the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
During this time he was being sponsored by Alexander Popham, a member of the Parliament.
After finishing his studies there, he went into the Christ Church.
Although Locke was a good student, he did not like the schedule of the time spent there.
He did not like the classical subjects taught at the university, and wanted to learn more about modern philosophy.
Through his friend Richard Lower, whom he had met at the school, Locke learned about medicine.
Locke was awarded a bachelor's degree in 1656 and a master's degree in 1658.
In 1666, he met Lord Anthony Ashley Cooper, who had come to Oxford seeking treatment for his liver disease.
Cooper was impressed with Locke and asked him to come.
Locke had been looking for a job and in 1667 moved into Shaftesbury's home at Exeter House in London, to serve as Lord Ashley's personal physician.
In London, Locke continued his studies on medicine.
Locke's medical knowledge was put to the test when Shaftesbury's liver disease became worse until Shaftesbury was about to die.
Locke used the advice of several physicians and persuaded Shaftesbury to go to an operation.
Shaftesbury lived through the operation and thanked Locke for saving his life.
Shaftesbury, as a member of the Whig movement, was a big influence on Locke's political ideas.
However, after Shaftesbury began to fall from favor in 1675, Locke decided to travel across France.
He came back to England in 1679.
At this time, due to Shaftesbury's insists, Locke wrote the Two Treatises of Government.
While it was once thought that Locke wrote the Treatises to defend the Glorious Revolution of 1688, recent scholarship has shown that the work was composed before this even started.
Move to the Netherlands
However, Locke ran away to the Netherlands in 1683.
This is because people became suspicious of him being involved in the Rye House Plot to assassinate King Charles II of England.
In the Netherlands, Locke had time to return to his writing, spending a great deal of time re-working the essay.
Locke did not return home until after the Glorious Revolution.
Locke came with William of Orange's wife back to England in 1688.
Locke's close friend Lady Masham invited him to join her at the Mashams' country house in Essex.
Although his time there was marked by variable health from asthma attacks, he nevertheless became an intellectual hero of the Whigs.
During this period he discussed matters with such figures as John Dryden and Isaac Newton.
He died in 28 October 1704, and is buried in the churchyard of the village of High Laver, east of Harlow in Essex, where he had lived in the household of Sir Francis Masham since 1691.
Locke never married nor had children.
Events during lifetime
Events that happened during Locke's lifetime include the English Restoration, the Great Plague of London and the Great Fire of London.
He did not quite see the Acts of Union 1707 though the thrones of England and Scotland were held in personal union throughout his lifetime.
Constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy were in their infancy during Locke's time.
Links to online books by John Locke
The Works of John Locke
1823 Edition, 10 Volumes on PDF files, and additional resources
1824 Edition, 9 volumes in multiple formats
John Locke Manuscripts
Updated versions of Essay Concerning Human Understanding and Second Treatise of Government, edited by Jonathan Bennett
Locke, Two Treatises of Government, ed.
Thomas Hollis (A. Millar et al.,
1764) See original text in The Online Library of Liberty
Macmillan Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Locke
John Locke Bibliography
John Locke’s Theory of Knowledge by Caspar Hewett
The Digital Locke Project
Portraits of Locke
Locke links
A complex and positive answer to question Was Locke a Liberal? –
by Jerome Huyler
Timeline of the Life and Work of John Locke at The Online Library of Liberty
Locke on Property: A Bibliographical Essay by Karen Vaughn The Online Library of Liberty.
1632 births
1704 deaths
Liberals
La Marcha Real (English translation: The Royal March) was the national anthem (country's song) of Spain when the fascist dictator Francisco Franco ruled Spain.
It is one of only four national anthems in the world (our planet Earth) that does not have official words, only music.
In Spanish (ES)
desde los verdes valles
A satellite is an object that orbits another object.
In space, satellites may be natural, or artificial.
The moon is a natural satellite that orbits the Earth.
Most artificial satellites also orbit the Earth, but some orbit other planets, or the Sun or Moon.
Satellites are used for many purposes.
There are weather satellites, communications satellites, navigation satellites, reconnaissance satellites, astronomy satellites.
The world's first artificial satellite, the Sputnik 1, was launched by the Soviet Union on October 4,1957.
This surprised the world, and the United States quickly worked to launch their own satellite, starting the space race.
Sputnik 2 was launched on November 3, 1957 and carried the first living passenger into orbit, a dog named Laika.
The United States launched their first satellite, called Explorer 1 on January 31, 1958.
The UK launched its first satellite in 1962.
Since then, thousands of satellites have been launched into orbit around the Earth.
Some satellites, notably space stations, have been launched in parts and assembled in orbit.
Satellites orbiting now
Artificial satellites come from more than 50 countries and have used the satellite launching capabilities of ten nations.
A few hundred satellites are currently working, but thousands of unused satellites and satellite fragments orbit the Earth as space debris.
The largest satellite is the International Space Station, which was put together by several different countries (including the organizations of NASA, ESA, JAXA and RKA).
It usually has a crew of six astronauts or cosmonauts living on board.
It is permanently occupied, but the crew changes.
The Hubble Space Telescope has been repaired and updated by astronauts in space several times.
There are also artificial satellites orbiting something other than the Earth.
The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is one of those orbiting Mars.
Cassini-Huygens orbited Saturn.
Venus Express, run by the ESA, orbited Venus.
Two GRAIL satellites orbited the moon until December 2012.
Several satellites have orbited the Sun for years.
Artificial satellites have several main uses:
Scientific Investigation
Earth observation - including weather forecasting and tracking storms and pollution
Communications - including satellite television and telephone calls
Navigation - including the Global Positioning System (GPS)
Military - including reconnaissance photography and communications (nuclear weapons are not allowed in space)
Most of the artificial satellites are in a low Earth orbit (LEO) or a geostationary orbit.
To stay in orbit, the satellite's sideways speed must balance the force of gravity.
Satellites in low orbit are often less than one thousand kilometers above the ground.
Close to the Earth, in LEO, the satellites must move faster to stay in orbit.
Low orbits work well for satellites that take pictures of the Earth.
Many do jobs that call for high orbital inclination (they swing above and below the equator), so they can communicate, or look at other areas.
It is easier to put a satellite in low Earth orbit, but the satellite appears to move when viewed from Earth.
This means a satellite dish (a type of antenna) must be always moving in order to send or receive communications with that satellite.
Medium orbit works well for GPS satellites - receivers on Earth use the satellite's changing position and precise time (and a type of antenna that does not have to be pointed) to find where on Earth the receiver is.
But constantly changing positions does not work for satellite TV and other types of satellites that send and receive a lot of information.
Those need to be in geostationary orbit.
A satellite in a geostationary orbit moves around the Earth as fast as the Earth spins, so from the ground it looks like it is stationary (not moving).
To move this way, the satellite must be straight above the equator, and 35,786 kilometers (22,236 miles) above the ground.
Satellite Tracker  - Find out what satellites can be seen going by in the sky in your area (including the ISS).
NASA's main space missions
ast:Satélite (dixebra)
Césarville-Dossainville is a French village in the département of Loiret and the région of  Centre.
Old maps of Cesarville-Dossainville
Local History of Cesarville-Dossainville
People of Cesarville-Dossainville
+ Jean GUILBERT  Mayor and "Conseiller Général"
Cesarville-Dossainville on the website of the "Institut Géographique National" (in French)
Cesarville-Dossainville on the website of the "Insee" (in French)
Cesarville-Dossainville on the website of the "Quid" (in French)
Village near Cesarville-Dossainville (in French)
Localisation of Cesarville-Dossainville in France (in French)
Map of Cesarville-Dossainville on Mapquest
Website on Cesarville-Dossainville
Communes in Loiret
It was written by Rouget de Lisle in Strasbourg on April 26, 1792.
It was first called "Chant de guerre pour l'armée du Rhin" ("Marching Song of the Rhine Army").
Quotation in music
Nashville is the capital and largest city in the U.S. state of Tennessee.
It is on the Cumberland River in Davidson County.
Nashville is the home of the Grand Ole Opry, the Country Music Hall of Fame, and many major record labels.
Nashville has 569,891 people in it (according to the 2000 census).
A resident of Nashville is called a Nashvillian.
The City of Nashville and Davidson County joined in 1963 as a way for Nashville to fight the problems of urban sprawl.
The joint metropolitan government offers services such as police, firefighting, electricity, running water, and waste water disposal.
Tennessee Titans - football
Nashville Predators - ice hockey
Nashville Sounds - baseball
Nashville SC - soccer
Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County website
County seats in Tennessee
1779 establishments in North America
1806 establishments
19th-century establishments in Tennessee
1770s establishments in the United States
18th-century establishments in Tennessee
1800s establishments in the United States
Salem (IPA: [ˈseɪ lm̩]) is the capital city of the state of Oregon in the United States of America, and county seat of Marion County.
In 2003 it had 142,940 people living in it.
City of Salem official website
County seats in Oregon
Cities in Oregon
1842 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Oregon
Harrisburg is the capital city of Pennsylvania, one of the four U.S. states called a Commonwealth of the United States.
As of the 2020 United States Census, the city has 50,099 people living in it.
Harrisburg is the county seat of Dauphin County and is on the Susquehanna River, 105 miles (169 km) northwest  of Philadelphia.
Originally the home to Native Americans, Captain John Smith first made contact with them in 1608.
In 1719, English trader John Harris, Sr.
built a home on the bank of the river, and by 1785 obtained the land from William Penn, creating the settlement of "Harrisburg" named after Harris.
Notes and References
City of Harrisburg official website
1790s establishments in Pennsylvania
Olympia is the capital city of the state of Washington, in the United States of America.
It became a city on January 28, 1859.
As of the 2010 census, it has 46,478 people living in it.
The people of Olympia are called Olympians.
Olympia is the county seat of Thurston County.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total size of 48.0 km² (18.5 mi²).
43.3 km² (16.7 mi²) of it is land and 4.7 km² (1.8 mi²) of it is water.
The total area is 9.77% water.
Olympia is on the water (Puget Sound) and close to dark green forests and high mountains (the Olympic Mountains and Mount Rainier).
On most days of the year the sky is full of clouds and it rains, but sunny weather is more common in July, August, and September.
Many people in Olympia work for the government of the State of Washington.
Every year, state representatives and state senators come to Olympia to make laws and to pass a budget for the state government.
Every April, the people of Olympia celebrate the "Procession of the Species,".
It is a parade.
Many Olympians, of all ages, dress up to look like animals, birds, fish, plants, and even insects, and walk in the parade.
Some also play drums or dance the samba.
City of Olympia
Procession of the Species
Photography of Olympia
An invertebrate is an animal that does not have a spinal column or backbone.
This contrasts with vertebrate: if an animal is not a vertebrate (fish, reptile, amphibian, bird, or mammal), it is an invertebrate.
Annelida: segmented worms
Arthropods: (arachnids, crustaceans, insects, and others); the largest group of invertebrates.
Brachiopods: the lamp-shells.
Bryozoa: sea mats or moss animals (sometimes they look like corals)
Cnidarians: jellyfish, sea anemones, hydroids.
Echinoderms: starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers
Molluscs: (gastropods, cephalopods, bivalves and others); a large group of invertebrates.
Nematoda: roundworms
Porifera: sponges
Platyhelminthes: flatworms
Rotifers: tiny "wheel animals", which live in habitats such as pond water.
"Sugar, We’re Goin' Down" is the first single from the From Under the Cork Tree album, by Fall Out Boy and it was the song that made them famous.
2005 songs
Fall Out Boy songs
Lawrence of Arabia is a British epic movie from 1962, based on the life of T. E. Lawrence.
It stars Peter O'Toole as the title character, along with Omar Sharif and Alec Guinness.
The opening scene of the movie shows Lawrence dying in a motorcycle accident.
The movie then goes into a series of flashbacks (past events) from his life.
The 1982 movie Gandhi follows the story pattern of Lawrence of Arabia's: after the main character dies at the start, it moves into a series of flashbacks from Gandhi's life.
Lawrence of Arabia won seven Academy Awards, one of them for Best Picture.
Greatest Films
RaveCentral
1962 drama movies
1960s adventure movies
1960s war movies
British adventure movies
British biographical movies
Movies directed by David Lean
Movies set in deserts
Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide used in agriculture for the control of weeds, shrubs, and grasses.
One brand name it is sold as is Monsanto's Roundup.
It is also used in genetically modified crops.
There are many studies indicating glyphosate is dangerous for animals, including humans.
Fact sheet
glyphosate resistance
Pudding is a popular dessert and snack.
It tastes sweet, and comes in many flavors.
The most common kind of pudding is chocolate.
Some other kinds are vanilla, butterscotch, banana, and pistachio.
Most pudding today is made out of milk, sugar, flavoring, and flour.
Eggs can be used, too.
If you do not want to make the pudding, you do not have to.
The grocery store sells pudding that is already made.
One of the most popular makers of pudding in the United States is Jell-O.
In Britain, the word "pudding" is often used for any dessert, especially a dessert made with flour and eggs and cooked by steaming, boiling or baking, e.g. treacle pudding, chocolate pudding or Spotted Dick (pudding with raisins or currants).
There are also milk puddings such as rice pudding or semolina.
Sigmund Freud (Moravia, 6 May 1856 – London, 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist (a person who treats the nervous system).
He invented the treatment of mental illness and neurosis by means of psychoanalysis.
Freud is important in psychology because he studied the unconscious mind.
The unconscious part of the mind cannot be easily controlled or noticed by a person.
In 1860 his family moved with their little boy to Vienna.
He did well in school and became a doctor.
Freud married Martha Bernays in 1886.
Freud lived in Austria in the 1930s.
After the Anschluss, Germany and Austria were combined.
Because he was Jewish, he received a visit from the Gestapo.
Freud and his family did not feel safe anymore.
Freud left Vienna and went to England in June 1938.
Freud's ideas
Freud developed a theory of the human mind (its organisation and operations).
He also had a theory that human behaviour both conditions and results from how the mind is organised.
This led him to favor certain clinical techniques for trying to help cure mental illness.
He theorised that personality is developed by a person's childhood experiences.
Freud began his study of medicine at the University of Vienna at the age of 17.
He got his M.D. degree in 1881 at the age of 25 and entered private practice in neurology for financial reasons.
Freud hoped that his research would provide a solid scientific basis for his therapeutic technique.
The goal of Freudian therapy, or psychoanalysis, was to bring repressed thoughts and feelings into consciousness in order to free the patient from suffering distorted emotions.
In November 1880 Breuer was called in to treat a highly intelligent 21-year-old woman (Bertha Pappenheim) for a persistent cough which he diagnosed as hysterical.
He found that while nursing her dying father she had developed a number of transitory symptoms, including visual disorders and paralysis and contractures of limbs, which he also diagnosed as hysterical.
Breuer began to see his patient almost every day as the symptoms increased and became more persistent.
He found that when, with his encouragement, she told fantasy stories her condition improved, and most of her symptoms had disappeared by April 1881.
However, following the death of her father in that month her condition deteriorated again.
Breuer recorded that some of the symptoms eventually remitted spontaneously, and that full recovery was achieved by inducing her to recall events that had precipitated the occurrence of a specific symptom.
This recovery is disputed.
Freud famously proposed that unconscious memories of infantile sexual abuse were at the root of the psychoneuroses.
However, patients were generally unconvinced that Freud's clinical procedure indicated actual sexual abuse.
He reported that even after a supposed "reproduction" of sexual scenes the patients assured him emphatically of their disbelief.
As a medical researcher, Freud was an early user and proponent of cocaine as a stimulant as well as analgesic.
He wrote several articles on the antidepressant qualities of the drug and he was influenced by friend and confidant Wilhelm Fliess, who recommended cocaine for the treatment of "nasal reflex neurosis".
Freud felt that cocaine would work as a cure for many conditions and wrote a well-received paper, "On Coca", explaining its virtues.
He prescribed it to his friend Ernst von Fleischl-Marxow to help him overcome a morphine addiction acquired while treating a disease of the nervous system.
Freud also recommended cocaine to many of his close family and friends.
Reports of addiction and overdose began to come from many parts of the world.
Freud's medical reputation became somewhat tarnished because of this early ambition.
Furthermore, Freud's friend Fleischl-Marxow developed an acute case of 'cocaine psychosis' as a result of Freud's prescriptions, and died a few years later.
Freud felt great regret over these events.
The Unconscious
However the unconscious was not discovered by Freud.
Historian of psychology Mark Altschule concluded, "It is difficult—or perhaps impossible—to find a nineteenth-century psychologist or psychiatrist who did not recognize unconscious thought as not only real but of the highest importance".
Freud's advance was not to uncover the unconscious but to devise a method for systematically studying it.
Freud called dreams the "royal road to the knowledge of the unconscious in mental life".
This meant that dreams illustrate the "logic" of the unconscious mind.
Freud developed his first topology of the psyche in The Interpretation of Dreams (1899) in which he proposed that the unconscious exists and described a method for gaining access to it.
The preconscious was described as a layer between conscious and unconscious thought; its contents could be accessed with a little effort.
One key factor in the operation of the unconscious is 'repression'.
Freud believed that many people repress painful memories deep into their unconscious mind.
Psychosexual development
Freud hoped his model was universally valid and so turned to ancient mythology and ethnography for comparative material.
Freud named his new theory the Oedipus complex after the famous Greek tragedy Oedipus Rex by Sophocles. "
I found in myself a constant love for my mother, and jealousy of my father.
I now consider this to be a universal event in childhood."
Freud said.
Freud sought to anchor this pattern of development in the dynamics of the mind.
Each stage is a progression into adult sexual maturity, characterized by a strong ego and the ability to delay gratification (cf.
Three essays on the theory of Sexuality).
He used the Oedipus conflict to point out how much he believed that people desire incest and must repress that desire.
The Oedipus conflict was described as a state of psychosexual development and awareness.
Freud originally thought child sexual abuse was a general explanation for the origin of neuroses, but he abandoned this so-called "seduction theory".
He noted finding many cases in which apparent memories of childhood sexual abuse were based more on imagination than on real events.
During the late 1890s Freud, who never abandoned his belief in the sexual cause of neuroses, began to emphasize fantasies built around the Oedipus complex as the primary cause of hysteria and other neurotic symptoms.
Despite this change in his explanatory model, Freud always recognized that some neurotics had in fact been sexually abused by their fathers.
He explicitly discussed several patients whom he knew to have been abused.
Freud also believed that the libido developed in individuals by changing its object, a process called sublimation.
He argued that humans are born "polymorphously perverse", meaning that any number of objects could be a source of pleasure.
He further argued that, as humans develop, they become fixated on different and specific objects through their stages of development – first in the oral stage (exemplified by an infant's pleasure in nursing), then in the anal stage (exemplified by a toddler's pleasure in evacuating his or her bowels), then in the phallic stage.
Freud argued that children then passed through a stage in which they fixated on the mother as a sexual object (known as the Oedipus Complex) but that the child eventually overcame and repressed this desire because of its taboo nature.
The repressive or dormant latency stage of psychosexual development comes before the sexually mature genital stage of psychosexual development.
In his later work, Freud proposed that the human psyche could be divided into three parts: Id, ego, and super-ego.
Freud discussed this model in the 1920 essay Beyond the Pleasure Principle, and fully elaborated upon it in The Ego and the Id (1923).
The Id is the impulsive, childlike portion of the psyche that operates on the "pleasure principle" and only takes into account what it wants and disregards all consequences.
The term Ego entered the English language in the late 18th century.
Ego is Latin for 'I'.
It attempts to balance the desires of the Id with reality.
It tries to act ways that will bring benefit in the long term, rather than bring grief.
The term Id ('the It' or 'the Thing') represents the primitive urges to possess, conquer, dominate and achieve pleasure.
It can be seen very clearly in young children, who have not yet learnt to mask their feelings.
When overburdened or threatened by its tasks, the Ego may employ defense mechanisms including denial, repression, and displacement.
The theory of ego defense mechanisms has received empirical validation, and the nature of repression, in particular, became one of the more fiercely debated areas of psychology in the 1990s.
Life and death drives
Freud recognized the death drive only in his later years and developed his theory of it in Beyond the Pleasure Principle.
Freud acknowledged the tendency for the unconscious to repeat unpleasurable experiences in order to desensitize, or deaden, the body.
This compulsion to repeat unpleasurable experiences explains why traumatic nightmares occur in dreams, as nightmares seem to contradict Freud's earlier conception of dreams purely as a site of pleasure, fantasy, and desire.
On the one hand, the life drives promote survival by avoiding extreme unpleasure and any threat to life.
On the other hand, the death drive functions simultaneously toward extreme pleasure, which leads to death.
Freud addressed the conceptual dualities of pleasure and unpleasure, as well as sex/life and death, in his discussions on masochism and sadomasochism.
The tension between life drive and death drive represented a revolution in his manner of thinking.
Later criticisms of Freud
There are four main charges against the orthodox view of Freud.
Freud did not invent the 'free association' technique.
It was invented by Francis Galton in 1879/80, and published in the journal Brain.
Freud's books and ideas did not get a hostile reception.
Most reviews were  favourable.
Freud wrote an account of 'Anna O' (Bertha Pappenheim) which was false and "quite possibly based on deliberate deceit".
In the few years after Breuer's treatment of her, she was back in hospital four times and diagnosed with hysteria.
Therefore, she was definitely not cured, as Breuer and Freud had claimed.
Freud must have known this because there is a letter of his (Freud) "which makes it clear that Breuer knew Anna O was still ill in 1883".
Arising from this, the whole of psychoanalysis is "based on clinical evidence and observations that are at best dubious or flawed, and at worst fraudulent".
An example is Freud's claim that many patients' neurotic symptoms were caused by their being seduced or sexually abused in infancy.
This was not an observation, nor a finding, but an explanation of Freud's own making, and one which he himself soon doubted. "
A close reading of Freud's various reports shows that patients never actually volunteered these stories of sexual abuse".
Freud Museum in London
Freud's Life and Work
1939 deaths
Austrian Jews
Austrian scientists
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Neurologists
Science writers
A snack is a small amount of food eaten between meals.
It can be any kind of food that you do not eat in large amount.
People eat snacks if they are hungry between meals.
For example, eating potato chips after lunch but before dinner is eating a snack.
Other foods that can be eaten as snacks are fruit, candy, muffins, ice cream, and popcorn.
Snacking has surged during the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. Now only a little bit of people do not snack.
Most of the snacks bought are processed foods.
Providence is the capital and the most populous city of Rhode Island.
It was one of the first cities established in the United States.
It is located in Providence County.
It is the third largest city in the New England region.
In the 2010 census, the city proper population was 178,042.
The area is the 37th largest metropolitan population in the country, with an estimated MSA population of 1,600,856.
This is more people than the population of Rhode Island  due to the area reaching into southern Massachusetts.
Providence is at the mouth of the Providence River, at the head of Narragansett Bay.
The city's small footprint is crisscrossed by  streets at odd angles and has a rapidly changing distribution of residents.
Providence was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams, a religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
He named the area in honor of "God's merciful Providence" which he believed was responsible for revealing such a haven for him and his followers to settle.
The official name of the state includes the name of the city, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
After being one of the first cities in the country to industrialize, Providence became noted for its jewelry and silverware industry.
Today, the City of Providence is home to eight hospitals and seven institutions of higher learning, which has shifted the city's economy into service industries, although it still retains significant manufacturing activity.
From colonial times to the mid-19th century, the Rhode Island General Assembly rotated meetings between the state's five county court houses.
After 1853 the state legislature stopped meeting at the Kent, Washington and Bristol county courthouses, but continued to alternate its sessions between Providence State House and the Newport State House in Newport.
Early in the 20th century, Providence became the only capital of the state.
On September 21, 1938, a severe Category 3 hurricane struck Providence and nearby areas.
Providence was flooded with storm surge.
Another hurricane hit the region in September 1944 near the Connecticut-Rhode Island border.
Ten years later, Hurricane Carol struck the area as a Category 2 hurricane, bringing severe storm surge and wind to the Providence area.
The storm killed 17 in Rhode Island.
Highways and Interstates
I-95 runs from north to south through Providence.
I-195 connects the city to eastern Rhode Island and southeastern Massachusetts, including New Bedford, Massachusetts, and Cape Cod.
I-295 encircles Providence while RI 146 provides a direct connection with Worcester, Massachusetts.
The city's Iway project is moving I-195 to free up land and to reunify the Jewelry District with Downcity Providence.
I-195 currently separates these two neighborhoods.
The project is estimated to cost $446 million and be completed in 2012.
Colleges and Universities
Brown University, an Ivy League university and one of nine colonial colleges in the nation.
Johnson & Wales University
Rhode Island College, the state's oldest public college.
Rhode Island School of Design (RISD)
City of Providence official website
County seats in Rhode Island
Columbia is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of South Carolina.
As of the 2010 Census, it had an urban population of 549,777.
It is the county seat of Richland County, but a small portion of the city is in Lexington County.
It is home to the University of South Carolina.
Columbia is on the fall line from the Appalachian Mountains.
The fall line is the spot where boats cannot travel any farther upstream, and is also the spot farthest downstream where falling water can usefully power a mill.
The state capital before 1790 was Charleston on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean.
In 1786, the legislature decided to move the capital to the center of the state, and the site of Columbia was chosen for its location on the river just 13 miles (21 km) northwest of South Carolina's geographic center.
The State Legislature first met there in 1790.
After remaining under the direct government of the legislature for the first two decades of its existence, Columbia was incorporated as a village in 1805 and then as a city in 1854.
Columbia received a large stimulus to development when it was connected in a direct water route to Charleston, by the Santee Canal.
This canal connected the Santee and Cooper Rivers in a 22-mile (35 km) section.
It was first chartered in 1786 and completed in 1800, making it one of the earliest canals in the United States.
With increased railroad traffic, it ceased operation around 1850.
Columbia was one of the first planned cities in the United States.
It is known for its wide streets.
The 20th century saw Columbia emerge as a regional textile manufacturing center.
In the 1920s, Columbia businessmen constructed a large dam on the Saluda River to make hydroelectric power.
The dam, using the native red clay soil and bedrock, was the largest earthen dam in the world when it was completed in 1930.
Lake Murray which was formed by the dam is 41 miles (66 km) long, and 14 miles (23 km) wide at its widest point.
At the time when the lake was finished, it was the world's largest man-made reservoir.
The company that built the dam grew to become SCANA Corporation, one of Columbia's largest employers.
The city of Columbia has recently accomplished a number of redevelopment projects and has several more planned.
The historic Congaree Vista, a  district running from the central business district toward the Congaree river, features a number of historic buildings that have been rehabilitated.
The Central Midlands Regional Transit Authority (CMRTA), operates mass transit in the greater Columbia area including Cayce, West Columbia, Forest Acres, Arcadia Lakes, Springdale, and the St. Andrews area.
CMRTA operates express shuttles, as well as bus service serving Columbia and its immediate suburbs.
The authority was established in October 2002 after SCANA released ownership of public transportation back to the City of Columbia.
Since 2003, CMRTA provides transportation for more than 2 million passengers, has expanded route services, and introduced 43 new ADA accessible buses offering a safer, more comfortable means of transportation.
CMRTA has also added 10 natural gas powered buses to the fleet.
The Central Midlands Council of Governments is in the process of investigating the potential for rail transit in the region.
Routes into downtown Columbia originating from Camden, Newberry, and Batesburg-Leesville are in consideration, as is a potential line between Columbia and Charlotte connecting the two mainlines of the future Southeastern High Speed Rail Corridor.
The city and its surroundings are served by Columbia Metropolitan Airport (IATA:CAE; ICAO:KCAE).
The city is served daily by Amtrak and Greyhound Lines buses.
Columbia has the main campus of the University of South Carolina, which was chartered in 1801 as South Carolina College and in 1906 as the University of South Carolina.
The university has 350 degree programs and enrolls more than 27,500 students throughout 15 degree-granting colleges and schools.
It is an urban university in downtown Columbia, just south of the Capitol.
City of Columbia official website
County seats in South Carolina
1805 establishments in the United States
1800s establishments in South Carolina
Pierre (pronounced "peer") is the capital city of South Dakota, a state of the United States of America.
As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 13,646.
Pierre is the county seat of Hughes County.
Started in 1880 on the Missouri River across from Fort Pierre, Pierre has been the state capital since 1889.
Pierre lies on rough river bluffs overlooking the Missouri River.
It is a few miles away from Lake Oahe, one of the largest man-made lakes in the world, and a very popular fishing destination.
The nearest interstate highway is Interstate 90, about 34 miles south of Pierre via U.S. Highway 83.
Pierre is one of only four state capitals not served by an interstate highway.
City of Pierre official website
1880 establishments in Dakota Territory
Charleston is the capital city of West Virginia, a state of the United States of America.
It is where the Elk and Kanawha Rivers join in Kanawha County.
As of the 2000 census, Charleston has 53,421 people living in it, which makes it the largest city in the state.
It is the county seat of Kanawha County.
City of Charleston official website  Chat:
County seats in West Virginia
Cities in West Virginia
18th-century establishments in Virginia
Madison is the capital city of Wisconsin, a state in the United States of America.
As of the 2000 census, it had 221,735 people living in it, making it the second largest city in Wisconsin.
It is the county seat of Dane County.
Madison is also home to the University of Wisconsin.
1836 establishments in Michigan Territory
Cheyenne is the capital and largest city of Wyoming, a state of the United States of America.
As of September 2005, it had an estimated population (number of people living in it) of 55,362.
It is the county seat of Laramie County.
Cheyenne was founded in 1867 and the current mayor of Cheyenne is Marian Orr.
City of Cheyenne official
1860s establishments in Wyoming Territory
Cheyenne people, a Native American tribe
Cheyenne, Wyoming, a city in the U.S. state of Wyoming
Cheyenne (TV series), a television series starring Clint Walker
Olympic Road Race Gold Medal 1996
Olympic Silver Medal 1992
Olympic Bronze Medal 2000
World Champion, Road Race 1985, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1995
World Time Trial Champion 1995, 1996, 1997, 2001
Tour de France Feminin 1987, 1988, 1989.
World Hour Record 2000 (45.094)
56 French National Titles
Longo, Jeannie
Richard Buckminster "Bucky" Fuller (July 12, 1895 – July 1, 1983) was an American architect, engineer, author, designer, inventor and futurist.
Fuller published more than 30 books, inventing and popularizing terms such as "Spaceship Earth",  and "Synergetics".
He also developed numerous inventions, mainly architectural designs.
The best known of which is the geodesic dome.
Carbon molecules known as fullerenes were later named by scientists for their resemblance to geodesic spheres.
Some of his books
Nine chains to the Moon (1938)
Untitled epic poem on the history of industrialization (1962)
Ideas and integrities, a spontaneous autobiographical disclosure (1963)
No more secondhand god and other writings (1963)
What I have learned: a collection of 20 autobiographical essays, Chapter "How little I know", (1968)
Operating manual for Spaceship Earth (1969)
Utopia or oblivion (1969)
Approaching the benign environment (1970)  (with Eric A. Walker and James R. Killian, Jr.)
Buckminster Fuller to Children of Earth (1972) compiled and photographed by Cam Smith,
The Dymaxion world of Buckminster Fuller (1960, 1973), coauthor Robert Marks,
Earth, Inc (1973)
Synergetics: explorations in the geometry of thinking (1975) in collaboration with E.J. Applewhite with a preface and contribution by Arthur L. Loeb,
Tetrascroll: Goldilocks and the three bears,: a cosmic fairy tale (1975)
And it came to pass — not to stay (1976)
R. Buckminster Fuller on education (1979)
Synergetics 2: Further explorations in the geometry of thinking (1979) in collaboration with E.J. Applewhite
Critical path (1981)
Inventions: the patented works of R. Buckminster Fuller (1983)
Humans in Universe (1983), coauthor Anwar Dil,
Cosmography: a posthumous scenario for the future of humanity (1992), coauthor Kiyoshi Kuromiya,
Please check UNITED STATES NAVAL HISTORY for Bucky Buckminster Fuller's service to the United States of America Navy.
Buckminster Fuller Institute
1983 deaths
Engineers from Massachusetts
Futurists
Writers from Massachusetts
Bill Harry is an English author, from Liverpool.
He went to college with John Lennon and Stuart Sutcliffe, who were members of The Beatles.
They promised to make Liverpool famous with Lennon's music, Sutcliffe's paintings and Harry's writing.
They did not get far together, but each member later became well-known.
Harry founded Mersey Beat, a newspaper about the local music scene in Liverpool, in 1961.
He was the first person to write news articles about the Beatles.
Over the years, Harry has been on over four hundred television and radio shows in Britain, America, Europe and Asia.
Shows he has been on include Good Morning, Good Morning America, BBC News, Sky News, CNN, ITV and many television documentaries and movies about the Beatles.
The British Council had him represent them for their Beatles exhibitions in Hong Kong.
Harry has also been a guest at Beatles conventions in Britain, Europe and America.
Harry moved to London in 1966, when he was a music journalist for Weekend Magazine, and columnist for the Fleetway magazines Marilyn and Valentine.
Artists worked with
In London, Harry worked with many entertainers.
His job as their publicist was to deal with the media.
Blodwyn Pig
Chicken Shack
The Pretty Things
Bill Kenwright
Alexis Korner
The Electric Prunes
David Prowse (Darth Vader in Star Wars).
Books by Bill Harry
Arrows : The Official Story Everest Books (1976)
Mersey Beat: The Beginnings of The Beatles Omnibus Press (1977)
The Beatles Who's Who	Aurum Press (1982)
Beatlemania	Virgin Books (1984)
Paperback Writers	Virgin Books (1984)
The Book of Lennon	Aurum Press (1984)
Ask Me Why	Javelin Books (1985)
Beatles For Sale	Virgin Books (1985)
The Book of Beatle Lists	Javelin Books (1985)
The McCartney File	Virgin Books (1986)
Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band	Atalanta Press (1987)
The Ultimate Beatles Encyclopedia	Virgin Books (1992)
Jan Olofsson: My 60s     Taschen (1994)
The Encyclopedia of Beatles People Blandford Press (1997)
The Best Years of The Beatles     Headline (1997)
Whatever Happened to ...     Cassell     (1999)
The Beatles Encyclopedia: Revised and Updated Virgin Books (2000
The John Lennon Encyclopedia	Virgin Books (2000)
The Paul McCartney Encyclopedia	Virgin Books (2002)
The George Harrison Encyclopedia	Virgin Books (2003)
The Ringo Starr Encyclopedia     Virgin Books (2004)
The British Invasion	Chrome Dreams	(2004)
Bigger Than The Beatles, Trinity Mirror (2009)
Lennon's Liverpool, Trinity Mirror (2010)
The Sixties (Harry & Robert Orbach) Endeavour London Ltd. (2011)
Bill Harry's story  on Mersey-beat.com
The Beatles and Mersey Beat by Bill Harry
Writers from Liverpool
Lewis Paul Bremer III is an American author and politician.
He was born on September 30, 1941.
He was named "Director of Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance" on May 6 for Iraq in 2003, after the war..
Bremer was born in Hartford, Connecticut.
He grew up in New Canaan, Connecticut.
He went to school at Phillips Academy and graduated in 1959.
Then he went to Yale University.
He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1963.
In 1996, he received a master's degree from Harvard University.
His degree was in business.
He also received a degree in Paris.
In 1967, he joined the United States foreign service.
At first he worked in Kabul, Afghanistan.
He also worked in Blantyre, Malawi from 1968 to 1971.
He worked for the United States State Department for 23 years.
During that time, he worked for six different Secretaries of State, including Alexander Haig.
A Secretary of State is the top government official in the U.S. State Department.
A secretary of state is appointed by the United States President.
He also worked as a deputy chief at an American embassy in the country of Norway.
A deputy chief is a person in charge at the embassy.
In 1983, President Ronald Reagan appointed Bremer to the position of Ambassador to the Netherlands.
He also became "Ambassador at Large for Counter Terrorism."
Bremer retired in 1989.
Then he spent the next 15 years working in private (non-government) companies.
One of the companies he worked for was Kissinger Associates (a company that was run by someone who used to be a Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger).
He also served as a board member for several corporations.
A board member is someone who makes big or strategic decisions on how a company should operate.
Mr. Bremer has served on the board for corporations such as Air Products and Chemicals Incorporated, Akzo Nobel NV (a Dutch company), and Marsh Crisis Consulting Company.
Bremer speaks many languages besides English.
He speaks Arabic, French, Dutch, Norwegian, Persian, German, and Spanish.
Bremer is married to named Frances Winfield.
They were married in 1966.
They have two adult children and two grandchildren.
After he worked in Iraq, Bremer wrote a book.
The title of the book is My Year in Iraq:  The Struggle to Build a Future of Hope.
The book was published in January 2006.
Politicians from Hartford, Connecticut
People from New Canaan, Connecticut
United States Declaration of Independence ratified by the Continental Congress (July 4, 1776).
The document was drafted by a committee consisting of representatives John Adams of Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, Robert R. Livingston of New York and Roger Sherman of Connecticut.
Abol Fath Khan ascends to the throne of Persia as the second Shah of the Zand dynasty in 1779.
Emperor Ch'ien Lung (China)
King Christian VII (Denmark and Norway)
King George III of Great Britain and the Prince-elector of Hanover
Maria Theresa of Austria, Holy Roman Empress, Queen of Bohemia and Hungary
King Louis XV (France)
Emperor Go-Momozono (Japan)
Events and trends
Spanish conquest of Peru
Beginning of colonization of Brazil
Henry VIII and his control over the English church.
Reformation in Denmark and Norway.
William Pierce Frye (September 2, 1830–August 8, 1911) was a United States politician from Maine.
He served in both the United States Senate and House of Representatives.
United States senators from Maine
United States representatives from Maine
Deans of the United States Senate
1911 deaths
A headache is when your head hurts.
It is not when you hit your head with something and made it hurt that way, but when your head hurts from inside.
Watching television or looking at a computer screen for a long time.
Being tired or sleepy.
As an effect of stress
By other neurological conditions ('neurological' means touching the nerves and the brain), like with epilepsy
Primary headaches, for example migraine, tension headache and cluster headache.
Secondary headaches
Cranial neuralgias, central and primary facial pain and other headaches
Brain metastasis
Foodborne Intoxication
In many cases headaches can be relieved naturally.
Many methods such as massaging the temples near the eye, exercising your eyes (blinking, palming) and walking can all help relieve the tension of headaches.
Maintaining a healthy diet, with rich proteins and iron, can keep your brain awake and healthy.
One of the main factors is drinking plenty of water.
These natural techniques tend to give you long-term relief whilst medication can often give you short term relief.
A fever is when a person's body temperature is hotter than 37.5 degrees Celsius (99.5 Fahrenheit).
Normal body temperature for humans varies based on a variety of factors, including age and level of physical activity.
It is typically cited as 37 degrees Celsius (98.6 F), but naturally varies from person to person by at least .5 degrees Celsius.
The actual measurement of body temperature will vary based on the location of the measurement.
For a temperature taken from under the tongue, the measurement may be lower.
Rectal temperatures will read about 0.3 C (0.55 F) higher, and armpit temperatures will read about the same amount lower.
When people are ill, their body's immune system fights the disease, and so the body temperature rises.
Fever is a defensive measure of the body against the germs: the life cycles of the germs are disrupted when the body temperature rises.
Children usually have a higher fever than adults; their immune system is less mature.
Infants have the highest normal temperature, which decreases as people age.
Some animals, especially small ones like rabbits and cats, also have a higher normal temperature than humans.
Sometimes, high-grade fever can be a medical emergency.
At or above 42 °C (107.6 F) organs start taking damage that may not be repairable.
While most fevers are caused by Infection, whether bacterial or viral, some fevers can be caused by cancers, including leukemia, lymphoma, and renal cell carcinoma.
Shands HealthCare article on fever
American Academy of Pediatrics article on home treatment of fevers
Medical signs
Peoria is a city on the Illinois River in the U.S. state of Illinois.
In the 2000 census, Peoria had more than 110,000 people living in it.
It is the home of the Peoria Rivermen ice hockey team.
One of Peoria's largest businesses is Caterpillar, a company that makes bulldozers, mining trucks, and other kinds of tractors.
Many people drive in and out of Peoria on Interstate 74.
People also drive around Peoria on Interstate 474.
Peoria is 157 miles (257 kilometers) southwest of Chicago, Illinois.
Peoria has become famous as a representation of the average American city because of its demographics and its perceived mainstream Midwestern culture.
On the Vaudeville circuit, it was said that if an act would succeed in Peoria, it would work anywhere.
The question "Will it play in Peoria?"
has now become a metaphor for whether something appeals to the American mainstream public.
Cities in Illinois
A sleeping pill (people also call it sedative) is a drug that people take to help them sleep.
It calms them, and makes them very relaxed.
Pills that help people fall asleep.
Pills that help people keep sleeping (not to wake up during the night).
Pills that calm people down, without making them sleep.
Some sedatives can act very fast, usually in 10-15 minutes.
Those who consider taking sedatives should talk with their doctor, who can give them the sedatives which are best for them.
If they take sleeping pills for a longer time, they can get addicted.