the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Races in bold indicate pole position; Races in italics indicate fastest lap (key)
CART/Champ Car results
IndyCar results
Superleague Formula results
2009 Super Final results
Super Final results in 2009 did not count for points towards the main championship.
Le Mans 24 Hours results
Le Site des Fans de Sébastien Bourdais
24 Hours of Le Mans drivers
William Edwards Deming (October 14, 1900 – December 20, 1993) was an American engineer who improved how companies manage making products.
He was a statistician,  professor, author, lecturer, and consultant.
He is perhaps best known for his work in Japan.
Starting in 1950, he taught top Japanese business managers how to improve design, product quality, testing and sales.
He taught the importance of using Statistical Process Control (SPC), to manage quality by measuring, or counting, many steps of complex manufacturing and services, in order to reduce the variation in results.
This should reduce defects and errors.
Deming described periodic monitoring, by repeating the steps of Plan-Do-Check-Act, known as the Deming Cycle.
He went to triton central highschool.
He entered the University of Wyoming at Laramie in 1917 and graduated in 1921.
He earned a BSc in electrical engineering.
He then went to graduate school.
In 1925, he received an M.S. from the University of Colorado.
In 1928, he received a Ph.D. from Yale University.
Both graduate degrees were in mathematics and mathematical physics.
People from Sioux City, Iowa
Educators from Iowa
The yo-yo is a popular toy made with of a length of string tied at one end to a flat spool.
It is used by holding the free end of the string (usually by inserting one finger in a slip knot) and pulling at it so as to cause the spool to turn while it is hanging in mid-air, either winding or unwinding the string.
It first became popular in the 1920s.
In the simplest play, the string is wound on the spool by hand.
The yo-yo is then thrown downwards, so that it goes down and unwinds the string.
It then (by inertia) climbs back, winding the string up.
Finally the yo-yo is grabbed, ready to be thrown again.
Many other trick plays exist, most based on the basic "sleeper" trick.
One of the most famous tricks on the yoyo is "walk the dog".
This is done by throwing a strong sleeper and allowing the yoyo to roll across the floor.
English historical names for the yo-yo include bandalore (from French) and  quiz.
French historical terms include bandalore, incroyable, de Coblenz, emigrette, and joujou de Normandie (joujou meaning little toy).
The earliest surviving yo-yo dates to 500 BC and was made using terra cotta (clay) disks.
A Greek vase painting from this date shows a boy playing yo-yo(see right).
Greek records from this time describe toys made out of wood, metal, or painted terra cotta.
The terra cotta disks were used to ceremonially offer the toys of youth to certain gods when a child came of age.
Disks of other materials were used for actual play.
Philippine historical records show that 16th century hunters hiding in trees used a rock tied to a string up to 20 feet in length to throw at wild animals beneath them.
The string meant they could get the rock back without having to come down from the tree.
The Commonwealth of Australia is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy.
The Commonwealth of Australia was formed in 1901 when the six self-governing British colonies, agreed to join together as one nation.
These colonies became the six states of Australia.
The written agreement is the Australian Constitution.
This was written at a Constitutional Convention and voted for by the people of the colonies.
The way the Australian Government is organized can be looked at in two ways.
The first is federalism which organizes the way powers are distributed between the Australian Government and the state governments.
The second is separation of powers into legislative, executive and judiciary branches of government.
The Constitution supports the separation of powers in the way it sets out the roles of the branches of government.
The Federal Government
Section 1 of the Australian Constitution sets up a democratic legislature, the bicameral Parliament of Australia.
This is the Queen and two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives.
Section 51 of the Constitution sets out the Commonwealth Government's legislative powers and gives certain powers and responsibilities (known as "heads of power") to the federal government.
All remaining responsibilities are kept by the six States.
Each State has its own constitution, so that Australia has seven sovereign Parliaments, none of which can take over the powers of any other.
The High Court of Australia rules on any arguments between the Commonwealth and the States, or among the States, about their powers.
To become law, the proposals must be put to a referendum of all Australians of voting age.
The changes must get a "double majority": a majority of all votes, and a majority of votes in a majority of States.
The Commonwealth Constitution also says that the States can agree to give any of their powers to the Commonwealth.
This can be done by an amendment to the Constitution through a referendum.
More commonly, if all the states agree, then all state and Commonwealth parliaments pass laws to allow the transfer.
These "transfer" laws may have a "sunset clause".
This is a part of the law that means the law is only in place for a certain time.
After this, the original division of powers is put back.
Australia has several territories, three of which are self-governing: the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), the Northern Territory (NT) and Norfolk Island.
The legislatures of these territories have powers given to them by the Commonwealth.
The Commonwealth Parliament keeps the power to overturn territorial legislation and to give or take powers.
While Australian citizens living in the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory are represented in the Commonwealth Parliament, Norfolk Islanders are not.
Australia's other territories, (Jervis Bay, Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands) are not self-governing.
Instead, these territories are governed by federal laws, with Christmas Island and the Cocos Islands also having local governments.
The largely uninhabited Coral Sea Islands was set up as a Territory of the Commonwealth in 1969.
The Ashmore and Cartier Islands has been a territory since 1933 run under the laws of the Northern Territory.
The federal nature of the Commonwealth and the structure of the Parliament of Australia were the subject of long negotiations among the colonies.
The House of Representatives is elected on a basis which shows the different sized populations of the States.
So New South Wales has 50 members while Tasmania has only five.
But the Senate is elected on a basis of equality among the States: all States have 12 Senators, regardless of population.
This was so the Senators of the smaller States could form a majority and change or even reject laws from the House of Representatives.
The ACT and the NT elect two senators each.
The third level of government after Commonwealth and State/Territory is Local government.
These are organized as shires, towns or cities.
Local governments are made up of elected representatives (known as either councilor or alderman depending on the State), usually serving on a part-time basis.
Legislature: The Commonwealth Parliament
Executive: The Sovereign, whose executive power is used by the Governor-General, the Prime Minister, Ministers and their Departments
Judiciary: The High Court of Australia and other Federal courts.
The Separation of powers is the principle whereby the three arms of government do their activities separate from each other:
the Legislature proposes laws in the form of Bills.
It sets up legal framework for the work of the other two arms.
The Sovereign is formally a part of the Parliament, but takes no active role in these matters.
the Executive passes the laws by Royal Assent, administers the laws and carries out the tasks assigned to it by legislation
the Judiciary hears cases arising from the administration of the law, using both statute law and the common law.
The Australian courts cannot give advisory opinions on the constitutionality of laws
the other arms cannot influence the Judiciary.
Before the Australia Act 1986, and matching legislation in the parliament of the United Kingdom, some Australian cases could be sent to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council for final appeal.
Australian law is now only decided on in Australia, and the High Court of Australia is the highest court of appeal.
The possibility of the British Parliament making laws to overturn the Australian Constitution was also removed.
The Legislature makes the laws, and supervises the activities of the other two arms with a view to changing the laws if needed.
The Australian Parliament is bicameral, made up of the Queen, a 76-member Senate and a 150-member House of Representatives.
Twelve Senators from each state are elected for six-year terms, using proportional representation and the single transferable vote (known in Australia as "preferential voting", with half elected every three years.
There are also two senators elected by voters from the Northern Territory (and including the Indian Ocean Territories, Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands).
Another two senators are elected by the voters of the Australian Capital Territory (including the Jervis Bay Territory).
Senators from the territories are also elected using preferential voting, however, their term of office is not fixed: it starts on the day of a general election for the House of Representatives and ends the day before the next such election day.
The members of the House of Representatives are elected by preferential voting from single-member areas spread among the states and territories roughly in proportion to population.
In ordinary legislation, the two chambers have the same powers, but all laws for spending money or charging taxes must come from the House of Representatives.
In the Westminster system, the leader of the political party or group of parties that holds the support of a majority of the members in the House of Representatives is asked to form a government and is named Prime Minister.
The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are responsible to the Parliament, of which they must be members.
General elections are held at least once every three years.
The Prime Minister can advise the Governor-General to call an election for the House of Representatives at any time, but Senate elections can only be held within certain periods set out in the Constitution.
The most recent general election was on 21 August 2010.
The Commonwealth Parliament and all the state and territory legislatures use the Westminster system.
They have a recognised Leader of the Opposition, usually the leader of the largest party outside the government.
There is also a Shadow Cabinet of Opposition members who "shadow" each member of the Ministry, asking questions on matters about the Minister's responsibilities.
The government, because it has a majority of members in the lower house of the legislature, can usually pass its legislation and control the workings of the house.
The Opposition can slow down the process and obstruct government business if it chooses.
The day-to-day business of the house is usually worked out between a senior Minister, who holds the title Leader of the House, and an Opposition frontbencher known as the Manager of Opposition Business.
The Australian Constitution was written in 1901, when the Dominions of the British Empire were not independent countries, and does not use the words "head of state".
In practice, the role of head of state of Australia is divided between two people, the Queen of Australia and the Governor-General of Australia.
The Governor- General is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia.
Though in many respects the Governor-General is the Queen's representative, and exercises various constitutional powers in her name, they are also independently vested with many important constitutional powers by the Constitution.
The Sovereign of Australia is currently Queen Elizabeth II.
She is also the Sovereign of fifteen other Commonwealth Realms including the United Kingdom.
Like the other Dominions, Australia gained legislative independence from the Parliament of the United Kingdom through the Statute of Westminster 1931.
This came into force in Australia in 1942, but back dated to 3 September 1939.
With the Royal Style and Titles Act 1953, the Australian Parliament gave the Queen the title Queen of Australia.
In 1973 her Australian title no longer included her status as Queen of the United Kingdom and Defender of the Faith.
Section 61 of the Constitution says that 'The executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the Queen and is exercisable by the Governor‑General as the Queen’s representative, and extends to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution, and of the laws of the Commonwealth'.
Section 2 of the Australian Constitution says that a Governor-General shall represent the Queen in Australia.
In practice, the Governor-General carries out all the tasks usually done by a head of state, without asking the Queen.
The question of whether the Queen is Australia's head of state became a political one during the 1999 Australian republic referendum, when opponents of the move to make Australia a republic claimed that Australia already had an Australian as head of state in the person of the Governor-General, who since 1965 has invariably been an Australian citizen.
The former Governor-General, Major General Michael Jeffery, said in 2004: "Her Majesty is Australia's head of state but I am her representative and to all intents and purposes I carry out the full role."
However, in 2005, he declined to name the Queen as head of state, instead saying in response to a direct question, "The Queen is the Monarch and I represent her, and I carry out all the functions of head of state."
The Governor-General represents Australia internationally, making and receiving State visits.
In 2009 Prime Minister Kevin Rudd called the Governor-General the Australian head of state.
He said an overseas visit by Quentin Bryce "...to Africa of this scale by Australia's Head of State will express the seriousness of Australia's commitment".
Under the Westminster system the Governor-General's powers are almost always used on the advice of the Prime Minister or other ministers.
The Governor-General retains reserve powers similar to those possessed by the Queen in the United Kingdom.
These are rarely exercised, but during the Australian constitutional crisis of 1975 Governor-General Sir John Kerr used them independently of the Queen and the Prime Minister.
Several times people in Australia have wanted to remove the monarchy.
In a 1999 referendum, the Australian people voted on a proposal to change the Constitution.
The proposal would have removed the Queen from the Constitution and replaced the Governor-General with a President nominated by the Prime Minister, but needing the approval of a two-thirds majority of both Houses of the Parliament.
The proposal was defeated.
The Australian Republican Movement continues to call for an end to the monarchy in Australia, opposed by Australians for Constitutional Monarchy.
Executive Council
The Federal Executive Council consists of the Governor-General, the Prime Minister and Ministers.
It is a formal body which exists to give legal effect to decisions made by the Cabinet, and to carry out various other functions.
Members of the Executive Council are entitled to be styled "The Honourable", a title which they retain for life.
The Governor-General usually presides at Council meetings, but a Minister with the title Vice-President of the Executive Council serves as the link between the government and the Council.
The Constitution of Australia does not mention the Cabinet, and its decisions have no legal force.
All members of the ministry must be sworn as members of the Federal Executive Council.
This council is chaired by the Governor-General and which meets solely to approve and give legal force to decisions already made by the Cabinet.
That is why there is always a member of the ministry holding the title Vice-President of the Executive Council.
Until 1956 all members of the ministry were members of the Cabinet.
With more ministers added in the 1940s and 1950s this made the cabinet too big.
In 1956 Robert Menzies created a two level ministry, with only senior ministers in the Cabinet.
These are known as the front bench because the sit on the front bench seats in the Parliament.
When the non-Labor parties have been in power, the Prime Minister has made all Cabinet and ministerial appointments.
When the Liberal Party and its predecessors (the Nationalist Party and the United Australia Party) have been in coalition with the National Party or its predecessor the Country Party, the leader of the junior Coalition party has had the right decide his party's members of the Coalition ministry, and to work with the Prime Minister to give them their responsibilities.
When the Labor first held office under Chris Watson, Watson used the right to choose members of his Cabinet.
In 1907, however, the party decided that future Labor Cabinets would be elected by the members of the Parliamentary Labor Party, the Caucus.
The Prime Minister would allocate their responsibilities.
The Labor Prime Ministers had a lot of influence over who was elected to Labor ministries, although the leaders small groups inside the party also had a lot of power.
Prior to the 2007 general election, Kevin Rudd, said that he and he alone would choose the ministry if he become Prime Minister.
His party won the election and he chose the ministry, as he said he would.
The cabinet meets not only in Canberra but also in other Australian state capitals, most often Sydney and Melbourne.
Kevin Rudd said he wanted the Cabinet to meet in other places, such as major regional cities.
The Commonwealth Parliament Offices in Sydney are located in Phillip Street.
Caretaker governments
Federal Court of Australia
Family Court of Australia
Federal Magistrates Court
Australian federal budget
Australian Public Service
Before 1931, the junior status of dominions was shown in the fact that it was British ministers who advised the King, with dominion ministers, if they met the King at all, escorted by the constitutionally superior British minister.
After 1931 all dominion ministers met the King as His ministers as of right, equal in Commonwealth status to Britain's ministers, meaning that there was no longer either a requirement for, or an acceptance of, the presence of British ministers.
The first state to exercise this both symbolic and real independence was the Irish Free State.
Australian Federal Government
Government departments
Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet
Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry
Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations
Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts
Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs
Department of Health and Ageing
The Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research
Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government
More than 50% of its revenue comes from goods and services.
This is why it is a 'trading fund' of the Ministry of Defence.
Part of the Met Office headquarters at Exeter in Devon is the Met Office College.
This does the training for internal personnel and many forecasters from around the world.
One of the British stalwarts, the Shipping Forecast, is produced by the Met Office and broadcast on BBC Radio 4.
The Shipping Forecast has long been vital to the safety of mariners on the seas around the British Isles.
Weather forecasting and warnings
The Met Office is responsible for issuing Severe Weather Warnings for the United Kingdom through the National Severe Weather Warning Service (NSWWS).
These warn of weather which may affect transport and lives.
In March 2008, the system was improved and a new stage of warning was introduced, the 'Advisory'.
Weather prediction models
Its main role is to produce forecast models.
It gathers information from weather satellites in space and observations on earth.
The information is fed into two IBM supercomputers.
The computers use models based on a software package known as the Unified Model.
The principal weather products for UK customers are 36-hour forecasts from the newly operational 1.5 km resolution UKV model covering the UK and surroundings (replacing the 4 km model); 48-hour forecasts from the 12 km resolution NAE model covering Europe and the North Atlantic; and 144-hour forecasts from the 25 km resolution global model (replacing the 40 km global model).
A wide range of other products for other regions of the globe are sold to customers abroad.
They are used by MOD operations abroad or provided free to developing countries in Africa.
If necessary, forecasters may make adjustments to the computer forecasts.
Statistical process control (SPC) is the use of statistical methods to assess the stability of a process and the quality of its outputs.
For example, consider a bottling plant.
The entire system of production that produces filled bottles is termed a process.
Suppose the weight of liquid content added to a bottle is critical for cost control and customer satisfaction.
The content should weigh 250 grams, but it is acceptable if the actual weight is between 245 and 255 grams.
Monitoring means that the weight of every bottle is measured and recorded; sampling means that only a few bottles (say one in a thousand) are actually weighed (analysis to determine the rate of sampling and to assess sample representativeness is a well-established part of SPC.)
SPC relies on quantitative and graphic analysis of measurements to evaluate observed variation.
If the attributes of interest (content weight in this example) vary within an acceptable range, a process is said to be in control, in statistical control, or stable.
When unacceptable variation is noted, actions are typically taken to determine and correct their cause.
In the bottling example, suppose too many bottles are filled with less than 245 grams.
Checking the plant equipment reveals that one of ten filler valves is malfunctioning.
Much of the power of SPC lies in the ability to examine a process, for the sources of variation in that process, by using tools which give weight to objective analysis over subjective opinions and which allow the strength of each source to be determined numerically.
Variations in the process, which might affect the quality of the end-product or service can be detected and corrected, thus reducing waste as well as the likelihood that problems will be passed on to the customer.
With its emphasis on early detection and prevention of problems, SPC has a distinct advantage over other quality methods, such as inspection, which apply resources to detecting and correcting problems after they have occurred.
In addition to reducing waste, SPC can lead to a reduction in the time required to produce the product or service from end-to-end.
This is partially due to a reduced likelihood that the final product will have to be reworked, but it may also result from using SPC data to identify bottlenecks, wait times, and other sources of delays within the process.
Process cycle time reductions, coupled with improvements in yield, have made SPC a valuable tool from both a cost-reduction and a customer-satisfaction standpoint.
Statistical process control was pioneered by Walter A. Shewhart in the early 1920s.
Shewhart created the basis for the control chart and the concept of a state of statistical control by carefully designed experiments.
While Dr. Shewhart drew from pure mathematical statistical theories, he understood that data from physical processes seldom produces a "normal distribution curve" (a Gaussian distribution, also commonly referred to as a "bell curve").
He discovered how the observed variation in manufacturing data did not always behave the same way as data in nature (for example, Brownian motion of particles).
Dr. Shewhart concluded that while every process displays variation, some processes display controlled variation that is natural to the process (common causes of variation), while others display uncontrolled variation that is not present in the process causal system at all times (special causes of variation).
Uncontrolled variation is often associated with defective products, providing a data-driven means to identify problems and improve quality.
W. Edwards Deming later applied SPC methods in the U.S. during World War II, thereby successfully improving quality in the manufacture of munitions and other strategically important products.
After the war ended, he was instrumental in introducing SPC methods to Japanese industry.
Deming's approach of using SPC with related management practices came to be known as a quality management system.
The following description relates to manufacturing rather than to the service industry, although the principles of SPC can be successfully applied to either.
For a description and example of how SPC applies to a service environment, refer to Roberts (2005).
Selden describes how to use SPC in the fields of sales, marketing, and customer service, using Deming's famous Red Bead Experiment as an easy to follow demonstration.
In mass-manufacturing, the quality of the finished article was traditionally achieved through post-manufacturing inspection of the product; accepting or rejecting each article (or samples from a production lot) based on how well it met its design specifications.
In contrast, Statistical Process Control uses statistical tools to observe the performance of the production process in order to predict significant deviations that may later result in rejected product.
Two kinds of variation occur in all manufacturing processes: both these types of process variation cause subsequent variation in the final product.
The first is known as natural or common cause variation and consists of the variation inherent in the process as it is designed.
Common cause variation may include variations in temperature, properties of raw materials, strength of an electrical current etc.
The second kind of variation is known as special cause variation, or assignable-cause variation, and happens less frequently than the first.
With sufficient investigation, a specific cause, such as abnormal raw material or incorrect set-up parameters, can be found for special cause variations.
For example, a breakfast cereal packaging line may be designed to fill each cereal box with 500 grams of product, but some boxes will have slightly more than 500 grams, and some will have slightly less, in accordance with a distribution of net weights.
If the production process, its inputs, or its environment changes (for example, the machines doing the manufacture begin to wear) this distribution can change.
For example, as its cams and pulleys wear out, the cereal filling machine may start putting more cereal into each box than specified.
If this change is allowed to continue unchecked, more and more product will be produced that fall outside the tolerances of the manufacturer or consumer, resulting in waste.
While in this case, the waste is in the form of "free" product for the consumer, typically waste consists of rework or scrap.
SPC indicates when an action should be taken in a process, but it also indicates when NO action should be taken.
An example is a person who would like to maintain a constant body weight and takes weight measurements weekly.
A person who does not understand SPC concepts might start dieting every time his or her weight increased, or eat more every time his or her weight decreased.
This type of action could be harmful and possibly generate even more variation in body weight.
SPC would account for normal weight variation and better indicate when the person is in fact gaining or losing weight.
Basic Steps of SPC
Statistical Process Control may be broadly broken down into three sets of activities: understanding the process; understanding the causes of variation; and elimination of the sources of special cause variation.
Key tools in SPC are control charts, a focus on continuous improvement and designed experiments.
In understanding a process, the process is typically mapped out and the process is monitored using control charts.
Control charts are used to identify variation that may be due to special causes, and to free the user from concern over variation due to common causes.
This is a continuous, ongoing activity.
When a process is stable and does not trigger any of the detection rules for a control chart, a process-capability analysis may also be performed to predict the ability of the current process to produce conforming (i.e. within specification) product in the future.
When excessive variation is identified by the control-chart detection rules, or the process capability is found lacking, additional effort is exerted to determine causes of that variance.
The tools used include Ishikawa diagrams, designed experiments and Pareto charts.
Designed experiments are critical to this phase of SPC, as they are the only means of objectively quantifying the relative importance of the many potential causes of variation.
Once the causes of variation have been quantified, effort is spent in eliminating those causes that are both statistically and practically significant (i.e. a cause that has only a small but statistically significant effect may not be considered cost-effective to fix; however, a cause that is not statistically significant can never be considered practically significant).
Generally, this includes development of standard work, error-proofing and training.
Additional process changes may be required to reduce variation or align the process with the desired target, especially if there is a problem with process capability.
SPC and Software Quality
In 1989, the Software Engineering Institute introduced the notion that SPC can be usefully applied to non-manufacturing processes, such as software-engineering processes, in the Capability Maturity Model (CMM).
This idea exists today within the Level 4 and Level 5 practices of the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI).
However, this notion that SPC is a useful tool when applied to non-repetitive, knowledge-intensive processes, such as engineering processes, has encountered much skepticism, and remains controversial today.
The problem lies in numerous areas of software which are not repetitive, but instead are one-time or one-off aspects of quality, rather than being observed for repeated performance over a long-term view.
Sampling (statistics)
Six sigma
Deming, W E (1975) On probability as a basis for action, The American Statistician, 29(4), pp146–152
Deming, W E (1982) Out of the Crisis: Quality, Productivity and Competitive Position
Oakland, J (2002) Statistical Process Control
Shewhart, W A (1931) Economic Control of Quality of Manufactured Product
Shewhart, W A (1939) Statistical Method from the Viewpoint of Quality Control
Wheeler, D J (2000) Normality and the Process-Behaviour Chart
Wheeler, D J & Chambers, D S (1992) Understanding Statistical Process Control
Wheeler, Donald J. (1999).
Understanding Variation: The Key to Managing Chaos - 2nd Edition.
SPC Press, Inc. .
Wise, Stephen A. & Fair, Douglas C (1998).
Innovative Control Charting: Practical SPC Solutions for Today's Manufacturing Environment.
ASQ Quality Press.
''Note:  Before adding your company's link, please read WP:Spam#Other website spamming.
Working example  of Deming's Red Bead Experiment
Statistical Process Control
Manufacturing Systems - Statistical Process Control
MIT Course - Control of Manufacturing Processes
NIST Engineering Statistics Handbook
A consultant (from the Latin consultare meaning "to discuss" also the basis of words such as consul and counsel) is a professional who provides expert advice in a particular area of expertise.
Various consultants offer advice in management, accountancy, the environment, entertainment, technology, law (tax law, in particular), human resources, marketing, emergency management, food production, medicine, finance, statistics, software, life management, economics, public affairs, communication, engineering, sound system design, graphic design, or waste management.
A consultant is usually an expert or a professional, in a specific field, who also has a wide knowledge of the subject matter.
A consultant usually works for a consultancy firm or is self-employed, and engages with multiple and changing clients.
Thus, clients have access to deeper levels of expertise than would be feasible for them to retain in-house, and may purchase only as much service from the outside consultant as desired.
Ways in which consultants work
Some consultants are employed by a consult staffing company, a company that provides consultants to clients.
This is particularly common in the technology sector.
Consultants are often called contractors in the technology sector in reference to their employment contract.
Strategy consultants are common in upper management in many industries.
There are also independent consultants who act as interim executives with decision-making power under corporate policies or statutes.
They may sit on specially constituted boards or committees.
The Lesser Polish Way of Saint James is a popular pilgrimage route in Eastern Europe.
This particular route was created in Poland.
It starts in the city of Sandomierz, and end in the city of Krakow began in medieval times when many pilgrims travelled through Europe to Santiago de Compostela.
The other places on The Lesser Polish Way are: Klimontów, Szczaworyż, Wiślica, and Więcławice.
Website of parish of St. James in Więcławice with description of the route in Polish
Possible accommodation
Facebook Funpage
Carnarvon is a coastal town about 900 kilometres north of Perth, Western Australia.
It is at the mouth of the Gascoyne River on the Indian Ocean.
The popular Shark Bay World Heritage Site lies to the south of the town.
In 2006, there were 5,283 people living in Carnarvon.
The town began in 1883, as a port and supply centre for the surrounding region.
It is the administrative centre for the Shire of Carnarvon, the town site was officially listed on 4 June 1891.
It was named after Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon, Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies.
Tramways
The first, shown on a Public Works Department map of 1884, ran from a landing site on the river, across Olivia Terrace to a shed on the other side of the road.
This was only a very short distance.
The trolley used on this tramway was hand powered, using a lever attached to crank on two of the wheels.
However, there is a reference to the use of wind-power.
The second tramway, built between 1886 and 1887, ran west from Cleaver Terrace in a straight line to the jetty, which was half way between Mangrove Point and Conspicuous Clump.
It was pulled by horses.
The third tramway was completed on 9 November 1900.
It runs from the town, across Babbage Island to the deep-sea jetty.
It was built with a rail gauge of .
Due to the heavy loads of wool being carried on what was a very light railway, it was decided to change the tramway to  gauge in 1908-1909.
This tramway used a steam locomotive.
The tramway closed in 1965.
The Carnarvon Light Railway Association now operates trains along restored tracks on the jetty.
Carnarvon has a warm to hot dry climate.
Average yearly rainfall is  with the rainiest months being in May and June.
Occasionally tropical cyclones will influence Carnarvon and bring very heavy rain, high temperatures and strong winds.
Apart from possible cyclones, summers are usually dry.
Temperatures range from an average maximum of  in February to  in July.
Average minimums are  and  respectively.
Main industries
mining, at a salt mine on nearby Lake MacLeod and at inland mines.
agriculture, particularly bananas, as well as tomatoes, wool, cattle, sheep and goats.
fishing (especially prawns)
During the 1960s, NASA set up the Carnarvon Tracking Station to support the Gemini and Apollo space program.
The tracking station was closed in the mid 1970s.
Only the foundations of this historical site remain.
There are five schools in the town, three government-run and two independent.
These schools are: St Mary's Star of the Sea Catholic School which was built in 1906, Carnarvon Senior High School, East Carnarvon Primary School, Carnarvon Primary School, Carnarvon Christian School and Carnarvon School of the Air.
Rocketry
Korean Star
On 20 May 1988, the bulk carrier Korean Star ran aground in bad weather near Cape Cuvier, within the port limits of Carnarvon.
Around 600 tonnes of fuel oil were spilled into the ocean.
Damage was limited to  of remote beaches and coastline.
The ship was left grounded, however very little of the wreck remains to be seen.
Shire of Carnarvon
Australian Places - Carnarvon
Postcodes are used in Australia to sort and send mail to the correct address.
All postcodes in Australia have four numerals and are placed at the end of the address.
Australian postcodes are managed by Australia Post.
Postcodes are published in small books that can be collected from your nearest post offices, or online at the Australia Post website.
On envelopes and postcards there are often four square boxes printed in orange ink at the bottom right for the postcode numerals.
These are used when addressing mail by hand.
Postcodes were started in Australia in 1967 by the Postmaster-General's Department (PMG), now called Australia Post.
They replaced earlier postal sorting systems, such as Melbourne's letter and number codes (e.g., N3, E5) and a similar system once used in rural and regional New South Wales.
200 Flinders Street
MELBOURNE VIC 3000
Australian postcodes are sorting information.
They are often linked with one area (e.g. 6160 belongs only to Fremantle, Western Australia).
But sometimes they can be quite complex, especially in country areas (e.g. 2570 belongs to twenty-two towns and suburbs around Camden, New South Wales).
The south-western Victoria 3221 postcode of the Geelong Mail Centre also includes twenty places around Geelong with very few people.
This means that mail for these places is not fully sorted until it gets to Geelong.
Some postcodes cover large populations (e.g., postcode 4350 serving some 100,000 people in the City of Toowoomba), while other postcodes have much smaller populations, even in urban areas.
The postcode numbers range from as low as 0200 (for the Australian National University) to 9729 (mail addressed to the Gold Coast City Council).
Some towns and suburbs have two postcodes—one for street deliveries and one for [post office box]es.
For instance, a street address in the Sydney suburb of Parramatta would be written like this:
99 George Street
PARRAMATTA NSW 2150
PO Box 99
PARRAMATTA NSW 2124
Many big businesses, government departments and other institutions receive large volumes of mail.
They can have their own postcode as a Large Volume Receiver (LVR), e.g. the Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital has the postcode 4029.
More postcode ranges were made available for LVRs in the 1990s.
Australia States and territories
The first one or two numerals usually show the state or territory to which the postcode belongs
{| cellspacing="7px">
State/Territory!!Abbreviation!!Postcode range
|New South Wales||NSW||1000–1999 (LVRs and PO Boxes only)2000–25992619–28982921–2999
|Australian Capital Territory||ACT||0200–0299 (LVRs and PO Boxes only)2600–26182900–2920
|Victoria||VIC||3000–39998000–8999 (LVRs and PO Boxes only)
|Queensland||QLD||4000–49999000–9999 (LVRs and PO Boxes only)|-
|South Australia||SA||5000–57995800–5999 (LVRs and PO Boxes only)|-
|Western Australia||WA||6000–67976800–6999 (LVRs and PO Boxes only)s
|Tasmania||TAS||7000–77997800–7999 (LVRs and PO Boxes only)|-
|Northern Territory||NT||0800–08990900–0999 (LVRs and PO Boxes only)|}
These are postcodes that do not follow the above rule.
MUNGINDI, NSW
WEEMELAH, NSW:MUNGINDI, QLD
HMAS CRESWELL, ACT
JERVIS BAY, ACT
many other suburbs in NSW
BIMBERI,NSW
BRINDABELLA,NSW
COOLEMAN,NSW
URIARRA,NSW
many other suburbs in ACT
MINGOOLA, NSW
other suburbs in QLD
MARYLAND, NSW
GLEN NIVEN, QLD
THE SUMMIT, QLD
LAKE HUME VILLAGE, NSW
other suburbs in VIC
Some or all of the postcodes above may cover two states.
For example postcode 2620 covers both a suburb in NSW (Gundaroo) as well as a suburb in the ACT (Hume) - the postcode is within the ACT range.
Jervis Bay Territory, once an exclave of the ACT but now a separate territory, is geographically located on the coast of NSW.
It is just south of the towns of Vincentia and Huskisson, with which it shares a postcode.
Mail to the Jervis Bay Territory is still addressed to the ACT.
The numerals used to show the state on each radio callsign in Australia are the same numerals as the first numerals for postcodes in that state, e.g. 2xx in New South Wales, 3xx in Victoria, etc.
Radio callsigns pre-date postcodes in Australia by more than 40 years.
External territories
Australia's external territories are also included in Australia Post's postcode system.
While these territories do not belong to any state, they are addressed as such for mail sorting:
External territory!!Postal state'''!!Postcode
|Norfolk Island||NSW||2899
|Christmas Island||WA||6798
|Cocos (Keeling) Islands||WA||6799
State and territory capital cities
Each state's capital city ends with three zeroes, while territorial capital cities end with two zeroes.
Capital city postcodes were the lowest postcodes in their state or territory range, before new ranges for LVRs and PO Boxes were made available.
The last numeral can usually be changed from "0" to "1" to get the postcode for General Post Office boxes in any capital city (though Perth now uses a different range of postcodes for its GPO Boxes):
Allocation within states
While the first numeral of a postcode usually shows the state or territory, the second numeral usually shows a region within the state.
However, postcodes with the same second numeral are not always next to each othera.
As an example, postcodes in the range 2200–0001 are split between the southern suburbs of Sydney and the Central Coast of New South Wales.
Postcodes with a second numeral of "0" or "1" are almost always located within the metropolitan area of the state's capital city.
Postcodes with higher second numerals are usually located in rural and regional areas.
Common exceptions are where towns were  rural when postcodes were first introduced in 1967, but have since been suburbanised and incorporated into metropolitan areas, e.g. Penrith, New South Wales has the postcode 2750 and Petrie, Queensland has the postcode 4502.
Within each region with the same second numeral, postcodes usually get bigger the further one travels from the state's capital city along major highways and railways.
For instance, heading north on the North Coast railway in New South Wales away from Sydney:
Major towns and cities tend to have "0" as the last numeral or last two numerals, e.g. Rockhampton, Queensland has the postcode 4700 and Ballarat, Victoria has the postcode 3350.
There are exceptions; the major town of Ipswich, Queensland has the postcode 4305, while Goodna, a relatively unimportant suburb of Ipswich, is allocated 4300.
Postcode squares
Post Office Preferred envelopes sold in Australia have four boxes in the bottom right corner of the front of the envelope.
These boxes or squares, which by Australia Post calls postcode squares'', have the postcode for hand-addressed mail.
This is for the purpose of Australia Post's automated mail-sorting equipment, which uses optical character recognition software.
Postcode squares were introduced in 1990.
Many other organisations now use postcodes.
Insurance companies often use postcodes when working out the cost of car and house insurance.
The NSW Ministry of Transport uses postcodes to give specific numbers for each bus stop in Greater Sydney.
The stop number is five to seven numbers: the first four are the postcode, and the others show the bus stop (sometimes written with a space in between, e.g. "2000 108").
Many companies that produce metropolitan street maps also list the postcodes for each suburb, both in indexes on the maps themselves.
Mechanised sorting
To improve mechanised sorting, each address now has a sorting number which is printed on the letter as an orange coloured barcode.
This number might be 12 numbers long.
This system enables the post office to place items in delivery order.
Australia Post Postcode Tool. (
updated Monthly)
Australia Post Postcode Data. (
Matthew Proctor's Australian Post code dataset  (Updated Regularly)
To monitor or monitoring generally means to be aware of the state of a system.
Below are some examples:
to observe a situation for any changes which may occur over time, using a monitor or a measuring device of some kind:
Baby monitor, medical monitor, Heart rate monitor
Biomonitoring
Cure monitoring for composite materials manufacturing
Deformation monitoring
Mining monitoring
Natural hazard monitoring
Network monitoring
Structural monitoring
System monitoring
Website monitoring
Futures monitoring, Media monitoring
to observe the behaviour or communications of individuals or groups (see: surveillance)
Clinical monitoring, for use of new medical drugs
The Medical Journal of Australia is a peer-reviewed medical journal.
It is the official journal of the Australian Medical Association and began in 1914.
It is published by the Australasian Medical Publishing Company Proprietary Limited (AMPCo).
The journal publishes editorials, articles, case reports, and letters.
The full text of every issue since January 2002 is available on their website.
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The core of that work is to measure, interpret, and describe some events in the world and spot patterns within them.
The field shares much common history with social science, but often with a greater view on complex mathematical methods.
Statisticians commonly have higher college degrees or other credentials as proof that they are qualified for the job.
It is common to combine statistical knowledge with expertise in other subjects.
The applications are varied.
Statisticians apply their knowledge to production, research, finance, medicine, insurance, census-taking, government, etc.
They often are employed to support managerial decisions or to supervise quality control in manufacturing.
Nature of the work
According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, as of 2008, there were 22,600 jobs listed as statistician in the United States.
Of these people, approximately 30% worked for governments (federal, state, or local).
Additionally, there are substantial numbers of persons who use statistics in their work but have job titles other than statistician.
The job of statistician is considered a profession.
Most statisticians work in offices and have regular working hours and can therefore be considered to be white-collar workers.
A lower number of statisticians are self-employed as statistical consultants.
Most employment as a statistician requires a minimum of a masters degree in statistics or a related field.
Many professional statisticians have a PhD.
Civilizations have used the work of statisticians for thousands of years.
Statistics was employed in ancient Egypt in censuses of population and cattle.
Typical work might involve developing a model and sampling plans, analyzing survey results, or making agricultural or econometric forecasts.
Statistician entry, Occupational Outlook Handbook, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Careers Center, American Statistical Association
Careers information, Royal Statistical Society  (UK)
Listing of tasks and duties - The International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO)
Listings of nature of work etc - O*NET
Kung Fu Panda 2 is a 2011 3D American computer-animated action comedy movie and the second installment in the series.
A sequel to 2008's Kung Fu Panda, Jack Black reprised his role.
In the movie, Po is now the Dragon Warrior, and is fighting with his fellow kung fu masters, the Furious Five: Tigress, Viper, Monkey, Mantis and Crane.
They go on a quest in Gong-men City to stop Lord Shen, an evil albino peacock from using a weapon to destroy kung fu.
The film is directed by Jennifer Yuh Nelson, who previously worked as a storyboard artist in Kung Fu Panda 1.