the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
It has some of the best food in the whole Indian subcontinent at the Gawalmandi Food Street, near the old Walled City; and several notable cultural centers like the Alhamra Theatre, the Punjab Arts Council, the Lahore Museum, the Shakir Ali Museum, the Fakir Khana museum and the Rafi Peer Theatre Group.
The Lawrence Gardens, Lahore are another site from British times that is worth visiting.
The famed Heera Mandi in the old Taxali Gate area is also a part of Lahore's historic culture.
The Anarkali Bazaar is also a great place for traditional shopping.
Lahore is also important in Pakistan as a center of cultural and religious tolerance.
The city does not have many religious fanatics or extremists, unlike some other parts of this country.
The main reason is because of the strong influence of many famous Sufi saints who lived here in the past.
The shrines (burial places) of some of them are still visited by many people.
The shrines of Hazrat Daata Sahib and Mian Mir Sahib are specially famous.
Griffin and Massey, Chiefs and Families of Note in the Punjab, revided edition 1910-11.
WG Osborne, The Court and Camp of Runjeet Singh, London, 1846.
Lady Emily Eden, Up the Country, new edition, London, 1983.
Hakim Ahmad Shuja, Lahore ka Chelsea (Urdu), Lahore, 1969.
Ian Talbot, Divided Cities: Lahore and Amritsar:1947-1957, Karachi, 2005 edition.
FS Aijazuddin, Lahore: Illustrated Views of the 19th Century, Lahore, n.d.
WJ Glover, Making Lahore Modern: Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City, Karachi, 2011.
B. Gascoine, The Great Mughals, London, 1971.
M. Athar Tahir, Punjab Portraits, Lahore, 1992.
Isobel Shaw, Pakistan Handbook 1988.
Metropolitan Corporation Lahore
Punjab () is a province in Pakistan.
The capital of Punjab is Lahore.
Punjab has a population of about 120 million people and an area of 79,284 mi² or (205,344 km²) in terms of area the province of Punjab is greater in area than Kyrgyzstan but smaller than Belarus.
The word Punjab is a combination of the Indo-Iranian words panj (five) and āb (water), and thus the (land of) five rivers.
The five rivers are the Indus, Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi and Sutlej.
Sometimes, in English, there can be a definite article before the name i.e. the Punjab.
The name is also sometimes spelled as Panjab or Panjaab or Punjaab.
The name Punjab was given to the region by Turkic Muslim conquerors and popularized during the reign of the Mughal Empire in the 17th century CE.
Before 1947 both Pakistan and the Republic of India were ruled by the British.
The Punjab province used to be a part of British Punjab.
In 1947 the Muslim majority voted yes, Sikh minority voted yes, Hindu minority voted no to Partition thereon, the British province of Punjab was split between Pakistan and Bharat via the Radcliffe Line and the Ferozpur District and the sub-district of Gurdaspur awards were originally meant to go to the Pakistanis, however it was decided on August 18th to allocate them to East Punjab.
Today India has a state called Punjab since 1966.
A bus service was launched in 2006 connecting Lahore in Pakistani Punjab with Amritsar in the Republic of India, through the Wagah international border.
This was the first bus service between the two Punjabs for almost 60 years.
Wagah, named Wahga in Pakistan, is a village through which the controversial Radcliffe Line, the boundary permanent Demarcation line dividing the Indian Punjab from Pakistani Punjab upon the Partition of India, was drawn.
The village was divided by independence in 1947.
Today, the eastern half of the village remains in the Republic of India while the western half is in Pakistan.
It is particularly known for the elaborate Wagah border ceremony that happens at the International border gate before 5PM each day.
Since the 1950s, Punjab industrialized rapidly.
New factories were established in Lahore, Multan, Sialkot and Wah.
In the 1960s the new city of Islamabad was built near Rawalpindi.
Agriculture continues to be the largest sector of Punjab's economy.
The province is the breadbasket of the country as well as home to the largest ethnic group in Pakistan, the Punjabis.
Unlike neighbouring India, there was no large-scale redistribution of agricultural land.
As a result, most rural areas are dominated by a small set of feudalistic Zamindaror the land-owning families.
In the 1950s there was tension between the eastern and western halves of Pakistan.
In order to address the situation, a new formula resulted in the abolition of the province status for Punjab in 1955.
It was merged into a single province West Pakistan.
In 1972, after East Pakistan seceded and became Bangladesh, Punjab again became a province.
Since the 1990s Punjab hosted several key sites of Pakistan's nuclear program such as Kahuta.
Trade and people-to-people contacts through the Wagah border are now starting to become common.
Indian Sikh pilgrims visit holy sites such as Nankana Sahib.
Starting in the 1980s, large numbers of Punjabis migrated to the Middle East, Britain, Spain, Canada and the United States for economic opportunities, forming the large Punjabi diaspora.
Business and cultural ties between the United States and Punjab are growing.
About 120 million people live in Punjab, just over half of Pakistan's population of 225 million.
Punjab is Pakistan's second largest province at  after Balochistan and is located at the northwestern edge of the geologic Indian plate in South-central Asia.
Other important district cities include Multan, Faisalabad, Sheikhupura, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Jhelum and Rawalpindi.
Undivided Punjab is home to six rivers, of which five flow through Pakistani Punjab.
This geographical position and a large multi-ethnic population strongly influence Punjab's outlook on National affairs and induces in Punjab a keen awareness of the problems of the Pakistan's other important provinces and territories.
In the acronym P-A-K-I-S-T-A-N, the P is for PUNJAB.
The province is a mainly a fertile region along the river valleys, while sparse deserts can be found near the border with Rajasthan and the Sulaiman Range.
The region contains the Thar and Cholistan deserts.
The Indus River and its many tributaries traverse the Punjab from north to south.
The landscape is amongst the most heavily irrigated on earth and canals can be found throughout the province.
Weather extremes are notable from the hot and barren south to the cool hills of the north.
The foothills of the Himalayas are found in the extreme north as well.
Districts of Punjab (Pakistan)
Provincial Government of Punjab (Pakistan)
1970s establishments in Pakistan
Provinces of Pakistan
Peshawar is a city in Pakistan, and it is the capital of  Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
With a population of 1,970,042 according to the 2017 census, Peshawar is the largest city in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the sixth-largest in Pakistan.
Peshawar is in a valley near the historic Khyber Pass, close to the border with Afghanistan, Peshawar's recorded history dates back to at least 539 BCE, making it the oldest city in Pakistan and one of the oldest in South Asia.
Peshawar was the capital of the ancient Kushan Empire and also served as the capital for the Durrani Empire.
The city has always been very important as it served as a trading center during the Mughal Empire.
It is connected to important places in the country by road, rail and air.
The main language spoken in Peshawar is Pashto while some speak Hindko.
Urdu is understood throughout the city.
Peshawar is mostly Muslim which make 98.5% of the city's population in the 1998 census.
Christians make up the second largest religious group with around 20,000 adherents, while over 7,000 members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community live in Peshawar.
Hindus and Sikhs are also found in the city − though most of them migrated to India following the Partition of India in 1947.
Afghan refugees
Peshawar has been attacked by Islamist terrorists many times.
They include the suicide bombing of a church in 2013 and a school massacre in 2014.
Over 100 people were killed in each of those two attacks.
B'Day is the second studio album by American R&B singer Beyoncé, released by Columbia Records on 1 September 2006 outside North America, on September 4, 2006 worldwide, and on September 5, 2006 in Canada and the United States.
The album's title comes from the fact that September 4, the date of worldwide release, is Beyoncé's birthday (2006 being her 25th).
B'Day won the award for "Best Contemporary R&B Album" at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards.
A two-CD deluxe edition of the album, including previously unreleased material in English and Spanish, was released on April 3 2007.
6 singles were released from the album: "Déjà Vu", "Ring the Alarm", "Irreplaceable", "Beautiful Liar", "Get Me Bodied", and "Green Light". "
Check on It" was also a single, but was released from the Destiny's Child album #1's.
North American deluxe edition
International deluxe edition
"Suga Mama" samples "Searching for Soul" by Jake Wade and the Soul Searchers.
"Upgrade U" samples "Girls Can't Do What the Guys Do" by Betty Wright.
"Resentment" samples "Think (Instrumental)" by Curtis Mayfield.
Jason Agel – assistant recording
Omar Al-Musfi – Arabic percussion
Roberto Almodovar –  recording engineering
Allen "Al Geez" Arthur – horns
Aplril Baldwin – artists and repertoire administration
Aureo Baqueiro – vocal direction for Alejandro Fernández
Reyli Barba – writing
Robert Becker – viola
Andres Bermudez – recording
Angela Beyincé – writing
Amund Bjorklund – writing
Tim Blacksmith – Stargate management
Aaron Brougher – artists and repertoire coordinator
Denyse Buffum – viola
Bun B – vocals (Rap-a-Lot)
David Campbell – string arrangement and conducting
Roberto Cani – violin
Tim Carmon – keyboards
Sean Carrington – guitar
Jim Caruana – recording engineering
Gustavo Celis – recording engineering
Olgui Chirino – vocal production
Fusako Chubachi – art direction, design
Willie Clarke – writing
Andrew Coleman – assistant recording
Larry Corbett – cello
Jasmin Cruz – background vocals
Scott Cutler – writing
Danny D. – Stargate management
Lawshawn Daniels – writing
Mario Deleon – violin
Ian Dench – writing
Robert "LB" Dorsey – recording
Andrew Duckles – viola
Bruce Dukov – violin (concertmaster)
Nathan East – bass
Paco "El Sevillano" – gypsy chant
Mikkel S. Eriksen – writing, instruments
Alejandro Fernández – vocals (Sony BMG Mexico)
Jaime Flores – writing
Paul Forat – artists and repertoire
Sean Garrett – writing, production
Amanda Ghost – writing
Jason Goldstein – mixing
Aaron "Goody" Goode – horns
Erwin Gorosita – art direction
Max Gousse – artists and repertoire
Alan Grunfeld – violin
Rich Harrison – writing, production, mixing
Tor Erik Hermansen – writing, instruments
Geraldo Hilera – violin
Jean-Marie Horvat – mixing
Dabling "Hobby Boy" Howard – recording
Ty Hunter – styling
ILoveDust – logo design
Jun Ishizeki – recording
Eric Jackson – guitars
Quincy S. Jackson – marketing
Jay-Z – writing, vocals (Roc-A-Fella/Def Jam)
Rodney Jerkins – writing, production, mixing, music, horn arrangement
James Johnson – bass
Jon Jon – assistant production, bass
Ronald Judge – horns
Suzie Katayama – cello
Gimel "Young Guru" Keaton – recording
Hannah Khoury – violin, viola
Kimberly Kimble – hair
Rob Kinelski – assistant recording, assistant recording engineering
Beyoncé – writing, vocals, production, vocal production, executive production
Mathew Knowles – artists and repertoire, executive production, management
Solange Knowles – writing
Tina Knowles – styling
Henry Krieger – writing
Ricky Lawson – drums
Jolie Levine – music contracting
Espen Lind – writing, guitars
Dave Lopez – assistant recording, Pro Tools editing
Nathan Jenkins – recording
Julia Knapp – artists and repertoire operation
MK – writing
Riley Mackin – assistant recording
Makeba Riddick – writing
Manny Maroquin – mixing
Harvey Mason – percussion
Curtis Mayfield – writing
Chuck Middleton – writing
Colin Miller – assistant mixing, digital prep engineering, Pro Tools prep
Walter W. Millsap III – writing, production, music, Pro Tools editing
Mo Horns – horns
Naser Musa – oud
Candice C. Nelson – writing, co-production, music
The Neptunes – production
Ne-Yo – writing, co-production
Sara Parkins – violin
Dave "Hard Drive" Pensado – mixing
Rudy Perez – production, vocal production, arrangement, keyboards, programming, Spanish guitar, background vocals, vocal direction for Fernández
Clay Perry – keyboards, programming, Pro Tools editing
Denaun Porter – programming
Anne Preven – writing
Keli Nicole Price – writing
Boujemaa Razgui – ney
Clarence Reid – writing
Aaron Renner – recording
Geoff Rice – recording
Michele Richards – violin
Jared Robbins – assistant recording
Jamie Rosenberg – assistant recording
Kareem Roustom – violin arrangement, additional string arrangements
Shakira – vocals (Epic Records), additional production, arrangement, vocal production, violin arrangement, remixing
Haim Shtrum – violin
Slim Thug – vocals (Star Trak/Geffen Records)
Daniel Smith – cello
Chris Spilfogel – recording
Stargate – production, arrangement, recording engineering, programming
David Stearns – assistant recording engineering
Swizz Beatz – writing, production, additional production, mixing
Syience – writing, production
Shea Taylor – writing, production
Delisha Thomas – writing
Stayve Thomas – writing
Michael Tocci – recording
Rene Luis Toledo – Spanish guitar
Steve Tolle – assistant mixing
Francesca Tolot – makeup
The Underdogs – production
Max Vadukul – photography
Jeff Villanueva – recording
Rommel Nino Villanueva – recording
Visitante – programming
Cameron Wallace – production
John Weston – recording engineering, digital editing (strings)
Pharrell Williams – writing
John Wittenburg – violin
Shane Woodley – recording, assistant recording
Kenneth Yerke – violin
All-time charts
Funk albums
The Aldeburgh Festival is an English arts festival where classical music concerts take place during the summer.
Aldeburgh is in Suffolk in the south-east of England.
It is where the composer Benjamin Britten lived with his friend the tenor Peter Pears.
A lot of Britten’s music is played at the festival, but music by many other composers can be heard as well.
Most of the concerts take place in the Maltings, a concert hall in the village of Snape, not far away from Aldeburgh.
History of the Aldeburgh Festival
The Festival was started in 1948 by Benjamin Britten, Peter Pears and the librettist Eric Crozier.
They started the festival so that the English Opera Group would have a place to perform their operas, but soon the festival became bigger.
There were poetry readings, drama performances, lectures and art exhibitions.
The first festival was mostly held in Aldeburgh Jubilee Hall, a few doors away from Britten's house in Crabbe Street.
His opera Albert Herring was performed, as well as his St Nicolas Cantata.
Over the years the festival grew.
Some of the performances took place in the church, or in churches or other halls in nearby villages and small towns such as Orford and Framlingham.
However, the festival needed a large concert hall.
In the 1960s the old malthouse (where barley used to be made) in Snape was changed into a concert hall.
It was opened by the Queen on 2 June 1967, at the start of the twentieth Aldeburgh Festival.
Two years later, on the first night of the 1969 Festival, the concert hall was destroyed by fire.
Only the main walls remained.
For that year the Festival was moved to other local places, but by the next year the hall had been rebuilt and once again it was opened by the Queen, this time at the start of the 1970 Festival.
The Festival today
The festival has a nice atmosphere because it is in the country near the sea and marshes.
New music is often performed.
In the past there have been first performances of several works by Britten: (A Midsummer Night's Dream in 1960; Death in Venice in 1973) and also Harrison Birtwistle's Punch and Judy in 1968.
1940s establishments in England
the town of Lanark in Scotland
Lanark: A Life in Four Books, a novel by Alasdair Gray
Lanark County, Ontario
Lanark, Ontario
Lanark, Nova Scotia in Antigonish County, Nova Scotia
Lanark Highlands, Ontario
Also in Scotland
the county of Lanarkshire
the former Lanark district, later known as Clydesdale
the village of New Lanark, a World Heritage site
Sir Peter Neville Luard Pears  ( ; 22 June 19103 April 1986), was an English tenor and life-long partner of the composer Benjamin Britten.
Pears was at school at Lancing College.
He then studied music at Keble College, Oxford.
He was organist at Hertford College, Oxford but left Oxford without taking his degree.
He later studied singing for two terms at the Royal College of Music.
He met Britten in 1934, when he was a member of the BBC Singers.
Pears and Britten gave their first recital together in 1937 at Balliol College, Oxford.
In 1939 they went to America together because of World War II.
However, in 1942 they decided to return to their own country.
Back in England they performed Britten's song cycle Seven Sonnets of Michelangelo together at the Wigmore Hall in London (Britten was an excellent pianist), and then recorded them for EMI, their first recording together.
Peter Pears was a great inspiration for Britten’s vocal writing.
Many of Britten's operas have a main tenor role which was written for Pears to sing.
Britten also wrote over 100 songs with piano accompaniment.
Britten also wrote works for tenor and orchestra.
These include Les Illuminations,  Nocturne, the Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings and the Canticles.
In Britten’s operas he sang Peter Grimes and Albert Herring (title roles), The Beggar's Opera (Macheath),  Owen Wingrave (Sir Philip Wingrave), Billy Budd (Captain Vere), The Turn of the Screw (Quint), Death in Venice (Aschenbach) and the three Church Parables.
Pears helped to write the words for A Midsummer Night's Dream, based on the Shakespeare play.
In most of Britten’s operas Pears sang serious roles, but in A Midsummer Night’s Dream he had a comic role: the part of Flute the Bellowsmender.
In this role he was dressed up as a female and did a parody of the great opera singer Joan Sutherland singing the mad scene from Lucia di Lammermoor .
Pears’s voice was a lyrical tenor, not a heavy, operatic one.
Britten was extremely skilful in writing music for him which suited his voice very well.
He sang regularly at the Royal Opera House and many other opera houses in Europe and the United States.
He was also a great singer of Franz Schubert's Lieder, usually with Britten as accompanist, and he often sang the part of the Evangelist in Johann Sebastian Bach's Passions.
His last great role written for him by Britten was as Aschenbach in Death in Venice.
He sang this in 1973 at the Aldeburgh Festival, and the following year in the Royal Opera House.
Britten by then had heart disease and was too ill to go to the performances, dying in 1976.
Pears continued to live in the Red House, Aldeburgh.
After he retired from performing he continued to teach young singers at the Britten-Pears Foundation.
He was awarded a CBE in 1955 and knighted in 1977.
In his last years Pears also suffered from heart disease.
He died ten years after Britten.
He is buried next to him in the churchyard of Saint Peter and Saint Paul's Church in Aldeburgh.
There are many recordings of Pears’s singing including almost all the music that Britten wrote for him as well as the roles of the Evangelist in Johann Sebastian Bach’s St Matthew Passion and St John Passion  and Gerontius in Elgar’s Dream of Gerontius.
English opera singers
Me, Myself and I is an R&B/neo soul song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch, and Robert Waller for Knowles' solo debut studio album Dangerously in Love (2003).
In this laid-back, but strong-willed female-empowerment anthem, the song's protagonist comes to terms with a cheating boyfriend, and declares that in the world that there is only one person she can trust who never lets her down: herself. "
Me, Myself and I" was the third single to be released from the album, in the last quarter of 2003.
It reached number four on the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks, becoming Beyoncé's fourth consecutive top five single in the United States; it also reached eleven in the United Kingdom.
"Me, Myself and I" (Acapella)
"Me, Myself and I" (Instrumental)
"Me, Myself and I" (Radio Edit)
"Me, Myself and I" (Bama Boys Sexy Remix)
"Me, Myself and I" (Bama Boys Throwback Remix)
"Me, Myself and I" (Eastern Daylight Mix By Punjabi MC & Raj Asia)
"Me, Myself and I" (Grizzly Mix - with Rap) (featuring Ghostface Killah)
"Me, Myself and I" (J'TY Remix) (featuring Grafh)
"Me, Myself and I" (Junior Vasquez Radio Edit)
"Me, Myself and I" (Junior's Radio Mix)
"Me, Myself and I" (Junior's Marathon Mix)
"Me, Myself and I" (Junior's World Club Mix)
"Me, Myself and I" (Tony Moran & Warren Rig Club Mix)
"Me, Myself and I" (Warren Rigg Vocal Mix)
"Me, Myself and I" (DJ Streetz/Street Mix)
Hip hop soul songs
Lanark: A Life in Four Books was the first novel of Scottish writer Alasdair Gray, and is still his best known.
The book was written over a period of almost thirty years and was published in 1981.
It has real and fantasy descriptions of Gray's home city of Glasgow.
The book has won the Saltire Society Book of the Year and David Niven awards, and has become a cult classic.
In 2006, The Guardian said Lanark was "one of the landmarks of 20th-century fiction."
1981 books
"Sexy Lil' Thug" is a remake by Beyoncé, of 50 Cent’s hit single “In da Club”.
Recorded and released just weeks after the original, it samples the original’s instrumental and melody, with Beyoncé singing her own, newly-added verses.
Upon its radio release in March 2003, the song quickly became a staple, receiving heavy airplay and high demand.
It, in fact, became so popular that it started to outsell 50 Cent’s version – this caused him to force radio stations to stop playing Beyoncé’s version, and having his label, Interscope, intervene by issuing a cease-and-desist to Beyoncé and her team.
Consequently, this disallowed “Sexy Lil' Thug” from becoming a hit, since a full release was prohibited; however, it isn’t known if the song was actually meant to serve as the first single from Beyoncé’s upcoming solo album Dangerously in Love, or if it was put out simply for promotion.
Yet, perhaps due to contractual reasons, Beyoncé’s father and manager Mathew Knowles did state to MTV News in April, that the song was just a buzz cut and would not appear on the album.
But despite the impending permission issues, the song managed to stay on the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for 7 weeks, peaking at #67, as well as the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay chart for 4 weeks, where it also peaked at #67.
The song eventually received an official release in November 2005, on Beyoncé's Speak My Mind mixtape.
An encore is an extra piece that is played at the end a performance.
It is not on the programme, although the performer may have secretly planned it.
A performer will play an encore if the audience claps a lot.
Sometimes the audience shout "encore!"
when they want an encore.
The word "encore" is the French word for "again".
An encore is usually a short piece.
Often it is a fast piece to finish the performance off happily, but if a musician has just played a very energetic, loud piece, then the encore might be a quiet piece.
A concert given by a solo performer or small group of performers is more likely to finish with an encore than a concert with an orchestra, but a lot depends on the tradition from one country to another.
it:BIS#Altro
The English word cay comes from the Spanish word cayo and this from the Taíno word cayo meaning "small island".
The English words key and quay (which means wharf) come from the old French kai meaning "sand bank".
Because it is a Taíno word, "cay" (and the other forms) are used mainly in the Caribbean, but the type of island is found in the tropical seas where there are coral reefs.
Sand cays are built on the edge of the coral reefs, opposite the direction from which the wind blows most of the time.
Because of that, cays are often elongated.
Tides and wind (and sometimes sea birds) deposit coral debris.
Weather affects the formation of cays greatly; large tides would bring much more debris onto the cay and thus make it larger, while a hurricane destroys a cay.
Some cays are very large; Cayo Coco, north of Cuba, is about 370 km2.
Those large cays are being used for tourism because they have beaches with white sand and the presence of coral reefs.
Montague, Artur, El elemento español en el vocabulario inglés: prolegómenos a una lista.
AIH.
Actas IV (1971). (
in Spanish)
The Sarcopterygii  is a class of fish.
They are lobe-finned fish, like the lungfish and coelacanths.
They are a clade of bony fish which first appeared in the Silurian, 418 million years ago (mya).
One line in this group gave rise to the tetrapods.
These are bony fishes with paired rounded fins.
These fins, being similar to limbs, suggest that these fish may be ancestors of land vertebrates.
All sarcopterygians possess teeth covered with true enamel.
As a clade, the group includes all its descendants.
This means it includes the Tetrapods, that is, all species of four-limbed vertebrates.
The fin-limbs of sarcopterygiians are very similar to what people believe was the ancestral form of tetrapod limbs.
The ancestors of tetrapods are to be found amongst the lobe-fins of the Devonian period.
The term 'fishapod' is becoming used for this transitional group.
Sarcopterygians and their relatives the Actinopterygii ('ray-finned fish') make up the super-class Osteichthyes,  the 'bony fish', which have a bony skeleton rather than cartilage.
Otherwise, there are vast differences in fin, respiratory, and circulatory structures between the Sarcopterygii and the Actinopterygii.
The first sarcopterygians, found in the uppermost Silurian (about 418 mya), closely resembled the Acanthodii, the 'spiny fish' which went extinct at the end of the Palaeozoic era.
In the early–middle Devonian (416–385 mya), while the predatory placoderms dominated the seas, some sarcopterygians came into freshwater habitats.
In the early Devonian (416–397 mya), the sarcopterygians split into two main lineages — the Coelacanths and the Rhipidistia.
The former never left the oceans and their heyday was the late Devonian and Carboniferous, from 385 to 299 mya, as they were more common during those periods than in any other period in the Phanerozoic; coelacanths still live today in the oceans (genus Latimeria).
The Rhipidistians, whose ancestors probably lived in the oceans near the river mouths (estuaries), left the ocean world and migrated into freshwater habitats.
They in turn split into two major groups : the lungfish and the tetrapods.
The lungfish evolved the first proto-lungs and proto-limbs; they learned in the middle Devonian (397–385 mya) how to live outside a water environment, using their stubby fins (proto-limbs) to walk on land and find new water if their waterhole was depleted, and their lungs to breathe air and get sufficient oxygen.
The lungfish's greatest diversity was in the Triassic period; today there are fewer than a dozen genera left.
The first tetrapodomorphs, which included the gigantic rhizodonts, had the same general anatomy as the lungfish, who were their closest kin, but they appear not to have left their water habitat until the later Devonian epoch (385–359 mya), with the appearance of tetrapods (four-legged vertebrates).
Tetrapods are the only tetrapodomorphs which survived after the Devonian.
Taxonomy and phylogeny
Coelacanthimorpha
Coelacanthiformes
Latimeriidae
Dipnoi
Tetrapodomorpha
†Rhizodontiformes
Osteolepiformes
Panderichthyida
Actinopterygii – ray-finned fishes
The ray-finned fishes get their name from the fact that they have lepidotrichia or "fin rays".
Their fins are webs of skin held by bony or horny spines ("rays").
This is different from the fleshy fins of the fish in the Sarcopterygii.
Actinopterygians are the largest class of vertebrates.
There are nearly 25,000 species.
They can be found in both fresh water and marine environments from the deep sea to the highest mountain streams.
Most of the living species are teleosts.
Chondrostei (bichirs and sturgeons)
Holostei (gars and bowfins)
Osteoglossomorpha
Elopomorpha (eels)
Clupeomorpha (herrings, anchovies)
Ostariophysi (goldfish, minnows, catfish, electric eels)
Protacanthopterygii (salmon, trout, pike)
Stenopterygii
Cyclosquamata
Scopelomorpha
Lampridiomorpha
Polymyxiomorpha
Paracanthopterygii (cod, anglerfish)
Acanthopterygii (mullets, flyingfishes, sticklebacks, seahorses, flatfish, cichlids, mackerel, tuna, perch)
El Paso Corp.
EP (The 77s EP), a 1999 rock album
EP (Childish Gambino EP), 2011 album from rapper Childish Gambino
EP (The Fiery Furnaces album), a 2003 indie rock album
EP (The Format album), 2002 work
EP (Hope&Social EP), 2008 work
EP (Luna EP), a 1996 indie pop/rock album
EP (Matchbox Twenty EP), a 2002 album by Matchbox Twenty
EP (Mogwai EP), a 1999 Scottish post-rock album
Entity Paradigm, a Pakistani rock band
Extended play (EP) is a name given to CDs and records which contain more music than a single, but are too short to be called a music album.
EPs usually have about 10 to 25 minutes of music, singles have less than 10 minutes and albums have about 25 to 80 minutes of music.
Richard Karl Freiherr von Weizsäcker  (15 April 1920 – 31 January 2015) was a German politician, and a member of the CDU party.
He was President of Germany from 1984 to 1994.
He was born in Stuttgart, the son of the diplomat Ernst von Weizsäcker and brother of physicist and philosopher Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker.
His grandfather Carl von Weizsäcker had been Minister President of Württemberg
In World War II he served in the German Army.
He was wounded in East Prussia in 1945 and was sent home to Stuttgart.
Then he continued his study of history in Göttingen and eventually studied law.
As a law student he was a member of his father's defence team at the Eleventh secondary Nuremburg Trial aka the Ministries Trial.
He took his first judicial state exam in 1950, the second in 1953, and in 1955 was promoted doctor juris.
In 1953 he married Marianne von Kretschmann; they have four children.
From 1967 to 1984 he was a member both of the Synod and the Council of the Evangelical Church in Germany.
He leaded the German Evangelical Church Assembly from 1964 to 1970.
He was elected President of Germany by the Bundesversammlung (Federal Convention) in 1984, succeeding Karl Carstens.
He was Germany’s first president after reunification.
After his presidency, he was involved in politics and charitable affairs.
He was the chair of a commission installed by the then SPD-Bündnis 90/Die Grünen government for reforming the Bundeswehr.
He has served on many international commissions.
He was chairman of the Independent Working Group on the future of the United Nations and was one of three 'Wise Men' appointed by European Commission President Romano Prodi to consider the future of the European Union.
He retired in 1994 and lived in Berlin.
He wrote books during his retirement.
Von Deutschland aus
Die deutsche Geschichte geht weiter
Von Deutschland nach Europa
Vier Zeiten
His autobiograghy is called From Weimar to the Wall: My Life in German Politics (1999).
The Millennium Stadium is a stadium in Cardiff, Wales.
It has a capacity of around 74,500.
Football stadiums in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in Cardiff
Sport in Wales
Football in Wales
The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) is a college sports organization in the United States.
It was established on March 31, 1906.
The NCAA has three levels of sports: Division I, Division II, and Division III.
Division I schools usually are the biggest college sports powers, with larger budgets, better sports facilities, and higher numbers of sports scholarships compared to Division II and III schools.
Its headquarters are in Indianapolis, Indiana.
The NCAA was started in 1906.
The Happy Mondays were an alternative rock band from Manchester who became popular in the 1980s.
They were associated with the house music movement and Madchester.
Their biggest hit was Step On, from the album Pills n Thrills n Bellyaches.
1993 disestablishments in England
1999 establishments in England
2000s disestablishments in England
2004 establishments in England
2010 disestablishments in Europe
2010s disestablishments in Europe
Musical groups established in 2012
2012 establishments in Europe
2010s establishments in England
Adidas was founded in 1948 by Adolf Dassler.
The title of brand was named after the founder (Adi from Adolf das from Dassler).
A year later, the basic form of Adidas logo Three stripes was made.
Adidas products are still being made today.
The Adidas group makes 600 kinds of shoes and 1,500 kinds of clothings every season.
Adidas has three types of logos, which are originals, sports performance, and sports style.
Each type follows the product design concept and shared inspiration.
They imply the features of lots of products.
Originals (Trefoil or Heritage)
Adidas heritage line shows the combined design of sportism and lifestyle.
With retrospecting 60s, products including clothes, shoes, bags, and other fashion items are reappearing.
Heritage’s logo Trefoil was developed based on the three stripes in 1971.
With crossing the tree stripes which symbolize diversity of brand, the unique characteristic of logo is expressed geometrically.
This was an innovation in the existing logo.
Sports performance
Sports performance line shows the goods which contains its self-esteem as a professional sports brand.
The logo with three stripes has been used constantly.
And, in 1997, Adidas‘ creative director Peter Moore renobated the type.
He wanted to keep important meanings of old one, but at the same time he needed new logo which can be applied to the modern design.
From his hand, three stripes became to mean a mountain which symbolizes a challenge and an accomplishment.
And the parallel lines of stripes express gradually the brand's goal.
Sports style
It might be called "collection line."
This Adidas sports style has shown off its design which is made by Yohji Yamamoto.
He designs shoes, clothes, and accessaries with future-oriented images.
in 2001, the initial sports style logo symbolized the swiftly chaning world.
The three stripes which cross the oval capture the speed of changing.
It means that the stripes are rushing with intersecting the world.
The innovative works which pursue a beauty and a function based on tradition show brand's another potentiality.
1924 establishments in Europe
Companies listed on the DAX
Joy Division were an English punk band.
It was made up of Ian Curtis as the lead singer, Peter Hook on bass, Stephen Morris as the drummer and Bernard Albrecht (Sumner) on guitar and occasional keyboards.
They came out of the punk music scene in 1976, and in three years time became a band that inspired musicians from bands such as U2, Nine Inch Nails, Red Hot Chili Peppers, and The Cure.
In 1980, they disbanded after the death of Ian Curtis and reformed as New Order.
During the Anarchy in the UK tour, the Sex Pistols played in Manchester on June 4.
In the audience that night were three young men living around Manchester: school mates Peter Hook and Bernard Albrecht, and Ian Curtis.
A few days later, Hook and Albrecht decided to start up a band, with Hook on bass and Albrecht on guitar.
They got Terry Mason as a drummer, but still needed a singer.
They placed an ad in the Virgin record shop in Manchester.
Curtis answered it and became the singer of the band, called at the time the Stiff Kittens.
He would also write the lyrics.
They practiced a lot during a few months, and wrote their first songs.
In May of 1977, the band's name was changed to Warsaw and Mason was replaced on drums by Tony Tabac.
Just a month later, Tabac left and Steve Brotherdale was hired as new drummer.
It was at the same time that Paul Morley of the NME and DJ Rob Gretton found out about the band and saw its potential.
Warsaw made a demo tape with five songs in the Pennine Sound Studios in July, but Brotherdale quit the group a few days later.
Finally, Stephen Morris joined the band.
In October, they played at the Electric Circus, which was due to close down, along with The Fall and The Buzzcocks.
In December, they recorded four songs, which were to appear later as "An Ideal For Living".
In January of 1978 the band changed its name to Joy Division to avoid any confusion with another group.
They practised a lot and wrote new songs.
On April 14 1978, they played along with 16 bands in a contest.
Tony Wilson, who worked for Granada TV, and Rob Gretton liked their performance very much.
In 1979 Joy Division released their first album Unknown Pleasures which was well received by critics.
During 1979 and early 1980 their popularity increased.
Also in this period lead singer Ian Curtis suffered worsening bouts of illness caused by epilepsy.
The band returned to the studio in 1980 to record their second album Closer and a single "Love Will Tear Us Apart".
Before these recordings were released Curtis had committed suicide at just 23.
The unreleased album and single were subsequently released to critical acclaim.
The remaining members of Joy Division reformed in 1980 as New Order and enjoyed considerable worldwide success during the 1980s and 1990s.
Joy Division - The Eternal - Biography, pictures, lyrics, books, videos, press articles, etc.
Joy Division Central – Independent Joy Division site covering every aspect of the band in great detail
Incubation  – Joy Division's most detailed discography and press articles
Joy Division Myspace Page Unofficial Joy Division Myspace Page
Joy Division Messageboard – A moderated board with over 1400 members covering a wide range of Joy Division related topics
New Order are a band from Salford, popular in the 1980s.
Its members are: Bernard Sumner, Stephen Morris, Gillian Gilbert, Phil Cunningham, and Tom Chapman.
Their biggest hit is Blue Monday, which was the biggest selling 12" record of all time.
They started in 1980 after Ian Curtis, the singer of Joy Division, which the members were part of, committed suicide, because they had agreed before Curtis died that if any member left they would not carry on playing as Joy Division.
They have broke up twice, first in 1993 and then in 2007.
In 2011 they reformed.
They have released nine studio albums.
2007 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
2011 establishments in England
Peter "Hooky" Hook (born 13 February 1956) is an English bass guitar player.
He played in the bands Joy Division, New Order, Revenge and Monaco.
Peter Hook's biography
Short biography at JoyDiv.org
Peter Hook pretending to DJ
Bernard Sumner is a singer with the band New Order.
He is also known as Bernard Albrecht.
He was born in 1956 in Salford, England.
He plays guitar and keyboard.
Chorlton-on-Medlock is a district of Manchester in England.
The northern border is the river Medlock.
It is sometimes mistaken for Chorlton-cum-Hardy, a different place in Manchester.
The main campuses of the University of Manchester and the Manchester Metropolitan University are in Chorlton-on-Medlock.
A group of hospitals including the Manchester Royal Infirmary and hospitals for women, children and the treatment of diseases of the eyes is also in the district.
Famous residents of Chorlton-on-Medlock include Lloyd George, Emmeline Pankhurst and Elizabeth Gaskell.
Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) is a U.S.-based mixed martial arts (MMA) organization, currently seen as the largest MMA promotion in the world.
The UFC is headquartered in Las Vegas, Nevada and is owned and operated by Zuffa, LLC.
Official UFC site
UFC Official Rules
Past to present event results and fighter records database
Chorlton-cum-Hardy is a southern district of Manchester, England.
It is usually called just Chorlton.
The river Mersey runs past its southern end, in a part called Chorlton Ees. "
Ees" (plural) is a Saxon word for water meadow.
Neighbouring districts of Manchester are Whalley Range and West Didsbury, and to the west and north are Stretford and Old Trafford which are parts of Trafford.
Hough End Hall is a manor house built in 1596.
There are two churches belonging to the Church of England, St Clement's and St Werburgh's, and also St John's Church which is Roman Catholic, a Methodist church and a United Reformed church.
(The present St Clement's church replaced an older church, founded about 1512.)
Cosgrove Hall was an animation studio in Chorlton.
Its most famous cartoon is Dangermouse.
Some notable current and past residents of Chorlton are: George Best, the Bee Gees, The Stone Roses, and Blessed Ambrose Barlow.
The word acropolis (Ancient Greek: ἀκρόπολις, akropolis; from akros (άκρος) or akron (άκρον), "highest, topmost, outermost", and polis (πόλις), "city"; plural in English: acropoles, acropoleis or acropolises) means the edge of a town, or more often a high city.
Being easily defended against attackers, an acropolis often has a citadel.
The most famous is the Acropolis of Athens.
Wokingham is a town in Berkshire in the south of England.
It is the headquarters of Wokingham District.
30,403 people were living there in 2001.
At least  of land have burned between Santa Barbara County and the Mexican border.
Officials have said that they fear the fire could become even more deadly than the 2003 Cedar Fire, said to be the worst on ever.
The number and strength of the fires have tired the firefighters, with one department saying the "lack of resources [is] hindering suppression efforts."
California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger declared a state of emergency in seven California counties where fires burned.
President Bush has declared an emergency is in the State of California and ordered Federal aid to help State and local efforts.
An event that helped the fires is the drought hapenning in Southern California.
The fires have been strengthened by the strangely strong Santa Ana winds.
The winds are believed to have broken power lines, creating some of the fires.
One fire was because of arson; one was started by an flipped-over semi-truck.
Why the other fires are happening it not yet known.
Winds are not expected to get better until October 25 2007.
San Diego County is where the two biggest fires are, the Witch Fire near the northeastern edge of the city of San Diego, and the Harris fire southeast of San Diego.
The Witch fire forced Interstate 15 to be closed, and the Harris fire burns near the border with Mexico.
As of the night of October 22, 2007, at least 5,000 homes were in danger.
About 500,000 people have to leave, the largest evacuation in the area's history.
Evacuees were meeting at the Del Mar Fairgrounds, Qualcomm Stadium and other places in the county.
Officials think that 10,000 were meeting at Qualcomm.
Other than food, blankets and water, volunteers gave toys to children, massages, and a live rock and roll band showe.
Many schools and business were closed.
The only burn unit in the county, the UCSD Medical Center in Hillcrest was operated on an overflow basis.
The unit, which has 18 beds, had gotten 16 fire victims and several patients with injuries not due to the blazes.
Info on the fires right now is from the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, although the chaotic nature of the fires meant not all information was available.
As of October 23 at 11:34 a.m. PST:
The Witch Fire, also known as the Witch Creek Fire, is the largest of the fires.
Approximately 6,800 structures are in danger, including 5,000 homes.
Hundreds of thousands of people living there are being told of evacuations through the Reverse 911 system.
This evacuation comes almost exactly four years after the Cedar Fire of 2003.
The fire started near Santa Ysabel and quickly spread to Ramona, Rancho Bernardo, Poway and Escondido.
From there the fire jumped over the Interstate 15 and kept moving west, causing bad damage in the upscale areas of Lake Hodges, 4S Ranch, Del Dios, Harmony Grove and Rancho Santa Fe.
Heavy Santa Ana winds have been pushing the fires west near the coast.
San Diego County Sheriff William B. Kolendar said that the Witch Creek Fire could be "well in excess of Cedar Fire of 2003".
Officials have also said that the fire could reach the coastline; people living in Solana Beach were told to be ready to evacuate.
All residents south of Del Dios Highway, north of Sorrento Valley Road, west of Interstate 15, and east of Interstate 5 were told to evacuate.
By 9:30pm October 22, 2007 a dispatch from the city of Del Mar's web site stated "For your safety, we are strongly advising that all Del Mar residents evacuate."
Evacuations were also ordered for Scripps Ranch neighborhood, mostly "Everything south of Scripps Poway Parkway, north of MCAS Miramar, east of Interstate 15, and west of Highway 67".
The Mesa Grande Indian reservation was evacuated from the Witch Fire.
Residents of the Barona Indian Reservation have been told to leave if they wish, but the evacuation is not a must.
The casino on the reservation is closed.
At about 01:00 on 23 October, fire happened near the southern end of Wild Cat Canyon, where many houses were broken and people killed in the Cedar Fire.
Residents of Wild Cat Canyon and Muth Valley were told to evacuate, and the road was closed.
Adding to the evacuations, many major roads have been closed around the fire.
On October 22, 2007, the California Highway Patrol closed Interstate 15 in both ways between state Route 78 and state Route 56.
Harris Fire
The Harris Fire started at Harris Ranch Road near Potrero.
As of October 23 the fire was moving towards eastern Chula Vista.
Many places have been evacuated, with evacuation centers set up at a nearby high school and community center.
Other fires
Camp Pendleton Fires
Two different Marine Corps Base fires were reported at about 1:00 p.m. on October 23.
The Camp Margarita Fire is at 33 Area behind the Marine Corps Air Station.
The Las Pulgas Fire is located at 43 Area near Basilone Road.
Evacuations have been ordered.
Coronado Hills Fire
McCoy Fire
Poomacha Fire
The fire started at about 3:13 a.m. on October 23 as a structure fire on the La Jolla Indian Reservation and has then moved itself onto Palomar Mountain.
It is running in the same way as the Rice Fire.
With firefighters worried that the Rice Fire and Poomacha fire will meet in the Del Dios Canyon, firefighters have left the area and people living there have to leave.
Rice Fire
Los Angeles and Ventura counties
As of 12:20 a.m. PST on October 23, the US Forest Service was thinking the Ranch, Buckweed, and Magic fires would meet into a single huge  fire within 2 days.
Current data on the fires has been provided by the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, although the chaotic nature of the fires meant not all information was available.
Buckweed Fire
As of 23 October 2007 the Buckweed fire in Agua Dulce and the Santa Clarita community of Canyon Country has burned in northeastern parts of the county.
The communities of Santa Clarita, Leona Valley, Green Valley, Acton, Agua Dulce, and Mint Canyon are in danger.
At least 925 firefighters are fighting the fire.
Over 15,000 people and 5,500 homes have been evacuated.
Canyon Fire
The Canyon Fire has burned close to Malibu, California, mostly in Malibu Canyon.
600 residences, 200 commercial buildings, and 100 outbuildings are in danger, and 500 homes have been evacuated.
The Magic Fire started near The Old Road at Magic Mountain Parkway.
Flames crept a few yards from West Ranch High School and a many houses being made in Stevenson Ranch, but were pushed away.
The fire is believed to have been caused accidentally by welders at a construction site.
October Fire
Ranch Fire
Since 20 October 2007, the Ranch fire has burned  on the Los Angeles-Ventura county line, in the Angeles and Los Padres national forests.
The fire is going around the Ventura County community of Piru and also threatens the communities of Fillmore, Ventura and Ojai.
Three homes have been destroyed, and 500 residences are in the fire's path.
As of 7:00 a.m. local time, the fire was 10% under control.
Evacuations have been recommended in all of Piru and parts of Fillmore.
Highway 126 is closed between Main Street and Chiquita Canyon Road in Piru.
Angeles National Forest officials are closing the whole forest, starting October 23.
Santiago Fire
The Santiago Fire began shortly before 5:55pm on October 21, 2007 in the foothills north of Irvine and east of the city of Orange in Orange County.
Fire officials have said that the source of the fire is arson; the fire was said to have been started in three different spots.
The fire has burned over  and is 30% contained.