the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
He made the first electric motor.
It is thanks to his early work that electricity has been made into a useful thing today.
As a chemist, Michael Faraday discovered benzene, invented an early type of Bunsen burner and popularized terminology such as anode, cathode, electrode and ion.
Faraday was the first Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, a position to which he was appointed for life.
He was also the Director of the Royal Institution after Sir Humphrey Davy.
Michael Faraday's family was poor.
His father, James, was a blacksmith.
James Faraday had come to London in the 1780s from North-West England.
The young Michael Faraday was one of four children and only had the most basic school education.
At fourteen he went to learn how to be a bookbinder and bookseller from a man called George Riebau.
During his seven-year study of making books with Riebau, he read many books.
He read Isaac Watts's The improvement of the mind.
Faraday loved to use the ideas in this book in his work.
He started to become interested in science, especially in electricity.
He began to attend public lessons run by the best scientists in London at the time.
He showed the notes he made to the great chemist Sir Humphrey Davy.
Davy liked him and offered him a job as an assistant in March 1813.
Faraday's knowledge continued to grow as he helped Sir Humphrey Davy until he was making new discoveries on his own.
He was eventually made a professor in 1833.
The importance of his work was seen within his own lifetime and the British government gave him a pension in his old age as a reward.
Faraday also discovered that if electricity strikes a metal object, it will only pass through the outside of the object.
The inside is unaffected by the electricity.
This is what keeps the people inside safe when lightning strikes a car or a plane.
This is now called Faraday's Cage.
Law of Induction
Faraday stated that when a magnet moves across a coil and creates "electricity" , this effect is only secondary, and does not account for what is actually taking place inside the wire.
Hamilton, James 2002.
Faraday: the life.
London: Harper Collins. .
Michael Faraday -Citizendium
1867 deaths
Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen (30 March 1811 – 16 August 1899) was a German chemist.
He improved the bunsen burner which now has his name.
It was invented by Michael Faraday.
Much more important was the work he did which led to spectroscopy.
Together with Gustav Kirchhoff, he developed a method of using the spectrum of light to identify the composition of solids,liquids or gases.
Spectroscopy originated through the study of visible light dispersed according to its wavelength, for example, by a prism.
Bunsen found the elements caesium and rubidium with his spectroscope.
Keith Haring (May 4, 1958 -  February 16, 1990) was an American artist.
He was famous in the 1980s for his art, which was a mixture of graffiti and pop art and used bright colors and simplistic images, as well as social and homoerotic themes.
Haring also donated money to children's causes and organizations.
His artwork became well known around the world.
Haring was openly gay.
He died of an AIDS-related illness in 1990.
The Keith Haring Foundation set up in 1989, continues his legacy of promoting art and helping children.
www.haring.com
www.haringkids.com
Mural artists
The Adventures of Tintin () is a Belgian comic strip, created by Hergé (Georges Remi) starting in the late 1920s and into the 1970s.
They were originally written and published in French, but have been translated into many languages and are popular around the world.
Plot and characters
The stories center around a young reporter from Belgium named Tintin, who travels the world and has many exciting adventures with his dog, a white wire fox terrier named Snowy (Milou, in French) and later (starting with The Crab with the Golden Claws in 1941) his friend, Captain Haddock, a bearded drunk with a temper.
Other popular characters include Professor Cuthbert Calculus (Professeur Tryphon Tournesol) an absent-minded and mostly deaf (but he insists he's hard of hearing) scientist and inventor, and Thomson and Thompson (Dupond et Dupont), two silly detectives.
The Books
The stories are a mixture of many different genres, including adventure, satire, and social commentary and changed over time.
Twenty-three completed books, came out between 1929 and 1976.
A twenty-fourth story, Tintin in Alph-Art, was never officially finished following the death of Hergé in 1983.
There have been many unofficial books, but most of those are parodies or not part of the official series.
The books in the official series are:
Tintin in the Land of the Soviets - (1929-1930)
Tintin in the Congo - (1930-1931)
Tintin in America - (1931-1932)
Cigars of the Pharaoh - (1932-1934)
The Blue Lotus - (1934-1935)
The Broken Ear - (1935-1937)
The Black Island - (1937-1938)
King Ottokar's Sceptre - (1938-1939)
The Crab with the Golden Claws - (1940-1941)
The Shooting Star - (1941-1942)
The Secret of the Unicorn - (1942-1943)
Red Rackham's Treasure - (1943-1944)
The Seven Crystal Balls - (1943-1948)
Prisoners of the Sun - (1946-1949)
Land of Black Gold - (1948-1950)
Destination Moon - (1950-1953)
Explorers on the Moon - (1950-1954)
The Calculus Affair - (1954-1956)
The Red Sea Sharks - (1958)
Tintin in Tibet - (1960)
The Castafiore Emerald - (1963)
Flight 714 - (1968)
Tintin and the Picaros - (1976)
Tintin and Alph-Art - (finished by someone else in 1986)
There have also been plays, films, and animated cartoons based on the stories.
Steven Spielberg and Peter Jackson have made a movie about Tintin.
There are also Tintin Shops in Europe, which sell books, toys and other items based on the books.
Objectif Tintin
Alimentary canal is the term used in zoology for the gut of vertebrates.
For humans in particular, see digestive system.
The canal (or tube) carries food through digestion and excretion.
Into the tube come various digestive enzymes.
Gut flora  help digestion, and the production of vitamins.
Muscular movements pass the material down the tube.
The gut usually has an exit, the anus, by which the animal disposes of solid wastes.
Some small animals have no anus and dispose of solid wastes by other means, for example through the mouth.
The gut evolved at least twice, an example of convergent evolution.
Protostomes develop their mouths first, while deuterostomes develop their mouths second.
Protostome include arthropods, molluscs, and annelids, and deuterostomes include echinoderms and chordates, including humans.
Selenium is a chemical element.
Its chemical symbol is Se and its  atomic number is 34.
It has 34 protons and 34 electrons and a mass number of 78.96.
Selenium (selenium atoms only) has several different forms.
They are called allotropes.
The most stable of these is a dense gray semimetal (an element that is partially a metal and a nonmetal).
The way the atoms are put together is a named a trigonal polymer chain.
It lets electricity pass through it better in the light than in the dark.
This form is used in photocells.
Selenium also has many nonconductive forms: a black glass-like substance, as well as several red crystalline forms.
In the red form the eight atoms of selenium form ring to make a molecule.
These rings then stack together to make the solid red selenium.
The way that red seleniums atoms are put together is similar to sulfur.
Selenium is not very reactive.
It does not dissolve in acids except nitric acid.
It also dissolves in alkali's like sodium hydroxide.
It reacts with air when powdered to make selenium(IV) oxide.
It does not react with many things, so selenium(IV) oxide is what most selenium compounds are made from.
Selenium forms several oxidation states; -2, +2, +4, and +6.
The -2 state is in selenides.
Selenides are strong reducing agents.
They are stronger reducing agents than sulfides.
Hydrogen selenide is the acid made from selenide ion.
Selenium also reacts with reactive metals to make selenides, such as sodium selenide or aluminium selenide.
The +1 state is found in some selenium compounds, such as selenium(I) chloride.
They are the most unreactive selenium compounds.
The +4 state is found in selenites.
Selenites and selenous acid are moderate oxidizing agents.
It is made by dissolving selenium dioxide in water and making selenous acid.
Then selenous acid is reacted with bases to make selenites.
The +6 state is found in selenates.
Selenates and selenic acid are powerful oxidizing agents.
Selenic acid can even dissolve gold!
They are made by reacting hydrogen peroxide with selenium(IV) oxide to get selenium(VI) oxide, which dissolves in water to make selenic acid.
Selenates are more reactive than sulfates.
Most selenium compounds are colorless.
Selenium compounds are not common.
-2 compounds
Selenides are the most common -2 compounds.
Selenide, the ion
+1 compounds
Selenium(IV) chloride
Selenium(IV) fluoride
Selenites
Selenite, the ion
+6 compounds
Selenates
Selenate, the ion
Selenium is very rarely found as an element in the ground.
Most selenium in soil is in a very tiny amount.
It is easily washed away.
It is in very small amounts in the human body.
Selenium is found most in sulfide ores like pyrite.
This selenium is in selenides.
Selenium is gotten as a byproduct.
Sometimes selenium is concentrated in plants.
It can also be leached into rivers when copper is mined.
Too much selenium is bad for a river.
Some coal has selenium in it.
It is made as a byproduct when refining copper and certain other sulfide ores.
Selenium is made by oxidizing selenide ores to selenium dioxide.
The selenium dioxide is dissolved in acidic water to make selenous acid, which is reacted with sulfur dioxide to make selenium as an element.
It is the red form that is made.
To make the black form, the red form is heated and melted.
In materials
Selenium is used in photocells.
The gray metallic form is used, as it changes its electrical conductivity when light shines on it.
Selenium is also used as a catalyst.
The largest use is to color glass red.
It can be used in special brasses instead of lead.
It is used in some rectifiers.
Most use silicon instead.
It is used to tone photographs.
It can be used to remove dandruff from hair in the form of selenium sulfide.
In the human body
Selenium is a trace element in the human body.
Humans need very small amounts of selenium.
Only about 50-200 micrograms are needed.
Selenium can be toxic if more than 400 micrograms are taken.
Once there was coal that had a large amount of selenium in it.
People were getting selenium poisoning from the coal.
Selenium deficiency is rare.
Although selenium has some helpful effects on the human body, it also has some harmful effects and only a very little should be eaten.
It is toxic in large amounts.
Some selenium compounds are very toxic and harmful to things that live in water.
Consuming around 5 mg of selenium per day can kill a human being after a certain amount of time.
Selenium compounds
Germanium is a chemical element.
Its chemical symbol is Ge.
Its atomic number is 32.
It was discovered by Clemens Winkler.
It is a shiny, hard, silver-white metalloid.
The chemistry of Germanium is quite like tin.
Germanium forms many organometallic compounds.
It is an important semiconductor material used in transistors.
Michael Thomas "Tom" Green (born July 30, 1971) is a Canadian actor, comedian, rapper, director, producer and writer.
He was born in Pembroke, Ontario.
He had his own comedy program, The Tom Green Show, on MTV.
He directed, co-wrote and starred in Freddy Got Fingered.
He was also a member of the short lived hip hop group Organized Rhyme where he performed under the stage name "MC Bones".
Tom Green's official site and channel
Canadian rap musicians
Writers from Ontario
The Force is a term from the Star Wars universe.
It is a set of mystical powers that all the Jedi and Sith have.
They can do many things with the Force, such as lifting an object up without touching it, shooting lightning out of their hands, choking people and many other things.
The sides of the Force
The light side
The light side is used for good things like healing.
The people who study and learn the light side of the Force are called Jedi.
The dark side of the Force is used by the Sith, the bad guys, in the Star Wars movies.
Sith have a lot of anger, fear, hate and aggression.
The dark side of the Force gives the bad guys powers that the Jedi, the good guys, do not have.
For example, Darth Sidious is able to shoot lightning from his fingers.
The dark side can seem stronger but that is just because a person who uses the dark side of the Force does not have to hold anything back, he is not restrained.
Sith Lords
Darth Tyranus/Count Dooku
Darth Sidious
Crewe, Dave. "
Cinema Science: Using the force of'Star Wars'."
Metro Magazine: Media & Education Magazine 204 (2020): 86-91.
Philosophy and the Force
de:Star Wars#Die Macht
In the fictional Star Wars universe, the Jedi or  Jedi Knights are members of an old order, who use a power they call The Force.
The Jedi use The Force which gives them psychic powers.
Their typical weapon is the lightsaber, a sword-like weapon with an energy blade.
The Jedi try to lead a good and virtuous life, serving others.
They keep and defend the peace of the galaxy.
In the fictional Star Wars universe, the Sith are users of the Dark side of The Force and the opposite of the Jedi.
The Sith live to dominate all others and to control society throughout the Star Wars galaxy so they can get more power.
Some famous Sith are Darth Vader, Emperor Palpatine and Darth Maul.
They lead the Galactic Empire, the antagonists of the Star Wars series who are known for brutality, being a dictatorship, and having a strong control over peoples lives.
The Sith lost power for hundreds of years, before slowly taking over the Republic, or the Jedi Government, and turning it into the Galactic Empire.
The Sith Species almost all died after the Jedi committed genocide on them thousands of years before the movies.
This is why some people think the Sith Empire are the "good guys", who bring law and order to the Galaxy and are just responding to the Jedi actions.
Alex Jones (born February 11, 1971) is a radio talk show host from Texas.
He is described as conservative politically by a mainstream source.
He describes himself as a paleoconservative politically, which means that he advocates old or traditional forms of political conservatives, as opposed to the newer forms, i.e. neoconservatives.
He also calls himself an "aggressive constitutionalist".
He is a conspiracy theorist.
Jones is the host of The Alex Jones Show on Genesis Communications Network.
Jones was born in Dallas, Texas  and grew up in the suburb of Rockwall.
His father is a dentist.
He attended Anderson High School in northwest Austin, Texas.
Jones was a lineman on his high school's football team.
He began his career in Austin with a live, call-in format Public-access television cable TV program.
In 1996, Jones switched format to KJFK, hosting a show named The Final Edition.
In 1998, he released his first film, America Destroyed By Design.
In 1998, Jones organized a successful effort to build a new Branch Davidian church as a memorial to those who died during the 1993 fire that ended the government's siege of the original Branch Davidian complex near Waco, Texas.
He often featured the project on his Public-access television program and claimed that Koresh and his followers were peaceful people who were murdered by Attorney General Janet Reno and the ATF during the siege.
In 1999, he tied with Shannon Burke for that year's "Best Austin Talk Radio Host" poll as voted by The Austin Chronicle readers.
Later that year, he was fired from KJFK-FM.
According to the station's operations manager, Jones was fired because his viewpoints made the show hard to sell to advertisers and he refused to broaden his topics.
Jones argued: "It was purely political, and it came down from on high [meaning it was ordered by powerful people]", and, "I was told 11 weeks ago to lay off Clinton, to lay off all these politicians, to not talk about rebuilding the church, to stop bashing [slang for criticizing] the Marines, A to Z."
In early 2000, Jones was one of seven Republican candidates for state representative in Texas House District 48, an open seat swing district based in Austin, Texas.
Jones stated that he was running, "to be a watchdog [a person who makes sure no wrongdoing is taking place] on the inside."
He aborted his campaign and withdrew before the March primary when polls indicated he had little chance of winning.
He is also the author of 9-11 Descent into Tyranny.
Jones, Alex
Stuart Fergusson Victor Sutcliffe (23 June 1940 – 10 April 1962) was an early member of the English band The Beatles.
He was born in Edinburgh, Scotland and raised in Liverpool, England.
He was the band's original bassist, but left before they became famous.
He wanted to be an artist, and he returned to art school, which he had quit to join the Beatles.
Sutcliffe died in 1962, at the age of 21, in Hamburg, Germany from a brain .
It was long thought that the hemorrhage was from a fight with locals after a concert in 1961, but it is now believed he may have been born with a medical condition which caused it.
Entertainers from Edinburgh
If something is described as beautiful, it means that it has beauty.
Beautiful can also mean:
"Beautiful" (Ailyn song), a song by Ailyn, from her 2004 album Ya Nada Queda
"Beautiful" (Athlete song), a song by Athlete, from their 2003 first album Vehicles and Animals
"Beautiful" (Christina Aguilera song), a song written and produced by Linda Perry, and released by Christina Aguilera on her 2002 album Stripped
"Beautiful" (Mandalay song), a song by Mandalay, from their 1998 album Empathy
"Beautiful" (Moby song), a song by Moby, from his 2005 album Hotel
"Beautiful" (Snoop Dogg song), a song by Snoop Dogg, from his 2002 album Paid tha Cost to Be da Bo$$
"Beautiful", a song by the Smashing Pumpkins, from their 1995 album Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness
Beautiful (David Tao album), a 2006 album by David Tao
Beautiful (On The Make album), a 2004 album by On The Make
beautiful.,
a 2001 album by Fantastic Plastic Machine
Beautiful (film), a 2000 drama starring Minnie Driver and Kathleen Turner
Beauty (disambiguation)
George Boole [], (November 2, 1815 – December 8, 1864) was an English mathematician and philosopher.
He created Boolean algebra.
This is one of the bases of modern-day computer science.
Other humans, like Augustus De Morgan and Charles Peirce, refined and completed his work.
In their times, very few people knew of the work those mathematicians had done.
Boolean algebra was rediscovered by Claude Shannon about 75 years after Boole's death.
In his doctoral thesis, Shannon showed that boolean algebra was useful.
It could simplify the design of electric switches and relays (like those that were used in the telephone switchboards of the time).
Shannon also showed that such switches could solve boolean algebra problems.
All modern-day digital circuits (mainly computers) use such algebra to solve problems.
Roger Parsons' article on Boole
George Boole's work as first Professor of Mathematics in University College, Cork, Ireland
Managua has been the capital city of Nicaragua since 1855.
There had been an Indian settlement there before the Spanish, but the modern city was founded as Leal Villa de Santiago de Managua in 1811.
Before 1855, León and Granada were the capital cities.
The word managua comes from the Nahuatl language mana-ahuac.
It means near water.
About 1.8 million people lived there in 2004.
This makes it one of the biggest cities of Central America (after Guatemala City).
The city is at the shore of Lake Managua.
Many people who live in Managua are White or Mestizo.
They all speak Spanish.
There are also big communities of Catalonians, Germans, Italians and French.
Many of the people belonging to those communities have lived in the city for many generations.
Many people see Managua as one of the safest cities in America to live in.
The city has had two destructive earthquakes in the 20th century.
Hurricane Mitch caused further destructions in 1998.
Many old buildings were damaged or destroyed in these earthquakes, and new streets and monuments were built in their place.
In general, addresses are rarely used to give directions.
Instead, people usually use monuments to tell where a certain place is.
The problem with that approach is that sometimes, the monuments themselves were destroyed.
Therefore, foreigners often have problems finding their way around the city.
Cities in Nicaragua
1811 establishments in North America
Something that does not curve in any direction
An apartment
A flat is a note that has been lowered a semitone (see note (music))
Flat can mean a note that is not in tune:  The pitch is too low (see intonation).
A curve is a line that turns or bends.
A curved line is never straight, and a curved surface is a surface that is never flat.
Some curves can be drawn on paper, but some curves, like a helix, can only be seen in 3-D. A circle is a curve that can be described with the formula x2 + y2 = r2.
x and y are used as in a Cartesian coordinate system, and r is the radius of the circle (distance from the center to the outside).
Many other curves can also be described with a formula like that.
The Möbius strip or Möbius band is a looped surface with only one side and only one edge.
It can be made using a strip of paper by gluing the two ends together with a half-twist.
The twisting is possible in two directions; so there are two different (mirror-image) Möbius strips.
The Mobius strip is known for its unusual properties.
A bug crawling along the center line of the loop would go around twice before coming back to its starting point.
Cutting along the center line of the loop creates one longer band, not two.
Cutting one third of the way in from the edge (and parallel to it) produces two Möbius strips, looped together.
Mathematical description
One way to represent the Möbius strip as a subset of  can be done using the parametrization:
Where 0 ≤ α < 2π and −1 ≤ r ≤ 1.
This creates a Möbius strip of width 1 whose center circle has radius 1, lies in the xy plane and is centered at  The parameter u runs around the strip while v moves from one edge to the other.
In cylindrical polar coordinates (r, θ, z), an unbounded version of the Möbius strip can be represented by the equation:
Topologically, the Möbius strip can be defined as the square [0,1] × [0,1] with its top and bottom sides identified by the relation  for  as in the diagram on the right.
The Möbius strip is a two-dimensional compact manifold (i.e. a surface) with boundary.
It is a standard example of a surface which is not orientable.
The Möbius strip is also a standard example used to show the mathematical idea of a fiber bundle.
Specifically, it is a nontrivial bundle over the circle S1 with a fiber the unit interval, I = [0,1].
Looking only at the edge of the Möbius strip gives a nontrivial two point (or Z2) bundle over S1.
Take a rectangular strip.
Rotate it around a fixed point not in its plane.
At every step, also rotate the strip along a line in its plane (the line which divides the strip in two) and perpendicular to the main orbital radius.
The surface generated on one complete revolution is the Möbius strip.
Take a Möbius strip and cut it along the middle of the strip.
This will form a new strip, which is a rectangle joined by rotating one end a whole turn.
By cutting it down the middle again, this forms two interlocking whole-turn strips.
Möbius bands in nature and technology
There have been several technical applications for the Möbius strip.
Giant Möbius strips have been used as conveyor belts.
Such belts last longer because the entire surface area of the belt gets the same amount of wear.
Möbius bands have also been used as continuous-loop recording tapes (to double the playing time).
Möbius strips are common in the making of fabric computer printer and typewriter ribbons.
There, they allow the ribbon to be twice as wide as the print head while using both half-edges evenly.
A device called a Möbius resistor is an electronic circuit element which has the property of canceling its own inductive reactance.
Nikola Tesla patented similar technology in the early 1900s: "Coil for Electro Magnets" was intended for use with his system of global transmission of electricity without wires.
The Möbius strip is the configuration space of two unordered points on a circle.
Consequently, in music theory, the space of all two note chords, known as dyads, takes the shape of a Möbius strip.
as compact resonator with the resonance frequency with half of identically constructed linear coils
as inductionless resistance
as superconductors with high transition temperature
as “knot molecules” with special characteristics (Knotane [2], Chirality)
as molecular engines
as graphene volume (nano-graphite) with new electronic characteristics, like helical magnetism
In a special type of aromaticity: Möbius aromaticity
Charged particles, which were caught in the magnetic field of the earth, can move on a Möbius band
The cyclotide (cyclic protein) Kalata B1, active substance of the plant Oldenlandia affinis, contains Möbius topology for the peptide backbone.
Möbius strip at cut-the-knot
Knitted version
h2g2 - The Amazing Möbius Strip
The Klein bottle is a geometrical object, named after the German mathematician Felix Klein.
He described it in 1882, and named it Klein'sche Fläche (Klein surface).
Like the Möbius strip, it only has one surface.
Mathematicians call this a non-orientable surface.
Klein bottles only exist in four-dimensional space, but a model of a Klein bottle can be made in 3D. This model is different from the original because at some point the shape touches itself.
In 3D, part of the shape is "inside" the rest.
This is not the case in 4D. Some 3D models use different colors to show the 4th component.
The part that lies "inside"  then has a different color.
Because the surface is non-orientable, there is no "inside" or "outside".
This means that if a liquid were filled "in the bottle", it would run down its surface.
This may not be true for the 3D models of the bottle.
Making a Klein bottle from a rectangle
Acme Klein Bottles - Clifford Stoll sells blown-glass immersed Klein bottles.
Klein bottle construction
Klein Bottle Images by John Sullivan
The Klein bottle
A modular origami model of the Klein bottle
A knitted version
Paper klein bottle - make your own
Geodesic klein bottles and some mystic musings
Imaging Maths - The Klein Bottle
The entropy of an object is a measure of the amount of energy which is unavailable to do work.
Entropy is also a measure of the number of possible arrangements the atoms in a system can have.
In this sense, entropy is a measure of uncertainty or randomness.
The higher the entropy of an object, the more uncertain we are about the states of the atoms making up that object because there are more states to decide from.
A law of physics says that it takes work to make the entropy of an object or system smaller; without work, entropy can never become smaller – you could say that everything slowly goes to disorder (higher entropy).
The word entropy came from the study of heat and energy in the period 1850 to 1900.
Some very useful mathematical ideas about probability calculations emerged from the study of entropy.
These ideas are now used in information theory, statistical mechanics, chemistry and other areas of study.
Entropy is simply a quantitative measure of what the second law of thermodynamics describes: the spreading of energy until it is evenly spread.
The meaning of entropy is different in different fields.
Information entropy, which is a measure of information communicated by systems that are affected by data noise.
Thermodynamic entropy is part of the science of heat energy.
It is a measure of how organized or disorganized energy is in a system of atoms or molecules.
In geometry, a side is a line that is part of a flat figure made from straight lines.
It is also a face in a solid three-dimensional object.
The number of sides in a polygon is often written as , while the number of faces in a polyhedron is often written as .
As an example, the square on the right has four sides.
The sides in this picture are made with black straight lines.
The four sides are:
the black straight line from A to B
the black straight line from B to C
the black straight line from C to D
the black straight line from D to A
A side may also mean a part of something.
For example, on a human body, the right side means the parts of the body that make up the right half of the body.
Inside and outside are terms use to show where something is.
If something is inside, it is in something.
For example, the sentence "The cookies are inside of the container."
means that the cookies are in the container.
The area within the canister is the inside of the canister.
The outside is the area not in the canister.
Outside is the opposite of inside.
Te Puke is a small town in the Bay of Plenty in New Zealand.
6670 people live there.
It is famous for kiwifruit, which is grown there.
Lots of other fruit is grown there too.
Te Puke means the hill in Māori.
A valley is a type of landform.
A valley is a lower part in the land that sits between two higher parts which might be hills or mountains.
Valleys often start as a downward fold between two upward folds in the surface of the Earth, and sometimes as a rift valley.
A valley is made deeper by a stream of water or a river as it flows from the high land to the lower land, and into a lake or sea.
Some valleys are made by glaciers which are slow-moving rivers of ice.
Water or ice make a valley deeper or wider by erosion.
Wind can also make valleys larger by erosion.
A valley has a "head" where it begins in the mountains or hills, "sides" where it rises up on either side, a "floor" which is where the valley is most flat.
Some valleys have an "entrance" where the valley opening can be seen between two hills or mountains or cliffs.
A place where a valley is very narrow and has high walls is sometimes called a "gorge". (
This word "gorge" is sometimes used to mean the "throat" on a human body).
Types of valleys
Valleys in mountains
Mountains and hills are made when the layers of rock and soil (called "strata") get folded.
Fault block mountains may have rift valleys.
There are valleys in mountain ranges, between the highest parts which are the "peaks".
People who want to travel to the other side of the mountains usually go by the valleys.
A valley that people use to travel through mountains or hills is called a mountain pass.
Valleys that are high in the mountains are usually made deeper by a stream or small river running fast down the mountainside, from a place where there is lots of rainwater or melting snow, or by a glacier.
The mountain stream winds around the biggest rocks and washes the soil away as it flows.
It cuts a passage for itself through the softest soil and smallest stones.
A small stream can cut a very deep valley.
Valleys that are high in the mountains are usually V-shaped.
There are many valleys like this in hills and mountains all over the world.
Valleys in hilly country
In country that has hills, but is not very steep, a river or stream runs more slowly.
It makes a wider valley that often has some large bends as the river flows around the hills, always following the lowest way.
Water running down from the hillsides often carries soil that spreads out across the valley, making flat land that is good for growing food crops and raising cattle and other animals.
Many farms are in valleys that are in hilly land.
Many towns are built on the sloping sides of valleys.
Famous valleys of this type are the Loire Valley and the Lower Rhine Valley in Europe and the Thames Valley in England.
Valleys in flat country
Some valleys are almost flat, like a large saucer.
Valleys of this type often have a very large river with many "tributaries" (streams that are like branches) running through them.
The tributaries carry water from the hills or mountains that may be far from the main river.
After heavy rain, lots of water rushes into the main river so that it rises and floods over the flat floor of the valley.
When the flood waters spread, they drop lots of soil which has washed down from the hills.
The soil that drops on the valley floor makes a flat flood plain.
Valleys of this type are very useful for growing food crops.
The widest valleys in the world are like this.
Famous valleys of this type are the Mississippi-Missouri Basin in North America, the Amazon Basin in South America, the Lower Danube in Europe, the Ganges River Valley in India, the Nile River Flood Plain in Africa and the Darling River Basin in Australia.
Valleys made by glaciers
A glacier is like a frozen river.
Many countries do not have any glaciers.
A glacier starts in very high mountains where there is snow and ice all the year.
The snow and ice starts to move down a valley that has been made by a fast-flowing stream.
As the ice starts to slide down the mountainside, it does not flow around the rocks; it pushes the rocks out of the way.
As a glacier moves, it picks up more ice and gets bigger and bigger.
A big glacier cuts through the soil and softer rock of the valley and piles up the rocks on either side, or pushes them in front of it.
When a big glacier melts, it leaves a valley of a deep U-shape.
Many valleys like this were made in the Ice Ages.
In mountainous countries like Switzerland many people live in the valleys that were made by glaciers.
Some of the deepest valleys in the world were made by glaciers.
The fjords of Norway and "sounds" of New Zealand are where glaciers went into the sea.
Valleys in plateau country
A plateau is high land that is flat on top, or gently rolling, not pointed like mountains or rounded like hills.
In hilly or mountainous country, the bands of a soil and rock are folded, but in a plateau the strata are in flat layers.
The water that makes streams on the top of a plateau cuts down in wide valleys with sides that are steep cliffs and a bottom that is quite flat.
Valleys like this are often deep and very narrow.
Some valleys like this are very deep and wide.
They are called "canyons".
Famous valleys of this type are the Grand Canyon in the United States and the Megalong Valley in Australia.
Sunken valleys
Sometimes a valley has been formed in the hills near the coast of a country.
Movement in the Earth's surface may cause the land to sink lower and become flooded by the sea.
The shape of the valley can still be seen from the tops of the hills that stick out from the water.
Some of the hills may become islands, and others become the shore of a bay.
Sunken valleys often make good harbours.
The east coast of Australia has many sunken valleys of which the most famous is Sydney Harbour.
A manifold is a concept from mathematics.
Making a manifold is like making a flat map of a sphere (the Earth).
The Earth is a sphere, a three dimensional object of geometry.
Yet, maps (two-dimensional representations) can be made of the Earth.
At the edges of a certain map, the map needs to be changed.
That way it is possible to make a two dimensional image of the whole surface of the Earth.
There need to be rules, on how to change the maps, and some areas (near the edges of the map) will be on more than one map.
It is not possible to make one map only, which would have no edges.
This map would either have edges (and overlapping areas), or there would be some places where the paper was torn.
Tearing and overlapping isn't allowed.
Other shapes can be manifolds too.
For example, a hyperbolic plane is a shape that looks like a saddle or leaf of lettuce.
If you try to press it down onto a piece of paper, it will have wrinkles, and it will go on forever past the edges of the paper.
But you can make a map of part of it by squishing the edges, just like with the Earth you can make a map by taking part of it and stretching the edges.
Each manifold has a dimension.
This is the number of dimensions of the maps, in the example above.
It is the same for all maps.
NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) (formula C21H29N7O17P3) is a coenzyme that carries electrical energy used in cellular processes.
When a hydrogen atom is added, NADP becomes charged and is renamed NADPH.
NADP is used extensively during the Krebs (citric acid) cycle and during glycolysis and in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
The CW Television Network (The CW) is a television network in the United States launched at the beginning of the 2006–2007 television season.
It is a joint venture between CBS Corporation, the former owner of United Paramount Network (UPN), and Time Warner's Warner Bros., former majority owner of The WB Television Network.
The "CW" name is derived from the first letter of the names of these corporations (CBS and Warner Bros.).
According to its former President of Entertainment Dawn Ostroff, the network tries to "appeal to people 18 to 34-years-old".
The network currently airs programming six days a week: Monday through Friday afternoons and evenings (in prime time), and Saturday morning children's programming (under their The CW4Kids block).
The network started after its two predecessors, UPN and The WB, ceased independent operations on September 15 and September 17, 2006 respectively.
The CW's first two nights of programming—Monday and Tuesday, September 18 and September 19, 2006—consisted of reruns and launch-related specials.
The CW marked its formal launch date on Wednesday, September 20, 2006, with a two-hour season premiere of America's Next Top Model.
Acquired Programming
The Tyra Banks Show
5D's
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Back to the Sewer
Dinosaur King
Mike & Molly
Work at a Pizza Place
Original Programming
Black Lightining
DC's Legend's of Tomorrow
Whose Line Is It Anyway? (
Revival Version)
Huinfig
Huinfigs
H8R
Buinfig
The L.A. Complex
Borzoi is a type of Russian dog.
It used to be called a Russian Wolf Hound.
This breed of dog was brought to the United States in 1889.
It was approved by the American Kennel Club one year later.
The breed is beautiful and has a gentle personality.
It makes it a good pet.
The breed was approved and the descriptive standard was written in 1650.
It has not changed much since then.
It is about  tall at the withers (its back near the shoulders).
It weighs from .
Borzois have a long coat.
They can be any color from solid white to brown and white, gray and white or brindle.
They can also be all black.
People who take care of Borzois have done a good job of stopping health problems.
Borzois do not have many of the problems other breeds have with health.
In Russia, they were well liked by the royalty.
It was illegal to sell them.
They were given to those who did something special for the Tzars.
They feature in Russian novels e.g. in Tolstoy's "Anna Karenina".
During the Russian revolution, most of the breed were killed because they were a symbol of royalty.
A few were taken from the country.
They have been used in advertising for luxury cars and jewelry.
This is because of their elegant looks.
Garibaldi led the navy of the breakaway Riograndense Republic in southern Brazil until it was defeated in 1839.
He escaped and led the navy of Uruguay to victory.
Later, inspired by Giuseppe Mazzini, he fought for Italian unification.
He led a group called the Red Shirts through the Kingdom of Two Sicilies to bring different kingdoms in Italy together in 1860.
St. Edward the Confessor ( 1003 – 4 January 1066) was King of England from 8 June 1042 AD to 4 January 1066.
After he died, there were four people who claimed the throne.
Edward had promised to each of them that they would be king.
Edward spent many years in Normandy.
The Anglo-Saxon nobles invited Edward back to England in 1041.
He became part of the household of his half-brother Harthacnut.
According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle both were sworn in as king together.
Following Harthacnut's death on 8 June 1042, Edward ascended the throne.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle indicates the popularity he enjoyed at his accession — "before he [Harthacnut] was buried, all the people chose Edward as king in London".
Edward was crowned at the cathedral of Winchester, the royal seat of the West Saxons on 3 April 1043.
The succession
Edward's death left England without a clear-cut successor.
Harold Godwinson had led successful raiding parties into Wales in 1063.
He negotiated with his inherited rivals in Northumbria in 1065, and in January 1066, upon Edward's death, he was made King Harold II.
The Norman position was that William the Conqueror had been designated the heir, and that Harold had been publicly sent to him as emissary from Edward, to apprise him of Edward's decision.
However, William's biographer, William of Poitiers, admitted that the old king had made a deathbed gift of the crown to Harold.
On Edward's death, Harold was approved by the Witenagemot which, under Anglo-Saxon law, held the ultimate authority to convey kingship.
Edward also made his great nephew Edgar Ætheling his heir.
However, Edgar had no following among the earls: he had lived in Hungary, and was a boy of fifteen.
This opened the way for Harold's coronation, and the invasions of two claimants to the throne, the unsuccessful invasion of Harald Hardrada in the north and the successful one of William of Normandy.
England, Anglo-Saxon & Danish Kings (-1066) on Medieval Lands
1000s births
1066 deaths
House of Wessex
Year 27 BC was either a common year starting on Sunday, Monday or Tuesday or a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.
January 16 – The Roman Senate votes Octavian the title of Augustus.
He accepts this honor, having declined the alternative title of Romulus.
He is known as Augustus afterwards.
Augustus becomes consul for the seventh time.
His partner Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa becomes consul for the third time.
Augustus, as consul, returns power to the Senate of Rome.
Augustus starts a new military reform.
Northern statue of the Colossi of Memnon is shattered by an earthquake in Egypt (according to Strabo).
Emperor Ai of Han (d. 1 BC)
Marcus Terentius Varro, Roman scholar (b. 116 BC)
Edward the Elder becomes King of England.
Gorm the Old becomes King of Denmark.
Regino of Prüm is expelled from Prüm and becomes abbot of St. Martin's in Trier.
Gilbertville is a hamlet in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada that is in between Delhi and the historical hamlet of Pine Grove.
There is a small grocery store, a tractor shop, a car repair shop, and farmland to the south.
In addition to all this, Gilbertville is also the site of a former army base and was founded by the Gilbert family in the 19th century as a place to rest horses when travelling to and from the towns of Simcoe and Delhi.
Settlements in Ontario
en:Norfolk County, Ontario
World War III is the name given to a possible third world war.
It refers to a world war that may happen.
It would be the successor to World War II (19391945).
A world war might be fought by multiple countries of the world against one other, sometimes across different continents.
An all-out war fought between two or three major powers would be a world war.
Because technology and weapons have become so advanced, most people agree that if World War III ever happens, nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons may be used.
Biological weapons are living things, usually bacteria or viruses.
Chemical weapons might not kill quickly but poison people or their land.
Together, nuclear, biological and chemical weapons are called weapons of mass destruction.
Conventional weapons, on the other hand are "normal" weapons like guns or non-nuclear bombs.
Mass destruction could damage much of the Earth and kill many humans and other living things.
Albert Einstein is often quoted as having said: "I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones".
Einstein might not have actually said this, but other things that he said show that he believed the weapons used in World War III might be so devastating that they would end civilization as we know it.
Actual events called World War III
Some events, for example the Cold War, have been called "World War III."
US President George W. Bush compared the War on Terrorism to World War III.
Neither was even remotely like what a world war would be.
The Cold War was not fought on a large scale, and the Iraq War was largely conventional and was mostly contained in one general area.
Terrorism is indeed a form of conflict, but it is not a world war.
A shotgun is a type of gun.
To make a shotgun work, gunpowder is lit by a primer inside a shotgun shell.
The gas from the burning gunpowder pushing whatever is being fired out of the barrel.
Originally, a shotgun shell would have small lead balls called "buckshot" or "birdshot".
These days instead of lead shot the cartridges have plastic balls, because lead in the environment has bad effects on wildlife.
The balls spread out when they are fired.
Sometimes a shotgun shell will have bigger shot, of bullet size, called a "slug".
A shotgun usually one or two barrels, each with a chamber to hold a shell.
These barrels can be next to each other ('side-by-side') or on top of each other ('over-and-under').
There are many types of shotguns with different ways of loading and shooting.
Some will snap open, and shells can be put inside until they are shot again.
These are called break-open shotguns.
Others hold more shells and are pumped back and forth to shoot.
These are called pump-action shotguns.
Some shotguns are semi-automatic, so each time the trigger is pulled, one shot is fired without any need to use a pump or a lever.
These are semi-automatic shotguns.
Some shotguns are fully automatic, meaning that pulling and holding the trigger back will keep shooting the gun without needing to reload until the shotgun is out of ammunition.
These are automatic shotguns.
However, the last type are uncommon.
Shotguns can also fire things that do not kill people.
Police use things like rubber balls and beanbags filled with the small metal balls instead, to cause non-deadly injuries.
Randall Rudy "Randy" Quaid (born October 1, 1950) is an American actor.
He was born in Houston, Texas and has been in many movies.
He is the brother of actor Dennis Quaid.
It is across the bay from San Francisco.
It is the county seat of Alameda County and the third-largest city in the Bay Area, after San Jose and San Francisco.
At one time, Oakland had many factories that built cars, ships and airplanes.
It is a major rail junction.
It is the home of the Athletics baseball team.
California governor Jerry Brown was once mayor of Oakland.
The current mayor is Libby Schaaf.
Kamala Harris, Vice President of the United States, former United States Senator and California Attorney General
A mosquito is a type of fly.
It is the common name of a family of flies in the order Diptera.
The females are ectoparasites: they land on warm-blooded animals, pierce a capillary, and inject saliva to stop the blood coagulating.
Then they suck up and eat the blood.
Deadly microscopic parasites often live in the saliva.
The males are nectar-feeders, and so are the females.
However, in preparation for egg-laying the females turn to blood for its protein.
Feeding & reproduction
Usually both male and female mosquitoes feed on nectar and plant juices.
In many species the mouthparts of the females are adapted for piercing the skin of animal hosts and sucking their blood as ectoparasites.
In many species, the female needs to get proteins from a blood meal before she can produce eggs.
In many other species, she can produce more eggs after a blood meal.
They lay their eggs in pools of water.
The larvae move around near the surface of the water, breathing through air tubes that stick out of the water.
They get their food from the water, usually eating algae and other tiny creatures.
They like to wiggle around near the surface, which is why some people call them wigglers.
The larvae usually enter the pupa stage within a few days or weeks of hatching, depending on the water temperature and the species.
The pupae are called tumblers because they tumble in the water if the water is touched.
Tumblers do not eat, but they move around in the water a lot, and like larvae, they breathe from tubes that stick out of the water.
The pupa stage is short (only for a few days), and then the mosquito becomes an adult.
There are many species of mosquito.
This comes about because, of those which suck blood, each species is adapted to a different host or group of hosts.