the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
His death has been disputed for years; some feel that he took his own life by committing suicide, but others feel that he was murdered by Augusto Pinochet's militia.
Pinochet would then become the ruler of Chile.
Death and myth
Allende was replaced by those who overthrew him as president.
Allende committed suicide by shooting himself.
The new ruling Junta justified their coup claiming that “Chile could no longer tolerate the cancer of Marxism”.
The Pinochet regime claimed Allende had violated the Chilean Constitution even though Pinochet ended up writing a completely new one.
Also, after the coup many rumors and myths emerged about Allende’s death and life.
Many of these myths attempted to discredit the character of Allende i.e. make him appear as a coward, weak or cruel person:
Some of his enemies claimed he was living in Cuba or East Germany - photographs appeared depicting people with the likeness of Allende.
One of the more current myths about Allende, has been that he was an anti-Semite and white supremacist, even though he was a mestizo with Jewish extraction who advocated Marxism (which teaches that people are divided by class not race, ethnicity or nationality).
Legacy and place in history
Allende became of interest to people all over the world because he was the first democratically elected socialist in Chile and the first democratically elected Marxist in the world.
Many people felt Allende was the beginning of a new era in which great changes to society - especially in developing countries - could be brought about peacefully through an election.
Allende has become one of the most commemorated Latin American polital figures in history.
Since his death monuments, statues, parks and streets have been named in his honour all over the world.
In France alone there are more than 320 public places named in honour of Allende.
Ministries and municipalities in many countries have also officially approved the naming of schools and educational departments in his honour.
Despites Pinochet’s 17 years of military rule and an attempt to deny Allende his proper place in Chilean history, he was officially honoured in Chile as a defender of representative democracy (i.e. people’s right to elect their political representatives through free and fair elections) with a state funeral in 1990.
A monument was also erected outside the Moneda Presidential Palace (Chile's house of Government) where he died defending the democratically elected Popular Unity government he lead.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A716591
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/11/newsid_3199000/3199155.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/september/11/newsid_3101000/3101146.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/2/newsid_2771000/2771229.stm
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-kornbluh/35-years-after-original-9_b_125447.html
1908 births
Chilean physicians
Presidents of the Senate of Chile
Authority is the ability of a person or an organization to conduct a certain lifestyle for another person or a group.
Authority is known as one of the basis of society and stands against cooperation.
Adopting lifestyle patterns as a result of authority is called obedience and authority as a concept includes most leadership cases.
Authority is made by a certain social power.
This power might be materialistic (such as a threat to harm someone) or fictitious (such as belief in a certain person's power).
The power exists because of the possible use of sanction : An action who harms a person who's not obeying the authority or threatening it in order to conduct a social power.
Authority may exists in a direct way by virtue of an actual power (such as a threat of imprisonment), which is called "forcing", or by legitimization that the subject gives to the authority (such as recognition of aristocratic authority).
In most cases both types exist.
Only a few authorities are based on physical power, most are based on an organizational authority system.
In this way, the authoritys ability to act depends on her existence.
For example: the authority of a state leader takes part when there is some sort of a police that punishes individuals that do not obey him.
The policeman are subordinated to the leader and his rules because they are also under the police threat.
If all citizens of the state choose to deny the leader and his rules, the authority will be lost, but the very fact that the authority semi-exists allowes it to be full.
Obedience, as said, is the sign that means authority is being enforced.
While obedience is the law, disobedience, insubordination and crime are a violation and resistance to the authority.
Theoretically, violation of the authority drags with it a sanction or punishment that's given by the authority owner.
The severity of the sanction and the threat it presents are based on the particular social situation, on the balance of power, on the local norms and so on.
Stanley Milgram was a psychologist who was interested in obedience.
He designed an experiment to measured how willing people were to do what an authority figure told them to do.
The experiment had three participants.
The person running the experiment told one participant, the volunteer, to pretend to be a teacher.
Another participant was an actor, but the volunteer didn't know this.
The actor's role was to be the teacher's student.
The actor and the volunteer were separated with a wall.
The person running the experiment told the volunteer to test their "student"'s ability to remember pairs of words.
When the teacher's "student" remembered a pair of words incorrectly, the experimenter told the teacher to give the student an electric shock from an electroshock generator.
The electric shocks were not real, but the volunteer did not know this.
Every time the student got a question wrong, the voltage of the shock went up by 15 volts.
In Milgram's first set of experiments, 65% of the volunteers gave the highest shock.
It was 450 volts.
Milgram had two theories for why he got the results he did.
The first is the theory of conformism.
Milgram based this theory on Solomon Asch's conformity experiments.
The second is the agentic state theory.
According to agentic state theory, the participants who obeyed the experimenter's orders did this because they did not see themselves as responsible for their actions.
Many people criticize people in authority, and some even criticize the existence of authority.
Anarchism is a philosophy that opposes all forms of authority.
Musical instruments are things used to make music.
Anything that somehow produces sound can be considered a musical instrument, but the term generally means items that are specifically for making music.
string instruments (plucked or bowed)
wind instruments
keyboard instruments
bowed string instruments (e.g. violin)
woodwind (e.g. flute)
brass (e.g. trumpet)
percussion (e.g. drums)
Pupil (eye), the centre of the eye, which is an opening into the inside.
It's the black circle on the outside of the eye
Student, someone who is learning something, usually in a school or university
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill KG OM CH TD FRS PC (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was an English politician.
He was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, once during World War II, and again in the early 1950s.
Churchill was the only person to have been a member of the British Government during both World Wars, and the last commoner (non-royal) to be granted a state funeral.
He was also a soldier, journalist, and author.
He won the Nobel Prize in literature in 1953.
Churchill featured in two media polls.
He was ranked as the greatest British prime minister of the twentieth century by 20 prominent historians, politicians and commentators.
They were asked by BBC Radio 4's The Westminster Hour to rank the 19 prime ministers from Lord Salisbury at the turn of the century through to John Major in the 1990s.
In a 2002 BBC 2 television poll, Churchill was ranked as the greatest Briton in history.
A million votes were cast, and the voting was heavily influenced by public campaigns from various candidates.
Winston Churchill was born on 30 November 1874 at Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, England, the home of the Dukes of Marlborough.
His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a younger son of the 7th Duke, and a leading Tory politician.
His mother (née Jenny Jerome) was American.
As a boy, Churchill went to the famous Harrow School.
He did not get good results, but said he was good at fighting.
He joined the British Army, in 1893.
In 1896, he was transferred to Bombay, in what was the Indian Empire (British India).
He fought in what is now Pakistan.
After this, he fought in a war in Sudan, in 1898 as an officer in the cavalry.
In 1899, he went to the Second Boer War in South Africa, to be a newspaper reporter.
He was captured by the Boers, but managed to escape.
In 1900, he became a politician in the Conservative Party, and was elected to Parliament.
In 1904, he changed parties and joined the Liberal Party, but later returned to the Conservative Party.
In 1910 Churchill became Home Secretary, one of the most important members of the government.
In 1911 he was made First Lord of the Admiralty, which put him in charge of the Royal Navy.
When World War I broke out, he stayed in that job.
He organized an invasion in Gallipoli which went wrong, and because of this, he was made to leave the government.
He joined the army and was sent to fight in France, although he was still a Member of Parliament.
In 1917 he was made minister in charge of military supplies (Minister of Munitions).
Between the wars
After World War I, in 1919, Churchill was made Secretary of State for War, and Secretary of State for Air (aircraft).
In 1920, he ordered the first air bombing in Africa when he bombed the Darwiish State, (also called Daraawiish State).
In 1921 he was in charge of the colonies as Secretary of State.
Soon after, in 1922 he lost in an election.
In 1924 he became a member of Parliament again, this time not as a member of any party.
In 1925 he joined the Conservative Party again.
He became Chancellor of the Exchequer (Minister of Finance) in 1924.
After 1929, Churchill disagreed with many things the Conservative party believed in.
He was not given any job in the government.
Instead he wrote books.
One was called Marlborough: his life and times, about his famous ancestor John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough; another was A History of the English Speaking Peoples, which was not published until after World War 2.
When Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany, Churchill warned that Britain should strengthen its military and oppose Hitler.
However, very few leaders agreed with him.
At the start of World War II, Churchill was again put in charge of the Navy.
In 1940 the war was going badly for Britain.
Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain resigned on May 10 and Churchill was given the job.
Some people thought that Britain could not win the war, and that the British government should make peace with Hitler.
Churchill was sure that Britain could win, and promised to continue the fight.
He made famous speeches that are still remembered today.
He was friends with the President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt.
He persuaded Roosevelt to give supplies to Britain, and to help Britain.
He had many meetings with Roosevelt and with Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, after they came into the war.
They were called the Big Three.
In 1945, his Conservative party lost an election, and he stopped being Prime Minister.
However, he became Prime Minister again in 1951, which he was until 1955.
In 1955, he retired from being Prime Minister.
In 1964, he retired from Parliament.
Sir Winston died of a stroke at the age of 90, in 1965.
When he died, his wife Lady Clementine Churchill and other members of the family were at his bedside.
The Story of the Malakand Field Force (1898)
The River War (1899): about the reconquest of the Sudan, after the revolution of the self-proclaimed Mahdi, Muhammed Ahmed.
Savrola (1900; serialised 1899 and published USA 1899): a novel
London to Ladysmith via Pretoria (1900): the Second Boer War, and the Relief of Ladysmith
Ian Hamilton's March (1900): Second Boer War continued
Mr. Brodrick’s Army (1903)
Lord Randolph Churchill (1906): two-volume biography of his father
For Free Trade (1906)
My African Journey (1908)
Liberalism and the Social Problem (1909)
The People’s Rights (1910)
The World Crisis (1923–1931)
My Early Life: A Roving Commission (1930): autobiography
India (1931)
Thoughts and Adventures (Amid These Storms) (1932)
Marlborough: His Life and Times (1933–1938): four-volume biography on his greatest predecessor
Great Contemporaries (1937): short biographies
Arms and the Covenant or While England Slept: A Survey of World Affairs, 1932–1938 (1938): a call to arms, warning about Hitler, urging rearmament
Step by Step 1936–1939 (1939)
Addresses Delivered in the Year 1940 (1940)
Broadcast Addresses (1941)
Into Battle (Blood Sweat and Tears) (1941)
The Unrelenting Struggle (1942)
The End of the Beginning (1943)
Onwards to Victory (1944)
The Dawn of Liberation (1945)
Victory (1946)
Secret Sessions Speeches (1946)
War Speeches 1940–1945 (1946)
The Second World War (1948–1954): six volumes (12 in paperback)
The Sinews of Peace (1948)
Painting as a Pastime (1948)
Europe Unite (1950)
In the Balance (1951)
The War Speeches 1939–1945 (1952)
Stemming the Tide (1953)
A History of the English-Speaking Peoples (1956–1958): four volumes
The Unwritten Alliance (1961)
Essays and short stories
"Man Overboard!" (
First printed in The Harmsworth Magazine, January 1899
"If Lee had not won the Battle of Gettysburg" (1930).
First published in Scribner's Magazine, December 1930.
The International Churchill Society -
1874 births
British military personnel of World War I
British people of World War II
Chancellors of the Exchequer
English historians
English journalists
Former Conservative Party (UK) MPs
Former members of the British House of Commons for Scottish constituencies
Knights of the Garter
Leaders of the Conservative Party (UK)
Liberal Party MPs (UK)
People of the Boer Wars
Secretaries of State for the Home Department
Secretaries of State of the United Kingdom
UK MPs 1929–1931
UK MPs 1931–1935
UK MPs 1935–1945
UK MPs 1945–1950
UK MPs 1950–1951
UK MPs 1951–1955
UK MPs 1955–1959
UK MPs 1959–1964
The Golan Heights is a strip of land in northeastern Israel that was captured by Israel in the Six Day War of 1967.
The United Nations has voted to ask Israel to pull its troops out of the Golan Heights.
Syria and Israel still have not signed a peace treaty from that war, mostly because of the issue of the Golan.
They almost reached a peace deal but they could not agree on where to draw the line, and what Syria would have to do in return.
On the western edge of the Golan Heights is a range of extinct volcanos.
Israeli community portal
The Syrian Golan  – Permanent Mission of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations
Gaulonitis in the Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
What is the dispute over the Golan Heights?
A View From Damascus: Internal Refugees From Golan’s 244 Destroyed Syrian Villages from Washington Report
The city of Helsinki is founded.
The pupil is the opening in the centre of the eye.
Light enters through the pupil and goes through the lens, which focuses the image on the retina.
The size of the pupil is controlled by muscles.
There is a circular group, which squeezes the iris smaller, and another group which pulls the iris wider.
When more light is needed, the pupil is made larger.
In brighter light, the pupil is made smaller.
The pupil can be compared with the aperture of a camera.
It is surrounded by the iris which is the colored part of the eye.
The lens changes its shape depending on how far away the eye focuses.
The focus point is where the eye is focusing on.
The light makes the pupil change its size.
When it is darker, the pupils will dilate (get bigger) because they need to allow more light into the eye to see.
When it is bright, the pupil will constrict (get smaller) to restrict the amount of light there is getting into the eye so we can see.
The pupil is normally black in most animals, but in some reptiles, it can be a different colour.
The main reason why we have a pupil is to regulate the light which travels to the retina.
The reason why it has no colour is because the light that travels through the pupil is absorbed by the tissues in the inside of the eye.
In humans, the pupil is round, but in some other animals, like cats, it is shaped like a slit.
Pupils and health
In humans, the pupils can tell us many things about how healthy a person's brain is.
Normal pupils are about 4mm across.
Pupils that are a normal size are called "regular."
They have overdosed on an opiate (like heroin or oxycodone)
They have been poisoned with a type of chemical called an organophosphate, which includes things like some pesticides as well as nerve gases like sarin
They are bleeding in a part of their brainstem called the pons (this is very rare)
They are hypoxic (their brain is not getting enough oxygen)
They have used illegal drugs like methamphetamine, LSD, marijuana, or Ecstasy
The person has died
In most healthy people, the pupils should be the same size ("equal").
Pupils that are "unequal" (one is bigger than the other) are usually a sign that something is wrong with the brain.
For example, their brain may be injured, or they may have had a stroke.
However, up to 20% of healthy people have pupils that are different sizes.
In these people, this is normal and does not signal a problem.
Usually, there is only a small difference in size.
Healthy pupils are round.
When one pupil is a different shape, usually the person has had an injury to the eye.
When a light is shined in one pupil, both pupils should get smaller at the same time.
When the light is taken away, both pupils should get bigger at the same time.
This is called being "light-reactive" (the pupils are reacting to changes in light).
If both pupils change size at the same time, but the change happens slowly, the pupils are called "sluggish."
This can be a sign of illegal drug use, hypoxia (not getting enough oxygen to the brain), or injury.
If neither pupil changes shape when light is shined in it, the pupils are called "fixed."
This is a sign of a very serious brain problem.
The brain is supposed to make the pupils change shape, so if this is not happening, it means the brain is not working normally.
When a person is in a coma or has died, their pupils will be both fixed and dilated (large).
Healthy pupils
Since the brain controls the pupils, healthy pupils are one sign of a healthy brain.
Medical professionals describe healthy pupils with the abbreviation PERRL:
Pupils are
Equal,
Round,
Regular, and
Light-reactive
Eye anatomy
A translator reads something written in one language and speaks it or writes it in another language.
For example, they could read a book in French and then translate it into English.
See translation for more information.
In order to convert meanings from one language into another one, translators must be able to know the target language deeply.
They are conveying the original meaning of the source text or material to the second language.
As a result, translators do not only convert words, which makes it more like an art than a science.
Cambodia or Kampuchea (officially called Kingdom of Cambodia) is a country in Southeast Asia.
It is near Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand.
About 13 million people live in Cambodia.
The people of Cambodia are called Cambodians or Kampuchea.
Khmer is the official language.
The country has recently emerged from a long civil war and the rule of the Khmer Rouge.
It is part of ASEAN, Association of South East Asian Nations.
The ancestors of Cambodia had an empire called Angkor centered in the northwest of present-day Cambodia.
The Angkor civilization is the world's largest pre-industrial civilization.
One of the buildings from Angkor is a Hindu/Buddhist temple called Angkor Wat which is the world's largest religious structure.
This empire was later destroyed due to ecological and environmental problems as well as failing infrastructure.
Theravada Buddhism came to the country in the 13th century via monks from Sri Lanka.
Since then, Buddhism has been the official religion.
Cambodia is set entirely in the tropic zone.
The Mekong River runs through the middle of the country and is the most important source of water in the country.
The country is the size of Missouri.
In Cambodia, people play many sports.
Some sports that are enjoyed that come from the West include golf, rugby and soccer.
Traditional Cambodian sports are buffalo racing, dragon boat racing and bokator Khmer martial art also known as pradal serey.
Cambodia attended its first Olympic Games in 1956 and participated in two more before warfare and civil strife interrupted its attendance.
The country returned to regular participation with the 1996 Summer Games.
Cambodia managed fourth in soccer in the 1972 Southeast Asian games.
The culture of Cambodia has been influenced by Hinduism.
Today most people in Cambodia practice Buddhism.
A lot of their customs revolve around Buddhism.
The food of Cambodia includes tropical fruits, rice, noodles and various soups.
Cambodians like to eat a rice noodle soup called 'kah-tieu' in the morning.
Cambodians are famous for a type of 'kah-tieu' called 'kah-tieu Phnom Penh' which has shrimp, beef balls, fried garlic, pork broth and chicken.
Cambodians also eat a red curry noodle soup with rice vermicelle noodles.
Curry is also eaten with rice or French bread in Cambodia.
Cambodian food is similar to Vietnamese and Southern Thai food.
Cambodia also has a mystical tattoo called a yantra tattoo that is popular with soldiers.
A yantra tattoo has ancient Khmer and Pali (An ancient Indian language) writing.
A yantra tattoo is usually done by a religious person or monk.
The tattoo artist guarantees that the person cannot receive any physical harm as long as they follow certain conditions.
A person is supposed to not talk to anyone for three days and three nights.
Another alternative is to follow the five Buddhist percepts.
Movie star actress Angelina Jolie is known to have a yantra tattoo.
Cambodians celebrate the Cambodian New Year in April.
It is based on Theravada Buddhism.
The date depends on astrological signs but are usually are on April 13-15 or April 14-16.
The Cambodian flag includes a three-towered temple called Angkor Wat.
It is the most famous monument in the country.
Many tourists visit the temple.
The Cambodian flag has three horizontal bands.
There are two blue bands on the top and the bottom.
There is a red band that is twice the height of each blue band.
The red band represents the nation.
The temple represents the structure of the universe.
Cambodia is divided into 25 provinces including the capital.
The provinces are divided into 159 districts and 26 municipalities.
The districts and municipalities are then divided into communes and quarters.
People in Cambodia use many different types of transportation.
Transportation in Cambodia include: boat, car, motorcycle, elephant, train and airplane.
The Cambodian economy has been growing rapidly in recent years.
Cambodia is set to build its first skyscraper, Gold Tower 42.
Cambodia is also building a satellite city next to Phnom Penh which is called Camko City.
Camko City is being constructed by Korean companies to modernize Phnom Penh so as to make it appealing to foreign investors and businesses.
Cambodia is also one of the most corrupted nations in the world and has been pressured by international communities to fix it.
Cambodia has foreign relations with most nations.
It is part of ASEAN.
Cambodia has border issues with Vietnam and Thailand over lost territories.
Cambodia is one of a few nations with good relations with both Koreas.
South Korean president Lee Myung Bak was an economic advisor to Cambodian prime minister Hun Sen and former Cambodian King Norodom Sihanouk was a good friend with former North Korean leader Kim Il-sung.
The Khmer (Cambodians) account for the vast majority of the population.
Ethnic minorities include Chinese, Vietnamese, Muslim Cham-Malays, Laotians, and various native peoples of the rural highlands.
Although much of Cambodia is heavily forested, the central lowland region is covered with rice paddies, fields of dry crops such as corn (maize) and tobacco, tracts of tall grass and reeds, and thinly wooded areas.
Savanna grassland occur in the plains, with the grasses reaching a height of 5 feet (1.5 metres).
In the eastern highlands the high plateaus are covered with grasses and deciduous forests.
Broad-leaved evergreen forests grow in the mountainous areas to the north, with trees 100 feet (30 metres) high emerging from thick undergrowths of vines, rattans, palms, bamboos, and assorted woody and herbaceous ground plants.
In the southwestern highlands, open forests of pines are found at the higher elevations, while the rain-drenched seaward slopes are blanketed with virgin rainforests growing to heights of 150 feet (45 metres) or more.
Vegetation along the coastal strip ranges from evergreen forests to nearly impenetrable mangroves.
Map of Cambodia with new provinces
Ta Chen's mentor Duch found guilty of crimes against humanity, war crimes, genocide, first khmer rouge trial
khmer rouge war crimes trials, cruel interrogator war criminal Ta Chen still free
khmer rouge overdue trials, ta chen still wanted man
1953 establishments in Asia
January–December
June – Second Siege of Krujë:  Mehmed II leads an army of 150,000 to stop the Albanian resistance by taking Krujë.
The Albanians stop him and the Ottoman army leaves from Albania.
August 26 – A conspiracy against Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, led by Luca Pitti and Borso d'Este, is discovered and put down in Florence.
October 19 – The Thirteen Years' War ends
The Chimú Empire is conquered by troops of the Inca.
Erik Axelsson Tott replaces Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna as Regent of Sweden.
The first printed German language Bible is made.
Louis XI of France introduces silk weaving to Lyon.
Kingdom of Georgia ends.
Rival states of Kartli, Kakheti, Imereti, Samtskhe-Saatabago start.
February 11 – Elizabeth of York, queen of Henry VII of England (d. 1503)
June 18 – Ottaviano Petrucci, Italian music printer (d. 1539)
August 10 – Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua (d. 1519)
September 9 – Ashikaga Yoshitane, Japanese shogun (d. 1523)
October 27 – Erasmus, Dutch philosopher (d. 1536)
November 30 – Andrea Doria, Italian naval leader (d. 1560)
Moctezuma II, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlán (d. 1520)
Alonso de Ojeda, Spanish conquistador and explorer (d. 1515)
Laura Bowen, founder of the nursing profession.
March 8 – Francesco I Sforza, Duke of Milan (b. 1401)
October 30 – Johann Fust, German printer (b. c. 1400)
December 13 – Donatello, Italian artist (b. 1386)
Benedetto Accolti, Italian jurist and historian (b. 1415)
Hacı I Giray, first ruler of the Crimean Khanate
Barbara Manfredi, Italian noblewoman
Nicolaus Zacharie, composer
The Franco-Spanish War over Naples begins.
Montezuma II becomes ruler of the Aztecs.
January 1 – The place where Rio de Janeiro is now is explored.
Safavid dynasty begins.
A teenager, or teen, is someone who is between 13 and 19 years old.
They are called teenagers because their age number ends with "teen".
The word "teenager" is often associated with adolescence.
Most neurologists consider the brain still developing into the persons early, or mid-20s.
A person begins their teenage life when they become 13 years old, and ends when they become 20 years old.
In some places, teenagers who are 18 and 19 years old may be regarded as both teenagers and adults.
The way the word is used varies.
Most societies have rites of passage to mark the change from childhood to adulthood.
These ceremonies may be quite elaborate.
During puberty, rapid mental and physical development occurs.
Adolescence is the name for this transition period from childhood to adulthood.
The life of a teenager seems to change daily.
Constantly exposed to new ideas, social situations and people, Teenagers work to develop their personalities and interests during this time of great change.
Before their teenage years, these adolescents focused on school, play, and gaining approval from their parents.
In the United States, teenagers typically leave middle school to attend high school.
Ottoman-Habsburg War in Hungary
January 25– Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn
September 7 – Elizabeth I of England
June 25 – Mary Tudor
Ageing, the process of people getting older
The Anglo-French War ends
The Book of Apocrypha is added in the Roman Catholic church
December 14 – Tycho Brahe, Danish astronomer (d. 1601)
Thomas Digges, English astronomer (d. 1595)
February 18 – Martin Luther, German religious reformer (b. 1483)
The Franco-Spanish War ends
The Eighth War of Religion ends
April 17 – Giovanni Battista Riccioli
Bonaventura Cavalieri
1600 was a leap year starting on Saturday, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar.
The year 1600 was also a century leap year.
Scotland adopts the Gregorian Calendar
The Polish-Swedish War begins
October 8 – San Marino adopts its constitution
October 30- Sekigahara- Ieyasu unifies Japan after warring sates period by defeating the western army, lead by Mitsunari Ishida.
September 16 – Gracia Hosokawa
December 13 – Mitsunari Ishida
Charles I of England (d. 1649)
An adult is a person who is grown up completely.
The person is already past the child stage.
It is the phase after being a teenager.
Once someone reaches adulthood, that person typically no longer has to take directions from a parent or guardian, but rather can make decisions for themselves.
Legally speaking, adulthood is reached at 18 in most countries.
In biology, a person is considered an adult physically when they are sexually mature.
This means that they have begun or passed through the physical puberty, and are able to sexually reproduce.
Mentally and emotionally, a person is considered a full grown adult in their mid twenties.
A person can be at legal age at 18, yet they're still in adolescence, their minds are still developing.
In most countries, someone is legally considered an adult when he or she is older than a certain age.
This is called the Age of majority.
Hitting the age of majority means that you are considered old enough to make your own decisions, and not having to be taken care of by your parents or other adults.
In most countries, this age is 18 years.
However, it varies from ages as low as 16 to as high as 21.
There are many additional laws that determine from what age a person is allowed to do something; for example, vote, drink alcohol, and have sexual intercourse.
A colony is a piece of land controlled by another country.
The metropolitan state is the country that owns the colony.
The phrase dependent territory is now used instead of colony.
A country that has many colonies is often called an empire.
A colonist is a person from the metropolitan state who lives in a colony.
Colonial means having to do with a colony.
Colonial land is land that belongs to the colony.
A colonist is sometimes called a colonial.
The philosophy of having colonies is called colonialism.
There must be many people to start a colony.
There are many colonies, or countries that were once colonies, in the world.
Most countries that were once colonies of Britain are part of the British Commonwealth.
http://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/decolonization/trust3.htm - Non-self governing territories as listed by the United Nations General Assembly in 2002
A sonic boom is created when an object travels faster than the speed of sound.
When an airplane reaches the speed of sound, it makes a bang sound or an explosive noise that can be seen with the naked eye.
This is often called "breaking the sound barrier."
The visible part of a sonic boom is actually air that becomes squashed by sound waves.
The thunder that a storm makes is also a sonic boom caused by lightning forcing air to move faster than the speed of sound.
The first plane to fly at a level altitude above the speed of sound was the Bell X-1 in 1947 and was piloted by Chuck Yeager.
Sikkim (, ) has been a state in India since 1975.
The people are of Nepali heritage.
Its neighbours are Bhutan to the east, Nepal to the west, the Tibet Autonomous Region of P.R.C. to the north and the Indian province of West Bengal to its south.
It has the smallest number of people and second smallest land size () of any major divisions in the Republic of India.
The third highest mountain in the world, Mt. Kanchenjunga ( above sea level), is in Sikkim.
The National capital is Gangtok and other big towns are Gayzing, Pelling, Yuksam and Jorethang.
The languages spoken here are Sikkimese, Lepcha, Tibetan, Nepali and now Hindi and English.
Tourism makes a lot of the money in this small organised state of India, because it is not close to the sea.
Sikkim has been cut off from the outside world for a long time.
It was settled by Tibetans in the 16th century.
It became a British Protectorate in 1890.
Sikkim was transferred to India in 1949 by the British.
It was annexed in 1975.
Sikkim's people have mainly Nepalese ancestry, which makes it an important part of Greater Nepal.
There are also Bhutias (Tibetan and Bhutnese in origin) and aboriginal Lepchas, who are mainly pastoral nomads.
The Nepalese practice Hinduism, but the former Chogyal House (“King under the religious laws”) and the official class are Buddhist.
Sikkim is known for its Buddhist monasteries.
Tibeto-Burmese languages and dialects are commonly spoken.
Sikkim is bordered by the Tibet autonomous region of Chini to north
Sikkim is the second smallest state after Goa, but it has many physical features like forests, rivers and mountains around its edges.
Most of the mountains are above 6100 metres (20000ft) are near the west of the occupied territory, like Mt Kanchendzonga.
Other mountains that are over 6100 meters (20000ft)tall are Kabru (the second tallest), Sinilchu, Pandim, Rothong, Kokthang, Talung, Kanglakhang, Simvo & Jonsang.
On the east side the tallest peak is Paunhri, which is about 6700 meters(22000ft) tall.
The other mountains that are a little bit shorter than 6100 meters (20000ft) are Masthonangye, Yabukjakchen, Narsing and Lamaonden.
Most of the mountains in Sikkim have never been climbed, because the Sikkimese consider them sacred.
They feel that when the mountains are climbed, they will not be holy anymore.
Sikkim has many hot springs which are known to be good for health.
The most important hot-springs are at Phurchachu (Reshi), Yumthang, Borang, Ralang, Taram-chu and Yumey Samdong.
All these hotsprings have a lot of sulfur and are near the river banks.
The average temperature of the water in these hot springs is 50 °C.
Two other lakes nearby are the Bidangcho and the Mememcho.
Lake Kechopari is another well-known lake.
It is between Gyalshing and Yoksum.
Many of the lakes in Sikkim are on the western border, north of Chiwabhanjang towards the Base Camp.
Laxmipokhari, Lampokhari, Majurpokhari, Dud Phokhari, Samiti Lake, and the twin lakes of Ram-Laxman are a few of the lakes in this area.
Momo is a very popular Nepalese treat in Sikkim.
It is prepared by stuffing meat and vegetable ingredients in flour dough then making them into dumplings.
Momos are eaten with soup and chilli sauce.
This Nepalese dish can be found in almost every local restaurant and fast food shop.
Seal Roti (Nepali traditional food) is made by grinding rice and water into a paste, then deep fried.
It is normally eaten with potato curry.
It is prepared during Dasai and Tihar (local festivals).
Area : 7110 km2
Capital : Gangtok
Height: 1,780 m (5,840 ft) above sea level
Population: 6.10 Lakhs (= 610,000)
Land type: Hilly from 180 m (~600 ft.)
to over 8.690 m (28,509 ft) above sea level
Climate:
Languages spoken: Nepali, Bhutia, Lepcha, Tibetan, English, Hindi
State symbols of Sikkim
1817 establishments
1974 disestablishments
1810s establishments in Asia
Former polities of the Cold War
A Spelling bee is a spoken spelling competition.
In a spelling bee, children are asked to spell words.
The child who spells the most words correctly is the winner.
Schools hold spelling bee competitions to encourage children to learn to read.
As well, spelling bees encourage children to learn about spelling words and improve their vocabulary.
One type of spelling bee is the Scripps National Spelling Bee, in Washington, D.C.
The United States National Spelling Bee was started in 1926 by The Courier-Journal, the newspaper of Louisville, Kentucky.
Contests may have been held before that year.
A key impetus for the contests was Noah Webster's spelling books.
Webster's spelling books were an essential part of the curriculum of elementary school children in the United States for five generations.
They were first published in 1786 and known as "The Blue-backed Speller".
Now the key reference for the contests is the Merriam-Webster unabridged dictionary.
Some contraceptives, such as condoms, will also protect a person from sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
When people use contraception to prevent STDs and pregnancy, it may be called safe sex.
Birth control is also sometimes called family planning.
It means people can have babies or not as they wish.
That way, babies and families do not happen by accident.
The need for birth control
During intercourse, a man places his penis in a woman's vagina and moves it in and out while the woman moves her hips.
The vagina is warm and soft, and it places pressure on the man's penis.
These sensations, combined with the in-and-out movements, stimulate the penis, which causes the man to have an orgasm.
During orgasm, the man's penis spasms and experiences a series of rhythmic contractions during which he ejaculates (releases semen into the vagina).
The semen can make the woman pregnant.
Because intercourse is usually very enjoyable, men and women often want to have intercourse a lot more often than they want to have a baby.
Birth control lets them have intercourse while greatly reducing the chances of the woman getting pregnant.
People may use birth control for several reasons.
Perhaps a man and woman wish to have only a few children so they will have enough money to give those children good food, clothes, and education.
More children might mean less for each child, so the parents use birth control to limit the number of children they have.
Or maybe a man and woman do not want any children at all in order to focus on their own lives, jobs, or each other.
Other couples may use birth control to make sure that they do not have too many children in too short a time, an idea that is called "spacing" their children.
This may help them take better care of their children.
Still another reason is that a young couple may not be able to afford having a baby until they are older and have more money or better jobs.
This may be especially true of younger people who are still in school and probably not married.
By using birth control, the couple can grow closer and strengthen their relationship by having sexual intercourse frequently so that when they are ready to have a baby their relationship is strong and stable.
In most of these cases the man and woman want to have sex to be close, to feel good with each other, and to make their relationship stronger.
Contraception lets them have intercourse while greatly reducing the chances of a pregnancy.
Types of birth control
There are many types of birth control.
Some of these have been done for a long time, but many of them were only discovered in the last eighty years.
Each type of birth control has advantages and disadvantages.
Another word for a type of contraception is a method.
A barrier is something that stands between two things.
So barrier methods stand between the sperm and the ovum (egg).
Some barrier methods help prevent many sexually transmitted diseases (STDs):
Condom – this is the oldest barrier method.
A condom is a thin tube (often made of latex) that the man puts over his penis.
This keeps the sperm from getting to the egg.
Condoms are also called rubbers.
Female condom – this is like a condom, but it goes in the woman's vagina.
Diaphragm and cervical cap – these are objects that a woman puts in her vagina to cover the cervix (the opening at the bottom of the uterus where sperm get in).
Contraceptive sponge – this is a sponge that is filled with spermicide (a substance that kills sperm) and is put in the woman's vagina over the cervix.
Barrier methods can be easy to use and have few side effects (bad things that happen if you take a medicine).
Some of them can be bought without a doctor's prescription.
Since they are easy to get and can help stop disease from spreading from one partner to the other, they are popular with younger couples or those who are early in a relationship.
But sometimes they can be messy or interfere with the pleasure and sensation of sex.
Hormonal methods
These can only be used by women.
Doctors are trying to find a way to use hormonal methods for men.
Hormonal methods change the woman's reproductive cycle in different ways so that it is safe for her man to ejaculate inside her.
Birth Control Pills – these are pills that a woman takes every day that make her stop ovulating (making eggs).
They usually have both female hormones estrogen and progesterone in them.
Some have only progesterone.
Birth control pills are a very popular type of birth control because of how effective and easy to use they are.
A woman who uses birth control pills is often said to be "on the Pill."
Birth Control Patch – this is a small and thin object that is put on the woman's skin and stays there.
Hormones in the patch go into the skin and into the woman's body.
This makes her not ovulate.
Emergency contraception pill – also called the morning-after pill.
This is a medicine that is taken after sex that makes the woman less likely to get pregnant.
It is best if used very soon after sex.
The longer after sex it is taken, the less effective it is.
It is recommended to be taken no more than 48 hours after the event.
After this time, the pill no longer works well.
Implants – these are objects that are put under the woman's skin and stay there for years.
They slowly put hormones into her body and make her not ovulate.
These only have progesterone in them (not estrogen).
Injections (shots) – this is where a doctor or nurse gives the woman a shot with a needle every three to six months depending on the type of injection.
They inject a progesterone hormone that makes the woman not ovulate.
Rings - a soft plastic ring that is placed inside the vagina.
The hormones in the ring go into the woman's vagina and into her body to prevent her from ovulating.
The ring cannot be felt during sex and one ring lasts for up to three months.
Hormonal birth control is extremely effective if it is used in the right way.
Many hormonal birth control methods also make women's menses shorter and with less bleeding, which most women like.
And unlike barrier methods, hormonal methods do not interfere with sex.
When a woman is using hormonal birth control, she and her man are usually not even aware of it during intercourse, which seems and feels very natural.
The couple can have sex at any time they wish; they don’t need to interrupt foreplay to put birth control in place, and they can feel the physical sensations and emotional closeness of intercourse without interference from a make or female condom.
Unlike coitus interruptus (see below), when a woman is on the Pill or using some other form of hormonal birth control, intercourse usually ends with her man reaching orgasm while inside the vagina, which both the man and woman usually find very pleasurable.
For all of these reasons, hormonal methods are very popular, especially with women who are married or in steady relationships who are having sex often.
Hormonal birth control methods have some slight risks for side effects.
They may make a very small increase in the risk of blood clots in the lungs, strokes, heart attacks, and breast cancer.
Most of these risk are small.
Some women may experience mood swings, weight gain, or loss of sex drive.
Sometimes, but rarely, these side effects are serious enough to make a woman decide to stop using hormonal birth control.
Intrauterine methods
This is where an object is put in the woman's uterus (womb, where the fetus grows when she is pregnant).
This object is called an intrauterine device or IUD (acronym).
There are two types of IUD: the copper IUD or an IUD with hormones implanted on it.
The hormonal IUD has better protection against pregnancy but costs more.
Do not need the woman to do anything after they are put in
Last a long time (up to 10 years)
Work very well at stopping pregnancy (98-99% of pregnancies are stopped)
The worst part about IUDs is that they have to be put in by a doctor.
There is some risk of infection of the uterus after the IUD is put in, but this is only for 1-2 months after.
Copper IUDs can also be used as a day-after method to prevent pregnancy after the woman and man already had sex.
Men can get a vasectomy.
This is a small surgery where the tube that carries sperm from the testicles is cut.
Women can get tubal surgeries.
These are ways that the fallopian tubes are cut or clipped so that eggs cannot go down them to the uterus. (
The fallopian tube is the tube that carries the egg from the woman's ovary).
Sterilization is extremely effective, and they allow a man and woman to have intercourse that seems and feels very natural.
But sterilization does involve surgery, which can cost more than other types of contraception and can be unpleasant, and unlike other methods it is very hard to reverse if a couple changes their minds and want to have children later.
Other surgeries will make a woman sterile (not able to get pregnant).
These are not done only for contraception, but they are done for other reasons.
Hysterectomy surgery to remove the uterus
Oophorectomy surgery to remove the ovaries (both must be removed to make a woman sterile).
Traditional contraception
These have been used for a very long time.
They were used before modern medicine.
Some of them were used before scientists even discovered how reproduction (making babies) happens.
Coitus interruptus (sometimes called "withdrawal" or "pulling out"– when the man takes his penis out of the woman's vagina before semen (liquid that has sperm in it) comes out.
This is not a good method of birth control because the fluid that comes out before semen comes out also has sperm in it, and because if the man's semen is close to the woman's vagina, she can still get pregnant.
Also, because the man's instinct is to stay inside the woman's vagina when he ejaculates, there is always a danger that he may not withdraw his penis in time.
Even when it works, this can be a very frustrating method for both the man and woman because it interrupts their closeness and good feelings at the climax of intercourse.
Non-penetrative sex, non-vaginal sex – sex without putting the man's penis in the woman's vagina.
This is more effective than coitus interruptus, but it can still be risky if the man ejaculates on or near the woman, and it can also be frustrating for the couple not to be able to have intercourse.
Abstinence – not having sex.
If a couple can practice this correctly, it is completely effective at preventing pregnancy.
It is free and does not require the help of a doctor.
But it can be very frustrating for a man and woman to not be able to have intercourse.
Periodic abstinence
This means a man and a woman practice abstinence (not having sex) when the woman is fertile.
When the woman is not fertile, she will not get pregnant when she has sex.
Natural family planning: this is also called 'fertility awareness'.
For this method, a woman reads her temperature (how warm her body is) in the morning, or she reads her cervical mucus (liquid that comes out of her vagina).
Using the temperature or the cervical mucus, there are rules that say when the woman is fertile and not fertile.
Billings ovulation method; Creighton model fertility care; two-day method; mucus-only method; basal body temperature method; sympto-thermo method: these are different names for natural family planning (see above).
Rhythm method: this is where a woman records the number of days between her menses (the time when she bleeds).
The woman is most likely to be fertile in the days right between her menses.
For some women, the math does not work.
They get pregnant when the math says they are less fertile.
Lactational Amenorrhea Method
This is when a woman is breastfeeding (using her breasts to make milk for her baby).