lane Cooper as Braun
Irvin Allen as Che-Che
James Bree as Gebrüder Gumbold
Julie Ege as Helen
Virginia North as Olympe
Leslie Crawford as Felsen
John Gay as Hammond
Geoffrey Cheshire as Toussaint
Terence Mountain as Raphael
Movies directed by Peter R. Hunt
Movies set in Portugal
Movies set in Switzerland
Anti-, a prefix meaning "against"
Anti (mythology), a boatman in Egyptian mythology
Änti, or Antaeus, half-giant in Greek and Berber mythology
Antiparticle, a particle with the same mass but opposite charges in particle physics
Anti addition in organic chemistry
Anti (album), an album by Rihanna
Special:Prefixindex/Anti (an automatically generated list of pages beginning with anti)
Lyubka Vasileva Rondova, Ljubka Rondova or Lubka Rondova () (24 September 1936 – 15 March 2016) was a Bulgarian folk singer.
She best known for performing and recording many of the traditional song from Macedonia as a folklore region.
She was born in Sidirochori, Greece to Bulgarian parents.
She was awarded the highest Bulgarian order Stara planina, First Degree in 2002.
A folk song "Black death appeared" at Vbox7
He was a member of the United States House of Representatives for 38 years.
He represented central Illinois' 18th congressional district, and was the GOP leader in Congress during the Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton presidencies from 1981 through 1995.
He as Minority Leader from 1981 through 1995.
He was also Minority Whip for 6 years from 1975 through 1981.
Michel was born and raised in Peoria, Illinois.
He studied in Bradley University.
Michel died on February 17, 2017 in Arlington, Virginia from pneumonia, aged 93.
Information about Michel's Leadership positions (PDF File)
Joe Santos (born Joseph John Minieri, Jr.; June 9, 1931 – March 18, 2016) was an American movie and television actor.
He played Sergeant Dennis Becker in The Rockford Files, and Lt.
Frank Harper in the TV series Hardcastle and McCormick.
He appeared on The Sopranos as Angelo Garepe in seven 2004 episodes.
Santos suffered a heart attack on March 14, 2016, according to his son.
He died four days later in Santa Monica, California at the age of 84.
José Luis Artetxe Muguire (26 June 1930 – 19 March 2016) was a Spanish footballer who played as a striker.
He was born in Algorta, Spain.
His career began in 1947.
Artetxe played for Getxo from 1949 through 1950, for Athletic Bilbao from 1950 through 1965 and for Spain national football team in 1953 and again from 1954 through 1959.
He retired in the 1960s.
Artetxe earned six caps for Spain, during five years.
His debut came on 17 March 1954 in a 2–2 draw against Turkey for the 1954 FIFA World Cup qualifiers.
He scored the game's first goal in Rome.
The Titles of Nobility Amendment is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution.
It was approved by the 11th Congress on May 1, 1810, and submitted to the state legislatures for ratification.
It would strip United States citizenship from any citizen who accepted a title of nobility from a foreign country.
On two occasions between 1812 and 1816, it only needed ratifying by two states to become a valid part of the Constitution.
Congress did not set a time limit for its ratification, so the amendment is still pending before the states.
Now, since the number of states has increased, ratification by an additional 26 states would be needed for this amendment to be adopted.
This proposed amendment would amplify both Article I, Section 9, which prohibits the federal government from issuing titles of nobility or honor, and Section 10, which prohibits the states from issuing them.
There is speculation that the Congress proposed the amendment in response to the 1803 marriage of Napoleon Bonaparte's younger brother, Jerome, and Betsy Patterson of Baltimore, Maryland.
She gave birth to a son for whom she wanted aristocratic recognition from France.
The child, named Jérôme Napoleon Bonaparte, was not born in the United States, but in Great Britain on July 7, 1805.
Nevertheless, he would have held U.S. citizenship through his mother.
In turn, his son, Charles Joseph Bonaparte, was born in 1851 and died 1921.
He graduated from Harvard Law School, and became Secretary of the Navy and then, in the Theodore Roosevelt Administration, Attorney-General – and created the FBI.
Another theory is that his mother actually desired a title of nobility for herself.
She is referred to as the "Duchess of Baltimore" in many texts written about the amendment.
The marriage had been annulled in 1805.
This was well before the amendment's proposal by the 11th Congress.
Nonetheless, Representative Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina is recorded to have said that "he considered the vote on this question as deciding whether or not we were to have members of the Legion of Honor in this country."
N.H. Republican Lawmakers Allege Missing Constitutional Amendment Was Purposely Deleted in 1871
The First United States Congress, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives, met from March 4, 1789, to March 4, 1791.
This was during the first two years of George Washington's presidency.
Congress met first at Federal Hall in New York City and later at Congress Hall in Philadelphia.
With the initial meeting of the First Congress, the United States federal government officially began operations under the new (and current) frame of government established by the 1787 Constitution.
The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the provisions of Article I, Section 2, Clause 3 of the Constitution.
Twelve articles of amendment to the Constitution were passed by this Congress and sent to the states for ratification.
The ten ratified as additions to the Constitution on December 15, 1791 are collectively known as the Bill of Rights (Amendments one through ten).
April 1, 1789: House of Representatives first achieved a quorum (required minimum number) and elected its officers
April 6, 1789: Senate first achieved a quorum and elected its officers.
April 6, 1789: The House and Senate, meeting in joint session, count the Electoral College ballots, then certify that George Washington has been unanimously elected President of the United States and John Adams (having received 34 of 69 votes) elected as Vice president.
April 30, 1789: George Washington was inaugurated as the nation's first president at Federal Hall in New York City
January 8, 1790: President Washington gave the first State of the Union Address
June 20, 1790: Compromise of 1790: James Madison agreed to not be "strenuous" in opposition for the assumption of state debts by the federal government; Alexander Hamilton agreed to support the capital site being above the Potomac River.
Major legislation
June 1, 1789: An act to regulate the time and manner of administering certain oaths, ch.
July 4, 1789: Hamilton Tariff, ch.
July 27, 1789: United States Department of State, was established, originally named the Department of Foreign Affairs, ch.
4, .
July 31, 1789.
Regulation of the Collection of Duties on Tonnage and Merchandise, ch.5, .
August 7, 1789: Department of War was established, ch.
7, .
September 2, 1789: United States Department of the Treasury was established, ch.
12,
September 24, 1789: Judiciary Act of 1789, ch.
20, , which created courts, district attorneys and the Attorney General
March 1, 1790: Made provisions for the first Census, ch.
March 26, 1790: Naturalization Act of 1790, ch.
April 10, 1790: Patent Act of 1790, ch.
April 30, 1790: Crimes Act of 1790, ch.
May 31, 1790: Copyright Act of 1790, ch.
July 6, 1790: Residence Act, ch.
28, , established Washington, D.C. as the seat of government of the United States.
July 22, 1790: Indian Intercourse Act of 1790, ch.
33, , regulated commerce with the Indian tribes.
February 25, 1791: First Bank of the United States, ch.
March 3, 1791: Whiskey Act, ch.
15, , which triggered the Whiskey Rebellion
Constitutional amendments
September 25, 1789: Twelve articles of amendment to the Constitution passed Congress (without recorded vote).
They were officially submitted to the legislatures of the several states for consideration on September 28, 1789.
Articles Three through Twelve were ratified as additions to the Constitution on December 15, 1791, and are collectively known as the Bill of Rights.
Article Two was ratified on May 7, 1992, becoming the Twenty-seventh Amendment, and Article One is still technically still pending before the states.
States admitted and territories organized
November 21, 1789: North Carolina became the 12th state to ratify the United States Constitution and thereby joined the Union
May 26, 1790: Territory South of the River Ohio organized from land ceded by North Carolina
May 29, 1790: Rhode Island became the 13th state to ratify the United States Constitution and thereby joined the Union
Party summary
There were no political parties in this Congress.
Members are informally grouped into factions of similar interest, based on an analysis of their voting record.
President: John Adams (P)
President pro tempore: John Langdon (P)
Speaker: Frederick Muhlenberg (P)
1st Federal Congress Project
Statutes at Large, 1789–1875
Senate Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
House Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
On 13 March 2016, three gunmen opened fire at a beach on Grand-Bassam, Ivory Coast.
They attacked the Étoile du Sud hotel which was occupied at the time.
Thirty-three people were injured.
It had been the third attack on a tourism resort in West Africa for four months.
The attack started when three armed assailants attacked the Étoile du Sud hotel.
Agence France-Presse writes that it was occupied by numerous expatriates at the time.
According to officials, 15 civilians and three special forces soldiers were killed.
The attackers were described as Africans.
The had grenade belts and Kalashnikov rifles.
They were dressed in casual clothes and balaclavas.
A shootout started between the attackers and police when the assailants reached the La Paillote Hotel.
Army personnel evacuated local residents and tourists from the beach to nearby hotels.
The hotels were placed on lockdown by that time.
Government officials as said that security forces had killed six armed men.
The terrorists shouted "Allahu Akbar".
An American embassy delegation was at Grand-Bassam on the date of the attack.
But the US Embassy in Abidjan said on Twitter that there is "no evidence that U.S. citizens were targeted".
French authorities had warned Ivory Coast and Senegal weeks earlier of the danger of a terrorist attack.
Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and al-Mourabitoun claimed responsibility for the attack.
AQIM released the names of the attackers: Hamza al-Fulani and Abu Adam al-Ansari from al-Mourabitoun and Abderrahmane al-Fulani from the "Emirate of the Desert" on 17 March.
President Alassane Ouattara: "These cowardly attacks by terrorists will not be tolerated".
: Global Affairs Canada: "Canada condemns the terrorist attack at Grand-Bassam beach resort in Côte d'Ivoire.
Our thoughts and prayers are with you."
: Prime Minister Narendra Modi wished the injured a speedy recovery.
: Prime Minister David Cameron stated on Twitter: "I'm appalled by the devastating terror attacks in Ankara and the Ivory Coast.
My thoughts are with all those affected."
: In a statement by the National Security Council of the White House, the U.S. condemned the terrorist attack in Grand-Bassam.
t also commended "the bravery of the Ivorian and French security personnel who responded to the situation and prevented even worse loss of life."
2016 mass shootings
2016 in Africa
Islamic terrorist incidents in 2016
Republicanism in the United States is a set of ideas that guides the government and politics.
These ideas have shaped the government, and the way people in the United States think about politics, since the American Revolution.
"Republicanism" comes from the word "republic."
However, they are not the same thing.
A republic is a type of government (one where the people can choose their leaders).
Republicanism is an ideology  set of beliefs that people in a republic have about what is most important to them.
Republicanism in the United States grew out of some very old ideas.
It includes ideas from ancient Greece, ancient Rome, the Renaissance, and England.
Liberty and "unalienable" rights (natural rights) are some of the most important things in a society
Government should exist to protect these rights
The people who live in a country, as a whole, should be sovereign (they should be able to choose who leads them and have a say in how their government is run)
Power must always be given by the people, never inherited (like in a monarchy)
People must all play a role in their government by doing things like voting
Political corruption is terrible and has no place in a republic
Republicanism is different than other forms of democracy.
In a "pure" democracy, the majority rules.
If a majority of the people voted to take rights away from a certain group, that is what would happen.
Alexis de Tocqueville, a famous French political thinker, called this the "tyranny of the majority."
He meant that a pure democracy could still turn into an unfair, unequal, corrupt society if the majority of the people decided to take away others' rights.
However, republicanism says that people have "unalienable" rights that cannot be voted away.
Republican governments are different than "pure" democracies, because they include protections to make sure people's rights are not taken away.
In a true republican government, one group - even if it is a majority - cannot take another group's unalienable rights away.
American republicanism was created and first practiced by the Founding Fathers in the 18th century.
For them, "republicanism represented more than a particular form of government.
It was a way of life, a core ideology, an uncompromising commitment to liberty, and a total rejection of aristocracy."
Republicanism shaped what the Founders thought and did during the American Revolution, and after.
Creating American republicanism
The leaders of colonial America in the 1760s and 1770s read history carefully.
Their goal was to compare governments and how well different types of governments worked.
They were especially interested in the history of liberty in England.
They modeled American republicanism partly after the English "Country Party."
This was a political party which opposed the Court Party, which held power in England.
The Country Party was based on ancient Greek and Roman republicanism.
The Party criticized the corruption in the "Court" Party, which focused mostly on the King's court in London.
It did not focus on the needs of regular people in England, or on areas outside of the capital city.
By reading history, The Founders came up with a set of political ideas that they called "republicanism."
By 1775, these ideas were common in colonial America.
One historian writes: "Republicanism was the distinctive political [way of thinking] of the entire Revolutionary generation."
Another historian explains that believers of American republicanism saw government as a threat.
He writes that colonists felt constantly "threatened by corruption."
Government, to them, was "the [biggest] source of corruption and operat[ed] through such means as patronage, faction, standing armies ( [instead of] the ideal of the militia); [and] established churches" which people would have to belong to.
Cause of Revolution
By the 1770s, most Americans were dedicated to republican values and to their property rights.
This helped cause the American Revolution.
More and more, Americans saw Britain as corrupt; hostile; and a threat to republicanism, freedom, and property rights.
Many people thought that the greatest threat to liberty was corruption  not just in London, but at home too.
They thought corruption went along with inherited aristocracy, which they hated.
During the Revolution, many Christians connected republicanism with their religion.
When the Revolution started, there was a major change in thinking that "convinced Americans ... that God was raising up America for some special purpose," according to one historian.
This made the Revolutionists believe that they had a moral and religious duty to get rid of the corruption in the monarchy.
Another historian, Gordon Wood, writes that republicanism led to American Exceptionalism: "Our beliefs in liberty, equality, constitutionalism, and the well-being of ordinary people came out of the Revolutionary era.
So too did our idea that we Americans are a special people with a special destiny to lead the world toward liberty and democracy."
In his Discourse of 1759, Revolutionist Jonathan Mayhew argued that people should only obey their governments if they "actually perform the duty of rulers by exercising a reasonable and [fair] authority for the good of human society."
Many American colonists were convinced that British rulers were not using their power "for the good of human society."
This made them want to form a new government which would be based on republicanism.
They thought a republican government would protect  not threaten  freedom and democracy.
For example, Thomas Jefferson once wrote that a government that had the most possible participation by "its citizens in mass" (all the people together) was the safest kind.
He said a republic is:
The Founding Fathers often talked about what "republicanism" meant.
In 1787, John Adams defined it as "a government, in which all men, rich and poor, magistrates and subjects, officers and people, masters and servants, the first citizen and the last, are equally subject to the laws."
Some other ideas also affected the Founding Fathers.
For example, in the 1600s, John Locke, an English philosopher, had created the idea of the "social contract."
This idea said that people agree to obey governments, and in return, those governments agree to protect the people and their rights.
This is like a contract made between the people and the government.
If the government breaks this contract, and does not protect the people's rights, then the people have the right to overthrow their leaders.
This idea was important to the Revolutionists.
When they were writing state and national constitutions, the Americans used ideas from Montesquieu, an 18th-century French political thinker.
Montesquieu wrote about how the perfect British constitution would be "balanced."
The idea of a balance of power (also called "checks and balances") is a very important part of the Constitution.
It is one of the strategies the Founders used to make sure their government would be republican and protect the people from government corruption.
The Founding Fathers wanted republicanism because its ideas guaranteed liberty, with limited powers checking and balancing each other.
However, they also wanted change to happen slowly.
They worried that in a democracy, the majority of voters could vote away rights and freedoms.
They were most worried about poor Americans (who made up most of the United States) turning against the rich.
They worried that democracy could turn into "mob rule."
To guard against this, the Founders wrote many protections into the Constitution.
They made sure the Constitution can only be changed by a "supermajority": two-thirds of the United States Congress and three-fourths of the state legislatures
They set up a court system that could help protect people's rights if the majority of Americans decided to take a group's rights away
They created an Electoral College, where a small number of elite people would select the President
Soon, political parties controlled elections more than the Electoral College did
They gave the states control of the United States Senate by letting state legislatures choose Senators (this changed over time)
They set up a House of Representatives to represent the people
Most adult white males were able to vote.
In 1776, most states required people to own property to be able to vote.
However, at that time, America was 90% rural, and most people owned farms.
As cities grew bigger and people started doing work in the cities, most states dropped the property requirement.
By 1850, this requirement was gone in every state.
Republican motherhood
Under the new government after the Revolution, "republican motherhood" became an ideal.
Abigail Adams and Mercy Otis Warren were held up as the perfect "republican mothers."
This idea said that a republican mother's first duty was to teach her children republican values.
Her second job was to live simply and avoid luxury, which the Founders linked with corruption.
Many of the Founders did not think "democracy" was a good idea.
Their idea of "democracy" was the "pure democracy" that de Tocqueville had described.
They worried often about the problem of 'tyranny of the majority' that de Tocqueville had warned about.
They wrote many protections into the Constitution to prevent this from happening.
As historians Richard Ellis and Michael Nelson write: "The principles of republican government embedded in the Constitution represent an effort by the framers to [make sure] that the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness would not be [destroyed] by majorities."
Thomas Jefferson warned that "an elect[ed] despotism is not the government we fought for."
James Madison, in particular, worried about this, and wrote about it in The Federalist Papers.
The Federalist Papers talk about democracy as being dangerous, because it allows a majority to take away the rights of a smaller group.
However, Madison thought that as more people came to the United States, the country would get more diverse, and it would be harder to form a majority big enough to do this.
10, Madison also argued that a strong federal government would help protect republicanism.
The United States' first constitution, the Articles of Confederation, gave most power to the states and had a very weak federal government that could not get anything done.
10, Madison argued that a small but powerful group might be able to take control of a small area, like a state.
However, it would be much harder to take over an entire country.
The bigger the country, he argued, the safer republicanism would be.
As late as 1800, the word "democrat" still had a very bad meaning to most Americans.
It was mostly used to attack an opponent of the Federalist party.
In 1798, George Washington complained that a "Democrat ... will leave nothing unattempted to overturn the Government of this Country."
This changed over the next few decades.
Property rights
United States Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story (1779–1845) made the protection of property rights by the courts a major part of American republicanism.
James Madison appointed Story to the Court in 1811.
Story and Chief Justice John Marshall made the Court a protector of the rights of property against runaway democracy.
Story believed that "the right of the citizens to the free enjoyment of their property" (if they got it legally) was "a great and fundamental principle of a republican government."
Historians agree that Story—as much or more than Marshall or anyone else—reshaped American law in a conservative direction that protected property rights.
Republicanism saw military service as one of a citizen's most important duties.
John Randolph, a Congressman from Virginia, once said: "When citizen and soldier shall be synonymous terms, then you will be safe."
However, at this time, the word "army" meant "foreign mercenaries."
After the Revolutionary War, Americans did not trust mercenaries.
Instead, they came up with the idea of a national army, made of citizens.
They changed their definition of military service from a choice of careers to a civic duty  something every good republican should do.
Before the Civil War, people saw military service as an important show of patriotism, and a necessary part of citizenship.
To soldiers, military service was something they chose to do, something they had a say in, and it showed that they were good citizens.
The term republic is not used in the Declaration of Independence.
However, it does appear in Article Four of the Constitution, which "guarantee[s] to every State in this Union a Republican form of Government."
The United States Supreme Court has created a basic definition of what a "republic" is.
In United States v. Cruikshank (1875), the court ruled that the "equal rights of citizens" were inherent to the idea of a republic.
Later, the Court's decision from In re Duncan (1891) ruled that the "right of the people to choose their government" is also part of the definition of a republic.
Over time, most Americans changed their opinion about the word "democracy."
By the 1830s, most Americans saw democracy as a great thing, and members of the new Democratic Party proudly called themselves "Democrats."
By the 1820s, most states had ended rules saying that people had to own property in order to vote.
By 1850, all of them had.
In 1870, the Fifteenth Amendment gave all men in the United States the right to vote, including ex-slaves.
In 1913, the Seventeenth Amendment allowed the people to elect their own United States Senators (before this, the state legislatures had chosen U.S. Senators).
The Nineteenth Amendment, passed in 1920, gave women the right to vote.
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 made the last rules that kept black people from voting illegal.
Finally, in 1971, the Twenty-sixth Amendment gave adults ages 18 to 20 the right to vote.
Defence Intelligence  (DI) is part of the United Kingdom "intelligence Community", with the SIS, GCHQ, and the Security Service.
It is not a stand-alone organisation, but a part of the Ministry of Defence (MOD).
The organisation employs  civilian and military staff.
The organisation was formerly known as the Defence Intelligence Staff or DIS, but changed its name in 2009.
Defence Intelligence gets information from many sources.
This information is used to support military operations, planning, and defence policy.
It notes politico-military, scientific and technical developments which may affect the UK.
DI's assessments support the work of the Joint Intelligence Committee  (JIC), other Government departments, and international partners such as NATO and the European Union.
It is this 'all-source' information which distinguishes Defence Intelligence from other organisations such as SIS and GCHQ.
They focus on the collection of 'single-source' human intelligence (HUMINT) and signals intelligence (SIGINT) respectively.
The water purification process can be very intelectual for some and WHO can help.
Its great products will save your life.
Water purification is the process of removing contaminants from water.
One reason is to make it safe for humans to consume.
Another is industrial use such as cleaning and cooling microchips during manufacturing.
Unclean water is not only harmful to your health but equally damaging for the plumbing, home appliances, kitchen, washroom, and everything.
According to a 2007 World Health Organization (WHO) report, 1.1 billion people do not have access clean drinking water.;)
The Corwin Amendment is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution.
It was passed by the Congress on March 2, 1861 and sent to the state legislatures for ratification.
Senator William H. Seward of New York introduced the amendment in the Senate.
Representative Thomas Corwin of Ohio introduced it in the House of Representatives.
It was one of several bills considered by Congress in an unsuccessful attempt to attract the seceding states back into the Union and to convince border slave states to stay.
Technically still pending before the states, it would, if ratified, shield "domestic institutions" of the states (which in 1861 included slavery) from the constitutional amendment process and from interference by Congress.
Ratification history
Ohio — May 13, 1861 (Rescinded ratification – March 31, 1864)
Maryland — January 10, 1862 (Rescinded ratification – April 7, 2014)
Illinois — February 14, 1862 (questionable validity)
In 1963, more than a century after the Corwin Amendment was sent to the state legislatures by the Congress, a joint resolution to ratify it was introduced in the Texas House of Representatives by Dallas Republican Henry Stollenwerck.
The joint resolution was sent to the House's Committee on Constitutional Amendments on March 7, 1963, but received no further consideration.
Possible impact if adopted
The Corwin Amendment, when viewed through the lens of the plain meaning rule (literal rule), would have made institutionalized slavery unable to be affected by the amendment process.
As a result, the later Reconstruction Amendments (Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth) would not have been allowed, as they abolish or interfere with the domestic institution of the states.
The ‘Ghost Amendment’ That Haunts Lincoln’s Legacy
A proposed Thirteenth Amendment to prevent secession, 1861
The Child Labor Amendment is a proposed and still-pending amendment to the United States Constitution that would specifically authorize Congress to regulate "labor of persons under eighteen years of age".
The amendment was proposed in 1924 following Supreme Court rulings in 1918 and 1922 that federal laws regulating and taxing goods produced by employees under the ages of 14 and 16 were unconstitutional.
The majority of the state governments ratified the amendment by the mid-1930s.
However, it has not been ratified by the required three-fourths of the states according to Article V of the Constitution.
None of the states have ratified it since 1937.
There was not much interest in the amendment after the passage of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which implemented federal regulation of child labor with the Supreme Court's approval in 1941.
Because Congress did not set a time limit for its ratification, the amendment is still technically pending before the states.
Currently, ratification by an additional ten states would be necessary for this amendment to become law.
With the Keating–Owen Act of 1916, Congress had attempted to control interstate commerce involving goods produced by employees under the ages of 14 or 16, depending on the type of work.
The Supreme Court found this law unconstitutional in Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918).
Later that year, Congress attempted to levy a tax on businesses with employees under the ages of 14 or 16 (again depending on the type of work), which was struck down by the Supreme Court in Bailey v. Drexel Furniture.
It became apparent that a constitutional amendment would be necessary for such legislation to overcome the Court's objections.
The amendment was offered by Ohio Republican Congressman Israel Moore Foster on April 26, 1924, during the 68th Congress, in the form of House Joint Resolution No.
The text of the proposed amendment reads:
Having been approved by Congress, the proposed amendment was sent to the state legislatures for ratification.
It was ratified by the following states:
Arkansas — June 28, 1924
California — January 8, 1925
Arizona — January 29, 1925
Wisconsin — February 25, 1925
Montana — February 11, 1927
Colorado — April 28, 1931
Oregon — January 31, 1933
Washington — February 3, 1933
North Dakota — March 4, 1933 (After State Senate rejection – January 28, 1925)
Ohio — March 22, 1933
Michigan — May 10, 1933
New Hampshire — May 17, 1933 (After rejection – March 18, 1925)
New Jersey — June 12, 1933
Illinois — June 30, 1933
Oklahoma — July 5, 1933
Iowa — December 5, 1933 (After State House rejection – March 11, 1925)
West Virginia — December 12, 1933
Minnesota — December 14, 1933 (After rejection – April 14, 1925)
Maine — December 16, 1933 (After rejection – April 10, 1925)
Pennsylvania — December 21, 1933 (After rejection – April 16, 1925)
Wyoming — January 31, 1935
Utah — February 5, 1935 (After rejection – February 4, 1925)
Idaho — February 7, 1935 (After State House rejection – February 7, 1925)
Indiana — February 8, 1935 (After State Senate rejection – February 5, 1925 and State House rejection - March 5, 1925)
Kentucky — January 13, 1937 (After rejection – March 24, 1926)
Nevada — January 29, 1937
New Mexico — February 12, 1937 (After rejection – 1935)
Kansas — February 25, 1937 (After rejection – January 30, 1925) no other states have ratified the Child Labor Amendment.
The following fifteen state legislatures rejected the Child Labor Amendment and did not ratify it: Connecticut (1925), Delaware (1925), Florida (1925),  Georgia (1924), Louisiana (1924), Maryland (1927), Massachusetts (1925), Missouri (1925), North Carolina (1924), South Carolina (1925), South Dakota (1925, 1933 and 1937), Tennessee (1925), Texas (1925), Vermont (1925), and Virginia (1926).
Although the act, on the part of state legislatures, of "rejecting" a proposed constitutional amendment has no legal recognition, such action does have political implications.
Of the 48 states in the Union in 1924, five have taken no action of record on the amendment: Alabama, Mississippi, Nebraska, New York and Rhode Island.
Neither have Alaska or Hawaii, which became states in 1959.
Because there are now 50 states in the Union, it cannot become law unless it is ratified by 38 states (an additional 10), although when it was submitted to the states 36 ratifications were enough.
Judicial history
If ever ratified by the required number of U.S. state legislatures, the Child Labor Amendment would give the Congress of the United States jurisdiction concurrent with that of the states to legislate on the subject of child labor.
In this case, child labor laws would no longer only fall under the jurisdiction of the states under the 10th Amendment.
The states would have to yield to federal law where the two conflict—which is normal procedure anyway.
After several state legislatures initially objected to the proposal during the 1920s, a number of them re-examined their position during the 1930s and decided to ratify.
Those delayed actions resulted in much controversy.
They also resulted in the 1939 decision of the United States Supreme Court in the landmark case of Coleman v. Miller.
In this case it was determined that the Child Labor Amendment remains pending business before the state legislatures because the 68th Congress did not specify a deadline within which the state legislatures must act upon the Child Labor Amendment.
The Coleman v. Miller ruling formed the basis of the unusual and belated ratification of the 27th Amendment which was proposed by Congress in 1789 and ratified more than two centuries later in 1992 by the legislatures of at least three-fourths of the 50 states.
The common legal opinion of federal child labor regulation reversed in the 1930s.
Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938 regulating the employment of those under 16 or 18 years of age.
The Supreme Court ruled unanimously in favor of that law in United States v. Darby Lumber Co. (1941), which overturned Hammer v. Dagenhart (one of the key decisions that had motivated those in favor of the Child Labor Amendment).
After this shift, the amendment has been described as "moot" and effectively part of the Constitution; the movement for it had concluded.
The Child Labor Amendment Debate of the 1920s, Bill Kaufmann, Ludwig Von Mises Institute, November 1992
Labor: Children , a 1924 Time magazine article on the subject
Labor: A 20th Amendment? ,
a 1925 Time magazine article discussing 1920s attempts to ratify the Amendment
The National Central Library in Florence is one of Italy's two national libraries.
It is the largest library in the country.
A copy of every book published in Italy has to be sent there.
The District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment was a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution that would have given the District of Columbia full representation in the United States Congress, full representation in the Electoral college system, and full participation in how the Constitution is amended.
It was proposed by Congress on August 22, 1978.
It was ratified by only 16 states by the time it expired on August 22, 1985.
It was 22 ratifications short of the needed 38 in order for the proposed amendment to have been adopted.
Representative Don Edwards of California proposed House Joint Resolution 554 in the 95th Congress.
The United States House of Representatives passed it on March 2, 1978, by a 289–127 vote, with 18 not voting.
The United States Senate passed it on August 22, 1978, by a 67–32 vote, with 1 not voting.
With that, the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment was submitted to the state legislatures for ratification.
The Congress included in the text of the proposed amendment that included the requirement that ratification by three-fourths (38) of the states be completed within seven years following its passage by the Congress (i.e., August 22, 1985) in order for the proposed amendment to become part of the Constitution.
By placing the ratification deadline in the text of the proposed amendment, the deadline could not be extended, as had been done regarding the Equal Rights Amendment.
Ratification by the legislatures of at least 38 of the 50 states by August 22, 1985 was necessary for the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment to become a part of the Constitution.
During the seven-year period specified by Congress it was ratified by only 16 states and so failed to be adopted.
The amendment was ratified by the following states:
New Jersey on September 11, 1978
Michigan on December 13, 1978
Ohio on December 21, 1978
Minnesota on March 19, 1979
Massachusetts on March 19, 1979
Connecticut on April 11, 1979
Wisconsin on November 1, 1979
Maryland on March 19, 1980
Hawaii on April 17, 1980
Oregon on July 6, 1981
Maine on February 16, 1983
West Virginia on February 23, 1983
Rhode Island on May 13, 1983
Iowa on January 19, 1984
Louisiana on June 24, 1984
Delaware on June 28, 1984
Effects if it had been adopted
Had it been adopted, this proposed amendment would have given Washington, D.C. full representation in both houses of the Congress.
The Twenty-third Amendment does not allow Washington, D.C. to have more electoral votes "than the least populous State," nor does it grant Washington, D.C. any role in the election of a President by the House of Representatives (or that of the Vice President by the Senate).
In contrast, this proposed amendment would have provided Washington, D.C. full participation in the Electoral College.
Finally, the proposed amendment would have also allowed the Council of the District of Columbia, the Congress, or the people of Washington D.C. (depending on how this proposed amendment would have been interpreted) to decide whether to ratify any proposed amendment to the Constitution, or to apply to the Congress for a convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution, just as a state's legislature can according to the Constitutional amendment process.
The amendment would neither have made Washington, D.C. a state, nor affected Congress's authority over it.
Belaid Abdessalam () (20 July 1928 – 27 June 2020) was an Algerian politician.
He served as Prime Minister of Algeria.
He served as minister from 8 July 1992 until he resigned in 21 August 1993.
Abdessalam was born in Dehemcha, near Sétif, Algeria on 20 July 1928.
He died on 27 June 2020, aged 91.
Marcia Carolyn "Marcy" Kaptur (born June 17, 1946) is an American politician.
He is the U.S. Representative representing Ohio.
She has served since 1983.
Congresswoman Marcy Kaptur official U.S. House site
Marcy Kaptur for Congress
Jake Whitney interviews  Marcy Kaptur in Guernica magazine, December 2009
Federalism in the United States is the relationship between the state governments and the federal government.
This relationship is set out in the United States Constitution.
The Constitution says which powers the federal government has, and which powers belong to the states.
The goal of federalism is to create a balance of power, so neither the states or the federal government can get too powerful.
Colonial government
When America was a colony of the British Empire, it was ruled by the government of King George III.
Many American colonists thought this government was corrupt and did not care about the colonists' rights.
The Founding Fathers of the United States started to believe in an idea they called republicanism.
This idea said that the people in a country should be able to choose their government.
It said that the government's job was to protect people's natural rights, and if the government did not do this, the people had the right to overthrow it.
In the 1760s and 1770s, the British government began passing laws that forced the colonists to pay taxes on items like printed materials and things that were made outside the colonies.
To many Americans, these were examples of corruption and unfairness in the government.
The government was making them pay taxes, but the colonists had no say in what tax laws were passed, or even what their money was spent on.
In 1775, the American Revolutionary War began.
The next year, the colonies passed the United States Declaration of Independence, making them the new country of the United States.
By 1783, thanks to help from France, Spain, and some Native American tribes, the United States won the war and its independence from the British Empire.
First constitution
However, British rule had made most Americans distrust federal governments.
Many Americans did not like the thought that people far away from them could make rules about their lives, like the British government had.
They saw government as the biggest threat to their freedom.
Because of this, the United States' first constitution, the Articles of Confederation, gave most of the power to the states.
The Articles created a federal government, but gave it very little power.
For example, the Articles allowed the Continental Congress to sign treaties and declare war, but it could not raise taxes to pay for an army.
Also, all major decisions required all of the state governments to agree.
This made it very difficult for the federal government to get anything done.
Federalism in the early United States
The Founding Fathers  and regular Americans  began to see that the Confederation government was not working well.
Some of the Founding Fathers began to suggest federalism as a solution to the problems with the Articles of Confederation.
Many more Americans began to support federalism after Shays' Rebellion of 1786-1787.
Shays' Rebellion started out as a protest by poor farmers in western Massachusetts, and ended up as an armed rebellion.
Neither the federal government or the state government had enough soldiers or money to pay for an army that could stop the rebellion.
Merchants in Massachusetts had to pay for a private army to stop the rebellion.
Also, during the Rebellion, Massachusetts' state government took away people's right to habeas corpus (so they could keep people in jail without a trial) and their right to say bad things about the government.
Many Americans began to realize that under the Articles of Confederation, their government was unable to protect them or their rights.
This was not the republican government they had fought for.
Creating a new federalist government
In 1787, fifty-five delegates met at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.
There, they created ideas about a new type of government, called federalism.
In this type of government, they decided:
The federal government would have more power than before.
However, power would be divided between the states and the federal government, so the federal government would not be all-powerful
The states would get representatives in the federal legislature, the United States Congress.
Their representatives would speak for what the people in each state needed and wanted, and would be able to vote on all federal laws
Small and large states would get an equal number of representatives in the United States Senate, to prevent the large states from having all the power
The new federal government would have three separate sections which would divide and balance power between them.
Each would make sure the other two never got too powerful
The delegates at the Constitutional Convention wrote a new Constitution.
The last part of the Constitution, Article 7, said that nine states would have to ratify (approve) the Constitution for it to go into effect.
The Federalist movement started working to get the Constitution ratified.
A new Constitution
Some of the Founding Fathers argued strongly for federalism, especially James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay.
They created the strongest defense of the new Constitution in a book called The Federalist Papers.
This was a collection of 85 essays supporting federalism.
Its goal was to convince people to vote to ratify the Constitution.
Although they were published anonymously at the time (with nobody's real names listed), the essays were written by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay.