the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Some HIV-infected people also try herbal medicines to treat HIV, but there has been no evidence showing any positive outcomes with the use of herbal remedies.
Another type of alternative therapy for treating HIV is micronutrient supplementation.
Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals, so these supplements would be in the form of a general daily multivitamin.
These supplements have been proven to help treat HIV because HIV can cause micronutrient deficiencies, so the supplements can help replenish these needed vitamins and minerals.
Although the supplements may not help ease all negative symptoms, they offer some benefits and are safe for HIV-infected patients.
Supplements are also safe for HIV-infected pregnant women and their children.
Specifically, vitamin A and zinc have shown positive health effects.
There are no major negative side effects of vitamin and mineral supplements.
"PREP" or "PrEP" is pre-exposure prophylaxis.
This means a person takes a drug before having risky sex.
The drug 'Truvada' is a combination of two different anti-viral treatments: tenofovir and emtricitabine.
Truvada is very expensive, and not available on the UK's National Health Service.
AIDS-HIV Resources and guidelines for prevention
Product for babies This article provides basic information about child products in a way that is easy to understand.
This site also has an article that provides Best babies products reviews.
AIDS Education Global Information System (AEGiS)
Frank Vincent Zappa (December 21, 1940 - December 4, 1993) was an American musician and composer.
He was known for his strange style of music, which was often weird and funny.
He made various types of music and many albums.
Zappa worked with many other musicans, most notably his 1960s group The Mothers of Invention and his friend and blues singer Captain Beefheart.
Some people think he is the best composer in popular music or even any non-classical music.
Zappa was born in Baltimore, Maryland, but spent most of his life in Southern California.
He grew up in Baltimore, in Florida, and in Monterey, Claremont and El Cajon, California.
His mother was of French and Italian descent; his father was an immigrant from Sicily.
Zappa had four children with his wife Gail.
They gave them all very unusual names: Moon Unit, Dweezil, Ahmet, and Diva.
Zappa was openly against drugs, Televangelism, and censoring music.
He often tried to see what he could get away with.
Zappa.com
Actors from Baltimore
Actors from California
American rock guitarists
American songwriters
Cancer deaths in the United States
Deaths from prostate cancer
Musicians from California
Musicians from Maryland
Tasmania (Palawa Kani: Lutruwita, Bruny Island Tasmanian: Lutruwita) is a large island off the southern coast of mainland Australia.
It is a state of Australia.
Its capital and the largest city is Hobart.
The island was joined to the mainland until the end of the most recent ice age about 10,000 years ago.
Tasmania is a state of Australia.
Unlike the other states, it is an island.
The Bass Strait separates it from the Australian mainland.
Australian aboriginals are the native people of Tasmania.
Abel Janszoon Tasman landed on the island in 1642.
He called it "Van Diemen's Land".
It was later called Tasmania.
Much later, people came from Europe, mostly from the British Empire, to live on the island.
Tasmania is the smallest state in Australia.
It also has the smallest population.
The total population of Tasmania is just over 500,000 (September 2014).
Tasmania has some of the most popular tourist attractions in the world.
They range from old country towns to up to date cities.
Coles Bay
Huonville
Strahan
Hagley
Famous Tasmanians
Errol Flynn - actor, best known for his role in the 1930s as Robin Hood.
Ricky Ponting - Former Australian Cricket Captain
Peter Crumpton - Author
David Boon - Cricket Player
Don Kay - Composer
Madison Courto - Musician
Princess Mary Donaldson of Denmark
Allanah Hill (fashion designer)
Simon Baker (the mentalist)
Islands of Australia
M*A*S*H was an American media franchise that had several novels and a movie.
Several television series have also been based on it.
These include M*A*S*H (1970 movie), M*A*S*H (TV series) (1972),  AfterMASH and Trapper John, M.D..
M*A*S*H started as a novel written by Richard Hooker.
It was released in 1968, and was about a group of rebellious doctors at a MASH (Mobile Army Surgical Hospital) during the Korean War in the early 1950s.
Several sequels were also written after the first book was successful.
A movie and television series were based on the story.
M*A*S*H was made into a movie in 1970 that was liked by critics and audiences.
It was directed by Robert Altman, and starred a large cast of talented actors that included Donald Sutherland, Elliott Gould, Tom Skerritt, Sally Kellerman, and Robert Duvall.
The movie won the Golden Palm award that year, which is the highest award at the Cannes Film Festival in Cannes, France.
The movie was also a big hit with young people for its anti-establishment, wild feel.
This was especially true because it was really seen to be about criticizing the Vietnam War that was going on at the time.
That theme was only hidden somewhat by the setting of the movie during the earlier and less controversial Korean War.
The success of the books and movie inspired the very popular comedy television series, M*A*S*H. The series ran from 1972 to 1983 on CBS and is one of the most popular American television shows ever.
Reruns are still shown on cable and broadcast channels, and most of the show's seasons are sold on DVDs.
Though it is not as popular as it was, it is still popular today.
Burghoff played the naive, innocent, teenage, but gifted company clerk, "Radar" O'Reilly.
His role was small but memorable in the M*A*S*H movie, and he was the only actor from that movie to also play his character on the television series.
The show's final episode which aired on February 28, 1983 was one of the most watched shows in TV history.
It was viewed by 125 million people.
There have been several spin-off series of M*A*S*H. The first was AfterMASH, which was about a Veteran's Hospital soon after the war was over.
It was about Colonel Potter (Harry Morgan), who got a job there, Maxwell Klinger (Jamie Farr), who became his assistant, and Father Mulcahy (William Christopher), who came there as a patient who abused alcohol after he lost his hearing in the TV series.
All three of them were major characters on the original series.
The second spin-off was W*A*L*T*E*R*, which was about Walter "Radar" O'Reilly (Gary Burghoff).
It was an unsold pilot that was shown as a special television program.
The most successful M*A*S*H spin-off was Trapper John, M.D., a spin-off of the movie.
It starred Trapper John McIntyre (Pernell Roberts), but never talks about anything from the movie.
It lasted 151 episodes across seven seasons.
1972 television series debuts
1983 disestablishments in the United States
1970s American workplace television series
1980s American workplace television series
1980s workplace comedy television series
1980s workplace drama television series
American black comedy movies
American comedy-drama television series
American novels
American war movies
American workplace comedy television series
American workplace drama television series
Black comedy television series
Movies set in the 1950s
Donald McNichol Sutherland OC (born July 17, 1935) is a Canadian actor.
He has appeared in more than 100 movie and television shows.
Sutherland is known for his roles in Fellini's Casanova, Klute, Don't Look Now, Invasion of the Body Snatchers, JFK, Ordinary People, Pride & Prejudice, and The Hunger Games.
He is the father of actor Kiefer Sutherland.
Sutherland was born in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada.
His ancestry includes Scottish, as well as German and English.
When Sutherland was a child, he had rheumatic fever, hepatitis and poliomyelitis.
He studied at Victoria College and at University of Toronto.
He studied acting London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art.
Sutherland started off working as a radio DJ at the age of 14.
Sutherland's acting career began in 1962 with a small role in the television series The Avengers.
He then starred in some major roles in movies such as Dr. Terror's House of Horrors with Christopher Lee.
He had a recurring role in the 1970 television series M*A*S*H.
Sutherland soon gained fame in the Academy Award-winning movie Klute with Jane Fonda.
He then starred in the movie Don't Look Now.
He then starred in the movie Buffy the Vampire Slayer.
Recently, Sutherland portrayed President Snow in the movie adaptation of The Hunger Games, released in March 2012.
He repeated the role in its sequel, The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013).
In 2018, Sutherland played J. Paul Getty in the television series Trust.
Sutherland was married to Lois Hardwick from 1959 until they divorced in 1966.
Then he was married to Shirley Douglas from 1966 until they divorced in 1970.
Since 1972, Sutherland has been married to his current wife Francine Racette.
He has five children, three of whom are actors.
Sutherland became a blogger for the American news website The Huffington Post during the 2008 United States presidential election campaign.
In his blogs, he openly stated his support for Barack Obama.
During the Opening Ceremony of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver he narrated the events.
He was also one of the Olympic flag bearers.
Castle of the Living Dead (1964)
Dr. Terror's House of Horrors (1965)
The Dirty Dozen (1967)
Interlude (1968)
Start the Revolution Without Me (1970)
M*A*S*H (1970)
Klute (1971)
Lady Ice (1973)
S*P*Y*S (1974)
The Kentucky Fried Movie (1977)
The Great Train Robbery (1979)
Bear Island (1979)
Eye of the Needle (1981)
Scream of Stone (1991)
Long Road Home (1991)
JFK (1991)
Eminent Domain (1991)
Backdraft (1991)
Quicksand: No Escape (1992)
Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1992)
Benefit of the Doubt (1993)
The Puppet Masters (1994)
Punch (1994)
Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All (1994)
The Lifeforce Experiment (1994)
Disclosure (1994)
Behind the Mask (1999)
Virus (1999)
Instinct (1999)
The Hunley (1999)
Toscano (1999)
The Setting Sun (1999)
Panic (2000)
Space Cowboys (2000)
The Art of War (2000)
Threads of Hope (voice) (2000)
Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within (voice) (2001)
Uprising (TV) (2001)
Frankenstein (TV) (2004)
Aurora Borealis (2004)
The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013)
Jappeloup (2013)
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 1 (2014)
The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Part 2 (2015)
Trust (2018)
1978: Officer of the Order of Canada (OC)
1983: 4th Genie Awards, winner, Best Actor, Threshold
1995: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Actor in a Supporting Role in a Miniseries or a Movie, Citizen X
1995: Golden Globe Award, winner, Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film, Citizen X
1998: Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor – Drama, Without Limits
2000: Canada's Walk of Fame
2002: Golden Globe Award, winner, Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film, Path to War
2005: Honorary Doctor of Arts (Hon DArt) from Middlebury College (Middlebury, Vermont, US)
2011: Hollywood Walk Of Fame.
2012: Commandeur of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
On the Money (Carole Cadwalladr interview), The Guardian, 30 March 2008
Academy Award Honorary Award winners
Canadian stage actors
People from New Brunswick
Something of, from, or related to Canada, a country
Canadians are people identified with the country of Canada.
Canadian County, Oklahoma, United States
Canadian River, United States, the largest tributary of the Arkansas River, in the southwestern United States
Canadian Shield, a large craton in eastern and central Canada and adjacent portions of the United States
Canadian, Texas, United States, a city in Hemphill County
First Canadian Place, Canada's tallest skyscraper
People and organizations
Petey Williams (nickname: Canadian Destroyer), a Canadian professional wrestler
Jason Reso (nickname: Canadian Rage or Christian Cage), a Canadian professional wrestler
Canadian Airlines, a defunct airline of Canada
Canadian elderberry
Conyza canadensis (Canadian horseweed; also Canadian fleabane), a common species of Conyza, native throughout most of North America and Central America
Canadian honeysuckle, an arching shrub
Canadian Club, a brand of whisky produced by Hiram Walker & Sons in Windsor, Ontario
Montreal Canadiens, an NHL hockey team based in Montreal
Paul Martin Jr.  (born August 28, 1938) is a Canadian politician.
He was the 21st Prime Minister of Canada.
He was also the leader of the Liberal Party of Canada.
He became prime minister December 12, 2003, when Jean Chrétien stepped down.
He won an election on June 28, 2004, because the Liberals won more seats than the other political parties; but they did not win a majority of the seats, so he led a minority government.
There was another election on January 23, 2006; his party lost this election, so Stephen Harper became the next prime minister.
Martin was born in Windsor, Ontario.
His father was a member of the Canadian House of Commons for thirty-three years and was a part of the cabinet.
Martin graduated from the University of Toronto in 1961 with a B.A. in history and philosophy and from the University of Toronto Law School in 1965.
He married Sheila Martin in 1965.
He was elected to parliament from the riding of LaSalle-Émard in Montreal, Quebec in 1988.
He was finance minister from 1993 until 2002.
He became known for balancing the budget (ending government borrowing of money).
In 2003, he was elected leader of the Liberal party, and was appointed prime minister one month later.
Mr. Martin's government made same-sex marriage legal.
It also had problems with the Sponsorship scandal in 2004.
In 2006, Parliament passed a vote of no confidence, which forced a national election to be held on January 23.
The Liberals lost the election and Martin lost his position as prime minister.
Soon afterwards, he resigned his position as leader of the Liberal Party.
After fourteen months in office, Paul Martin got the nickname "Mr. Dithers".
He was called so by the magazine The Economist.
They say this is because he changed his opinion too often.
Privy Councillors (Canada)
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec
Politicians from Montreal
A machine gun is a weapon that can fire one bullet after another as long as the trigger is pulled and there are bullets ready to fire.
This is called automatic fire.
A more general name for this type of weapon is an automatic weapon.
Machine guns fire bullets delivered from a long chain of cartridges called an ammunition ('ammo') belt, or use spring-loaded boxes called magazines.
Machine guns are usually divided into heavy-duty machine guns, light machine guns, and sub-machine guns.
Heavy machine guns (HMG) are placed on the ground, supported on a tripod, or on a vehicle.
The vehicle would have a support for the gun with a rotating base or turret.
Heavy machine guns often need two men to operate it, one to assist with loading ammunition, and one to aim and fire.
It always takes two or more men to carry one.
Famous examples include the M2 Browning machine gun, the MG42, the M1919 Browning, the M134 minigun, the Type 92 heavy machine gun, and the Maxim gun.
Light machine guns (LMG) are usually carried and fired by one man.
Despite the name, an LMG is almost always rested on a bipod or a tripod while firing since the gun is normally too heavy to fire while standing, although some LMGs such as the Bren LMG and the BAR are light enough to be fired without a bipod or tripod when a sling is worn around the user.
Famous examples include the Bren, the BAR, the SAW M249, the M240, the RPD, the RPK, the PK, and the M-60.
Submachine guns (SMG) are lighter weapons which fire less powerful bullets (usually pistol bullets).
They are much easier to conceal and carry than the heavier versions.
Submachine guns have handles (stocks), and are carried by individual soldiers or police officers.
Famous examples include the Uzi, the Heckler & Koch MP5, the Thompson (a.k.a.
Tommy gun), the MAC-10, the PPSh, and the MP-40.
Assault rifles have automatic capabilities but they are not called machine guns.
They are used mainly in semi-automatic fire, and also normally fire lighter bullets than machine guns.
Many heavy machine guns, such as the Browning M2 .50 caliber machine gun, are exact enough to hit distant targets.
During the Vietnam War, Carlos Hathcock shot at 7382 ft (2250 m) using a .50 caliber heavy machine gun with a telescopic sight.
Machine gun -Citizendium
Robin Hood is a folk hero from the Middle Ages in England.
He is a legendary person, and people have told stories about him for centuries.
There are also many books, plays, movies, and cartoons that tell stories about Robin Hood.
There are many different versions, but in most stories, Robin Hood is an outlaw who lives in Sherwood Forest near the town of Nottingham, England.
He has two enemies.
who abuse their powers and take money from the people who need it.
The first is Prince John, who is acting as king while his brother, King Richard the Lionheart, is fighting the Crusades in the Middle East.
The second is the corrupt Sheriff of Nottingham.
They are Robin Hood’s enemies because they abuse their powers and take money from poor people.
Using his intelligence and his archery skills, Robin Hood steals back this money and returns it to the poor.
In many stories, a group of faithful followers called The Merry Men accompanies Robin.
In the earliest Robin Hood stories, The Merry Men were Little John, Much the Miller’s Son, and Will Scarlet.
Later stories added Friar Tuck, Alan-a-Dale, and Maid Marian.
In the media
There have been many movies about Robin Hood, including "The Adventures of Robin Hood" starring Errol Flynn.
In the 1970s, Disney made a movie where the characters were shown to be animals.
Robin and his lover (Marian) are foxes.
Basketball is a team sport where one team, usually consisting of five players in each team, play against each other on a rectangular court.
The objective is to get the ball through a hoop mounted high on a backboard on the opponent's side of the court, while preventing the opponent from shooting it into your team's hoop.
It is a very popular sport worldwide, played with a round and usually orange(orange-brown) ball that bounces.
Basketball players mainly use skills such as dribbling, shooting, running, and jumping.
Each made basket is worth two points, while a basket made from beyond the three-point line is worth three points.
If a player gets into too much physical contact, they may be given free throws which are worth one point each.
The game typically lasts for four-quarters and the team with the most points at the end of the four-quarters win the game.
If the score is tied at the end of the game, there will be additional play time, called overtime, to allow one team to win the match.
The game is played between men's teams or between women's teams.
Basketball has been played in the Summer Olympic Games since 1936.
The shot clock rule started in 1954 for professional basketball.
The first basketball game took place in 1892, where the court was half the size of what it is today.
In 1891 the game was invented by James Naismith.
The history of basketball
In early December 1891, James Naismith (1861–1939), a Canadian physical education teacher at Springfield College in Springfield, Massachusetts, invented an indoor game called basketball.
He invented the sport to keep his students from becoming bored during the winter.
Naismith wrote the basic rules and then nailed a peach basket onto a 20-foot tall pole.
Unlike modern basketball hoops, the bottom of the peach-basket was still there, so after a point was scored, somebody had to get the ball out of the basket with a long stick.
Over time, people made a hole at the bottom of the basket so the ball could go through more easily.
The first game of basketball was played at the International Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in Springfield, Massachusetts.
The score of the first game of basketball ever played was 1-0.
There is a sculpture in Springfield, outside where the first game was held.
The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame is also in Springfield.
For that first game of basketball in 1891, Naismith used two half-bushel peach baskets as goals, which gave the sport its name.
The students were enthusiastic.
After much running and shooting, William R. Chase made a midcourt shot, which was the only score in that historic contest.
Word spread about the newly invented game, and numerous associations wrote Naismith for a copy of the rules, which were published in the January 15, 1892, issue of the Triangle, the YMCA Training School's campus paper.
Since the rules had not been formally written, there was no maximum number of players then, unlike today.
This also meant that there were no set rules to the game; Naismith only observed how it was played and changed the rules accordingly.
The aim of basketball is to score more points than the other team, by making the ball in the basket.
Players on one team try to stop players on the other team from scoring.
Baskets can be worth 1, 2, or 3 points.
Each normal score is worth two points; however, if a player throws the ball into the hoop from behind the large arched line on the court, called the "3-point line," the score is worth three points.
You get points by "shooting" (throwing or dropping) the ball into the opponents' basket.
The ball is moved forward by shooting, passing (throwing or handing off) or dribbling it.
The ball may not be carried by a player who is walking or running without dribbling it.
If this rule is violated, it is called a travel.
Basketball hoop and backboard
Basketball is played with two teams, with 5 players from each team on the court at one time.
The maximum number of players on the bench differs by the league.
In international play, a maximum of 7 players is allowed on the bench, resulting in a roster of 12 players.
The NBA has 13-player rosters; college and high school teams have 15-player rosters.
When a player wants to substitute for another player on the court, they let the score bench know.
The referees will signal for the player waiting to come into the court.
The player that was in the game comes off the court and the player that was  sitting on the bench goes inside the game.
This is called a substitution.
In regional matches, in some areas, a minimum of 3 players are required to be on the bench.
In India, there might be leeway in the number depending on the category of the tournament you're playing in.
Playing regulations
A game of basketball is made up of four different quarters, each ten (or in the National Basketball Association, 12) minutes long.
In the NCAA, or National Collegiate Athletic Association, there are 2  20 minute halves.
At the start of every game the referee throws the basketball up in the air, and one player from each team tries to hit it to their teammates, that is called a "jump ball."
At the start of each quarter the team who has the possession arrow pointing towards their hoop gets the ball.
Then the arrow is switched, and the next team gets the ball next quarter.
After four-quarters, the team who scores the most points wins.
If the two teams score the same number of points, there is a five-minute "overtime" to see who can score more points. "
Overtime" can be played over and over until one team finally scores more points.
If a player does something illegal in the game, it is called a "foul."
If a player fouls someone on the other team who is shooting the basketball, the player who was fouled gets to shoot "free throws" from the "foul line."
A free throw is a shot that no one is allowed to try to block.
A free throw is shot from the straight line in front of the hoop.
Each successful free throw is worth one point.
If a player fouls an opponent who is not shooting, the other team gets the ball, and can throw it in bounds from the sideline.
Players can do three things with the ball: "dribble" (bounce) the ball, "pass" the ball to a teammate, or "shoot" the ball at the hoop.
The player with the ball tries to keep the ball and not let the other team get it.
The ball can't be kicked or hit with the fist.
If this is violated, the other team gets possession of the ball and gets to throw it in from the nearest out of bounds area.
Once a player commits five fouls, he is no longer allowed to play in the game, and a player on the bench must go in the game immediately.
If a team commits four fouls, the opposing team gets to shoot a free throw on any next foul that doesn't involve shooting. (
Depending on the league).
In a game of basketball, there are a number of officials who are not from either team, who are there to help.
Officials are important to the game, and help it run efficiently.
Here is a list of some of these people:
Umpire: There are either one, two, three, four or five umpires in a game of basketball.
It is the umpires' job to make the game more fair by enforcing the rules of the game.
The umpires take into consideration the spirit and intent of the player before making any call.
In the NBA and WNBA, the term "umpire" is not used; the person who has this role is called the referee.
Referee: The use of this word varies between rule sets.
Under the rules of FIBA (the worldwide governing body for the sport), the NCAA (U.S. college basketball), and NFHS (U.S. high schools), there is one referee in a game of basketball.
He is the "head" umpire.
The referee has all the jobs of the umpires along with a couple more responsibilities.
He is also the one that makes the final decision for most problems and is the one who throws the ball up for the tip off at the start of the match.
The first ever recorded female referee is Isabelle Johnson from Melbourne.
The first ever recorded male referee is Campbell Grech from Melbourne.
Timekeeper: There is one timekeeper whose job is to keep track of the time and to tell the umpires when time for each quarter has run out.
Scorekeeper: There is one scorekeeper whose job is to keep track of and record all points scored, shots attempted, fouls made and timeouts called.
Assistant Scorekeeper: There is one assistant scorekeeper.
His job is to assist the scorekeeper, by telling him the players who score points, and to hold up a number for each foul called, showing everyone the number of fouls the specified player has for the game.
Shot Clock Operator: There is one shot clock operator and his job is to keep resetting and holding the device when needed or told to by an umpire.
This person needs to have good reflexes and quickness, as he has to quickly reset the timer when the game resumes.
Basketball terms/fouls
There are some basketball terms that players have to understand when playing the game.
Here are some terms:
Draft pick is an eligible player selected to play for one of thirty teams in the NBA
Free throw is a basketball throw from the free-throw line from either personal, technical, unsportsmanlike or disqualifying fouls.
Each free-throw made is worth one point.
The amount of free-throws attempted are determined by the following:
missed field goal and a drawn foul will result in 2 free throws
made field goal and a drawn foul will result in 1 free throw
missed 3-point attempt and a drawn foul will result in 3 free throws
made 3-point attempt and a drawn foul will result in 1 free throw
unsportsmanlike foul will result in 2 free throws and the same team's possession. (
In all North American rule sets, this foul is called a "flagrant foul", with the same penalty.)
technical foul will result in 2 free throws and the same team's possession. (
In the NBA and WNBA, technical fouls result in 1 free throw instead of 2.)
Field goal is any made shot in normal play.
Field goals are worth 2 points, unless the shooter was outside the three-point line, in which case it is worth 3 points.
Personal foul is any contact, committed by a player of the other team, thought, by the umpires, to have caused a disadvantage.
Technical foul is a violation of certain basketball rules.
fighting or threatening to fight with another person
entering the basketball court when it is not a substitution time
a player being out of bounds (away from the court) to gain an advantage
having too many players play on the court
refusing to sit on the bench
returning to play when a player is disqualified (loses his privileges to play).
yelling and/or swearing at another player or an official.
Rebound is the act of catching the basketball after a shot has been attempted, but missed.
Assist is to pass a teammate the ball, which then the teammate immediately shoots into the basketball ring successfully.
2-3 dribbles are allowed after catching the ball for assist to be counted.
Steal is to take the ball away from a person who is dribbling, shooting or passing without physically touching the person (committing a foul).
Turnover is when the team that controls the ball loses control and the other team gains control.
Walkover is the automatic victory of a team if the opposing team withdraws, is disqualified or there is not any competition at all.
Substitution is the act of replacing a player from the court to an another player sitting on the bench.
Double dribble is when a player dribbles the ball and picks it up and then dribbles it again without having shot or passed it.
Dribbling the ball with two hands is also a double dribble.
If a player double dribbles, the ball is automatically given to the other team.
Carry is when a player physically turns the ball over with their hands while dribbling it.
Travel is when a player in possession of the ball moves both feet without dribbling the ball.
If a player travels, the ball is automatically given to the opposing team.
Shot clock is a clock designed to limit the time a team has to shoot a basketball.
The shot clock is different in different leagues, but it is usually between 24 seconds and 35 seconds.
After time runs out, the ball is automatically given to the opposing team unless they shot, before the clock runs out, and hit the rim or the ball enters the basket.
Substitute (subs) is when a player on the bench swaps for a player on the court.
The player on the bench is allowed to play and the player sits on the bench.
Jump ball happens at the start of every game.
This is where the ball gets thrown up from the centre circle and one person from each team jumps for it, aiming to hit it to one of his teammates.
Alternating possession At the start of the game there is a jump ball.
Whichever team "wins" the jump ball gets the arrow pointed towards their goal.
Each time the ball gets given to the team who is trying to score in the direction of the arrow it gets turned.
Clutch is a shot made at a difficult moment in the game, usually when the shot clock is about to run out, or if the team losing by 1 or 2 points suddenly wins the game because of the clutch shot.
Backcourt violation is when a player crosses the half-court line and walks backwards over the line while in possession of the ball, or passes to another player who is behind the half-court line.
Note that this rule does not apply if a defensive player taps the ball, and it goes beyond the half-court line, and the offensive player retrieves it in the "backcourt".
3-second violation is when a player stands in the lane (an area marked by the big square in front of the basket) for more than 3 seconds.
The offensive team that commits a 3-second violation will lose the possession of the ball.
The defensive team that commits a 3-second violation will receive a technical foul.
8- or 10-second violation is when the team with the ball fails to advance the ball past the center line within the allowed time.
The offensive team will lose possession.
The allowed time is 8 seconds in international play, the NBA, and WNBA, and 10 seconds in college and high school play for both males and females.
Women's college basketball was the last level of basketball to add this violation, only doing so for the 2013–14 season.
Positions in basketball
In professional basketball teams, each player has a position.
A position is a job or role that a player has to take part in to play the game.
If everyone is doing their job correctly, the team is usually successful.
Point guard (PG) (1) - point guards are responsible for leading the team on offense.
They have to take the ball out (to dribble the ball halfway across their team's court side into the opposing team's court side) and plan an "attack" or "play" - to pass the ball to a player and he passes on to another player and so on till a player shoots the basketball.
Point guards can be small, but they have to be very fast and possess good ball-handling.
But the most important thing for the PG is a wide view.
PG should control the game when on offense.
That's why PG is called 'the coach on the court'.
Shooting guard (SG) (2) - shooting guards generally are a little bit taller and slower than point guards.
They have to make good shots from far distances (like three-point lines).
Small forward (SF) (3) - small forwards are generally taller than both point guards and shooting guards.
They are the team's most versatile player, doing everything from rebounding and assisting to scoring.
Power forward (PF) (4) - power forwards are usually one of the strongest players who play inside the 3-point line.
Their job is to receive rebounds from under the basket and score in the opposing team's basket, although it is unusual for a power forward to score most points for the team.
Center (C) (5) - Centers will usually be the tallest player on the team.
They score close to the basket, rebound and block shots on the defensive end.
They also start the game in the tip off.
Swingman - a basketball player who can play both small forward and shooting guard positions.
Stretch four (also cornerman) - a basketball player who can play both power forward and small forward positions.
The term "stretch four" comes from the concept of a power forward ("four") capable of "stretching" a defense with outside shooting ability.
Point forward - a basketball player who can play both point guard and forward (either small forward or power forward) positions.
Forward-center - a basketball player who can play both forward (usually power forward) and center positions.
There are many types of basketball.
Some are for people with disabilities, others are played more by a specific group, some are played using only half the court, and some are for when there are fewer players.
This is the most popular "pick up game" variation of basketball.
Pick up games are when teams are chosen on the court instead of having official teams.
Due to there being no referee, this more casual game has more relaxed rules than official games.
Instead of 5 players, there are only three players on each team, hence the name.
The game is played on a half-court instead of a full-court.
Players call their own fouls and violations.
Players inbound the ball from the top of the three-point line.
After a turnover, the team that gets the ball must take it out past the free-throw or three-point line before trying to score.
On any foul, the ball is inbounded.
There is no foul shot.
Normal shots are worth one point, with shots beyond the 3-point arc worth 2 points.
The game is played to a pre-determined set score rather than being timed.
First possession is decided by one or more players shooting 3-point shots to see who goes first. (
If one player, if the shot is made his/her team gets the ball first, if not, the other team gets the ball.
Sometimes called "shooting die".)
Twenty-one
Twenty-one (21) is a variation of basketball that does not include teams.
It is often played with odd-numbers of players or when there are too few players for 3 on 3 games.
The object of 21 is to score exactly 21 points.
Players keep track of their own scores and call out their points after making a basket.
All players play defense against all other players and compete for the rebound on a miss.
When a player makes a shot, he or she scores 2 points and is then awarded a chance to score an additional 3 points by attempting a series of free-throws.
If a player makes a free-throw, he or she is awarded an additional point and an additional free-throw.
If a player makes three straight free-throws they are then given the ball a the top of the key and the other players may then defend.
One special rule is that if a player gets 20 points and then misses a free-throw, or scores 17 points and then makes all three free-throws, their score is set back to 15.
This is because their next basket would put them over 21 points, and the object of the game is to get exactly 21.
There are no fouls, travelling violations, or out-of-bounds.
Play continues despite any of these.
However, flagrantly breaking the rules by not dribbling, intentionally double dribbling, or by fouling too harshly is not accepted and is dealt with by the other players.
Some players use an honor system, returning the ball to a player who was fouled too hard.
The defenders do not usually all gang up on the person with the ball, instead last person to shoot and miss defends while the rest are "back up" and look for the rebound.
H-O-R-S-E
The game H-O-R-S-E, (pronounced horse) is played by two or more players.
The player in control of the ball tries to make a shot however they want.
The other layer has to repeat their shot.
If they miss, they get an H added, until they get enough letters to finish the word horse and they lose.
If the player who has the ball missed their shot, no letter is added and control moves to the next player.
In this variation, the players are all seated in a wheelchair.
This is often played by people who cannot walk or are unable to play normal basketball.
The rules are altered slightly, but the game follows the same general concepts.
FIBA, Fédération Internationale de Basketball / International Basketball Federation
IWBF, International Wheelchair Basketball Federation
A folk hero is a person, who may or may not have existed, and is famous and well liked by people, or people of a certain country.
Usually it is someone who helped the common people or fought against the authorities, such as a bad king.
People tells stories about folk heroes, most of their stories have been passed down orally, and changed to fit the situations.
They usually have a special skill or trait of some sort (Paul Bunyan is very tall).
Robin Hood (England), who stole from the rich and gave it to the poor people
William Tell (Switzerland), who killed a tyrant (a lord terrorizing the people)
Carmine Crocco (Italy), controversial figure of the Italian unification but considered by many a folk hero
George Washington, First President of the United States
Natty Bumppo
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, First President of Turkey
Nelson Mandela, First President of South Africa and anti-apartheid activist
Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States during the American Civil War
Davy Crockett, famous American folk hero who died at the Battle of the Alamo.
Jim Bowie, famous for his Bowie knife, died at the Battle of the Alamo.
Qutb Shah, supposed Arab-Afghan who conquered large parts of Northern India and sired many tribes.
Dulla Bhatti who was a popular resistance hero against the Mughal Empire.
Rai Ahmad Khan Kharal who was a Punjabi freedom-fighter in 1857.
Starting in the 1200s, January 1 was called New Year's Day.
153 BC – Roman consuls begin their year in office.
45 BC – The Julian calendar is first used.
193 – The day after Commodus is murdered, the Roman Senate chooses Pertinax to succeed him as Roman emperor
1001 – Stephen I is named first King of Hungary by Pope Sylvester II.
1438 – Albert II of Habsburg is crowned King of Hungary.
1502 – Exploration of the place where Rio de Janeiro is now.
The name means "River of January".
It is named because its bay was mistaken for a river.
1515 – Francis I becomes King of France.
1600 – Scotland begins its numbered year on January 1 instead of March 25.
1651 – Charles II becomes King of Scotland.
1660 – Samuel Pepys starts writing his famous diary.
1700 – Russia starts using Western numbers for its calendar.
1707 – John V becomes King of Portugal.
1739 – Bouvet Island in the South Atlantic Ocean is discovered by Frenchman Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier.
1776 – American Revolutionary War: Norfolk, Virginia is burned by combined Royal Navy and Continental Army action.
1781 – The Iron Bridge built from plans by Abraham Darby III in Coalbrookdale on the England–Wales border, is officially opened.
1788 – In London, the first issue of The Times newspaper is printed.
1800 – The Dutch East India Company ends.
1801 – The Act of Union 1800 begins to have effect and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland join to make the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
1801 – Giuseppe Piazzi discovers the dwarf planet Ceres in the Solar System's asteroid belt.
1804 – France stops ruling Haiti.
Haiti becomes independent.
1808 – The United States makes a law making it illegal to bring slaves from other countries.
1810 – Lachlan Macquarie becomes Governor of New South Wales.
1833 – The United Kingdom claims the Falkland Islands.
1845 – The Philippines adopt the Gregorian calendar, with the International Date Line being shifted to its east.
December 31, 1844 is skipped.
1860 – Floods in Araluen and Braidwood, New South Wales kill 24 people.
1860 – The first Polish postage stamp is issued.
1863 – Abraham Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation during the second year of the American Civil War.
1873 – Japan starts using the Gregorian calendar.
1874 – The Bronx becomes part of New York City.
1877 – Queen Victoria is given the title of Empress of India.
1880 – Workers start building the Panama Canal.
1885 – Twenty-five countries adopt Sandford Fleming's proposal for Standard time (Time zones).
1890 – In East Africa, the Italian colony of Eritrea is founded.
1892 – Ellis Island starts to take people moving to live in the United States.
1894 – In England, the Manchester Ship Canal is officially opened.
1897 – Brooklyn joins with New York City.
1898 – New York City and places around it join to make the City of Greater New York.
1899 – Spanish rule in Cuba ends.
1899 – Queens and Staten Island join with New York City.
1901 – Australia becomes self-governed.
1901 – Nigeria becomes a British protectorate.
1908 – For the first time, at what is now Times Square in New York City, a ball is dropped at midnight at the start of the New Year.
1911 – In Australia, the Northern Territory separates from South Australia and is transferred to Commonwealth control.
1912 – The Republic of China begins, under Sun Yat-sen.
1913 – The British Board of Censors is founded.
1927 – Turkey starts to use the Gregorian calendar.
1934 – Alcatraz becomes a federal prison.
1937 – Safety glass on vehicle windscreens becomes law in the United Kingdom.
1939 – A temperature of 45 degrees Celsius is recorded in Sydney, Australia, a record for the city.
1941 – In Austria, the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra holds its first New Year's Day concert.
1942 – The Declaration of the United Nations is signed by 26 countries.
1945 – World War II: The German Luftwaffe launches Operation Bodenplatte to destroy Allied air power in northern Europe.
The operation failed.
1947 – The Canadian Citizenship Act takes effect: Prime Minister of Canada William Lyon Mackenzie King becomes the first official Canadian citizen.
1947 – The Bizone is formed out of the British and American Occupation zones in Germany.
This later becomes West Germany.
1948 – The Constitution of Italy takes effect.
1948 – The British Rail network is nationalized.
1949 – A UN ceasefire to stop the fighting in Kashmir takes effect.
1949 – Austria regains control of its border with Italy from the British.
1953 – A short-lasting Republic is declared in the Maldives.
1956 – Sudan became independent.
1956 – Panic and a stampede at a New Year event at Yahiko Shrine, Yahiko, Niigata, Japan, kills at least 124 people.
1958 – Treaties creating the European Economic Community take effect.
1959 – Fidel Castro takes control in Cuba, as Fulgencio Batista flees Havana.
1960 – Cameroon becomes independent.
1962 – Western Samoa becomes independent.
1964 – Top of the Pops is first shown on the BBC.
Its last show is in 2006.
1966 – The Australian dollar replaces the pound sterling as the official currency of Australia.
1966 – Jean-Bédel Bokassa becomes president of the Central African Republic.
1968 – Floods in Bahia, Brazil kill 200 people.
1971 – Cigarette advertisements are banned on American television.
1972 – Kurt Waldheim becomes Secretary-General of the United Nations.
1973 – The UK, Republic of Ireland and Denmark join the European Economic Community.
1978 – The Northern Mariana Islands' constitution becomes effective.
1978 – Air India Flight 855, a Boeing 747, crashes into the sea near Bombay, killing 213 people.
1979 – Diplomatic relations between the United States and the People's Republic of China begin.
1980 – Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden becomes heir to the Swedish throne, as succession laws are changed.
1981 – Palau becomes self-governed.
1981 – Greece joins the European Economic Community.
1982 – Javier Pérez de Cuéllar becomes Secretary-General of the United Nations.
1984 – Brunei becomes independent.
1985 – Greenland leaves the European Community.
1986 – Spain and Portugal join the European Economic Community.
1986 – Aruba separates from Curaçao.
1990 – David Dinkins becomes the first African American mayor of New York City.
1992 – Boutros Boutros-Ghali becomes Secretary-General of the United Nations.
1993 – Czechoslovakia splits into Slovakia and the Czech Republic.
1994 – The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) takes effect.
1995 – Kiribati becomes the first country to enter the New Year, after the International Date Line is shifted to its east, skipping December 31, 1994.
1995 – Austria, Finland and Sweden join the European Union.
1995 – The World Trade Organisation is started.
1995 – The Draupner wave is detected in the North Sea off Norway, proving the existence of freak waves.
1997 – Kofi Annan becomes Secretary-General of the United Nations.
2000 – Start of the 3rd millennium.
2002 – The euro currency starts being used in 12 European Union member states.
2002 – Michael Bloomberg becomes Mayor of New York City.
2003 – Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva becomes President of Brazil.
2007 – Ban Ki-moon becomes Secretary-General of the United Nations.
2007 – Bulgaria and Romania officially join the European Union.
Bulgarian, Romanian, and Irish become official languages of the European Union, joining 20 other official languages.
2007 – Slovenia starts to use the euro.
2007 – Adam Air Flight 574 disappears over Indonesia.
It is later known to have crashed with 102 people on board.
2008 – Cyprus and Malta start to use the euro.
2009 – 66 people die in a nightclub fire in Bangkok.
2009 – Same-sex marriage officially becomes legal in Norway.
2009 – Slovakia starts to use the euro.
2010 – A suicide bombing at a volleyball game in Lakki Marwat, Pakistan, kills 105 people.
2011 – Estonia starts to use the euro.
2011 – Dilma Rousseff becomes President of Brazil.
2013 – A crush after a New Year celebration in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, kills over 60 people.
2014 – Latvia starts using the euro.
2014 – Bill de Blasio becomes Mayor of New York City.
2015 – Lithuania starts using the euro.
2015 – The Eurasian Economic Union enters into force.
Its members are Russia, Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
2015 – Same-sex marriage officially becomes legal in Luxembourg.
2016 – The number of official regions in France (not including overseas territories) is cut from 22 down to 13.
2017 – 39 people are killed in a terrorist attack on a nightclub in Istanbul, Turkey.
2017 – Antonio Guterres becomes Secretary-General of the United Nations.
2017 – A prison riot in Manaus, Brazil, leaves at least 60 inmates dead.
2018 – California legalises cannabis for recreational use.
871 – Zwertibold, King of Lotharingia (d. 900)
1431 – Pope Alexander VI (d. 1503)
1449 – Lorenzo de' Medici (d. 1492)
1467 – King Sigismund I the Old, of Poland (d. 1548)
1484 – Huldrych Zwingli, Swiss Protestant leader (d. 1531)
1516 – Margaret Leijonhufvud, Queen of Sweden (d. 1551)
1557 – Stephen Bocskay, Romanian prince (d. 1606)
1614 – John Wilkins, English clergyman, natural philosopher and writer (d. 1672)
1618 – Bartolome Esteban Murillo, Spanish painter (d. 1682)
1628 – Christoph Bernhard, German composer (d. 1692)
1638 – Emperor Go-Sai of Japan (d. 1685)
1655 – Christian Thomasius, German jurist and philosopher (d. 1728)
1714 – Kristijonas Donelaitis, Lithuanian poet (d. 1780)