the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
A foundation in Africa is trying to bring Quaggas back to life by taking zebras that have very light stripes and breeding them.
They began in 1987 and the first Quagga foal was born in 2005.
IUCN Red List extinct species
Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii or E. ferus przewalskii),  the Mongolian wild horse, is a close relative of the domestic horse.
The two are the only equids that can cross-breed and produce fertile offspring.
Przewalski's horse is a rare and endangered subspecies of the wild horse, Equus ferus.
It is native to the steppes of central Asia, especially Mongolia.
At one time extinct in the wild, it has been reintroduced to its native habitat in Mongolia from stock in zoos.
It is now in several nature reserves and national parks.
As of 2002, the world population of these horses was about 1,000.
Relationships between horses
Most "wild" horses today, such as the American mustang or the Australian brumby, are feral horses descended from domesticated animals which escaped and adapted to life in the wild.
In contrast, Przewalski's horse has never been successfully domesticated, and remains a truly wild animal today.
Przewalski's horse is one of three known subspecies of Equus ferus, the others being the domesticated horse, Equus ferus caballus and the extinct tarpan, Equus ferus ferus.
Przewalski's horse is the only remaining truly wild "horse" in the world.
There are still a number of other wild equines, including three species of zebra and various subspecies of the African wild ass, onager (including the Mongolian wild ass) and kiang.
Relation to domestic horse
"Mitochondrial DNA research has shown that Przewalski's horse is not the ancestor of modern domestic horses. [
There are] a number of consistent differences in their appearance.
Przewalski's horses, unlike domestic horses, shed their tail and mane hair once per year.
Thus it is clear that Przewalski's and domestic horses are very closely related and have in the past interbred, but the fixed chromosomal number difference between them indicates that they are distinct populations".
In zoos
The nation state is a certain form of state that has a territory on which mainly one nation is located.
The state is a political entity (the government, etc.);
the nation is a cultural and/or ethnic entity.
The term "nation state" means that both are on the same territory, which distinguishes the nation state from the other types of stats that had existed.
Iceland: although the inhabitants of Iceland are ethnically related to other Scandinavian groups, the national culture and language are found only in Iceland.
There are no cross-border minorities since the nearest land is too far away.
Japan: Traditionally seen as a good example of a nation-state, Japan includes minorities of ethnically distinct Ryūkyū peoples, Koreans; Chinese; and, on the northern island of Hokkaidō, the indigenous Ainu minority.
See also Japanese Demographics .
Portugal: although surrounded by other lands and people, the Portuguese nation has occupied the same territory for almost 900 years.
A long time ago, Portugal was formed from groups of people that were be separate.
They all passed through and settled in the area that later became Portugal.
They included native Iberian peoples, Celts, ancient Mediterraneans (Greeks, Phoenicians, Romans), Germanic peoples like the Suebi and the Visigoths, the invading Berbers and Arabs, and Jews.
Before nation-states
In Europe, in the 18th century, the classic non-national states were empires of many ethnicities, (Austria-Hungary, the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the French Empire and the British Empire).
Nation states have a different attitude to their territory from dynastic monarchies.
No nation would swap territory with other states simply, for example, because the king's daughter got married.
They have a different type of border that is mostly defined by where the cultural/ethnic (nation) group settles, but many nation states have also had borders based on geography like rivers and mountain ranges.
The most noticeable characteristic is how much nation states use the state as an instrument of national unity in economic, social and cultural life.
Hobsbawm, Eric J. (1992).
Nations and Nationalism Since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality.
White, Philip L. (2006). "
Globalization and the Mythology of the Nation State," In A.G.Hopkins, ed.
Global History: Interactions Between the Universal and the Local Palgrave Macmillan, pp.
257–284.
From Paris to Cairo: Resistance of the Unacculturated (Identity and the Nation state)
Joseph Raymond McCarthy (November 14, 1908 – May 2, 1957) was an American politician.
He was a Republican U.S. Senator from the state of Wisconsin from 1947 until his death in 1957.
Beginning in 1950, McCarthy became the most visible public face of a period of intense anti-communist suspicion inspired by the tensions of the Cold War.
He made claims that there were large numbers of Communists and Soviet spies and sympathizers inside the federal government and elsewhere.
The term "McCarthyism," coined in 1950 in reference to McCarthy's practices, was soon applied to similar anti-communist pursuits.
Retrieved on 2008-07-11
United States senators from Wisconsin
A poet laureate is a poet officially appointed by the government of a country.
He or she is responsible for writing poems for special occasions in that country, for example a coronation or military victory.
The first official Poet Laureate was Ben Jonson in 1619.
There are also Poets Laureate in the United States, Canada, and New Zealand.
The Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom is Carol Ann Duffy.
She was appointed Poet Laureate on 1 May 2009 to take the place of Andrew Motion.
She is the first British woman Poet Laureate.
List of poets laureate in the UK
The list of emperors of Japan presents the traditional order of succession.
Records of the reigns of the emperors of Japan were compiled according to the traditional Japanese calendar, and these traditional dates have been converted into the Western calendar format.
Line of succession to the Japanese throne
Lists of Japanese people
Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson (born October 25, 1984), known professionally as Katy Perry, is an American singer, songwriter and television judge.
She has released five studio albums and two EPs.
In 2001, she released a Christian album named after herself, Katy Hudson.
In November 2007, Perry released the music video for her first single, "Ur So Gay".
Perry became the most-followed person on Twitter in November 2013.
She has earned nine number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100, five of which are from one album (she became the first female artist to achieve this record).
Perry has also been nominated for 11 Grammy Awards.
1984–2000: Early life
Perry was born on October 25, 1984 at Goleta Valley Cottage Hospital in Santa Barbara, California, to Maurice Hudson and Mary Hudson (née Perry), both pastors.
She has an older sister, Angela, and a younger brother, David, who is also a musician.
Perry has said that her upbringing was "sheltered" and that an example of this was that her family did not eat Lucky Charms cereal because her parents thought that luck was something that came from the devil.
She also called deviled eggs "angeled eggs" growing up.
2001: Katy Hudson
Then known as Katy Hudson, she released a Christian album named after herself.
It had the single "Search Me".
She was discovered by Glen Ballard, who is known for his work with musician Alanis Morissette.
This album did not perform well, and she was dropped from her record label, Red Hill, when the label was shut down.
She struggled for six years before eventually signing with her current label, Capitol Records.
2007–09: One of the Boys
After changing her last name to Perry (her mother's maiden name) so that she allegedly would not be confused with actress Kate Hudson, Katy released an EP album called Ur So Gay.
This song has been criticized and labeled homophobic.
On June 17, 2008, Perry released her first pop album called One of the Boys with singles including "I Kissed a Girl" (her first number-one hit), "Hot N Cold", and "One of the Boys".
She co-wrote the single "I Do Not Hook Up" for singer Kelly Clarkson (the first winner of American Idol), along with the song "Rock God" for singer-actress Selena Gomez.
2010–12: Teenage Dream
Perry's third album, Teenage Dream, was released in August 2010 and included the singles "California Gurls", "Teenage Dream", and "Firework".
She is the only female artist to get 5 number-one singles from one album on the US Billboard Hot 100.
Along with the album's first three singles reaching the top, "E.T." featuring Kanye West and "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" also hit number one.
The only other artist to get 5 number-one songs from one album is Michael Jackson, with Bad.
She was inspired by her then-engagement to British comedian and actor Russell Brand.
At the Grammy Awards in 2012, Perry performed a new song, "Part of Me", that was released as the lead single from the re-release of Teenage Dream, called Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection.
The song entered at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming her seventh US number-one hit.
The next single, "Wide Awake", reached number two in the US and topped the Canadian Hot 100.
In July 2012, Perry released the concert film/biopic Part of Me in 3D. The movie shows her early life through the Teenage Dream era and her rise to fame.
On November 30, 2012, Perry went to the 2012 Billboard Women in Music event.
She was given the Woman of the Year Award there.
2013–16: Prism and other projects
Perry collaborated with fellow American pop star Britney Spears to write the song "Passenger" for Spears' eighth studio album, Britney Jean.
Perry's fourth album, Prism, was released on October 18, 2013.
It reached number one in 83 countries.
The first single from the album, "Roar", was number one in Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Ireland, Israel, Lebanon, New Zealand, Scotland, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Perry performed the song at the 2013 American Music Awards.
On December 5, 2013, Perry's single "Roar" was nominated for the 2014 Grammy Awards for Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance.
She performed at The GRAMMY Nominations Concert Live!
On May 7, 2014, Perry began the Prismatic World Tour in support of her fourth studio album, Prism.
The album's third single, "Dark Horse", featuring rapper Juicy J, became Perry's ninth number-one single in the United States.
It was the second-best performing single of 2014 there.
In 2016, she released the single "Rise" in support of the Rio Olympics.
Two music videos were released: one with an Olympic theme and one which depicts Perry with a red parachute.
The song reached number one in Australia and the top twenty in the US and Canada.
2017–2019: Witness and American Idol
On February 10, 2017, Perry released the single "Chained to the Rhythm", which reached the top five in many countries worldwide, including the US, UK, and Canada.
It features the grandson of Bob Marley, Skip Marley, and was co-written by Australian singer-songwriter Sia.
Two months later, the single "Bon Appétit" was made available for download.
The hip-hop group Migos is featured on this song. "
Swish Swish" (featuring) rapper Nicki Minaj) and "Hey Hey Hey" were released as the album's third and fourth singles, respectively. "
Swish Swish" became certified platinum in the US.
In May 2017, Perry announced that her fifth studio album would be released on June 9 and is called Witness.
She also announced Witness: The Tour, a concert tour that began in North America in September 2017.
During the weekend of the release of Witness, Perry partnered with YouTube and held a 96-hour livestream event called "Witness World Wide".
In the stream, Perry was recorded over four days throughout her daily life in a house she rented in Los Angeles.
She held segments which featured celebrities, like British talk show host James Corden, Huffington Post founder Arianna Huffington, and YouTuber Gigi Gorgeous.
Perry could also be seen crying in a therapy session.
She claimed she got rid of her long, dark hair in favor of a new, short and blonde hairdo at a time where she questioned whether she still wanted her fame and did not "want to be Katy Perry anymore."
The livestream gained over 49 million views on YouTube.
In 2018, Perry became a judge in American Idol, a job she had previously refused.
In February 2019, Perry released her first single of the year, titled "365", with DJ Zedd.
365 was followed up with the singles "Never Really Over" on May 31, "Small Talk" on August 9, and "Harleys in Hawaii" on October 16.
She also appeared in Taylor Swift's music video for "You Need to Calm Down".
2020–present: Smile
In March 2020, Perry released the single “Never Worn White”.
The single "Daisies" was released on May 15 as the lead single from her upcoming sixth studio album, Smile. "
Never Really Over" and "Harleys in Hawaii" are also included on the album.
Perry revealed that the album would be released on August 14 but was pushed back two weeks to August 28 because of production delays.
Perry married British comedian and actor Russell Brand on October 23, 2010.
However, the two divorced in December 2011.
She previously dated Gym Class Heroes lead singer Travie McCoy.
She began dating actor Orlando Bloom in 2016.
In 2019 the pair announced their engagement.
On August 27, 2020, Perry announced via social media that her daughter with Orlando Bloom, Daisy Dove Bloom, had been born.
This is Perry's first child and Bloom's second.
Katy Hudson (2001)
One of the Boys (2008)
Teenage Dream (2010)
Prism (2013)
Witness (2017)
Smile (2020)
Ur So Gay (2007)
The Hello Katy Australian Tour EP (2009)
Teenage Dream: The Complete Confection (2012)
One of the Boys is the first album by pop singer Katy Perry.
The album's first single "I Kissed a Girl" was no.1.
"One of the Boys" - 4:07
"I Kissed a Girl" - 2:59
"Waking Up in Vegas" - 3:19
"Thinking of You" - 4:06
"Mannequin" - 3:17
"Ur So Gay" - 3:37
"Hot N Cold" - 3:40
"If You Can Afford Me" - 3:18
"Lost" - 4:15
"Self Inflicted" - 3:25
"I'm Still Breathing" - 3:48
"Fingerprints" - 3:44
Katy Perry albums
"I Kissed a Girl" is the first single by pop singer Katy Perry from her album One of the Boys (2008), produced by Dr. Luke.
Perry says it is "about the magical beauty of a woman."
On June 26, 2008, the song topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart, becoming the 1000th chart-topper of the Rock Era.
The song has since become a major worldwide hit, and along with the United States it has topped the  charts in more than 20 countries, including Canada, Sweden, Australia, United Kingdom, New Zealand, Italy, Germany, and Ireland.
A music video for the song was released on May 16, 2008, on Perry's personal website and on MySpace.
The video was directed by Kinga Burza and features a Moulin Rouge and burlesque-type setting with scenes containing Katy, along with many other flamboyantly-dressed women, dancing to the song.
Eventually she wakes up next to a male companion, Katy's real life boyfriend, Gym Class Heroes band member Travis McCoy.
Despite the song's title, there is not any depiction of same-sex kissing.
Katy features her real life friend and DJ, Mia Moretti and her main gay, Markus Molinari's dog Bella in the video.
Even her cat, Kitty Purry, makes an appearance.
The video made its television debut on June 12 on TRL with the visit and interview by Perry in set show.
And on June 24, 2008 it became #1 on TRL.
The video obtained high airplay on this music video channel, as well as on VH1.
It debuted at #20 on VH1's VH1 Top 20 Video Countdown on June 28, 2008.
On June 30, 2008 the video was premiered on MTV Latin America.
On July 6, 2008, it rose to #4 on VH1's VH1 Top 20 Video Countdown.
The video received five nominations for the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards, including Best Female Video and Best New Artist.
The video has had over 24 million views on YouTube.
Due to the video and the songs popularity around the world, there are several videos on YouTube which imitate and mock the song such as "I Kissed a Pig" and "I Kissed a Dog", both of which use the same tune and similar lyrics, while the videos use similar scenes to the original.
"I Kissed a Girl" has drawn mixed reviews from critics.
Blogcritics Magazine called it "an instantly catchy number," and About.com said, "fueled by an instrumental wallop provided courtesy of producer Dr. Luke, 'I Kissed a Girl' is the perfect breakthrough."
However, Rolling Stone, while giving her album 2/5 stars, despite describing the song as a "New Wave-y club single," says the supposedly rebellious "attention-grabbing" lyrics are "a vanilla recounting of her chick-on-chick exploits" and that this "acting out" is "just to get a dude's attention."
AllMusic praises "the stomping Gary Glitter beat" before criticizing the producers for turning it "into a leaden stumble and burying Perry's voice underneath Pro Tools overdubs so it all winds up as a faceless wash of sound designed to be placed in TV shows, movie trailers, and malls."
Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine wrote, Perry's "lead single 'I Kissed a Girl' features a throbbing beat and an infectious, bi-curious hook, but its self-satisfied, in-your-face posturing rings phony in comparison to the expertly constructed ambiguities of 'Justify My Love' or practically anything in the first decade of Ani DiFranco's catalogue; it's like a tween version of DiFranco's tortured bisexual confession 'Light of Some Kind.'"
Hiponline.com wrote that the song is "not nearly as interesting or exciting as you’d expect.
It’s not even half as good as Jill Sobule’s song 'I Kissed a Girl'.”
Glitterati Gossip agrees Sobule's song "was ten times better, because there was actual emotional content to her lyrics."
Popular reception
The song was premiered on BBC Radio 1 in the UK on July 21, 2008 on The Scott Mills Show.
It was praised by many fans on their text lines and was made his record of the week.
On July 23, 2008, "I Kissed a Girl" was added to the station's C-List, "The Playlist," being, "where most songs on daytime Radio 1 are selected from".
The song has since made it to the station's more popular A-list.
Previous to its debut on Radio 1, it had been (and continues to be) on the playlist of some of the UK radio stations which are part of The One Network for a number of weeks.
In addition it had received at least one play a week on BBC Radio 2 on its Saturday evening America’s Greatest Hits show hosted by Paul Gambaccini due to the song’s number status in the Billboard chart.
The song gained a significant amount of controversy after its rise in popularity due to its perceived promotion of bisexuality and promiscuity.
While community members and parents may be concerned over "the coarseness of the sexual behavior," including its public nature and intoxicated state, they may or, such as Unitarian minister Debra W. Haffner, may not be concerned over "the sex or gender of the person she's talking about."
While Haffner, who holds a degree in public health, believes Perry "obviously is using the whole issue of sexual orientation in a positive way, raising awareness, or she's doing it because it gets attention," AllMusic concludes that, "the problem is not with Katy's gender-bending, it's that her heart isn't in it; she's just using it to get her places, so she sinks to crass, craven depths."
Slant Magazine agrees, saying, the song, "isn't problematic because it promotes homosexuality, but because its appropriation of the gay lifestyle exists for the sole purpose of garnering attention—both from Perry's boyfriend and her audience."
Adam Holz of PluggedinOnline, a division of Focus on the Family, wrote an article entitled "A Tale of Two Katys" about the singer's image transformation from a Contemporary Christian Music artiste to one of the "girls gone wild".
He criticizes the song for being the latest, "high-profile message to young women and men that our sexuality is a malleable commodity that can be reshaped at will."
Holz also argues that Perry's message carries with it, "no need to worry about who might get used or objectified in the process," causing Katy to live, "down to a damaging, demeaning stereotype."
In some areas of the world the song's bi-curious lyrics have kept it from reaching the Top 40 or to even be released at all.
Though the Toronto Star, of Canada, describes it as "a lesbian-friendly tune," whether anti-gay bias fuels negative reactions to the song or the song itself appears to divide critics.
While Slant and other critics suggest that Perry may be homophobic, especially given her single "Ur So Gay", which makes "I Kissed a Girl" seem like "a classic example of the 'Guys kissing is gross, girls kissing is hot' line of thought" The Star Ledger quotes a listener who proposes that negative reactions to the song are due to homophobia, saying that it would not draw disapproval if sung by a male artist, and who compares the level of explicitness in the lyrics with other songs on the radio such as rap lyrics.
MomLogic.com writer Vuv-A-Licious agrees, asking, "'What's the big deal?'...When this tune is playing and my son and daughter are dancing, I will be trying to dance along, or trying to acknowledge that they may one day dance to the beat of a different drummer than me."
In an August 2008 interview with the Daily Mail, Perry's mother, Mary Hudson, who is an evangelical Christian preacher, was reported as saying that she disliked the song, stating: "It clearly promotes homosexuality and its message is shameful and disgusting..." However, Perry took to her official blog stating that her mother's supposed comments were completely fabricated, while also saying her parents love and support her and attend many of her shows.
Track listing and available formats
"I Kissed a Girl" (Single Version) — 3:00
"I Kissed a Girl" (Album Version) — 2:59
"I Kissed a Girl" (Dr. Luke & Benny Blanco Remix) — 3:31
"I Kissed a Girl" (Jason Nevins Remix) — 3:28
"I Kissed a Girl" (J-Kits Remix) (featuring Mims) — 4:09
"I Kissed a Girl" (MR.
GASPAR Remix) — 5:38
"I Kissed a Girl" (Rock Mix)
"I Kissed a Girl" (Breez Remix) (featuring Flo Rida)
Special versions
"I Kissed a Girl" (acoustic version performed on The Howard Stern Show on 08/21/08)
"I Kissed a Girl" debuted at number 76 at Billboard Hot 100.
After a couple of weeks, the single hit the top 5, due to the rising digital downloads and increasing radio airplay.
It continued to rise the next week, reaching #2 just behind her labelmate, Coldplay.
The following week, the song reached the summit of the US chart, becoming the 1000th #1 song of the rock era (the 961st #1 on the Billboard Hot 100).
In addition the song also gave the Capitol label two consecutive Hot 100 #1's, as the week's prior #1 was fellow Capitol artist Coldplay's "Viva la Vida", making it the first time since 1976 Capitol has had two back to back chart toppers on the Hot 100.
The single also crossed over to Billboard's sister publication R&R's Rhythmic chart in its July 5 issue, where not only did she have the highest debut ever for a non-rhythmic track, entering at number 26 with 1,065 spins, she also had the highest debut from a new artist in over five years.
The bow is the best for a debut track at Rhythmic since Beyoncé entered at No.
21 with "Crazy in Love" in 2003.
It also became the first song since Gnarls Barkley's "Crazy" to simultaneously appear on the Mainstream Top 40, Rhythmic, Adult Top 40 and Alternative charts.
On July 26, 2008, the track also made history by reaching the number one spot on Billboard's Hot Dance Airplay chart by three weeks, a first for a solo act with a debut single.
The song topped the Hot 100 for seven weeks in a row before finally being dethroned by Rihanna's "Disturbia".
It is the second longest running number one on the Hot 100 of 2008 so far, with only Flo Rida's "Low" topping the chart for longer.
The single has sold more than 2,500,000 downloads in the United States to date.
In Canada, the single debuted at #55 at Canadian Hot 100.
On June 12th the song soared to #1, jumping 26 spots from #27 position.
Also on the Canadian iTunes Top 100, the song remained at #1 for over 6 weeks, until rapidly being pushed to #4 on August 7, 2008, behind Lady GaGa's "Just Dance", the Jonas Brothers' "A Little Bit Longer" and Rihanna's "Disturbia".
In New Zealand, the song debuted at number 38, the single's first appearance in other countries chart outside North America, moving to number three the following week.
The song was certified Gold after seven weeks with sales of over 7,500.
On August 11, eight weeks after debuting on the chart, "I Kissed A Girl" finally made it to number one.
In Australia, the song debuted at #11 on the 30th of June on downloads alone, then the next week jumped to second position behind Jordin Sparks, still on downloads alone.
The next week it jumped to number one still solely off downloads, becoming only the second single to do so.
Ironically, by the time the song went number 1, this was the time when World Youth Day 2008 had started and the event held anti-gay views.
On 21st July, 2008, after the singles physical release, the track retained its number one position and was certified Gold.
The single has held the number one position since and has gone on to be certified Platinum.
In the United Kingdom, a cover version released by the artist Nicki Bliss was climbing up the UK iTunes Chart.
It debuted on the UK Singles Chart (published 3 August 2008) at position number 50.
Because of the success of the cover versions, the official release of Katy Perry's version was brought forward from September 1 to July 30, 2008.
On August 3, 2008, the song, which had entered the UK Singles Chart at number 139 the week before, climbed 135 places to reach position  number 4.
The song has become one of the most requested on Radio 1's request hour.
The following week it climbed 3 places to reach number 1.
The following week it stayed at the top spot for a second consecutive week and then went on to spend 5 consecutive weeks at #1.
Even parodies of "I Kissed a Girl" are seeing chart success.
Robert Lund's spoof "I Peed in the Pool" reached #1 on Dr. Demento's August 2008 comedy music countdown.
Including the MADtv parody, I'll Kiss a Girl featuring Nicole Parker as Ellen DeGeneres and fellow cast member Arden Myrin as Portia de Rossi, by Ellen saying that she's been kissing girls since the 9th grade.
Chart procession and succession
Katy Perry songs
LGBT songs
"Hot N Cold" is a single by pop singer Katy Perry.
The song came from the album One of the Boys.
The single was released on September 30, 2008.
The song reached number one in Canada, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, and Belgium (Wallonia).
It climbed to the top three in the US and the top five in the UK, Australia, and New Zealand.
"If I Were a Boy" is a song by American singer Beyoncé, written by Toby Gad, BC Jean and Beyoncé Knowles for her third studio album, I Am... Sasha Fierce (2008).
The music video for "If I Were a Boy" was directed by Jake Nava and portrays Knowles as an NYPD officer.
It begins with Knowles and her husband reciting words such as "honesty" and "commitment".
It later shows Knowles on patrol with her male partner.
The video tells of the ways a both men and women hurt each other in a relationship.
Knowles stated: "It's about all of the little things that mean so much in a relationship[…] At the end of the clip, you realize that I was acting out his life, and it all starts over again.
He was a cop and everything that happened was really him doing the same thing to me."
R&B ballads
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" - is a song by American singer Beyoncé Knowles.
It was written by The-Dream, Tricky Stewart and Beyoncé Knowles for her third studio album, I Am... Sasha Fierce (2008).
The music video for "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" was shot on September 14, 2008 and directed by Jake Nava and released to major outlets on October 13, 2008.
In the video, Knowles is performing as Sasha Fierce.
The video features much choreography, showing Sasha with two other female dancers in all black leotards.
It was uploaded to YouTube on October 3, 2009.
Secure Shell (SSH) is an Internet communication protocol used mostly to allow users to log into other computers and run commands.
It lets people exchange data using a secure channel between two computers.
It is used mainly on Linux, Macintosh and Unix computers.
It is a lot like Telnet, but is safer.
It is less likely to be hacked than Telnet is.
A person can make a key out of numbers.
This key has two parts, a private part that should not be shared and a public part that should be.
These parts are mathematically related to each.
To send a message to a computer, the message is encrypted with the sender's private key and the receiver's public key.
This is done in such a way that the message can only be read if the receiver has their private key and the sender's public key.
This means that an attacker cannot read the messages without both keys.
Communications protocol
Putty - SSH on Windows
An Application Programming Interface (API) is a set of functions, procedures, methods or classes used by computer programs to request services from the operating system, software libraries or any other service providers running on the computer.
A computer programmer uses the API to make
Open APIs - available to the public; they can be accessed by any external users.
Partner APIs - available to strategic business partners; they are exposed to a public API developer portal.
Internal APIs - available to a company's internal development teams; they are exposed to a private API developer portal.
Composite APIs - are a sequence of tasks bundled into a single API call.
The peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) is a cosmopolitan bird of prey in the family Falconidae.
It can also be known just as the peregrine, and was once called the "Duck hawk" in North America.
In Pakistan it is officially the military iconic symbol of the PAF and the unofficial territory bird of Gilgit-Baltistan.
The peregrin is a crow-sized falcon, with a blue-grey back, barred white underparts, and a black head and "moustache".
It can go at up to 322 km/h (200 mph) in a dive, which means it is the fastest animal in the world.
As with other bird-eating raptors, the female is bigger than the male.
There are 17–19 subspecies recorded, and each varies slightly in appearance and where they live.
There is disagreement over whether the distinctive Barbary falcon is a subspecies of the Peregrine or just a different species.
The use of certain pesticides, especially DDT was not good for the animals.
It could be shown that in areas where DDT was used, the thickness of the shells of their eggs was reduced.
This caused a dramatic decline in their numbers, in certain countries.
Since the use of DDT has been forbidden in many countries, their numbers are increasing again.
This recovery was helped because their nesting places were protected in many countries; some countries also bred these falcons in captivity and released them into the wild.
European Peregrine Falcon Working Group
Peregrine Falcon Fund
The Canadian Peregrine Foundation
Falcon Research Group
The Mozilla Public License (MPL) is a free and open source software license developed and maintained by the Mozilla Foundation.
It is a weak copyleft, characterized as a middle ground between permissive free software licenses and the GNU General Public License (GPL), that seeks to balance the concerns of proprietary and open source developers.
As such, it allows re-licensing.
MPL software can thus be converted into a copyleft license such as the GPL, or to a proprietary license (example:KaiOS).
The MPL is the license for Mozilla Firefox, Mozilla Thunderbird, and most other Mozilla software, but it has been used by others, such as Adobe to license their Flex product line, and The Document Foundation to license LibreOffice 4.0 (also on LGPL 3+).
Version 1.1 was adapted by several projects to form derivative licenses like Sun Microsystems' own Common Development and Distribution License.
Ubisoft formerly as Ubi Soft is a company that makes video games.
They are based in Canada.
They are famous for making many popular games including the Rayman franchise and the Tom Clancy games such as Rainbow Six and Splinter Cell.
A permissive free software licence is a free software licence for a copyrighted work that offers freedoms such as publishing a work to the public domain.
In contrast, copyleft licences like the GNU General Public License require copies and derivatives of the source code to be made available on terms not more restrictive than those of the original licence.
A license tells what someone can do with something that was bought.
It also tells what cannot be done with it without getting into legal trouble.
"Hero / Heroine" is the 2nd single by rock and roll-Alternative pop band Boys Like Girls.
It is off the album Boys Like Girls.
Thunder is a single released by American rock band Boys Like Girls.
Thunder was released May 6th, 2008 on radio airplay.
The single was originally released months before May 6, 2008 as an acoustic version.
The song was released off the album Boys Like Girls.
The music video shows a group of friends, in which there are couples, hang out.
The music video starts with the band playing, and then moves on to the friends going to restaurant to eat, with intervals of the band playing.
The friends then go a field, where they drink and laugh.
The friends then start making a human pyramid, but fail.
The couples start hanging out alone and kissing.
From this on, the band is shown playing in the rain.
The friends are then shown going to a swimming pool and start swimming, with a couple kissing underwater.
They then run through a carpark and stand by the railings to see the sunrise.
The couples are then kissing again, and the music video ends with the band leaving their instruments.
FN'MTV
The video for Thunder was released on the MTV summer special Friday Night MTV (or FNMTV).
1.22.03.Acoustic is an acoustic compilation album released by pop-rock band Maroon 5.
The songs on the album are from the hit pop first album by Maroon 5 called Songs About Jane.
There is a song on the compilation album called "If I Fell" which Adam Levine does a cover on by The Beatles.
Another song featured in the album is called "Highway to Hell" by AC/DC, in this song Adam Levine is playing drums while Ryan Dusick (drums) sings the song.
Although the album is mostly known as an acoustic album, the AC/DC cover is performed as an electric performance.
"Harder To Breathe"
"The Sun (Maroon 5 song)"
"If I Fell (The Beatles acoustic cover)"
"Highway to Hell (AC/DC electric cover)"
Live from SoHo is a live album by rock band Maroon 5.
The songs performed by the band are the first 6 tracks in order from track 1-6 on the album It Won't Be Soon Before Long.
The album was released March 25, 2008.
The band Maroon 5 performed Live from SoHo in Apple Store SoHo in New York.
"If I Never See Your Face Again" – 4:53
"Makes Me Wonder" – 4:17
"Little of Your Time" – 2:34
"Wake Up Call" – 4:10
"Won't Go Home Without You" – 3:59
"Nothing Lasts Forever" – 4:00
Alexander Berkman (November 21, 1870 – June 28, 1936) was a Russian-American writer and a leading member of the anarchist movement of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
He was the lover of Emma Goldman.
In 1892, he tried to kill Henry Clay Frick because of his involvement with the Homestead Strike.
During World War I, he was deported along with Goldman and other foreign-born American anarchists as a result of the Anarchist Exclusion Act.
Continuing to write and speak to the poors, Berkman died in France in 1936.
Books by Berkman
Prison Memoirs of an Anarchist.
New York: Mother Earth Publishing Association, 1912.
The Bolshevik Myth (Diary 1920-1922).
New York: Boni and Liveright, 1925.
Now and After: The ABC of Communist Anarchism.
New York: Vanguard Press, 1929.
Also known as What Is Communist Anarchism?
and What Is Anarchism?
Edited collections
Life of an Anarchist: The Alexander Berkman Reader.
New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1992. .
The Blast: Complete Collection of the Incendiary San Francisco Bi-Monthly Anarchist Newspaper.
Oakland: AK Press, 2005. .
List of anarchists
Murray Bookchin (January 14, 1921 – July 30, 2006) was an American libertarian socialist, political and social philosopher, speaker and writer.
For much of his life he called himself an anarchist, although as early as 1995 he privately renounced his identification with the anarchist movement.
A pioneer in the ecology movement, Bookchin was the founder of the social ecology movement within libertarian socialist and ecological thought.
He was the author of two dozen books on politics, philosophy, history, and urban affairs as well as ecology.
Bookchin was a radical anti-capitalist and always favored the decentralisation of society.
His writings on libertarian municipalism, a theory of face-to-face, grassroots democracy, had an influence on the Green Movement and anti-capitalist direct action groups such as Reclaim the Streets.
His criticisms of "new age" Greens such as Charlene Spretnak contributed to the divisions in the American Green movement in the 1990s.
Although an anti-capitalist, Murray Bookchin often met with libertarian thinker Murray Rothbard and occasionally attended Libertarian Party (United States) conventions, endorsing their presidential candidate Roger MacBride in 1976.
Libertarian municipalism
Bookchin was the first to use the term "Libertarian municipalism", to describe a system in which libertarian institutions of directly democratic assemblies would oppose and replace the State with a confederation of free municipalities.
Libertarian municipalism intends to create a situation in which the two powers—the municipal confederations and the nation-state—cannot coexist.
Our Synthetic Environment 1962
The Limits of the City (1973) .
The Rise of Urbanization and the Decline of Citizenship (1987 and 1992)
The Philosophy of Social Ecology: Essays on Dialectical Naturalism (1990 and 1996) Montreal: Black Rose Books.
" Beyond Neo-Marxism ".
TELOS 36 (Summer 1978).
New York: Telos Press
Biehl, Janet (1997), The Murray Bookchin Reader (An Anthology).
Cassell .
Murray Bookchin Archive at Anarchy Archives
Institute for Social Ecology (ISE)
Communalism: International Journal for a Rational Society
Social Ecology London.
English study/action group exploring Bookchin's ideas.
Democratic Alternative.
Scandinavian communalist organization based on Bookchin's ideas.
In Svenska, Norsk, Espanol, English.
My Graphics About Murray Bookchin: blog and archive of comic strip stories about Bookchin's life maintained by Janet Biehl.
Green anarchism
Carlo Cafiero was born in Barletta, in the Apulia region of Italy on September 1st, 1846 from a rich and noble family of Southern Italy.
His father was Carbonari in 1821, one of his brothers and a brother-in-law were deputies, while Carlo Cafiero was always called the 'black sheep' of the family.
In 1864 he went to Naples, where he got a degree in law.
He then went to Florence and at the beginning of 1870 he was in Paris.
The Paris he went to London, where he matured, renouncing his diplomatic career, his wealth and family, to join the revolution and socialism.
In London Cafiero made contacts with Marx and Engels.
He joined the International Workingmen's Association and was charged to go back to Italy and conquer it to Marx’s ideology, where instead there was the strong influence of the Anarchism of Mikhail Bakunin and the Republicanism of Giuseppe Mazzini.
He restored the ancient section of 'L'Internazionale' in Naples, with the help of the young Errico Malatesta.
Cafiero became an anarchist
After over a year spent in Italy as a representative of Marx and Engels Cafiero felt the influence of anarchism.
And thanks to the friendship with Giuseppe Fanelli, he passed on to the other side of the barricade, with Bakunin and his Italian followers.
In early 1872 came the first issue of the newspaper La Campana and Cafiero wrote for, and gave money towards the publication.
In the same year he met Bakunin in Locarno (Switzerland).
In the summer of 1873, with the help of Cafiero, an old project was realised: to create an international center for the revolution in Italy and the world.
Cafiero, selling all his inherited lands, bought a farm in Switzerland where Bakunin could live.
This center was called La Baronata, would also be a safe shelter for revolutionaries persecuted by their respective governments.
In 1875 Cafiero went to Milan and joined the editorial staff of the first socialist daily paper, La Plebe, directed by Enrico Bignami.
In April 1877, Cafiero, Malatesta, Ceccarelli, the Russian Stepniak and 30 other comrades began an insurrection in the province of Benevento.
They took the village of Letino without violence and with great enthusiasm.
Arms and food were expropriated and distributed amongst the people, tax money was returned and official documents destroyed.
Cafiero, in dialect, explained about anarchism, freedom, justice and the new society without the State, without masters, servants, soldiers and owners.
His proclamations convinced even the parish priest who called the rebel group 'the true apostles sent by the Lord'.
As they were leaving Gallo the Internationalists were surprised and surrounded by government troops and all were arrested.
Held in prison for over a year before being brought to trial all the accused were eventually acquitted in August 1878.
In 1878, Cafiero was living in Marseilles working as cook and docker.
In October he was arrested with Malatesta, then released and expelled from France.
He rested in Switzerland, meeting with Kropotkin, and with the collaboration of Élisée Reclus promoted the publications of Bakunin.
In 1881 Cafiero went to London, where he remained for a long time.
In March 1882 he returned to Italy, expressing the will to take part in the imminent electoral campaign.
The exile and the rest of life
On April 5th he was arrested without any charge but on May 2nd, while imprisoned, he was the victim of a strong mental crisis and attempted to kill himself.
The scandal of a man imprisoned without reason and crazy exploded and Cafiero was released with only the choice between forced residence in Barletta, his birth town, or exile to Switzerland.
Cafiero chose the exile in the small town of Chiasso.
Emilio Bellerio took Cafiero to his house in Locarno and Errico Malatesta wrote about him "if his mind is ill, his heart is still healthy...".
In February 1883 Cafiero left for Florence, but was found in a street very shocked, so some doctors transferred him to a lunatic asylum in the city.
After the lunatic asylum for the rest of his life had problems, Olimpia Kutusoff, mate of Cafiero, returned from Russia in September 1883 to assist him in the asylum of Imola.
Olimpia left him after one and a half years because Cafiero in his crises was violent with her.
Carlo expressed the will to return in Barletta where he arrived in the second half of ’89.
However his brothers turned him away and after living some time in a hotel he was taken in by his brother Pietrantonio.
In 1891, following another crisis, Carlo Cafiero was confined in the asylum of Nocera Inferiore where he died on Sunday July 17, 1892.
The Compendium of The Capital
Carlo Cafiero Page  at Daily Bleed's Anarchist Encyclopedia
Page at Italy's Who's Who
People from Apulia
Benito Pablo Juárez García (March 21, 1806 - July 8, 1872) was a Zapotec who served five terms (1858–1861 as interim), (1861–1865), (1865–1867), (1867–1871), and (1871–1872), as President of Mexico.
During his presidency he outlawed slavery, especially the mistreatment of the Mexican Native Americans.
Benito Juarez was born in March 21,1806, San Pablo Guelatao Oaxaca Which is now La Sierra Juarez.
He was an orphan as a toddler.
He was full native of Zapotec descent.
He went to Oaxaca at age 12 and worked in fields at a young age.
That is when Benito Juarez learned Spanish because he only spoke Zapotec.
When he was 12 he left his uncle.
He continued his education entering an institute of science and art.
Then he graduated in 1834 with  a law degree.
Also he became a judge in 1841.
He spent time in Cuba.
In New Orleans he plotted against Antonio López de Santa Anna who had overthrown him.
Juan  Alvarez launched a coup.
Juarez to hurried to protect Mexico but Alvarez forces captured the capital.
Alvarez made himself  president and Juarez a minister of Justice .
Rise to leadership
Benito Juarez's political career started on January 1, 1832, when he was appointed alderman in the city of Oaxaca.
Then in 1833 Juarez was named local deputy of Oaxaca.
After being named local deputy of Oaxaca in February 3,1834 Juarez became member of the board of health in the state of Oaxaca.
Then in April 6,1838 Benito Juarez became Acting Secretary of the first Chamber of the Superior Court.
Therefore, Benito Juarez did not stayed with his hands folded, on December 31, 1839 Juarez became Deputy Minister of the superior court of the department of Oaxaca.
Then on July 22, 1841 Juarez was judge of the civil court in the city of Oaxaca.
Then on October 3,1843 Juarez became the Alternate Board of Elections in Oaxaca.
In 1847 Juarez was elected federal deputy so he had to move to Mexico city.
Benito Juarez returned to Oaxaca and was internal governor in 1847.
He supported the Mexican–American War but refused to help President Antonio López de Santa Anna when the war was clearly lost.
On January 3, 1853  he became professor substitute for Civil Law at the Institute of Sciences and Arts of Oaxaca.
Also after being a professor substitute in the same year 1853 he was imprisoned in the jars of San Juan de Ulua because of Santa Ana.
At the end Juarez became Minister of Justice and Public Instruction county in 1855 when Juan N. Alvarez took power as internal President of Mexico.
La Reforma
Later Juarez was named president.
Mexico’s nineteenth century liberal reforms were designed to better Mexico.
He led the liberals in the Reform War in 1858-1860.
He fought against the church and to take away land and give land to people that didn’t have land.
He made a stronger national congress.
People didn’t have to go to church to get married.
Also cemeteries were owned by the government, meaning that if they were not Catholic then they could bury the person.
Beforehand that obviously wasn't possible.
The people followed him because he was doing good and he was fighting for their Independence and they didn’t like how they were treated.
People from Oaxaca
Her father was Josef Korbel.
She was the first woman to become United States Secretary of State.
She was appointed by President Bill Clinton on December 5, 1996.
Ninety-nine United States Senators voted to confirm her.
No senator voted against her.
She was sworn in (taking office) on January 23, 1997.
She is currently a professor at Georgetown University.
Before she was Secretary of State, Albright was the United States Ambassador to the United Nations.
She began at the UN on February 6, 1993.
Madam Secretary (2003)
The Mighty and the Almighty: Reflections on America, God, and World Affairs (2006)
Memo to the President Elect: How We Can Restore America's Reputation and Leadership (2008).
Read My Pins (2009).
Women diplomats
James Carville (born October 25, 1944) is an American political consultant, commentator, actor, attorney, media personality and pundit.
Known as the Ragin' Cajun, Carville gained national attention for his work as the lead strategist of the successful presidential campaign of then-Arkansas governor Bill Clinton.
Carville was the co-host of CNN's Crossfire until its final broadcast in June 2005.
Since its cancellation, he has appeared on CNN's news program, The Situation Room.
As of 2008, he hosts a weekly program on XM Radio titled 60/20 Sports with Luke Russert, son of Tim Russert who hosted NBC's Meet The Press.
He is married to Republican political consultant Mary Matalin.
Career as author
Carville is also a best-selling author.
With his wife, Republican Mary Matalin, and writer Peter Knobler, Carville co-wrote All's Fair: Love, War and Running for President, published in 1995.
He later wrote: We're Right, They're Wrong: A Handbook for Spirited Progressives, published in 1996; ...And The Horse He Rode In On: The People vs. Kenneth Starr, published in 1998; With Paul Begala he co-wrote Stickin.
Suck Up, Buck Up... and Come Back When You Foul Up, in 2001, which detailed strategies for fighting and winning in business, politics, and life.
In 2004, Carville released a political banter book entitled Had Enough?,