the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Sorin Cotofana, Stamatis Vassiliadis, "On the Design Complexity of the Issue Logic of Superscalar Machines", EUROMICRO 1998: 10277-10284
Steven McGeady, "The i960CA SuperScalar Implementation of the 80960 Architecture", IEEE 1990, pp.
232–240
Steven McGeady, et al., "
Performance Enhancements in the Superscalar i960MM Embedded Microprocessor," ACM Proceedings of the 1991 Conference on Computer Architecture (Compcon), 1991, pp.
4–7
School of Computing, Clemson University
Abercrombie, Fife, a village in Fife, Scotland
Abercrombie, Alabama, a place in the state of Alabama in the United States
Abercrombie, North Dakota, a city in Richland County, North Dakota in the United States
Abercrombie Township, Richland County, North Dakota
Abercrombie, Texas, a place in the state of Texas in the United States
Abercrombie River, a river in New South Wales, Australia
Abercrombie & Fitch, an American apparel company
abercrombie kids, (marketed simply as "abercrombie"), a children's subsidiary of Abercrombie & Fitch
Abercrombie (horse) (1975–2000), a bay harness racing horse, won the 1978 E. Roland Harriman Award for harness horse of the year
Abercrombie class monitor, a class of monitors that served in the Royal Navy during the First World War
HMS Abercrombie, the name of three ships of the Royal Navy
USS Abercrombie (DE-343), a US Navy John C. Butler-class destroyer escort of World War II
Abercrombie (surname)
SA80 (Small Arms for the 80s) is the name of a weapons family used by the British Army and Royal Marines.
All are of bullpup design: this means the magazine is behind the trigger so the weapon is shorter yet still has a long barrel.
The LSW variant is far more accurate than its predecessor, and is used in army FSGs (Fire Support Groups).
They are amazingly accurate for their size (Army marksmanship tests were redesigned after the SA80 introduction because it was so accurate).
Nevertheless, the SA80 family has been plagued by poor reliability.
They have had an upgrade by the German arms company H&K when it was British owned.
This resulted in the A2 series, but not all models have been upgraded.
The SA80 also has a cadet force variant (L98 A2 Cadet GP) that is the same size, and is used throughout the ACF.
It has a success rate far higher than the old, bolt-action A1 version.
British Army equipment
Geoff Bunn is an Anglo-Swedish author and artist.
He was born in Birmingham, England in 1963.
He has been in galleries such as the Tate but is better known for placing his work in the ordinary environment rather than 'traditional' art galleries.
During the early 2000s, he worked in France, for a time, with painter Fred Yates.
Bunn has also painted a number of large and rather disturbing canvases of empty interiors.
This series of paintings - which Bunn entitles 'Interior Landscapes' - led to Bunn being awarded the Cartazini Prize in 2007.
Bunn has written a number of books, including the best-selling transgender romance Blonde Boy, Red Lipstick.
Frederick Joseph Yates (25 July 1922 – 7 July 2008) was an English artist.
His work was very much in the style of the late L. S. Lowry.
Yates lived and worked all over England but in later years he was based in France.
This article is about the dish; the computer game can be seen at Sauerbraten (video game)
Sauerbraten is a meat dish eaten mainly in Germany, but also neighbouring countries.
The name comes form sauer (sour) and braten (roast).
It refers to the way the dish is prepared: the meat is left in a kind of sour sauce (based on vinegar) to marinate
The Economist is a magazine published each week in England.
It was founded in 1843.
It currently has about 1.3 million subscribers.
It was founded in 1843 by Scotsman James Wilson with assistance from the Anti-Corn Law League as a voice against England’s Corn Laws, regulations governing the import and export of grain.
Wilson’s son-in-law Walter Bagehot, who served as editor of The Economist from 1861 to 1877, expanded the publication’s coverage into politics and strengthened its focus on U.S. affairs.
A later admirer of Bagehot's was Woodrow Wilson, president of the United States from 1913 to 1921.
In 1992 WT Layton was appointed as editor.
His editorship was of profound importance to the newspaper, and he was probably the person to whom it owes most thanks for its survival and continued independence.
The Economist is classically liberal and economically liberal.
It supports free trade, globalization, and the legalization of same-sex marriage and illegal drugs.
It targets highly educated readers, as well as famous people such as Bill Gates, Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher, and Ted Turner.
Tone and voice
The Economist has a consistent voice, partly because its writers are anonymous.
It assumes its readers have a basic understanding of economics.
Its articles are often witty.
Our Lady of Guadalupe (Spanish: Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe) is a name for the Virgin Mary who is said to have appeared at Tepeyac Hills in Guadalupe, a town near Mexico City.
She is said to have appeared to a poor native American named Juan Diego.
Our Lady of Guadalupe is one of the most popular cultural and religious icons in the Hispanic world.
The feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe is celebrated each year by the Catholic Church on December 12, the anniversary of her appearance.
Poison is an American glam metal band from Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania.
Their lead singer is Bret Michaels.
One of their most popular hits was "Every Rose Has Its Thorn" which was the Hot 100 number-one single of December 24, 1988 and lasted until January 7, 1989.
Yao Ming (; born September 12, 1980) is a former Chinese professional basketball player.
He played for the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association (NBA).
He was the tallest player in the NBA, at .
Yao was born at Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital in Shanghai, He is only child by Yao Tzi Yuan and Fong Fengdi , There are professional basketball players by their family,
He started with the Shanghai Sharks as a teenager and played on their senior team for five years in the Chinese Basketball Association (CBA).
The team won a championship in his final year.
Then he entered the 2002 NBA Draft.
The CBA had to release him, and he was selected by the Houston Rockets to play on their team.
He had also been chosen to play for the NBA All-Star Game for all six of his seasons.
However, the Rockets have not advanced past the first round of the playoffs since he joined the team, and he has also had injuries in each of the past three seasons.
On July 20, 2011, Yao announced that he was retiring from basketball after many foot and ankle injuries.
His father, Yao Zhiyuan, is 2.08 m or 6 ft 10 in tall; his mother, Fengdi Fang, is 1.88 m or 6 ft 2 in tall.
She was captain of the Chinese national women's basketball team.
Yao's parents were the tallest couple in China when he was born.
Yao is married to Ye Li, who used to play for the China women's national basketball team.
He is one of China's best-known athletes.
He has sponsorships with several major companies, and he has been the richest celebrity in China for six straight years, earning US$51 million (CN¥357 million) in 2008.
His rookie year in the NBA was the subject of a documentary film, The Year of the Yao, and he recently wrote an autobiography titled Yao: A Life in Two Worlds.
Yao Ming's NBA profile
Raymond "Ray" Emery (September 28, 1982 – July 15, 2018) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player.
He played for the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League (NHL) until his death.
Emery played for the Ottawa Senators, Anaheim Ducks and Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL).
He also played in KHL with the Atlant Moscow Oblast.
Emery was awarded many honors, most from the minor league.
Emery was given various nicknames over his career, most goes by "Razor" and "Sugar Ray."
In the 2001 NHL entry draft, Emery was chosen 99th overall by the Ottawa Senators.
Emery was made starting goaltender in the 2006-07 NHL season.
That year, the Senators made it to the Stanley Cup finals.
On June 20, 2008, after some off-ice incidents, the Senators released Emery.
Under one month later, Emery signed a one-year, $2M contract with Atlant Mytishchi of the Russian KHL.
After his time in Russia, it was announced on June 10, 2009 that the Philadelphia Flyers had signed him to a one-year deal for $1.5 million.
In March 2010, Flyers GM Paul Holmgren announced that Emery would miss the remainder of the season because of avascular necrosis and that a bone graft would be done to alleviate his hip issues.
Emery began workout and rehabilitation process and later signed a one-year, two-way contract with the Anaheim Ducks on February 7, 2011.
During his time with the Ducks, he tied for fourth in the league after he posted a 7–2–0 record with a 2.28 goals-against average (GAA) and a .926 save percentage (SV%) in 10 regular season games going into the playoffs.
He attended the Chicago Blackhawks training camp on a tryout basis and was later signed by the Blackhawks to a 1-year, $600,000 deal.
Emery has been known for getting into several altercations while playing ice hockey, a rarity for an ice-hockey goaltender.
Emery once fought two Buffalo Sabres players, Martin Biron and Andrew Peters in a line brawl during the 2006-07 NHL season.
He also fought with his teammate, Brian McGrattan, during a practice in January 2008.
He has also fought with teammate's Jason Spezza and Chris Neil.
The human height is the height of a human body.
Factors that influence human height are genetics, what people eat, the human body's natural chemicals, and being sick or healthy.
Overall, average human height increased over the last 100 years.
Men from Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Netherlands, Croatia, Serbia and Montenegro have the tallest average height.
Human weight
In computer engineering, an execution unit is a part of a CPU (not to be confused with the CPUs main control unit) that performs specific operations or calculations.
It may have its own internal control sequence unit, some registers, and other internal units such as a sub-ALU or FPU, or some smaller, more specific components.
Now modern CPUs have multiple parallel execution units, referred to as scalar or superscalar design.
The simplest arrangement is to use one, the bus manager, to manage the memory interface, and the others to perform calculations.
Additionally, modern CPUs execution units are usually pipelined.
The Department's Computer Science Research Center on the UMass Faculty
The pre-1600 Atlantic hurricane seasons talks about all known Atlantic tropical cyclones before to 1600.
While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings.
Each season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin.
Most tropical cyclone formation occurs between June 1 and November 30.
Pre-1600 1600s/10s 1620s/30s
Observation info for years before 1492 is completely unavailable because record keeping was non-existent in the pre-Columbian era, and any records that may have once existed have long since been lost.
Even info from the early years of the Columbian era is suspect and incomplete because the difference between a hurricane and an extratropical system was not drawn by Renaissance scientists and sailors and because European exploration and colonization of the regions affected by hurricanes did not begin in earnest until the mid-16th century.
However, paleotempestological research allows reconstruction of pre-historic hurricane activity trends on timescales of centuries to millennia.
A theory has been postulated that an anti-phase pattern exists between the Gulf of Mexico coast and the Atlantic coast.
During the quiescent periods, a more northeasterly position of the Azores High would result in more hurricanes being steered towards the Atlantic coast.
During the hyperactive period, more hurricanes were steered towards the Gulf coast as the Azores High—controlled by the North Atlantic Oscillation—was shifted to a more southwesterly position near the Caribbean.
In fact, few major hurricanes struck the Gulf coast during 3000–1400 BC and again during the most recent millennium; these quiescent intervals were separated by a hyperactive period during 1400 BC and 1000 AD, when the Gulf coast was struck frequently by catastrophic hurricanes and their landfall probabilities increased by 3–5 times.
On the Atlantic coast, chance of landfalling hurricanes has doubled in the recent millennium compared to the one and a half millennia before.
Pre-1525
1525-1549
1550-1574
1575-1599
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml
http://www.candoo.com/genresources/hurricane.htm
http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/roth/vahur.htm
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/lch/research/la18hu.php
1599 and before
Valley Parade, also known by its sponsored name of the Coral Windows Stadium is a football stadium in Bradford in England.
It is home to the club Bradford City A.F.C. It was built in 1886.
In 1985, a fire in one of the stands killed 56 people.
Levi Lincoln, Sr. (
May 15, 1749–April 14, 1820) was an American revolutionary.
He was a Minuteman at the beginning of the American Revolutionary War, a state legislator in Massachusetts, Governor of Massachusetts, Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts, a U.S. Representative, Attorney General for President Thomas Jefferson and Acting Secretary of State.
1820 deaths
James Rodney Schlesinger (February 15, 1929 - March 27, 2014) was United States Secretary of Defense from 1973 to 1975 under presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford.
He became America's first Secretary of Energy under Jimmy Carter.
On March 27, 2014, Schlesinger died from complications of pneumonia at a Baltimore hospital.
He was 85.
Simultaneous multithreading, acronym SMT, is a technique for improving the overall efficiency of superscalar CPUs with Hardware multithreading.
SMT permits multiple independent threads of execution to better utilize the resources provided by modern computer architectures.
Superscalar technique: which tries to increase Instruction level parallelism (ILP) by executing multiple instructions at the same time (termed: simultaneously); by "simultaneously" dispatching instructions (termed: instruction dispatching) to multiple redundant execution units built inside the processor.
Chip-level multithreading (CMT) technique: using Thread level parallelism (TLP) in order to executes instructions from multiple threads within one processor chip at the same time.
Interleaved multithreading (IMT) : Interleaved issue of multiple instructions from different threads, also referred to as Temporal multithreading.
It can be further divided into fine-grain multithreading or coarse-grain multithreading depending on the frequency of interleaved issues.
Fine-grain multithreading issues instructions for different threads after every cycle, while coarse-grain multithreading only switches to issue  instructions from another thread when the current executing thread causes some long latency events (like page fault etc.).
Coarse-grain multithreading is more common for less context switch between threads.
For processors with one pipeline per core, interleaved multithreading is the only possible way, because it can only issue up to one instruction per cycle.
Simultaneous multithreading (SMT): Issue multiple instructions from multiple threads in one cycle.
The processor must be superscalar to do so.
Chip-level multiprocessing (CMP or Multi-core processor): integrates two or more superscalar processors into one chip, each executes threads independently.
Any combination of IMT/SMT/CMP
Examples of modern SMT CPUs
The Intel Pentium 4 was the first modern desktop processor to implement simultaneous multithreading, starting from the 3.06GHz model released in 2002, and since introduced into a number of their processors.
Intel calls the functionality Hyper-Threading Technology (HTT), and provides a basic two-thread SMT engine.
Intel claims up to a 30% speed improvement compared against an otherwise identical, non-SMT Pentium 4.
The latest MIPS architecture designs include an SMT system known as "MIPS MT".
The IBM POWER5, announced in May 2004, comes as either a dual core DCM, or quad-core or 8-core MCM, with each core including a two-thread SMT engine.
IBM's implementation is more sophisticated than the previous ones, because it can assign a different priority to the various threads, is more fine-grained, and the SMT engine can be turned on and off dynamically, to better execute those workloads where an SMT processor would not increase performance.
This is IBM's second implementation of generally available hardware multithreading.
The Intel Atom, released in 2008, is the first Intel product to feature SMT (marketed as Hyper-threading) without supporting instruction reordering, speculative execution, or register renaming.
LE Shar and ES Davidson, "A Multiminiprocessor System Implemented through Pipelining", Computer Feb 1974
D.M. Tullsen, S.J. Eggers, and H.M. Levy, "Simultaneous Multithreading: Maximizing On-Chip Parallelism," In 22nd Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, June, 1995
D.M. Tullsen, S.J. Eggers, J.S. Emer, H.M. Levy, J.L. Lo, and R.L. Stamm, "Exploiting Choice: Instruction Fetch and Issue on an Implementable Simultaneous Multithreading Processor," In 23rd Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture, May, 1996
SMT news articles and academic papers
SMT research at the University of Washington
Timeline of multithreading technologies
In computer engineering, out-of-order execution, OoOE, is a technique used in most high-performance microprocessors to make use of cycles that would otherwise be wasted by a certain type of costly delay.
Most modern CPU designs include support for out of order execution.
The key concept of OoO processing is to allow the processor to avoid a class of delays (termed: "stalls ") that occur when the data needed to perform an operation are unavailable.
OoO processors fill these "slots" in time with other instructions that are ready, then re-order the results at the end to make it appear that the instructions were processed as normal.
The way the instructions are ordered in the original computer code is known as program order, in the processor they are handled in data order (the order in which the data, operands, become available in the processor's registers).
Fairly complex circuitry is needed to convert from one ordering to the other and maintain a logical ordering of the output; the processor itself appears to be running the instructions in random order.
The benefit of OoO processing grows as the instruction pipeline expands and the speed difference between main memory (or cache memory) and the processor increases.
On modern machines, the processor runs many times faster than the memory, so during the time an in-order processor spends waiting for data to arrive, it could have processed a large number of instructions.
Instruction fetch.
If input operands are available (in registers for instance), the instruction is dispatched to the appropriate functional unit.
If one or more operands is unavailable during the current clock cycle (generally because they are being fetched from memory), however, the processor stalls until they are available.
The instruction is executed by the appropriate functional unit.
The functional unit writes the results back to the register.
Instruction dispatch to an instruction queue (also called instruction buffer or reservation stations).
The instruction waits in the queue until its input operands are available.
The instruction is then allowed to leave the queue before earlier, older instructions.
The instruction is issued to the appropriate functional unit and executed by that unit.
The results are queued (Re-order Buffer).
Only after all older instructions have their results written back to the register file, then this result is written back to the register.
This is called the graduation or retire stage.
"Implementation of precise interrupts in pipelined processors", a paper by Smith and Pleszkun (1985).
"Speculative computation in Multilisp."
In computer architecture, a branch predictor is the part of a processor that determines whether a conditional branch (jump) in the instruction flow of a program is likely to be taken or not.
This is called branch prediction.
Branch predictors are important in today's modern, superscalar processors for achieving high performance.
They allow processors to fetch and execute instructions without waiting for a branch to be resolved.
Seznec et al. (
Multiple-Block Ahead Branch Predictors" – demonstrates prediction accuracy is not impaired by indexing with previous branch address.
2002). "
Design Tradeoffs for the Alpha EV8 Conditional Branch Predictor" – describes the Alpha EV8 branch predictor.
This paper does an excellent job discussing how they arrived at their design from various hardware constraints and simulation studies.
Jimenez (2003). "
Reconsidering Complex Branch Predictors" – describes the EV6 and K8 branch predictors, and pipelining considerations.
Agner Fog.
or aka ("also known as"), used to describe author pseudonyms, aliases, nicknames, stage names, working names, legalized names, pen names, maiden names, etc.
also means "red" in Japanese
If two parties wish to exchange encrypted messages, each needs to know how to decrypt received messages and to encrypt sent messages.
The information they require to do so depends on the encryption technique they might use.
If they use a cipher, they will need appropriate keys.
If the cipher is a symmetric key cipher, both will need a copy of the same key.
If an asymmetric key cipher with the public/private key property, both will need the other's public key.
The key exchange problem is how to exchange whatever keys or other information needed so, in such a way, that no one else can obtain a copy.
Usually, this required trusted secure channel.
With the arrival of (public key / private key) cipher algorithms, the encrypting key (aka, the public key) could be made public, since (at least for "high quality" ciphers) no one without the decrypting key (aka, the private key) could decrypt the message.
In 1976, Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman published a cryptographic protocol, (Diffie-Hellman key exchange), which allows users to establish secure channels in order to exchange keys, even if an attacker is monitoring that communication channel.
However, Diffie-Hellman key exchange did not address the "identity authentication" problem of being sure of the actual identity of the person or an entity.
Public key infrastructures have been proposed go around the problem of "identity authentication".
In their most usual implementation, each user applies to a "certificate authority" for a digital certificate which serves for other users as a correct (termed: non-tamperable) authentication of identity.
In contrast, the web of trust system, which do not use central "certificate authority" at all.
Each user is responsible for verifying any certificate from another user before using that certificate to communicate with the user who claims to be associated with the particular public key in a certificate, (see digital signatures).
The problem of key exchange has not yet been solved.
In particular, it has not yet been solved for the modern situation of two previously unknown users attempting to communicate electronically, as, for instance, in electronic commerce.
Some of the existing work-around designs work, more or less, but are not fully satisfactory.
Symmetric-key cryptography
In cryptography, a secure channel is a way of transferring data that is very difficult (called resistant) to overhear or copy (called interception) and understand (called decrypt) or change (called tampering).
A confidential channel is a way of transferring data that is resistant to interception, but may not be resistant to tampering and may not be resistant to impersonation by someone else (called spoofing).
Terminology is the study of terms and their use.
Terminology studies the "labelling or designating of concepts" in one or more subject fields or areas of human activity.
Terms are words and compound words that are used in specific contexts.
Terminology studies among other things how such terms of art come to be and their interrelationships within a culture.
analyzing the concepts in a field of activity
identifying the terms given to the concepts
establishing correspondences between terms in different languages
putting the terminology onto a database
creating new terms, as required
There are 261 communes in the Vaucluse department in France, all included in the following list:
Althen-des-Paluds is a commune of 1988 people (1999).
It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.
Communes in Vaucluse
Ansouis is a commune of 1,105 people (2006).
Apt is a commune of 11,229 people (2006).
Aubignan is a commune of 3,877 people (1999).
Aurel is a commune of 158 people (2008).
Auribeau is a commune of 59 people (1999).
Le Barroux is a commune of 615 people (2006).
La Bastide-des-Jourdans is a commune of 964 people (1999).
La Bastidonne is a commune of 677 people (1999).
It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.
Le Beaucet is a commune of 352 people (1999).
Beaumes-de-Venise is a commune of 2,070 people (1999).
Beaumettes is a commune of 197 people (1999).
Beaumont-de-Pertuis is a commune of 934 people (1999).
Beaumont-du-Ventoux is a commune of 286 people (1999).
Bédarrides is a commune of 5,110 people (as of 1999).
Bédoin is a commune of 2,609 people (as of 1999).
Blauvac is a commune of 337 people (1999).
Bollène is a commune of 13,835 people (2006).
Bonnieux is a commune of 1,417 people (1999).
Brantes is a commune of 65 people (1999).
Buisson is a commune of 264 people (1999).
Buoux is a commune of 112 people (1999).
Cabrières-d'Aigues is a commune of 819 people (2006).
It is in the  Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Vaucluse department in south France.
Cabrières-d'Avignon is a commune of 1,705 people (2006).
The national flag of Oman () has three stripes (white, green and red) with a red bar on the left that contains the national emblem of Oman.
The white stands for peace and prosperity, the green for fertility and the Green Mountains, and the red for battles against foreign invaders.
The red is also the colour of the former flag of the nation when it was known simply as the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman.
Until 1970, Oman used the plain red banner of the indigenous people, the Kharijite Muslims.
In 1970, the Sultan introduced a complete new set of national flags.
Bands of green and white were added to the fly, and the national emblem, the badge of the Albusaidi Dynasty, was placed in the canton.
This shows crossed swords over a Gambia, a traditional curved dagger.
White has been associated historically with the Imam, the religious leader of Oman and at times the political rival to the ruling Sultan.
It also symbolizes peace.
Green is traditionally associated with the Jebel al Akhdar, or "Green Mountains," which lie toward the north of the country.
Red is a common color in Gulf state flags.
The national emblem is said to date back to the 18th century.
An ornate horsebit links the weapons.
Cadenet is a commune of 3,950 people (2006).
Caderousse is a commune of 2,496 people (1999).
The National Emblem of Oman () consists of a khanjar dagger in a sheath that is superimposed upon two crossed swords.
This is the traditional symbol of Oman.
It is found on numerous flags as well as the currency of Oman and on the planes of the Omani Air Force, among other locations.
Cairanne is a commune of 850 people (1999).
Camaret-sur-Aigues is a commune of 3,553 people (1999).
Caromb is a commune of 3,117 people (1999).
Carpentras is a commune of 27,249 people (2006).
Caseneuve is a commune of 355 people (1999).
It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in south France.
Castellet is a commune of 106 people (1999).
Caumont-sur-Durance is a commune of 4,253 people (1999).
Cavaillon is a commune of 24,563 people (1999).
Châteauneuf-de-Gadagne is a commune of 2,838 people (as of 1999).
Châteauneuf-du-Pape is a commune of 2,078 people (as of 1999).
Cheval-Blanc is a commune of 3,524 people (1999).
It is in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.
Courthézon is a commune of 5,364 people (1999).
Crestet is a commune of 432 people (1999).
Crillon-le-Brave is a commune of 398 people (1999).
Cucuron is a commune of 1,828 people (2004).
Entraigues-sur-la-Sorgue is a commune of 6,612 people (1999).
Entrechaux is a commune of 1,008 people (2007).
It is in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Vaucluse department in south France.
Faucon is a commune of 380 people (1999).
Flassan is a commune of 341 people (1999).
It is at the bottom of Mont Ventoux.
Fontaine-de-Vaucluse is a commune of 610 people (1999).
Gargas is a commune of 196 people (1999).
Gignac is a commune of 48 people (1999).
Gigondas is a commune of 648 people (1999).
Gordes is a commune of 2,092 people (1999).
Goult is a commune of 1,285 people (1999).
Grambois is a commune of 1,113 people (as of 1999).
Grillon is a commune of 1,686 people (1999).
L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue is a commune of 16,971 people (1999).
Jonquerettes is a commune of 1,236 people (1999).
Jonquières is a commune of 3,926 people (1999).
It is also very slippy.
Joucas is a commune of 317 people (1999).
Lacoste is a commune of 408 people (1999).
Lafare is a commune of 97 people (1999).
Lagarde-d'Apt is a commune of 26 people (1999).
Lagarde-Paréol is a commune of 297 people (1999).
Lagnes is a commune of 1,674 people (2007).
Lamotte-du-Rhône is a commune of 416 people (1999).
Lapalud is a commune of 3,267 people (1999).
Lauris is a commune of 3,102 people (1999).
Lioux is a commune of 248 people (1999).
Loriol-du-Comtat is a commune of 1,871 people (1999).
Lourmarin is a commune of 1,119 people (1999).
Malaucène is a commune of 2,669 people (2008).
Malemort-du-Comtat is a commune of 1,203 people (1999).
During the time of the Roman Empire, the village was called "Calvia."
The name Malemort means "bad death" and was probably used after the destruction of the village by the Franks.
Comtat means "county", the land belonging to a count.
Wine making has been carried out in region for at least 2,400 years.
When wine making started again in medieval times, the Archbishop of Carpentras gave his monks a vineyard in Malemort du Comtat in 882.
The village is in the mountains, surrounded by olive and cherry trees.
The city was protected by high walls and eleven towers which were built in the 12th century.
Three of the gateways in the wall are still standing.
The church, Notre Dame de l’Assomption, was built in the 13th century.
Maubec is a commune of 1,581 people (1999).
Mazan is a commune of 4,943 people (1999).
Ménerbes is a commune of 1,157 people (2006).
Mérindol is a commune of 1,923 people (2006).
The town has a Mediterranean climate with hot and dry summers and mild winters.
It does not rain very often and snow is rare.
Protected by the Luberon, a mountain range, the town is sheltered from the mistral, a cold dry wind that blows from the north.
The town was first built on a hill which was easy to defend.
After the town was destroyed in 1545, it was rebuilt on the plain, near the river.
A ferry was in use to cross the Durance River in the year 1240.
Mérindol was abandoned, probably because of plague, in the 15th century.
In the late Middle Ages, Louis II of Provence sold the land to the lords of Abacus-Cental and Rocca Sparviera.
They moved in farming families from Piedmont.
The farmers were followers of Pierre Vaudes (Peter Waldo).
They were part of a group, known as the Vaudois or Waldensians, who had separated from the Catholic Church in 1170.
They believed in a simple life based on a line in the Gospel of Matthew.
This put them in opposition to the rich and powerful church.
In 1530, a Dominican priest, Jean de Roma, began a campaign against the Vaudois because he said they were heretics.
His gangs attacked the town and burnt many houses and killed many of the people.
In 1540, de Roma arrested a flour miller from Mérindol, took his mill, and then burned the man at the stake.
On November 18 1540, 19 more people were sentenced to death by burning at the stake, and the town was ordered to be completely destroyed.
A group from the town went to the king to save the people and the village.
He gave them until 1545 AD to give up their religion and rejoin the Catholic Church.
On April 18 1545, the village was completely burned and about 12 of the Vaudois still living there were killed.
Over one week there were attacks on 11 other small villages, and it is thought that about 3000 people were killed.
Many of the Vaudois from Mérindol were able to escape and ran away to Switzerland.
The Path of Memory
In 1977, members of Vaudois organizations in Germany, France and Italy built a path in memory of the people who had been killed for their religious beliefs.
The path leads to the ruins of the Vaudois church.
Méthamis is a commune of 397 people (1999).
Mirabeau is a commune of 907 people (1999).
Voice over Internet protocol (or VoIP) is a term used for a number of protocols that are used to carry voice data over packet switched networks.
Beforehand, telephony used a dedicated line, that was only for calls.
This was known as PSTN (or "public switched telephony network").
Using VOIP will reduce costs, as the "dedicated line" for telephony (and fax) is no longer needed.
Carrying voice data needs a service guarantees (mostly in the form of "throughput", and "response time").
Not having this will result in a loss of signal (or in "hiccups")
Most telephony network provide the possibility to operate a phone, even when the power is lost in the area.
This is done so that emergency calls can still be made.
VOIP usually does not provide this possibility.
The LAN is now used both for voice and data, and becomes a single point of failure.
If there are problems with the LAN, this can also affect VOIP calls.
The encoding schemes used for voice calls are not good choices for fax or other uses of the telephony network.
SIP :- SIP, or also known as session initiation protocol, has become the standard for multimedia sessions on the internet.
The Engineering Task Force thinks of this protocol as the standard for audio, video and even instant messaging solutions.
This task force is simply a large, international community, composed of anyone involved in the networking evolution online.
SIP is modular, meaning that it can be changed around in whatever way needed.
Depending on the type of data your business is wishing to transmit, your SIP deployment will need to be designed specifically for this.
With that being said, VoIP and IM communications will need to work around these aspects, and be designed for one total approach.
H.323 :- This protocol has become the international standard for all communication over packet-switched networks.
This includes LAN, WAN and even the general internet networks we all connect to.
H.323 is considered an umbrella that includes all types of standards, which is what the internet is based on.
H.323 focuses on voice, video, and data communications, designed specifically to operate over IP networks.
At this point, this protocol has become the world market leader for voice and voice communications over IP networks.
H.323 was developed by the international telecommunications union, which is the organization responsible for building the public telephone network.
The Vaucluse () is a department in the southeast of France in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.
Its prefecture is Avignon.
It is named after a famous spring, in the commune Fontaine-de-Vaucluse.
The name Vaucluse comes from the Latin Vallis Clausa ("closed valley") as the valley here ends in a cliff from which rises a spring.
Vaucluse was not one of the 83 French departments made during the French revolution, on 4 March 1790.
It was created on 12 August 1793 with  four districts: Apt, Orange, Ouvèze (Carpentras), Vaucluse (Avignon); its capital was Avignon.
In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the districts were changed into arrondissements: Avignon, Apt, Carpentras and Orange.
On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of Orange was eliminated and the subprefecture of Apt was moved to Cavaillon but went back to Apt in 1933.
Vaucluse is part of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, in southeast France, with an area of .
The department has an exclave to the north, the canton of Valréas, surrounded completely by Drôme department.
Gard (west)
Drôme (north)
Ardèche (northwest)
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (east)
Var (southeast) ( a short distance)
Bouches-du-Rhône (south)
Dentelles de Montmirail, a small chain of small mountains; the highest point is Crête de Saint-Amand,  high.
Vaucluse Mountains ().
The highest peak in the Vaucluse department is Signal de Saint-Pierre,  high.
Luberon Massif, in the souhteast of the department; the highest point is Mourre Nègre,  high.
The chain is in the Regional Natural Park of Luberon ().
The highest mountain in the department is Mont Ventoux () that is  high.
It stands alone to the north of the Luberon range, separated by the Vaucluse Mountains, and just to the eastern base of the Dentelles de Montmirail.
There are several valleys and plain in the department.
The main important plain is the plain of Comtat where is most of the population of the department.
It is to the south and the west of the Mont Ventoux and has the Rhône river to the west, the Durance river to the south and the Vaucluse Mountains to the east.
The main rivers are the Rhône and the Durance, tributary of the Rhône.
Other rivers are tributaries of those two rivers.
Vaucluse is part of the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur.
The department is managed by the Departamental Council of the Vaucluse in Avignon.
There are 3 arrondissements (districts), 17 cantons and 151 communes (municipalities) in Vaucluse.
Apt (8401)
Avignon-1 (8402)
Avignon-2 (8403)
Avignon-3 (8404)
Bollène (8405)
Carpentras (8406)
Cavaillon (8407)
Cheval-Blanc (8408)
L'Isle-sur-la-Sorgue (8409)
Monteux (8410)
Orange (8411)
Pernes-les-Fontaines (8412)
Pertuis (8413)
Le Pontet (8414)
Sorgues (8415)
Vaison-la-Romaine (8416)
Valréas (8417)
The inhabitants of Vaucluse are known, in French, as Vauclusiens (women: Vauclusiennes).
Vaucluse has a population, in 2014, of 554,374, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Avignon, with 296,303 inhabitants, is by far the largest.
The other two, Carpentras and Apt, have respectively 129,623 and 128,448 inhabitants.
The city with more people living in it is the capital, Avignon (92,209).
The subprefectures of Carpentras and Apt have, respectively, 28,447 and 11,885 inhabitants.
Vaucluse has been always a rural department where farming is the main economic activity.
The most important produces in the department are fruits (melons, cherries, strawberrys, apples, grapes and others) and vegetables (tomatoes).
Another important product of the region is wine, mainly those wines known as Côtes-du-Rhône.
In 1976, Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman invented a way for people to encrypt data and send it over an open channel.
The idea was based on a concept by Ralph Merkle.
Diffie and Hellman wanted to make Transport Layer Security (TLS), a secure way of computers communicating, more safe to perform.
For example, while you can use a password to keep a file safe, if you need to tell the password to somebody there is a risk of the password being seen by third parties.
Diffie-Hellman key agreement itself is an anonymous (non-authenticated) key-agreement protocol: people involved in the trade do not need to prove who they are, but both people need to use their secret keys to fully decrypt the data.
Alice and Bob agree on a public number (10), which is not hidden.
Alice chooses a private number (15), which she keeps secret.
She adds this to the public number (10 + 15 = 25) and sends 25 to Bob.
Bob does the same, choosing a secret private number (30).
He adds it to the public number (10 + 30 = 40) and sends 40 to Alice.
With their results swapped, Alice and Bob now add their private numbers to what they receive:
Alice has Bob's 40.
She adds her private number: 40 + 15 = 55.
Bob has Alice's 25.
He adds his private number: 25 + 30 = 55.
Alice and Bob both start at the same number (10) and both do half of a sum, which means they both get the same result without seeing what the other person added (15 and 30).
This is useful in cryptography because Alice and Bob do not share their private numbers, which means a third party cannot spy on the result (55) unless they can find both private numbers; even if a third party knows Alice sent 10 + 15 = 25, they don't know the result is 55 unless they also know Bob sent 30.
Since only Alice and Bob know their private numbers, this is a good way of sending secure information if the numbers are very big and the calculations are difficult.
Since computers can use very complicated math to encrypt things, this stops people from trying a brute force attack to guess the numbers until it works.
One example of how big calculations are made this way is the original version of Diffie-Hellman, which used both multiplicative group of integers modulo n and primitive root modulo n.
While very useful, Diffie-Hellman is at risk of a man-in-the-middle attack.
Alice and Bob do not need to prove who they are to swap their information, which means there is a risk that Charlie can look at the information while it is being swapped, and can even pretend to be Alice or Bob to try and figure out their keys.
One way this is avoided is to use authentication, where people perform extra steps to prove who they are.
Diffie-Hellman problem
Internet Key Exchange protocol
Non-Secret Encryption Using a Finite Field  MJ Williamson, January 21, 1974.
Thoughts on Cheaper Non-Secret Encryption MJ Williamson, August 10, 1976.
New Directions in Cryptography W. Diffie and M. E. Hellman, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol.
IT-22, Nov. 1976, pp: 644-654.
Martin E. Hellman, Bailey W. Diffie, and Ralph C. Merkle, U.S. Patent #4,200,770, 29 April 1980
The History of Non-Secret Encryption  JH Ellis 1987 (28K PDF file) (HTML version )
The First Ten Years of Public-Key Cryptography Whitfield Diffie, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.
5, May 1988, pp: 560-577 (1.9MB PDF file)
Menezes, Alfred; van Oorschot, Paul; Vanstone, Scott (1997).
Handbook of Applied Cryptography Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. . (
Available online)
Singh, Simon (1999) The Code Book: the evolution of secrecy from Mary Queen of Scots to quantum cryptography New York: Doubleday
An Overview of Public Key Cryptography  Martin E. Hellman, IEEE Communications Magazine, May 2002, pp:42-49. (
123kB PDF file)
Oral history interview with Martin Hellman, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.
Leading cryptography scholar Martin Hellman discusses the circumstances and fundamental insights of his invention of public key cryptography with collaborators Whitfield Diffie and Ralph Merkle at Stanford University in the mid-1970s.
RFC 2631 -  Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Method E. Rescorla June 1999.
Summary of ANSI X9.42: Agreement of Symmetric Keys Using Discrete Logarithm Cryptography (64K PDF file) (Description of ANSI 9 Standards )
Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange – A Non-Mathematician’s Explanation  by Keith Palmgren
Crypt::DH Perl module from CPAN
Hands-on Diffie-Hellman demonstration
C implementation using GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library
The Queen Elizabeth II
The Duke and Duchess of Sussex
The Duke of York
The Earl and Countess of Wessex
The Princess Royal
The Duke and Duchess of Kent
Royal Gov website Retrieved 3 July 2012\
https://www.ancestry.com/family-tree/person/tree/155209306/person/302050214240/story For HRH Blake Royall Shaner
MQV (Menezes-Qu-Vanstone) is an authenticated protocol for key agreement based on the Diffie-Hellman scheme.
MQV provides protection against an active attacker.
Burton S. Kaliski Jr., An unknown key-share attack on the MQV key agreement protocol.
ACM Trans.
Secur.
4(3): pp275–288 (2001)
Laurie Law, Alfred Menezes, Minghua Qu, Jerry Solinas, Scott A. Vanstone, An Efficient Protocol for Authenticated Key Agreement.
Codes Cryptography 28(2): pp119–134 (2003)
Peter J. Leadbitter, Nigel P. Smart: Analysis of the Insecurity of ECMQV with Partially Known Nonces.
ISC 2003: pp240–251
A. Menezes, M. Qu, and S. Vanstone, Some new key agreement protocols providing implicit authentication, Preproceedings of Workshops on Selected Areas in Cryptography (1995).
Articles on MQV and ECMQV in Certicom's newsletter Code and Cipher.
HMQV: A High-Performance Secure Diffie-Hellman Protocol by Hugo Krawczyk
Cher is a department in the centre of France in the Centre-Val de Loire region.
It is named after the Cher river, the most important river in the department.
The department is one of the 83 French departments made during the French revolution, on 4 March 1790.
The department was created from part of the former province of Berry.
The new department had seven districts: Aubigny, Sancerre, Sancoins, Saint-Amand, Châteaumeillant, Bourges and Vierzon.
The capital (now prefecture) was Bourges.
In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the seven districts were changed into three arrondissements: Bourges, Saint-Amand-Mont-Rond and Sancerre.
On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of Sancerre was eliminated.
In 1984, a new arrondissement was created: Vierzon.
Cher is part of the Centre-Val de Loire region.
The highest point of the department is Le Magnoux (), in the south end of the department in the commune of Préveranges, and that is   above sea level.
Loir-et-Cher (northwest)
Indre (west)
Loiret (north)
Creuse (south)
Allier (southeast)
Nièvre (east)
Cher, a left tributary of the Loire; it is  long.
The department is named after this river.
Allier, also a left tributary of the Loire; it is  long.
Indre, also a left tributary of the Loire; it is  long.
Sauldre, a right tributary of the Cher; it is  long.
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Bourges is .
The average temperature for the year in Bourges is .
The department is managed by the Departmental Council of the Cher in Bourges.
Cher is part of the region of Centre-Val de Loire.
There are 3 arrondissements (districts), 19 cantons and 290 communes (municipalities) in Cher.
Aubigny-sur-Nère (1801)
Avord (1802)
Bourges-1 (1803)
Bourges-2 (1804)
Bourges-3 (1805)
Bourges-4 (1806)
Chârost (1807)
Châteaumeillant (1808)
Dun-sur-Auron (1809)
La Guerche-sur-l'Aubois (1810)
Mehun-sur-Yèvre (1811)
Saint-Amand-Montrond (1812)
Saint-Doulchard (1813)
Saint-Germain-du-Puy (1814)
Saint-Martin-d'Auxigny (1815)
Sancerre (1816)
Trouy (1817)
Vierzon-1 (1818)
Vierzon-2 (1819)
The inhabitants of Cher are known, in French, as Chériens (women: Chériennes) or Berrichons (women: Berrichonnes).
Cher has a population, in 2014, of 310,270, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Bourges, with 173,889 inhabitants, is by far the largest.
Departments in Centre-Val de Loire
Corrèze () is a department in south-western France, named after the Corrèze river.
It is in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region and its capital is the city of Tulle.
Corrèze is one of the 83 French departments made during the French revolution, on 4 March 1790.
It was created from parts of the old province of Limousin (the Bas Limousin).
The new department had four districts: Uzerche, Ussel, Tulle and Brive.
The capital (now prefecture) was Tulle.
In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the four districts were changed into three arrondissements: Tulle, Brive and Ussel.
On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of Ussel was eliminated but, on 6 December 1943, it became again an arrondissement.
Corrèze is part of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region; it is to the west of the Massif Central.
Creuse department
Dordogne department
Haute-Vienne department
Lot department
Cantal department
Puy-de-Dôme department
The highest point of the department is the Mont Bessou,  high; the lowest point is in the valley of the Vézère river and is  high.
The annual rainfall in Brive-la-Gaillarde is .
The average temperature for the year in Brive-la-Gaillarde is .
The department is managed by the Departmental Council of the Corrèze in Tulle.
Corrèze is part of the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine.
There are 3 arrondissements (districts), 19 cantons and 283 communes (municipalities) in Corrèze.
Allassac (1901)
Argentat (1902)