the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Generally, it is believed that FMD is not very contagious to humans.
However, humans can spread FMD by carrying the virus on their clothes and body.
FMD breaks out all over the globe, because it is highly contagious to many animals.
The earliest description of FMD was that by Hieronymi Fracastorii (1546).
He described the disease, as being unusual and affecting only cattle, when it occurred in northern Italy in 1514.
Where FMD Occurs
While the disease is widespread around the world, North America, Central America, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Chile, and many countries in Europe are considered free of FMD.
Various types of FMD virus have been found in Africa, South America, Asia, and some parts of Europe.
The most obvious signs of Foot and Mouth Disease are excessive slobbering (letting liquid fall from their mouth), a lack of appetite and lameness (unable to walk properly because of damage to one or both of their legs).
Affected animals may experience a sudden rise in temperature, sores in the mouth or other areas.
Signs of Foot and Mouth in cattle
Slobbering and smacking lips
Shivering
Tender and sore feet
Reduced milk yield
Sores and blisters on feet
Raised temperature
Signs of Foot and Mouth in pigs
Sudden lameness
Prefers to lie down
Sore on the upper edge of the hoof, where the skin and horn meet, and on the heels
FMD is caused by a virus.
Signs of illness can appear after an incubation period (the time from the moment of exposure to an infectious agent until signs and symptoms of the disease appear) of one to eight days, but often develop within three days.
Immunity to one type does not protect an animal against other types.
http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/BRMForProducers/English/FADs/FMD_checklist.pdf
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/animal_health/content/printable_version/fs_foot_mouth_disease07.pdf
http://www.fmdinfo.org/uDocs/pdfofbookforweb767.pdf
http://www.fwi.co.uk/Articles/2007/09/12/105713/Foot-and-Mouth-Symptoms.htm
http://www2.asg.wur.nl/UK/products/Vaccines_and.../FMD/FMDHistory/
http://www.rmla.com/FMD.htm
http://www.sunflower-health.com/fmd220803/fmdoutbreaks.htm
Daejeon () is a city in South Korea It is in the middle of the southern Korean peninsula.
Daejeon means "a grand field".
Its official name is “Daejeon metropolitan city”.
The population in Daejeon is around 1,480,000 people.
There are 5 districts (, Gu) in the city.
Daejeon started as a small village called Hanbat.
Daejeon started to grow into a large city during the Japanese occupation period.
Since the location of Daejeon is near to Seoul, the Ho-Nam train was opened in 1914.
In 1949, Daejeon was no longer a part of Chungcheong province.
It became an independent metropolitan city.
It has the same role as a province.
Today, the city is important as a local self-governing city in Korea.
As the population of the city grew, the first subway station in Daejeon was opened in 2006.
The formal president Noh Mu Hyun once planned to move some of the public administration buildings in Seoul to Daejeon.
Daejeon is seen as a city of science and technology.
It has Daedeock science research town, National Science Museum.
It was built to support scientists and researchers in Daejeon.
In 1993, the city held the Daejeon Expo Festival.
Daejeon attractions include the O-world, the Expo Science Park, Hanbat Arboretum, Roots Park, Gyejoksan Hwangtogil , Daecheong, Jangtaesan recreational forest, Mountain pass around Daejeon, Daejeon Culture and Arts Center, Dongchundang, Euneungjeonge Culture Street,  Famous people from Daejeon are Park Se Ri, a world famous golfer, and celebrities such as Kwon Sang Woo and Park Hae Mi.
The Haeundae Beach is at the southeast end of the city of Busan which is in South Korea.
Along the 12 km of coastline is Busan's most popular beach, and one of the most famous beaches in South Korea. "
Haeundae" was so named by scholar Choi Chi-Won (857~?)
of the Silla Dynasty (BC 57~AD 935).
When he was walking past Dongbaekdo Island, he was fascinated by it and carved the words "Hae Un Dae" on a stone wall on the island.
Haeundae is 1.5 km long, 30~50m wide, and spans an area of 58,400㎡.
The white sand is rough and is rather sticky.
The sand of this beach is composed of sand that comes from Chuncheon Stream and shells that have been naturally eroded by the wind over time.
However hotels, shopping centers and other tourist facilities have been constructed on the beach front area since the mid-1990s, and Haendae is now an rich beach front area.
Haeundae New Town, a major commercial and residential redevelopment project begun in 1990 and another development project, Centum City, has been ongoing since early 2000 and is now a major feature of Busan.
In Centum City there is the world's largest department store, Shinsegae Department Store and BEXCO (Busan Exhibition and Convention Center) has become a popular venue for international conventions and exhibitions.
Nearby Marine City is built on land reclaimed from the sea, and has several huge, high-rise apartment blocks.
Haeundae's geographical assets, along with its tourist facilities, have led to a regular role as one of the host venues for the annual Pusan International Film Festival (PIFF).
The 2005 APEC Conference was held on Haeundae's Dongbeak Island.
Haeundae is one of the most popular spots in Busan to view the first sunrise of the year on January 1.
Also, one of the most famous beach events happens in the first week of January when the temperature is around 0°C, the "Polar Bear Club", held by Choseon Beach Hotel since 1988.
Dongbaek Island, at the south end of the beach, has a view of the sea by car and its coastline is famous for fishing.
Oryuk Islets, a symbol of Busan to many Koreans, can be seen in the distance from Dongbaek Island.
During the hot summer months, Haeundae beach becomes very crowded with thousands of people and parasols.
People visit the beach from all over South Korea, as well as outside of Korea.
A mattress is a mat or pad, usually placed on top of a bed, where somebody sleeps or lies on.
It usually contains compliant things such as feathers, cotton and foam rubber.
Many have springs inside.
The word mattress came from Arabic words meaning "to throw" and "place where something is thrown" or "mat, cushion."
During the Crusades, Europeans slept on cushions thrown on the floor, and the word materas eventually became Middle English through the Romance languages.
The earliest known form of a mattress dates back to approximately 77,000 years ago.
It was discovered by archaeologists in a rock shelter located in Sibudu, South Africa.
It was comprised of various types of grass and leaves, some of which were natural insect repellent to combat nuisances like mosquitos and other insects.
Between 3000 and 1000 BCE, other cultures in early history began to adopt elevated sleeping surfaces as humans and civilizations evolved.
In ancient Egypt, these raised beds were typically made from wood for protection from snakes and rodents.
Raised beds were also helpful as a way of regulating temperature and to protect against cold and heat.
Beds became simpler in the 19th century, with four-posters falling out of style.
Mattresses were transformed when coil springs were introduced in the 1870s, and metal frames became more common.
At the beginning of the 20th century, beds and mattresses could be mass produced for the first time, making them more accessible.
As more companies began making mattresses, buying a mattress became much more about comfort and preference, which remains the case today.
The Qin dynasty ruled in China from 221 BC to 206 BC.
It was created by the warlord Qin Shi Huang during the Warring States Period and defeated several other states in the area to unite China.
The Qin ruled China for only a very short time, during which they built both the Terracotta Army and parts of the Great Wall of China.
The second, and final emperor, Qin Er Shi, was overthrown by a popular rebellion after the first Qin emperor died.
It was followed by the Han dynasty.
The Han dynasty was founded by Liu Bang in 202 BC.
The Qin Dynasty made its mark in China's history.
3rd-century BC disestablishments
Tanganyika is the mainland part of Tanzania.
From 9 December 1961 to 26 April 1964 it was an independent state.
After World War I the parts that are today's Rwanda and Burundi became a League of Nations mandate governed by Belgium.
The major part, however, came under British rule and was transferred to Britain under the 1919 Treaty of Versailles.
This was confirmed by a League of Nations Mandate in 1922, later becoming a United Nations Trust Territory.
Britain changed the name to the Tanganyika Territory.
On 9 December 1961 Tanganyika became independent as a Commonwealth Realm, and on 9 December 1962 it became the Republic of Tanganyika within the Commonwealth of Nations.
In 1964, it joined with the islands of Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, later in the year changed to the United Republic of Tanzania.
Although Tanganyika still exists within Tanzania, the name is no longer used formally for the territory.
It is, however, a convenient way to refer to the mainland, which is so different geographically and culturally from Zanzibar.
The name Tanganyika is also used to refer to Lake Tanganyika.
Nicola Pisano (also called Niccolò Pisano and Nicola de Apulia) (c. 1220/1225 – c. 1284) was an Italian sculptor who is best known for the works that he made for Pisa Cathedral.
At a time when most artists worked in the Gothic style, Nicola was influenced by the Ancient Roman sculpture that he saw at Pisa, and copied the style into his own work.
For this reason Nicola Pisano is sometimes said to be to be the founder of modern sculpture.
At Pisa
Nicola Pisano's birthdate and exact birthplace are unknown.
A document in the archives of Siena Cathedral says that he was the son of Petrus de Apulia.
In 1245 Nicola was making sculptures at Prato Cathedral and then moved to Pisa where his son Giovanni Pisano was born.
Around 1255, Nicola received a commission (a paid job) to make the pulpit in the baptistery of Pisa Cathedral.
The baptistery was a very large circular domed building that stood near the west doors of the cathedral.
Nicola was assisted (helped) by other sculptors including Arnolfo di Cambio who later became a famous architect.
The work was finished in 1260 and signed "Nicola Pisanus" which means "Nicholas of Pisa".
The pulpit is hexagonal (six-sided) and is supported on six columns of coloured stone, with another column under the centre of the pulpit.
Four of the columns, including the central one, rest on the backs of carved creatures.
Around five sides of the pulpit are white marble panels carved with stories from the life of Jesus.
They are the Annunciation (telling of Jesus' birth to Mary), the Nativity (birth of Jesus), Angels telling the Shepherds, the Adoration of the Magi (the Three Wise Men), Baby Jesus presented at the Temple, and the  Crucifixion.
At Pisa Cathedral was a large cloister (a courtyard surrounded by arches) called the Campo Santo and used as a burial place.
All around the arcade in the Campo Santo were Ancient Roman "sarcopgagi" (stone coffins), that had been stolen by the navy of Pisa when they had won a battle.
Many of the coffins were richly carved with scenes that told stories.
The biographer Giorgio Vasari wrote that Nicola Pisano studied these sculptures before he started work on the carvings for the pulpit.
Because of this, Nicola's sculpture makes a bridge between the Gothic style of the 1200s, and the Classical style used by Renaissance artists in the 1400s.
The Baptistery of Pisa had been built by an architect called Diotisalvi, but the work was not finished.
Nicola Pisano made the dome much higher, and put decoration all around it which 20 years later had sculpture added by Nicola's son Giovanni Pisano.
At Bologna and Siena
In 1264 Nicola Pisano was aksed to work on a grand shrine in memory of St Dominic, called the Arca di San Domenico in the Basilica of San Domenico in Bologna.
It is believed that Nicola made the main design but many other sculptors worked on it.
More than 200 years later, it was still not finished, and Michelangelo, when he was still a teenager, made three small statues for it.
In September 1265 Nicola began work on another a marble pulpit, even grander than the first, this time for Siena Cathedral.
The work took three years, and Nicola was helped by his son Giovanni Pisano and his assistants Arnolfo di Cambio, Lapo di Ricevuto and several other artists.
The message of this pulpit is Salvation and the Last Judgment.
It has seven sculptured scenes and many small statues.
Three of the scenes tell more than one story.
All the panels are crowded with figures.
The Visitation of Mary to her cousin Elizabeth, and the Nativity of Jesus.
The Journey of the Magi (Three Wise Men) and Adoration of Jesus by the Magi
The Presentation of Jesus in the Temple and the Flight into Egypt
The Last Judgment with the Blessed Souls
The Last Judgment with the Damned Souls
At Pistoia and Perugia
In July 1273 Nicola Pisano was commissioned to make the altar in the Chapel of St James in Pistoia Cathedral.
The chapel was demolished and all that remains is a basin for Holy Water, that was possibly made by Nicola.
His last main job, from 1277-78, was to make the sculpture panels to surround a very large fountain in the main square of the city of Perugia. (
1277–1278).
The fountain was designed by Fra Bevignate and Boninsegna.
It is thought that most of the sculpture was done by his son Giovanni Pisano.
and his assistants.
The Life of Pisano
1280s deaths
Oh Se-hoon ( born 4 January 1961, Seoul, South Korea) is a South Korean politician.
He became the mayor of Seoul  in 2021.
He was also the mayor from 2006 to 2011.
When he was young, his family was very poor.
He hasa said that he would need to finish his homework before sunset This was because it was very hard for his family to use electricity.
After he graduated from high school, he entered Hankuk University of Foreign Studies.
He studied Law.
During his second year, he moved from HUFS to Korea University.
In 1984, he passed the 26th Korean bar examination.
Oh served the military as an officer soon after graduating from law school.
After finishing his military service, he worked as a lawyer in Seoul for about 15 years.
He appeared on television programs about law many times.
That made him become very famous, so he campaigned to being a politician.
In 2000, he was elected as a member of the National Assembly, belonging to Grand National Party.
As a young politician, he tried to break and change the old and conservative image of Grand National Party.
After completing the four years of his term as a member of the National Assembly, he went back to being a lawyer.
Though he had left the political world, he was still preferred by many people.
He was even favoured as the next mayor of Seoul, because the former mayor Lee Myung-bak was running for the President.
At first, he consistently denied running for the mayor of Seoul.
But as he was considered the best candidate for the mayor in many polls, and as Grand National Party persuaded him to run for the mayor, he finally decided to run.
As mayor
Even before the election, he always won in many polls.
As a result, he got over 60% in the 2006 election and became the mayor of Seoul easily.
In this election, he promised to remove Dongdaemun Stadium, redevelop about 50 towns, encourage people to learn English, and change diesel buses to natural-gas buses.
In 2010, he tried to be re-elected as mayor.
He was expected to easily defeat other candidates again.
But in the vote counting, he was about to lose.
The gap between him and the second candidate, Han Myeong-sook was just about 0.6%.
He decided to quit after winning the election.
The company was separated from the Hyundai Group and under the creditor’s management in 2001, as a liquidity crisis.
Hyundai Group and Hyundai Motor Group took bid war though eventually Hyundai Group was named the preferred bidder for HDEC in 16th Nov 2010.
The Head Office is in Key-dong, Chongro-ku, Seoul, Korea.
The company has overseas branch offices in 14 countries including U.A.E.
Edward William Tucker (born May 7, 1949 in Fort William, Ontario), is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey  goaltender who briefly played for the California Golden Seals of the National Hockey League.
Anne Marie d'Orléans (27 August 1669 - 26 August 1728) was a niece of Louis XIV and was the wife of Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia.
She was the mother-in-law of Philip V of Spain and the Dauphin of France.
She was known as Anna Maria in her husbands kingdom.
She was born at the Château de Saint-Cloud.
Her mother died when she was ten months old.
A year later, her father remarried Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate.
Her half-brother Philippe d'Orléans, the future Regent of France.
Her stepmother described her as one of the most amiable and virtuous of women.
Anne Marie d'Orléans' proxy marriage to Víctor Amadeus II took place at Versailles on 10 April 1684.
Louis XIV gave her a dowry of 900,000 livres.
She met her husband at Chambéry the following 6 May which were followed by another wedding ceremony.
She was the mother of eight children.
Anne Marie loved her husband greatly but he soon turned his attentions to his mistresses, one being the famous Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert de Luynes.
Anne Marie's eldest child, Marie Adélaïde of Savoy, was sent to Versailles as a young girl in order to learn her future role as queen of France, but she died in 1712.
Her husband had two further children with Jeanne Baptiste d'Albert de Luynes, his mistress from 1689 till 1700.
Nonetheless, when he fell ill with smallpox, she nursed him until his recovery.
In November 1701, her third daughter, Maria Luisa, then barely thirteen years old, married Philip V of Spain.
In 1706, during the siege of Turin by French forces under the command of her half-brother Philippe d'Orléans, and Spanish forces from her cousin Philip V of Spain, she and her sons, Victor Amadeus and Carlo Emanuele, were forced to flee the city.
As a result of his aid in the War of the Spanish Succession Victor Amadeus II was made King of Sicily in 1713 under the Treaty of Utrecht which ended the war.
However Victor Amadeus II was forced to exchange Sicily for the less important kingdom of Sardinia in 1720.
As queen, Anne Marie used the Royal Palace of Turin as well as the Villa della Regina which was her own property.
Queen Anne Marie died of heart failure at her villa on 26 August 1728, the day before her 59th birthday.
She is today buried at the Basilica of Superga in Turin being moved there in 1786 by her son Victor Amadeus III.
Her husband, Víctor Amadeus II, abdicated in favour of his son in 1730, and died two years later having married a commoner.
Jacobite succession
From 1714 to 1720, Anne Marie d'Orléans was the heiress presumptive to the Jacobite claim to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland.
These claims were held at the time by James Francis Edward Stuart (son of James II) upon the death of his half-sister, Queen Anne.
Anne Marie was displaced as his heir by the birth of the Old Pretender's son, Charles Edward Stuart ("Bonnie Prince Charlie") in  December 1720.
Through Anne Marie descend the current post-Stuart legitimist claims of the Jacobites to the English and Scottish thrones.
Marie Adelaide of Savoy (1685-1712) married Louis, Duke of Burgundy and was the mother of Louis XV of France.
Maria Anna of Savoy (1687-1690) died in infancy.
Maria Luisa of Savoy (1688-1714) married Philip V of Spain and had issue,
Stillborn daughter (1691).
Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont (1699-1715) died unmarried.
Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia (1701-1773) married Anne Christine of Sulzbach and had issue, married Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg and had issue, married Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine and had issue.
Emanuele Philibert of Savoy (1705-1705) Duke of Chablais died in infancy.
27 August 1669 – 30 August 1679: Her Royal Highness Mademoiselle de Valois
30 August 1679 – 10 April 1684: Her Royal Highness Mademoiselle
10 April 1684 – 22 September 1713: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Savoy
22 September 1713 – 24 August 1720: Her Majesty The Queen of Sicily
24 August 1720 – 26 August 1728: Her Majesty The Queen of Sardinia
1669 births
People from Saint-Cloud
Burials at the Basilica of Superga
{{Infobox royalty
| name   = Princess Marie Adélaïde
| title=Dauphine of France
| image = Marie Adélaïde of Savoy as depicted circa 1697 (wearing Fleur-de-lis as Duchess of Burgundy) by a member of the École Française.jpg
| image_size  = 200px
| caption = The Duchess of Burgundy by a member of the école française
| birth_place = Royal Palace, Turin, Savoy
| death_place = Palace of Versailles, France
| spouse = Louis, Duke of Burgundy
| issue = Louis, Dauphin of France, Duke of BrittanyLouis XV, King of France
| issue-link = #Issue
| house = House of Savoy
| father = Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy
| mother = Anne Marie d'Orléans
| burial_place = Royal Basilica Saint Denis, France
| burial_date = 23 February 1712
Marie Adélaïde of Savoy (6 December 1685 – 12 February 1712) was born a Princess of Savoy and was the wife of Louis, Duke of Burgundy.
She was the eldest daughter of Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy and of Anne Marie d'Orléans.
She died of measles in 1712, followed by her husband a week later.
She was the mother of Louis XV.
Early life and background
She was born in Turin in December 1685 the eldest daughter of Victor Amadeus II.
Her mother was Anne Marie d'Orléans, a niece of Louis XIV, and the daughter of Philippe, Duke of Orléans and of Henrietta of England.
Marie Adélaïde enjoyed a close relationship with her grandmother.
She was engaged to Louis, Duke of Burgundy, Dauphin of France whom she died not marry till 6 December 1697 despite living at Versailles for a year.
She became known in France as Marie Adélaïde de Savoie.
She was styled the Duchess of Burgundy till her husband became Dauphin in 1711 at the death of Louis, Grand Dauphin.
The new Duchess of Burgundy had a close relationship with the king and with Madame de Maintenon.
In early April 1711, her father-in-law Le Grand Dauphin caught smallpox and died in April.
Upon the death of Le Grand Dauphin, Marie Adélaïde's husband became Dauphin of France and she Dauphine of France.
The court went to Fontainebleau where Marie Adélaïde caught a fever which became in measles.
She died of measles soon after.
Her husband who mourned her greatly died six days later, having caught the measles from his wife.
They were bother buried at the Basilica of Saint Denis.
Her granddaughter Marie Adélaïde'' was named after her.
Louis of France, Duke of Brittany (25 June 1704 – 13 April 1705) died of convulsions;
Louis of France, Duke of Brittany (8 January 1707 – 8 March 1712) died of measles;
Louis XV of France (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774) first engaged to Mariana Victoria of Spain; married Marie Leszczyńska and had issue; died of smallpox.
Henrietta of England (16 June 1644 (26 June n.s.) –
30 June 1670) was born a Princess of England and Scotland as the youngest daughter of King Charles I of England and his consort Henrietta Maria of France.
Fleeing England with her governess aged three, she moved to the court of her first cousin Louis XIV of France.
She was known as Minette.
She married Philippe of France, Monsieur, brother of King Louis XIV, and became known as Madame at court.
Very popular with the court, Henriette was known for her flirtatious nature which was the cause of various arguments between husband and wife.
Louise de La Vallière and Madame de Montespan were part of her household prior to being Louis XIV's mistresses.
Henriette was instrumental to the completion of the Secret Treaty of Dover prior to her unexpected death in June 1670.
The reason for her death has never been conclusively determined; while some argue that it was by poison administered by her husband's lover the Chevalier de Lorraine, historians have also argued that she was felled by a perforated peptic ulcer.
Marie Louise d'Orléans (26 March 1662 – 12 February 1689) married Charles II of Spain, no issue.
Philippe Charles d'Orléans, Duke of Valois (16 July 1664 – 8 December 1666).
Stillborn daughter (9 July 1665).
Anne Marie d'Orléans (27 August 1669 – 26 August 1728) married Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy (future king of Sardinia) and had issue.
16 June 1644 – 31 March 1661: Her Royal Highness Princess Henrietta of England
31 March 1661 – 30 June 1670: Her Royal Highness Madame, Duchess of Orléans (Granddaughter of France)
Barker, Nancy Nichols: Brother to the Sun King; Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore/London, 1989
Dukes and Duchesses of Orléans
John Matthew Adams (born July 27, 1946) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender in the National Hockey League.
Stephen Black (March 31, 1927 – June 12, 2008) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player from Thunder Bay, Ontario in the National Hockey League (NHL).
In 1946 Black joined the Oakland Seals of the PCHL and showed enough talent to move up to the AHL the following season.
After two years in the minors, he joined the Detroit Red Wings.
The Detroit Red Wings already had a lot of good players, including Gordie Howe, Ted Lindsay, and Sid Abel.
Black won the Stanley Cup with the Detroit Red Wings in 1950.
He moved to the Chicago Black Hawks in 1951.
He played 39 times for the Chicago Red Wings before leaving the NHL.
He played in the minor leagues for three more seasons before retiring from hockey in 1954.
1950 Stanley Cup Championship  (Detroit)
1950 NHL All Star  (Detroit)
With the Detroit Red Wings, Black wore the #19 jersey which would decades later be worn by Steve Yzerman.
Black wore the #17 jersey with the Chicago Black Hawks.
Steve Black's Day with the Stanley Cup
Bob Ash (born September 29, 1943) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman.
During his career he played 200 games in the World Hockey Association with the Winnipeg Jets and Indianapolis Racers.
MJHL First All-Star Team  (1964)
Turnbull Cup MJHL Championship (1962, 1963, & 1964)
John Nicolas Borotsik (November 26, 1949 – June 8, 2018) was a Canadian ice hockey centre.
He played in the NHL for the St. Louis Blues.
Data ( ), is a fictional character in the American Science fiction television show Star Trek played by actor Brent Spiner.
Data who is a cyborg, is a main character in the Star Trek series Star Trek: The Next Generation and in four movies; Star Trek Generations, Star Trek: First Contact, Star Trek: Insurrection, and Star Trek Nemesis.
de:Figuren im Star-Trek-Universum#Lieutenant Commander Data
I Ching (易经), also known as the Book of Changes, is one of the oldest of the Chinese classic texts, it is used mainly for divination (fortunetelling).
The text was mainly written during the early Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC-771 BC).
Before Zhou Dynasty, there was Shang Dynasty (1600 BC - 1046 BC).
Shang Dynasty's main cultural characteristics are its divination and character (old Chinese character).
We cannot say which one was first, but it is supposed that characters were made from certain need while doing divination.
During Shang Dynasty, divination was done by burning animal's bone or tortoise shell.
Zhou Dynasty made Shang cease to exist, but it accepted Shang's culture.
In early age of Zhou Dynasty, a new way of divination appeared which was put into writing.
It was advanced form of Shang Dynasty's divination, and finally, it took place instead of Shang's divination.
The Contents of I Ching
The contents of I Ching consist of 64 hexagrams and explanation for each.
Hexagram is a group of six broken or unbroken lines.
The broken line (the line where the middle part is missing) represents yang, and the unbroken line represents yin.
From the bottom to top, six lines are gathered in parallel.
There exists one different name for one hexagram.
In I Ching, the name of one hexagram and the hexagram itself comes first, and after those, there are different explanations for the hexagram and the each line consisting hexagram, from bottom to top.
There comes next hexagram after explanations of all lines of one hexagram.
Tools For I Ching Divination
The typical divination using I Ching needs the number of fifty thin sticks usually made from bamboo.
Using those sticks with certain order, the person who wants to know the result draws hexagram and finds the explanation in the book.
To make process simpler, some people use coin to know the result.
Philosophical Elements
In I Ching, the word 'Heaven'(or sky; it corresponds to the Chinese character '天') is considered as same as God or the absolute being with humane character, who decides the good and evil and makes judgements.
For example, the explanation of 26th hexagram (大畜 dà chù) is "the Heaven's bliss is given, therefore, lucky."
Also, there is the idea of constantly changing world, as the explanation of 11th hexagram (泰 tài) tells, "Everything flat will be inclined, and everything gone will be come back."
Similarly, the idea of endlessness can also be found.
The literal meaning of 63rd hexagram (既濟 jì jì) is "already (既) finished (濟)", but the last hexagram, which is the 64th (未濟 wèi jì), means "not (未) finished (濟)" literally.
This means the process of whole world and life is endless and never stops.
Dooly the Little Dinosaur () is Korean animated movie and television series for children.
It was made by cartoonist Kim Su Jeong.
It was initially a cartoon work serially published in cartoon magazine "Bomulsom(Treasuer Island)" from 1983 to 1993 and was made into animation later on.
It depicts episodes that Dooly and his friends make cute troubles and travel many places.
They face many great and small events and cope with them using Dooly's supernatural power and Douner's time cosmos(a sort of time machine).
This animation made a great success in Korea.
The TV series recorded very high ratings and the movie version drew audiences totalling 3.5 billion people.
Dooly received an honorary citizenship from the city of Bucheon.
A baby Ceratosaurus.
He was kidnapped by aliens, who conducted experiments with him and granted supernatural powers to him in return.
He had been stuck in iceberg for the next 10 million years before he came to present Seoul.
He does not know how to use the magical powers deliberately but in times of danger he somehow manages to use the power.
The word "Hoi Hoi", which he yells when he use super powers, is kind of a trade mark of him.
He is kind but very mischievous, and he always make troubles and play elf with Go Gil Dong, in whose house he lives.
Go Gil Dong hates Dooly, but his wife Park Jeong Ja take Dooly's side because he take good care of Hee Dong, their baby.
An alien from planet Kantapia.
He has a violin time cosmos which enables space travel and time travel and He also exercise supernatural powers to some extent saying "kantapia".
He was traveling through space when the time cosmos broke down and could not go back to her home.
Because He thinks Dooly, who He saw first on the earth, as the typical earth creature, he regards human being as pets.
An ostrich from Africa.
She escaped from a circus because the life in a circus was tough.
She can do some tricks like dancing, riding a bicycle, acrobatic feats, and dish-turning but is not very good at them.
She acts like she is so pretty like a princess but her soles are always black with dirts.
She quarrels with douner at times.
He was an ordinary father in a family but come to suffer troubles everyday since Dooly came to his house.
He always try to kick Dooly and his friends from his house, in vain.
So he really hates Dooly but always give a meal to him.
However, he is kind as he lets 3 homeless people/animals.
Gil Dong's niece.
His parents went to study abroad, so Gil Dong and his wife is taking care of him in their home.
He cannot speak well yet and is wearing a diaper.
He is very stubborn and used to fiercely fight with Dooly at first, but as time goes by he likes Dooly very much.
He is one of the important reason that Dooly can live in Gil Dong's house even though Gil Dong hates him so bad.
He is a Gil Dong's neighbor who wants to be a singer but is not very good at singing.
He is looks like a typical African man but is totally a Korean whose last name is 'Ma'.
Dooly thinks of him as his singing teacher and Dooly, Douner, and he once made a band named "nuclear bomb and guided missiles".
They were supposed to be disqualified at the preliminary contest but won the contest with Dooly's supernatural power.
Michael Jackson was the model of this character.
Sunbow Entertainment
WMNB
Harold Brown (September 14, 1920 – January 12, 1997) was a former Canadian ice hockey right winger.
He played in the National Hockey League for the New York Rangers.
He was born in Brandon, Manitoba.
Brown served in World War II with the Royal Canadian Navy.
He died at his home in Calgary, Alberta in 1997.
Benedetto of Savoy (Benedetto Maria Maurizio; 21 June 1741 – 4 January 1808) was a prince of Savoy and Duke of Chablais.
He was born in the reign of his father Charles Emmanuel III, King of Sardinia.
He has no descendants but had a distinguished military career.
He married his niece and was the owner of the Palazzo Chiablese in Turin.
Chablais was born at the Palace of Venaria and was the was the youngest child of Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia and  Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine.
He was named after Pope Benedict XIV who became pope the year before his birth.
His maternal cousin's included the future Queen of Naples and the famous Marie Antoinette.
He was his fathers favourite child.
His uncle Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor wanted him to marry his daughter daughter Maria Christina of Austria as but it never happened.
In 1753 his father gave what is now the Palazzo Chiablese as a home.
Chablais extended the palace.
His father gave him the title of Duke of Chablais in 1763.
As the son of a reigning King he was entitled to the style of Royal Highness.
Chablais married his niece Princess Maria Anna of Savoy on 19 March 1775.
Maria Anna died in 1824.
A good soldier, he was given control of the Army of Italy which had French troops and intended on restoring the monarchy in France after the execution of Louis XVI in 1793.
He died in Rome aged 66 and was buried at the church of San Nicolo dei Cesarini then later moved to the Royal Basilica of Superga.
21 June 1741 - 19 June 1796 His Royal Highness Prince Benedetto of Savoy.
19 June 1796 – 4 January 1808 His Royal Highness The Duke of Chablais (Duca del Chiablese)
1808 deaths
Kanda Institute of Foreign Language (KIFL) was built in 1963 before Kanda University of International Studies (KUIS).
After then, it was established in 1973 as fraternity school.
Building 6 (SACLA)
Building 6 is called SACLA. "
SACLA" means "Self-Access, Communication, Learner Autonomy" and SACLA is divided into two departments.
It has electronic devices like computers and printers that are used by the students.
Second floor is SALC. "
SALC" means "Self-Access Leaning Center" and SALC has various materials.
In TV and DVD Area, students can watch movies which they borrowed from SALC counter.
There are also listening stations and speaking booths to help students to improve their listening and speaking skills.
Speaking booths have recorders so students can record their speaking and check it by themselves.
Listening stations offers students CDs that they can listen to improve their listening.
There are some convenient rooms called Multi-Purpose Rooms.
In these room, students can use computer and enjoy watching and listening CD's and DVD's.
English Language Institute Lounge (ELI Lounge) is available for use freely.
It is a place where people can talk in English.
Building 7 (Library, MULC)
The first floor is the library which contains over 160,000 books, including books written in English and other languages.
It also deals in more than 400 academic journals, magazines,and newspapers from all over the world.
The second floor is called "MULC".
It stands for "Multilingual Communication Center".
The third floor is cafe.
Students can eat foods, and some dessert.
Millennium House
Millennium House is a multipurpose hall made in 2000.
This hall offers students opportunities to take various workshops, for example,a lecture to learn how to act Japanese Drama, a lecture to learn how to play the shamisen: three-stringed Japanese instrument.
This building is used by students to take place some concert.
Jazz club and dance club sometimes do their event.
English department is the largest.
The other departments are Chinese, Spanish, Korean, Language and Culture, and International Communication.
All students in the department of English have to study other languages besides English.
They chose at least one language as elective subject within twelve languages: Chinese, Spanish, Korean, French, German, Russia, Italy, Arabic, Portuguese, Vietnamese, Indonesian, and Thai.
Department of English set up "Interpretation and Translation course" in 2009.
This course was made for students who aim to become a translator or an interpreter.
There are many events in a year at KUIS.
In May, the international friendship soccer tournament is held.
Many foreign soccer teams come to KUIS to play soccer.
In July, wafuku day is held at SALC.
ELI teachers and students wear yukata.
In October, the English conversation for children is held.
Many children come to KUIS to learn English.
Moreover, Halloween party is held.
ELI teachers and students disguise.
The contest of disguise is also held.
There are many food like pizza, snacks and so on.
In November, Hamakaze festival is held.
There are many stalls outside.
KUIS has many international departments, so there are national foods, national music lives, shows of national clothes and so on.
In December, a Christmas party is held at SALC.
A smorgasbord of food is served.
ELI teachers and students enjoy playing games.
Kanda University of International Studies: English website
Kanda University of International Studies: Japanese website
Kanda Gaigo Group website
British Hills website
Deportivo Italia is a Venezuelan football team in Caracas.
It was founded in 1948 and ended activities in summer 2010.
Football started to be played in Venezuela in the first half of the 20th century. "
Deportivo Italia" was one of the first teams.
If was founded by Italian emigrants in Caracas in 1948.
The most successful years of the team were those of the "D'Ambrosio era", which lasted from 1958 to 1977.
This 20 years period was crowned by the victory 1:0 with the Fluminense, champion team of Brazil in 1971.
The D'Ambrosio golden era
In 1958, Mino D'Ambrosio and his brother Pompeo D'Ambrosio took control of Deportivo Italia.
Pompeo managed the finances of the team.
For the next twenty years, the team was the most successful in Venezuela.
In those golden years, Deportivo Italia won the Venezuelan First Division tournament four times (1961, 1963, 1966 and 1972) and the Copa Venezuela three times (1961,1962 and 1970), and was runner up in the first division in 1965, 1968, 1969, 1970 and 1971 and in the Copa Venezuela in 1976.
In the 1971 Copa Libertadores, Deportivo Italia was even able to defeat 1:0 the Fluminense (Champion of Brasil) in the Estádio do Maracanã in Rio de Janeiro: it was celebrated as Pequeno Maracanazo (Small Maracanazo in english) by all the Latinoamerican sport-media.
After 1998, the team suffered a crisis and changed its name to "Italchacao".
But the following performance of the team was very low in the Venezuelan championship.
For the 2006/2007 season the team returned to its original name Deportivo Italia Fútbol Club.
In 2008, with manager Eduardo Saragó, Deportivo Italia won the Torneo Apertura, beating Aragua FC (0-2) on November 30, and for this, qualified them for the 2010 Copa Libertadores.
There in May 2010 the "Azules" were able only to get a tie with the Cruzeiro of Brazil
Deportivo Italia changed its name to "Deportivo Petare" in summer 2010.
But there is an ongoing dispute, because there is a strong opposition to this change from the Italian community of Caracas.
1948 establishments in Venezuela
The Bible de Genève (Bible of Geneva) is a French translation of the Bible, which was published in Geneva in 1562 or 1588.
It is a revision of the Bible d'Olivétan.
Genfer Bibel (German)
La Sainte Bible de Genève de 1669
La Bible de Genève de 1669
Jamaal Charles (born December 27, 1986 in Port Arthur, Texas) is an American football running back.
He plays for the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League (NFL).
He played college football at the University of Texas, and also ran in track and field there.
In the Chiefs' final game of the 2009 season, Charles rushed for 259 yards and two touchdowns against the Denver Broncos.
This is the most yards that a Chiefs player has ever rushed for in one game.
Jamaal Charles full biography
Mok-dong is a district in Yangcheongu, Seoul.
It is in the northern west part of Yangcheon District and shares borders with Yeongdeungpo District Yanpyeongdong on its east, Shinjeongdong on its north, and Yeomchangdong on its southern north.
As a typical agricultural areas in the past, it was made of small communities.
In the 1970s, it started to develop as a large scale housing area.
After the 1960s and 1970s, there used to be ghettos around the Anyangcheon bank formed by people who were dispossessed of their belongings and those who had moved there from rural areas, but the spots disappeared since the new town layout.
The Mok-dong new town layout was announced in 1983, and completed in 1988.
Mok-dong is famous for being the number two private education center after Gangnam.
Subway stations Omokgyo line five and ShinMokdong line nine are located there.
Major facilities of the district include Mokdong Stadium, Anyangcheon, Yongwang mountain park, the Christian broadcasting station, SBS, and the Paris Park.
Mokdong Ice Rink
The rink opened on December 1, 1989.
It is 30x61m, which is the international ice rink standard on its ground and basement floors.
On the second floor there are 5,000 audience seats.
Around the ground floor rink there are 10 skater waiting rooms, a restaurant with room for 200, 2 snack bars, changing rooms, training rooms, 2 skating equipment stores, and one ice hockey equipment store.
Opening hours are from 14:00 to 18:00 Mondays through Saturdays and 12:00 to 18:00 on Sundays and national holidays.
Anyangcheon (Anyang stream)
The stream rises from Anyang temple in the Samseong mountain, hence the name Anyangcheon.
A stream with its source in the Samseong mountain (三聖山), Hakeu stream (鶴儀川) from the Baekun mountain (白雲山), and Sanbon stream from (山本川) from Gunpo join in Seoksudong, Anyang and flow northward.
The stream passes Gwangmyeong and Geumcehon, Guro, and Yeongdeungpo disctricts of Seoul and flow into Han River passing from the western side of Seongsan bridge.
Yongwangsan Park
The park was selected as the first park of Mokdong in August 1971, in an announcement by the Minister of Construction.
It was developed into a city park from 1989.
The park is on a hill and enjoyed by residents as a place to relax.
It offers 3 types of walking courses, 2 pavilions, 28 chairs, 3 entertainment equipment.
Activity facilities include 4 badminton courts, 24 gyms and 2 drinking fountains.
120 thousand visits are made per year.
Ewha Women's University Mok-dong Hospital
Mok-dong hospital is a patient-oriented hospital and provides specialized treatment of illness through a comprehensive medical testing center, medical emergency center, cardiovascular center, hematinic cell transplant center, and a cerebral nerve center for better medical quality and service improvement.
The hospital also runs a breast center, obesity clinic, and a female urology clinic for the treatment of women.
Secure Quick Response codes are a secure method for encrypting data into a barcode.
It makes it extremely difficult to decode into the original plain text in the absence of the encryption cipher or key.
A typical implementation of SQR codes would be to create a one-time use SQR code on a mobile phone's screen to effectively create a highly secure one-time pad type of encryption of, for example, an online account number.
A typical implementation is to encrypt and use a precursor physical machine readable token such as the card identity number (CID) written in read-only memory (ROM) of a Secure Digital microSD card contained in a mobile telephone.
The international mobile identity number may be used where no microSD card is present, for example, on an Apple iPhone.
SQR codes may be securely read in a retail environment at the point of sale using 2D barcode scanners or even a low cost web camera.
Secure Quick Response codes were first developed by Yodo, a company operating in Japan, and are patent pending.
The Goryeo Dynasty or Koryo Dynasty also called the "Kingdom of Goryeo", is one of the Korean dynasties which existed from 918 to 1392.
It began in 918 with Emperor Taejo.
The name "Goryeo" came to be said as "Korea" by foreigners and is still the name of the country.
Goryeo united the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea (Later Baekje, Later Goguryeo, and Silla) and by 1374 ruled most of the Korean peninsula until it was removed by the Joseon dynasty in 1392.
Goryeo increased its borders to Chung-cheon river and Youngheong (936~943) and the Amnok River (933).
Silla had accomplished a unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea in 668.
But it weakened as local lords achieved power during the end of the 9th century.
The country entered a period of civil war and rebellion, led by Gung Ye, Gi Hwon, Yang Gil, and Gyeon Hwon.
Gung Ye established Hugogureo (meaning "Later Goguryeo") and Wang Geon (Later, Tae jo) made a contribution as Gung Ye's subordinate.
However, Gung Ye became more and more tyrannical and finally killed his own wife and son.
Also he insisted that he was Maitreya (the future Buddha).
Meanwhile, Wang Geon increased his power as he conquered Geumsung area in Later Baekje.
Finally, some people who followed Wang Geon broke out the rebellion and he named the dynasty as Goryeo and changed its capital city to Song-ak.
Goryeo made the policy to win the favor of people and maintained good relationship with Silla.
As a result, Silla surrendered unconditionally to Goryeo.
Meanwhile, Later Baekje collapsed by itself as princes fought each other over uccession to the throne.
Because of the internal conflict, Later Baekje became weaker and weaker and was conquered by Goryeo.
Finally, Goryeo united the Later Three Kingdoms again (936) and accomplished re-unification of Korean people.
Tae jo made important policies.
First, he insisted that Goryeo should expand its territory to further North.
It is because he succeed to Goguryeo (ancient Korean kingdom founded in 37 BC–668) and Goguryeo had the biggest territory in Korean history.
So, Tae jo named the dynasty as Goryeo from Goguryeo and tried to take back the territory of Goguryeo.
He emphasized the importance of Sukyung area because it is placed in the North part and kept in check Gu Ran (kind of Mongolian) that made an effort to come down to Goryeo.
Later, all of these policies contributed to expanding its territory to Apnok River.
Also, Tae Jo made the policy which unified all people from different dynasties (Baekje, Silla, Goguryeo, Balhae..).
Because of this policy, Goryeo is considered that it accomplished actual unification compared to Silla.
1392 disestablishments
Zhejiang University, in Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, is one of the most famous and oldest universities in China.
The Chinese also call it "Zheda" or "Zju" for short.
Known as the “Cambridge of the East”, it is one of the universities that was involved in Project 211 and Project 985 in the first group, and also a member of C9 League.
The current Zhejiang University was formed officially in 1998, but the main root of it, Qiushi Academy, dates back to 1897 in Qing Dynasty.
At that time, Qiushi Acedamy was one of the earliest modern academies of higher education in China.
During 1901 to 1927, the name of Qiushi Academy was changed a lot of times as Zhejiang Academy, Zhejiang Advanced College, Yuying Academy, etc.
In 1928, it was officially named as National Zhejiang University.
After the War of Resistance Against Japan broke out in 1937, Zhejiang University started to move to the west of China, which is called “Long March of Culture”.
Under the leading of Chu Kochen, Zhejiang University was directed towards one of the leading universities in China and attained a series of achievement in teaching and researching.