the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Those fossils were found in the south-west of Romania.
The founds were made in a stone cave called Peștera cu Oase.
The Lascaux cave paintings are from this time period.
They are part of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites since 1979 and are in France.
These are figurines (very small statues) of women, mostly pregnant with visible breasts.
The figurines were found in areas of Western Europe to Siberia.
Most are between 20,000 and 30,000 years old.
Two figurines have been found that are much older: the Venus of Tan-Tan, dated to 300,000 to 500,000 years ago was found in Morocco.
It has been dated to 200,000 to 300,000 years ago.
It may be the one of the earliest things that show the human form.
Different kinds of stone, bones and ivory were used to make the figurines.
Today it is not known what the figurines meant to the people who made them.
They may be representations of human fertility, or they may have been made to help it.
The figurine of Berekhat Ram shows traces that someone worked on it with a tool.
A study done in 1997 states that these traces could not have been left by nature alone.
Cave paintings are paintings that were made on the walls or roofs of caves.
Many cave paintings belong to the Palaeolothic Age, and date from about 15,000 to 30,000 years ago.
Among the most famous are those in the caves of Altamira in Spain and Lascaux in France.p545 There are about 350 caves in Europe where cave paintings have been found.
Usually, animals have been painted, like aurochs, bisons or horses.
Why these paintings were done is not known.
They are not simply decorations of places where people lived.
The caves they were found in usually do not show signs that someone lived in them.
One of the oldest caves is that of Chauvet in France.
Paintings in the cave fall into two groups.
One has been dated to around 30,000 to 33,000 years ago, the other to 26,000 or 27,000 years ago.p546 The oldest known cave paintings, based on radiocarbon dating of "black from drawings, from torch marks and from the floors".
As of 1999, the dates of 31 samples from the cave have been reported.
The oldest paintings have been dated from 32,900±490 years ago.
Some archaeologists have questioned the dating.
Züchner believe the two groups date from 23,000–24,000, and 10,000–18,000 years ago.
Pettitt and Bahn believe the dating is inconsistent.
They say the people at that periods of time painted things differently.
They also do not know where the charcoal used to paint some things is from, and how big the painted area is.
They knew about perspective, and they knew of different ways to draw things.
They also were able to observe the behaviour of animals they painted.
Some of the paintings show how the painted animals behaved.
sv:Paleolitikum#Senpaleolitikum
Adams Morgan is a culturally diverse neighborhood in Northwest Washington, D.C.. It is centered at the intersection of 18th Street and Columbia Road.
Adams Morgan is the center of Washington's Hispanic immigrant community.
It is a major night life area with many bars and restaurants, particularly along 18th Street (the primary commercial district) and Columbia Road.
Much of the neighborhood has 19th- and early 20th-century row houses and apartment buildings.
Adjacent to Adams Morgan is Dupont Circle to the south, Kalorama-Sheridan to the southwest, Mount Pleasant to the north, and Columbia Heights to the east.
The neighborhood is bounded by Connecticut Avenue to the southwest, Rock Creek Park to the west, Harvard Street to the north, 16th Street to the east, and Florida Avenue to the south.
The name Adams Morgan was originally hyphenated.
It is derived from the names of two, formerly segregated area elementary schools—the older, all-black Thomas P. Morgan Elementary School (now defunct) and the all-white John Quincy Adams Elementary School.
Pursuant to the 1954 Bolling v. Sharpe Supreme Court ruling, District schools were desegregated in 1955.
The Adams-Morgan Community Council, comprising both Adams and Morgan schools and the neighborhoods they served, was formed in 1958.
The city drew boundaries of the neighborhood through three preexisting neighborhoods – Washington Heights, Lanier Heights, and Meridian Hill – naming the resulting area after both schools.
In the late 1960s, a group of residents organized and worked with city officials to plan and construct a new elementary school and recreational complex that was conceived as a community hub, a concept that 40 years later has become a favored one in public school facilities design.
The development was named the Marie H. Reed Learning Center after Bishop Reed, a community activist, minister and leader.
It featured a daycare center, tennis and basketball courts, a solar-heated swimming pool, health clinic, athletic field and outdoor chess tables.
Cultural diversity
Adams Morgan, together with the nearby Mount Pleasant and Columbia Heights, serve as a gateway community for immigrants.
Since the 1960s, the predominant international presence in both communities has been Latino, with the majority of immigrants coming from El Salvador, Guatemala and other Central American countries.
Since the early 1970s, like other areas of the nation, Adams Morgan had seen a growing influx of immigrants from Africa, Asia and the Caribbean, as well.
Gentrification and the resulting high cost of housing, however, have displaced many immigrants and long-time African American residents, particularly those with young children.
Many small businesses have also been displaced.
The community still retains a degree of diversity, most evident in its array of international shops and restaurants.
Restaurants in Adams Morgan offer ethnic cuisines, among them Spanish, Ethiopian, Guatemalan, Mexican, Italian, Dutch, Vietnamese, Ghanaian, Cajun, Brazilian, Palestinian, Peruvian, Pakistani cuisine, Thai, Lebanese, Somali, and Chinese.
Adams Morgan also has become a thriving spot for night life, with a number of bars and clubs featuring live music.
Over 90 establishments possess liquor licenses, putting it on level with other popular nightlife areas like Georgetown and Dupont Circle.
Local stores along the 18th Street corridor were rapidly replaced with late-night establishments, leading to a moratorium on new liquor licenses by the Alcohol Beverage Control Board in 2000 after successful lobbying by resident groups.
The moratorium was renewed in 2004, but eased to allow new restaurant licenses.
Although many immigrants and African-American residents have left Adams Morgan, the long-time institutions that meet the needs of Latinos and other non English-speaking residents ontinue to serve immigrants and their families.
Adams Morgan is home to Mary's Center, a clinic focusing on healthcare delivery to Spanish-speaking patients, and the Latino Economic Development Corporation, as well as numerous businesses and churches that employ and cater to immigrants.
Adjacent Mt. Pleasant also hosts a number of commercial enterprises, social service agencies and other institutions that help to anchor local immigrants to the area.
Adams Morgan continues to show linguistic and cultural diversity of its public schools.
Many of the families served live beyond the boundaries established for routine student enrollment; however, Adams, Reed, and H.D. Cooke elementary schools all have international populations, with children from well over 30 nations in attendance.
Latino and African-American children comprise the majority of students in the public schools, and virtually all are children of color.
The second Sunday of September, the neighborhood hosts the Adams Morgan Day Festival, a multicultural street celebration with live music and food and crafts booths.
And, weather permitting, every Saturday—except during the coldest winter months—local growers sell fresh, organically grown produce and herbs; baked and canned goods; cheeses; cold-pressed apple juice and fresh flowers at the farmers market, in operation in the same location for more than 30 years.
Also on summer Saturdays, the Western Art Market is open at the Marie Reed School.
In the 1960s, the neighborhood's attractions included the Avignon Freres bakery and restaurant, the Café Don restaurant, the Ontario motion picture theater, and the Showboat Lounge jazz nightclub.
In the 1980s, Hazel's featured live blues and jazz.
Its soul food offerings made it a favorite of black jazz musicians like Dizzy Gillespie when they came to town.
The nearest station, Woodley Park-Zoo/Adams Morgan (Red Line) is in the Woodley Park neighborhood, but was renamed in 1999 to reflect the station's proximity to Adams Morgan.
The nearest station on the Green Line is Columbia Heights.
In March 2009, the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) began operating a DC Circulator bus route connecting the center of Adams Morgan with both Metro stations.
The area is also served by a number of WMATA Metrobus lines.
Adams Morgan is in the service area of Advisory Neighborhood Commission 1C.  The boundaries of ANC 1C are 16th Street NW on the east, Harvard Street NW and Rock Creek Park on the north, Rock Creek Park and Connecticut Avenue on the west, and Florida Avenue and U Street on the south.
Advisory Neighborhood Commission 1C
Adams Morgan at Cultural Tourism DC
Adams Morgan Neighborhood Crime Fighters
Foxhall is a rich neighborhood in Washington, D.C.. It is bordered by Reservoir Road on the north side and Foxhall Road on the west and south sides.
Glover-Archibold Park makes up the eastern border.
The first homes were constructed along Reservoir Road and Greenwich Park Way in the mid-1920s.
By the end of December, 1927, some 150 homes had been erected, and the community given the name of Foxhall Village.
Foxhall has a distinct architecture.
The vast majority of the homes are a brick Tudor style.
Foxhall Community Citizens Association
Judiciary Square is a neighborhood in Northwest Washington, D.C..  It has various federal and municipal courthouses and a number of important federal and municipal office buildings.
Judiciary Square is roughly between Pennsylvania Avenue to the south, H Street NW to the north, 6th Street to the west, and the I-395 access tunnel to the east.
The center of the Judiciary Square neighborhood is an actual plaza by the name of Judiciary Square, so named because it is adjacent to or inclusive of most of the courthouse buildings in the area.
The square is between 4th and 5th Streets, with D Street to the south and F Street to the north.
Four buildings of the H. Carl Moultrie Courthouse, which houses the Superior Court of the District of Columbia, the local trial court
Historic Courthouse, which houses the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, the highest D.C. court
E. Barrett Prettyman Federal Courthouse, which houses United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, at 450 E Street NW
United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, at 625 Indiana Avenue NW
United States Tax Court Building, which houses the United States Tax Court
Federal Bureau of Investigation Washington field office
Frances Perkins Building, which houses the United States Department of Labor, at 200 Constitution Avenue NW
Steve Young Law Enforcement Legislative Advocacy Center of the Fraternal Order of Police, at 328 Massachusetts Avenue NE
Government Accountability Office and United States Army Corps of Engineers, headquarters, at 441 G Street NW
Jackson Graham Building, headquarters of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, at 600 5th Street NW
National Building Museum (Old Pension Building) at 4th Street, 5th Street, F Street, and G Street NW
One Judiciary Square at 441 4th Street NW.
Historically the Old Courthouse, the building served as D.C.'s city hall until 1908, when city government moved to the newly built John A. Wilson Building on Pennsylvania Avenue NW.
However, Judiciary Square once again became the site of District government between 1997 and 2001, when the Wilson Building was being renovated and the D.C. mayor and Council had temporary chambers and offices in the One Judiciary Square building.
Today the building houses various D.C. offices
An 1868 statue of Abraham Lincoln stands in the plaza at what was the south entrance to the Old Courthouse, which today is the back entrance to the Historic Courthouse, which houses the District of Columbia Court of Appeals.
This was the first public monument ever built to Lincoln, funded by Washington residents starting just days after his death.
Washington, D.C. Department of Motor Vehicles
National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial
AARP headquarters at 601 E Street NW
Monuments to Albert Pike, José de San Martín (which has since been moved to Virginia Avenue), and John Marshall.
During the first half of the 19th century, Judiciary Square was mostly residential.
Its proximity to the courthouses drew a number of lawyers, judges, and clerks to the neighborhood, while its location between the White House and the Capitol made it ideal for government employees.
Among its most prominent residents were Missouri Senator Thomas Hart Benton, Vice President John C. Calhoun, and Daniel Webster.
As of 2006, however, nearly all of the once plentiful rowhouses in the area were gone, with the remaining houses mostly centered around the intersection of 5th and D Streets.
Around the turn of the 20th century, the eastern side of Judiciary Square became an enclave of Italian immigrants in Washington - the equivalent of a Little Italy (although it was never called that).
The Italian neighborhood rested on the eastern edge of the square proper, stretching eastward to about 2nd Street NW.
The heart of the community was Holy Rosary Church, a chapel built at 3rd and F Streets NW.
The neighborhood lasted well into the 20th century, with a particular surge of Italian immigrants in the 1950s and 60s; in the mid 1970s, however, construction of the I-395 northbound extension through the city gutted about half of the neighborhood and forced its remaining residents to move away from the heavy commuter traffic.
Today the former Italian enclave is dominated by Federal office buildings and law offices for the trial attorneys who argue in Judiciary Square courthouses, although Holy Rosary Church remains standing and continues to draw a heavily Italian congregation along with its "Casa Italia" cultural center next door.
James "Jabby" Jabara (10 October 1923, Muskogee, Oklahoma – 17 November 1966) was the first American pilot to shoot down 5 Mig-15 airplanes in Korea.
He was then transferred to Washington DC for duty before returning to K-14 Kimpo, Korea.
He was the Executive Officer in the 334th Fighter Interceptor Squadron.
While stationed there he was responsible for 10 more Mig kills thus making him a triple ace.
Jabara's father operated a grocery store at the corner of 3rd and Martin Luther King streets.
At an early age the family moved to Kansas.
According to newspaper reports he died in a car crash along with a daughter in 1966.
He was also a fighter pilot in world war 2.
In Korea he was flying F-86 Sabre Jets in the 334th Fighter Interceptor Squadron formerly known as the Fighting Eagles Squadron formed in England before we entered world war 2.
Walter Schachner (born 1 February 1957 in Leoben, Austria) is a retired Austrian football striker and former Austrian national team player.
He is now working as football coach for LASK Linz for Austrias Erste Liga.
He started his professional career with DSV Leoben in the second division.
After one and a half season he was nominated for Austrias national football team although he was playing in the 2.
league.
After three years with Austria Wien he played seven years in Italy for  AC Cesena, Torino Calcio, SC Pisa and US Avellino.
After returning from Italy he played for different clubs in Austria in the upper three divisions.
He played his last match in the final round of the 2000/01 season for FC Kärnten whre he was coach at this time.
For Austria he played 64 matches and scored 23 goals.
He was member of the squad for the FIFA World Cup 1978 and 1982.
1978 he was in the starting team in the 3:2 win versus Germany (Miracle of Cordoba).
Mananger
His first club was the FC Zeltweg which he promoted from 4th to 3rd division.
His first team in professional football was FC Kärnten in the First league.
They promoted to the Bundesliga.
2002 he was coach of FK Austria Wien but was replaced by Christoph Daum in October despite the fact that the team was 7 points ahead of the second in the league.
Only a few days later he became coach of the GAK from Graz.
With GAK he won the Championship in 2004.
From 2006 till 2007 he was coach of TSV 1860 München then he came back to Austria and managed FC Kärnten again.
From 2008 to 2010 he managed Admira Wacker Mödling.
The first year they reached the Cup final.
2010 he was replaced by Dietmar Kühbauer.
1979, 1980, 1981
Italy Cup Top Goalscorer (1):
1984 (8 goals)
Austrian squad for the FIFA World Cup
Austrian Supercup (1):
Yasoda/Yashoda () was the wife of Nanda in the Puranic books of Hinduism.
or:ଯଶୋଦା (୧୯୯୬ର ସିନେମା)
Edvard Beneš (28 May 1884 in Kožlany – 3 September 1948 in Sezimovo Ústí) was the second president of Czechoslovakia (1935 - 1938 and 1945 - 1948).
During World War II, he led the government-in-exile in England (1939 - 1945).
The next president was Klement Gottwald, a communist.
Prime Ministers of Czechoslovakia
It is thought to be one of the greatest hospitals in the world.
It was ranked by U.S. News & World Report news magazine as the best overall hospital in America for 21 years (1991–2011).
To Catch a Killer is a television movie from 1992.
It was directed by Eric Till, and starred Brian Dennehy and Michael Riley.
The movie is based on the true story of the pursuit of American serial killer John Wayne Gacy.
To Catch a Killer at IMDb
1990s crime movies
Kazimierz Świątek (; born October 21, 1914 – died July 21, 2011) was a Roman Catholic Cardinal in Belarus.
He was sentenced to death by the Soviet Union, but escaped after two months.
He was later spent nine years hard labor by the Gulag and survived.
Świątek was born at Valga in the Apostolic Administration of Estonia on October 21, 1914.
He graduated from the Major Seminary in Pinsk, Belarus.
Świątek was ordained as a priest on April 8, 1939 He was sent to work in Pruzhany.
Death sentence
In Pruzhany in 1939, Świątek was accused of spying.
He was found guilty in Stalinist show trial, and sentenced to death.
A show trial is a highly public trial where the sentence has been decided before the trial starts.
When German troops gained control of the territory, Świątek was able to escape from prison and avoid his execution.
Siberian labor camp
Świątek was arrested by the KGB on December 18, 1944.
He Minsk until July 21, 1945.
Świątek   was sentenced to 10 years of hard labor in the Gulag concentration camps.
He spent two years in Mariinsk, Siberia, and seven years north of the polar circle in Vorkuta and Inta.
He release on June 16, 1954.
Świątek returned to Pinsk and his pastoral work in the cathedral parish.
Leadership in the church
On April 13, 1991, Pope John Paul II appointed the 77 year old Świątek the first archbishop of the new archdiocese of Minsk-Mohilev.
He was also appointed the Apostolic Administrator of the diocese of Pinsk.
On November 26, 1994, Pope John Paul II named Świątek Cardinal.
On February 11, 1999, Cardinal Świątek was elected the first president of the Conference of Catholic Bishops in Belarus.
On the 14th of June 2006 Pope Benedict XVI accepted Świątek's resignation from the pastoral care of the Archdiocese of Minsk.
Roman Catholic Church in Belarue
His Eminence Cardinal Kazimierz Świątek
Belarusian people
He was born in 1924 at Villemomble, France and began ballet lessons at the age of nine at the Paris Opera's School of Dance.
After World War II, Petit started several ballet companies in Paris, as well as creating 11 ballets for the Paris Opera.
He worked in Hollywood for four years and choreographed the 1953 ballet "The Lady in the Ice" with Orson Welles.
He also worked on movies including "Hans Christian Andersen" starring Danny Kaye (1952), "Daddy Long Legs" with Fred Astaire and Leslie Caron (1955) and "Anything Goes" with Bing Crosby and Zizi Jeanmaire (1956).
In 1970 he was head of the Paris Opera and wrote works for Nureyev and Margot Fonteyn.
He then did the choreography for the Casino de Paris.
He has also worked with the San Francisco Ballet, the Bolshoi (Moscow), La Scala (Milan), the Asami Maki Ballet (Tokyo) and the National Ballet of China.
He spent the last part of his life working with the National Ballet of Marseille-Roland Petit.
French ballet dancers
The archipelago is between the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
The group has over 25,000 islands.
It is the largest archipelago by area, and third by number of islands in the world.
It includes Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, East Malaysia and East Timor.
The island of New Guinea or islands of Papua New Guinea are not always included in definitions of the Malay Archipelago.
The Indonesian Moluccas are included in the archipelago.
The Wallace Line is a key term in biogeography.
It passes between Bali and Lombok, which are separated by a passage of water which is both deep and fast.
On the one side are Australasian species, and on the other side Asian species.
The natural history of the area was investigated by Alfred Russel Wallace, who spent eight years in the Spice Islands.
Lucian Michael Freud (December 8, 1922 — July 20, 2011) was a Anglo-German painter.
He is regarded as having been one of the greatest painters of the human form.
He was born in Berlin in 1922, and moved with his family to England in 1933 to escape from the Nazis.
He became a British citizen in 1939.
His father, an architect, was the son of Sigmund Freud.
During World War II, Freud studied art as well as working as a sailor in the British Merchant Navy.
His brother was Clement Freud (1924-2009).
He painted portraits which have been described as being brutally honest; he did not try to make people look good.
He often painted them nude, with the faces staring straight ahead.
He used thick layers of paint, impasto, using colours of green, grey and purple, which he blended to with pink to suggest skin color.
He was popular for a while in the 1960's, but his work was rediscovered in 1987 after an exhibition in the US.
In 2008 his painting “Benefits Supervisor Sleeping” was sold for US$33.6 million — the most ever paid for a painting by a living artist.
This painting was of a fat nude woman asleep on a couch.
He was made a member of the Order of Merit in 1993.
This honour, given by the Queen, is limited to only 24 people who have achieved distinction in the arts, science or other areas.
The Parthian language is an old Iranian language.
It has been spoken in the northeast of Iran, in the region called Parthia.
The main time of this language was about 248 B.C. until 224 A.D. That was during the Parthian Empire.
Parthian is an Indo-European language.
At the time of Sassanid Empire, the Parthian language was destroyed.
Middle Persian replaced it.
The President of the Czech Republic is head of state of the Czech Republic.
The first President took office in 1993.
List President of the Czech Republic
The Wallace Line (or 'Wallace's Line') is a boundary that separates the ecozone of Asia and the Australasian ecozone.
The transitional zone is sometimes called Wallacea.
Plants and animals related to Asian species are found to the north-west.
Australasian species are found mainly to the south-east, with some Asian species.
The line is named after Alfred Russel Wallace, who noticed this clear dividing line during his travels through the East Indies in the 19th century.
The distance between Bali and Lombok is only about 35 kilometers.
Surprisingly, the distributions of many bird species observe the line, because many birds do not cross even the smallest stretches of open ocean water.
Some bats have distributions that cross the Wallace Line, but other mammals are generally limited to one side or the other; an exception is the Crab-eating Macaque.
Other groups of plants and animals show differing patterns, but the overall pattern is striking and reasonably consistent.
The root cause of Wallace's line is that the ancient supercontinent Gondwana was separated entirely from other parts of the world after Pangaea broke up.
Australasia and its smaller islands were part of Gondwana, and that is why their fauna is so different from that of south-east Asia.
Wallace's line marks where part of the old Gondwana plate touches part of the old Laurasia plate.
During Quaternary ice age cold periods, when the ocean levels were up to 120 m lower, both Asia and Australia were joined with their respective islands.
The deep water between those two large continental shelf areas was — for over 50 million years — a barrier that kept the flora and fauna of Australia separated from that of Asia.
Wallacea consists of islands that were never recently connected by dry land to either of the continental land masses, and thus was populated by organisms capable of crossing the straits between islands. '
Weber's Line' runs through this area (rather to the east of centre), at the tipping point between dominance by species of Asian vs. species of Australian origin.
The Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata), also known as the snow monkey, is a monkey that lives in the high mountains of the island of Honshū in Japan.
They live in below-zero temperatures, and they like to warm themselves and relax in hot springs.
Weight and physical appearance
Macaques weigh around 12 kilograms and can grow up to 70cm.
They have short tails.
The macaques are a genus (Macaca) of Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae.
The 22 species of macaques live in sub-Saharan Africa, and more widely in Asia.
One species is the well-known Gibraltar 'ape'.
Macaques are of some interest to human researchers for their social structures, and their usefulness in animal testing, particularly regarding eyesight.
If a macaque of a lower level in the social chain has eaten berries and none are left for a higher-level macaque, then the one higher in status can, within this social organization, remove the berries from the other monkey's mouth.
In 2014 selfies taken by a crested black macaque seemed to establish a legal precedent, after the Wikimedia Foundation rejected a  copyright claim.
The word geek is a slang word.
It has many different meanings.
It can mean a person who enjoys computers and knows a lot about them.
It used to mean a carnival worker "who bit the heads off of chickens and rats."
One dictionary says that a geek is "a peculiar or otherwise dislikable person, especially one who is perceived to be overly intellectual".
This means "a strange and un-likeable person, especially one who is thought to be very clever", in simple English.
This word comes from English dialect words (words that are used in certain places) geek, geck: fool, freak; from Low German geck, from Middle Low German.
A different form of the word geck is still used in Dutch and Afrikaans gek: crazy.
Other forms of geck are also used in some German dialects, and in the Alsatian word Gickeleshut: geek's hat, used in carnivals.
In 18th century Austria-Hungary, Gecken were freaks shown by some circuses.
In 19th century, in North-America, the term geek referred to a freak in circus side-shows (see also freak show).
In some cases, its performance included biting the head off a live chicken.
The 1976 edition of the American Heritage Dictionary included only the definition regarding geek shows.
The word is often used to be rude or mean to someone.
However, it can also be used without meaning to be hurtful, or with pride.
An example is the 'Geek Squad' of the Best Buy company.
The meaning of geek has changed much over time, and there is no longer a single meaning.
The words nerd, gimp, dweeb, dork, spod and gump have similar meanings as geek.
But many people choose to say that these words mean slightly different things.
However, the differences are not agreed on.
In a 2007 interview on The Colbert Report, Richard Clarke said the difference between nerds and geeks is "geeks get it done."
Julie Smith described a geek as "a bright young man turned inward, poorly socialized, who felt so little kinship with his own planet that he routinely traveled to the ones invented by his favorite authors, who thought of that secret, dreamy place his computer took him to as cyberspace—somewhere exciting, a place more real than his own life, a land he could conquer, not a drab teenager's room in his parents' house."
A hurtful word to call to a person who only thinks about intellectual puzzles for their own sake, who does not know how to do most other human things to such an extent that the person cannot go around where they want within society.
A person who is interested in technology, especially computing and new media.
Geeks are very good with computers, and use the term hacker in a positive way, though are not all hackers themselves.
A person who matches academic subjects to the real world outside of academic studies; for example, using multivariate calculus to select the best dimensions of a pan to bake a cake.
A person who has chosen concentration rather than being normal; one who tries their best to pursue skill (especially technical skill) and imagination, not mainstream social acceptance.
A person who loves something in a way that places him or her outside the mainstream.
This could be due to the intensity, depth, or subject of their interest.
The word geek is in Robert Heinlein's 1952 short story The Year of the Jackpot.
The word appears meaning the modern definition.
Reclamation and self-identification
Being called a "geek" is usually an insult.
The word is now often a nice thing to say, meaning that the person it is describing has extraordinary technical skill.
Geek Pride Day has been observed on May 25 in Spain since 2006 (May 25 being the world premiere date of Star Wars and also Towel Day).
The holiday promotes the right to be nerdy or geeky, and to express it in public without feeling bad.
A new meeting, Geek.
Kon, is held in Madison, Wisconsin to celebrate all things geek.
The website BoardGameGeek is an online community of boardgamers who see themselves as geeks at boardgame meetings; they call their website "The Geek", for short.
Technical support services such as Geek Squad use the term geek to show that they have helpful technical abilities.
In recent history, some geeks have grown a geek culture, such as geek humor and odd references on t-shirts.
The so-called geek chic trend is a deliberate affectation of geek or nerd traits as a fashion statement.
Nonetheless, the derogatory definition of geeks remains that of a person only thinking about his area of interest at the cost of social skills, personal hygiene, and status.
There has been criticism over the widespread appropriation of the terms "geek" and "nerd" as self descriptors.
Certain people who would have most likely not been described as such under the traditional stereotype have argued this.
Along with efforts to de-emphasize the negative social aspects, in recent years there have been arguments for de-emphasizing the necessity for having noticeably high levels of intelligence or technical aptitude.
This has resulted in the desire to redefine the term geek rather as any person who pursues a passionate interest in anything regardless of genre, is creative, and individualistic.
Arguments against the revisionist definitions, however, state that it is not only unnecessary, but it completely contradicts the traditional accepted definition of the terms which distinctly refer to persons who are noticeably above average intelligence, usually good at things in technically demanding fields, and socially awkward or alienated to a certain extent.
Geek chic
There are many ways of looking at the term "geek chic", with heavy black-rimmed glasses being the one defining thing as far as the press is concerned.
Wearing them is sufficiently notable to have celebrities like David Beckham, Justin Timberlake and Myleene Klass being reported as "trying geek chic".
David Tennant, the Tenth Doctor in Doctor Who, has also described the look of his bespectacled character as having "a bit of geek chic".
Geeks themselves think that the term is used for "reclaiming the geek identity as something not only meaningful, but also stylish." -
for this usage, more than just glasses are needed, and so the term has a wider meaning, being applied to home fittings and objects as well as clothes.
In this usage, the term "geek chic" can even be used as a positive contrast to the somewhat more negative term "geeky".
Geek chic is not to be confused with preppie fashion, which is more widely to do with a conservative image rather than geek culture.
Instead, much of the geek chic image borrows from various other youth fashions such as goth, hippie, and bohemian among others, but t-shirts with geeky in-jokes seem to originate from the geeks themselves.
Shirt designers who tailor to geeks offer rewards for the best ideas.
Trademark dispute
The Best Buy company of Richfield, Minnesota has trademarked "Geek Squad" as the name of its computer repair service.
Best Buy has fought the trademarks of a dozen other companies, including Geek Rescue, Rent a Geek, and Speak With a Geek.
It is also fighting with Newegg over the use of "Take it from a Geek" on Newegg's website.
The NBC television show Chuck wanted to use "Geek Squad" to describe the main characters' job.
The Geek Test
Geek Culture: The Third Counter-Culture, an article discussing geek culture as a new kind of counter-culture.
Hoevel, Ann. "
Are you a nerd or a geek?"
December 2, 2010.
"Geek Chic", USA Today, October 22, 2003
"Suddenly, It's Hip to be Square", Associated Press, July 18, 2005
"How Geek Chic Works"
Nerd Project at the Wikiversity
Speak With A Geek
42 is the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything" in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy books.
It was computed by
Deep Thought, the second greatest computer ever.
The descendants of Deep Thought's creators are upset by the numeric nature of the answer, not understanding what to do with it or what to tell the people who had commissioned the 7.5-million year project.
When asked to produce The Ultimate Question to go with the answer "42", Deep Thought admits it is not capable of computing that itself, but that it can help to design an even more powerful computer, which can.
This new computer will incorporate living beings into the "computational matrix" and will run for ten million years.
It is the planet Earth.
Pleumeur-Bodou is a commune.
Crosshaven, Ireland, since 1992
The Northern Virginia military shootings were several attacks by a man shooting a rifle at empty military buildings.
The shots were fired in October and November 2010.
Experts looked at the bullets left at the various places.
They could see that all of the shots were from the same rifle.
The first shooting was aimed at the National Museum of the Marine Corps in Triangle, Virginia on October 16, 2010.
Some bullets from a high-velocity rifle went through the atrium skylight.
The second shooting happened on October 19, 2010 shortly before 5 a.m. Someone shot at the south side of The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia.
The bullets broke windows on the third and fourth floors.
Special glass stopped the bullets from entering the building.
The offices behind those windows were empty because of repairs.
The Pentagon Reservation was temporarily closed because the police searched the area for evidence.
The building was reopened about 5:40 a.m.  The Joint Terrorism Task Force is leading the investigation into the incident.
In the third shooting, the same rifle shot the Marine Corps Museum again on October 29.
The same rifle was used to attack a Marine Corps recruiting center in Chantilly, Virginia on October 26.
These attacks made the organizers of the October 31, 2010 Marine Corps Marathon upgrade the safety measures.
The race was run without problems.
On November 3, police announced that the same rifle was used to shoot at a United States Coast Guard recruiting center in Woodbridge, Virginia on late November 1 or early November 2.
The person behind the attacks remained unknown until June 17, 2011 when Yonathan Melaku was arrested.
He is a 22 year old naturalized Ethiopian immigrant and Marine Corps Reserve Lance Corporal.
He was found at Arlington National Cemetery while it was closed.
He was carrying spent shell casings, a notebook containing references to the Taliban and Osama bin Laden, and plastic bags filled with ammonium nitrate, a common component of homemade explosives.
He also left his car parked in the woods near the Pentagon, police said.
He had also been recently charged with breaking into 27 cars in suburban Washington.
The investigation of the incident connected Melaku to the shootings.
On June 23, 2011, he was charged with two counts of willfully injuring the property of the United States.
If he is convicted of those charges, he could go to prison for 20 years.
Melaku is also charged with two counts of using a firearm during a violent crime.
If he is convicted of those charges, he could go to prison for the rest of his life.
More charges are possible.
2010s in Virginia
Molecular symmetry is a basic idea in chemistry.
It is about the symmetry of molecules.
It puts molecules into groups according to their symmetry.
It can predict or explain many of a molecule's chemical properties.
Chemists study symmetry to explain how crystals are made up and how chemicals react.
The molecular symmetry of the reactants help predict how the product of the reaction is made up and the energy needed for the reaction.
Molecular symmetry can be studied several different ways.
Group theory is the most popular idea.
Group theory is also useful in studying the symmetry of molecular orbitals.
This is used in the Hückel method, ligand field theory, and the Woodward–Hoffmann rules.
Another idea on a larger scale is the use of crystal systems to describe crystallographic symmetry in bulk materials.
Scientists find molecular symmetry by using X-ray crystallography and other forms of spectroscopy.
Spectroscopic notation is based on facts taken from molecular symmetry.
Physicist Hans Bethe used characters of point group operations in his study of ligand field theory in 1929.
Eugene Wigner used group theory to explain the selection rules of atomic spectroscopy.
The first character tables were compiled by László Tisza (1933), in connection to vibrational spectra.
Robert Mulliken was the first to publish character tables in English (1933).
E. Bright Wilson used them in 1934 to predict the symmetry of vibrational normal modes.
The complete set of 32 crystallographic point groups was published in 1936 by Rosenthal and Murphy.
Symmetry concepts
Symmetry axis: an axis around which a rotation by  results in a molecule that appears identical to the molecule before rotation.
This is also called an n-fold rotational axis and is shortened to Cn.
Examples are the C2 in water and the C3 in ammonia.
A molecule can have more than one symmetry axis; the one with the highest n is called the principal axis, and by convention is given the z-axis in a Cartesian coordinate system.
Plane of symmetry: a plane of reflection through which an identical copy of the original molecule is given.
This is also called a mirror plane and abbreviated σ.
Water has two of them: one in the plane of the molecule itself and one perpendicular (at right angles) to it.
A symmetry plane parallel with the principal axis is dubbed vertical (σv) and one perpendicular to it horizontal (σh).
A third type of symmetry plane exists: if a vertical symmetry plane additionally bisects the angle between two 2-fold rotation axes perpendicular to the principal axis, the plane is dubbed dihedral (σd).
A symmetry plane can also be identified by its Cartesian orientation, e.g., (xz) or (yz).
Center of symmetry or inversion center, shortened to i. A molecule has a center of symmetry when, for any atom in the molecule, an identical atom exists diametrically opposite this center an equal distance from it.
There may or may not be an atom at the center.
Examples are xenon tetrafluoride (XeF4) where the inversion center is at the Xe atom, and benzene (C6H6) where the inversion center is at the center of the ring.
Rotation-reflection axis: an axis around which a  rotation by , followed by a reflection in a plane perpendicular to it, leaves the molecule unchanged.
Also called  an n-fold improper rotation axis, it is shortened to Sn, with n necessarily even.
Examples are present in tetrahedral silicon tetrafluoride, with three S4 axes, and the staggered conformation of ethane with one S6 axis.
Identity (also E), from the German 'Einheit' meaning Unity.
It is called "Identity" because it is like the number one (unity) in multiplication. (
When a number is multiplied by one, the answer is the original number.)
This symmetry element means no change.
Every molecule has this element.
The identity symmetry element helps chemists use mathematical group theory.
Each of the five symmetry elements has a symmetry operation.
People use a caret symbol (^) to talk about the operation rather than the symmetry element.
So, Ĉn is the rotation of a molecule around an axis and Ê is the identity operation.
A symmetry element can have more than one symmetry operation associated with it.
Since C1 is equivalent to E, S1 to σ and S2 to i,  all symmetry operations can be classified as either proper or improper rotations.
Point groups
A point group is a set of symmetry operations forming a mathematical group, for which at least one point remains fixed under all operations of the group.
A crystallographic point group is a point group which will work with translational symmetry in three dimensions.
There are a total of 32 crystallographic  point groups, 30 of which are relevant to chemistry.
Scientists use Schoenflies notation to classify point groups.
Mathematics define a group.
A set of symmetry operations form a group when:
the result of consecutive application (composition) of any two operations is also a member of the group (closure).
the application of the operations is associative: A(BC) = (AB)C
the group contains the identity operation, denoted E, such that AE = EA = A for any operation A in the group.
For every operation A in the group, there is an inverse element A−1 in the group, for which AA−1 = A−1A = E
For example, the point group for the water molecule is C2v, with symmetry operations E, C2, σv and σv'.
Its order is thus 4.
Each operation is its own inverse.
As an example of closure, a C2 rotation followed by a σv reflection is seen to be a σv' symmetry operation: σv*C2 = σv'. (
Note that "Operation A followed by B to form C" is written BA = C).
Another example is the ammonia molecule, which is pyramidal and contains a three-fold rotation axis as well as three mirror planes at an angle of 120° to each other.
Each mirror plane contains an N-H bond and bisects the H-N-H bond angle opposite to that bond.
Thus ammonia molecule belongs to the C3v point group which has order 6: an identity element E, two rotation operations C3 and C32, and three mirror reflections σv, σv' and σv".
Common point groups
The following table contains a list of point groups with representative molecules.
The description of structure includes common shapes of molecules based on VSEPR theory.
{|align="center"  class="wikitable"
|Point group
| Symmetry elements || Simple description, chiral if applicable || Illustrative species
|C1 || E || no symmetry, chiral || CFClBrH, lysergic acid
|Cs || E σh || planar, no other symmetry || thionyl chloride, hypochlorous acid
|Ci || E i || Inversion center || anti-1,2-dichloro-1,2-dibromoethane
|C∞v || E 2C∞ σv || linear || hydrogen chloride, dicarbon monoxide
|D∞h || E 2C∞  ∞σi i  2S∞ ∞C2 || linear with inversion center || dihydrogen, azide anion, carbon dioxide
|C2 || E C2 || "open book geometry," chiral || hydrogen peroxide
|C3 || E C3 || propeller, chiral || triphenylphosphine
|C2h || E C2 i σh || planar with inversion center || trans-1,2-dichloroethylene
|C3h || E C3 C32 σh S3 S35|| propeller || Boric acid
|C2v || E C2 σv(xz) σv'(yz) || angular (H2O) or see-saw (SF4) || water, sulfur tetrafluoride, sulfuryl fluoride
|C3v || E 2C3 3σv || trigonal pyramidal || ammonia, phosphorus oxychloride
|C4v || E 2C4 C2 2σv 2σd || square pyramidal || xenon oxytetrafluoride
|D2 || E C2(x) C2(y) C2(z) || twist, chiral || cyclohexane twist conformation
|D3 || E C3(z) 3C2|| triple helix, chiral || Tris(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) cation
|D2h || E C2(z) C2(y) C2(x) i σ(xy) σ(xz) σ(yz)|| planar with inversion center || ethylene, dinitrogen tetroxide, diborane
|D3h || E 2C3 3C2 σh 2S3 3σv || trigonal planar or trigonal bipyramidal || boron trifluoride, phosphorus pentachloride
|D4h || E 2C4 C2 2C2' 2C2 i  2S4 σh 2σv 2σd || square planar || xenon tetrafluoride
|D5h || E 2C5 2C52 5C2 σh 2S5 2S53 5σv || pentagonal || ruthenocene, eclipsed ferrocene, C70 fullerene
|D6h || E 2C6 2C3 C2 3C2' 3C2 i 3S3 2S63 σh 3σd 3σv || hexagonal || benzene, bis(benzene)chromium
|D2d || E 2S4 C2 2C2' 2σd || 90° twist || allene, tetrasulfur tetranitride
|D3d || E C3 3C2 i 2S6 3σd || 60° twist || ethane (staggered rotamer), cyclohexane chair conformation
|D4d || E 2S8 2C4 2S83 C2 4C2' 4σd || 45° twist || dimanganese decacarbonyl (staggered rotamer)
|D5d || E 2C5 2C52 5C2 i 3S103 2S10 5σd || 36° twist || ferrocene (staggered rotamer)
|Td || E 8C3 3C2 6S4 6σd || tetrahedral || methane, phosphorus pentoxide, adamantane
|Oh || E 8C3 6C2 6C4 3C2 i 6S4 8S6 3σh 6σd || octahedral or cubic || cubane, sulfur hexafluoride
|Ih || E 12C5 12C52 20C3 15C2 i 12S10 12S103 20S6 15σ || icosahedral || C60, B12H122-
Symmetry operations can be written in many ways.
A good way to write them is by using matrices.
For any vector representing a point in Cartesian coordinates, left-multiplying it gives the new place of the point transformed by the symmetry operation.
Composition of operations is done by matrix multiplication.
In the C2v example this is:
Although an infinite (going on forever) number of such representations (ways of showing things) exist, the irreducible representations (or "irreps") of the group are commonly used, as all other representations of the group can be described as a linear combination of the irreducible representations. (
The irreps span the vector space of the symmetry operations.)
Chemists use the irreps to sort the symmetry groups and to talk about their properties.
Character tables
For each point group, a character table summarizes information on its symmetry operations and on its irreducible representations.
The tables are square because there are always equal numbers of irreducible representations and groups of symmetry operations.
The table itself is made of characters which show how a particular irreducible representation changes when a particular symmetry operation is applied (put to it).
Any symmetry operation in a molecule's point group acting on the molecule itself will leave it unchanged.
But for acting on a general entity (thing), such as a vector or an orbital, this does not have to be what happens.
The vector could change sign or direction, and the orbital could change type.
For simple point groups, the values are either 1 or -1: 1 means that the sign or phase (of the vector or orbital) is unchanged by the symmetry operation (symmetric) and -1 denotes a sign change (asymmetric).
A, when rotation around the principal axis is symmetrical
B, when rotation around the principal axis is asymmetrical
E and T are doubly and triply degenerate representations, respectively
when the point group has an inversion center, the subscript g ( or even) signals no change in sign, and the subscript u (ungerade or uneven) a change in sign, with respect to inversion.
with point groups C∞v and D∞h the symbols are borrowed from angular momentum description: Σ, Π, Δ.
The tables also tell the Cartesian basis vectors, rotations about them, and quadratic functions of them transformed by the symmetry operations of the group.
The table also shows which irreducible representation transforms in the same way (on the right hand side of the tables).
Chemists use this because chemically important orbitals (in particular p and d orbitals) have the same symmetries as these entities.
The character table for the C2v symmetry point group is given below:
For example, water (H2O) which has the C2v symmetry described above.