the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Tiny Toon Adventures – Arnold the Pitbull, Banjo the Woodpile Possum, Blink Winkleman, Concord Condor, Cooper DeVille, Fowlmouth, Foxy, Sneezer's Dad, Peter Hastings, Vanilla Lice and Furrball
Tom & Jerry Kids – Additional Voices
Totally Spies – Diminutive Smalls (Season 1), Asian guard
TripTank – John, Groom, Dad
T.U.F.F. Puppy – Bird Brain
Ultimate Spider-Man – Batroc the Leaper, Boomerang, Additional Voices
Wake, Rattle, and Roll – D.E.C.K.S
The Weekenders – Cousin Phillip, Carl
Avery Orenthal, Government Agent, Jamison Steven Ripley, Travis Knox
Where's Wally?:
The Animated Series – Additional Voices
Wild West C.O.W.-Boys of Moo Mesa – Cacklin' Kid
Wildfire – Additional Voices
The Wizard of Oz – Additional Voices
Dick 'Dickie' Dastardly, Chuck Toupee, Super Snooper, Robin Hood, Waiter, Wee Willie the Gorilla, Additional Voices
VeggieTales – Mr. Finnegan J. Beet
VeggieTales in the House – Ichabeezer, Bacon Bill, Junior's Dad, Tom Celeriac, Additional Voices.
101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure – Danny
A Bug's Life - Additional Voices
A Goofy Movie – P.J.
An Extremely Goofy Movie – P.J. Pete
The Adventures of Renny the Fox - Additional Voices
The Addams Family - ADR Loop Group
Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman – Mr. Rochelle
Antz - Additional Voices
Anastasia - Additional Voices
The Ant Bully – Beetle
Astro Boy - ADR Group
Atlantis: The Lost Empire - Additional Voices
The Black Cauldron - Additional Voices
Balto II: Wolf Quest – Muru (singing voice), Terrier, Sumac, Wolverine #2
Balto III: Wings of Change – Terrier
Barnyard – Peck, a goofy chicken and one of Otis' friends / Pizza Twin #1
Batman - ADR Loop Group
Batman: Gotham Knight – Sal Maroni
Batman and Harley Quinn - Harold Goldblum, Min & Max
Bat Thumb – No Face, Commissioner
Beauty and the Beast - Additional Voices
Bee Movie - ADR Group
Big Hero 6 - Additional Voices
Cars 3 - Additional Voices
Cathy - Irving Hillman
Cathy's Last Resort - Irving Hillman
Cathy's Valentine - Irving Hillman
Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie -  ADR Group
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory - ADR Loop Group
Cinderella II: Dreams Come True – Jaq/Grand Duke/The Baker/Sir Hugh/Bert/Flower Vendor
Cinderella III: A Twist in Time – The Grand Duke and Jaq
Changeland - "Dad"
Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure – Farley the Fox
Coco - Additional Voices
Comic Book: The Movie – Voice Actor
Cranberry Christmas – Mr. Whiskers
Curious George - Additional Voices
The Dark Knight - ADR Loop Group
Dinosaur - Additional Voices
Doraemon: Nobita and the Green Giant Legend – Gian
Dragon Hunters – Gwizdo
Elvira's Haunted Hills – Adrian
The Emperor's New Groove - Additional Voices
Finding Dory - Additional Voices
The Fox and the Hound 2 – Chief, Additional Voices
Frozen 2 - Additional Voices
The Great Mouse Detective - Additional Voices
Goodfellas - ADR Loop Group
Ghostbuster - ADR Loop Group
The Godfather Part 3 - ADR Loop Group
The GodThumb – Mickey, Toll Booth Guard
Green Lantern - ADR Loop Group
G.I. Joe: The Movie  – Snow Job
Hamburger: The Motion Picture – Security Guard
Happily N'Ever After – Amigo 2
Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone - ADR Loop Group
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets - ADR Loop Group
Heat - ADR Loop Group
The Happy Elf - Eubie
The Haunted World of El Superbeasto – El Gato/Commandant Hess
Hercules - Additional Voices
Hood vs. Evil – Johann, Bad Shatner, Bad Kelley
The Hunchback of Notre Dame – Frollo's Soldiers
The Incredibles - Additional Voices
Iron Man - ADR Loop Group
I'm Mad – Yakko Warner, Dr. Scratchansniff
Jetsons: The Movie – Additional Voices
Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius – Carl Wheezer, Ebenezer Wheezer, Martha Wheezer, Kid in Classroom
Jonny's Golden Quest – Hadji
Jonny Quest vs. The Cyber Insects – Hadji Singh / 425
Justice Leagus - ADR Loop Group
Kung Fu Panda - ADR Group
Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure – Otis
The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour series – Carl Wheezer
The Land Before Time II: The Great Valley Adventure – Spike / Strut / Chomper
The Land Before Time III: The Time of the Great Giving – Spike / Kosh
The Land Before Time IV: Journey Through the Mists – Spike
The Land Before Time V: The Mysterious Island – Spike
The Land Before Time VII: The Stone of Cold Fire – Rinkus and Spike
The Land Before Time VIII: The Big Freeze – Spike and Stegosaurus Leader
The Land Before Time IX: Journey to Big Water – Spike
The Land Before Time X: The Great Longneck Migration – Spike
The Land Before Time XI: Invasion of the Tinysauruses – Spike/Kosh
The Land Before Time XII: The Great Day of the Flyers – Spike/Mo/Guido/Kosh
The Land Before Time XIII: The Wisdom of Friends – Spike/Beipiaosaurus #4
The Land Before Time: Journey of the Brave – Spike
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring - ADR Loop Group
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers - ADR Loop Group
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King - ADR Loop Group
Lego Batman: The Movie – DC Super Heroes Unite – Riddler
Lilo & Stitch - Additional Voices
Leroy & Stitch – Reuben, Squeak, Additional Voices
The Lion King - Additional Voices
The Little Mermaid - Additional Voices
The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea – Prince Eric
The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning – Ink Spot the octopus and Swifty the shrimp
Lone Wolf McQuade – Man at festival
Luca - Additional Voices
Madagascar - ADR Group
Mannequin – Cop #4
Men in Black - ADR Loop Group
Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse – Jaq and additional voices
Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers – Troubadour
Mickey's House of Villains – Hades (singing only)
Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas – Additional Voices
Missing Link - Old Worlders
Mulan - Additional Voices
Mulan II – Prince Jeeki
The Nightmare Before Christmas - Additional Voices
Onward - Additional Voices
Osmosis Jones - Additional Voices
Otra Película de Huevos y un Pollo – Confi
The Perfect Match – John Wainwright
The Pirate Fairy – Bobble
Pixie Hollow Games – Bobble, Buck
Planes - Additional Voices
Penguins of Madagascar - ADR Group
Pocahontas - Additional Voices
Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World – Additional Voices
The Powerpuff Girls Movie – Hota Wata, Killa Drilla, The Doot Da Doot Da Doo Doos , Blah-Blah Blah-Blah
The Prince of Egypt - Additional Voices
Pulp Fiction - ADR Loop Group
Quest for Camelot - Additional Voices
Return to Never Land – Pirates Rusty
The Road to El Dorado - Additional Voices
Rockin' with Judy Jetson – Sky Rocker
Star Wars: Episode 1 - The Phantom Menace - ADR Loop Group
Star Wars: Episode 2 - Attack of the Clones - ADR Loop Group
Star Wars Episode 3 - Revenge of the Sith - ADR Loop Group
Star Wars: The Force Awakens - Additional Voices
Star Wars: The Last Jedi - Additional Voices
Solo: A Star Wars Story - Additional Voices
Soul - Additional Voices
Scream - ADR Loop Group
and the Reluctant Werewolf – Brunch
in Arabian Nights – Prince
Scooby-Doo Meets the Boo Brothers – Shreako and Dispatcher
Music of the Vampire – Vampire Actor #2, the Sheriff, and Teen Vampire
Step Brothers - ADR Loop Group
Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse - Additional Voices
The Simpsons Movie - ADR Group
The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water – Seagull
The Movie – Reuben, Additional Voices
Steel Magnolias – Delivery Guy
Tarzan - Additional Voices
Thor Ragnarok - ADR Loop Group
Tinker Bell – Bobble
Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure  – Bobble, Grimsley, Mr. Owl
Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue – Bobble
Secret of the Wings – Bobble
Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation – Fowlmouth, Johnny Pew, Mr. Hitcher, Banjo Possum, Hotel Manager and the Bike Carrier
Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars - Computer Voice, Worker #1, Worker #2
Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry – Irving, Dave
Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz – Hickory/Tin Man
Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz – Hickory/Tin Man
Tomorrowland - ADR Loop Group
Top Cat and the Beverly Hills Cats – James the Chauffeur, Lester Pester, Tour Bus Driver
Tweety's High-Flying Adventure – Sphinx, Ship Crewman, Casino Cat, Additional Voices
Toy Story - Additional Voices
Toy Story 4 - Additional Voices
WALL-E - Additional Voices
Wakko's Wish – Yakko Warner, Pinky, Dr. Otto Scratchansnniff
Yogi Bear - Additional Voices
Yogi and the Invasion of the Space Bears – Zor Two
Yogi the Easter Bear – Easter Bunny, Male Ranger
Zootopia - Additional Voices
Animaniacs Game Pack – Yakko Warner, Pinky, Dr. Otto Scratchansniff
Animaniacs: The Great Edgar Hunt – Yakko Warner, Pinky, Dr. Otto Scratchansniff
Animaniacs: Ten Pin Alley – Yakko Warner, Pinky, Dr. Otto Scratchansniff
102 Dalmatians: Puppies to the Rescue – Fluffy
Armed and Dangerous – Captain 2, Grunt, Kato
Armikrog – Beak-Beak, PresidANTs
Baldur's Gate – Kivan, Volo, Prism, Telmen
Baldur's Gate II – Shadows of Amn – Anomen Delryn,  Saerk Farrahd,  Biff the Understudy, Qadeel
Barnyard – Peck
Biker Mice from Mars – Throttle, Hairball, Claw Tooper
Blazing Dragons – Mervin the Magician, Inventor of Baseball
Bubsy 2 – Bubsy Bobcat
Bubsy in Fractured Furry Tales – Bubsy
Cedric's Basics In Education & Learning – Cedric
Clay Fighter 63 1/3 – Bonkers
Disney's PK: Out of the Shadows – PK
Doom 3 - Research Director Larry Bullman
The Fairly OddParents: Breakin' da Rules – King Gripploun, Dog Catcher, Fairy Judge, Guard, Anti-Fairies, Squirrelly Scouts, Arthur, Gilded Arches
The Fairly OddParents: Shadow Showdown – Mark Chang, Oberon, Quince, Ape King, Chamberlain, The Shadow
Final Fantasy X-2 – Tobli, Additional Voices
FusionFall – Major Glory
Ghosthunter – Officer Lazarus Jones
Giants: Citizen Kabuto – Timmy the Smartie
God of War – Greek Soldier
The Incredibles: Rise of the Underminer - The Crustodian
Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius – Carl Wheezer, Yokian Fleet Commander, Yokian 1, Yokian 2, Yokian 3, Retroland Worker, Ultra-Lord (PC Version only)
Jimmy Neutron vs. Jimmy Negatron – Carl Wheezer, The Herminator, Sporko's Employee, Sparko's Owner
Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep – Jaq, Grand Duke
Lego Batman 2: DC Super Heroes – Riddler
Lost Odyssey - Technician Amures
Metal Arms: Glitch in the System – Mil Grunts
Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes – Gray Fox
Nickelodeon Toon Twister 3D – Carl Wheezer
Nicktoons Unite – Carl Wheezer
Orion Burger – Wilbur Wafflemeier
Planescape: Torment – Mortimer 'Morte' Rictusgrin
Sacrifice – Zyzyx
The Secret of Monkey Island: Special Edition – Bob, The Lookout, Alfredo Fettucini
Skylanders: SuperChargers – Smash Hit
Skylanders: Imaginators – Smash Hit
The Sopranos: Road to Respect – Gil
SpongeBob SquarePants featuring Nicktoons: Globs of Doom – Technus, Carl Wheezer, Traloc
Super Smash Bros. Brawl – Gray Fox
Super Smash Bros. Ultimate – Gray Fox
Tak: The Great Juju Challenge –  Dead Juju, Head 2, Tlaloc
Tak and the Power of Juju – Tlaloc, Head 2, Dead
Tak 2: The Staff of Dreams – Tlaloc, Dead Juju, Giant Misunderstanding Juju
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles video games – Raphael, Donatello
Nickelodeon's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles – Donatello
Portal Power –Donatello, 80's Raphael
Turtles in Time – Raphael
Toonstruck – Lugnut, Mee, Barman
Capital punishment has existed in the United States before it became a country.
As of 2021, capital punishment is legal in 27 out of 50 states.
The federal government and the United States military have capital punishment.
The United States is the only Western country that has capital punishment.
Before the United States became an independent country, it was a colony of the British Empire.
The first known death sentence in colonial America happened in 1608.
Captain George Kendall was executed by firing squad at the Jamestown colony after being accused of spying for the Spanish government.
In colonial America, people could be executed for many things.
In the Jamestown colony, the first set of rules and punishments the colony's Lieutenant Governor wrote was very strict.
There were 48 different capital crimes (crimes that were punishable by death).
Picking flowers from a neighbor's garden
Criticizing the British government (for the third time)
Blasphemy (for the third time)
Trading with Native Americans (for the first time)
Leaving the colony (for the third time)
Stealing food because of hunger (for the third time)
When some colonists decided they did not like these strict rules, they ran away from the colony to live with nearby Native Americans.
They were brought back to the colony, tortured, and executed.
The Thirteen Colonies
Each of the Thirteen Colonies came up with its own death penalty laws.
For example, in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, which was mostly Puritan, laws were harsh.
Under its first capital punishment laws, which were effective from 1636-1647, people were executed for sodomy, adultery, witchcraft, blasphemy, bestiality, assault, rape, statutory rape, perjury in a capital trial, and murder.
Later, the colony continued to execute people for witchcraft, including 20 people during the Salem Witch Trials.
They also executed people for being Quakers and pirates.
Some colonies were not as strict.
For example, the New Jersey colony had no death penalty, and in the Pennsylvania colony only murder and treason were capital crimes.
Revolutionary War era
By 1776, most of the colonies had similar laws about the death penalty.
In most colonies, the capital crimes were arson, piracy, treason, murder, sodomy, burglary, robbery, rape, stealing horses, slave rebellion, and counterfeiting (making fake money).
Usually, people sentenced to death were hanged.
During the American Revolutionary War, British Major John André was hanged by the Continental Army on October 2, 1780.
He was convicted of spying and helping Benedict Arnold.
The first slaves were brought to the Jamestown colony in 1619.
Slavery was legal in the United States for the next 246 years, until the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution made it illegal in 1865.
Until that time, slaves had no rights.
Slaves could be punished or tortured for any reason, or for no reason at all.
Slaves who tried to escape or rebel were often tortured and executed where other slaves could see, to warn them not to do the same thing.
For example, in 1755, in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, a slave named Mark was accused of poisoning his "master."
He was executed, then hung in chains at Boston Harbor so his body would rot.
This was supposed to remind other slaves not to rebel every time they passed Mark's body.
Twenty years later, when Paul Revere made his "Midnight Ride," Mark's skeleton was still hanging in chains at Boston Harbor.
During the 1700s, in the Southern colonies, an unknown number of slaves were executed, sometimes for things like hitting another slave, "fussing," or "sassing" a white person.
Laws in the Southern colonies were passed allowing cruel and unusual punishments as well as capital punishment for slaves.
In the late 1700s, activists like Benjamin Rush began to argue that the death penalty should not be used.
Between 1794 and 1815, eight states passed laws that made fewer crimes punishable by death.
However, many southern states made more crimes punishable by death, especially for slaves.
Major reforms started to happen between 1833 and 1853.
At that time, many executions were public events.
By 1849, fifteen states had switched to private hangings.
In 1852, Massachusetts's state legislature voted to allow the death penalty only for first-degree murder.
The next year, Wisconsin outlawed capital punishment.
In 1887, Maine's state legislature banned the death penalty.
The focus on the death penalty slowed while the country was busy with the issue of slavery and the American Civil War.
However, in 1897, the United States Congress passed a law that made fewer federal crimes punishable by death.
In 1911, Minnesota abolished capital punishment.
Several other states also abolished the death penalty, but would start using it again later.
Alaska and Hawaii, in 1957, before they became states
Iowa, Vermont, and West Virginia, in 1965
North Dakota, in 1973
Furman v. Georgia
In 1972, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in Furman v. Georgia that the way death penalty laws were written made them unconstitutional.
They ruled that sentencing rules were discriminatory, because black people got sentenced to death more often than whites for the same crimes.
Because of this, the death penalty was cruel and unusual punishment, which violated the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution.
This ruling stopped all executions in the country.
Between 1972 and 1976, there were no executions in the United States.
However, by early 1975, thirty states had passed new death penalty laws that they thought would satisfy the Supreme Court.
In Gregg v. Georgia (1976), the Supreme Court ruled that Georgia's new death penalty law was constitutional.
It ruled that capital punishment was not always cruel and unusual punishment, as long as it was done fairly.
This meant that states could start executing people again, as long as they had rewritten their death penalty laws like Georgia did, to say that the death penalty would be applied fairly.
In 1977, executions began again in the United States.
In two major cases, the Supreme Court has limited who may be executed.
In Atkins v. Virginia (2002), the Court decided that executing people with intellectual disabilities is cruel and unusual punishment, and is against the Eighth Amendment.
Before this decision, between 1984 and 1992, forty-four people with intellectual disabilities were executed in the United States.
Also, in Roper v. Simmons (2005), the Supreme Court made it illegal to execute a person who was younger than 18 when they committed their crime.
Number of executions
In 2004, two researchers named M. Watt Espy and John Ortiz Smykia put together a list of executions that became known as "The ESPY File."
The Espy File says that between 1608 and 1991, in the American colonies and then the United States, 15,269 people were executed.
The Espy File is "the most often cited and used list of America's legal executions."
However, in a 2011 study, two researchers criticized The Espy File.
They wrote that researchers should not use the File as a complete source of information about executions.
According to the United States Department of Justice, between 1930 and 2002, the United States executed 4,679 people.
About two-thirds of these people (about 3,100 people) were executed between 1930 and 1950.
Between 1916 and 1955, the United States military executed 135 soldiers.
The military has not executed anyone since 1955.
In 2016, only 5 of 50 or 10% of US states had executions.
They were Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Missouri and Texas.
Throughout American history, different methods of execution have been used.
During colonial times, cruel and painful methods like burning or crushing people to death were sometimes used.
However, since 1776, all but a few executions have been carried out in one of five ways: hanging, firing squad, the electric chair, the gas chamber, or lethal injection.
Since the Bill of Rights was added to the United States Constitution in 1791, "cruel and unusual punishment" has been against the law in the United States.
This means that even if a person commits a terrible crime, the Constitution says their punishment cannot be painful or cause suffering on purpose.
However, hanging did not always work the way it was supposed to.
If the rope and noose were not put in the correct position, a person could be decapitated.
If the rope was not long enough, the person could slowly die of strangulation.
People started looking for more 'civilized' ways to execute people.
After Thomas Edison discovered direct current (DC) electricity in 1882, his company showed how powerful it was by using it to kill animals.
The idea of using electricity to kill humans grew out of this.
New York built the first electric chair, and first used it to execute a prisoner on August 6, 1890.
Other states also adopted the electric chair as a method of execution, believing that it was a less painful way to die than hanging.
However, it became clear, even to some members of the Supreme Court, that dying in an electric chair was very painful.
Also, even up until the 1990s, electric chairs would work incorrectly, causing prisoners to catch fire or be awake while they were being electrocuted.
Around the 1980s, most states began to use lethal injection instead.
Still looking for a more "humane" methods of execution, in 1924, Nevada prison officials tried to secretly pump cyanide gas into death row prisoner Gee Jon's cell to kill him while he slept.
This did not work, and they had to build a gas chamber.
On February 8, 1924, Jon became the first person to be executed by gas chamber.
From 1924 to 1972, the United States executed about 600 people in gas chambers.
Most states used hydrogen cyanide gas.
However, by the mid-1970s and 1980s, many people had started to criticize the use of gas chambers.
Death from hydrogen cyanide poisoning can be long and painful, and in some executions, prisoners suffered long deaths.
After one of these executions, a federal court in California ruled that "execution by lethal gas under the California protocol is unconstitutionally cruel and unusual punishment."
Also, according to sociologist Clifton Bryant, the way it is used in the United States, "the gas chamber is ... the most dangerous, most complicated, and most expensive method of administering the death penalty."
By the late 20th century, most states had switched to using lethal injection.
In the 1970s, Oklahoma passed the first law that allowed executions by lethal injection.
This was a practical decision: Oklahoma's old electric chair would need expensive repairs, and building a gas chamber would cost over $200,000.
However, executing a person by lethal injection would only cost $10 to $15 per person.
Lethal injection grew more and more popular in death penalty states.
It was viewed as less painful, with less suffering, than the electric chair or gas chamber.
Texas was the first state to execute someone by lethal injection, in 1982.
Over the next 30 years, all of the death penalty states passed laws making lethal injection their first-choice (or only) method of execution.
However, in the 2010s, American prisons started having trouble getting enough of the medications used to carry out lethal injections.
The states had been using three medications for lethal injections:
Sodium thiopental (an anesthetic to put the prisoner to sleep)
Pancuronium bromide (to paralyze the prisoner)
Potassium chloride (to stop the prisoner's heart)
Then, in 2011, Hospira, the only American company that made sodium thiopental, stopped making the drug.
The European Union makes other anesthetics, like propofol.
However, since the European Union is against the death penalty, they made it illegal to export any product that could be used in an execution.
Another anesthetic, pentobarbital, is also only made in the European Union, and the company that makes it has put limits on selling it to U.S. government customers.
A few states have tried mixtures of other drugs, but those executions have not gone well.
As of January 1, 2016, fifteen states have laws that allow them to use a method of execution other than lethal injection.
Before the lethal injection drug shortages, these other methods were rarely used.
From 1976 to March 23, 2016, there were 1,431 executions:
1,256 (88%) were by lethal injection
158 (11%) were by electric chair
11 (0.8%) were by gas chamber
3 (0.2%) were by hanging
3 (0.2%) were by firing squad
However, since they stopped being able to get lethal injection drugs, some states have thought about going back to other methods of execution.
Here are the states whose laws allow them to use other methods, as of January 1, 2016:
This table shows the death penalty laws in 49 of the 50 states; Washington, D.C.; the federal government; and the United States military, as of January 1, 2016.
Under the category "Status," there are four possibilities:
Abolished.
This state no longer uses the death penalty.
This state still uses the death penalty.
Moratorium.
This means the death penalty law has been temporarily stopped.
De facto moratorium.
This means the death penalty is still officially legal.
However, the state has not executed anyone in at least five years (except for people who ask to be executed).
In some areas, prosecutors ask for the death penalty, and judges grant the death penalty, more often than in other areas.
Also, once people are convicted and are on "death row," how quickly they are executed depends on the state they are in.
On average, in 2004, death penalty states had executed about 10% of the people on their "death rows."
However, California had executed only 1% of its prisoners who are sentenced to death.
Texas executed 40% of theirs.
Among races
In a report in 1983, David Baldus and others wrote a famous report that looked at whether the death penalty was applied equally to people of different races in Georgia.
People are more likely to be sentenced to death for killing whites than for killing blacks
Black defendants are more likely to get the death penalty than whites
In 1987, the Supreme Court decided a case called McCleskey v. Kemp.
McCleskey's lawyers showed that in Georgia, where McCleskey lived, black people convicted of killing whites were four times more likely to get the death penalty than people convicted of killing non-whites.
The Supreme Court accepted this, but ruled against McCleskey.
They wrote: "[inequalities] in sentencing are an inevitable part of our criminal justice system."
Since then, judges have not allowed lawyers to argue that racial bias plays a part in the death penalty.
As of 2003, African Americans made up 41% of death row inmates, but only 12.6% of the United States population
34% of the people executed since 1976 have been African American
About the same number of blacks and whites are murdered.
However, 80% of the people executed since 1977 were convicted of murdering white people
The United States Department of Justice says that between 1980 and 2008, African Americans committed 52.5% of the murders in the United States; whites committed 45.3%; and Native Americans and Asians committed 2.2%.
This means African Americans are less likely to be executed on a per capita basis.
The Department of Justice also says that as of 2009, Hispanic or Latino people make up 17.4% of the United States population, but only 13.5% of death row prisoners.
A 2012 study found that non-white soldiers in the United States military are twice as likely as white soldiers to be given the death penalty.
Of the 16 soldiers the military has sentenced to death between 1985 and 2012, 10 (62.5%) were non-whites, one of the study's authors said.
Among sexes
The death penalty is definitely given much more often to men than women.
As of October 1, 2014:
98.12% of the people currently on death row are men (2,978 men); 1.88% (57) are women
98.92% of the people executed since 1976 have been men (1,374 men); 1.08% (15) have been women
Exoneration
The University of Michigan Law School keeps a list of people who have been exonerated from death row.
The list counts "exonerations" as cases where "a person who has been convicted of a crime is officially cleared based on new evidence of innocence."
According to the list, between 1989 and 2015, 116 people have been exonerated from death row.
The most common reasons why these people were exonerated were:
The person was convicted at least partly because police, prosecutors, judges, or other government officials abused their power (88 people were exonerated at least partly for this reason.
This is about 76% of the 116 exonerated people.)
Somebody lied in court or lied when they accused the person of the crime: (85 people  73%)
The person was convicted based on forensic evidence that was wrong, exaggerated, not proven to be good science, or was fake: 32 people (28%)
The person's lawyer gave the person an "inadequate legal defense" (the lawyer did not give the person even a basic defense, or made very serious errors during the trial): 31 people (27%)
DNA evidence proved that 25 of these people  about 22%  were innocent of the crimes they were sentenced to death for.
Of the 116 people who were exonerated, 62 (about 53%) were black, 43 (37%) were white, 9 (8%) were Hispanic, and two were members of other races (2%).
In the 88 cases where a government official abused their power, 51 of the exonerated people (about 58%) were black; 29 were Caucasian (33%); and 8 (9%) were Hispanic.
Seventeen of the 31 people who received an "inadequate legal defense" (about 55%) were black; 12 (about 39%) were white; and two (about 6%) were Hispanic.
The death penalty is a very controversial topic in the United States.
People have argued about it since before the Thirteen Colonies became the United States.
There are many different arguments for and against the death penalty.
This list does not include all of them, just some of the most common ones.
Possibility of mistakes
People who do not agree with the death penalty (death penalty opponents) say our trial system is not perfect.
Judges and juries make mistakes.
One study done by Columbia Law School found that there were serious mistakes in two-thirds of all capital trials.
In these trials, the defendants were sentenced to death anyway.
However, when their cases were appealed, over 80% of the defendants were not sentenced to death; 7% were found not guilty.
Opponents argue that because mistakes are so common in capital trials, people can be executed even though they were innocent.
As proof, they point the 116 people who were exonerated from death row between 1989 and 2015.
People who support the death penalty (death penalty supporters) say that mistakes are very rare, especially since new laws were made in the 1970s to add protections for death row inmates.
For example, Steve Stewart, Deputy Prosecuting Attorney for the Clark County, Indiana, Fourth Judicial Court, says:
Preventing other crimes
Death penalty supporters say that capital punishment is a deterrent.
This means that people are scared of the death penalty and are less likely to commit a capital crime if they know they could get the death penalty.
Supporters also argue that the next most serious punishment for capital crimes is life in prison.
In some states, this means the person could be let out of prison someday.
Also, even being in prison for life does not keep killers from killing more people in prison.
Executing people is the only way to make sure they will never kill another person.
Opponents argue that nobody has ever proved that capital punishment is more of a deterrent than a long prison sentence.
They point out that most states and countries that do not have the death penalty have lower murder rates than death penalty states.
They also say that the death penalty is not a deterrent because people often commit murders when they are very upset and are not thinking about what might happen in the future.
Among scholars and researchers, there is no agreement about whether capital punishment is more of a deterrent than any other punishment.
Some researchers have done studies that say the death penalty is a deterrent.
Other studies have found that the death penalty is not a deterrent  in the United States, or in other countries.
Whether the death penalty is applied unfairly
Opponents argue that defendants who are poor and/or non-white are more likely to get the death penalty than whites, even if they have committed the same crimes.
Supporters say that opponents misuse statistics and exaggerate the situation.
For more information, see the section on Sentencing: Among races farther up on this page.
Whether the death penalty is cruel and unusual punishment
Death penalty debaters argue about whether capital punishment is "cruel and unusual punishment" (which would be unconstitutional).
Even the people on the Supreme Court have disagreed on this issue.
In 2004, the Court ruled in Baze v. Rice that even if an execution causes pain, that does not make it cruel and unusual.
However, in his dissenting opinion in Gregg v. Georgia, Justice William Brennan wrote that the death penalty is "an unusually severe punishment, unusual in its pain... [it] is today a cruel and unusual punishment prohibited by the ... Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments."
The United States is the only western nation that uses the death penalty; and
Only a very small number of murderers in the United States get the death penalty.
Morals and religions
Religion plays a complicated role in death penalty arguments.
To support the death penalty, some people quote from the Old Testament of the Bible, which says: "An eye for an eye, a life for a life."
This means that if you take a life, you should pay with your own life.
However, others use parts of the New Testament, where Jesus talks about forgiveness and nonviolence, to oppose the death penalty.
They say that no one has the right to take a life but God  even if that person has taken a life himself.
Graphs and charts
Basic arguments for and against the death penalty (in Simple English)  from BBC
A half life of a substance is the amount of time it takes to decay into half of its activity.
Usually, this refers to the body's getting rid of a substance.
This happens by the function of kidneys and liver as well as excretion.
Der Barbier von Bagdad (The Barber of Baghdad), is an German comic opera with music and libretto by Peter Cornelius.
It is based on "The Tale of the Tailor" and "The Barber's Stories of his Six Brothers" in One Thousand and One Nights.
It was first performed in Weimar, on December 15, 1858.
By far Cornelius' most successful work and his only opera still regularly performed.
Nureddin - tenor
Bostana - mezzo-soprano
Abdul Hassan Ali Ebn Bekar, the barber - bass
Margiana - soprano
Baba Mustapha, the Cadi - tenor
The Caliph - baritone
1952: Rudolf Schock (Nureddin), Hilde Rössl-Majdan (Bostana), Gottlob Frick (Abdul Hassan), Sena Jurinac (Margiana); Chor und Orchester Radio Wien, Heinrich Hollreiser - (Melodram)
1956: Nicolai Gedda (Nureddin), Grace Hoffmann (Bostana), Oskar Czerwenka (Abdul Hassan), Elisabeth Schwarzkopf (Margiana); Philharmonia Chorus and Orchestra, Erich Leinsdorf - (EMI Classics)
1973: Adlabert Kraus (Nureddin), Trudeliese Schmidt (Bostana), Karl Ridderbusch (Abdul Hassan), Sylvia Geszty (Margiana); Chor des Bayerischen Rundfunks, Münchner Rundfunkorchester, Heinrich Hollreiser - (RCA Records)
1974: Horst R. Laubenthal (Nureddin), Marga Schiml (Bostana), Hans Sotin (Abdul Hassan), Helen Donath (Margiana); Kölner Rundfunkchor, Kölner Rundfunk-Sinfonieorchester, Ferdinand Leitner - (Profil)
Marcelo Martins Moreno (born 18 June 1987 in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia), known as Marcelo Martins or Marcelo Moreno, is a Bolivian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Cruzeiro and the Bolivia national football team.
Campeonato Baiano: 2005, 2007
Campeonato Mineiro: 2008, 2014
Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 2014
UEFA Cup: 2008–09
Ukrainian Premier League: 2010–11
Copa do Brasil: 2013
Copa Libertadores de América Top Goalscorer: 2008
CRISPR is a term in DNA research.
It stands for clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats.
These are part of the genetic code in prokaryotes: most bacteria and archaea have it.
It is their defence against attack by viruses.
Its structure and function was discovered in the 21st century.
CRISPR has a lot of short repeated sequences.
These sequences are part of an adaptive immune system for prokaryotes.
It allows them to remember and counter the bacteriophages which prey on them.
They work as a kind of acquired immunity for bacteria.
They can modify the genes of almost any organism.
They are used by researchers as a tool to cut and insert genes in genetic modification (GM).
Work is under way to find how they can be used to attack virus diseases in humans (gene therapy).
Each repetition is followed by short segments of "spacer DNA".
These come from previous exposures to a bacterial virus or plasmid.
CRISPR spacers recognize and cut up the foreign genetic elements in a manner like RNA interference in eukaryotic organisms.
In effect, the spacers are fragments of DNA from viruses that have previously tried to attack the cell line.
The foreign source of the spacers was a sign to researchers that the CRISPR/cas system could have a role in adaptive immunity in bacteria.
The actual cutting is done by a nuclease called Cas9.
Cas9 has two active cutting sites, one for each strand of the DNA's double helix.
Cas9 does this by unwinding foreign DNA and checking whether it is complementary to the 20 basepair spacer region of the guide RNA (the spacer region RNA).
If it is, the foreign DNA gets chopped up.
CRISPR is an anti-viral defensive system which originated in bacteria and archaea.
Gene editing is a human exploitation of CRISPR.
The technology has been used to switch off genes in human cell lines and cells, to study Candida albicans, to modify yeasts used to make biofuel and to genetically modify crop strains.
The CRISPR-Cas9 system cuts DNA, but can do more.
It can turn gene expression on and off, and can be used to fluorescently tag particular sequences.
The development of the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technique was recognized by the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2020 which was awarded jointly to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna.
Tayap is a small village in Cameroon.
It is  from Yaoundé, the capital city.
It is  from Douala, the biggest city of the country.
The climate is equatorial.
It is usually hot, .
It is often wet.
There are four different seasons.
In 2005, 272 people lived in Tayap.
It has 4 classrooms.
Most people work in agriculture.
They produce manioc, bananas, oranges, mangoes, vegetables, peanuts, cocoa and palm oil.
Since 2011 Tayap focuses on biodiversity and ecology.
It tries to develop new activities such as tourism.
Agripo
Ordinary least squares or linear least squares is a method for estimating unknown parameters in statistics.
It is a method used in linear regression.
The goal of the method is to minimize the difference between the observed responses and the responses predicted by the linear approximation of the data.
A smaller difference means that model fits the data better.
Ordinary least squares is a special case of a method commonly called least squares.
The resulting estimator can be expressed by a simple formula.
A justice of the peace (JP) is a judicial officer, elected or appointed to a local court that has limited jurisdiction.
In some locations a JP deals with traffic violations, parking tickets and may have the authority to perform marriages ceremonies.
In many places they are the entry-level courts that most criminal cases pass through.
JP courts were popular in early history, but are now found mostly in rural areas.
Otherwise people would have to travel longer distances to other courts of law.
In 1195, a proclamation of Richard I of England local knights were appointed to keep order.
In 1264, "Keepers of the Peace were appointed in every county to serve the king.
Such men were called "Justice of the Peace" beginning in about 1362.
When colonists came to British North America they brought with them the common law system that included JPs.
In France, "Lords of the Court" administered justice.
After 1789, justices of the peace were elected.
While the requirements vary from one jurisdiction to another, generally, to become a JP there are few if any educational requirements.
An application is filled out and usually there is a fee.
Justices may be chosen by their qualifications and references.
Many have law degrees while others may have taken a few law classes.
Justice of the Peace, Texas Association of Counties
How to Become a Justice of the Peace in Canada
Justice of the Peace in Australia
Becoming a Magistrate in England and Wales
Garry Emmanuel Shandling (November 29, 1949 – March 24, 2016) was an American comedian, actor, writer, producer and director.
He was best known for his work in It's Garry Shandling's Show and The Larry Sanders Show.
Shandling was born Garry Emmanuel Shandling in Chicago, Illinois on November 29, 1949.
He was raised in Tucson, Arizona.
He studied at the University of Arizona.
Shandling began his career in 1975.
He started writing for sitcoms such as Sanford and Son and Welcome Back, Kotter.
He began his career in comedy when he was on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and was on the show many times.
Shandling was for a thought to replace Carson (other hopefuls were Joan Rivers, David Letterman and David Brenner).
In 1986, he created It's Garry Shandling's Show, for the pay cable channel Showtime.
It was nominated for four Emmy Awards (including one for Shandling) and lasted until 1990.
His second show, The Larry Sanders Show, which began airing on HBO in 1992, was even more successful.
Shandling was nominated for 18 Emmy Awards for the show and won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series in 1998, along with Peter Tolan, for writing the series finale.
In movies, Shandling had the same role as Senator Stern in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, appearing in Iron Man 2 and Captain America: The Winter Soldier, as well as a voice in DreamWorks Animation's Over the Hedge.
His last movies were Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2015) and The Jungle Book (2016).
Shandling was in a relationship with Linda Doucett from 1987 through 1994.
Shandling died in Los Angeles from a pulmonary embolism caused by thrombosis in his leg on March 24, 2016.
During his career, Shandling was nominated for 19 Primetime Emmy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards, along with many other awards and nominations.
He served as host of the Grammy Awards four times and as host of the Emmy Awards three times.
Garry Shandling on Charlie Rose  via Google Video (2006)
AllMovie.com: Garry Shandling
Museum of Broadcasting: It's Garry Shandling's Show / The Larry Sanders Show
Filmbug.com: Garry Shandling
Mount Kenya is the highest mountain in Kenya.
It is the second highest mountain in Africa.
It is  northeast of Nairobi.
A flame fougasse (fougasse or foo gas) is a type of mine or improvised explosive device.
It uses an explosive charge to put burning liquid onto a target.
The flame fougasse was developed in Britain as an anti-tank weapon in the World War II invasion crisis of 1940.
During that period, about 50,000 flame fougasse barrels were put in some 7,000 batteries.
Most were in southern England and some in Scotland.
Although never used in combat in Britain, the design saw action later in Greece.
Katzenbach v. McClung, 379 U.S. 294 (1964), is a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court.
The Court held that Congress acted within its power under the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution in forbidding racial discrimination in restaurants as this was a burden to interstate commerce.
The ruling was a 9–0 decision in favor of the plaintiff—the United States government.
It was also a test case of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
In particular,
Ollie's Barbecue was a family-owned restaurant that operated in Birmingham, Alabama, that seated 220 customers.
It was located on a state highway and was 11 city blocks from an interstate highway.
In a typical year, approximately half of the food it purchased from a local supplier came from out-of-state.
It catered to local families and white-collar workers.
However, they refused to serve African American customers in the restaurant.
About 24 of the 36 employees of the restaurant were black.
Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawing segregation in American schools and public places.
One section of the act, Title II, was specifically intended to grant African-Americans full access to public facilities such as hotels, restaurants,  and public recreation areas.
On the same day, the Supreme Court heard challenges to Title II from a motel owner and from Ollie McClung.
Both claimed that the federal government had no right to impose any regulations on small, private businesses.
Both ultimately lost.
Ollie McClung had won in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama when he received an injunction preventing the Government from enforcing Title II against his restaurant.
But then U.S. Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach, appealed this decision to the U.S. Supreme Court.
McClung argued that the Civil Rights Act was unconstitutional, at least as applied to a small, private business such as his.
McClung further argued that the amount of food purchased by Ollie's that actually crossed state lines (about half of the food at Ollie's) was so small that Ollie's effectively had no effect on interstate commerce (although McClung admitted that a significant amount of Ollie's business was to interstate travelers).
Because of this, McClung argued that Congress had no power to regulate Ollie's Barbecue under the Commerce Clause.
Justice Clark wrote the majority opinion, with concurrences by Justices Black, Douglas, and Goldberg.
In section 2 of the opinion, the Court agreed with McClung that Ollie's itself had virtually no effect on interstate commerce.
In section 4 of the opinion, the Court held that racial discrimination in restaurants had a significant impact on interstate commerce, and therefore Congress has the power to regulate this conduct under the Commerce Clause.
The Court's conclusion was based on extensive Congressional hearings on the issue.
Case citation is a system used by legal professionals to identify past court case decisions.
These are found either in series of books called reporters or law reports, or in a neutral style that identifies a decision regardless of where it is reported.
Case citations are formatted differently in different jurisdictions, but generally contain the same key information.
A legal citation is a "reference to a legal precedent or authority, such as a case, statute, or work, that either agrees with or contradicts a given position".
Where cases are published on paper, the citation usually contains the following information:
Report title
Volume number
Page, section, or paragraph number
In some report series, for example in England and Australia, volumes are not numbered independently of the year.
So the year and volume number (usually no greater than 4) are required to identify which book of the series has the case reported within its covers.
In such citations, it is usual in these jurisdictions to apply square brackets "" to the year (which may not be the year that the case was decided, For example, a case decided in December 2001 may have been reported in 2002).
The Internet brought with it the opportunity for courts to publish their decisions on websites.
Decisions of many courts from all over the world can now be found through the website WorldLII and its member institutes.
Most court decisions are not published on paper.
The large number of court decisions found online  resulted in a flood of information.
The result was that a medium-neutral citation system was adopted.
This usually contains the following information:
Year of decision
Abbreviated title of the court
Decision number (not the court file number)
The conjunction "versus" is abbreviated to "v" in Commonwealth countries and to "v." in  the United States.
Pronunciation of case titles
In common law countries with an adversarial system of justice, the names of the opposing parties are separated in the case title by the abbreviation v. The abbreviation represents the Latin word versus, which means against.
When case titles are read out loud, the v. can be pronounced, depending on the context, as and, against, versus, or vee.
Barisal Zilla School is a boys school located in Barisal, Bangladesh.
It is one of the oldest and top ranked high schools in the country and the first high school in Barisal Division.
It was founded by an Englishman, N. W. Garret, on 23 December 1829 with only 8 students.
Now it has more than two thousand students.
Barisal Zilla School produced many leading local reformers, politicians, statesmen, educationists, philosophers, poets-writers, and sportsmen.
Those notable persons include:
Sher-e-Bangla A. K. Fazlul Huq, Bengali nationalist and statesman
Abdul Jabbar Khan, former speaker
Abdur Rahman Biswas, former president of Bangladesh
Altaf Mahmud, music composer
Sardar Fazlul Karim, scholar, academic, philosopher and essayist
Buddhadeb Guha, writer
Lieutenant General Hasan Mashhud Chowdhury, ex-chief of Army staff
Education in Bangladesh
19th-century establishments in Asia
Schools in Bangladesh
Boynton v. Virginia, , was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States.
On December 20, 1958, Bruce Boynton, a senior at Howard Law School, left Washington, D.C. on a bus to go home for Christmas to Montgomery, Alabama.
At the bus terminal in Richmond, Virginia he entered the restaurant and sat in the "white only" section.