the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1): nuclear weapon in the immune arsenal.
Nature Reviews Immunology '5’’’ (4) 331-342.
The cascade is composed of many plasma proteins, which are made in the liver.
The proteins work together to:
trigger the recruitment of inflammatory cells.
tag pathogens for destruction by coating their surface.
disrupt the plasma membrane of an infected cell, causing cytolysis of the infected cell, and death of the pathogen.
rid the body of neutralized antigen-antibody complexes.
Cells of the innate immune response
All white blood cells (WBC) are known as leukocytes.
Leukocytes are different from other cells of the body: they work like independent, single-celled organisms.
They can move freely, and capture cell debris, foreign particles, or invading microorganisms.
They are produced by blood-forming stem cells in the bone marrow.
The innate leukocytes include: Natural killer cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils; and the phagocytic cells including macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells.
They identify and eliminate pathogens that cause infection.
Mast cells
Mast cells are a type of innate immune cell in connective tissue and the mucous membranes.
They are intimately associated with defence against pathogens and wound healing.
They are also often associated with allergy and anaphylaxis.
When activated, mast cells rapidly release characteristic granules, rich in histamine and heparin, along with various hormonal mediators, and chemotactic cytokines into the environment.
Histamine dilates blood vessels, causing the signs of inflammation, and recruits neutrophils and macrophages.
Phagocytes
The word 'phagocyte' literally means 'eating cell'.
These are immune cells that engulf, i.e. phagocytose, pathogens or particles.
To engulf a particle or pathogen, a phagocyte extends portions of its plasma membrane, wrapping the membrane around the particle until it is enveloped (i.e. the particle is now inside the cell).
Once inside the cell, the invading pathogen is contained inside an endosome which merges with a lysosome.
The lysosome contains enzymes and acids that kill and digest the particle or organism.
Phagocytes generally patrol the body searching for pathogens, but are also able to react to a group of highly specialized molecular signals produced by other cells, called cytokines.
The phagocytic cells of the immune system include macrophages], neutrophils, and dendritic cells.
Phagocytosis of the hosts’ own cells is common as part of regular tissue development and maintenance.
When host cells die, phagocytic cells remove them from the affected site.
By removing dead cells,  phagocytosis is an important part of the healing process.
Macrophages
Macrophages are large phagocytic leukocytes.
They can move across the cell membrane of capillary vessels and go between cells to hunt invading pathogens.
Macrophages are the most efficient phagocytes, and can phagocytose substantial numbers of bacteria or other cells or microbes.
The binding of bacterial molecules to receptors on the surface of a macrophage triggers it to engulf and destroy the bacteria.
Pathogens also stimulate the macrophage to produce chemokines, which summon other cells to the site of infection.
Neutrophil granules contain a variety of toxic substances that kill or inhibit growth of bacteria and fungi.
The main products of the neutrophil  are strong oxidizing agents.
These include hydrogen peroxide, free oxygen radicals and hypochlorite.
Neutrophils are the most abundant type of phagocyte, with 50 to 60% of the total circulating leukocytes.
They are usually the first cells to arrive at the site of an infection.
The bone marrow of a normal healthy adult produces more than 100 billion neutrophils per day, and more than 10 times that many per day during acute inflammation.
Dendritic cells
Dendritic cells (DC) are phagocytic cells present in tissues that are in contact with the external environment, mainly the skin (where they are often called Langerhans cells), and the inner mucosal lining of the nose, lungs, stomach and intestines.
Dendritic cells are very important in the process of antigen presentation, and serve as a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems.
Basophils and eosinophils
Basophils and eosinophils are cells related to the neutrophil (see above).
When activated by a pathogen encounter, basophils releasing histamine are important in defense against parasites, and play a role in allergic reactions (such as asthma).
When they are activated, eosinophils secrete a range of highly toxic proteins and free radicals that kill bacteria and parasites.
The same chemicals also cause tissue damage during allergic reactions.
Activation and toxin release by eosinophils is therefore tightly regulated to prevent any inappropriate tissue destruction.
Natural killer cells, or NK cells, are a part of the innate immune system which does not directly attack invading microbes.
Instead, NK cells destroy compromised host cells, such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells.
It recognises such cells by a condition known as "missing self".
This term describes cells with low levels of a cell-surface marker called MHC I (major histocompatibility complex).
This can occur in viral infections of host cells.
They were named "natural killer" because they do not require activation in order to kill cells that are "missing self".
Invertebrate immune systems
Antimicrobial peptides
Antimicrobial peptides, or host defence peptides, are part of the innate immune response.
They are found among all classes of life.
These peptides are potent, broad spectrum antibiotics.
They kill both gram negative and gram positive bacteria, mycobacteria (including Mycobacterium tuberculosis''), enveloped viruses, fungi and even transformed or cancerous cells.
Marine fish sources have high levels of antimicrobial compounds.
Testing with live fish showed that fish peptides used in food/feed ingredients worked well.
Adolphe-Marie Hardy (23 May 1868 in Dison – 19 June 1954 in Laeken) was a Belgian writer first published in 1888  He rose to be a major figure in French literature.
Hardy was educated at Herve, before starting at the University of Louvain in 1886, studying law.
After getting his doctorate he returned to Dison, where he carried on his literary work as well as working as a lawyer.
Hardy was editor or assistant editor of several literary journals from 1900 onwards, including Rappel de Charleroi,  Dépêche de Liège and the Journal de Bruxelles.
In 1931 Hardy received the Grand Prix de Langue française from the French Academy.
He was the first Belgian to win the prize, and he won it for his poem "Le Cortège des mois".
In 1935 he married Madeleine Verhelst.
In 1940, they escaped to Issigeac, France.
After his wife's death, in 1941, he married Germaine Van Den Boeck.
Charles Ranhofer, chef at Delmonico's honoured Hardy early in his publishing career by naming a goose liver pate after him, and Ranhofer's book "The Epicurean", also lists a chicken dish, Cotelettes De Poulet A La Adolphe Hardy.
Friends of Adolphe Hardy
Adolphe Hardy's House, Wallonia Tourist Office
Belgian poets
Belgian writers
Not to be confused with Charles Barkley.
Gnarls Barkley is a music group with DJ and music producer Danger Mouse and American rapper Cee Lo Green.
The group had a hit song in 2006 with Crazy.
Rolling Stone later named the song as one of the "Best Songs of the 2000s".
Gnarls Barkley has released two albums: St. Elsewhere in 2006, and The Odd Couple in 2008.
In 2006 Gnarls Barkley released their first album St. Elsewhere.
It went straight to number one in the UK.
The album's first single "Crazy" was the best-selling song of 2006 in the UK.
The song won a Grammy Award for Best Urban/Alternative Performance in 2007.
In 2008 Gnarls Barkley released their second album The Odd Couple.
It had a less pop sound than their first album.
It was nominated for the Grammy for Best Alternative Album.
The All Saints are an English-Canadian pop group.
They were founded in 1993.
The members of All Saints are British Melanie Blatt, Shaznay Lewis and Canadian sisters Natalie and Nicole Appleton.
The group were one of the most successful pop groups in the UK in the 1990s with nine Top 10 singles, two platinum albums and two gold albums.
The groups biggest hit was the 1997 single Never Ever.
All Saints (1997)
Saints & Sinners (2000)
Studio 1 (2006)
Red Flag (2016)
Testament (2018)
Musical groups established in 2013
2013 establishments in the United Kingdom
Oxygen difluoride is the chemical compound with the formula OF2.
It has a V-shaped molecular structure like H2O, but has different properties.
It is a strong oxidizer.
Oxygen difluoride was first prepared in 1929.
It was made by the electrolysis of molten potassium fluoride and hydrofluoric acid.
The chemicals had a small amount of moisture.
Nowadays, it is prepared by the reaction of fluorine with a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide.
Sodium fluoride is left as a side-product:
2 F2 + 2 NaOH →  OF2 + 2 NaF + H2O
It is a very powerful oxidizing agent.
This is proved by the oxidation number of +2 for the  oxygen atom.
This oxidising number is quite unusual.
Above 200 °C, OF2 decomposes to oxygen and fluorine.
OF2 reacts with many metals.
It produces oxides and fluorides.
Nonmetals also react with it.
Phosphorus reacts with OF2 to form PF5 and POF3.
Sulfur produces SO2 and SF4 with it.
A noble gas, xenon also reacts with it.
It produces XeF4 and xenon oxyfluorides.
OF2 (aq) + H2O (aq) → 2 HF (aq) + O2 (g)
OF2 + SO2 → SO3 + F2
OF2 + 2 SO2 →
OF2 is a dangerous chemical.
This is because it is highly oxidising.
WebBook page for OF2
Phosphorus pentafluoride, PF5, is a phosphorus halide.
It's a colorless gas at room temperature and pressure.
It can be formed when OF2 reacts with phosphorus.
The adaptive immune system is switched on by the evolutionarily older innate immune system.
This older system is non-specific, whereas the adaptive system is tailored to specific targets.
Whereas the innate immune system is found in all metazoa, the adaptive system is only found in vertebrates.
It is thought to have arisen in the first jawed vertebrates.
The system mounts stronger attacks each time a particular pathogen is encountered.
It is adaptive immunity because the body's immune system prepares itself for future challenges.
Layered defence
The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defences.
In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism.
If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific response.
Innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals.
If pathogens successfully evade the innate response, vertebrates possess a third layer of protection, the adaptive immune system, which is activated by the innate response.
Here, the immune system adapts its response during an infection to improve its recognition of the pathogen.
After the pathogen has been killed, the offspring of B and T cells continue.
They are ready for a faster response next time.
This is a kind of 'immunological memory'.
These cells allow the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks each time this pathogen is encountered.
Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules.
In immunology, self molecules are those components of an organism's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system.
Conversely, non-self molecules are those recognized as foreign molecules.
One class of non-self molecules are called antigens (short for antibody generators) and are defined as substances that bind to specific immune receptors and elicit an immune response.
the recognition of specific “non-self” antigens in the presence of “self”, during the process of antigen presentation (where macrophages and dendritic cells capture antigens so T cells can recognise them).
the generation of responses that are tailored to maximally eliminate specific pathogens or pathogen infected cells.
the development of immunological memory, in which each pathogen is “remembered” by a signature antibody.
These memory cells can be called upon to quickly eliminate a pathogen should subsequent infections occur.
For the adaptive immune system used by bacteria against viruses, see CRISPR.
Alexander Urbom (born December 20, 1990) is a professional Swedish ice hockey defenseman who is currently playing for the Albany Devils.
He was drafted by the New Jersey Devils in the third round, 73rd overall, in the 2009 NHL Draft.
Daniel Tetrault (born September 4, 1979) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman for the Wichita Thunder of the Central Hockey League.
He won the Central Hockey League Most Outstanding Defenseman in the 2001-02 CHL season.
Silas Marner: The Weaver of Raveloe is a novel by George Eliot.
It is her third novel.
It was first published in 1861.
It tells the story of Silas Marner, a lonely linen weaver.
Silas Marner, online at Project Gutenberg
Silas Marner, online at Ye Olde Library
Silas Marner , complete unabridged book at sparknotes.com
Silas Marner Cliff Notes
Silas Marner audio book at Librivox
Silas Marner - Stage Version
Discussion of Silas Marner on BBC Radio 4's In Our Time
1861 books
Robbie Neale (born April 17, 1953) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey forward who played in the World Hockey Association.
The Rapid City Rush is an American ice hockey team in the Central Hockey League (CHL).
It plays its home games at the Rushmore Plaza Civic Center in Rapid City, South Dakota.
The team began playing in 2008, and won the Ray Miron President's Cup, which is the championship of the CHL, in 2009.
Official website of the Rapid City Rush
21st-century establishments in South Dakota
The Ministries Trial (or, officially, The United States of America vs. Ernst von Weizsäcker, et al.)
was the eleventh of the twelve trials for war crimes the US authorities held in their occupation zone in Germany in Nuremberg after the end of World War II.
Disagreements between the Allies meant only one trial was held by the International Military Tribunal (IMT).
Other trials were held by the Allies in their own zones of occupation.
The Americans held twelve trials, in the same rooms at the Palace of Justice as the IMT.
These twelve trials are known as the "Subsequent Nuremberg Trials" or, more formally, as the "Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals" (NMT).
This case is also known as the Wilhelmstrasse Trial, because the German Foreign Office was on the Wilhelmstrasse in Berlin.
The defendants in this case were officials of various Reich ministries, facing various charges for their jobs in Nazi Germany and responsibility for the numerous atrocities committed both in Germany and in occupied countries during the war.
The judges in this case, heard before Military Tribunal IV, were William C. Christianson (presiding judge) from Minnesota, Robert F. Maguire from Oregon, and Leon W. Powers from Iowa.
The Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution was Telford Taylor; the chief prosecutor was Robert Kempner.
The indictment was filed on November 15, 1947; the hearings lasted from January 6, 1948 until November 18 that year, and then the judges took a whole five months to compile their 833-page judgment, which they presented on April 11, 1949.
The sentences were handed down on April 13, 1949.
Of all the twelve trials, this was the one that lasted longest and ended last.
Of the 21 defendants arraigned, two were acquitted, the others were found guilty on at least one count of the indictment and received prison sentences ranging from three years including time served to 25 years' imprisonment.
Defendants
Stuckart was tried again in 1950 before a denazification court and sentenced as a Mitläufer (follower) a fine of DM 50,000.
Description from the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum.
Transcript  of a German radio broadcast from 1999 (in German).
Nuremberg trials
Mitläufer is a German term (plural: Mitläufer) used in the denazification proceedings in West Germany after World War II to describe people who supported Nazism without directly participating in Nazi atrocities such as genocide.
Mitläufer is usually translated in English as either "fellow-traveler" or "hanger-on".
Freiherr was a title of nobility used in German speaking countries.
Its equivalent in English is Baron.
Dresdner Bank AG was one of Germany's largest banking corporations and was based in Frankfurt.
It was formed in 1872, and bought by competitor Commerzbank in December 2009.
Dresdner Bank was established in 1872.
It moved its headquarters to Berlin in 1884, although its registered office stayed in Dresden until 1950.
By 1900, Dresdner Bank had the largest German branch network.
During the First World War, the London branch was forced to close; however, the overall branch network expanded.
After the banking crisis in 1931 the Weimar Republic owned 66%  Dresdner Bank shares.
Its deputy director was Dr Schacht, Minister of Economy under Nazism.
The Bank was reprivatised in 1937.
Dresdner Bank expanded its network with acquisition and opening new offices not only in Europe but also in the United States, Singapore, Canada, Australia, Japan, Hong Kong, and China.
Dresdner Bank was the first to open its own office in former East Germany in Dresden in 2 January 1990.
In 2002 Dresdner Bank became a wholly owned subsidiary of the insurance corporation Allianz.
Allianz sold Dresdner Bank, which was legally merged with Commerzbank on 11 May 2009 and ceased to be an independent company.
Hitler's Germany
The bank took part early on in the Third Reich's policy of confiscating Jewish property and wealth.
Matthias Warnig's involvement
Dresdner Bank attempted to get a banking operating licence in Saint Petersburg, where former KGB agent Vladimir Putin was in charge of foreign economic relations.
Dresdner Bank appointed Matthias Warnig, a former Stasi agent and Vladimir Putin's former KGB contact , to negotiate with Putin.
The office was opened in 1991.
Warnig became Chairman of the Board of Directors of Dresdner Bank ZAO, Dresdner Bank Russian subsidiary.
The bank has had a lucrative business relationship with Gazprom and the state oil company Rosneft.
The bank was also involved in the controversial  forced sale of Yukos assets.
Defunct companies of Europe
fi:Dresdner Bank
The Daily News of New York City is a daily tabloid newspaper.
As of a 2009 study by BurrellesLuce, a media relations measurement service, it is the fifth most-widely distributed daily newspaper in the United States, publishing and selling.
The original New York Daily News was started by Benjamin Wood, but the business fell after his death.
Joseph Medill Patterson went onto create a newspaper of the same name in 1919, it was America's first official tabloid journal.
The paper has won 10 Pulitzer Prizes.
"LoveGame" is a song by American singer-songwriter Lady Gaga.
It was released from her 2008 debut album, The Fame.
It is the second song on the album.
"LoveGame" was the third single from The Fame to be released in North America.
The video for the song was banned by MTV Arabia.
The song reached number five on the Billboard Hot 100 and number two on the Canadian Hot 100.
The song was planned to be the third single released in the UK, but "Paparazzi" was released instead because of “LoveGame”'s music video and controversial lyrics.
"LoveGame" managed to become Gaga's third number-one song on Billboard's Mainstream Top 40/Pop Songs radio chart.
The video depicts Gaga dancing in a garage surrounded by cars and dancers.
She rides in a subway car and performs choreography.
The video is known for its sexual content.
Hurricane Gracie was a major hurricane in September of 1959.
This hurricane moved erratically for five days before making landfall over South Carolina as a strong Category 3 hurricane.
Gracie caused $14 million in damage (1959 USD).
Twenty-two people died due to this storm.
It is unknown whether or not the name Gracie was retired.
The term tabloid is used to describe newspapers or magazines with pages smaller than regular journals, although there is no standard for the exact dimensions of a tabloid.
It is also used (sometimes inappropriately or as an insult) to describe a newspaper that sensationalizes news stories, often with a focus on personalities and gossip, and much less detailed coverage of topics such as politics and economics than is offered by newspapers regarded as more serious.
Tabloids usually include more "celebrity" news than political.
The Paraná Association of Electrical Engineers () exists to promote scientific and technological development and to protect the interests of professional electrical engineering, such as: Electrical, Electronics, Telecommunications, Computer, Automation, of the state of Paraná, Brazil.
Mary Elizabeth "Sissy" Spacek (born December 25, 1949) is an American actress and singer.
She played Carrie White in the 1976 movie Carrie.
She also played country singer Loretta Lynn in the 1980 movie Coal Miner's Daughter.
Spacek is known mainly as a dramatic actress, but she has acted in comedies.
She was born in Quitman, Texas.
Durham is a city in the U.S. state of North Carolina.
It has about 230,000 people.
Durham has two universities, Duke and NC Central.
It is northwest of Raleigh, and northeast of Chapel Hill.
It is the county seat of Durham County.
Historical Facts
Durham was officially started in 1869, but there was a train station and some stores before that.
It grew quickly in the late 1800s and early 1900s because of tobacco.
NC Central was one of the first publicly funded (paid for) African-American colleges, and was started in 1924.
In the mid 1900s, people were buying less tobacco, so Durham became poorer.
Some civil rights people also visited Durham during this time.
The Research Triangle Park near Raleigh helped it some, but not very much.
Recently, Durham's downtown has gotten better and Durham is growing more.
The old tobacco buildings are now being used for other things.
Durham is located in north-central North Carolina, near Chapel Hill and Raleigh, in an area known as The Triangle.
One of the few rivers in Durham is the Eno River.
It goes into Falls Lake.
Durham has a sort of mild climate with hot summers and cool winters.
In the summer temperatures usually go from 90° Fahrenheit during the day to 70 °F at night.
In the winter, is about 50 °F during the day and 30 °F at night.
It can change more.
Durham gets about  of rain and  of snow.
Durham has a lot of transportation, or roads, trains, and airplanes.
Some freeways in Durham are Interstates 40 and 85 and highway 147.
Durham is right next to an airport.
Durham also has a train station.
Duke University is in Durham.
Durham also has the Museum of Life and Science and the Nasher Art Museum.
Downtown, there are also several tall buildings.
Valerie Elise Plame Wilson, known simply as Valerie Plame, is a former officer of the Central Intelligence Agency, politician and the author of two books related to her career.
Her identity was revealed to public on July 14, 2003; that ended Plame's career with the CIA, from which she resigned around December 2005.
In May 2019, Plame announced her plans to run for the United States House of Representatives for New Mexico's 3rd congressional district.
She lost the primary for the Democratic nomination on June 3, 2020.
Politicians from Alaska
Politicians from New Mexico
Paul Menard (born August 21, 1980 in Eau Claire, Wisconsin) is an American racecar driver.
Menard drives the No.
21 Ford Mustang for Wood Brothers Racing in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series, and runs part-time for Team Penske in the NASCAR Xfinity Series.
Menard won the 2006 AT&T 250 (now NorthernTool.com 250) in the Nationwide Series.
Menard won his first NASCAR Sprint Cup race, the Brickyard 400, on July 31, 2011 at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.
Menard is the son of home improvement store magnate John Menard.
Paul Menard's NASCAR profile
The article about her talk show is Ricki Lake (TV series)
Ricki Pamela Lake (born September 21, 1968) is an American actress, producer, and television host.
She hosted her own talk show, named Ricki Lake from 1993 until 2004.
Lake played Tracy Turnblad in the 1988 movie Hairspray.
During the 1990s she starred in many movies.
These included Serial Mom and Mrs. Winterbourne.
She recently hosted another talk show named The Ricki Lake Show which began in 2012.
Lake was born to secular, Jewish parents, Barry who is a pharmacist and Jill who is a housewife.
Lake went to Ithaca College and Professional Children's School.
After her first talk show
Lake hosted Gameshow Marathon on CBS in 2006.
In September 2011, Lake competed in Dancing with the Stars with Derek Hough.
She got third place.
She lost to Rob Kardashian and J. R. Martinez, respectively.
Lake married Rob Sussman on March 1994.
They have two sons, Milo Sebastian Sussman born March 22, 1997 and Owen Tyler Sussman born June 18, 2001.
They separated in August 2003.
Lake and Sussman divorced in 2005.
She started dating Christian Evans in 2009.
They were engaged in August 2011.
Lake and Evans married on April 8, 2012.
Valerie Anne Bertinelli (born April 23, 1960) is an American actress and television personality.
She is known for her roles as Barbara Cooper Royer on the sitcom One Day at a Time (1975–84), Gloria on the religious drama series Touched by an Angel (2001–03) and Melanie Moretti on the sitcom Hot in Cleveland (2010–15).
Since 2015, she has hosted the cooking shows Valerie's Home Cooking and Kids Baking Championship on Food Network.
Bertinelli was born in Wilmington, Delaware to Nancy (née Carvin) and Andrew Bertinelli, a General Motors executive.
Her father is of Italian descent and her mother is of English descent.
She had an elder brother, Mark, who died at 17 months from an accidental poisoning before she was born.
Because of her father's career, the family frequently moved.
Over various periods, they lived in Claymont, Delaware; Clarkston, Michigan; Shreveport, Louisiana; Oklahoma City and the Los Feliz section of Los Angeles, California, where Bertinelli studied acting at the Tami Lynn School of Artists.
Actors from Wilmington, Delaware
Designing Women was an American television sitcom.
It starred Dixie Carter, Annie Potts, Jean Smart and Delta Burke.
It was broadcast from September 1986 to May 1993 on CBS.
This series was about the working and personal lives of four southern women.
Factory has released all seven seasons of Designing Women on DVD in Region 1.
Designing Women Online
http://www.tvacres.com/homes_designing.htm
Spiritual séance or, simply, Séance is a meeting at which a group of people often including a medium attempts to contact a ghost and communicate with it.
Participants of such meeting need not be seated while engaged in a séance.
One of the earliest books on the subject is Communitation With the Other Side by George, First Baron Lyttelton, published in England in 1760.
A Séance Procedure (courtesy of the Other World Society)
The Murray-Darling Basin is an area in Australia around the Murray and Darling Rivers.
Three million Australians inside and outside the basin are directly dependent on its water.
About 6 per cent of Australia's total rainwater falls into the Murray-Darling Basin.
About 85 per cent of all irrigation in Australia takes place in the basin, which supports an agricultural industry worth more than $9 billion per annum.
The Murray-Darling Basin covers  or approximately one-seventh (14%) of the total area of Australia.
Rivers of Australia
The Buick Regal is a mid-size automobile that is built by General Motors's Buick brand.
The Buick Regal has had five generations, the newest one in 2011.
The assembly for the car's are in Shanghai, China, Rüsselsheim, Germany and Oshawa, Ontario, Canada.
Prior to the fifth generation Buick Regal was strictly front-wheel drive, beginning with the fifth generation all-wheel drive (AWD) became an option.
From 1974-2003 certain generations shared the same frame and design with the Buick Century, in 1997 the Regal was released with a new design making it a more upscale version of the Century the only changes were the grille and interior.
Buick Regal at GM.ca
Covington was part of the 5th season of American Idol where he placed eighth.
Covington released his debut album, Bucky Covington, in 2007.
Billy Covington's Official website
The term "mileage" refers to distance traveled.
It often refers to distance per unit of fuel, such as miles per gallon (mpg) or litres per 100 kilometres (L/100 km).
In the U.S., the fuel efficiency of motorized vehicles (such as cars, trucks, or motorcycles) is measured in mpg, as miles per U.S. gallon of gasoline.
However, in the UK, the fuel efficiency is often measured in litres of fuel used per 100 kilometres, or in miles per imperial gallon.
U.S. customary units
In 1973, Cline was named to the Country Music Hall of Fame.
But, this was after she had died.
She was the first woman to enter the Country Music Hall of Fame.
List of country musicians from Virginia
Country musicians from Virginia
Daniel Nathans (October 30, 1928 - November 16, 1999) was an American biologist.
He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1978.
His parents were both Russian Jews who came to the U.S for a better life.
Daniel Nathans parents, Samuel and Sarah Nathans met each other in the U.S and were married in Philadelphia in 1910.
Sarah Nathans (Daniel’s mother) came to the U.S from Russia when she was 18 years old.
Samuel Nathans (Daniel’s father) came to the U.S when he was a teenager.
Daniel was born on October 30, 1928.
He was the last of nine children in his family.
He attended the University of Delaware in 1950 and earned a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry.
He then attended the Washington University in St. Louis and earned a Master's Degree in 1954.
In 1978, he won a Nobel Prize with Werner Arber and Hamilton Smith for finding restriction enzymes.
He won a National Medal of Science in 1993.
Nathans died on November 16, 1999 at the age of 71.
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1978/nathans-autobio.html
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/nathans.html
Scientists from Wilmington, Delaware
Christopher Wesson Bosh (born March 24, 1984 in Dallas, Texas) is an American basketball player.
He attended college at Georgia Tech where he played basketball.
Chris Bosh started his NBA career when he was drafted by the Toronto Raptors in the 2003 NBA Draft with the 4th pick in the 1st round.
Bosh would play 7 seasons with the Raptors becoming a star player before doing a sign-and-trade deal with the Miami Heat after the 2009–10 NBA season.
Chris Bosh's Official website
The Fiat Cinquecento is a car produced by Fiat, introduced in 1991 and produced in Poland.
It launched in the UK in June 1993 and was replaced by the Fiat Seicento in 1998.
A fictional version called the Hawaii became famous in the British sitcom The Inbetweeners.
Cinquecento ED 22 kW (30 hp)
Cinquecento 29 kW (40 hp)
Cinquecento Sporting 40 kW (54 hp)
It operated local bus services centered around the towns of Buxton, Glossop and New Mills.
The company specialised in local bus services and the service area covers the High Peak Borough and some surrounding areas such as the town of Marple in Stockport and Ashbourne in the Derbyshire Dales.
The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is a group of two non-profit organizations that fight for what they believe are important civil liberties issues.
It was started in 1920 by Crystal Eastman, Roger Nash Baldwin, and Walter Nelles.
One way the ACLU tries to reach its goals is by helping people in court whom it believes are not being treated fairly by the law.
The ACLU has lawyers that file lawsuits for people it represents.
The ACLU also tries to change laws by teaching people about issues and by lobbying the government about what it believes.
Some people in the United States disagree with the ACLU.
Some conservatives do not like that the ACLU believes that people have the right to an abortion and that it believes in the separation of church and state.
Also, some of the people or groups that the ACLU has represented in court have been unpopular, such as the Westboro Baptist Church, which is famous for protesting the funerals of American soldiers who died at war.
Louise Henriette de Bourbon (20 June 1726 – 9 February 1759) was Duchess of Orléans and the mother of Philippe Égalité.
By birth and marriage she held the prestigious rank of a Princess of the blood.
Louise Henriette was born in Paris the only daughter of Louis Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti and Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon.
In her youth she was known at court as Mademoiselle de Conti and had been bought up in a convent.
One of Louise Henriette's cousins, Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, grandson of Louis XIV, had proposed marriage to her, but her mother's choice fell upon the Duke of Chartres.
As a result on 17 December 1743, aged of seventeen, Louise Henriette married her second cousin Louis Philippe d'Orléans at Versailles.
The Duke of Chartres' father, Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans, known as the Pious, accepted her as she had had a religious upbringing however after a passionate beginning, Louise Henriette's scandalous behaviour caused the couple to break up.
She later had an affair with the Count of Melfort after the birth of her son.
Her son later said that he was in fact the illegitimate son of the Count of Melfort but this was ignored as he looked so much like his father.
Louise Henriette died on 9 February 1759 at the age of thirty-two, with her husband and children at her side, at the Palais-Royal, the Orléans residence in Paris.
Her premature death was a consequence, it was said, of her debaucheries.
A daughter (13 July 1745 – 14 December 1745).
Philippe d'Orléans (13 April 1747, – 6 November 1793) married Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon and had children.
Bathilde d'Orléans (9 July 1750 – 10 January 1822) married Louis Henri, Prince of Condé and had children.
20 June 1726 – 17 December 1743 Her Serene Highness Mademoiselle de Conti17 December 1743 – 4 February 1752 Her Serene Highness The Duchess of Chartres
4 February 1752 – 9 February 1759 Her Serene Highness'' The Duchess of Orléans
The Earth's core is the part of Earth in the middle of our planet.
It has a solid inner core and a liquid outer core.
The temperature of the outer core ranges from 4400 °C in the outer regions to 6100 °C near the inner core.
Outer core
The outer core of the Earth is a liquid layer about 2,260 kilometers thick.
It is made of iron and nickel.
This is above the Earth's solid inner core and below the mantle.
Its outer boundary is  beneath the Earth's surface.
The transition between the inner core and outer core is approximately  beneath the Earth's surface.
Eddy currents in the nickel iron fluid of the outer core are believed to influence the Earth's magnetic field.
Convection in the outer core, combined with the Coriolis effect, gives rise to Earth's magnetic field.
The solid inner core is too hot to hold a permanent magnetic field.
It may stabilize the magnetic field generated by the liquid outer core.
Without the outer core, life on Earth would be very different.
Convection of liquid metals in the outer core creates the Earth's magnetic field.
This magnetic field extends outward from the Earth for several thousand kilometers, and creates a protective magnetosphere around the Earth that deflects the Sun's solar wind.
Without this field, the solar wind would directly strike the Earth's atmosphere.
This might have removed the Earth's atmosphere, making the planet nearly lifeless.
It may have happened to Mars.
Inner core
The inner core of the Earth, was detected by Inge Lehmann using seismology.
It is a solid sphere about  in radius, or about 70% that of the Moon.
It is believed to be an iron–nickel alloy, and may have a temperature similar to the Sun's surface, about 5778 K (5505 °C).
In 2015, Prof Xiaodong Song from the University of Illinois and other researchers in China suggested the inner core has two layers.
The seismic wave data suggests that crystals in the "inner inner core" are in an east-to-west direction.
Those in the "outer inner core" are lined up north to south.
Another scientist commented: "If this is true, it would imply that something very substantial happened to flip the orientation of the core to turn the alignment of crystals in the inner core north-south as is seen today in its outer parts".
Other scientists are checking their data.
1920 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Puppet is an open source software configuration management and deployment tool.
Puppet is said to change the human workflow, and enable developers and system administrators to work together.
Deploying Tomcat Applications With Puppet
Baker County, Georgia is a county in Georgia.
1825 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
Barbara Lynn Herzstein (b. February 5, 1948), better known as Barbara Hershey, is an American movie and television actress.
She has starred in many movies and television series.
Her acting career began around 1965, but she did not get famous until the second half of the 1980s.
She was born in Hollywood, California.
She won the Golden Globe Award in 1991 for "Best Performance by an Actress in a Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV".
She was also in Black Swan, The Last Temptation of Christ and Hannah and Her Sisters.
The Buddh International Circuit (or BIC) is a track (circuit) that had opened in 2011, which is used for motor racing.
The main event is the Indian Grand Prix, the first to be held in that country.
The track was originally known as the Jaypee Group Circuit, after the owners, the Jaypee Group.
The track was renamed in April 11, 2011
2011 establishments in Asia
2010s establishments in India
Michael Andrew Fisher (born June 5, 1980) is a Canadian-American former professional ice hockey centre who played for the Ottawa Senators and Nashville Predators in the National Hockey League (NHL).
Fisher also played for the Ottawa Senators and played 10 seasons also becoming the assistant captain for them.
On July 10, 2010, Fisher married country music singer, Carrie Underwood after proposing to her on December 20, 2009.
Mike Fisher's Official website
Mike Fisher's NHL profile
Mount Buninyong is large extinct volcano 15 kilometres south east of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia.
The 745 metre volcano is on the Western Victorian Volcanic Plains.
The scoria cone of the volcano is more than 200 metres higher than the land around it which makes it one of biggest scoria volcanoes in Victoria.
It has a deep central crater.
The volcano erupted several times, and during one eruption the west side of the volcano was breached.
In later eruptions the lava flowed through this gap in the side.
It is possible that the breach was actually another crater.
There is a road that goes up to the top of the mountain, and there are a number of communication towers and a bushfire watching tower.
There are three walking tracks: the Crater Walk, the Summit Walk and the Southern Walk.
It is also one of the last koala habitats in the area, with large manna gums and messmate trees.
The name Buninyong comes from the Australian Aboriginal people known as the Wauthaurung.
Their word for the mountain was Bunnin Yowang which meant "big hill like knee".
Derrick Martell Rose Sr. (
born October 4, 1988 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American basketball player.
He currently plays for the Detroit Pistons.
He plays at the position of  point guard.
He attended college at University of Memphis where he played basketball with the Memphis Tigers.
Rose was drafted out of college by the Chicago Bulls with the 1st overall pick in the 1st round of the 2008 NBA Draft.
Rose was named the 2011 NBA Most Valuable Player.
He is the youngest person to win an NBA MVP.
On June 22, 2016, Rose was traded to the New York Knicks.
He signed with the Cleveland Cavaliers in the off season.
The visual arts are art forms that create works which are primarily visual in nature.
The visual arts (also known as the plastic arts) produce objects.
They are contrasted with the performing arts.
Examples are ceramics, drawing, painting, sculpture, printmaking and poetry.
Also, modern visual arts which use technology: photography, video, filmmaking and architecture.
These definitions should not be taken too strictly as many artistic disciplines (performing arts, conceptual art, textile arts) involve aspects of the visual arts as well as arts of other types.
Movies and performing arts, for example, make use of set and costume design, sometimes by prominent artists.
Samuel Peralta "Sammy" Sosa (born November 12, 1968 in San Pedro de Macorís, Dominican Republic) is a retired Dominican baseball player.
Sosa played for the Texas Rangers, Chicago White Sox, Chicago Cubs, Baltimore Orioles and the Texas Rangers during his career.
Sammy Sosa's MLB profile
Teri Garr (born December 11, 1944) is an American movie and television actress.
Her movie debut was the 1963 movie A Swingin' Affair.
Her career breakthrough was in 1974 with the movie Young Frankenstein.
Garr has acted in many other movies.
She has been acting on TV since the late 1960s.
She appeared on Star Trek: The Original Series.
Garr was born in Lakewood, Ohio.
In 1983 she was nominated for "Best Supporting Actress" in Tootsie.
People with multiple sclerosis‎
Jamie Benn (born July 18, 1989 in Victoria, British Columbia) is a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger .
He currently plays for the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League (NHL).
His older brother Jordie Benn also plays for the Dallas Stars.
Before playing in the NHL, Benn played 2 seasons with the Kelowna Rockets of the Western Hockey League (WHL).
He won a gold medal with Canada at the 2009 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships when they defeated Sweden in the Finals.
He also scored the game-winning goal in Canada's first game against Norway and the only goal in a 1-0 win against the United States in the semi-final game.
A hearing aid is a small electrical machine which fits in or behind a person's ear.
The purpose of a hearing aid is to make sounds louder so the person can hear spoken words and other sounds.
The two most common types of modern hearing aids are behind the ear aids and in the ear aids.
Types of hearing aids
There are many different types of hearing aids.
They are good for different users depending on lifestyle and how much help they need to hear.
An audiologist can help make hearing aids work even better for a user by customising them.
In-The-Canal (ITC) - the smallest type of hearing aid, these are made to fit inside the ear canal and can be used by people with mild to moderate hearing loss
In-The-Ear (ITE) - these are slightly larger than the ITC aids and fit inside the outer ear instead of the canal.
These can be used by people with mild to severe hearing loss
Behind-The-Ear (BTE) - sit behind the ear and connect to a mould placed in your ear through a tube.
This type of aid is usually the largest but can be used by almost anyone with hearing loss and has many different functions
NIH   Information from the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Better Hearing Institute Non-profit website containing articles and information on hearing loss and hearing loss solutions.
Hearing Loss Association of America Consumer-based self-advocacy group, information.
Hearing Aid Blog  Hearing aids reviews and information.
Consumer Hearing Aids Resource Information and resources on hearing aid manufacturers
Hard of Hearing Advocates  Non-profit foundation dedicated to helping those with hearing loss
American Academy of Audiology Find an Audiologist, and get more information on hearing loss.
British Society of Hearing Aid Audiologists Find A Hearing Aid Dispenser in the UK.
Irish Society of Hearing Aid Audiologists Find a Hearing Aid Dispenser in Ireland.
Canadian Academy of Audiology Consumer information on hearing loss, professional resources.
American Hearing Research Foundation The American Hearing Research Foundation which funds significant research in hearing and aims to help educate the public in the United States.
Action On Hearing Loss (formerly RNID) Information and resources about hearing loss.
The Shapiro time delay is a physics experiment.
It is one of the four classic solar system observations or experiments which test general relativity.
The time delay effect was first noticed in 1964, by Irwin I. Shapiro.
Shapiro proposed an observational test of his prediction: bounce radar beams off the surface of Venus and Mercury, and measure the round trip travel time.
When the Earth, Sun, and Venus are most favorably aligned, Shapiro showed that the expected time delay, due to the presence of the Sun, of a radar signal traveling from the Earth to Venus and back, would be about 200 microseconds, well within the limitations of 1960s era technology.
The first tests, performed in 1966 and 1967 using the MIT Haystack radar antenna, were successful,  matching the predicted amount of time delay.
The idea was to simulate hypothetical conditions thought to be present on the early Earth (Hadean or early Archaean).
It was a test of  the chemical origins of life.
Specifically, the experiment tested Alexander Oparin's and J.B.S. Haldane's hypothesis that conditions on the primitive Earth favored chemical reactions that synthesized organic compounds from inorganic precursors.
Considered to be the classic experiment on the origin of life, it was conducted in 1952 and published in 1953 by Stanley Miller and Harold Urey at the University of Chicago.
After Miller's death in 2007, scientists examined sealed vials preserved from the original experiments.
They were able to show that there were well over 20 different amino acids produced in Miller's original experiments.
That is considerably more than those Miller originally reported, and more than the 20 that naturally occur in life.
Miller graduated from the University of California at Berkeley in 1951 with a Bachelor of Science in chemistry.
He then went to the University of Chicago to do graduate work.
In University of Chicago, he got registered for a PhD program.
Initially, he started work with the theoretical physicist Edward Teller on synthesis of elements.
During this time, Miller attended a lecture given by Harold Urey on the subject of the origin of the solar system.
Urey presented the idea of organic molecules being synthesized in a early Earth atmosphere.
It inspired Miller very much.
However, he kept working with Teller.
After a year of fruitless work with Teller, and the prospect of Teller leaving Chicago to work on the Hydrogen bomb, Miller approached to Urey in September 1952 for a fresh research project.
At first, Urey was reluctant to put a graduate student on such a risky project but finally he agreed.
When Miller showed his results to Urey, he suggested Miller to immediate publish the results.
Urey refused to be the co-author as he felt that Miller did all the work and lest Miller receive no credit.
Miller submitted  the manuscript to Science on 10 February 1953.
After weeks of silence, Urey inquired and wrote to the chair of the editorial board on 27 February about this.
Then a month passed, but still there was no decision.
As a reasult, on 10 March the infuriated Urey withdrew the manuscript and he himself submitted it to the Journal of the American Chemical Society  on 13 March.
By then, the editor of Science, apparently annoyed by Urey's insinuation, wrote directly to Miller that the manuscript was to be published.
Miller accepted it and withdrew the manuscript from the Journal of the American Chemical Society.
For this experiment, Miller designed a sealed glass apparatus and used it to simulate the conditions on Earth before life appeared.
It had two two glass flasks.
One was of 500ml with 200 ml of water poured in it.
The other was of 5 liter with a pair of electrodes.
This one was filled with 100 mmHg of Hydrogen (H2, 200 mmHg of Methane (CH4), and 200 mmHg of Ammonia (NH3).
To simulate rain, the water in the smaller flask was heated to create evaporation, and the water vapour was allowed to enter the larger flask and it mixed with the other gases.
To simulate lightning in the water vapour and gaseous mixture, electrical sparks were fired between the electrodes.
Then the water was cooled again and the water created rain.
This process continued for a week.
After a day, the solution turned pink in colour, and after a week, the solution became deep red and turbid.
Then, mercuric chloride was added to prevent microbial contamination.