the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Alfred Phiri
1998 in association football
1998 in Europe
The 1994 FIFA World Cup was a football sporting event that was held in USA from June 17 to July 17, 1994.
24 teams took part from many countries.
Brazil won the trophy after Roberto Baggio from Italy famously missed the last penalty in a penalty shootout.
Cameroon (CMR) • Squad
Morocco (MAR) • Squad
Nigeria (NGA) • Squad
Korea Republic (KOR) • Squad
Bulgaria (BUL) • Squad
Greece (GRE) • Squad
Netherlands (NED) • Squad
Norway (NOR) • Squad
Romania (ROU) • Squad
Switzerland (SUI) • Squad
Bolivia (BOL) • Squad
Colombia (COL) • Squad
1994 in association football
The 1990 FIFA World Cup was a football (soccer) sporting event that was held in Italy from 8 June to 8 July 1990.
Germany won the trophy after beating Argentina in the final.
The 1990 FIFA World Cup had the lowest amount of goals, and had 16 red cards handed out.
However, the 1990 FIFA World Cup was one of the most watched sporting events of all time.
This was also the last World Cup that had 2 points for a win in the Group Stage.
24 teams qualified for the 1990 FIFA World Cup.
Costa Rica, Republic of Ireland and the United Arab Emirates qualified for the first time.
Egypt (EGY) • Squad
United Arab Emirates (UAE) • Squad
Austria (AUT) • Squad
Czechoslovakia (TCH) • Squad
West Germany (FRG) • Squad
Scotland (SCO) • Squad
Soviet Union (URS) • Squad
Yugoslavia (YUG) • Squad
Hosts Italy won Group A with a 100 percent record.
They beat Austria 1–0 thanks to substitute Salvatore 'Totò' Schillaci, who had played only one international before but would become a star during the tournament.
A second 1–0 victory followed against a United States team already thumped 5–1 by Czechoslovakia.
The Czechoslovaks ended runners-up in the group, while the USA's first appearance in a World Cup Finals since 1950 ended with three consecutive defeats.
Cameroon defeated reigning champions Argentina.
Despite ending the match with only nine men, the African team held on for a shock 1–0 win, with contrasting fortunes for the brothers Biyik: François Omam scoring the winning goal, shortly after seeing Andre Kana sent off for a serious foul.
In their second game the introduction of Roger Milla was the catalyst for a 2–1 win over Romania, Milla scoring twice from the bench (making him the oldest goalscorer in the tournament).
With progression assured, Cameroon slumped to a 4–0 defeat in their final group game to a Soviet Union (in what would be their last World Cup due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union) side striving to stay in the tournament on goal difference after successive 2–0 defeats.
A 1–1 draw between Romania and Argentina sent both through, the latter as one of the best third-placed teams.
Costa Rica beat Scotland 1–0 in their first match, lost 1–0 to Brazil in their second, then saw off Sweden 2–1 to claim a place in the second round.
Brazil took maximum points from the group.
They began with a 2–1 win over Sweden, then beat both Costa Rica and Scotland 1–0.
Scotland's 2–1 win over Sweden was not enough to save them from an early return home as one of the two lowest-ranked third-placed teams.
Group D featured the most goals of all the groups, due in part to the defensive inadequacies of a United Arab Emirates team that lost 2–0 to Colombia, 5–1 to West Germany and 4–1 to Yugoslavia.
West Germany topped the group after a 4–1 opening victory over group runners-up Yugoslavia.
The winners of Group E were Spain, for whom Michel hit a hat-trick as they beat South Korea 3–1 in an unbeaten group campaign.
Belgium won their first two games against South Korea and Uruguay to ensure their progress; Uruguay's advance to the second round came with an injury time winner against South Korea to edge them through as the weakest of the third-placed sides to remain in the tournament.
Group F, featured the Netherlands, England, the Republic of Ireland and Egypt.
In the six group games, no team managed to score more than once in a match.
England beat Egypt 1–0, thanks to a 64th-minute goal from Mark Wright – and that was enough to win the group.
The Republic of Ireland and the Netherlands finished with identical records.
With both teams assured of progressing, they were split by the drawing of lots to determine second and third place.
Ranking of third-placed teams
The knockout stage involved the 16 teams that qualified from the group stage of the tournament.
There were four rounds of matches, with each round eliminating half of the teams entering that round.
The successive rounds were: round of 16, quarter-finals, semi-finals, final.
There was also a play-off to decide third/fourth place.
For each game in the knockout stage, any draw at 90 minutes was followed by 30 minutes of extra time; if scores were still level there would be a penalty shoot-out (at least five penalties each, and more if necessary) to determine who progressed to the next round.
Scores after extra time are indicated by (aet), and penalty shoot outs are indicated by (p).
The all-South American game was won for Argentina by a goal from Claudio Caniggia with 10 minutes remaining after a run through the Brazilian defence by Diego Maradona and an outstanding performance from their goalkeeper Sergio Goycochea.
It would later come to light that Branco had been offered water spiked with tranquilisers by Maradona and Ricardo Giusti during half time, to slow him down in the second half.
Initially discredited by the press, Branco would be publicly proven right years later, when Maradona confessed the episode in a TV show in Argentina.
As for Italy, a strong second half showing saw the hosts beat Uruguay 2–0, thanks to another goal from Schillaci and one from Aldo Serena.
The match between West Germany and the Netherlands was held in Milan, and both sides featured several notable players from the two Milanese clubs (Germans Andreas Brehme, Lothar Matthäus and Jürgen Klinsmann for Internazionale, and Dutchmen Marco van Basten, Ruud Gullit and Frank Rijkaard for Milan).
After 22 minutes Rudi Völler and Rijkaard were both dismissed after a number of incidents (including Rijkaard spitting on Völler) between the two players left the Argentine referee with no option but to send them both off.
As the players walked off the pitch together, Rijkaard spat on Völler a second time.
Early in the second half, Jürgen Klinsmann put the West Germans ahead and Andreas Brehme added a second with eight minutes left.
A Ronald Koeman penalty for the Netherlands in the 89th minute narrowed the score to 2–1 but the Germans saw the game out to gain some revenge for their exit to the Dutch in the previous European Championship.
Meanwhile, the heroics of Cameroon and Roger Milla continued in their game with Colombia.
Milla was introduced as a second-half substitute with the game goalless, eventually breaking the deadlock midway in extra time.
Three minutes later he netted a second after Colombian goalkeeper, René Higuita was dispossessed by Milla while well out of his goal, leaving the striker free to slot the ball into the empty net.
Though the deficit was soon reduced to 2–1, Cameroon held on to become the first African team ever to reach the World Cup quarter-finals.
Costa Rica were comfortably beaten 4–1 by Czechoslovakia, for whom Tomáš Skuhravý scored the tournament's second and final hat-trick.
The Republic of Ireland's match with Romania remained goalless after extra time, and the Irish side won 5–4 on penalties.
David O'Leary converted the penalty that clinched Ireland's place in the quarter-finals.
Ireland thus became the first team since Sweden in 1938 to reach the last eight in a World Cup finals tournament without winning a match outright.
Yugoslavia beat Spain 2–1 after extra time, with Dragan Stojković scoring both the Yugoslavs' goals.
England were the final qualifier against Belgium, as midfielder David Platt's swivelling volley broke the stalemate with the game moments away from a penalty shoot-out.
The first game of the last 8 saw Argentina and a Yugoslav side, reduced to 10 men after only half an hour, play out a goalless stalemate.
The holders reached the semi-finals after winning the penalty shoot-out 3–2, despite Maradona having his penalty saved.
A second Argentine miss (by Pedro Troglio) looked to have eliminated them until goalkeeper Sergio Goycochea – playing because first choice Nery Pumpido broke his leg during the group stage – rescued his side by stopping the Yugoslavs' final two spotkicks.
The Republic of Ireland's World Cup run was brought to an end by a single goal from Schillaci in the first half of their quarter-final with hosts Italy.
West Germany beat Czechoslovakia with a 25th minute Lothar Matthäus penalty.
The most intriguing match of the quarter-finals was between England and Cameroon.
Apart from anything else, it was the only quarter-final to produce more than one goal.
Despite Cameroon's heroics earlier in the tournament, David Platt put England ahead in the 25th minute.
At half-time, Milla was brought on.
In the second half, the game was turned on its head during a five-minute stretch: first Cameroon were awarded a penalty from which Emmanuel Kunde scored the equaliser; then in the 65th minute Eugene Ekeke put Cameroon ahead.
Cameroon came within eight minutes of reaching the semi-finals before then they conceded a penalty, which Gary Lineker converted.
Midway through extra time, England were awarded another penalty, and Lineker again scored from the spot.
England were through to the semi-finals for the first time in 24 years.
The first semi-final featured the host nation, Italy, and the world champion, Argentina in Naples. '
Toto' Schillaci scored yet again to put Italy ahead in the 17th minute, but Claudio Cannigia equalised midway through the second half, breaking Walter Zenga's clean sheet streak throughout the tournament.
There were no more goals in the 90 minutes or in extra time despite Maradona (who played for Naples in Serie A at the time) in showing glimpses of magic, but there was a sending-off: Ricardo Giusti of Argentina was shown the red card in the 13th minute of extra time.
Argentina went through on penalties, winning the shoot-out 4–3 after more heroics from Goycochea.
The semi-final between West Germany and England at Juventus's home stadium in Turin was goalless at half-time.
Then, in the 60th minute, a shot from Andreas Brehme was deflected by Paul Parker into his own net.
England equalised with 10 minutes left, Gary Lineker was the scorer.
The game ended 1-1.
Extra time yielded more chances and Klinsmann was guilty of two glaring misses while both sides struck a post.
England had another Platt goal disallowed for offside.
The match went to penalties and West Germany went on to win the 4-3.
The game saw three goals in a 15-minute spell.
Roberto Baggio opened the scoring after a rare mistake by England's goalkeeper Peter Shilton, in his final game before international retirement, presented a simple opportunity.
A header by David Platt levelled the game 10 minutes later but Schillaci was fouled in the penalty area five minutes later, leading to a penalty.
Schillaci himself got up to convert the kick to win him the tournament's Golden Boot for his six-goal tally.
Nicola Berti had a goal ruled out minutes later, but the hosts claimed third place.
England had the consolation prize of the Fair Play award, having received no red cards and the lowest average number of yellows per match.
The final between West Germany and Argentina has been cited as the most cynical and lowest quality of all World Cup Finals.
In the 65th minute, Argentina's Pedro Monzon was sent off for a foul on Jürgen Klinsmann, the first player ever to be sent off in a World Cup Final.
Argentina, weakened by suspension and injury, offered little attacking threat throughout a contest dominated by the West Germans, who struggled to create many clear goalscoring opportunities.
The only goal of the contest arrived in the 85th minute when Mexican referee Edgardo Codesal awarded a penalty to West Germany, after a foul on Rudi Völler by Roberto Sensini.
Andreas Brehme, who later said there was no foul, converted the spot kick to settle the contest.
In the closing moments, Argentina were reduced to nine after Gustavo Dezotti received the second yellow card of the game when he hauled Jürgen Kohler to the ground during a stoppage in play.
The 1–0 scoreline provided another first: Argentina were the first team to fail to score in a World Cup Final.
With its third title (and three second-place finishes) West Germany – in its final tournament before national reunification – became the most successful World Cup nation at the time.
West German manager Franz Beckenbauer became the only man to both captain (in 1974) and manage a World Cup winning team, and only the second man (after Mário Zagallo of Brazil) to win the World Cup as a player and as team manager.
It was also the first time a team from UEFA won the final against a non-European team.
Marius Lăcătuş
Tomáš Shukravý
François Omam-Biyik
Michal Bílek
Milan Luhový
Paul Caligiuri
Tomas Brolin
Davor Jozić
1990 in association football
1990s in Italy
Francisco was found by Matthew J. Holman, et al.
and Brett J. Gladman, et al.
in 2003 from pictures taken in 2001 and given the designation S/2001 U 3.
Confirmed as Uranus XXII, it was named after a lord in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest.
Francisco profile  by Solar System Exploration
Warnings and watches are two levels of alert issued by national weather forecasting bodies to coastal areas threatened by the imminent approach of a tropical cyclone of tropical storm or hurricane strength.
They are notices to the local population and civil authorities to make appropriate preparation for the cyclone, including evacuation of vulnerable areas where necessary.
It is important that interests throughout the area of an alert make preparations to protect life and property, and do not disregard it on the strength of the detailed forecast track.
Tropical cyclones are not points, and forecasting their track remains an uncertain science.
A tropical storm watch is issued by the National Hurricane Center when tropical storm effects are a possible threat to an area within 48 hours.
Tropical storm effects include winds from 39 to 73 mph (35 to 64 knots, 63 to 117 km/h).
Maritime flags indicate this with a single square red flag.
A tropical storm warning is issued when tropical storm effects are expected within 36 hours or less.
Maritime flags indicate this with two square red flags.
NHC - watches and warnings
The City of Kingston is the capital and largest city of Jamaica.
It is on the southeastern coast of the island country.
It faces a natural harbour protected by the Palisadoes, a long sand spit which connects Port Royal and the norman Manley International Airport to the rest of the island.
In the Western Hemisphere, Kingston is the largest predominantly English-speaking city south of the United States, with a population of 651,880 (2001 census).
Extract from Tour Jamaica by Margaret Morris
Jamaica Library Service: brief history of Kingston
2001 Census
Accounts of 1907 Earthquake in The Times
Kingston City Guide
Jamaican Affairs - Kingston
Kingston Guide
Establishments in Jamaica
Designated Uranus XVI it was named after the monster fictional character in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest.
Caliban Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
David Jewiit pages
A tropical cyclone forecast model is a computer program that uses meteorological data to forecast where tropical cyclones will go and how strong they will be.
Models use powerful supercomputers and mathematical modeling software.
There are two general types: statistical and dynamic.
There are two main types of forecasts: track and intensity.
Tropical Cyclone Forecasters Reference Guide, Chapter 5
Model Analyses and Forecasts from NCEP
Villalba  (vee-YAHL-bah) is a municipality of Puerto Rico.
It is in the central region, northeast of Juana Díaz; south of Orocovis; and west of Coamo.
Villalba is spread over 6 wards and Villalba Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city).
1917 establishments in the United States
Stephano is a retrograde non-spherical moon of Uranus.
in 1999, and given the designation S/1999 U 2.
Confirmed as Uranus XX, it is named after the drunken butler in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest.
Stephano Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Trinculo is a retrograde non-spherical moon of Uranus.
on 2001-08-13, and given the designation S/2001 U 1.
Confirmed as Uranus XXI, it was named after the drunken jester Trinculo in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest.
David C. Jewitt pages
Scott S. Sheppard pages
Cabo Engaño is a cape near Punta de Agua, the easternmost point of the island of Hispaniola, in the Dominican Republic.
The region around the cape is very dry where cacti grow.
Sycorax is one of Uranus' moons.
It is the biggest retrograde non-spherical one of its moons.
Sycorax was found on September 6, 1997 by Brett J. Gladman, Philip D. Nicholson, Joseph A. Burns, and John J. Kavelaars.
They found it using the 200-inch Hale telescope.
They also found Caliban.
Sycorax was given the designation S/1997 U 2.
Sycorax was confirmed as Uranus XVII.
It was named after Sycorax, Caliban's mother in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest.
Sycorax follows a far orbit, more than 20 times farther from Uranus than the farthest regular moon Oberon.
Sycorax Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Wozzeck is an opera by the Austrian composer Alban Berg (1885-1935).
It was composed between 1914 and 1922 and first performed in 1925.
Berg wrote this opera before the period when he used serialism in his works.
His teacher Schoenberg had not yet developed the twelve tone system.
The music of Wozzeck has tonal music in the tradition of Mahler, but also some atonal music (music which is not based on any key) as well as melodies which are based on the whole tone scale.
The music sounded very modern at the time it was written.
Berg also writes for the voices in unusual ways: sometimes they have to half-speak, half-sing (this is called Sprechgesang).
The opera is based on a play called  Woyzeck by the German playwright Georg Büchner.
Woyzeck was an unusual drama because, instead of being a story about someone important such as a king or a god, it was about a poor man who is not very smart and is bullied and misused by other people.
When Berg wrote the opera nearly a century later, it was still an unusual story for an opera.
The heroes in operas were usually important people, while working people often had comic parts: they were often servants.
But Wozzeck is a simple man who cannot help what is happening to him.
In drama this is sometimes called an "anti-hero".
Scene 1 (Suite): Wozzeck is working as a barber.
While he is shaving the Captain, the Captain tells Wozzeck that he thinks Wozzeck leads a bad life because he has had a child with a woman (Marie) without being married to her.
Wozzeck says that it is hard for him to be good because he is poor.
He reminds the Captain that Jesus said "Let the little children come to me," (Mark 10:14).
The Captain is confused by this remark.
Scene 2 (Rhapsody and Hunting Song): Wozzeck and his friend Andres are cutting sticks as the sun is setting.
Wozzeck has scary visions: he sees the sinking sun covering the world in flames.
Scene 3 (March and Lullaby): Soldiers march by outside Marie's room.
Her neighbour, Margret, tells Marie she is bad because she is  with the soldiers.
Then Wozzeck comes and tells Marie of the terrible visions he has had.
Scene 4 (Passacaglia): The Doctor tells Wozzeck that he should not cough in the street (Büchner wrote: “piss in the street”).
He says he is doing a medical experiment.
Wozzeck is so simple that he believes him.
The doctor is glad to hear about Wozzeck’s terrible visions.
Scene 5 (Rondo): Marie admires the Drum-major outside her room.
He wants to love her.
At first she turns away from him, but then she gives in and they rush out together.
Scene 1 (Sonata-Allegro): Marie is telling her child to go to sleep while admiring earrings which the Drum-major gave her.
Wozzeck arrives.
He asks her where she got the earrings.
She says she found them.
Wozzeck does not know whether to believe her, but gives her some money and leaves.
Marie knows her behaviour is wrong.
Scene 2 (Fantasia and Fugue on 3 Themes): The Doctor rushes by the Captain in the street, who tells him to slow down.
The Doctor makes the Captain frightened by thinking of nasty illnesses that he might get.
When Wozzeck comes, they tease him by saying that Marie loves someone else.
Scene 3 (Largo): Wozzeck talks about it to Marie.
She admits that she has a boyfriend.
Wozzeck is furious.
He is about to hit her when she stops him, saying even her father never dared to hit her.
She says: "better a knife in my belly than your hands on me".
This gives Wozzeck an idea for revenge.
Scene 4 (Scherzo): Wozzeck sees Marie dancing with the Drum-major in a crowd.
Andres asks Wozzeck why he is sitting by himself.
A drunkard gives a sermon, then an idiot goes up to Wozzeck and says he can smell blood.
Scene 5 (Rondo): In the barracks at night, Wozzeck cannot sleep.
He is keeping Andres awake.
The Drum-major comes in.
He gets Wozzeck out of bed to fight with him.
Scene 1 (Invention on a Theme): In her room at night, Marie reads to herself from the Bible.
She wants to be forgiven.
Scene 2 (Invention on a Single Note (B)): Wozzeck and Marie are walking in the woods by a pond.
Marie wants to leave, but Wozzeck stops her.
The moon is shining bright red.
Wozzeck becomes determined that if he can not have Marie, no one else can, and he stabs her.
Scene 3 (Invention on a Rhythm): People are dancing in a pub.
Wozzeck enters, and when he sees Margret, he dances with her and pulls her onto his lap.
She sings, but then notices blood on his hand and elbow; everyone begins  to shout at him, and Wozzeck rushes out.
Scene 4 (Invention on a 6-Note Chord): Wozzeck goes back to the place where he killed Marie.
Wozzeck thinks that the knife he killed Marie with will prove that he is the murderer.
He  throws the knife into the pond.
When the blood-red moon appears again, he walks into the pond to try to wash the blood of his body, but he drowns.
The Captain and the Doctor, passing by, hear Wozzeck moaning and rush off in fright.
Scene 5 (Invention on an Eighth-Note moto perpetuo, quasi toccata): The next morning a group of children are playing in the sunshine.
People are telling one another that Marie's body has been found.
The children all run off to see.
Marie and Wozzeck’s little boy has been playing on a toy horse.
He stops and runs after the other children to the pond.
Berg saw Büchner's play Woyzeck in 1914.
It was the first time it had been performed in Vienna.
The play had been advertised as Wozzeck because people could not read Büchner’s handwriting.
This is why Berg uses this spelling for his opera.
Berg knew at once that he wanted to make the play into an opera.
Büchner, who had died in 1837 at the age of 23, had left the play unfinished.
Berg took fifteen scenes from the play and made them into an opera with three acts.
He composed music with a particular form for each scene so that the music develops in a very organised way.
He made changes to the libretto himself.
Though Berg began work on the opera in 1914, he was serving in the army during  World War I, so he did not have time to continue working on it until 1917.
He finished the opera in April 1922.
Erich Kleiber conducted the first performance at the Berlin State Opera on 14 December 14 1925.
It quickly became famous and was performed in all of the big opera houses in Europe.
It was so successful that Berg was able to live off of the money he earned from it.
Wozzeck was the first major opera written in a modern 20th century style.
A lot of the music is atonal (not in any key) so Berg was able to use this to express the madness of Wozzeck.
Sometimes the music becomes more tonal, especially when the story is telling about love and humanity.
He also bases some of the music about the soldiers on folksong which he treats in his own special way.
Another musical technique he uses is the leitmotif, in which particular characters or things are linked to particular themes or musical ideas.
This technique can be very useful to suggest certain things.
For example, there is a leitmotif for the earrings which the Drum major has given to Marie.
When the major makes love to Marie we hear this leitmotif.
The music makes us realize that he is not forcing her to love him but that she is willing.
In another place, the military music tells us that Marie is thinking of the Drum major.
Another leitmotif is the chord we hear when Wozzeck, near the beginning of the opera, talks about “poor folk like us”.
The chord we hear is used in other parts of the opera when characters are not strong enough to change their situation in life.
1925 works
The unit of measurement is at gram
In Norse mythology, Gram is the name of the sword of Sigurd (Siegfried).
He used it to kill the dragon Fafnir.
It was forged by Weyland the Smith and originally belonged to his father, Sigmund, who received it in the hall of the Volsung after pulling it out of a log into which Odin had stuck it–nobody else could pull it out.
The sword was destroyed and reforged at least once.
After it was reforged, it clove an anvil in half.
See Sigurd for more details on the story of Siegfried and Fafnir.
In the Nibelungenlied, Siegfried's sword is called Balmung; in Richard Wagner's Ring Cycle, it is called Nothung (Notung in more modern German).
Tantra (Sanskrit: तन्त्र "weave" meaning continuity), tantricism or tantrism is the name for a number of traditions from Indian religions.
These traditions are usually esoteric in their nature.
Tantra exists in Hindu, Bönpo, Buddhist, and Jain forms.
Tantra in its various forms has existed in South Asia, China, Japan, Tibet, Korea, Cambodia, Burma, Indonesia and Mongolia.
Second Revised Edition
First Indian Edition, Kant Publications, 2003.
Second revised reprint edition.
Two volumes.
First published 1927 by the University of Calcutta.
The Sorbs are Slavic people.
They live mostly in Germany and Poland.
There are 60,000 Sorbian people in the world.
About 25,000 people speak one of the Sorbian languages.
In Germany and Poland Sorbs do not use the old fashioned words "Wends" or "Wendish" to describe themselves.
American and Australian communities often prefer to call themselves "Wends" or "Wendish".
They think that “Sorb” and “Sorbian” are bad words.
Old literature
Neagoe Basarab
Dosoftei
Miron Costin (1633-1691)
Grigore Ureche (1590-1647)
Ion Neculce (1672-1744)
Nicolae Milescu (1636-1708)
Antim Ivireanul (1650-1617)
Dimitrie Cantemir (1673-1723)
Gheorghe Asachi (1788-1869)
Romantic writers
Ion Budai-Deleanu
Dinicu Golescu
Anton Pann
Ion Heliade-Rădulescu
Grigore Alexandrescu
Constantin Negruzzi (1808-1868)
Ion Ghica (1817-1897)
Nicolae Filimon (1891-1895)
Alexandru Odobescu (1834-1895)
Bogdan Petriceicu-Hasdeu (1838-1907)
Iosif Vulcan (1841-1907)
Petre Ispirescu
Alexandru Odobescu
Alecu Russo
Alexandru Macedonski
Barbu Delavrancea
The classics
Vasile Alecsandri (1821-1890)
Ion Creangă (1839-1889)
Ioan Slavici (1848-1925)
Mihai Eminescu (1850-1889)
Ion Luca Caragiale (1852-1912)
Inter-war literature
Transition literature
Duiliu Zamfirescu
Alexandru Davila
Ion Agârbiceanu (1882-1963)
Gala Galaction (1879-1961)
Constantin Stere (1865-1936)
Nicolae Iorga
Emil Gârleanu
Female authors
Hortensia Papadat-Bengescu (1876-1955)
Martha Bibescu (1886-1973)
Elena Farago (1878-1954)
Ioana Postelnicu (b. 1910)
Elena Văcărescu (1864-1947)
Analytical prose
Gib Mihăescu (1894-1935)
Camil Petrescu (1894-1957)
Mihail Sebastian (1907-1945)
Ion Vinea
Realist prose
Ion Agârbiceanu
Adrian Maniu
Ion Marin Sadoveanu
Eugeniu Botez (1877-1933)
George Călinescu (1899-1965)
Eugen Lovinescu (1881-1943)
Cezar Petrescu (1892-1961)
Liviu Rebreanu (1885-1944)
Mihail Sadoveanu (1889-1961)
Vasile Voiculescu
Mihail Sorbul
Ion Al.
Brătescu-Voineşti
Alexandru Kiriţescu
George Călinescu
Alexandru Philippide
George Mihail Zamfirescu
Poetic novels
Tudor Arghezi (1880-1967)
Mateiu Caragiale (1885-1936)
Fantastic prose
Mircea Eliade (1907-1986)
Vasile Voiculescu (1884-1963)
Gellu Naum (1915-2001)
Vladimir Colin (1921-1991)
Urmuz (1883-1923) - experimental novels
Benjamin Fundoianu
Panait Istrati (1884-1935) - exotic prose
Ionel Teodoreanu (1897-1954) - youth novels
Victor Eftimiu
Tudor Muşatescu
George Ciprian
Pavel Dan
Geo Bogza
Post-war period
Mainstream prose
Radu Tudoran
Eugen Jebeleanu
Emil Botta
Aurel Baranga
Horia Vintilă
Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu
Gellu Naum
Horia Lovinescu
Ion D. Sârbu
Marin Preda
Ştefan Augustin Doinaş
Petru Dumitriu
Constantin Chiriţǎ
A. E. Baconsky (1925-1977)
Eugen Barbu (1924-1993)
Nicolae Breban (b. 1934)
Alexandru Ivasiuc (1933-1977)
Fănuş Neagu (b. 1932)
Dumitru Radu Popescu (b. 1935)
Marin Preda (1922-1980)
Dinu Săraru (b. 1932)
Zaharia Stancu (1902-1974)
Constantin Ţoiu (b. 1923)
Ioan Alexandru
Ştefan Bǎnulescu
Teodor Mazilu
Titus Popovici
Dumitru Solomon
Dumitru Ţepeneag (b. 1937)
Geo Bogza (1908-1993)
Rodica Ojog-Braşoveanu (1939-2002)
Constantin Chiriţă (1925-1991)
Brenda Stress (b. 1983)
Radu Tudoran (1917-1992)
Haralamb Zincă (b. 1923)
Doru Davidovici (1945-1989)
George Bacovia
Gheorghe Bajenaru
Mihai Beniuc
Lucian Blaga
Dan Botta
Leonid Dimov
Carmen Firan
Octavian Goga
Nicolae Labiş
Ion Minulescu
Ion Pillat
Nichita Stanescu
George Topîrceanu
Dorin Tudoran
Elena Liliana Popescu
Ilarie Voronca
Romanian diaspora
Cristian Petru Bălan (b. 1936)
Matei Călinescu (b. 1934)
Andrei Codrescu (b. 1946)
Dan Dănilă (b. 1954)
Virgil Gheorghiu (1916-1992)
Paul Goma (b. 1935)
Leonard Oprea (b. 1953)
Contemporary writers
Gabriela Adameşteanu (b. 1942)
Duşan Baiski (b. 1955)
Carmen-Francesca Banciu (b. 1955)
T. O. Bobe (b. 1969)
Rodica Bretin (b.1958)
Augustin Buzura (b. 1938)
Mircea Cărtărescu (b. 1956)
Mircea Ciobanu (1940-1997)
Ioan Mihai Cochinescu (b. 1951)
Virgil Duda (b. 1939)
Ion Hobana (b.1931)
Mircea Nedelciu (1950-1999)
Alexandru Paleologu (1919-2005)
Octavian Paler (1927-2007)
Dora Pavel (b. 1946)
Elena Liliana Popescu (b. 1948)
Camelian Propinatiu (b. 1951)
Răzvan Rădulescu (b. 1967)
Ion Vianu (b. 1934)
Essays and philosophy
Lucian Blaga (1895-1961)
Emil Cioran (1911-1995)
Ioan Petru Culianu (1950-1991)
Nae Ionescu (1890-1940)
Adrian Marino (1921-2005)
Constantin Noica (1909-1987)
Nicolae Steinhardt (1912-1989)
Petre Ţuţea (1902-1991)
Mircea Vulcănescu (1904-1952)
Sorin Antohi (b. 1957)
Gabriel Liiceanu (b. 1942)
Horia-Roman Patapievici (b. 1957)
Andrei Pleşu (b. 1948)
Mihai Şora (b. 1916)
Titu Maiorescu (1840-1917)
Eugen Lovinescu (1881-1946)
George Călinescu (1889-1965)
Tudor Vianu (1897-1964)
Şerban Cioculescu (1902-1988)
Eugen Simion (b. 1933)
Nicolae Manolescu (b. 1939)
Virgil Nemoianu (b. 1940)
Constantin Rădulescu-Motru (1868-1957)
Eugen Ionescu (1909-1994)
Tudor Muşatescu (1930-1980)
Marin Sorescu (1936-1997)
Lists of writers by nationality
Almazán is a city in Castilla y León, in Spain.
The city name comes from Arabic.
There it means The fortified place.
It is located about 32 km south of the capital of the province (Valladolid), and about 192 km from Madrid.
Today, about 5.700 people live there.
The city has a long history.
In it, the Pedro IV of Aragon and Enrique II of Castilla signed the truce between Castillla and Aragon.
Juan Hurtado de Mendoza was the majordomo of king Enrique III.
The king Enrique IV of Castilla gave the city to him.
He also got to supervise the city.
Later the duchy was divided into two different parts.
The city itself was governed by the Alcalde Mayor.
He was helped by a committee of people from the city (3 noblemen, and 3 from the Hidalgo class).
The city belonged to the county of Altamira.
The counts descended from Hernando de Mendoza.
Diego Laínez was a Jesuit monk who was born in the city.
He was a companion to San Ignacio de Loyola.
He also succeeded him as head of the Society of Jesus, a Catholic religious order.
Laínez later had a large influence in the Council of Trent.
Most of the city is built in a Romanesque style.
There are also some examples of Baroque, Renaissance and Gothic art styles.
St. Michael's church, an example of Romanesque architecture
St. Vincent's church, as an example of Romanesque architecture.
It has been converted.
It is a culture hall today.
The hermit's place of Jesus of Nazareth
El Románico de la ribera del Duero
Recorrido fotográfico por San Miguel de Almazán
Cities in Castile and León
Municipalities in Castile and León
Settlements in Soria
His mandala is yellow and is in the southern direction.
Ratnasambhava embodies Dharma that changes pride, miserliness and avarice into equanimity.
He is shown with his right hand extended down, palm facing outwards.
His left hand holds a precious jewel in his lap.
He is associated with changing poverty into wealth.
Ratnasambhava’s blessings allow us to overcome pride and miserliness, thereby developing inner calm.
The wealth-giving Buddhas or Jambhalas are associated with the family of Ratnasambhava.
de:Adibuddha#Ratnasambhava
Hydrangea, common name Hortensia,  is a genus of 70-80 species of flowers.
The earliest kinds of hydrangea came from southern and eastern Asia.
Flora of China at efloras.org
The Mandala acts as a support for anyone in meditation.
The Mandala itself is often illustrated as a palace with four gates, facing the four corners of the Earth.
It is a symbol that represents wholeness, and can be seen as a model for the structure of life itself.
There are generally symbols within it that represent something.
Margaret is the only prograde non-spherical moon of Uranus.
It was found by Scott S. Sheppard, et al.
in 2003 and given the designation S/2003 U 3.
Confirmed as Uranus XXIII, it was named after the servant of Hero in William Shakespeare's play Much Ado About Nothing
Margaret stands out as the only prograde non-spherical moon of Uranus.
The diagram illustrates the orbital parameters of Margaret, unique  among the non-spherical moons of Uranus, with inclination on the vertical axis and the eccentricity of the orbits represented by the segments extending from the pericentre to the apocentre.
Ephemeris: IAU-NSES
Mean orbital parameters: NASA JPL
Margaret Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Joanot Martorell (1413 – 1468) was the Valencian author of the novel Tirant lo Blanch, which is written in the Valencian dialect (Martorell calls it "the Valencian vernacular" "vulgar llengua valenciana" used in the Crown of Aragon).
First published in Valencia in 1490, it was reprinted in Barcelona in 1497, and some consider it the first modern novel in Europe.
It deals with the adventures of a knight in the Byzantine Empire with echoes of the real-life Catalan Company.
Miguel de Cervantes in the book burning scene of Don Quixote considers it the best knight novel.
Martorell himself was a chivalrous man and suffered an early death due to court intrigue, leading to a colleague, Marti Joan de Galba, finishing the novel.
Tirant lo blanc, by Joanot Martorell (Lletra, espai virtual de literatura)
1413 births
People from the Community of Valencia
St Albans is the main urban area of the City and District of St Albans in Hertfordshire, England.
It is 22 miles (35 km) north of London.
St Albans is the former Roman town of Verulamium.
It was originally named Verlamion by the Celtic Catuvellauni tribe, and Verulamium by the Romans.
It was the first major town on the old Roman road of Watling Street for travellers heading north.
Many of the Roman walls were knocked down by William the Conqueror and used to build St Albans Abbey, otherwise known as St Albans Cathedral.
The town had many notable buildings but most were knocked down by Henry VIII.
The only building left is the abbey.
Though many other buildings have been built nearby Ye Old Fighting Cocks, which claims to be the oldest pub in the UK, a Roman amphitheatre and hypocaust floor, a disused bear baiting square in Verulamium Park, and the imposing Rats Castle at the top of Hatfield Road as well as Roman Verulanium Museum
The bones of St. Alban, the first English martyr, were kept in the Abbey in a shrine, but were stolen during the 19th century.
They were smuggled out of the country into Munich.
A few years ago The German Cathedral sent the shoulder bone of St. Alban and it is kept in the shrine behind a curtain
St Albans School is a public school.
It occupies a site to the west of the Abbey, which includes the 14th century Abbey Gateway.
The school was founded in AD 948 and is the only school in the English-speaking world to have educated a Pope.
Adrian IV was the only Englishman to become Pope.
Important people from St Albans
Nicholas Breakspear (or Breakespeare, c.1100–1159), later Pope Adrian IV, was born in Abbots Langley, and attended school in St Albans.
Nicholas Bacon (1509–1579), Lord Keeper of the Great Seal under Queen Elizabeth I, built Old Gorhambury House.
Francis Bacon (1561–1626), noted philosopher, scientist and statesman, lived at Old Gorhambury House.
Bacon was styled 'Viscount St Albans' from 1618.
Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough (1660–1744), wife of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough and close friend of Queen Anne, was born in St Albans.
Edmund Beckett, 1st Baron Grimthorpe (Lord Grimthorpe) (1816–1905), lawyer, amateur horologist, and architect; best known locally for rebuilding the west front of St Albans Cathedral in 1880-1885 at his own expense, but also designed Big Ben.
Lived at Batchwood Hall.
Cuthbert Thicknesse (1887–1971), 4th Dean of St Albans Cathedral 1936–1955, objected to the use of nuclear weapons in August 1945, and refused to let the cathedral's bells be rung on VJ Day.
Stanley Kubrick (1928–1999), film director, lived in Childwickbury Manor, to the north-west of the town, from 1978 until his death
Stephen Hawking (b 1942), theoretical physicist, was educated at St Albans School.
Sir Stephen Lander (b 1947), former head of MI5, has lived in St Albans for many years.
St Albans - Official website
The City of Lancaster (2002 population: 133,914) is a local government district in Lancashire, England.
Its main town is Lancaster, from which it obtained its city status.
Other towns in the district include Morecambe, Heysham, Slyne, and Carnforth.
District and borough councils in Lancashire
The Vice Chancellor is the deputy of the Federal Chancellor.
He acts for the Chancellor if he cannot act, or if there is no chancellor.
The Vice Chancellor is also a federal minister, and in a coalition government is usually the leader of the minority party.
List of Vice Chancellors
German Empire (Allgemeiner Stellvertreter des Reichskanzlers)
Weimar Republic (Allgemeiner Stellvertreter des Reichskanzlers)
Peripheral equipment (also called: input and output devices) connects a computer to other things.
It gives a computer system more features.
Input is anything that goes in and output is anything that goes out.
Any device for the computer that the computer can work without is peripheral equipment.
This equipment is always separated from the central processing unit (CPU) by a device controller.
Peripheral equipment is necessary for people to interact with a computer system.
Some peripheral equipment displays information (such as a computer monitor).
Some peripherals, such as touchscreens, work for both input and output.
Peripheral equipment is often labelled I/O device (Input/Output device).
I/O devices are connected to a device controller which is connected to the electronics in the computer system.
An example of an output device is a set of computer speakers.
Computer speakers are plugged into a device controller called an audio device.
The device is connected to the rest of the system inside.
An example of an input device is a computer mouse.
It is connected in the same way as an output device.
Most peripherals connect by cable but some connect by Bluetooth radio.
Sometimes extra memory devices such as a second hard disk can be called peripheral equipment.
People who make computer programs call everything except the processor and main memory an I/O device.
To an engineer working on the design of a processor, everything except the processor is called an I/O device.
An input device is anything that puts information inside a computer.
It is a hardware device that sends information into the CPU.
Without any input devices a computer would simply be a display device and not allow users to interact with it, similar to a TV.
Below is a listing of different types of computer input devices.
Computer mouse: The device for moving the cursor or arrow around the screen.
Digital camera: A digital camera takes pictures to put into the computer.
The pictures become information inside the computer.
Image scanner: Digitizes a document or other two-dimensional object.
Keyboard: The device for typing characters into the computer.
Input/Output devices
Hard disk: A data storage device
Optical drive: Reads and writes CDs and DVDs
Other data storage devices
The Federal Ministry of Marshall Plan Affairs was one of the first ministries of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Its job was to oversee the rebuilding of the new republic using money and aid given by the United States as part of the European Recovery Programme, which was usually called the Marshall Plan.
The Marshall Plan (officially called the European Recovery Program [ERP]) was a plan of the United States for rebuilding the allied countries of Europe after World War II.
One of the main reasons this was done was to stop communism and the USSR.
The plan ran for four years beginning in April 1948.
During that period US$ 13 billion in economic and technical help were given to help the recovery of the European countries that had joined in the Organization for European Economic Co-operation.
In recent years some historians have said that another reason for the plan was to make the United States stronger, and to make the countries of western Europe need the United States.
They also say that the United Nations (UN) Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, which helped millions of refugees from 1944 to 1947, it also helped the European postwar recovery.
Alternatives to the Marshall Plan
Morgenthau plan
U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau, Jr. said that if Europe needed money to rebuild what had been destroyed by the war, they should take it from Germany.
This money was called war reparations.
Morgenthau said it would also stop Germany from ever being rebuilt, and threatening to start another war.
Taking money from Germany was done after World War I. It did not work.
Instead of helping other countries it hurt them.
This is because companies could not sell the coal and steel that they made because it was coming in free from Germany.
Monnet plan
Jean Monnet of France said that France should control the German coal areas of the Ruhr and Saar and use it to rebuild French industry.
In 1946 the occupying powers agreed to put strict limits on how quickly Germany could reindustrialize.
Limits were placed on how much coal and steel could be produced.
Level of industry agreement
This was the first German industrial plan.
It was signed in early 1946 and said that German heavy industry was to be cut down to half% of its 1938 levels by the destroying 1,500 manufacturing plants.
By the end of 1946 governments could see the problems of the plan, and the agreement was changed several times, the last time in 1949.
But dismantling factories went on into 1950.
Germany had been very important to the economy of Europe for a long time.
This meant that a poor Germany was holding back European recovery, because other countries could not sell so many things to Germany.
A poor Germany was also expensive for the occupying powers.
They had to give Germany food and other things which it needed and could not grow or make for itself anymore.
The Marshall Plan ended in 1952.
Ideas to extend it were stopped because of the cost of the Korean War and rearmament.
U.S. Republicans hostile to the plan had also gained seats in the 1950 Congressional elections.
The Marshall Plan has been described as "the most unselfish act in history."
However, this may not be the case.
The United States benefited from the plan because part of the agreement for giving the aid was that the country would have to open up their economies to US companies.
"Historical revisionist" historians, such as Walter LaFeber, during the 1960s and 1970s said that the plan was American economic imperialism.
That means, that it was an attempt to gain control over Western Europe just as the Soviets controlled Eastern Europe.
Tyler Cowen, economist, has said that nations receiving the most aid from the Marshall Plan (Britain, Sweden, Greece) saw the least returns and grew the least between 1947 and 1955.
Those nations who received little (e.g. Austria) grew the most.
When he looked at West Germany's economy from 1945 to 1951, German analyst Werner Abelshauser decided that foreign aid was not needed to start the recovery or to keep it going.
Cowen found that the economic recoveries of France, Italy, and Belgium, started before the Marshall Plan.
Belgium relied heavily on free market economic policies after its liberation in 1944, and had the fastest recovery.
It also did not have the severe housing and food shortages seen in the rest of continental Europe.
Alliance for Progress failed Central and South American Marshall Plan.
GARIOA (Government and Relief in Occupied Areas) The precursor of the Marshall plan aid.
Morgenthau plan Post-surrender plan for Germany
The industrial plans for Germany
Bureaucracy, the Marshall Plan, and the National Interest.
Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1972.
Agnew, John and J. Nicholas Entrikin, eds.
The Marshall Plan Today: Model and Metaphor.
Routledge. (
2004) online version
John Bledsoe Bonds; Bipartisan Strategy: Selling the Marshall Plan Praeger, 2002 online version
Bothwell, Robert.
The Big Chill: Canada and the Cold War.
Canadian Institute for International Affairs/Institut Canadien des Affaires Internationales Contemporary Affairs Series, No.
Toronto: Irwin Publishing Ltd., 1998.
Crafts, Nicholas, and Gianni Toniolo, eds.
Economic Growth in Europe Since 1945.
Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Djelic, Marie-Laure A.; Exporting the American Model: The Post-War Transformation of European Business.
Oxford University Press, 1998 online version
Chiarella Esposito; America's Feeble Weapon: Funding the Marshall Plan in France and Italy, 1948 – 1950, Greenwood Press, 1994 online version
Fossedal, Gregory A. Our Finest Hour: Will Clayton, the Marshall Plan, and the Triumph of Democracy.
Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1993.
Gaddis, John Lewis.
We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
Grogin, Robert C. Natural Enemies: The United States and the Soviet Union in the Cold War, 1917 – 1991.
Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2001.
Hogan, Michael J. The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947 – 1952.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Matthias Kipping and Ove Bjarnar; The Americanisation of European Business: The Marshall Plan and the Transfer of Us Management Models Routledge, 1998 online version
Mee, Charles L. The Marshall Plan: The Launching of the Pax Americana.
New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984.
Milward, Alan S. The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945 – 51.
London: Methuen, 1984.
Schain, Martin, ed.
The Marshall Plan: Fifty Years After.
New York: Palgrave, 2001.
Stueck, William Whitney, ed.
The Korean War in World History.
Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 2004.
Rhiannon Vickers; Manipulating Hegemony: State Power, Labour and the Marshall Plan in Britain Palgrave Publishers, 2000 online edition
Wallich, Henry Christopher.
Mainsprings of the German Revival.
New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955.
Wasser, Solidelle F. and Michael L. Dolfman; "BLS and the Marshall Plan: The Forgotten Story: The Statistical Technical Assistance of BLS Increased Productive Efficiency and Labor Productivity in Western European Industry after World War II; Technological Literature Surveys and Plan-Organized Plant Visits Supplemented Instruction in Statistical Measurement," Monthly Labor Review, Vol.
128, 2005
Wend, Henry Burke; Recovery and Restoration: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Politics of Reconstruction of West Germany's Shipbuilding Industry, 1945 – 1955.
Praeger, 2001 online version
John Gimbel "The origins of the Marshall plan" (Stanford University Press, 1976). (
reviewed here)
Greg Behrman The Most Noble Adventure: The Marshall Plan and the Time When America Helped Save Europe (Free Press, 2007)
The German Marshall Fund of the United States