the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
It is in the district of Hildesheim and is about 30 km southeast of Hanover.
The city is on the banks of the River Innerste, which is a smaller river that flows into the River Leine.
It can be reached from Autobahn A7, which links Kassel, Göttingen and Hanover.
Hildesheim is one of the oldest cities in North Germany.
The city may have been founded when the bishop moved from Elze to the Innerste ford, where it was an important market on the Hellweg trade route.
The settlement soon grew into a town which was granted market rights by King Otto III in 983.
Originally the market was held on a street called Old Market (Alter Markt), which still exists today.
The first market place was laid out around Saint Andrew's Church.
As the city grew larger, a larger market place became more important.
The current market place in Hildesheim was made at the start of the 13th century when the city had a population of about 5,000.
When Hildesheim obtained city rights in 1249, it was one of the largest cities in Northern Germany.
For four centuries the clergy ruled Hildesheim, before a city hall was built and the citizens gained some influence and independence.
Construction of the present City Hall started in 1268, and in 1367 Hildesheim became a member of the Hanseatic League.
A war between the citizens and their bishop cost dearly in 1519-1523 when they engaged in a feud.
Hildesheim became Protestant in 1542, and only the cathedral and a few other buildings remained in Imperial (Roman Catholic) hands.
Several villages around the city remained Roman Catholic as well.
In 1813, after the Napoleonic Wars, the town became part of the Kingdom of Hanover, which was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia after the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 as a province.
The city was bombed in World War II, but the bombing had little importance in the course of the war.
28.5% of the houses were destroyed and 44.7% damaged.
26.8% of the houses had no damage.
The center, which still had its medieval character until then, was almost levelled.
As in many cities, priority was given to rapid building of badly needed housing, and concrete structures took the place of the destroyed buildings.
Fortunately, most of the major churches, two of them now UNESCO World Heritage Sites, were rebuilt in the original style soon after the war.
During the war, valuable world heritage materials had been hidden in the basement of the city wall.
In 1978, the University of Hildesheim was founded.
In the 1980s a reconstruction of the historic center began.
Some of the new concrete buildings near the marketplace were torn down.
Replicas of the original buildings were built in their place.
Population history
Images of the city
The city's website.
360° Panoramas Hildesheim
Article about Hildesheim
Pforzheim (Alemannic German: Pforze) is a city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg.
Recklinghausen (Westphalian: Riäkelhusen) is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, belonging to the Ruhr area.
It has about 120,000 inhabitants.
Recklinghausen Rural District
It had about 124,000 inhabitants in 2016.
The automobile company Volkswagen has its main office in Wolfsburg.
Bergisch Gladbach (; Ripuarian: Jläbbisch Gläbbich)  is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Heidi Klum (b. 1973), model, actress and singer
Rheinisch-Bergische Rural District
Erlangen (; East Franconian: Erlang) is a German city in the state of Bavaria.
Erlangen is near to Nuremberg (Nürnberg).
Both cities share the University Erlangen-Nürnberg.
In the beginning, "Gera" was not the name of a village or city, but of a region or district.
This district was mentioned in a document for the first time in the year 995.
Four years later, in 999, the Holy Roman Emperor Otto III gave this district to his sister Adelheid, who was an abbess in Quedlinburg.
In the center of this area, the "provincia Gera", a town with the same name was established.
Another document, which is from the year 1237, said for the first time that there was a town called Gera.
In this town, the abbesses of Quedlinburg had some officials which were called the Vögte of Gera.
These officials were the ancestors of the counts and princes of Reuß, which reigned in Gera for many years, until the year 1918.
In the early modern period, Gera was famous for making textiles.
There were some fires in which a lot of the town was destroyed, for example in 1686 and in 1780.
In 1806, Napoleon was in Gera before the Battle of Jena.
In the 19th century, Gera became an important city of industry.
Before that, Gera was a quite small town, but in the year 1900, it had already about 45,000 inhabitants.
In 1920, Thuringia was founded as a state of the Weimar Republic.
Gera was the biggest city of the state, because Erfurt was not yet a part of Thuringia.
At the end of World War II, some parts of Gera were destroyed by bombs, for example the Osterstein Castle.
After World War II, Gera was in the Soviet Occupation Zone and then in the German Democratic Republic (GDR).
From 1952 to 1990, it was the capital of the Gera District (Bezirk Gera) of the GDR.
Since 1959, Gera has had more than 100,000 inhabitants.
The highest number of inhabitants of Gera was 134,834 in the year 1988.
Since the German Reunification, the number of inhabitants becomes smaller and smaller.
Now there are fewer people who live in Gera than in Jena, so Gera is only the third-biggest city in Thuringia.
On 31 December 2008, there were only 100,643 people living in Gera.
The Market Square with the City Hall (Rathaus) from 1575, the Simson Fountain (Simsonbrunnen) from 1686 and the City Pharmacy (Stadtapotheke) from about 1600
The Geraer Höhler (cellars under the houses in the city center, in which the owners kept their beer in the 18th century)
The Theatre from 1902
The Orangerie from 1748, which is now the art gallery of Gera
St. Salvator's Church (Salvatorkirche) from 1717 (Baroque)
St. John's Church (Johanniskirche) from 1884 (Gothic Revival architecture
St. Mary's Church (Marienkirche) in the quarter of Untermhaus with the Otto Dix Birthhouse
The Hofwiesenpark, a new park where the Bundesgartenschau 2007 was held
Gera has got twelve twin towns.
Eleven of them are in Europe.
Otto Dix (1891–1969), painter
Georg Buschner (1925–2007), head coach of the East Germany national football team
Max Frankel (born 1930), executive editor of the New York Times and Pulitzer Prize winner
Marlies Göhr (born 1958), athlete
Olaf Ludwig (born 1960), cyclist
Wolfgang Tiefensee (born 1955), politician
Heike Drechsler (born 1964), athlete
Undernet is an Internet Relay Chat network that was made in 1992.
It has many channels, but there are few limits to what kind of channels can be made.
Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) is a large American company from Sunnyvale, California that makes computer hardware components.
It makes many different computer parts, but it is most famous for its Central Processing Units (CPUs) and Graphics Processing Units (GPUs).
Another important product are their motherboard chipsets for their CPUs.
AMD started as a company that made products for Intel, another large hardware company, and competitor of AMD.
In 2006 AMD bought ATI Technologies.
with $4.3 billion dollars of cash and 52 million AMD stocks.
In 2020 AMD said that they are buying Xilinx, a company that makes circuits that can be changed using computer code (FPGA).
Ryzen is AMD's brand name for their CPUs for normal use.
Ryzen CPUs has had between 2 and 64 cores and can achieve speeds above 5 Gigahertz (or GHz).
Radeon is their brand name for other computer products like GPUs and computer parts made by other companies that AMD put their brand on (OEM).
The Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) is a private university in Chicago, Illinois, United States.
It is one of the best universities in the United States as U.S. News & World Report, a magazine, puts it at number 108.
Most students of this university focus on science or technology as their major, or subject they study most.
IIT was created in 1940 by the merger of the Armour Institute of Technology and Lewis Institute.
The campus, roughly bounded between 31st and 35th streets, Michigan Avenue and the Dan Ryan Expressway, was designed by modernist architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, "one of the great figures of 20th-century architecture", who chaired the IIT School of Architecture from 1938 to 1958.
Van der Rohe's master plan for the IIT campus was one of the most ambitious projects he ever conceived.
The campus has twenty of his works.
It is the greatest concentration of his buildings in the world.
The layout of the campus departs radically from "traditional college quadrangles and limestone buildings".
The materials are inspired by the factories and warehouses of Chicago's South Side and "embod[y] 20th century methods and materials: steel and concrete frames with curtain walls of brick and glass."
Alfred Caldwell designed the campus landscape.
Caldwall was van der Rohe's close colleague at IIT and was called  "the last representative of the Prairie School of landscape architects."
Known as "the nature poet", Caldwell's plan reinforced van der Rohe's design with "landscaping planted in a free-flowing manner, which in its interaction with the pristine qualities of the architecture, introduce[d] a poetic aspect."
On the west side of Main Campus are three red brick buildings that were original to Armour Institute, built between 1891 and 1901.
In 1938, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe began his 20-year tenure as director of IIT's School of Architecture (1938–1959).
The university was on the verge of building a brand new campus, to be one of the nation's first federally funded urban renewal projects.
Mies was given great freedom in the large project.
The university grew fast enough during and after World War II to allow much of the new plan to be realized.
From 1943 to 1957, several new Mies buildings rose across campus, including the S.R. Crown Hall, which houses the architecture school, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2001.
Though Mies had emphasized his wish to complete the campus he had begun, commissions from the late 50s onward were given to Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill (SOM), prompting Mies to never return to the campus that had changed architecture the world over.
SOM architect Walter Netsch designed a few buildings, including the new library that Mies had wished to create, all of them similar to Mies's style.
By the late 1960s, campus addition projects were given to SOM's Myron Goldsmith, who had worked with Mies during his education at IIT and thus was able to design several new buildings to harmonize well with the original campus.
In 1976, the American Institute of Architects recognized the campus as one of the 200 most significant works of architecture in the United States.
The new campus center, designed by Rem Koolhaas, and a new state-of-the-art residence hall designed by Helmut Jahn, State Street Village, opened in 2003.
These were the first new buildings built on the Main Campus in 32 years.
In 1976, American Institute of Architects named the IIT campus one of the 200 most significant works of architecture in the United States.
The IIT Main Campus was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.
Hermann Minkowski (22 June 1864 in Kaunas – 12 January 1909 in Göttingen) was a German mathematician of Jewish descent.
He was one of Albert Einstein's teachers.
A certificate of deposit (CD) is a way to store money at a bank or credit union.
A CD is written for a period of time: usually between three months and five years.
The person who wanted the CD—the consumer—agrees to give the money to the bank for that period of time and may not take the money back until the time has expired.
If the consumer takes the money back before the agreed amount of time, they will have to pay a penalty fee.
Once your contract is over, you are given your money back plus the interest it earned.
People open CDs instead of savings accounts because the interest is higher.
A certificate of deposit (which is common only in the United States) is similar to a time deposit.
Cousins Subs is a "sub" shop that makes submarine sandwiches.
It was created in the 1970s in Wisconsin.
They opened their first restaurant in Milwaukee, at 60th Street and Silver Spring Drive.
It closed after several years of success.
The oldest Cousins Subs is on the corner of Brady Street and Farwell Avenue in Milwaukee.
1970s establishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Wisconsin
Sir Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford was a British politician.
He is regarded by many as the first  de facto Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (then called Great Britain).
The position of prime minister was not actually official at that time.
Walpole He was born in Houghton, Norfolk on 26 August 1676.
He died on 18 March 1745.
Historians think he became England's first Prime Minister in 1721.
He was then Prime Minister for a longer time than anyone who came after him.
This long time is sometimes called "the robinocracy" (Robin is a common version of Robert).
Although the exact dates of Walpole's dominance are not entirely clear, the period 1721–1742 is often used.
He dominated the Walpole–Townshend ministry, as well as the subsequent Walpole ministry, and holds the record as the longest-serving British prime minister in history.
1676 births
1745 deaths
Whig party (UK) politicians
Prime Ministers of Great Britain
It is the capital of a part of the Netherlands where a lot of people speak Frisian.
The name of that province is Friesland.
Leeuwarden is called Ljouwert in Frisian.
On 1 January 2014, Boarnsterhim is a part of the municipality of Leeuwarden.
On 1 January 2018, it was enlarged by Leeuwarderadeel and parts of the former municipality of Littenseradiel.
Cities in Friesland
About 48,000 people were living in the municipality in 2017.<br/ >
Municipalities of Zeeland
Settlements in Zeeland
Haarlem is a city in the Netherlands and the capital of the province North Holland.
It has about 145,000 inhabitants.
It has a very old door called Smedestraat 33.
Website of the communal administration
pictures from Haarlem
It has about 71,000 inhabitants.
It is also the capital of Flevoland, one of the provinces of the Netherlands.
Lelystad website
Settlements in Flevoland
Municipalities of Flevoland
It has about 65,000 inhabitants.
It's the capital of Drenthe.
Settlements in Drenthe
Municipalities of Drenthe
It has about 184,000 inhabitants (2021).
Enschede (Low Saxon: Eanske) is a municipality and city in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands.
About 160,000 people were living there in 2021.
It is the biggest city in Overijssel and borders Germany.
Enschede is also (informally) the capital of Twente region.
Fireworks accident
On 13 May 2000 there was a huge destruction caused by an accident in a fireworks factory.
Twenty-three people were killed, while almost a thousand people were injured.
Thousands of people lost their homes.
About 140,000 people live there.
The city is between the hills of the "Heuvelrug" and the valley of the river Eem.
It is between Utrecht and Den Haag.
It is part of the Randstad.
Municipalities of South Holland
It is in the province of Flevoland and nearby Amsterdam and has about 215,000 people (2021).
Almere website
Hilversum is a city in North Holland in the Netherlands (no city rights).
It lies between Amsterdam and Utrecht.
About 85,000 people live there.
Joop den Uyl (1919-1987), Prime Minister
Roermond is a town in the province Limburg in the east of the Netherlands.
It has about 45,000 people living in it.
Municipalities of Limburg (Netherlands)
Venlo is a city in Limburg in the very east of the Netherlands.
It has about 100,000 inhabitants and lives mainly on one-day-trip-tourism from neighbouring Germany and logistics.
It used to be a city of the Hanseatic League.
Delft is a city in the province South Holland in the Netherlands.
It is about halfway between Rotterdam and The Hague.
It is famous for its Delft Blue pottery and the Delft University of Technology.
It is the place where the royal family, the kings and queens, are buried.
It has about 94,000 inhabitants.
Delft is a city with typical Dutch canals, churches and large canal houses.
The largest church in Delft is the Nieuwe Kerk (New Church).
Deventer is a municipality and city in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands.
About 101,000 people were living there in 2021.
It lies both in Salland and IJsselvallei regions, alongside the eastern bank of the IJssel river.
Deventer was founded by Lebuinus around 768.
He built a wooden church there.
A Catholic community called the Brethren of the Common Life was founded by priest Geert Groote in this city late 14th century.
This community was connected with a Catholic reform movement called the Devotio Moderna, which was largely based on Groote and founded the same time.
Deventer is well-known for its cake, the so-called Deventer Koek.
Ede is a city in the Netherlands with 65,000 inhabitants, the communal district (gemeente) of Ede has 107,000 inhabitants.
Municipalities of Gelderland
The Freud Museum was the home of Sigmund Freud and his family after they escaped the Nazi takeover of Austria in 1938.
It is at 20 Maresfield Gardens in Hampstead, London.
After the death of Anna Freud, the youngest daughter, in 1982, the home became a museum.
The centrepiece of the museum is Freud's study, preserved just as it was during his lifetime.
There are two other Freud Museums, one in Vienna, and another  in Příbor, the Czech Republic, in the house where Freud was born.
The study
The bookshelf behind Freud's desk contains some of his favourite authors: not only Goethe and Shakespeare but also Heine, Multatuli and Anatole France.
Freud acknowledged that poets and philosophers had gained insights into the unconscious which psychoanalysis sought to explain systematically.
The room contains the original analytic couch brought from Berggasse 19.
On this patients would recline comfortably while Freud, out of sight in the green tub chair, listened to their 'free association'.
They were asked to say everything that came to mind without consciously sifting or selecting information.
This method became a foundation upon which psychoanalysis was built.
The study is filled with antiquities from ancient Greece, Rome, Egypt and the Orient.
There are some fine masks and carving from Africa.
Freud visited many archaeological sites (though not Egypt).
Most of the collection was got from dealers in Vienna.
He confessed that his passion for collecting was second only to his addiction to cigars.
The importance of the collection can be seen in Freud's use of archaeology as a metaphor for psychoanalysis.
One example of this is Freud's explanation to a patient that conscious material 'wears away' while what is unconscious is relatively unchanging: "I illustrated my remarks by pointing to the antique objects about my room.
They were, in fact, I said, only objects found in a tomb, and their burial had been their preservation".
Freud Museum website
Freud Museum in Vienna
Museums in London
The emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) is a large flightless bird.
The emu is the tallest bird from Australia.
It is also the second tallest bird in the world, after its ratite relative, the ostrich.
The emu is also related to the cassowary which is slightly smaller but heavier.
It should also be noted, as an odd fact, that the Emus won a war against Australia.
Other emus
There were four separate groups of emus in 1788 when the European settlers arrived.
The emus on the mainland of Australia and those on the island of Tasmania may have been different species.
There were also two species of dwarf emu, Dromaius minor, one living on King Island in Tasmania and the other on Kangaroo Island.
They are examples of island dwarfism.
The group on King Island became extinct in 1805, that on Kangaroo Island in 1827, and that in Tasmania in 1865.
The soft-feathered, brown birds reach up to  in height.
Their feathers are in a double layer which helps keep the emu cool.
They have bare skin on the sides of the face and their neck.
They can weigh up to .
They have two large legs, with three toes on each foot.
Their wings are very short, about
The emu is common over most of mainland Australia.
It avoids very thick forests and very dry areas.
Emus can travel great distances at a fast trot.
If necessary they can run at up to  for some distance at a time.
They may travel long distances to find food.
One emu was found to have traveled .
They feed on a variety of plants (seeds, flowers, new growth) and insects.
Because of their size they need to eat a lot.
Emus are solitary birds.
However, the young chicks stay with the father until they are 18 months of age.
The breeding season is between February and July, when the female can lay between 5-15 eggs in a ground nest built by the male.
The male then sits on the eggs for 8 weeks until hatching.
The baby chicks have very clear stripes on the feathers which act as camouflage.
On the east coast of Australia, emus were once common but have become uncommon with increased human population.
On the other hand, the development of farms and the supply of water for stock have increased the range of the Emu in arid (dry) regions.
Emus are farmed for their meat, oil and leather.
The first emu farms began in Western Australia during the 1970s.
In captivity
The history of the name
The first written description of the emu was under the name of the New Holland Cassowary in Arthur Phillip's Voyage to Botany Bay, published in 1789.
The species was named by ornithologist (bird expert) John Latham, who worked on Phillip's book.
He provided the first descriptions of and names for many Australian bird species.
Its scientific name, Dromaius novaehollandiae, is from the Latin words, meaning "fast-footed New Hollander".
The history of the common name, emu, is not certain, but is thought to have come from an Arabic word for large bird.
This word was later used by Portuguese explorers to describe the related Cassowary in New Guinea.
In Victoria, some Indigenous Australian words for the emu were Barrimal in the Djadja wurrung language, myoure in Gunai, and courn in Jardwadjali.
The kiwi is a type of bird from New Zealand.
They are the genus Apteryx of the family Apterygidae.
There are several species and sub-species of kiwi.
The kiwi is a symbol for New Zealand.
People from New Zealand are nicknamed "Kiwis".
They have a long beak and brown feathers.
The feathers look like fur.
Kiwi cannot fly, and their wings are so small that they cannot usually be seen.
Kiwi cannot see well, but they can hear very well.
They are the smallest ratite birds.
Kiwi are night (nocturnal) birds.
They mostly eat invertebrates, like worms and insects.
Kiwi keep a territory where they live alone or with their mate.
In their territory they build several small caves where they sleep, or lay their eggs.
Kiwi are monogamous; the male and female stay together until one of them dies.
The male and female live in the same territory and raise their children together.
Female kiwi lay 1-3 eggs.
Compared to the size of the mother, the eggs are the largest  of any bird species.
Kiwi are mature when they are 2 years old, and they can live more than 20 years.
One kiwi kept in a zoo even reached 35 years old.
The female brown kiwi lays enormous eggs, which are almost one-sixth of her own body weight.
These eggs take 11 weeks to incubate, the longest time for any bird.
In comparison, Yellow-breasted Chats' eggs take only 11 days, and chickens' eggs take 21 days.
Kiwi prefer to live in burrows they make in forested areas.
They either make their burrows in the ground like rabbits, in between the roots of trees, or in hidden sheltered places such as hollow logs.
Kiwi line their burrows with leaves to make them more comfortable and warm.
Sometimes they hide the entrance to their burrows using piles of twigs.
Kiwi may have more than ten different burrows in their territory and will swap between them sometimes.
Kiwi are threatened by many mammals.
Stoats are the main threat for the kiwi chicks.
Ferrets and dogs kill adult kiwi.
The dodo (Raphus cucullatus) is an extinct species of flightless bird from Mauritius.
Like many other island birds, they lost the power of flight because it was no advantage where they lived.
Dodos were in the same family as the pigeon.
They were endemic to (only lived on) the island of Mauritius.
They became extinct in the late 17th century.
The name 'Dodo'
The history of the word 'Dodo' is not clear.
Dutch admiral Wybrand van Warwijck discovered the island and the bird in 1598 during an expedition to Indonesia.
He called the bird 'walgvogel', meaning "disgusting bird" because he disliked the taste of the meat.
Four years later, the Dutch captain, Willem van Westsanen, used the word 'Dodo' for the first time.
The Encarta Dictionary and the Chambers Dictionary of Etymology say "dodo" is a Portuguese word, coming from doido.
It means "fool" or "crazy".
Another idea is that 'dodo' was a copy of the bird's own call, a two-note pigeon like sound, "doo-doo".
The dodo was a large bird and weighed about .
They had grey feathers and yellow feet.
Their big hooked bill was a green/yellow color.
It had short wings that were only stubs.
They ate fruit, seeds and nuts.
Portuguese sailors said that they saw the Dodos eating fish.
They also ate rocks and stones which might have helped them digest food.
They are eaten by humans who come in the search of treasure or spouting.
The dodo was not scared of people which made it easy to hunt and kill.
Dogs, cats, rats and pigs were left on the island and also killed the dodos.
Because dodos built their nests on the ground, the new animals ate their eggs.
The forests were chopped down and the dodo lost its habitat.
Within 80 years, the dodo was extinct.
The last known stuffed bird was at Oxford University and was thrown out as rubbish.
Only a foot and a head are left.
The American Museum of Natural History in New York has a skeleton showing.
It was put together out of bones from several different Dodos.
The Natural History Museum of Mauritius has the only complete skeleton of a dodo, found in a swamp.
The Dodo Cartoon Blog
The name of the author could not be identified (usually referred as Tholkappiyar) and the work apparently relates to Grammar in Tamil.
It is learnt that the author was one of the 12 disciples of Sage Agastya the Father of Tamil Grammar.
This sage was living in the south near Madurai, during the visit of Lord Ram to the south in search of his wife, abducted by the Lankan King Ravan.
The great auk was a large bird, that could not fly.
People hunted it for meat and feathers.
It grew rare, because it was too easy to kill, and the ones left could not breed fast enough to make up for the lost ones.
The last known great auks (there were two auks) were killed on June 3, 1844 in Iceland.
It lived mostly in the water, like a duck.
Penguins got their name from the great auk.
The word "penguin" was the Celtic word for "great auk".
When sailors saw penguins for the first time, they thought they looked like great auks.
The great auk was covered in black feathers, but had white feathers on its chest and abdomen.
It had very short wings, like stubs, which meant it could not fly.
On land it stood upright and was about 75 cm tall.
They spent most of their time at sea, coming to shore in the summer to breed.
They lived in large breeding colonies on low rocky islands in the north Atlantic Ocean from Canada to Norway.
Females laid one egg on bare rock.
In winter they went as far south as Florida and southern Spain.
kl:Apparluk
Abbey Road had three different studios for most of its history.
Other space was turned into a fourth studio later.
Studio One is large, and used to be a ballroom.
Symphony orchestras and very large bands and groups are recorded there.
Studio Two is smaller, and works best for small combos or groups of musicians.
Studio Three is much smaller, and is meant for soloists and duos.
Studio Four is mostly for post-production, where changes are made to earlier recordings.
Ujamaa, meaning 'familyhood' is the group of ideas of Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere.
They are based on the traditional African society.
A prisoner is a person who is forced to stay in a prison.
People who are suspected of a crime, for example, a murder, may be  arrested and held in jail so they won't escape before their trial.
After conviction a prisoner may be punished.
For example, they may be imprisoned for a fixed number of years, or receive a life sentence meaning they stay in jail until they die.
List of Departments
Mechanical and Process Engineering
Media Sciences
Social and Cultural Studies (e.g. Sociology)
Business Studies (applied Economy studies)
1971 establishments in Germany
Psychoanalysis is a field of psychology and medical therapy.
It is a set of theories and ways of treating mental disorders.
It was started in the early 1890s by the Austrian psychologist Sigmund Freud, with experience from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others.
Since then, psychoanalysis has expanded and been revised, reformed and developed in different ways.
Freud's own colleagues and students, such as Alfred Adler and Carl Jung, had their own ideas.
They went on to develop their ideas independently from Freud.
Much later, Anna Freud and Melanie Klein used the ideas to treat troubled children.
besides inherited personality, a person's development is determined by events in early childhood;
human behavior, experience, and thought is largely influenced by unconscious irrational drives;
attempts to bring these drives into awareness is resisted by defence mechanisms;
conflicts between conscious and unconscious (repressed) material can result in mental disturbances such as neurosis, neurotic traits, anxiety, depression, etc.;
liberation from the effects of the unconscious material is achieved by bringing this material into the conscious mind (e.g. by the skilled guidance of the analyst.
The unconscious mind
Sometimes people cannot say why they are feeling the way they feel or acting the way they act.
What causes the feelings and actions is called the unconscious mind in psychodynamic theory.
Different methods
Under the broad umbrella of "psychoanalysis" there are at least 22 different approaches to the theory and clinical treatment.
The term also refers to a method of studying child development.
Freudian psychoanalysis uses a type of treatment where the subject (analytic patient) talks, including free associations, fantasies, and dreams.
From these the analyst works out the unconscious conflicts which cause the patient's symptoms and character problems.
By interpreting them for the patient, the analyst creates insight into the problems.
The analyst identifies and clarifies the patient's pathological defences, wishes and guilt.
Psychoanalysis has been criticized on many fronts.
It has been called a pseudoscience, and lacking in empirical support.
However, it remains influential within psychiatry, more so in some quarters than others.
Zaandam is a city in the west of the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland.
It has about 74,000 inhabitants (2014).
It makes part of the municipality of Zaanstad.
20th-century disestablishments in the Netherlands
Former municipalities of North Holland
Windows 3.x was a family of Microsoft Windows operating system, released in 1990-1994.
Notable operating systems in this family include Windows 3.0 and Windows 3.1.
This Windows could run in either Standard or 386 Enhanced memory modes.
Both of the modes used a Graphical User Interface (or picture-based), and supported a mouse, but 386 Enhanced Mode was faster and was better at multitasking (or doing many things at once).
Windows NT 3.x was released in 1993-1996.
It also had many features from versions of Windows before it.
These included a calculator, a notepad, and more.
It also brought in many new features, like the Program Manager (which is still in Windows XP today - Start>Run>progman.exe), and the icons and programs looked better.
A woodwind instrument is an instrument belonging to the woodwind family.
Traditionally they were always made of wood, although some of them are now made of metal or plastic.
In an orchestra there are four main types of woodwind instrument.
Each of these also has related instruments of different sizes:
The piccolo is the highest of the four main instruments.
The lowest note is Middle C and it has a range of 3 octaves.
The piccolo is the smallest and highest instrument in the orchestra.
It plays one octave higher than the flute.
There is also an alto flute which sounds a fifth lower than the ordinary flute.
Flutes are still sometimes made of wood, but mostly they are metal.
The oboe can play slightly lower than the flute.
There is a larger version called the cor anglais (which means: “English horn”).
This is a double reeded instrument.
The clarinet plays nearly an octave lower than the flute.
The bass clarinet plays an octave lower than the clarinet.
The bassoon is the lowest of the four.
The recorder is one of the oldest and most popular woodwinds and has been used to great effect by greats, such as Bach, Telemann and Vivaldi.
The general public is normally only familiar with the plastic, child's version of the recorder, but professional and high-quality recorders are still made of wood.
The saxophone may look like a brass instrument, but it is played like a clarinet and therefore it is a woodwind instrument.
It is usually played in bands and jazz groups.
Woodwind instruments are played in several ways.
The flute is played by blowing across the top of the mouthpiece.
It is like blowing across the top of an empty bottle.
The oboe and bassoon both have a double reed.
It is like blowing through a drinking straw.
Bagpipes have double reeds which are inside the mouthpiece (“enclosed reeds”).
The clarinet and saxophone have single reeds which are clamped against the opening of the mouthpiece.
In comparison, brass instruments are all blown in the same way: by blowing against a cup-shaped mouthpiece.
This is why the saxophone cannot be called a brass instrument, although it is made of brass.
The way that a player shapes his mouth to blow an instrument is called the “embouchure”.
Woodwind instruments have several different embouchures.
In an orchestra there may be two each of flutes, oboes, clarinets and bassoons.
In larger orchestras, particularly from the Romantic period onwards, there may be three or four.
Sometimes the extra instruments such as the piccolo are used.
If, for example, in an orchestral piece the third flute is marked “doubling piccolo”, it means that the person playing flute 3 will also play the piccolo.
However, if the piccolo plays at the same time as flute 3 they will obviously need an extra player for the piccolo part.
Woodwind instruments in an orchestra often have short solos.
These will be played by the first player (the “section principal”).
Bewitched is a comedy television show that was shown on TV by ABC from 1964 to 1972.
It is about a man who is married to a witch.
The lead characters are Darrin and Samantha Stephens.
Samantha twitches her nose or moves her hands to make a spell happen.
Samantha was played by Elizabeth Montgomery.
Darrin was played by Dick York from 1964 to 1969.
Because of illness, Dick York left the show and was replaced by Dick Sargent who played Darrin from 1969 to 1972.
Samantha's mother Endora was played by Agnes Moorehead.
Endora dislikes Darrin and often makes things difficult for him.
1972 television series endings
Dumbo is a 1941 American animated movie.
It was produced by Walt Disney Productions.
It was first released on October 23, 1941 by RKO Radio Pictures.
The fourth movie in the Walt Disney Animated Classics, Dumbo is based upon a child's book of the same name by Helen Aberson and illustrated by Harold Perl.
The main character is Jumbo Jr., a baby elephant who is cruelly nicknamed Dumbo.
He is ridiculed for his big ears, but in fact he is capable of flying by using them as wings.
Throughout most of the movie, his only true friend aside from his mother is the mouse Timothy, making fun of the stereotype between mice and elephants.
Dumbo was made to make up for the damages of Pinocchio and Fantasia.
The movie has been criticized in recent years as being "racist" (the leader crow in the movie was named "Jim Crow" and at some point in the 1950s was renamed "Dandy Crow" in attempt to avoid controversy, but the original name is still the one mostly known, although it was supposed to be just a sarcastic mockery to the Jim Crow laws in the Southern USA back then and was used only on the character's model sheets), yet is also considered to be one of Disney's best movies.
It was an attempt to be simple and make profits for the Disney studio, is now generally regarded as a classic of animation.
At 64 minutes, it  is one of Disney's shortest animated features.
Florida, 1941.
Mrs. Jumbo sadly looks on how babies are delivered by the stork to other circus animals.
As even a baby elephant makes a pretty heavy package, hers is the last to arrive, but soon becomes the laughing stock of the others because of his big ears, getting meanly named "Dumbo" by the others.
When Mrs. Jumbo can not take the public making fun of her son, she is locked up as "mad elephant", and Dumbo finds himself all alone.
A mouse named Timothy comes and scares the mean herd.
He encourages Dumbo and tells the circus director to make Dumbo the top (literally) of an elephant pyramid stunt which ends up literally bringing the house down, and Dumbo is given the job of "baby clown" in a repetitive, humiliating and dangerous number as punishment.
To cheer Dumbo up, Timothy brings him to go see his mother.
The next morning, they find themselves up in a tree with a bunch of crows, who discover that Dumbo can fly.
Dumbo is the mute title character.
Edward Brophy: Timothy Q. Mouse
Herman Bing: The Ringmaster
Margaret Wright: Casey Junior
Sterling Holloway: Mr. Stork
Cliff Edwards: Jim/Dandy Crow
Hall Johnson Choir: Crow Chorus
Nick Stewart: Specks Crow
James Baskett: Fats Crow
Hall Johnson: Deacon Crow
Jim Carmichael: Dopey Crow
Verna Felton: Elephant Matriarch, Mrs. Jumbo
Bea Benaderet: Elephant Giddy And Elephant Prissy
Jean Vander Pyl: Elephant Catty
John McLeish: Narrator
The Sportsmen: Themselves
Note: These actors were not credited in the opening credits of the movie.
Based on the Book by: Helen Aberson & Harold Pearl
Supervising Director: Ben Sharpsteen
Screen Story by: Joe Grant & Dick Huemer
Story Direction: Otto Englander
Sequence Directors: Norman Ferguson, Wilfred Jackson, Bill Roberts, Jack Kinney, Sam Armstrong
Animation Directors: Vladimir Tytla, Fred Moore, Ward Kimball, John Lounsbery, Art Babbitt, Woolie Reitherman
Story Development: Bill Peet, Aurie Battaglia, Joe Rinaldi, George Stallings, Webb Smith
Character Designs: John P. Miller, Martin Provenson, John Walbridge, James Bodrero, Maurice Noble, Elmer Plummer
Music: Oliver Wallace and Frank Churchill
Lyrics: Ned Washington
Orchestration: Edward Plumb
Art Direction: Herb Ryman, Ken O'Conner, Terrell Stapp, Don Da Gradi, Al Zinnen, Ernest Nordli, Dick Kelsey, Charles Payzant
Backgrounds: Claude Coats, Al Dempster, John Hench, Gerald Nevius, Ray Lockrem, Joe Stahley
Animation: Hugh Fraiser, Harvey Toombs, Milt Neil, Hicks Lokey, Howard Swift, Don Towsley, Les Clark, Claude Smith, Berny Wolf, Jack Campbell, Walt Kelly, Don Patterson, Cy Young, Ray Patterson, Grant Simmons, Josh Meador, Bill Shull, Art Palmer
Story: Vernon Stallings
Art Direction: John Hubley
Animation Director: Frank Thomas
Cel Painter: Phyllis Bounds Detiege
Animators: Eric Larson, Retta Scott
Singing Voice for "Look Out for Mr. Stork": Thurl Ravenscroft
Dumbo is the main character in the movie.
He is a fictional anthropomorphic elephant who has really big ears.
He can fly using his big ears.
Similar to Dopey from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Gideon in Pinocchio, Dumbo has no spoken dialogue.
However, in the live-action/puppet television series Dumbo's Circus, Dumbo was voiced by Katie Leigh.
In the movie, Dumbo is delivered by Mr. Stork, and is made fun of for the strange size of his ears.
As his mother, Mrs. Jumbo, beats up the bullies who pick on her baby, the ringmaster has his helpers chain her up and lock her up in a trailer, which says: "MAD ELEPHANT".
It is then that Timothy Q. Mouse looks after Dumbo.
The two of them try to make Dumbo famous and get his mother free.
Thanks to the help of a "magic feather" from some crows￼￼, Dumbo flies to fame, and gets his mother free.
Timothy the Mouse
Timothy Q. Mouse is a mouse who became the only friend of elephants Dumbo and his mother Mrs. Jumbo.
He teaches Dumbo how to become the ninth wonder of the universe, and the only flying elephant in the whole world.
Mrs. Jumbo
Mrs. Jumbo is Dumbo's mother.
Deeply depressed at not having her baby delivered, she loves her son more than anything.
She becomes angry when the boys pick on him.
Even though World War II was going on, Dumbo was still the most financially successful Disney movie of the 1940s.
This was one of the first of Disney's animated movies to be broadcast, albeit severely edited, on television, as part of Disney's anthology series.
The movie then received another distinction of note in 1981, when it was the first of Disney's canon of animated movies to be released on home video and also was released in the Walt Disney Classics Video Collection in 1985.
That release was followed by remastered versions in: 1986, 1989, 1991 (Classics), and 1994 (Masterpiece).
In 2001, a 60th Anniversary Special Edition was released that has original RKO titles.
In 2006, a "Big Top Edition" of the movie was released on DVD that also has original RKO titles.
A UK Special Edition was released in May 2007 and was a successful Disney release.
Theatrical release history
October 23, 1941 (original release)
May 25, 1949 (the final RKO release)
June 6, 1959 (the first Buena Vista release)
June 3, 1977
Brazil: November 17, 1941
Argentina: December 24, 1941
United Kingdom: February 8, 1942
Canada: March 31, 1942
Australia: June 4, 1942
Mexico: July 9, 1942
Portugal: January 27, 1944
Spain: September 25, 1944 (Madrid)
Spain: December 14, 1944 (Barcelona)
Sweden: September 16, 1946
Netherlands: April 25, 1947
Belgium: April 25, 1947
France: October 25, 1947
Norway: December 26, 1947
Denmark: June 25, 1948
Hong Kong: August 19, 1948
Colombia: September 16, 1948
Finland: October 1, 1948
Italy: October 2, 1948
Argentinian in Chilean Spanish: October 15, 1948
Poland: October 23, 1949
West Germany: April 8, 1952
Austria: May 22, 1953
Japan: March 13, 1954
Philippines: September 28, 1955
Israel: January 21, 1967
Lebanon: May 14, 1968
Iraq: October 18, 1979
Kuwait: October 14, 1986
Chad: January 12, 1989
China: July 12, 1989 (Beijing)
June 4, 1982, 1981 (VHS and Betamax)
June 4, 1982 (Laserdisc)
December 3, 1986 (VHS and Betamax - 45th Anniversary- Walt Disney Classics)
July 13, 1990 VHS and Laserdisc -Walt Disney Classics
May 3, 1991 (VHS and Laserdisc - 50th Anniversary Edition - Walt Disney Classics)
October 28, 1994 (VHS and Laserdisc - Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection)
August 17, 1999 VHS Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection
October 23, 2001 (VHS and DVD - 60th Anniversary Edition)
June 6, 2006 (DVD - Big Top Edition)
September 20, 2011 Blu-Ray and DVD - 70th Anniversary Edition
April 26, 2016 Blu-Ray - 75th Anniversary Edition
The movie received very good reviews and did well at the box office despite being released less than 2 months before World War II.
It also has been known as both a classic and a masterpiece, and has received a Special Edition 60th Anniversary Disney DVD on October 23, 2001, exatly 60 years after its first release.
That release featured a sneak peek of a direct-to-video sequel called Dumbo II.
The preview showed a lot of sketches and storyboard ideas.
The main story has to do with Dumbo and his new friends getting separated from the rest of the circus as they wonder into the big city.
Dumbo's new friends are Claude and Lolly the twin bears who leave chaos everywhere they go, Dot the curious zebra, Godfrey the hippo who is older and wants to do things for himself, and Penny the adventurous ostrich.
Timothy returns as well.
The story was supposed to be as if the first Dumbo ended and this one started the next day.
The project seems to have been canceled,as no further announcements have been made since, plus the fact that The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning, Tinker Bell, and its sequels, were to be the last projests for DisneyToon Studios.
The leader crow voiced by Cliff Edwards was originally named "Jim Crow" for script purposes.
The other crows are all voiced by African-American actors and singers, all members of the Hall Johnson Choir: Nick Stewart, James Baskett, Jim Carmichael and Hall Johnson.
The late famous duo of African-American dancers Freddie and Eugene Jackson were invited and hired by Disney to work as live-action reference and models for the animators of the characters, like the chief-animator and Disney Legend Ward Kimball, improvising dances and movements then used in the iconic musical sequence "When I See An Elephant Fly".
Despite suggestions of racism by writers like Richard Schickel, many historians, critics, writers, pundits and personalities such as John Grant, Leonard Maltin, John Canemaker, Floyd Norman, Eric Goldberg, Alex Wainer, Michael Wilmington, Whoopi Goldberg and Neal Gabler reject these claims.
For instance, the crows are noted as forming the majority of the characters in the movie who are empathetic and sympathetic to Dumbo's plight (the others are Timothy Q. Mouse and Mrs Jumbo), they are free spirits who serve nobody, and intelligent characters aware of the power of self-confidence and of what means being ostracized and marginalized, unlike the Stepin Fetchit stereotype common at that time and in the previous decade.
Furthermore, their song "When I See An Elephant Fly" is more orientated to mocking Timothy Mouse than Dumbo's large ears.
Soundtrack listing
Main Title (01:47)
Look Out For Mister Stork (02:16)
Loading The Train / Casey Junior / Stork On A Cloud / Straight From Heaven / Mother And Baby (04:58)
Song Of The Roustabouts (02:38)
Circus Parade (01:28)
Bathtime / Hide And Seek (01:31)
Ain't That The Funniest Thing / Berserk / Dumbo Shunned / A Mouse! /
Dumbo And Timothy (03:23)
The Pyramid Of Pachyderms (01:58)
No Longer An Elephant / Dumbo's Sadness / A Visit In The Night / Baby Mine (03:34)
Clown Song (01:00)
Hiccups / Firewater / Bubbles / Did You See That? /
Pink Elephants On Parade (06:07)
Up A Tree / The Fall / Timothy's Theory (01:32)
When I See An Elephant Fly (01:48)
You Oughta Be Ashamed (01:10)
The Flight Test / When I See An Elephant Fly (Reprise) (00:57)
Save My Child / The Threshold Of Success / Dumbo's Triumph / Making History / Finale (02:14)
Spread Your Wing (Demo Recording) (01:08)
Baby Mine (Betty Noyes)
Casey Junior (The Sportsmen)
Look Out for Mr. Stork (The Sportsmen)
Song of the Roustabouts (The King's Men)
The Clown Song (A.K.A."We're gonna hit the big boss for a rise") (Billy Bletcher,Eddie Holden,and Billy Sheets)
Pink Elephants on Parade (The Sportsmen)
When I See an Elephant Fly (Cliff Edwards and the Hall Johnson Choir)
When I See an Elephant Fly (Reprise)
Media and marketing
Dumbo's Circus
Dumbo's Circus was a live-action puppet television programme for preschool audiences that aired on The Disney Channel in the 1980s.
Unlike in the movie, Dumbo spoke on the show.
Each character would perform a special act, which ranged from dancing and singing to telling knock knock jokes.
Walt Disney's Dumbo Happy to Help: () A picture book Disney Press by Random House Disney, written by Liane Onish, illustrated by Peter Emslie.
It was published January 23, 2001, this paperback is for children age 4-8.
Twenty-four pages long, its 0.08 inches thick, and with cover dimensions of 7.88 x 7.88 inches.
Walt Disney's Dumbo Book of Opposites () A book published in August of 1997 by Golden Books under the Golden Board Book brand.
It was written by Alan Benjamin, illustrated by Peter Emslie, and edited by Heather Lowenberg.
Twelve pages long and a quarter of an inch thick, this board edition book had dimensions of 7.25 x 6.00 inches.
Walt Disney's Dumbo the Circus Baby () A book published in September of 1993 by Golden Press under the A Golden Sturdy Shape Book brand.
Illustrated by Peter Emslie and written by Diane Muldrow, this book is meant for babies and preschoolers.
Twelve pages long and half an inch thick, this book's cover size is 9.75 x 6.25 inches.
Dumbo (My First Disney Story)
Fly, Dumbo, Fly!
Theme parks
Dumbo appears as a hero in the game Kingdom Hearts.