the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The game's multiplayer is planned to allow 64 players.
The new squad system will allow a group of players to join and leave games together.
Multiplayer maps are based on World War I location.
The game will launch with nine maps and six game modes.
Classes and Battle pickups
Assault - The demolition man of BF1 [uses Submachine guns and Shotguns] and is the best for anti-armor and close range firefights.
Support - Suppressor of BF1 [uses Light/Heavy machine guns] can Resupply people (uses mortars and repair tool and Limpet Mines)
Sniper - the heavy hitter of BF1 [uses long range/short range rifles] can detect people {uses spot flares and trip wires and k bullets}
A neutral country is one that chooses not to take part in a War between other countries in international relations.
International law allows a country to remain neutral during a period of war between two or more states.
When a country declares it is neutral, it cannot allow any part of its territory to become a base for one side.
It may not construct warships, recruit soldiers or organize military expeditions on behalf of one belligerent.
It is also called "armed neutrality" when declaring itself neutral during a war.
This is not the same as "neutralization", or permanent neutrality.
A neutral country is also different from the neutrality claimed by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) or United Nations peacekeeping groups.
Permanent neutrality
An example of permanent neutrality would be the Vatican City.
It declared itself permanently neutral in the 1929 Lateran Treaty.
Having a long history of remaining neutral, Switzerland became a favorite place for the headquarters of many organizations.
The International Red Cross established itself at Geneva during the mid-19th century.
Switzerland was recognized as remaining neutral in a 1920 declaration by the League of Nations, also headquartered in Geneva.
When the League was disbanded after World War II it was replaced by the United Nations.
While Switzerland did not join the UN, in addition to recognizing its neutrality it was also given permanent observer status.
Neutral countries
Note: Whether a state that is a member of the European Union may be considered neutral is a point of debate.
This is discussed in the section below.
Neutral European Union members
Claim to be neutral
Which Countries Are Neutral?
English law, also called common law, is the legal system of England and Wales.
It is generally divided into criminal law and civil law.
It spread to many parts of the former British Empire including Australia, Canada, the United States and New Zealand, and many other countries.
English law is unique in that it is based on applying legal precedent  to present and future decisions made by judges.
A judge must follow past legal decisions made by higher courts but not necessarily those made by lower courts.
English law is not based on a constitution and there is no codification of laws.
However, there are unofficial publications that provide organized lists of current laws.
Parliament has the power to create laws which are automatically considered valid and may not be reviewed by the courts.
Only Parliament has the power to change a law.
Written in about 602, the Law of Æthelberht (Athelbert of Kent) is the oldest example of Anglo-Saxon law, or of law in any Germanic language.
Anglo-Saxon law was based on Ancient Germanic law which was a system of laws based on kinship.
The kinship group was responsible for the acts of their members as well as for their protection.
Wrongs against another were paid by Weregild, a value placed on every person and piece of property.
By the 10th century these had changed into a system of hundreds.
No longer based on kinship, they organized themselves to protect others in the hundred and to enforce the laws.
A hundredsmann was in charge of a hundred and was responsible to see that all disputes were settled.
In 1066, the Norman conquest of England brought with it many changes in the law.
While much of Anglo-Saxon law was kept, new laws were added over time by the Normans.
Before the Norman invasion, most laws in England were local laws and enforced by local courts.
Royal courts were introduced They did not take over local laws right away, but did so over a period of time.
The royal courts took the best of the local laws and used them throughout England.
This established English common law, or a system of laws common to the entire country.
By this time a second court system developed known as equity and administered by the Court of Chancery.
Equity addressed situations not covered by common law.
The 18th century legal scholar, William Blackstone, wrote a four-volume Commentaries on the Laws of England which for the first time provided a complete overview of English law.
Originally published 1765–1769, it has since been republished many times.
Used well into the 19th century, his Commentaries were the main instruction tool in learning the law in both England and America.
Abraham Lincoln read Blackstone's Commentaries as part of teaching himself the law.
The jury system
The jury system probably came to England just after the Norman conquest.
At first, jurors acted as witnesses in court.
But over time, certainly by the reign of Henry II of England, they became the trier of fact in a court case.
Juries began to deliberate the evidence provided by the parties in a dispute.
Over time, jurors were told less and less about a case before a trial and learned what they needed to make a decision in court.
Application to Wales
Unlike Scotland and Northern Ireland, Wales is not a separate jurisdiction in the United Kingdom.
The old laws of Wales within the Kingdom of England were abolished by King Henry VIII's Laws in Wales Acts.
This brought Wales into legal conformity with England.
Between 1746 and 1967, any reference to England in legislation included Wales.
This ceased with the enactment of the Welsh Language Act 1967.
The jurisdiction is now commonly referred to as "England and Wales".
Although Wales has a degree of political autonomy, it did not have the ability to pass primary legislation until the Government of Wales Act 2006 came into force after the 2007 Welsh general election.
Even so, the Welsh legal system remains English common law.
This is different from the situation of Northern Ireland.
It did not stop being a distinct jurisdiction when its legislature was suspended.
A major difference is also the use of the Welsh language, as laws concerning it apply in Wales and not in the rest of the United Kingdom.
The Welsh Language Act 1993 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
It put the Welsh language on an equal footing with the English language in Wales with regard to the public sector.
Sources of English law
European Union law (a primacy challenged by Britain's Brexit)
Legislation (primary and secondary)
The case law rules of common law and equity, derived from precedent decisions
Parliamentary conventions
General customs
Books of authority
Inquisitorial system
Welsh law
The Legal System part 1; YouTube
Lecture 1 Part 2 : What is the Common Law?;
Travis County is a county in south central Texas.
The population was 1,024,266 at the 2010 census.
The estimated population in 2014 was 1,151,145 people.
It is the fifth-most populous county in Texas.
Its county seat is Austin.
Austin is also known as the capital of Texas.
The county was established in 1840.
It is named for William Barret Travis.
Travis was the commander of the Republic of Texas at the Battle of the Alamo.
Travis County is part of the Austin-Round Rock Metropolitan Statistical Area.
It is located along the Balcones Fault.
The physical boundaries of Austin are the Edwards Plateau to the west and the Blackland Prairie to the east.
There are 2 arrondissements in the Alpes-Maritimes department.
1793 : creation of the department with three districts: Menton, Nice and Puget-Théniers; the capital was Nice.
1794 : the district of Menton became the district of Fort-d'Hercule (Monaco).
1800 : creation of three arrondissements: Nice, Monaco and Puget-Théniers.
1805 : creation of the arrondissement of San-Remo; the arrondissement of Monaco is eliminated.
1814 : the department became part of the Kingdom of Sardinia.
1860 : the department is created again with the County of Nice and the arrondissement of Grasse that was part of the Var department.
That year, the department was divided in three arrondissements: Nice, Grasse and Puget-Théniers.
1926 : the arrondissement of Puget-Théniers was eliminated.
The arrondissement of Grasse is an arrondissement of France, in the Alpes-Maritimes department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.
Its capital is the city of Grasse.
When the Alpes-Maritimes department was created on 1793, Grasse was part of the Var department.
It became an arrondissement of the Alpes-Maritimes department in 1860.
The arrondissement of Grasse is the most southern of the Alpes-Maritimes department.
It is bordered to the north by the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department, to the east by the Nice arrondissement, to the south by the Mediterranean Sea and to the west by the Var department.
The arrondissement of Grasse is the smallest in area of the two arrondissements of the department, , but the one with a higher population (560,045 inhabitants).
In the arrondissement of Grasse, there are only two cantons where not all their "communes" are in the arrondissement: Nice-3 and Vence.
The arrondissement of Grasse has 62 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Aiglun (06001)
Amirat (06002)
Andon (06003)
Antibes (06004)
Auribeau-sur-Siagne (06007)
Biot (06018)
Bouyon (06022)
Briançonnet (06024)
Bézaudun-les-Alpes (06017)
Cabris (06026)
Cagnes-sur-Mer (06027)
Caille (06028)
Cannes (06029)
Carros (06033)
Caussols (06037)
Châteauneuf-Grasse (06038)
Cipières (06041)
Collongues (06045)
Conségudes (06047)
Courmes (06049)
Coursegoules (06050)
Escragnolles (06058)
Gars (06063)
Gattières (06064)
Gourdon (06068)
Grasse (06069)
Gréolières (06070)
La Colle-sur-Loup (06044)
La Gaude (06065)
La Roquette-sur-Siagne (06108)
Le Bar-sur-Loup (06010)
Le Broc (06025)
Le Cannet (06030)
Le Mas (06081)
Le Rouret (06112)
Le Tignet (06140)
Les Ferres (06061)
Les Mujouls (06087)
Mandelieu-la-Napoule (06079)
Mouans-Sartoux (06084)
Mougins (06085)
Opio (06089)
Peymeinade (06095)
Pégomas (06090)
Roquefort-les-Pins (06105)
Roquestéron-Grasse (06107)
Saint-Auban (06116)
Saint-Cézaire-sur-Siagne (06118)
Saint-Jeannet (06122)
Saint-Laurent-du-Var (06123)
Saint-Paul (06128)
Saint-Vallier-de-Thiey (06130)
Sallagriffon (06131)
Spéracèdes (06137)
Séranon (06134)
Théoule-sur-Mer (06138)
Tourrettes-sur-Loup (06148)
Valbonne (06152)
Valderoure (06154)
Vallauris (06155)
Vence (06157)
Villeneuve-Loubet (06161)
The arrondissement of Nice is an arrondissement of France, in the Alpes-Maritimes department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.
Its capital is the city of Nice.
The arrondissement of Nice is the most northern of the Alpes-Maritimes department.
It is bordered to the northeast and east by the Piedmont region (Italy), to the southeast by the Liguria region (Italy), to the south by the Mediterranean Sea, to the southwest by the Grasse arrondissement and to the west by the Var department.
The arrondissement of Nice is the largest in area of the two arrondissements of the department, , but the one with fewer people living in it (523,267 inhabitants).
In the arrondissement of Nice, there are only two cantons where not all their "communes" are in the arrondissement: Nice-3 and Vence.
The arrondissement of Nice has 101 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː
Ascros (06005)
Aspremont (06006)
Auvare (06008)
Bairols (06009)
Beaulieu-sur-Mer (06011)
Beausoleil (06012)
Belvédère (06013)
Bendejun (06014)
Berre-les-Alpes (06015)
Beuil (06016)
Blausasc (06019)
Bonson (06021)
Breil-sur-Roya (06023)
Cantaron (06031)
Cap-d'Ail (06032)
Castagniers (06034)
Castellar (06035)
Castillon (06036)
Châteauneuf-Villevieille (06039)
Châteauneuf-d'Entraunes (06040)
Clans (06042)
Coaraze (06043)
Colomars (06046)
Contes (06048)
Cuébris (06052)
Daluis (06053)
Drap (06054)
Duranus (06055)
Entraunes (06056)
Falicon (06060)
Fontan (06062)
Gilette (06066)
Gorbio (06067)
Guillaumes (06071)
Ilonse (06072)
Isola (06073)
L'Escarène (06057)
La Bollène-Vésubie (06020)
La Brigue (06162)
La Croix-sur-Roudoule (06051)
La Penne (06093)
La Roquette-sur-Var (06109)
La Tour (06144)
La Trinité (06149)
La Turbie (06150)
Lantosque (06074)
Levens (06075)
Lieuche (06076)
Lucéram (06077)
Malaussène (06078)
Marie (06080)
Massoins (06082)
Menton (06083)
Moulinet (06086)
Nice (06088)
Peille (06091)
Peillon (06092)
Pierlas (06096)
Pierrefeu (06097)
Puget-Rostang (06098)
Puget-Théniers (06099)
Péone (06094)
Revest-les-Roches (06100)
Rigaud (06101)
Rimplas (06102)
Roquebillière (06103)
Roquebrune-Cap-Martin (06104)
Roquesteron (06106)
Roubion (06110)
Roure (06111)
Saint-André-de-la-Roche (06114)
Saint-Antonin (06115)
Saint-Blaise (06117)
Saint-Dalmas-le-Selvage (06119)
Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat (06121)
Saint-Léger (06124)
Saint-Martin-Vésubie (06127)
Saint-Martin-d'Entraunes (06125)
Saint-Martin-du-Var (06126)
Saint-Sauveur-sur-Tinée (06129)
Saint-Étienne-de-Tinée (06120)
Sainte-Agnès (06113)
Saorge (06132)
Sauze (06133)
Sigale (06135)
Sospel (06136)
Tende (06163)
Thiéry (06139)
Toudon (06141)
Tourette-du-Château (06145)
Tournefort (06146)
Tourrette-Levens (06147)
Touët-de-l'Escarène (06142)
Touët-sur-Var (06143)
Utelle (06151)
Valdeblore (06153)
Venanson (06156)
Villars-sur-Var (06158)
Villefranche-sur-Mer (06159)
Villeneuve-d'Entraunes (06160)
Èze (06059)
Schenkon is a municipality of the district of Sursee in the Swiss canton of Lucerne.
Tann
Tannberg
Zopfenberg
Zollhus
Schlierbach is a municipality of the district Sursee of the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
Vogelwarte Sempach
Sursee is a city of the Swiss canton of Lucerne.
It is the capital of the district of Sursee.
Sursee tourism
A superalloy, or high-performance alloy, is a metal alloy that has several key characteristics.
These include excellent resistance to high temperatures and corrosion or oxidation.
The term was first used after World War II.
They were developed for use in jet engines and gas turbines.
About 75% of superalloys are used in aerospace engineering.
The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 is a book by Eric Hobsbawm, published in 1994.
In it, Hobsbawm comments on what he sees as the disastrous failures of state communism, capitalism, and nationalism.
He is also skeptical of the progress of the arts and changes in society in the latter half of the twentieth century.
Hobsbawm calls the period from the start of World War I to the fall of the Soviet Union "the short twentieth century".
This is to follow on "the long 19th century", the period from the start of the French Revolution in 1789 to the start of World War I in 1914.
The Age of Extremes is the last in his series of books that include (The Age of Revolution: Europe, 1789-1848, The Age of Capital: 1848–1875, The Age of Empire: 1875–1914).
In the United States, the book was published with the subtitle A History of the World, 1914–1991.
On 1 January 2005 the former municipalities of Kulmerau and Wilihof merged into the municipality of Triengen.
Since 2009, Winikon part of the municipality.
Official website of Triengen
ShelterBox is an international disaster relief charity that provides temporary shelter and life saving supplies to displaced families.
ShelterBox sends a package that typically contains a tent designed to withstand extreme weather conditions.
It also has a water purification kit, blankets, tools, and other things needed to help a family survive after a disaster.
The contents of a ShelterBox are designed for the nature and location of the disaster.
ShelterBox home page
The Royal Château de Blois (French: "Château Royal de Blois") is a palace in France.
It is in the center of the city of Blois in the Loir-et-Cher Department.
It has been the home for several French kings.
The château is made of several buildings constructed from the 13th to the 17th century around the main courtyard.
It has 564 rooms and 75 staircases although only 23 were used frequently.
There are 100 bedrooms.
Willisau is a district of the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
The capital is the municipality of Willisau.
Altishofen is a municipality in Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2020 the municipality of Ebersecken became part of Altishofen.
A growth medium or culture medium is a solid or liquid containing nutrients.
It is designed to support the growth of microorganisms or cells, or small plants like moss.
There are a wide range of growth media used in biology.
Some of the basic types are:
Undefined versus defined media: with defined media we know exactly what chemicals are in them.
Selective media: for example, a medium with an antibiotic added.
The only things which grow are those resistant to the antibiotic.
Differential media: these distinguish one microorganism type from another growing on the same plate.
Transport media: these have just enough to let organisms survive.
Enriched media: contain extra amino acids and other building blocks.
Used to harvest a wide range of organisms from a particular source.
Cime du Gélas () is a  high mountain on the boundary between France (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region) and Italy (Province of Cuneo).
It is the highest peak of the Mercantour National Park () and of the Alpes-Maritimes department, while on the Italian side it is part of the Maritime Alps Natural Park (Parco naturale delle Alpi Marittime).
The name of the mountain comes from the Occitan verb gelà that means "to freeze" because the glaciers that are in the northern side; the glaciers have reduced their sizes during the late 20th century but they are still there.
Cime du Gelàs is part of the Maritime Alps, southeast France.
Geologically, it is part of the Mercantour-Argentera massif, and is mostly formed by gneiss.
The peak is composed of two smaller ones, divided by a gorge called Sella del Gelàs.
The highest peak is the northern one; it is the easier to climb and has, on the top, a small wood sculpture of the Madonna and a cross on the top that was built here by order of priests from Cuneo.
The first recorded ascension of the peak was made on 1864 by Paolo di Saint-Robert.
in 1894, Victor de Cessole was the first to climb the mountain in winter.
Cime du Gélas at Altituderando.com
John Martin (19 July 1789 – 17 February 1854) was an English romantic painter.
John Martin was born in Haydon Bridge, Northumberland, on 19 July 1789.
He was best known as an author of historical paintings.
They were mostly inspirated by the Bible and poetical works.
Martin's works were usually landscapes with little drawings of people.
He was a friend of the poet Edwin Atherstone.
They both liked to paint scenes of mass destruction.
After the Belgian government bought The Fall of Ninevah, the Belgian Academy made Martin a member.
He also was made a Knight of the Order of Leopold by the king of Belgium.
(A selection)
Christ Stilleth the Tempest
The Calvary
Belshazzar's Feast (1821)
The Destruction of Herculanum and Poempeii (1822)
The Deluge (1826)
The Fall of Nineveh (1829)
The Fallen Angels Entering Pandemonium (1841)
The Last Man (1849)
The Great Day of His Wrath (1851-1853)
The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (1852)
The Last Judgement (1853)
William Feaver, The Art of John Martin'', Oxford 1975.
The Siagne river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .
The Siagne starts on the south side of the Audibergue mountain, in the commune of Escragnolles, Alpes-Maritimes department, at an elevation of about .
It then flows to the southwest through the departments of Alpes-Maritimes and Var.
For much of its length, it forms the border between the two departments.
The Siagne flows through 2 departments and 13 communes, in one region:
Alpes-Maritimes department: Escragnolles, Saint-Vallier-de-Thiey, Saint-Cézaire-sur-Siagne, Le Tignet, Peymeinade, Mandelieu-la-Napoule, Auribeau-sur-Siagne, Pégomas, La Roquette-sur-Siagne
Var: Mons, Callian, Montauroux, Tanneron
Vallon de Nans - 11 km
Moucharonne - 14 km
Siagnole - 19.5 km
Biançon - 24.6 km
Lorenzo Ghiberti (Florence, 1378 - 1 December 1455, Florence), born Lorenzo di Bartolo, was a sculptor, painter, and architect.
(it) Giulia Brunetti, Ghiberti, Sansoni, Florence, 1966.
(it) Pierluigi De Vecchi ed Elda Cerchiari, I tempi dell'arte, volume 2, Bompiani, Milan, 1999.
The Al Nahyan (pronounced 'an-nayāān) is the ruling family of Abu Dhabi and the senior rulers of the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
György Sándor Ligeti (28 May 1923 – 12 June 2006) was a composer from Hungary.
He was an important composer of avant-garde music.
His music influenced many other composers.
Some of his most famous works are an opera called Le Grand Macabre, a piece for orchestra called Atmosphères, a piece for choirs called Lux Aeterna, and a Requiem.
Stanley Kubrick used parts of  Atmosphères, Lux Aeterna, and the Requiem for the soundtrack of his movie 2001: A Space Odyssey.
Many other movies use pieces of Ligeti's music on their soundtracks.
Ligeti was born in Transylvania.
His family were Hungarian Jews.
His father and his brother died in the Holocaust.
After World War II he studied music in Budapest at the Franz Liszt Academy of Music.
He was a music teacher at the Franz Liszt Academy from 1950 to 1956.
He also composed music at that time.
Much of his music then was influenced by Hungarian folk music.
He was also influenced by the music of Béla Bartók, another Hungarian composer.
In 1956, the Soviet Union invaded Hungary.
Ligeti decided to leave Hungary.
He went to Vienna in Austria.
He became a citizen of Austria but he also lived in Germany and in other countries.
He composed his own music and he also taught other people how to compose music.
He taught music composition in Stockholm, Sweden,  at Stanford University in America, and at an important music school in Hamburg, Germany called the Hochschule für Musik und Theater.
He retired from the Hamburg  music school in 1989.
Then he went back to live in Vienna.
After 2000 his health was not good.
Ligeti died in Vienna at the age of 83.
Ligeti was married two times.
His first wife was Brigitte Löw.
They were married in 1949.
They were divorced in 1952.
His second wife was Vera Spitz.
He married her in 1952.
She is a psychologist.
Their son Lukas, born in 1965, is a composer.
Artikulation, electronic music.
He composed it in 1958
Atmosphères, music for a full orchestra.
He composed it in 1961
Aventures and Nouvelles Aventures, music for singers and a small orchestra.
The music has other strange sounds.
The orchestra players also smash plates, bang on furniture, and pop paper bags.
He composed these pieces between 1962 and 1965.
Requiem, music for  solo singers (a soprano and a mezzo-soprano), two choirs of men and women, and an orchestra with many percussion instruments.
He composed it in 1965.
Lux Aeterna, music for a choir of 16 men and women.
He composed it in 1966.
Magyar Etüdök, music for a choir of 16 men and women.
The words are from Hungarian poems.
Continuum, music for harpsichord.
He composed it in 1968,
Le Grand Macabre, an opera.
It was performed for the first time in Stockholm in 1978.
It has been performed in many other countries.
He made big changes to the opera in 1997.
Hamburg Concerto, a concerto  for a solo horn and a small orchestra with four more horns.
It has six parts.
He composed it in 1999
Geo allows parsing tools to extract a location.
The location can then be used in another website or mapping tool.
It can also input into a GPS.
Njáls saga or "The Story of Burnt Njáll") is a thirteenth-century Icelandic saga which describes events between 960 and 1020.
It's theme is Christianity - with the Althing one man one night ponder decision for Iceland's Constitutional Conversion to the New Christian Creed in 1000 AD - and also with the natural "Christian", Old Njal, a good and decent owner who has bad pagan Chlidren, innocent and accepting dying a protomartyr's death for goodness in his perpretrated burning wood-house.
The principal characters are the friends Njáll Þorgeirsson, a lawyer and a sage, and Gunnar Hámundarson, a formidable warrior.
Gunnar's wife starts a feud.
This leads to the death of many characters over several decades.
The central event is the killing of Njál by fire.
The saga deals with blood feuds in the Icelandic peoples.
It shows how honor could lead to minor events spiralling into destructive and prolonged bloodshed.
There are insults where a character's manhood is called into question.
Another characteristic of the narrative is the presence of omens and prophetic dreams.
This might reflect a fatalistic outlook on the part of the author.
A key feature of the writing is the valedictory, which is a farewell statement.
Just before death, the character speaks his last.
The work is anonymous, and there is speculation about the author's identity.
The major events of the saga are probably historical.
The material was shaped by the author, drawing on oral tradition, according to his artistic needs.
Njáls saga is the longest and most highly developed of the sagas of the Icelanders.
It is often considered the peak of the saga tradition.
It comprises a standard coordinate system for the Earth, a standard for raw altitude data, and a geoid that defines the nominal sea level.
The latest revision is WGS 84.
The charts are gathered and published by GfK Entertainment GmbH (formerly Media Control GfK International GmbH).
GfK is an abbreviation  for "Gesellschaft für Konsumforschung".
GfK provides weekly top 100 lists.
The company owns and operates a number of major entertainment publications and their associated digital properties.
These include Adweek, Backstage, Billboard, Film Journal International, and The Hollywood Reporter.
Ebersecken was a municipality in Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
On 1 January 2020 Ebersecken became part of Altishofen.
Kyd is the author of The Spanish Tragedy.
It was the most popular play of the time and many playwrights imitated it.
A character in The Spanish Tragedy likely influenced Shakespeare when writing Hamlet.
Kyd was one of the first users of blank verse in English literature.
"extraordinary dramatic (if not poetic) genius".
Full text of The Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd
1558 births
The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) is a large-scale physics observatory which detects cosmic gravitational waves co-founded by Scottish physicist Ronald Drever.
They were first funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and were conceived, built and are operated by Caltech and MIT.
The NSF has funded improvements for LIGO to increase sensitivity, which allowed them to make the first detection of gravitational waves.
LIGO is the largest and most ambitious project ever funded by the NSF.
LIGO is an interferometer.
It fires a laser beam and splits it into two laser beams.
Mirrors bounce them back towards a light detector and merge them.
Normally, the two laser beams should cancel each other, so the light does not reach the detector, but any changes in space-time caused by gravity waves can change the laser beams, so that they don't cancel out fully.
When this happens, the light detector will see some of the laser light, which it can then use to work out the size of the space-time distortion.
Physicists Announce the Detection of Gravitational Waves; YouTube
LIGO Gravitational Wave Observatory; YouTube
Lazarus was one of seven children of Moses and Esther Nathan Lazarus.
Her father's family came from Portugal.
She became interested in Jewish tradition after reading Daniel Deronda by George Eliot.
She never married, although she was considered a pretty woman.
Emma Lazarus died of Hodgkin's lymphoma.
Lazarus wrote many lyric poems.
She used classic forms like rhyme royal and ottava rima (in the cycle named Epochs).
She was especially good at writing sonnets.
Her best known work is the sonnet The New Colossus.
It was placed at The Statue of Liberty in New York.
She also translated into English poems by romantic German poet Henrich Heine.
As a journalist she always protested against any kind of discrimination.
Bette Roth Young, Emma Lazarus in Her World: Life and Letters.
With a Foreword by Francine Klagsburn, The Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia 1995.
The Poems of Emma Lazarus,        Vol.
''The Poems of Emma Lazarus,        Vol.
''Poems and Ballads of Heinrich Heine.
Translated by Emma Lazarus.
Algonquin Provincial Park is a provincial park in Canada.
It is the oldest provincial park in the province of Ontario, opened in 1893.
It is very large at 7,653 square kilometres (2,955 square miles), and is the third largest provincial park in Ontario after Polar Bear and Wabakimi.
The park contains many streams, lakes, rivers, and other water sources.
Its forests are a mix of deciduous and coniferous.
The variety of environments in the park makes it home to many species of plants and animals, and it is an important park for wildlife research.
It is a very popular park with campers because of its size and how close it is to large cities such as Toronto and Ottawa.
Algonquin Park started as a logging area, where people would come to cut down trees.
A group of loggers wanted to make the area a park because of how beautiful it was and to protect the animals that lived there.
In 1892 a request was made by five members of the government asking for a park to be opened on the land.
The next year in 1893 the park was officially made.
It was the first provincial park in Ontario, but when it was opened it was called a national park.
It was changed to a provincial park in 1913.
In 1896 a railway was built on the park.
In 1898 cottages, lodges and camps started being sold to tourists, and in 1908 the first hotel in the park was built.
The hotel was very popular.
After that hotel opened others started being built.
The park is a very popular place for outdoor activities all year.
Many people camp in campgrounds on the park.
Fishing, hiking, horse riding and canoeing are other popular things to do.
In winter people skate on the lakes, and the park opens their own skating rink.
There is also a museum, called the Algonquin Logging Museum, on the park.
This museum tells people about the history of the park as well as the logging that happens today.
There is a book store, exhibits with information about the park and a remade version of a logging camp from the late 1800s.
University of Trieste (Università degli Studi di Trieste) is a university in Trieste, Friuli-Venezia Giulia region, Italy.
The university is composed of 10 faculties.
Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Department of Economic, Business, Mathematical and Statistical Sciences
Department of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Legal, Language, Interpreting and Translation Studies
Department of Life Sciences
Department of Mathematics and Geosciences
Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences
Department of Political and Social Sciences
Darko Bratina, sociologist and Member of Parliament
Alberto Conti, mathematician
Antonio Giordano, physician
Albert O. Hirschman, economist
Andrea Illy, entrepreneur
Dušan Jelinčič, journalist and novelist
Carlo Pelanda, economist
Ermin Smrekar, architect
Marta Verginella, historian
Lamberto Zannier, diplomat
University of Trieste - official homepage
The group originally consisted of five members; Ashley (애슐리), Sojung (소정), Eunb (은비), Rise (리세), and Zuny (주니).
Their debut album was Code#01.
In 2016,  Ladies Code returned for the first time since the accident with the single album, "Myst3ry."
CODE #01 Bad Girl (2013)
CODE #02 Pretty Pretty (2013)
Strang3r (2016)
Single Albums
Kiss Kiss (2014)
Myst3ry (2016)
Non-Album Singles
So Wonderful (2014)
I'll Smile, Even If It Hurts (2015)
Jan Kochanowski (; 1530 – 22 August 1584) was a Polish Renaissance poet, translator and playwright.
He is generally regarded as one of the greatest poets in Polish literature.
Jan Kochanowski was born into a noble family in the village of Sycyna, Poland.
His parents were
Piotr Kochanowski, a lawyer and judge, and Anna Białaczowska.
Among their 11 children, two of Jan's brothers were also writers.
He studied at the Jagiellonian University in Cracow.
Then he attended the University of Königsberg (Królewiec), in Ducal Prussia, and Padua University in Italy.
He returned to Poland in 1559.
In 1563 he became a secretary at the royal court of Sigismund II Augustus.
He married Dorota Podlodowska around 1575 and settled at the family estate at Czarnolas ("Blackwood").
Kochanowski is sometimes called "Jan z Czarnolasu" ("John of Blackwood").
He died of a heart attack in 1584 in the town of Lublin.
Jan Kochanowski wrote in Polish and Latin.
He wrote Fraszki, a cycle of epigrams, Pieśni (Cantos) and Treny (Laments).
The last work was written by the poet after death of his daughter Ursula.
He lost another daughter, named Hanna, too.
Kochanowski wrote also Pieśń świętojańska o Sobótce (Midsummer Night's Song) and Odprawa połów greckich (The Dismissal of the Grecian Envoys).
Many of his poems are free translations from Horace.
Kochanowski translated The Book of Psalms and Chess by Marco Girolamo Vida.
Kochanowski established rules of Polish versification and introduced sonnet to Polish poetry.
Many poems by Kochanowski were translated into English.
Jan Kochanowski's Biography and Poems at Virtual Library of Polish Literature.
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary, and his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, happened on 28 June 1914 in Sarajevo.
They were shot dead by Gavrilo Princip.
Princip was one of a group of seven assassins (five from Serbia and one from Bosnia) from the Black Hand secret society.
The political reason for the assassination was to break off Austria-Hungary's South Slav provinces so they could be combined into a new country, Greater Serbia.
This led to the outbreak of war in Europe at the end of July 1914.
Both country's allies became involved in the war.
Map of Europe  at the time of the assassination of Franz Ferdinand at omniatlas.com
Newsreels about Franz Ferdinand's assassination at www.europeanfilmgateway.eu
Prison Interview with Gavrilo Princip after the Assassination
South Mills is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Camden County, North Carolina, United States.
Its population was 454 as of the 2010 census.
South Mills has a post office with ZIP code 27976, which opened on March 2, 1840.
The community is located near U.S. Route 17.
U.S. Route 17 Business and North Carolina Highway 343 pass through the community.
Quantum tunnelling is a part of the theoretical branch of physics known as quantum mechanics.
It states that  electrons can behave like both particles and waves, and can cancel the effects of an energy barrier if the energy barrier is thin enough, due to quantum mechanics being  dependent on probability.
In other words, particles can travel through walls, doors, etc.
if the door or wall is thin enough.
The particle—usually a subatomic or quark particle such as an electron or photon—can become a wave to focus a great deal of energy on the barrier, ultimately negating it.
There is also a non-zero chance that it could be found inside the barrier.
However, this only noticeably works for subatomic particles, as the chance for macroscopic objects to do this is very, very low, small enough to not be thought about much.
The Caazapá department () is a department of Paraguay.
The capital is the city of Caazapá.
Its ISO 3166-2 code  is PY-06.
Its name comes from Guarani ka´aguy jehasapá, that means "beyond the forest".
People from the department are calle Caazapeño (women: Caazapeña).
The Caazapá department is in the southeast of the Oriental region.
It has an area of . ,
the department has a population of 151,415 ( of the population of the country) for a population density of .
The Tebicuary river flows from east to west in the south of the department; it serves as limit with the Itapúa department.
The Tebicuary–mí river serves as limit with the Paraguarí department.
To the north: Guairá and  Caaguazú departments.
To the east: Alto Paraná department.
To the south: Itapúa department.
To the west: Paraguarí and Misiones departments.
, the total amount of precipitation in the city of Caazapá was .
The month with the most precipitation was October with  of precipitation.
The average temperature for the year 2012 in Caazapá was .
Farming is the main economic activity in the department.
The main crops are cotton and soybean.
But cattle raising is the most important activity.
Gobernación de Caazapá website
Olmec figurine is the name for figurines which were produced in Central America, from about 1000 BCE to about 500 BCE.
Many come from the Olmec heartland, which is the gulf region of modern-day Mexico.
Olmec figurines show the influence of the Olmec culture.
In 2016, it is not known how far this influence extended.
It is therefore possible that some of these figurines were produced by other people, who were influenced by the Olmec.
Many of the figurines were found in household waste and in landfill used for construction.
Outside the Olmec heartland they were also found in graves.
Looters often took these figurines.
It is impossible to tell where the looted figurines are from.
Most of the figurines are made from terracotta.
Since terracotta is fragile, most only survive in parts.
Wooden busts have been discovered in the submerged site El Marati, but no figurines made of wood have been found.
The figurines best known to the public are made of stone or minerals,such as jade, serpentine, greenstone or basalt.
Figurines of stone or minerals are often carved, while those made of terracotta are simpler in design.
"Baby face": This is a common motf for the Olmec culture, and often occurs, at least in the early period.
"Elongated man": This shows a human figure in an artificial pose, with thin limbs.
The head is often deformed.
"Were-jaguar": This is theme that can be found in all of Olmec art, there are also figurines with the motif.
Transformation figurines: They show how an animal transforms into human form, or humans with animal masks.
Small humans, in a naturalistic pose
Dwarf figurines
Sigismund II Augustus (1520-1572) was a Polish king, the last member of the Jagiellon dynasty.
He was also the Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1548 to 1572.
Sigismund II Augustus was born in Kraków on 1 August 1520.
He was the only son (he had sisters) of king Sigismund I the Old and his wife, Italian princess Bona Sforza.
His great grandfather was Wladislaw II Jagiello, the founder of the dynasty.
Sigismund II Augustus was crowned as a child on 20 February 1530 when his father was still alive (in Latin vivente rege).
From 1544 he ruled in Lithuania.
He was married three times but remained childless.
He died on 7 July 1572 in Knyszyn.
He was a Roman Catholic, but was known for his tolerance for Protestants.
When king Sigismund II Augustus received diplomats or made important decisions, he did so in the audience hall in the royal castle.
This room was also called "Under the Heads" for the carved heads set in the ceiling.
One of these was a woman's head.
The legend says whenever he would make a decision she would speak in Latin (using rhyme and alliteration): Rex Auguste, iudica iuste ("King August, judge justly").
He followed her advice but after that her mouth was covered with a ribbon so she would never again interfere in royal decisions.
Stanisław Cynarski, Zygmunt August, Ossolineum, Wrocław 1988 (in Polish).
(born 9 February 1945) is a Japanese cell biologist.
He won the 2016 Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries of how cell autophagy works.
Autophagy is the process that cells use to break down and recycle cellular components.
This allows the orderly recycling of cellular components.
Ohsumi is a professor in Tokyo Institute of Technology's Frontier Research Center.
He got the Kyoto Prize for Basic Science in 2012.
Autophagy (which means "eating itself"), is one of the basic cell mechanisms.
It allows the controlled breaking down of cell parts which do not work, or are not needed.
The cell parts can then be recycled as required.
There are several ways this happens.
Targeted cell parts may be isolated from the rest of the cell in an autophagosome (a double-membraned vesicle).
The autophagosome fuses with lysosomes and the contents are broken down and recycled.
In the extreme case of starvation, the breakdown of cellular components promotes cellular survival by maintaining cellular energy levels.
The name "autophagy" was coined by Belgian biochemist Christian de Duve in 1963.
The identification of autophagy-related genes in yeast in the 1990s let researchers figure out the mechanisms of autophagy.
This led to the award of the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Japanese researcher Yoshinori Ohsumi.
Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński (c. 1550 – c. 1581) was a Polish nobleman and poet.
He is generally regarded as one of the most important Polish writers and the first representative of Baroque in Poland.
Little is known about life of Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński.
He was born around 1550 in the village of Zimna Woda near Lviv (today in Ukraine, then in the Kingdom of Poland).
He was a member of Protestant family.
He was the son of Joachim Sęp called Szarzyński.
He studied abroad in Germany at universities of Wittemberg and of Lepzig.
Then he continued his studies at the University of Padua in Italy.
Szarzyński's poems were written probably in the years 1568-1581.
They were published by the poet's brother in 1601.
The book was named Rytmy abo wiersze polskie (Rhythms or Polish Verses).
Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński did not write many poems.
All his published works can be printed on one hundred pages.
He wrote in Polish and in Latin.
He wrote six sonnets and some other poems, cantos and epitaphs.
His poetry focuses on religious themes.
Thus it is similar to Sebastian Grabowiecki's work.
Szarzyński shaped his sonnets according to a French scheme that is abba abba cdcd ee.
Julian Krzyżanowski, editor of Szarzyński's poems, points out the use of alliteration in them.
Czesław Miłosz, The History of Polish Literature.
Second edition, University of California Press, Berkeley 1983.
The Great Green Wall of Africa is a strip of trees being planted across Africa to stop the Sahara desert from moving south.
The Sahara desert moving south is affecting countries such as: Niger, Chad, Sudan, Mali and many more.
The expansion of desert areas may affect the lives of up to 19 million people, including more than 1 million children.
The strip of trees is planned to be about 15 kilometers wide.
Unfortunately some people, when they see these trees, gather wood as timber for them to make fire or other uses.
California's Gold is a public television travel program that explores the natural, cultural, and historical features of the state of California.
The series ran for 18 seasons from 1994 to 2012 and was produced and hosted by Huell Howser for its entire run.
The minimal production allowed locations and people to remain the focal point of the program.
The series ceased production after Howser's death in 2013, although reruns have continued to air after his death.
Huell Howser Archives at Chapman University
Video Podcast Feed - California's Gold
California's Gold episodes available free on iTunes
Taurine is an organic compound.
It is up to 0.1% of total human body weight, and is a main constituent of bile.
Taurine is essential for the heart, the skeletal muscles, the retina, and the nerves.
The body makes it from the amino acid cysteine.
Taurine comes from the Latin /taurus/ which means bull or ox.
It was first extracted it from ox bile in 1827.
Taurine is in fish and meat.
The daily intake is around 58 mg (range from 9 to 400 mg).
It is low or negligible from a strict vegan diet.
Taurine intake is generally less than 200 mg/day.
Synthetic taurine is used to make some "energy drinks".
Many contain 1000 mg per serving, and some as much as 2000 mg.
Taurine MS Spectrum
Taurine bound to proteins in the PDB
Władysław was born probably in 1261.
He was a son of duke Casimir of Kuyavia.
He was the step-brother of duke Leszek the Black.
He was called Łokietek, that means "the Short" or "Elbow-high".
At the time of his birth Poland was divided into many independent states.
For years Władysław struggled to unite Poland into one strong state.
He was at war with a powerful king of Bohemia, Wenceslaus II.
His lands were also in danger of the Teutonic Knights who had seized the town of Gdansk.
Despite all odds, Władysław united Greater Poland and lesser Poland and was crowned in 1320.
He had still to fight in defence of the country.
In 1331 he defeated the Teutonic knights in the battle at Płowce.
He was seventy then.
His only son, Casimir III of Poland, succeeded him.
Wladyslaw I was buried in the cathedral at Wawel Castle.
An anecdote
At the time of Władysław's reign many Germans lived in Polish towns.
They opposed him and rioted against him.
After the riot of Lord Mayor Albert Władysław ordered his soldiers to expel all Germans from the town.
One of them asked Władysław, how to recognise a German.
The duke ordered them to make everyone speak aloud the words Soczewica, koło, miele, młyn (that means Lentil, wheel, grinds, mill).
A man who could not speak it correctly was regarded as a German.
Paweł Jasienica, Polska Piastów, Ossolineum, Wrocław 1960.
Henryk Samsonowicz, Łokietkowe czasy, Krakowa Agencja Wydawnicza, Kraków 1989.
1333 deaths
1261 births
Simone Arianne Biles (born March 14, 1997) is an American artistic gymnast.
Biles is the 2016 Olympic individual all-around, vault and floor gold medalist.
She was part of the gold medal-winning team dubbed the "Final Five" at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.
She also won the bronze medal for the balance beam during the Olympics.
Biles is a three-time world all-around champion (2013–15), three-time world floor champion (2013–15), two-time world balance beam champion (2014, 2015), four-time United States national all-around champion (2013–16), and a member of the gold medal-winning American teams at the 2014 and 2015 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships.
Having won a combined total of nineteen Olympic and World Championship medals, Biles is the most decorated American gymnast.
She took this over from Shannon Miller, who had held this record since 1996.
With her win in Rio, Biles became the sixth woman to have won an individual all-around title at both the World Championships and the Olympic Games.
With four Olympic gold medals, Biles set a new American record for most gold medals in women’s gymnastics at a single game.
The U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers was established by the United States Congress in 1838.
It was made up of only officers who were hand-picked graduates of the United States Military Academy at West Point.
Their main purpose was to map and make military surveys for routes to the Pacific.
They were at the center of the westward expansion of the United States between the War of 1812 and the American Civil War.
They mapped the frontier regions of the West encouraging Americans to move into those areas.
They laid out trails, roads, railroad routes and waterways.
During the Civil War, the functions of the Corps of Topographical Engineers were transferred to the Army Corps of Engineers.
From 1777 to 1863, topographical engineers were used in the United States Army.
In 1813, Congress authorized eight officers to be a part of the general staff.
Each was to have the brevet rank and pay of a major in the U.S. Cavalry.
They also authorized eight assistants, each with the brevet rank and pay of a captain in the U.S. Infantry.
They formed the Topographical Bureau as a branch of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
In 1829, John James Abert, became the head of the Topographical Bureau.
In 1838, he used his political influence to persuade Congress to form an independent army unit separate from the Corps of Engineers called the Corps of Topographical Engineers.
Informally they became known as “topogs".
Their first priority was to explore the American West to make it accessible.
Early on they worked to make the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers navigable.
The work of charting these rivers actually started under the Topographical Bureau over a decade before the establishment of the Corps of Topographical Engineers.
During the mid-1800s, they worked on floodind issues of major rivers.
They designed lighthouses, mapped navigational routes and worked on many other federal projects.
The General Survey Act gave them the authority to survey all canals and roads in the United States.