the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Also, many of the officers who would lead troops in the American Civil War fought in the Mexican-American War would use their experiences.
Nevada and California became part of the US with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
Before then, Nevada was part of Alta California, which is now California, Baja California, Utah, about a quarter of Colorado, parts of Arizona, Wyoming and New Mexico.
Library of Congress Guide to the Mexican War
The Handbook of Texas Online: Mexican War
Manifest Destiny and the U.S.-Mexican War: Then and Now
Mexican-American War Citizendium
1840s in the United States
1840s in Mexico
The European Revolutions of 1848 were a series of revolts in Europe.
In some places they are called Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution.
These revolutions started in January with a Palermo republican uprising.
The larger French Revolution of 1848 in February was followed in March by several other revolutions amongst them the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states.
In Ireland, the rebellions began because of famine conditions in their country.
1848 in Europe
Edvard Grieg (born 15 June 1843 Bergen, Norway; died 4 September 1907) was a Norwegian composer and pianist who composed in the Romantic period.
He is Norway’s most famous composer.
He is best known for his Piano Concerto in A minor and for his incidental music to Henrik Ibsen's play Peer Gynt, which includes movements called Aubade and In the Hall of the Mountain King.
He wrote many pieces for piano, including a collection of 66 pieces called Lyric Pieces.
He also wrote songs to Norwegian and to German words.
Grieg was born in Bergen on 15 June 1843.
His ancestors were Scottish people who had moved to Norway around 1770.
The original family name was spelt "Greig".
Grieg came from a musical home.
His mother was his first piano teacher.
He went to several schools, and started composing when he was young.
He used to take his compositions to school, but the teacher did not show much interest in them.
In the summer of 1858 Grieg met the great Norwegian violinist Ole Bull, who was a friend of the family, and whose brother was married to Grieg's aunt.
Bull noticed the 15-year-old boy's talent and persuaded his parents to let him go to Leipzig in Germany to study music.
Grieg enrolled in the conservatory, concentrating on the piano, and enjoyed all the concerts and recitals given in Leipzig.
He did not like the discipline of the conservatory course of study, but he still got very good grades.
The first piano recital he gave was in Sweden.
In 1862 he finished his studies in Leipzig and went back to Bergen where he gave another recital.
In 1863 Grieg went to Copenhagen, Denmark, and stayed there for three years.
He met the Danish composers J. P. E. Hartman, and Niels Gade.
Gade told him to go and write a symphony.
Grieg did not feel happy writing a long symphony although he did try.
He also met the Norwegian composer Rikard Nordraak who had composed the Norwegian national anthem.
Nordraak showed Grieg how wonderful Norwegian folk music was.
Grieg had hardly heard any Norwegian folk music until then.
When Nordraak died, Grieg composed a funeral march in his honour.
Mature years
On 11 June 1867, Grieg married his first cousin Nina.
The next year their only child, Alexandra, was born.
The following summer, Grieg wrote his Piano Concerto in A minor while on holiday in Denmark.
Edmund Neupert gave the concerto its first performance on 3 April 1869 in the Casino Theater in Copenhagen.
Grieg himself was unable to be there because he was conducting in Christiana (now called “Oslo”).
In 1870, he met Franz Liszt in Rome.
Liszt had made it possible for Grieg to get a travel grant.
They played Grieg's Violin Sonata No.
1 together, which Liszt liked very much.
On a second visit, in April, Grieg brought with him the manuscript of his Piano Concerto which Liszt played by sight.
Liszt gave him some advice about the orchestration.
Grieg spent most of his time conducting and playing the piano in concerts.
He often travelled, and in 1876 he went to Bayreuth to hear the first performance of Wagner’s Ring cycle.
He wrote a review of the operas for a Norwegian newspaper.
In 1876, Ibsen asked Grieg to write some incidental music for the first performance of the play he had written about the Norwegian hero Peer Gynt.
Many of the pieces from this work became very popular.
They are played by orchestras as well as in arrangements for piano or for piano duet.
In 1883 he and wife parted for a while, although friends managed to persuade the couple to come together again and they spent four months in Rome.
They built a house called Troldhaugen in Bergen, with a view of the fjord.
They moved into the house in 1885 and Grieg lived there for the rest of his life.
They continued to travel and give concerts.
Nina had a good voice and sang her husband’s songs.
Grieg only performed his own works at concerts.
During his last years he received many honours.
In his later life Grieg became famous, although never rich.
The Norwegian government gave him a pension.
Grieg made some recordings of his piano pieces.
These are some of the very first gramophone recordings that were made.
The sound is not very good, but they show that Grieg was an excellent pianist.
He also recorded music rolls on a pianola.
Edvard Grieg died in the autumn of 1907, aged 64, after a long illness.
He had suffered from respiratory problems ever since he was very ill in 1860 as a student in Leipzig.
At his funeral thousands of people went out on the streets of his home town to honour him.
Following his wish, his own funeral march for Rikard Nordraak was played, as well as the funeral march by Frederic Chopin.
His and his wife's ashes are buried in a mountain crypt near his house, Troldhaugen.
Grieg was often inspired by Norwegian folk music.
This can be heard in his songs and some of his instrumental music.
His chamber music includes 3 violin sonatas and a cello sonata as well as a piano sonata and many shorter piano pieces.
However, he has become very well known all over the world through his Piano Concerto and his music for Peer Gynt.
Another popular work is his Holberg Suite which was originally written for the piano but later arranged for string orchestra.
The famous opening of Grieg’s Piano Concerto featured in a comedy sketch by Morecambe and Wise in the 1970s.
The conductor André Previn was their special guest in the sketch which has become a classic.
1907 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Norway
Norwegian composers
People from Bergen
Palmyra Atoll is an island in the North Pacific Ocean.
No one lives there, but 4 to 20 people use this island, mainly scientists.
It is managed as a nature reserve by the United States.
It is known as the Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge.
In 2005, a team of scientists from around the world started to build a research station on the island.
They wanted to gain a deeper understanding of the environment of the island.
Palmyra Atoll was claimed by the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1862, and was taken by the United States in 1898 along with Hawaii.
The atoll was not included in the Hawaii Admission Act of 1959, which made Hawaii a state, so it remained a US territory.
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/um.html
Palmyra atoll
Palmyra Island
Palmyra Atoll NWR
The Curse of Palmyra Island – article
The Curse of Palmyra Island – free book
The Nature Conservancy in Palmyra Atoll
Palmyra Atoll Research Consortium
United States v. Fullard-Leo (Supreme Court opinion; includes a history of the island's ownership)
WorldStatesmen- U.S.
History of Palmyra Atoll
The Palmyra Gazette
It is the farthest north of the Northern Line Islands.
It is only sometimes above water.
K5K Amateur Radio Expedition to Kingman Reef
Kennedy Warne: "An Uneasy Eden" — National Geographic Magazine, July 2008
Jarvis Island (; formerly known as Bunker Island) is an uninhabited island owned by the United States.
The small island is a part of the United States Minor Outlying Islands, a group of mostly uninhabited islands.
Jarvis Island was officially made part of the United States in 1858.
People used to mine guano there, but they then abandoned it.
The United States treats it as a nature reserve.
Located 25 miles south of the equator, Jarvis Island, is an uninhabited coral island located in the South Pacific Ocean.
Jarvis has no known natural freshwater sources, and very little rain.
This creates a very bleak, flat landscape with plants no larger than shrubs.
Jarvis Island has no ports or docks, other than a reef the guano miners blew up in order for the cargo boats to be able to drop anchor.
Its grass, vines and low-growing bushes are primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for wildlife.
The island has a tropical desert climate, with high temperatures in the day, constant wind, and a very hot sun.
There is no evidence that the island has ever supported a native human population, but on August 30, 1913, the Amaranth was carrying a cargo of coal from Newcastle, New South Wales, to San Francisco when it crashed on Jarvis' southern shore.
Ruins of ten wooden buildings, and a two-story house among them, could still be seen by the Amaranth crew, who left Jarvis aboard two lifeboats.
Also, Settlers were moved to Jarvis Island in 1935 to maintain a weather station and plan a landing field.
A settlement called Millersville was established on the west coast of the island because of it was the highest elevation.
The Japanese shelled the island in 1942 and the men living on Jarvis were evacuated soon afterward.
The United States claimed possession of Jarvis under the Guano Islands Act of 1856.
The Act gave American citizens the right to claim any unclaimed, uninhabited islands for the purpose of mining guano.
Because at the time guano was a very valuable asset used for fertilizer.
Jarvis Island Home Page Website with photos, weather, and more.
Jarvis Island information website  Has several photos of the old Millersville settlement, together with more modern photos of the island.
WorldStatesmen Offers brief data on Jarvis island.
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Jarvis Island National Wildlife Refuge The Jarvis Island refuge site.
Robert Edward Lee (January 19, 1807 – October 12, 1870) was a colonel in the United States Army.
He became the General-in-chief of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.
He led the Army of Northern Virginia in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War.
He started out as an engineer but then moved up the ranks.
Before the Civil War, Lee was an officer in the Mexican-American War.
He was also head of West Point.
As a colonel in the United States Army he led a battalion of marines to put down the rebellion at Harpers Ferry Armory and captured their leader, John Brown.
Lee was born at Stratford Hall in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on January 19, 1807.
His parents were American Revolutionary War General and Governor of Virginia, Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee, and his wife, Anne Carter Lee.
In 1818, Lee's father died in the West Indies without ever seeing his son again.
Robert was raised by his mother in Alexandria, Virginia.
Washington ancestry
Lee and George Washington were both descendants of Augustine Warner, Sr.
and his wife, Mary Towneley Warner.
Lee was descended through their daughter, Sarah.
Washington was descended through their son, Augustine, Jr. Lee and Washington were third cousins, twice removed.
Lee attended Eastern View, a school in Fauquier County, Virginia.
He may have attended schools in Shirley, Virginia, and in Alexandria, Virginia.
His mother instructed him in the Episcopalian faith.
Lee attended the United States Military Academy at West Point, and graduated second in the class of 1829.
On June 30, 1831, Lee married Mary Custis at Arlington House.
She was the granddaughter of George Washington's stepson, John Parke Custis.
They made their home at Arlington House.
Middle years
Lee fought in the Mexican–American War under General Winfield Scott as a captain.
Later, Scott wrote about Lee calling him "the very best soldier I ever saw in the field."
After the war, Lee helped the army build forts.
In 1855, Lee became a lieutenant colonel, and joined a cavalry regiment.
As a Colonel, Lee was called on to stop the "slave rebellion", otherwise known as John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry.
Brown's raid was ended in less than an hour by Lee.
Lee inherited a number of slaves with Arlington House.
He proved not to be a very good slave master.
He tried kindness and refused to use torture.
But the slaves knew their freedom had been granted them in the will and refused to work.
Lee wanted to grant them their freedom but needed them to help him see out the work at Arlington House.
Personally, Lee hated slavery calling it an "evil" to both blacks and whites.
But he thought it had to be ended gradually or the economy of the South would wikt:collapse.
But Lee did agree with other Southerners thinking that blacks were inferior.
He believed God would work out the problem in his own time.
Lee, like Thomas Jefferson had mixed feelings about slavery.
The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 caused several states to secede in protest.
This put Lee in a difficult position.
The newly formed Confederate States of America offered Lee the rank of brigadier general.
Lee did not respond to the offer.
Winfield Scott offered him command of the army of U.S. volunteers.
He didn't answer this offer, either.
Between April 12–14, 1861, U.S. troops were bombarded at Fort Sumter at Charleston, South Carolina.
The same day Virginia seceded from the Union.
Lee did not support secession but he could not fight his own state of Virginia.
Lee resigned his U.S. Army commission on April 22, 1861, at Arlington House.
He told his friends that he would not be a part of an invasion of the South.
Several days later he accepted command of all Virginia forces.
At first, Lee did not command any soldiers in battle.
Instead, he helped Confederate president Jefferson Davis make military decisions.
In 1862, he became the commander of the Army of Northern Virginia.
He would lead the army for the rest of the war.
He would win many battles, even though the Union army in the battles had more men and weapons.
At the Battle of Gettysburg, he tried to invade the Union in order to end the war.
But his army was defeated and he had to retreat back into Virginia.
During 1864 and 1865, Lee fought Union general Ulysses S. Grant in Virginia.
During the end of 1864 and the beginning of 1865, Lee and Grant fought near Richmond, Virginia in a series of battles called the Siege of Petersburg.
In April 1865, Grant forced Lee to retreat from Richmond.
After a series of battles, Grant surrounded Lee near Appomattox Courthouse and forced Lee to surrender.
Before he surrendered, he said "I would rather die a thousand deaths than surrender".
President Andrew Johnson issued a proclamation granting amnesty and pardon to those Confederates who were a part of the rebellion against the United States.
It contained 14 exempted classes and members of these groups had to make an application to the President of the United States asking for a pardon.
Lee sent an application to General Grant.
On June 13, 1865, Lee wrote to President Johnson:
On October 2, 1865, Lee became president of Washington College in Virginia.
That same day Lee signed his Amnesty Oath as required by President Johnson.
But Lee was not pardoned and his citizenship was not restored.
His amnesty oath was found over a hundred years later in the National Archives.
It appears United States Secretary of State William H. Seward had given the application to a friend to keep as a souvenir.
The State Department had simply ignored Lee's application and it was never granted.
In a 1975 Joint resolution by the United States Congress, Lee's rights as a citizen were restored with the effective date of June 13, 1865.
The act was signed into law by President Gerald R. Ford on August 5, 1975.
Lee had a stroke on September 28, 1870 and died on October 12, 1870.
Washington College changed its name to Washington and Lee University in Lee's honor.
Lee's birthday is celebrated in several southern states as a holiday.
Civil War Journal - Robert E. Lee; YouTube
Robert E. Lee in the Post-War Years (Lecture); YouTube
Document for October 2nd: Robert E. Lee’s Amnesty Oath, 10/02/1865; National Archives
Surrender at Appomattox, 1865
1807 births
Ayya Vaikundar appeared after the incarnation, above the sea of Thiruchendur.
Croquet invented in Ireland.
Mormon religion founded in New York.
Belgium founded.
Ecuador declares independence.
Queen Victoria becomes ruler of Great Britain.
Emperor Francis II (Austria)
Frederick William III of Prussia (Prussia)
King Ferdinand VII (Spain)
King William IV (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister Lord Grey (United Kingdom)
President Andrew Jackson (United States)
Fath Ali Shah, 1797–1834
Mohammad Shah Qajar, 1834–1848
Emily Dickinson, writer
Gustave Eiffel, engineer
Johannes Brahms, German musician
Alfred Nobel, inventor
Grover Cleveland, politician
Simón Bolívar, leader
Jean-François Champollion, Egyptologist
Sir Walter Scott, writer
James Weddell, explorer
Alexander Puskin, writer
Greek War for Independence
Much of South America declares independence from Spain.
Emir Dost Mohammad Khan (Afghanistan)
Supreme director José Rondeau (Argentina)
Acting supreme director Juan Pedro Julián Aguirre y López de Anaya (Argentina)
President Bernardino Rivadavia (Argentina)
President Vicente López y Planes (Argentina)
General Manuel Dorrego (Argentina)
General Juan Manuel de Rosas (Argentina)
Sheikh Sulman ibn Ahmad Al Khalifah (Bahrain)
Sheikh Khalifah ibn Sulman Al Khalifah (Bahrain)
Administrative leader Tendzin Drugdra (Bhutan)
Administrative leader Choki Gyaltshen (Bhutan)
President Simón Bolívar (Bolivia)
President Antonio José de Sucre (Bolivia)
President José María Pérez (Bolivia)
President José Miguel de Velasco (Bolivia)
President Pedro Blanco (Bolivia)
President Andrés de Santa Cruz (Bolivia)
Emperor Pedro I (Brazil)
Sultan Muhammad Kanzul Alam (Brunei)
Sultan Muhammad Alam (Brunei)
Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II (Brunei)
King Ang Chan II (Cambodia)
President Bernardo O'Higgins (Chile)
President Agustín Eyzaguirre (Chile)
Provisional triumvirate of the three provinces Congreso de Plenipotenciarios (Chile)
Interim Supreme Director Ramón Freire (Chile)
Acting Supreme Director Diego José Benavente (Chile)
President Manuel Blanco Encalada (Chile)
President Francisco Antonio Pinto (Chile)
President Francisco Ramón Vicuña (Chile)
President José Tomás Ovalle (Chile)
Emperor Daoguang (China)
President Simón Bolívar (Greater Colombia)
King Frederick VI (Denmark)
Governor Muḩammad ‘Alī (Egypt)
Emperor Iyoas II (Ethiopia)
Emperor Gigar (Ethiopia)
Emperor Baeda Maryam III (Ethiopia)
President José Cecilio del Valle (Federal Republic of Central America)
President Manuel José Arce (Federal Republic of Central America)
President José Francisco Barrundia (Federal Republic of Central America)
King Louis XVIII (Restoration France)
King Charles X (Restoration France)
Governor Ioannis Kapodistrias (Greece)
King Henri Christophe (Haiti)
President Jean Pierre Boyer (Haiti)
Shogun Tokugawa Ienari (Japan)
Khan Omar Beg (Kokand)
Khan Mohammed Ali (Kokand)
Emperor Sunjo (Korea)
Emir Jaber I Al-Sabah (Kuwait)
Emperor Agustín de Iturbide (Mexico)
President Guadalupe Victoria (Mexico)
President Vicente Guerrero (Mexico)
President José María Bocanegra (Mexico)
President Pedro Vélez (Mexico)
Sultan Slimane (Morocco)
Sultan Abderrahmane (Morocco)
Fath Ali Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
King Frederick William III (Prussia)
Emperor Alexander I (Russia)
King Victor Emmanuel I (Sardinia)
King Charles Felix (Sardinia)
King Rama II (Siam)
King Rama III (Siam)
Pasha Yusuf Karamanli (Tripoli)
King George IV (United Kingdom)
King William I (United Kingdom of the Netherlands)
President James Monroe (United States)
President John Quincy Adams (United States)
Emperor Minh Mang (Vietnam)
Carl Maria Von Weber
Simon Bolivar finds Gran Colombia.
The United States buys Florida from Spain.
The U.S. State of Alabama got its statehood.
Singapore was founded by Sir Stamford Raffles.
May 24 – Queen Victoria, British royal (d. 1901)
August 26 – Albert, Prince Consort, Husband of Queen Victoria (d. 1861)
George Eliot, English writer (d. 1880)
Charles Kingsley, writer (The Water Babies) (d. 1877)
Isaiah was a prophet of God in Judaism, Islam, Christianity and Bahá'í.
He lived from about 740 to 681 BC.
The name Isaiah means "the Lord is salvation" in the Hebrew language.
Isaiah is also the name of a book in the Old Testament of the Bible, which tells the story of the Israelites in Isaiah's time.
According to Christianity, Isaiah predicted in this book, the birth and then death of Jesus, hundreds of years before it actually happened.
Judaism does not agree with that interpretation.
Isaiah was known to be the Shakespeare of the Bible due to his good education and the quality of the passages he wrote.
He was cut in half by King Manasseh which led to his gruesome death.
Most of Isaiah's Bible passages begin with 'God's message to'.
Poetsch came from the southern German border area.
There, political fights between Slavs and ethnic Germans angered him and made him one who was for the Pan-German movement.
He started to teach in Maribor, Slovenia and later moved to Linz, Austria to teach history.
Hitler was very interested in what Poetsch said.
Poetsch hated the Habsburgs and argued that all ethnic Germans should be united by a single government.
He said that the Aryan race was stronger, in better health, and more fit to rule than all other people.
Poetsch said that Jews and Slavs were what he called "inferior races". (
This view was held a lot in Germany after World War I.)
Hitler began reading an anti-Semitic newspaper in his area.
In his later years, Hitler spoke of Poetsch as a "great man."
As dictator of Germany, Hitler tried to get all German-speaking people together and persecuted Slavs, Jews, Gypsies, and others.
Hitler later tried to kill them all in the "Final Solution."
Shirer, William L. Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany.
Simon & Schuster, 1990.
ISBN 0-671-72868-7
In November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined World War I on the side of the Central Powers.
İsmail Enver, the Minister of War, launched a disastrous military campaign against Russian forces in the Caucasus in the hope of capturing Baku.
His forces were routed at the Battle of Sarikamis, and many of his men froze to death.
Returning to Istanbul, Enver largely blamed the Armenians living in the region for actively siding with the Russians.
Despite the tensions, the Armenians had thrived under Ottoman rule.
Most Armenians were better educated and wealthier than their Turkish counterparts, who were jealous of their success.
The resentment was fuelled by suspicions that the Christian Armenians would support fellow Christian governments, especially Russia, which shared an unstable border with the Ottoman Empire, as opposed to the Muslim Ottoman caliphate.
In 1914, the Ottoman War Office had already begun a propaganda drive to present Armenians as a liability and a threat to the Ottomans' security.
An Ottoman naval officer in the War Office described the planning:
The Ottoman government, moving quickly, arrested an estimated 250 Armenian intellectuals on the night of 24 April 1915.
The acts of genocide against the Armenians continued for nine years until 1922, with around 388,000 Armenians remaining.
Acts committed by Turks
In the beginning, around 1915-1916, Armenians were kicked out of their homes, which were claimed by Turks.
During a Turkification campaign, the government squads kidnapped children, converted them to Islam and gave them to Turkish families.
In some places, they raped and forced women to join Turkish “harems” or serve as slaves.
Women would mar their bodies with scars or burn a part of their face to be unfit to join a harem.
Muslim families moved into the homes of deported Armenians and seized their property.
At the same time, the Turks created a 'Special Organization', which in turn organized 'killing squads' or 'butcher battalions' to carry out, as one officer put it, “the liquidation of the Christian elements”.
The killing squads were often made up of murderers and other ex-convicts.
People were drowned in rivers, threw off cliffs, crucified and burned alive.
Foreign accounts
Denial of killings
Guenter Lewy claims in his book,The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide, that there is not enough evidence of the Young Turk regime organizing the killings of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire.
A major obstacle for the wider recognition of the genocide in the world is the official position of Turkey, which states that there was no systematic attempt to annihilate the Armenian population and that the 1915 massacres happened because of the Tehcir Law and the war.
In December 2008, a group of Turkish scholars launched an online petition for people who wanted to apologize for what happened.
The people who created the petition failed use the word "genocide" but used "the Great Catastrophe" regarding the event.
Many Turks viewed the Armenians as a threat to the Ottoman Empire in a time of war and argued that people of various ethnicities were killed during the violence.
Turkey and its leaders fear that recognizing the word "genocide" could cost considerable sums of money in reparations, as well as public embarrassment.
Pontic Greek Genocide
Encyclopedia Entries on the Armenian Genocide, Armenian National Institute
Armenian National Institute: the 1915 Armenian Genocide
Armenian Genocide - ArmeniaPedia
The prime minister of the United Kingdom or British prime minister is the head of government in the United Kingdom.
The prime minister controls the Government of the United Kingdom through the cabinet.
The prime minister is the chairman of the British cabinet and a member of the Privy Council.
It is normal for the prime minister to be the leader of the political party that has a majority in the House of Commons.
The prime minister is not the head of state, but is the most important politician in the British politics.
By tradition, the monarch of the United Kingdom chooses as prime minister.
The monarch chooses the leader of the political party with enough votes to get the Parliament of the United Kingdom's approval for the British monarch's speech from the throne.
The prime minister is usually the leader of the political party which wins most seats after a general election.
There are 650 are available in the United Kingdom.
Voters vote for their own local member of parliament, not for the prime minister.
Voters in their constituency choose their member of parliament.
The prime minister is a member of parliament, and only voters in one constituency can vote for them.
The first prime minister was Robert Walpole in the eighteenth century.
He was known as the "First Lord of the Treasury".
The first person to be use the title "prime minister" officially was Henry Campbell-Bannerman in 1905.
Well-known prime ministers in the 20th century include Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill, Clement Attlee, Margaret Thatcher, and Tony Blair.
The prime ministers usually live and work at 10 Downing Street or Chequers while in office.
Chequers was donated to the country by Winston Churchill.
There are several other official residences, some owned by the government, others held by trusts.
The  Chevening House estate, in Kent is an example.
Dorneywood is another.
Living former prime ministers
List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
The source is Loch Ard, in Kinlochard.
The river flows through the city of Stirling, and the city of Edinburgh is on the south of the Firth of Forth estuary.
Alejandro Toledo is a former president of Peru.
He won the 2001 election for president.
He gained international prominence after leading the opposition against president Alberto Fujimori, who held the presidency from 1990 to 2000.
He pursued his undergraduate and graduate education at the University of San Francisco and Stanford University.
He originally joined the technical and academic field, from where he participated as an analyst on politics and economics on some occasions.
He entered politics when he founded the País Posible party, participating for the first time in the 1995 general election.
In 2000, he managed to become in the largest opposition leader to the government of Alberto Fujimori, before whom in the midst of a controversial and bumpy process, lost the election for a second time.
After the transition stage and the return of democracy in Peru, he participated for the third time in the 2001 elections against Lourdes Flores of National Unity and Alan García of the Peruvian Aprista Party; he competed with the latter in the second round, winning with 53.1% of the popular vote.
On 16 July 2019, Toledo was arrested in the United States.
On 19 March 2020, he was released on bail.
He is from the town of Chimbote in Ancash Region, Peru.
He is married to Eliane Karp of Belgium.
Inuktitut is a language of the Arctic, spoken by Inuits in Canada and in Greenland.
Inuktitut is a very complex language.
It is an official language in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories.
The Inuit write Inuktitut in two ways.
One way to write Inuktitut is by using the Roman alphabet.
The other way to write Inuktitut is by using an abugida, which is a kind of alphabet which has  letters based on syllables.
The Inuktitut syllabary uses a small part of the Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics, a set of letters made up for writing down many of the languages of the First Nations people  in Canada.
Some words in English come from Inuktitut or another Inuit language.
Among them are the words anorak, igloo, and kayak.
Fall Out Boy (often shortened to FOB) is an alternative rock band from Chicago, Illinois, USA.
The members are Pete Wentz (bassist), Patrick Stump (vocals), Andy Hurley (drums), and Joe Trohman (guitar).
They have written successful songs, including "Thnks fr the Mmrs", "Sugar, We're Goin Down" and "Dance, Dance".
Their music is mostly like the pop-punk style, or genre, of music.
The band got the name "Fall Out Boy" from a character who appeared in one episode of The Simpsons. "
Sugar, We're Goin' Down" was the first single from their album From Under the Cork Tree.
It has peaked at number eight on the Billboard charts.
The second single was "Dance, Dance" which picked up major airplay in the U.S. The third single was "A Little Less Sixteen Candles, a Little More Touch Me."
Their third album is Infinity on High and it had lots of success around the world.
Two songs from the album were very popular across the world.
They are "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race" and "Thnks fr th Mmrs".
The second song's title is "Thanks for the Memories" without the vowel letters, which is meant to look as if it were from a text message.
The third single from Infinity on High is called "The Take Over, The Breaks Over".
The fourth is "I'm Like a Lawyer With the Way I'm Always Trying to Get You Off (Me & You)".
Their fourth album Folie à Deux, was released on December 16, 2008. "
I Don't Care" was the first song released from the album.
In late 2009 the band took a rest.
Patrick Stump went solo and released his debut album Soul Punk on October 18, 2011.
His EP Truant Wave was released on February 22, 2011.
Bassist Pete Wentz formed the electropop band Black Cards.
Guitarist Joe Trohman and Andy Hurley formed a rock band The Damned Things with people from Anthrax and Every Time I Die.
Fall Out Boy came off hiatus in 2013, releasing a new single "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)" and an album Save Rock and Roll, along with a supporting tour, They went on the Save Rock and Roll Arena Fall Tour September of 2013 with fellow rock band Panic!
at the Disco in support of the album as well.
In September 2014, they released a new single, called "Centuries".
Fall Out Boy's Evening Out with Your Girlfriend (2003)
Take This to Your Grave (2003)
From Under the Cork Tree (2005)
Infinity on High (2007)
Folie à Deux (2008)
Save Rock and Roll (2013)
PAX AM Days (2013)
American Beauty/American Psycho (2015)
Make America Psycho Again (2015)
MANIA'' (2018)
Fall Out Boy's MySpace Profile
2000s establishments in Illinois
The modern Greek alphabet has 24 letters.
It is used to write the Greek language.
The Greek alphabet is also frequently used in science and mathematics to represent various values or variables.
Most letters in the Greek alphabet have an equivalent in the English language.
The Greek alphabet is thought to be where most European alphabets came from.
The alphabet was borrowed from the Phoenician alphabet around the 10th century BC, with many changes to make it fit the Greek language.
Some of the Phoenician letters for sounds not used in Greek were turned into vowels.
The Phoenicians had written their abjad without any vowels, and this is the case with Hebrew and Arabic to the present day.
Obviously, their peoples knew how to say the words, so that worked well for them.
But the Greek addition of vowels was better for countries where it might be a second language.
The Greek change made reading easier for trading with other cultures.
In general,  Indo-European languages did not use consonant-based roots (where the word's central meaning is based on the consonants) like those in Semitic languages such as Phoenician, Arabic, Hebrew, and Aramaic.
There were some differences in the early Greek alphabet depending on what part of the Greek world it was used in.
But over time, all Greeks started to use the same alphabet, especially after the Ionic alphabet of Miletus was officially adopted in Athens in 403 BC.
A little later, the rest of Greece did the same, and by 350 BC, during the life of Alexander the Great, almost all Greeks were using the same twenty-four letter Greek alphabet.
Although the Greek letters accurately represented all the main sounds of the Greek language early on, the sounds of the Greek language changed over time.
Some of the vowel sounds began to sound similar to one another, aspirated voiceless stops became voiceless fricatives, and voiced stops became voiced fricatives.
One can get an idea of how older Greek pronunciations sounded, by looking at the Latin and English spellings of Greek loanwords like "philosopher", "Chimera", "Cyprus", and "Thessalonica".
Rough breathing or "H" sound
Another diacritic is a comma, usually above initial vowels.
This signaled whether or not the sound of the letter 'H' was present.
It is not available in the English standard character-set.
If this comma-like diacritic above the vowel is reversed, it indicates the presence of an /h/ sound before a vowel, diphthong, or rho.
Thus, the Greek name Ἕκτωρ is pronounced Hektōr, not Ektor.
Another example is ἥρως, pronounced hḗrōs ("hero").
Modern orthography
In 1982, a new, simplified orthography, known as "monotonic", was adopted for official use in Modern Greek by the Greek state.
It uses only a single accent mark, the acute accent.
This marks the stressed syllable of polysyllabic words, that is, words with more than one syllable.
Greek Unicode Issues
Good Charlotte is an American punk music band.
They are from Waldorf, Maryland.
They have many popular songs, including "The Anthem", "Girls and Boys", and "Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous".
Their third album is unique.
The Chronicles of Life and Death came in two different versions: the Life version, and the Death version.
The only difference between them is the last song on the CD.
The Life version has "Falling Away", and the Death version has "Meet My Maker".
The lead singer of the band is Joel Madden.
His twin brother, Benji, is also in the band.
But besides them, there is Billy (guitarist), Paul (bassist) and Dean (drums).
Good Charlotte (2000)
The Young and the Hopeless (2002)
The Chronicles of Life and Death (2004)
Good Morning Revival (2007)
Cardiology (2010)
Youth Authority (2016)
Good Charlotte Fan Site
Official Good Charlotte Myspace
Interview: Joel Madden of Good Charlotte
Musical groups established in 1996
Musical groups from Maryland
1996 establishments in Maryland
Battle Creek is a city in western Michigan, USA.
The headquarters of the Kellogg's cereal company is located in this city.
Grand Rapids is a large city in western Michigan, United States.
About 200,000 people were living here in 2018.
Former American president Gerald Ford grew up in Grand Rapids.
Grand Rapids is also the birthplace of Amway and the Meijer store chain.
Grand Rapids is the county seat of Kent County.
It is the second largest city in the state, after Detroit.
The third largest is Warren.
The city has many attractions, including the Frederik Meijer Gardens and Sculpture Park and John Ball Park, which is a zoo.
Grand Valley State University has a campus in downtown Grand Rapids.
Juan Evo Morales Aima (born October 26, 1959) was the President of Bolivia from 2006 through 2019.
He is an Aymara Native American, and is politically a leftist.
He is the founder and leader of the Movement toward Socialism (or MAS) political party.
Movimiento al Socialismo is its Spanish name.
On January 22, 2006, he became President of Bolivia.
His party has declared that he is the first indigenous person to be president of Bolivia.
Not everyone believes this to be true because of his mestizo heritage and similar backgrounds of several past Bolivian presidents.
Nonetheless, he is likely the first culturally indigenous president of Bolivia.
Born in Oruro, Morales was a leader in a union of coca growers.
Morales has said he does not like United States policy toward Latin America, criticizing the country's past failures to stand up for democracy, trade agreements which he feels have not helped Bolivia, and especially for the US's anti-drug policies.
Coca is a component in cocaine, but is also an important part of Bolivian culture.
Morales became well known for this, and he was elected to Congress.
Even though he was forced out of Congress in 2002, he became a very popular person in Bolivia, and won the country's presidential election in 2005.
As president, he focused on economic changes that moved the country toward a more socialist economy, instead of a capitalist one.
He also worked with other leaders in South America like Rafael Correa and Nestor Kirchner.
Morales has been a popular president, and has been reelected in 2009 and 2014.
During this time he has criticized both George W. Bush and Barack Obama and has had arguments with the United States.
In 2016, Morales wanted to pass a Constitutional amendment that would allow him to run for another term in 2019.
Many people in Bolivia saw this as a power grab, and the amendment lost the election.
2019 political crisis
On 20 October 2019 Morales won 47.1% of the vote in the first round of the 2019 Bolivian general election.
The results were immediately challenged and led to widespread protests.
On 9 November 2019 the Organization of American States published a preliminary report that there were "clear manipulations".
The police joined the protests against Morales and on 10 November the military forced him to resign.
Native American people
Lake Titicaca (, "Titiqaqa Lake") is a large, deep lake in the Andes mountains.
The eastern part is in Bolivia and the western part of it is in Peru.
It is the largest lake in South America.
Lake Titicaca is at  above sea level.
It is often called the "highest navigable lake" in the world.
It means that it is the highest lake that boats use for trade.
There are many other lakes in the world that are higher.
The lake has 41 islands.
Some of the islands are home to many people.
Since 2000, the water level of Lake Titicaca has gone down.
This is because of shorter rainy seasons and the melting of glaciers.
The Global Nature Fund (GNF) says that the natural life in and around Lake Titicaca is under threat from water pollution and the introduction of new species by humans.
The "Floating Islands" are small islands made by the Uros (or Uru) people.
They use layers of cut totora, a thick reed that grows in Lake Titicaca.
The Uros make the islands by continuously bending over the reeds that grow in the lake.
Legend says that the Uru people came from the Amazon river area, and moved to Lake Titicaca.
The local people did not allow them to have their own land.
They then built the reed islands, which could be moved into deep water or to different parts of the lake for safety.
The islands are a golden colour.
Many are about  big.
The largest are about half the size of a football field.
Each island has a few houses.
The people living together on an island are usually all related.
Some of the islands have watchtowers and other buildings, also made out of reeds.
, about 1,200 Uros lived on 60 islands.
They are mostly in the west corner of the lake near Puno, a large port town in Peru.
The islands have become one of Peru's tourist attractions.
This means that the Uros can earn money by bringing visitors to the islands by motorboat and selling crafts.
Amantani is another small island on Lake Titicaca.
The people living here speak the Quechua language.
About 4,000 people live in 10 communities on the nearly circular  island.
It has two mountain peaks, called Pachatata (Father Earth) and Pachamama (Mother Earth).
Both peaks have ancient ruins on the top.
The hillsides planted with wheat, potatoes, and vegetables.
Most of the small fields are worked by hand.
Long stone fences divide the fields, and cattle and sheep also graze on the hillsides.
Taquile is a hilly island located  east of Puno.
About 2,200 people live here.
It is narrow and long and was used as a prison during the Spanish Colony and into the 20th century.
In 1970, it became property of the Taquile people, who have inhabited the island since then.
There are pre-Inca ruins on the highest part of the island.
Taquile is famous for its weaving and knitting. "
Taquile and Its Textile Art" were honoured by UNESCO with the label "Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity".
Isla del Sol (Spanish for "island of the sun") is one of the largest islands of the lake.
It is a rocky, hilly island.
There are no cars or paved roads on the island.
About 800 families live here.
There are over 180 ruins on the island.
Most of these are from the Inca period around the 15th century AD.
Among the ruins on the island are the Sacred Rock, a labyrinth-like building called Chicana, Kasa Pata, and Pilco Kaima.
The island is also mentioned in Inca mythology.
Isla de la Luna
Isla de la Luna (Spanish for “island of the moon”) lies east of the bigger Isla del Sol.
Legends say that this is where Viracocha told the moon to rise.
Archaeological excavations show that the Tiwanaku peoples (around 650–1000 AD) built a large temple on the Island of the Moon.
The buildings on the island today were built by the Inca on top of the earlier Tiwanaku ones.
Suriki
Suriki lies in the Bolivian part of Lake Titicaca.
Suriki is the last place where they still make reed boats.
Lake Titicaca – The Highest Navigable Lake in the World
Bolivian Navy and Naval Ensign
Management issues in the Lake Titicaca and Lake Poopo system: Importance of developing a water budget
Peru Cultural Society – Lake Titicaca History
Geography of Bolivia
Geography of Peru
Titicaca
Howland Island is a small island in the north Pacific Ocean, just north of the Equator.
It is owned by the United States.
Howland island is a very hot and sunny island with wind blowing almost all the time.
It only rains every once in a while.
Howland in Google Maps
Geography, history and nature on Howland Island
Howland Island National Wildlife Refuge
'Voyage of the Odyssey' – pictures and travelogue
Howland Island at Infoplease
Howland Island – Small Island, Big History
Pictures of the 1993 expedition to Howland island
The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the time from June 1 to November 30, 2005 when hurricanes officially formed in the Atlantic Ocean.
Storms sometimes form before and after these dates but most storms form during the season.
Tropical Storm Zeta formed on December 30 and dissipated on January 6, which is after the November 30 end of the season.
It was the most active Atlantic hurricane season in recorded history.
2005 broke many records set.
There were 28 storms that were tropical storms which was broken by 2020 and 15 that became hurricanes.
For the first time ever storms were named by the Greek alphabet as the normal name list had been used up.
The storm which caused the most damage was Hurricane Katrina, which hit New Orleans, USA, and killed over 1000 people.
The strongest storm of the season was not Katrina, it was Hurricane Wilma.
Wilma was the strongest hurricane ever in the Atlantic Ocean, reaching a record low pressure of 882 mbar.
STORM CLASSIFICATIONS:  Numbers 1 - 5 indicate Hurricanes, from 1 (weakest) to 5 (strongest)TS Tropical Storm | TD Tropical Depression | SS Subtropical Storm | SD Subtropical Depression
Tropical Storm Arlene
Arlene, the first storm of the season, formed near Honduras on June 8 and moved north.
It came close to western Cuba on June 10 before entering the Gulf of Mexico.
Arlene strengthened just below hurricane strength before making landfall on western Florida.
The storm quickly weakened while moving inland, and later became an extratropical remnant on June 13.
Tropical Storm Bret
Tropical Storm Bret was a weak tropical storm that formed as Tropical Depression Two in the western Gulf of Mexico, then quickly became Tropical Storm Bret.
The storm made landfall in Tuxpan, Veracruz, Mexico the next morning.
It dissipated on June 30.
The storm cause 2 deaths and $9 million in damage.
Hurricane Cindy
Hurricane Cindy was a tropical cyclone that reached minimal hurricane strength for a very short time in the Gulf of Mexico during July and made landfall in Louisiana.
It was the third named storm and first hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.
Hurricane Cindy left 3 deaths and $320 million in damage.
Hurricane Dennis was very powerful hurricane that reached a peak of 150 mph.
Hurricane Dennis moved mostly northwestward in its track.
It made landfall in Grenada, and almost made landfall in Jamaica, and also made landfall in Cuba, and Florida (United States).
Hurricane Emily
Hurricane Emily was the strongest and only known category 5 hurricane in July.
It beat a record in strength set by Hurricane Dennis only 6 days before.
Hurricane Emily was one of four category 5 hurricanes in 2005.
Hurricane Emily caused about 17 deaths and $1.014 billion in damage.
Tropical Storm Franklin
Tropical Storm Franklin formed north of the Bahamas on July 21 and moved steadily across the western Atlantic while coming close to Bermuda on July 26.
Later, Franklin became an extratropical cyclone near Newfoundland, before being absorbed by another non-tropical system.
Franklin caused no damages and killed no people while it stayed in the ocean during most of its life.
Tropical Storm Gert
Tropical Storm Gert was a weak and short lived storm.
Tropical Storm Gert formed in the Bay of Campeche on July 23.
The storm made landfall in Mexico and dissipated on July 25.
Tropical Storm Harvey
Tropical Storm Harvey was a strong tropical storm that moved across the Atlantic Ocean from August 2 to August 8.
Harvey caused no damages or deaths and was the eighth named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.
Tropical Storm Harvey only affected Bermuda.
Hurricane Irene was a rather long lived storm (about 2 weeks).
It took it a while to become a hurricane.
The only effects from Irene were large waves.
Irene caused no damage or deaths.
Tropical Storm  Jose
Tropical Storm Jose was a strong but very short lived storm.
It quickly formed in the Bay of Campeche and made landfall in Mexico.
Tropical Storm Jose dissipated the next day.
Tropical Storm Jose caused 8 deaths and $45 million in damages.
Hurricane Katrina was a powerful category 5 hurricane.
Katrina was the costliest hurricane in U.S. history.
Katrina devastated the U.S. Gulf Coast, especially New Orleans, a city in Louisiana.
It beat the old record from Hurricane Andrew.
Katrina left $125 billion in damage and 1,836 dead.
Tropical Storm Lee
Tropical Storm Lee formed east of the Lesser Antilles as a tropical depression on August 28.
On the next day, the depression weakened into a tropical low.
The low then moved north and became stronger.
It became a tropical storm for a short time on August 31.
Lee quickly weakened again into a remnant low and was absorbed by a cold front on September 2.
Hurricane Maria was a major hurricane in September 2005.
This storm was rare because it affected New Jersey, Iceland, Scotland, and Norway.