the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Romance is a 1930 American drama movie directed by Clarence Brown and is the second version of the 1913 play of the same name by Edward Sheldon.
It stars Greta Garbo, Lewis Stone, Gavin Gordon, Elliott Nugent, Florence Lake, Clara Blandick and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
It was nominated for 2 Academy Awards in 1930.
The Divorcee is a 1930 American drama movie directed by Robert Z. Leonard and was based on the 1929 novel Ex-Wife by Ursula Parrott.
It stars Norma Shearer, Chester Morris, Conrad Nagel, Robert Montgomery, Florence Eldridge, Helene Millard, Mary Doran and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
It was nominated for 4 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 1930.
Disraeli is a 1929 American historical drama movie directed by Alfred E. Green and is the third version of the 1911 play of the same name by Louis N. Parker.
It stars George Arliss, Doris Lloyd, Joan Bennett, Florence Arliss, Anthony Bushell and was distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures.
It was nominated 3 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 1930.
Malaya is a 1949 American World War II adventure movie directed by Richard Thorpe and starring Spencer Tracy, James Stewart, Sydney Greenstreet, Lionel Barrymore, DeForest Kelley, Roland Winters, Richard Loo.
George Ross Anderson Jr. (January 29, 1929 – December 1, 2020) was an American lawyer and politician.
He was a Judge of the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina from 1980 until his retirement in 2016.
He was nominated by President Jimmy Carter to the court.
He also was a member of the South Carolina House of Representatives from 1955 to 1956.
Anderson was born in Anderson, South Carolina.
Anderson died on December 1, 2020 at a South Carolina nursing home at the age of 91.
The United States District Court for the District of South Carolina (in case citations, D.S.C.) is the federal district court.
They cover the state of South Carolina.
United States District Court for the District of South Carolina Official Website
United States Attorney for the District of South Carolina Official Website
The Utah Kid is a 1930 American western movie directed by Richard Thorpe and starring Rex Lease, Boris Karloff, Dorothy Sebastian, Mary Carr, Lafe McKee, Walter Miller.
It was distributed by Tiffany Pictures.
Hugh Keays-Byrne (18 May 1947 – 2 December 2020) was an English-Australian actor and movie director.
He moved to Australia in 1973.
He was known for his roles as Toad in the 1974 movie Stone, Toecutter in the 1979 movie Mad Max, and Immortan Joe in the 2015 movie Mad Max: Fury Road.
He was born in Srinagar, then-British India.
Keays-Byrne died on 2 December 2020 at a hospital in Gosford, New South Wales at the age of 73.
Hugh Keays-Byrne at Theatricalia.
Arnie Paul Robinson Jr. (April 7, 1948 – December 1, 2020) was an American athlete.
He won a bronze medal in the long jump at the 1972 Olympics and a gold medal in 1976.
Robinson was born in San Diego, California.
Walter Edward Williams (March 31, 1936 – December 1, 2020) was an American economist, commentator, and academic.
He was the John M. Olin Distinguished Professor of Economics at George Mason University.
He was known for his classical liberal and libertarian views.
His writings frequently appeared on Townhall.com, WND, and Jewish World Review.
Devon is a census-designated place (CDP) in Easttown Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States.
The population was 1,515 at the 2010 census.
Chamalières (Auvergnat: Chamalèira) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France.
Chamalières is the third-largest town in the department and lies about  from Lyon.
Dead End is a 1937 American crime drama movie directed by William Wyler and was based on the 1935 play of the same name by Sidney Kingsley.
It stars Sylvia Sidney, Humphrey Bogart, Joel McCrea, Wendy Barrie, Claire Trevor, Allen Jenkins, Ward Bond, Esther Dale, Charles Halton and was distributed by United Artists.
It was nominated for 4 Academy Awards in 1938.
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of arthritis.
There is a long-term inflammation of the joints of the spine.
Usually the joints where the spine joins the pelvis are also affected.
Eye and bowel problems may also occur.
Pain in the back is a typical symptom of AS, and it often comes and goes.
Stiffness of the affected joints usually gets worse over time.
Koba Davitashvili (; July 31, 1971 – December 2, 2020) was a Georgian politician.
He was a leader of the Georgian People's Party and co-founder of the United National Movement.
He was a member of the Georgian Parliament between 1999 to 2006.
Franco Giraldi (11 July 1931 – 2 December 2020) was an Italian director and screenwriter.
He was born in Comeno, Kingdom of Italy.
He directed Seven Guns for the MacGregors (1966), Sugar Colt (1966) and Up the MacGregors! (
The First Degree is a 1923 American drama movie directed by Edward Sedgwick and was based on the 1914 short story The Summons by George Pattullo.
It stars Frank Mayo, Sylvia Breamer, Philo McCullough and was distributed by Universal Pictures.
Maker of Men is a 1931 American drama movie directed by Edward Sedgwick and starring Jack Holt, Richard Cromwell, Joan Marsh, John Wayne, Natalie Moorhead.
Warren Berlinger (August 31, 1937 – December 2, 2020) was an American actor.
His career lasted from 1946 to 2016.
He was best known for his roles in The Joey Bishop Show, The Cannonball Run and in The World According to Garp.
Brighton Rock is a 1947 British crime thriller movie directed by John Boulting and was based on the 1938 novel of the same name by Graham Greene.
It stars Richard Attenborough, Hermione Baddeley, Carol Marsh, William Hartnell, Wylie Watson, George Carney, Alan Wheatley.
Movies directed by John Boulting
River of No Return is a 1954 American western movie directed by Otto Preminger and Jean Negulesco.
It stars Robert Mitchum, Marilyn Monroe, Tommy Rettig, Rory Calhoun and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Aldo Moser (7 February 1934 – 2 December 2020) was an Italian cyclist.
Moser rode in 16 editions of the Giro d'Italia and 4 of the Vuelta a España, totaling in 20 Grand Tours.
He was the older brother of Francesco Moser, Enzo Moser  and Diego Moser.
He was born in Giovo, Italy.
Giovo () is a comune (municipality) in Trentino, located about  northeast of Trento in northern Italy.
Settlements in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
Rafer Lewis Johnson (August 18, 1934 – December 2, 2020) was an American decathlete and actor.
Johnson was a silver medalist at the 1956 Summer Olympics and a gold medal at the 1960 Summer Olympics.
He also played Mullens the DEA agent in the 1989 James Bond movie Licence to Kill.
George Ames Plimpton (March 18, 1927 – September 25, 2003) was an American journalist, writer and editor.
He was widely known for his sports writing and for helping to found The Paris Review.
Plimpton died on September 25, 2003 at his New York City apartment from a heart attack caused by supraventricular tachycardia, aged 76.
Yuvensius Alfonsius Biakai (9 November 1956 – 5 November 2020) was an Indonesian politician.
He was the Regent of Asmat from October 2005 to October 2015 .
Franciscus Johannes "Frank" Erik Kramer (27 November 1947 – 30 November 2020) was a Dutch footballer.
He played as a striker, television presenter and football commentator.
Kramer was born in Amsterdam.
Kramer played for Amsterdam, MVV Maastricht, Telstar, Volendam and Haarlem.
He also made appearances on television sports networks as a commentator for AVRO and Eurosport.
Kramer suffered from a stroke on his 73rd birthday and fell in a coma.
He died three days later in Amsterdam on 30 November 2020.
Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions is a 2010 action-adventure video game based on the fictional superhero Spider-Man released for the Nintendo DS, PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox 360, and Microsoft Windows.
It was followed by a sequel, Spider-Man: Edge of Time in October 2011.
The game revolves around an artifact known as the Tablet of Order and Chaos.
When it is shattered into pieces during a fight between Spider-Man and Mysterio, it causes problems with multiple realities across the Marvel Universe.
Madame Web calls on four versions of Spider-Man from four realities to assist in bringing the realities back into balance: the Amazing Spider-Man, Spider-Man Noir, Spider-Man 2099, and Ultimate Spider-Man.
The player controls each of the four Spider-Men as they attempt to retrieve the tablet fragments from villains within their respective dimensions, who now possess new abilities granted by the tablet.
Spider-Man: Edge of Time is an action-adventure video game based on the fictional superhero Spider-Man released in October 2011 for the Nintendo DS, Nintendo 3DS, PlayStation 3, Wii, and Xbox 360.
It is a sequel to 2010's Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions.
Thomas James Sandt (December 22, 1950 – December 1, 2020) was an American Major League Baseball player and coach.
Sandt played for the Oakland Athletics in 1975 and 1976.
He also coached the Florida Marlins during their 1997 World Series win.
A giant planet is any planet much larger than Earth.
They are usually mostly composed of low-boiling-point materials (gases or ices), rather than rock or other solid matter.
Massive solid planets also exist.
There are four giant planets in the Solar System: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
Many extrasolar giant planets have been identified orbiting other stars.
Giant planets are also sometimes called jovian planets, the adjective for the name Jupiter.
They are sometimes known as gas giants.
Many astronomers use the latter term only for Jupiter and Saturn.
They classify Uranus and Neptune, which have different compositions, as ice giants.
Both names are potentially misleading: all of the giant planets consist primarily of fluids above their critical points, where distinct gas and liquid phases do not exist.
The principal components are hydrogen and helium in the case of Jupiter and Saturn, and water, ammonia and methane in the case of Uranus and Neptune.
The defining differences between a very low-mass brown dwarf and a gas giant are not clear.
One school of thought is based on formation; the other, on the physics of the interior.
Part of the debate is whether "brown dwarfs" must, by definition, have had nuclear fusion at some point in their history.
The term gas giant was coined in 1952 by the science fiction writer James Blish.
It was originally used to refer to all giant planets.
Arguably it is something of a misnomer, because for most of thire volume the pressure is so high that matter is not in gaseous form.
Other than the upper layers of the atmosphere, all matter is likely beyond the critical point, where there is no distinction between liquids and gases.
Fluid planet would be a more accurate term.
Jupiter also has metallic hydrogen near its center, but much of its volume is hydrogen, helium, and traces of other gases above their critical points.
The observable atmospheres of all these planets (at less than unit optical depth) are quite thin compared to their radii, only extending perhaps one percent of the way to the center.
Thus the observable portions are gaseous (in contrast to Mars and Earth, which have gaseous atmospheres through which the crust can be seen).
The rather misleading term has caught on because planetary scientists typically use rock, gas, and ice as shorthands for classes of elements and compounds found on planets, whatever the actual phase of matter.
In the outer Solar System, hydrogen and helium are referred to as gases; water, methane, and ammonia as ices; and silicates and metals as rock.
When deep planetary interiors are considered, it may not be far off to say that, by ice astronomers mean oxygen and carbon, by rock they mean silicon, and by gas they mean hydrogen and helium.
The many ways in which Uranus and Neptune differ from Jupiter and Saturn have led some to use the term only for the planets similar to the latter two.
With this terminology in mind, some astronomers have started referring to Uranus and Neptune as ice giants to indicate the predominance of the ices (in fluid form) in their interior composition.
The alternative term jovian planet refers to the Roman god Jupiter, and meant all these planets were similar to Jupiter.
Objects large enough to start deuterium fusion (above 13 Jupiter masses for solar composition) are called brown dwarfs, and these occupy the mass range between that of large giant planets and the lowest-mass stars.
The 13-Jupiter-mass cutoff is a rule of thumb, not something of precise physical significance.
Larger objects will burn most of their deuterium and smaller ones will burn only a little, and the Jupiter mass value is somewhere in between.
The amount of deuterium burnt depends not only on the mass but also on the composition of the planet, especially on the amount of helium and deuterium present.
The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia includes objects up to 60 Jupiter masses, and the Exoplanet Data Explorer up to 24 Jupiter masses.
A giant planet is a massive planet and has a thick atmosphere of hydrogen and helium.
They may have a dense molten core of rocky elements, or the core may have completely dissolved and dispersed throughout the planet if the planet is hot enough.
In "traditional" giant planets such as Jupiter and Saturn (the gas giants) hydrogen and helium constitute most of the mass of the planet, whereas they only make up an outer envelope on Uranus and Neptune, which are instead mostly composed of water, ammonia, and methane and therefore increasingly referred to as "ice giants".
Extrasolar giant planets that orbit very close to their stars are the exoplanets that are easiest to detect.
These are called hot Jupiters and hot Neptunes because they have very high surface temperatures.
Hot Jupiters were, until the advent of space-borne telescopes, the most common form of exoplanet known, due to the relative ease of detecting them with ground-based instruments.
Giant planets are commonly said to lack solid surfaces, but it is more accurate to say that they lack surfaces altogether since the gases that constitute them simply become thinner and thinner with increasing distance from the planets' centers, eventually becoming indistinguishable from the interplanetary medium.
Therefore, landing on a giant planet may or may not be possible, depending on the size and composition of its core.
Gas giants consist mostly of hydrogen and helium.
The Solar System's gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn, have heavier elements making up between 3 and 13 percent of their mass.
Gas giants are thought to consist of an outer layer of molecular hydrogen, surrounding a layer of liquid metallic hydrogen, with a probable molten core with a rocky composition.
Jupiter and Saturn's outermost portion of the hydrogen atmosphere has many layers of visible clouds that are mostly composed of water and ammonia.
The layer of metallic hydrogen makes up the bulk of each planet, and is referred to as "metallic" because the very high pressure turns hydrogen into an electrical conductor.
The core is thought to consist of heavier elements at such high temperatures (20,000 K) and pressures that their properties are poorly understood.
Ice giants
Ice giants have distinctly different interior compositions from gas giants.
The Solar System's ice giants, Uranus and Neptune, have a hydrogen-rich atmosphere that extends from the cloud tops down to about 80% (Uranus) or 85% (Neptune) of their radius.
Below this, they are predominantly "icy", i.e. consist mostly of water, methane, and ammonia.
There is also some rock and gas, but various proportions of ice–rock–gas could mimic pure ice, so that the exact proportions are unknown.
Uranus and Neptune  have very hazy atmospheric layers with small amounts of methane, giving them aquamarine colors; light blue and ultramarine respectively.
Unlike the other giant planets, Uranus has an extreme tilt that causes its seasons to be severely pronounced.
The two planets also have other subtle but important differences.
Uranus has more hydrogen and helium than Neptune despite being less massive overall.
Neptune is therefore denser and has much more internal heat and a more active atmosphere.
The Nice model, in fact, suggests that Neptune formed closer to the Sun than Uranus did, and should therefore have more heavy elements.
Massive solid planets
Solid planets up to thousands of Earth masses may be able to form around massive stars (B-type and O-type stars; 5–120 solar masses), where the protoplanetary disk would contain enough heavy elements.
Also, these stars have high UV radiation and winds that could photoevaporate the gas in the disk, leaving just the heavy elements.
Super-Puffs
Earth’s but a radius larger than Neptune, giving it a very low mean density.
They are cooler and less massive than the inflated low-density hot-Jupiters.
The most extreme examples known are the three planets around Kepler-51 which are all Jupiter-sized but with densities below 0.1 g/cm3.
Extrasolar giant planets
Because of the limited techniques available to detect exoplanets, many of those found to date have been of a size associated, in the Solar System, with giant planets.
Because these large planets are inferred to share more in common with Jupiter than with the other giant planets, some have claimed that "jovian planet" is a more accurate term for them.
Many of the exoplanets are much closer to their parent stars and hence much hotter than the giant planets in the Solar System, making it possible that some of those planets are a type not observed in the Solar System.
Considering the relative abundances of the elements in the universe (about 98% hydrogen and helium) it would be surprising to find a predominantly rocky planet more massive than Jupiter.
On the other hand, models of planetary-system formation have suggested that giant planets would be inhibited from forming as close to their stars as many of the extrasolar giant planets have been observed to orbit.
The bands seen in the atmosphere of Jupiter are due to counter-circulating streams of material called zones and belts, encircling the planet parallel to its equator.
The zones are the lighter bands, and are at higher altitudes in the atmosphere.
They have an internal updraft and are high-pressure regions.
The belts are the darker bands, are lower in the atmosphere, and have an internal downdraft.
They are low-pressure regions.
These structures are somewhat analogous to the high and low-pressure cells in Earth's atmosphere, but they have a very different structure—latitudinal bands that circle the entire planet, as opposed to small confined cells of pressure.
This appears to be a result of the rapid rotation and underlying symmetry of the planet.
There are no oceans or landmasses to cause local heating and the rotation speed is much higher than that of Earth.
On Jupiter, the most noticeable of these features is the Great Red Spot, which has been present for at least 300 years.
These structures are huge storms.
Some such spots are thunderheads as well.
Tyche (hypothetical planet)
SPACE.com: Q&A: The IAU's Proposed Planet Definition, 16 August 2006, 2:00 AM ET
BBC News: Q&A New planets proposal Wednesday, 16 August 2006, 13:36 GMT 14:36 UK
SPACE.com: Q&A: The IAU's Proposed Planet Definition 16 August 2006 2:00 am ET
Gas Giants in Science Fiction:
Episode "Giants" on The Science Channel TV show Planets
June Rose Bellamy, also Yadana Nat-Mei (; lit.
Goddess of the Nine Jewels, 1 June 1932 – 1 December 2020) was the First Lady of Myanmar and fourth wife of the 4th President of Burma Ne Win.
Bronisław Dankowski (22 August 1944 – 2 December 2020) was a Polish politician.
He was a member of the Sejm from 1997 to 2005.
He was a member of the Democratic Left Alliance.
Maria Fyfe (née O'Neill; 25 November 1938 – 3 December 2020) was a Scottish Labour politician.
She was a Member of Parliament for Glasgow Maryhill from 1987 to 2001.
Fyfe was born in Glasgow.
QAnon also believes that Trump is planning a day known as the "Storm", when thousands of members of the cabal will be arrested.
No part of the conspiracy claim is based in fact.
In March 2016, the personal email account of John Podesta, Hillary Clinton's campaign manager, was hacked in a spear-phishing attack.
Supporters of the Pizzagate conspiracy theory falsely claimed the emails had coded messages that connected several high-ranking Democratic Party officials and U.S. restaurants with an alleged human trafficking and child sex ring.
The murder of Seth Rich happened on Sunday, July 10, 2016, at 4:20 a.m. in Washington, D.C. Rich died about an hour and a half after receiving two gunshot wounds to the back.
He was murdered by unknown people for unknown reasons, but police suspected he had been the victim of an attempted robbery.
The New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and The Washington Post wrote that the promotion of these conspiracy theories was an example of fake news.
Hot Jupiters are a class of gas giant exoplanets that are physically similar to Jupiter but have very short orbital periods ().
The closeness to their stars and their high surface-atmosphere temperatures led to the nickname.
Hot Jupiters are the easiest extrasolar planets to detect via the radial-velocity method.
The oscillations they induce in their parent stars' motion are large and rapid compared to those of other types of planets.
One of the best-known hot Jupiters is .
Discovered in 1995, it was the first extrasolar planet found orbiting a Sun-like star.
has an orbital period of about 4 days.
This collection included 19,252 emails and 8,034 attachments from the DNC.
The leak includes emails from seven key DNC staff members, and date from January 2015 to May 2016.
Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (Seville, baptized on January 1, 1618– April 3, 1682) was a Spanish Baroque painter.
Developed in final naturalism, he advanced towards original forms of the full baroque with a perception that sometimes precedes the rococo in some of his most peculiar and imitated pictorial creations, such as the Immaculate Conception or the Good Shepherd in child figure.
A central personality of the Sevillian school, with a high number of disciples and followers who carried his influence well into the 18th century, he was also the best known and most appreciated Spanish painter outside of Spain, the only one of which Sandrart included a brief and fabled biography in his Academia picturae eruditae of 1683 with the Self-portrait of the painter engraved by Richard Collin.
Conditioned by the clientele, the bulk of his production is made up of works of a religious nature destined for Sevillian churches and convents, but unlike other great Spanish masters of his time, he also cultivated genre painting on a continuous and independent basis.
throughout much of his career.
The Arabian tree frog or Sanchiang tree toad (Hyla felixarabica) is a frog from the Middle East.
Scientists saw it in Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Syria and Lebanon.
Scientists used to think that this was the same frog as the Middle East tree frog, but it is not.
Scientists believe that the Arabian tree frog separated from the Middle East tree frog 8.4 million years ago.
They believe the two groups of frogs were separated by the Dead Sea Rift and then became different species over time.
"Krusty the Clown" is the 8th episode of the 30th season of The Simpsons.
It was first shown on the Fox network on November 25, 2018.
The Simpsons (season 30) episodes
"Separate Vocations" is the 18th episode of the 3th season of The Simpsons.
It was first shown on television on February 27, 1992.
Belgian Americans are Americans who can trace their ancestry to immigrants from Belgium who emigrated to the United States.
While the first natives of the then-Southern Netherlands arrived in America in the 17th century, most of the Belgian immigrants arrived during the 19th and 20th centuries.
The Human Rights Party was a socialist political party in Michigan.
It existed from the year 1970 to the mid-1970s around Ann Arbor.
More people can be in government through the use of cable television
Media is to be funded blindly by the government
United States' wars are for the rich and companies
The United States should stop fighting the Vietnam War
Focus on community planning and growth
Schools are used to oppress groups, through sexism, racism, and class
Schools are used to spread propaganda of an free society
Students deserve privacy, dignity, due process, and other decisions
Schools should be controlled by students, parents, and teachers
Schools should be funded by a income tax.
The tax should be the same throughout Michigan.
If a person gets more money, more of the tax they pay
The government and employers should pay for childcare
Parents, staff, and children should run the childcare
Age should not be a factor of the rights a person has
The legal system
All crimes which doesn't affect another person should be repealed
Jails contain more poor, black, and young people
Social inequality is the cause of crime
People convicted with non-violent crimes should be released without bail
The police should be controlled by the community
Prisons should be replaced by rehabilitation
All laws on having drugs should be repealed
Ann Arbor should have more relaxed laws then the state
Ann Arbor should fund treatment for addicts.
Education of drugs should be in schools
Wealth goes to a few people.
The tax system doesn't stop this, but might help it
Labor unions must be protected
Workers must be given good working conditions
There must be progressive taxation
Sexual preference and activity should not be regulated if not interfering with another person
Human rights should be given to people of all sexual orientations and genders
Laws against prostitution and sexual orientation must be repealed
Marital status should not determine rights.
Immediate divorce should happen if both individual consent to it
Discrimination against single people in tax laws, housing, jobs and credit must end.
Laws about pornography should be repealed
Birth control should be accessible
Anti-abortion laws should be repealed.
Abortions should be free
Minority groups should have control over their future
The city should have more funding and power to find discrimination
Courses of minority culture should be offered in schools
Community control of the police to end police racism
Model cities
Community control is more important then the model cities program
Unmarried is a 1939 American drama movie directed by Kurt Neumann and starring Helen Twelvetrees, Buck Jones, Donald O'Connor, Virginia Vale, Larry Crabbe, Robert Armstrong.
Three Girls Lost is a 1931 American drama movie directed by Sidney Lanfield and starring Loretta Young, Lew Cody, John Wayne, Paul Fix, Ward Bond, Joan Marsh, Joyce Compton, George Beranger.
Half Angel is a 1936 American comedy movie directed by Sidney Lanfield and starring Frances Dee, Brian Donlevy, Charles Butterworth, Helen Westley, Henry Stephenson, Sara Haden, Julius Tannen.
Starship is a rocket made out of stainless steel by SpaceX, a company that works in the atmosphere and space.
The rocket is made of two stages: Super Heavy and Starship.
Both of these stages can be used again.
This is unusual for a rocket.
The rocket can lift  of people and things to orbit.
It can also travel to the Moon and Mars.
There are many different ways Starship can be used.
It can do many things from serving space tourists, to helping humans going to Mars.
Before launch, liquid oxygen and liquid methane fill Starship's tanks.
Then, 33 Raptor engines fire and lift the rocket up.
Super Heavy and Starship will then separate.
After that, the Starship spacecraft boosts itself into orbit.
The booster then descends and lands on the launch tower's arms.
When Starship lands, the spacecraft will glide using its flaps.
At the last few seconds, the spacecraft flips up and land.
Since 2005, SpaceX has been working on ideas similar to Starship.
The company then checks the design with a series of tests: from flying  high in July 2019, to flying  high in May 2021. ,
Starship is going to do it's first spaceflight sometime in 2022.
Starship has two parts: the Super Heavy booster and the Starship spacecraft.
Both Super Heavy and Starship should be able to land and launch many times quickly.
That is the reason why the Starship rocket is often called a fully-reusable rocket.
As of November 2021, no other rockets except Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy's booster can do this.
Most of the rocket is made from SAE 304 stainless steel, the most common type of all.
Starship may become the tallest, heaviest, and most powerful rocket in the world.
It can carry  of cargo to low Earth orbit.
The Space Shuttle could only carry  to the International Space Station, however.
In this example, the International Space Station has an even lower orbit than Starship.{{Efn|The International Space Station orbits  high at 51.64° inclination.
Starship in this case orbits  high at 98.9° inclination.
The Starship spacecraft can also carry cargo to higher Earth orbits, the Moon, and Mars.
Super Heavy and Starship must pass many tests before launch.
Firstly, they are filled with nitrogen gas to check for leaks.
Then, cold liquid nitrogen fills and drains from Starship and Super Heavy to check the tanks' strength.
Finally, propellant fills their tanks, and the Raptor engines are fired.
Super Heavy booster
Below the rocket is a  tall Super Heavy booster.
This booster can hold about  of propellant.
Super Heavy and Starship's propellants are liquid methane and liquid oxygen.
The booster is made from stainless steel rings.
These rings are  thick,  tall, and  diameter.
At the bottom of the booster are 33 Raptor rocket engines.
They can make  of thrust, twice more than the Saturn V. The thrust speeds up the rocket to .
On top of Super Heavy are four boxes containing fins in a grid pattern.
These boxes are usually called grid fins, like those of the Falcon 9.
Grid fins rotate to control and guide the booster while falling from the sky.
When it is just a few kilometers or miles above ground, Super Heavy fires its engines and lands on the tower arms, which will 'catch' it.
Starship spacecraft
On top of the booster sits a  tall Starship spacecraft.
The spacecraft can hold about  of propellant.
Its propellant is the same as Super Heavy's, which are liquid methane and liquid oxygen.
The Starship spacecraft is made from stainless steel rings, similar to Super Heavy.
At the bottom of the spacecraft are six rocket engines.
Three of them are regular Raptor engines; three others are Raptor Vacuum engines.
These regular Raptor engines work inside the air, while Raptor Vacuum engines work inside the vacuum.
There are two kinds of propellant tanks inside Starship: these are main tanks and header tanks.
The main tanks store propellant for almost all functions of the spacecraft.
The only exception here is when Starship lands when it uses its header tanks instead.
There are four flaps that connect to Starship's body.
Two large flaps are at the bottom of the spacecraft, and two small flaps are at the top of the spacecraft.
They are made from stainless steel sheets and bend to a trapezoid shape.
The flaps can control Starship's falling speed and direction.
A black heat shield covers one side of the spacecraft.
The heat shield is made from ceramic hexagon tiles and sheets of ceramic wool.
They help to protect Starship from hot plasma, made when the spacecraft enters Earth's atmosphere.
Starship's heat shield could be durable and used many times.
Types of Starship
In the past, the Starship spacecraft was planned to only bring cargo and astronauts to Mars.
However, as of 2021, SpaceX is planning many kinds of Starships that do different tasks.
They are different from each other by having parts added, removed, or changed.
Some Starships might transport people between different cities without leaving Earth's orbit.
It could go from New York City to Shanghai in 39 minutes, much faster than an airplane's 15 hours.
SpaceX thinks that Starship flights might be as cheap as a business class ticket in the far future.
As of January 2021, the United States Air Force is interested in this idea.
However, most Starships would carry satellites, cargo, and humans to Earth orbit.
They would have a large door that rotates along a hinge.
These Starships could catch space debris as well.
Some Starships would carry propellant instead of cargo.
These spacecraft can fuel another spacecraft in orbit.
Via fueling, these spacecraft would have more range and can go further.
Starship HLS (Starship Human Landing System) will land astronauts on the Moon during the Artemis program.
It can take propellant from other Starships to have more range.
The spacecraft would not have a heat shield or body flaps.
However, it will have solar panels and landing engines.
Starship HLS can be fueled and connected to the Orion spacecraft.
Starships going to Mars also need fueling as well.
That spacecraft might have forty rooms, a storage room, and a shelter.
The shelter protects astronauts from the Sun's ionizing radiation.
Launch and landing places
The rocket might launch from Starbase, boats, or LC-39A. Starbase at Texas is where SpaceX makes and tests most Super Heavy and Starship.
The launch boats are named Phobos and Deimos after the moons of Mars.
They were oil platforms owned by Valaris.
All Starship launch and landing places will have a tower.
It has a large crane placed on top that can lift Super Heavy and Starship.
That tower also has a pair of steel arms that rotate at a hinge similar to claws.
The claws can catch Super Heavy as well.
Some people living near Starbase blamed SpaceX for harming wildlife, building and testing things without permission, and making too much noise.
However, many people come to visit and stay there.
When asked, they said that watching and imagining Starships sending humans to Mars made them love the place.
Raptor rocket engine
Both Super Heavy and Starship have SpaceX's Raptor rocket engines at the bottom.
Each engine can make about  of thrust.
It has a full-flow staged combustion cycle design and burns liquid methane with liquid oxygen.
These Raptor engines will be made in a new factory at McGregor.
Also at the bottom of the Starship spacecraft are the Raptor Vacuum engines.
They are Raptor engines with larger nozzles.
The Raptor Vacuum only works in space and is more efficient than the normal Raptor engine.
The Raptor 2 engine is the next generation of the Raptor and Raptor Vacuum engines.
They will be used in Super Heavy and Starship sometime in the future.
Both the Raptor Vacuum and Raptor 2 are going to be made in another factory at Hawthorne.
This is how a full-flow staged combustion cycle engine works.
First, liquid methane and oxygen flow into the engine's turbopumps.
The turbopumps increase the liquids' pressure.
Then, the methane and oxygen evaporate into hot gases in two preburners.
One preburner gets more methane, and another gets more oxygen.
The gas then turns the turbines and turbopumps by a shaft.
These spinning turbines and turbopumps pump more propellant to the engine.
This hot and mixed gas is then burned in a combustion chamber.
Finally, the engine nozzle directs the ignited gas to make thrust.
SpaceX wants Starship to replace the Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy, and Dragon 2.
Musk guessed a Starship launch should cost $2 million (United States dollars) and the mission's propellant cost should be about $900,000.
Starship could carry 400 Starlink satellites into orbit.
A Falcon 9 can carry only 60 Starlink satellites.
The dearMoon project is planned for no earlier than 2023.
Previously, in 2018, Japanese entrepreneur Yusaku Maezawa announced that private space mission.
Its crew are Maezawa himself and eight other people.
The plan is to use Starship as the main spacecraft.
The spacecraft launch them toward the Moon, circle around it, and then return back to Earth.
On 16 April 2021, NASA (a government agency) selected Starship HLS as the Moon lander for the Artemis program.
The other options were the Integrated Lander Vehicle by the National Team and Dynetics HLS by the Dynetics company.
NASA then awarded SpaceX $2.89 billion to make Starship HLS.
NASA wants Starship HLS to do a landing on the Moon without humans first.
Then, Starship will send astronauts for the Artemis 3 mission.
Failed protest about not getting a contract
Ten days later, Blue Origin sent a protest to NASA.
Blue Origin blamed NASA for not allowing Blue Origin to compete.
Blue Origin said NASA did not keep its promise.
The original plan was that NASA would choose two Moon landers.
On 30 July 2021, NASA denied Blue Origin's protest.
NASA said they could only choose one lander because they did not have enough money.
The government said NASA did not break the competition's rules.
Colonizing other planets
SpaceX wants to start Mars colonization and terraforming.
It would do so by sending humans to Mars.
Musk's life goal is to ensure that humans are still around after a mass extinction on Earth.
He also talked about Starships going to Enceladus, Europa, Pluto, and the Oort cloud.
The Starship rocket on those missions could launch from Mars.
SpaceX thinks sending humans to Mars needs many steps.
First, some Starships might carry many important things to Mars' surface.
Inside them are fertilizer factories, propellant factories, and building materials.
The propellant factory takes in carbon dioxide from Mars's air and hydrogen from the ice below.
Then, the factory uses the Sabatier reaction.
Hydrogen reacts with carbon dioxide with hydrogen to create methane and oxygen.
Methane and oxygen are Starship's propellants.
Filled up with the factory's methane and oxygen, Starship can return from Mars back to Earth.
Building materials are used to make domes.
They protect farmland from Mars's weather and atmosphere.
Musk has guessed that a city with a million people on Mars is enough to keep itself running.
It should be able to create everything that the people need.
The city does not need shipments from Earth by then.
He guessed that the city needs at least ten thousand Starships full of humans.
Each Starship can carry 100 passengers on board.
To give the colony enough equipment and food, a hundred thousand Starships carrying cargo might launch to Mars.
This guess does not have population growth.
In 2005, Elon Musk talked about a launch vehicle named BFR, later known as the Falcon XX.
The Falcon XX was never built.
Unlike Starship, it could only fly up once.
Falcon XX was going to use Merlin 2 engine, a larger version of the Merlin engine.
The engines burns kerosene and liquid oxygen.
In September 2016, at the 67th IAC (International Astronautical Congress), Elon Musk talked about the ITS (Interplanetary Transport System).
It was going to be  tall and  wide.
The booster was going to have 42 Raptors, and the spacecraft was going to have 9 Raptors.
Both the booster and spacecraft are made from carbon composites, and could launch many times.
The ITS can carry humans to Mars and other places inside the Solar System.
When the spacecraft enters Mars's atmosphere, it cools by transpiration.
Transpiration here means the spacecraft flows propellant to the front side and evaporates the heat.
At the next IAC in September 2017, Musk announced the Big Falcon Rocket.
It is sometimes called Big Fucking Rocket.
In that IAC, he talked about moving people around Earth quickly with a Big Falcon Rocket.
He called it Earth to Earth.
In November 2018, Musk tweeted about a new spacecraft design.
It had three bottom flaps and two top flaps.
Around that time, the present names of Starship parts were first used:
the booster stage was named Super Heavy;
the spacecraft stage was named Starship; and
the whole rocket was named Starship system or Starship.
In January 2019, Musk tweeted that Starship will be made from stainless steel instead of carbon composite.
He explained that a stainless steel Starship is stronger than a carbon composite Starship.
In March 2019, Musk tweeted again that Starships will have a heat shield made of tiles.
The heat shield replaces transpiration cooling.
On 27 August 2019, Starhopper, the first vehicle to use the Raptor, flew  high.
In October 2019, Starship's design had three Raptors and three Raptor Vacuum engines.
There are only two bottom flaps in the new design.
They are close to the heat shield’s edges.
In September 2019, Starship Mk1 (Mark 1) was the first built Starship.
The next vehicle, named Mk2, was built in Florida five months later.
Mk1 failed [testing at cold temperature, or] the cryogenic proof test, while SpaceX recycled Mk2.
Both of them did not fly.
In early 2020, SpaceX changed Mk3's name to SN1 (serial number 1).
On 28 February 2020, SN1 crushed itself during a cryogenic proof test.
It is because of a leak in the bottom tank.
On 8 March 2020, SN2's tank completed its only cryogenic proof test.
On 3 April 2020, during the SN3 cryogenic proof test, a valve leaked liquid nitrogen inside its bottom tank.
This causes the vehicle to lose pressure and crush itself.
On 29 May 2020, SN4 had its fifth successful static fire test.
But, after the test, the connected propellant pipe made SN4 explode.
On 4 August 2020, SN5 completed a flight with one Raptor.
The rocket went to  before coming down.
It is the first Starship to complete a flight intact.
On 24 August 2020, SN6 repeated SN5's flight and did not explode.
As of October 2021, the company is testing and experimenting with SN7’s tanks.
Test flights and other testing
SN8 was the first complete Starship.
In October and November 2020, SN8 survived four static fire tests.
The first, second, and fourth tests were successful, but the third test failed.
In the third test, SN8's Raptors destroyed the mount.
The concrete layer melted, splashed, and hit a Raptor.
On 9 December 2020, the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) warned SN8 could explode if it was flown as planned.
SpaceX ignored its warnings.
SN8 then flew up, making it the first Starship to fly.
It goes as high as , then comes back down.
While landing, SN8's methane header tank did not pump enough methane to the Raptors.
This causes one engine to burn itself.
So, SN8 hit the ground fast and exploded.
On 2 February 2021, SN9 flew  high.
During the landing, a Raptor does not work.
So, SN9 lands at an angle and exploded as well.
On 3 March 2021, SN10 repeated SN9's flight.
It then landed with all Raptors working.
But, because SN10 was damaged, it blew up eight minutes later.
On 8 March 2021, the first Super Heavy booster named BN1 (booster number 1) was finished.
On 30 March 2021, SN11 exploded in dense fog.
No one knows why it exploded.
A possible explanation is that a Raptor burned SN11's computer.
This could let too much propellant flow into the engine's turbopump.
When the engine is lit, the pressure inside the chamber is too much, making SN11 explode.
SpaceX then skipped SN12, SN13, SN14, and BN2.
Their improvements were added to SN15 instead.
On 5 May 2021, SN15 flew the same flight and landed.
It did not explode after launch.
On 20 July 2021, BN3 static fired for the only time.
As of October 2021, SN15, SN16, and BN3 have not been used since.
Launches into space
As of October 2021, SpaceX again skipped some Starship and Super Heavy.
They are SN16, SN17, SN18, and SN19.
Now, there are plans to launch SN20 and BN4 into space.
On 22 October 2021, SN20 static fired one Raptor Vacuum.
A plan by NASA to see Starship entering the atmosphere showed the launch could happen near March 2022.
In SpaceX's plan, SN20 and BN4 will go above the Straits of Florida.
BN4 is then going to separate about three minutes after.
The booster then goes back into the Gulf of Mexico, about  from the shore.
SN20 then speeds up close to the orbital speed.
It then splashes down ninety minutes later.
It will be at about  northwest of the Hawaiian island Kauai.
The FAA has not allowed SpaceX to launch SN20 and BN4 however.
The company must finish a proposal about how Starship launches affect the area around it.
Some experts said the proposal missed an important detail.
It is how SpaceX gets a large volume of methane for Starship's propellant.
A professor writes this might be illegal under United States' environmental acts from Congress.
Note: The start dates are when rocket stages were first seen, and the end dates are when they are destroyed or not used anymore.
You Only Live Once is a 1937 American crime drama movie directed by Fritz Lang and starring Sylvia Sidney, Henry Fonda, Barton MacLane, Jean Dixon, William Gargan, Jerome Cowan, John Wray.
The Good Earth is a 1937 American romantic drama movie directed by Sidney Franklin, Gustav Machatý and Victor Fleming.
It was based on the 1931 novel of the same name by Pearl S. Buck and starring Paul Muni, Luise Rainer, Walter Connolly, Tilly Losch, Charley Grapewin, Jessie Ralph.
It was nominated for 5 Oscars and won 2 Academy Awards in 1938.
Movies directed by Gustav Machatý
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It was based on the 1933 novel Pani Walewska by Wacław Gąsiorowski and starring Greta Garbo, Charles Boyer, Reginald Owen, Henry Stephenson, Alan Marshal, C. Henry Gordon, Leif Erickson.
It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and was nominated for 2 Academy Awards in 1938.
Madame X is a 1937 American drama movie directed by Sam Wood and Gustav Machatý.
It is the fourth version of the 1908 play of the same name by Alexandre Bisson and starring Gladys George, Warren William, John Beal, Reginald Owen, Lynne Carver, Phillip Reed, Henry Daniell, Ruth Hussey, George Zucco.
Lorna Regina "Loren" Bautista Legarda is a Filipino politician and former journalist.
She is currently serving as the representative of Antique and as a House Deputy Speaker.
The Black Watch is a 1929 American adventure movie directed by John Ford and was based on the novel King of the Khyber Rifles by Talbot Mundy.
It stars Victor McLaglen, Myrna Loy, Francis Ford, Cyril Chadwick, Walter Long, Joyzelle Joyner, Mitchell Lewis, Lumsden Hare, John Wayne and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
As the traditional feudal elite, Nambudiris owned a large portion of the land in the region of Malabar until the Kerala Land Reforms starting in 1957.
Nambudiris have been noted for their unique practices such as the adherence to srauta ritualism and orthodox tradition.
Cyriac Pullapilly mentions that the dominating influence of the Nambudiris was to be found in all matters: religion, politics, society, economics and culture of Kerala.
Nambudiri mythology associates their immigration to Kerala from the banks of Narmada, Krishna, Kaveri rivers with the legendary creation of Kerala by Parasurama, the 6th avatar of Vishnu.
According to this legend, the region was created when Parasurama threw his axe into the sea Although it is known that the present-day region of Kerala was once governed by the Chera dynasty, little information exists regarding its early ethnography.
Brahmin presence in the Tamil country is attested from the Sangam period onward.
Based on the fact that Nambudiris are Pūrvaśikhā Brahmins wearing the traditional hair tuft on the front, T.P Mahadevan proposes that they are the descendants of these Sangam age Brahmins who moved west into the region of Malabar during the Kalabhra interregnum.
This sets them apart from the later Aparaśikhā Brahmin (wearing their hair tufts on the back) migrants to South India such as the Tamil Iyers.
According to T.P Mahadevan, the Nambudiris brought with them a very early recension of the Mahabharata which became the basis of the Malayalam language version of the epic.
Anthropologists Heike Moser and Paul Younger note that the Nambudiri Brahmin presence predates the 9th century, as attested by grants of land given to them by ruling families.
According to the historian Romila Thapar, local kings and chiefs encouraged them to move to the area by offering such tax-exempt land grants in return for them officiating in Vedic rites that would legitimise the grantors' status as rulers.
They also gained land and improved their influence over the socio-economic life of the region by helping rulers during the wars between the Chola and Chera dynasties when Vedic schools were turned into military academies.
Operating from their illam houses, Nambudiris' ownership of agricultural land under the janmi system increased over many centuries and, according to Moser and Younger, they "established landholding temples and taught the people the rules of caste".
The Nambudiris have been described to be responsible for the Sanskrit influence on Malayalam, basically a Dravidian language, due to the Nambudiri Brahmin's mixing of Sanskrit and the local Tamil language.