the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In consideration for several months, a corporate foundation has been established in September 2011.
It aims to guide the training and research council on the changes to be made to the training Ingénieur ENAC (ENAC engineer) and to the corporate partnerships.
It consists of technical and human resources managers from aerospace companies such as Air France, Airbus, Aéroport de Paris, Rockwell Collins, Thalès, Aéroconseil,....
ENAC has eight campuses and can provide accommodation.
It also has a canteen, cafeteria, library, computer rooms, sports halls including a fitness room, a sports field, a rugby field, five tennis courts, a beach volleyball and a golf driving range.
Its main campus is located at Rangueil (Toulouse).
A gliding center at the Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban Airport
A maintenance center at the Castelnaudary - Villeneuve Airport (long-term maintenance for ENAC fleet)
A campus at the Carcassonne Airport (flight training)
A campus at the Grenoble-Isère Airport (flight training)
A campus at the Biscarrosse - Parentis Airport (flight and air navigation training)
A campus at the Saint-Yan Airport (flight training)
A campus at the Montpellier – Méditerranée Airport (flight and air navigation training.
This campus has an antenna at the Aix-en-Provence Aerodrome)
A campus at the Muret - Lherm Aerodrome (flight and air navigation training)
Melun Villaroche Aerodrome (official people)
Teaching and research
ENAC provide theoretical training for pilot students in eight months in its campus of Toulouse.
Practical training of 16 months is given in the other campuses of the university in Montpellier, Carcassonne, Saint-Yan or Muret.
There is also training for various aviation technicians.
Courses of Air traffic controller and Air Traffic Safety Electronics Personnel are done by the university.
The Ingénieur ENAC course trains aerospace engineer in three sectors : electronics and aeronautical telecommunications (L), computer systems and air traffic (S) and aeronautical engineering (T).
The university has created in 2007 a Master's degree in International Air Transport Opération Management, in 2011 the course Master's degree in Global Navigation Satellite System supported by the European Commission and in 2012 the Master's degree in Air Traffic Management in partnership with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
The Master's degree in Human–computer interaction (IHM) is realized in cooperation with the Paul Sabatier University.
Finally, the French Civil Aviation University provides nine Mastères Spécialisés courses in the fields : airport management, air transport management (in partnership with Toulouse Business School), communication - navigation - surveillance and satellite applications for aviation, aviation safety aircraft airworthiness (in partnership with other grandes écoles), air-ground collaborative systems engineering, aviation and air traffic management and aerospace project management (APM) (in partnership with other grandes écoles).
The former students of the three Master programs, the Ingénieur ENAC course, as well as those of the Corps of Bridges and Roads and those of the Mastères Spécialisés courses was represented by an association, INGENAC, created in 1988, member of the CNISF (French scientific and engineer council) and in Toulouse.
The 16th of March 2012, INGENAC decided to represent all the former students of the university and changes its name to « ENAC Alumni ».
By hosting each year more than 7,500 students who participate to more than 600 courses annually organized by the university, with a turnover of 15 million of euros, ENAC is now the largest organization in Europe for aeronautical continuing education.
The continuing education of ENAC has been developed in areas which ENAC is well recognized : air traffic, electronics, computer science, aeronautical engineering, aircraft control, ...
International partners
Students of the aerospace engineer course can study at the two other grandes écoles members of the groupement des écoles d'aéronautique, and also at the National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse and at Nantes business school.
Moreover, as part of France AEROTECH, an exchange of third year engineering students is under elaboration with the grandes écoles of this network.
In another country, students have access to the Erasmus programme and to Pegasus.
In the aerospace engineer course, the university welcomes 8% of foreign students in 2011.
Considering all the courses, this number is 46% in 2010.
The university has also agreements with  : Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Florida Institute of Technology, University of California, University of Washington, École africaine de la météorologie et de l'aviation civile.
It also educates people of the Agence pour la sécurité de la navigation aérienne en Afrique et à Madagascar.
Also, ENAC is a founder of the Institut sino-européen d'ingénierie de l'aviation of Tianjin.
On this city, the university has four Mastères Spécialisés courses at the Civil Aviation University of China only for Chinese students : airport management, aviation safety management - airworthiness, aviation safety management - flight operations and aviation safety management - aeronautical maintenance.
Finally, in December 2011, the university has signed a partnership with the École des Ponts ParisTech and the Académie internationale Mohammed VI de l'aviation civile to start an Executive MBA in aviation management for aerospace people in March 2012 at Casablanca.
Research activities
Research is a growing business at ENAC.
Industry oriented university, it appears in 1984, following the law on higher education which provides that  « engineer training...contains a research activity, pure or applied ».
It was originally organized around four areas : electronics, automation, computer and air transport economy.
Mid-2009, the research teams was in the following laboratories : automation - operational research (LARA), economy - air econometrics (LEEA), study - optimization of telecommunications networks architectures (LEOPART), electromagnetism for aeronautical telecommunications (LETA), interactive computer (LII), applied mathematics (LMA), air traffic optimization (LOTA) and signal processing for the aeronautical telecommunications (LTST).
ENAC also has, since 2005, a team specializing in UAVs that maintains and develops Paparazzi, a free system for automatic control of UAVs, unmanned aerial vehicle laboratory.
The infrastructure includes also a planetarium and an air traffic control simulator.
ENAC is a founding member of the European academy for aviation safety (EAFAS), network of the key training organizations in the field of air safety.
During the Paris Air Show of 2005, the university announces a partnership with Office National d'Études et de Recherches Aérospatiales in the fields of air traffic management, air safety, satellite navigation, sustainable development and air transport economy.
Several famous pilots have studied at the French Civil Aviation University like Émile Allegret, soldier and member of the French Resistance during the World War II, Xavier Barral (Promotion 1966), former President of the association des professionnels navigants de l'aviation (Professional aircrew association), Noël Chevrier (Promotion 1970), antistress center manager at Air France, Gérard Feldzer (Promotion 1971), former President of the Aéro-Club de France, Bernard Pestel (Promotion 1972), vice president of the société française de droit aérien (French Air Law company), Béatrice Vialle (Promotion 1981), one of the two female Concorde pilot and the first French female pilot on a supersonic airliner.
Particularly because of its status of a French civil servant university, some civil servant has been student at ENAC like Jean-Marc de Raffin Dourny (Promotion 1966), President of the organisme pour la sécurité de l'aviation civile (organization for the safety of civil aviation), Michel Bernard (Promotion 1967), former head of the Agence nationale pour l'emploi and former President of Air Inter, Paul-Louis Arslanian (Promotion 1968), former head of the French Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile, Jean-Paul Troadec (Promotion 1970), head of the Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile, Patrick Ky (Promotion 1989), head of the EASA, Michel Wachenheim (Promotion 1975), French ambassador.
Some alumni of the university became managers like Yves Lambert (Promotion 1959), former head of Eurocontrol, Gérard Mestrallet (Promotion 1971), CEO of GDF Suez.,
Jean-Michel Vernhes (Promotion 1971), head of the Toulouse-Blagnac Airport, Jean-Charles Corbet (Promotion 1974), former head of Air Lib, Olivier Colaïtis (Promotion 1977), President of Galileo, Lionel Guérin, founding President of Airlinair, Philippe Crébassa, head of Toulouse-Blagnac airport, Franck Goldnadel (Promotion 1990), former head of the Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport, Régis Lacote (Promotion 1997), head of the Orly Airport, Méziane Idjerouidène (Promotion 2003), general manager of Aigle Azur.
Few intellectuals graduate from the university like Jacques Villiers (Promotion 1948), founder of the Centre d'études de la navigation aérienne (French air navigation center), Jean Peyrelevade (Promotion 1961), politician and business leader, Hamza Ben Driss Ottmani (Promotion 1963), Moroccan economist and writer, Alain Lefebvre (Promotion 1970), Journalist,  Solenn Colléter (Promotion 1993), novelist.,
Nicolas Tenoux (Promotion 2007), Philanthropist.
In science, personalities like Gabriel Weishaupt (Promotion 1948), founding member of the Académie de l'air et de l'espace, Jean Robieux, Physicist, Georges Maignan (Promotion 1955), former director of the experimental center of Eurocontrol, Gérard Desbois (Promotion 1979), younger flight engineer graduate and crew member during the first flight of the Airbus A380, have studied at the university.
Teachers and former teachers
Some aerospace personalities teach at the university such as Hervé Hallot, meteorology teacher and co-author of Météorologie aéronautique, Joel Laitselart (TAE 87), air operations teacher and former operations manager of Aeris airline, Patrick Lepourry, head of the engine department and co-author of Propulseurs aéronautiques, Instruments de bord and Initiation à l'aéronautique, Félix Mora-Camino, head of the control engineering department and co-author of Avionique - Tome 2, Système de conduite automatique et gestion du vol, Yves Plays (IENAC S71), head of the specialized master in air transport and co-author of Initiation à l'aéronautique.,
or Frantz Yvelin, founder of two French airlines.
Ariane Gilotte, Jean-Philippe Husson and Cyril Lazerge, 50 ans d'Énac au service de l'aviation, Édition S.E.E.P.P, 1999
Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique, June 2005, 782 p. (), p. 626, « Les écoles d'ingénieurs aéronautiques »
Sandrine Banessy, Le rêve d'Icare - Histoire de l'aviation à Toulouse, Labége, éditions TME, 2006, 95 p. (), p. 80 et 81 « Du rêve à la réalité »
[PDF] Agence d'évaluation de la recherche et de l'enseignement supérieur, « Rapport d'évaluation de l'École nationale de l'aviation civile », September 2010
GIFAS, Ouvrez grand vos ailes : une formation pour un métier dans l'industrie aéronautique et spatiale, Paris, GIFAS, 2011, 62 p., p. 41
Nicolas Tenoux (MS EAGTA ENAC 2007), 6 mois dans la vie d’un Pilote de ligne: Les secrets du quotidien..., 15 April 2020, Amazon, 51p., (),
p. 10
Nicolas Tenoux (MS EAGTA ENAC 2007), 6 months in the life of an Airline pilot: Daily life secrets …, 5 October 2020, Amazon, 77p., (),
1965 - 1999
IPSA was founded in 1961 in Paris by Michel Cazin (private secretary to Louis de Broglie and teacher at the mechanical department of Conservatoire national des arts et métiers), Maurice Pradier (aerospace engineer) and Paul Lefort (engineer and professor of helicopter).
Twenty students started the training.
At that time, the course was in four years and the first promotion is graduated in 1965.
The same year, the Alumni association is created in Paris by Maurice Ribonnet.
In 1982, the first trip for students is organized in Guyana at the European Space Agency center.
The year 1987 saw the university bought by Henri Hertert (IPSA 1976 and pilot at Air France).
The institute moved in 1989 into the towers Les Mercuriales at Bagnolet, in which it stayed for ten years.
Then, beset by financial difficulties, the university is bought by IONIS Education Group in 1999 and moved at Le Kremlin-Bicêtre close to the university EPITA.
1999 - today
In 2005, the Master issued by IPSA is recognized by French State at the higher level, after accreditation by the Commission nationale de la certification professionnelle.
The year 2006 sees the institute hosting the 6th European Congress of the Mars Society to promote the exploration of Mars.
In 2007, IPSA opens a second campus in Toulouse, joins the Erasmus programme and concludes double degree agreements with foreign universities.
Following its establishment in Toulouse, the university joins the Institut au service du spatial, de ses applications et technologies during the year 2008.
The next year, IPSA joins Aerospace Valley and moved in Ivry-sur-Seine close to the university ESME-Sudria, before being recognized by the French State in 2010.
In 2011, the university is accredited by the Commission des titres d'ingénieur.
In January 2013, IPSA became member of the Conférence des directeurs des écoles françaises d'ingénieurs.
History of directors
The current director is Francis Pollet, who was director of École de l'Air university from 2007 to 2009.
This is the eighth person to hold that function since 1961.
He was appointed director of IPSA in March 2017.
Member of IONIS Education Group, the group President, assisted by a general manager, is the President of the university.
He is a member of the four directorates of the university:
Development and international relations directorate which also managed the communication and admissions ;
Training directorate with a manager for the Bachelor cycle and another one for the Master cycle ;
Corporate relations directorate ;
Research and quality directorate.
Training and research
The course is in five years with five possibilities in the fourth year: "energy, spacecraft propulsion and engine", "mechanics and aircraft structure", "telecommunications, radar and radio navigation", "embedded system", "mechatronics".
The students choose also one minor from ten: "Entrepreneurship", "business marketing", "association management", "Research Management", "Conduct of an international project", "project personnel development", "Board and consulting", " human resource management", "cultural management", "financial management".
Students also have the opportunity to attend a technical and managerial course sanctioned by a Master of Business Administration in "business and international negotiation" of the Institut supérieur de gestion in addition to the diploma of the university, or to make the last year of studies in a foreign university in partnership with IPSA.
Eleven months of internship are planned in the curriculum.
After graduation, graduates are represented by the association AAEIPSA (IPSA Alumni association).
They work, for 70% of them, in the aerospace industry, mainly in research and development (46%) and in the Île-de-France region (57%).
Admission to the university is possible after a Baccalauréat by succeeding to the competition "Advance" organized in partnership with EPITA and ESME-Sudria.
In total, the three universities offer approximately 900 places.
It is also possible to integrate the university in the second, third or fourth year studies for students coming from a two-years degree after the Baccalauréat, Bachelor or Master.
Partnerships allowing students to obtain a Master of Science with the degree of IPSA exist with Shenyang University in China, Cranfield University in UK, Moscow State University in Russia, the Université Laval in Canada and the National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan.
The laboratory of 3D computer graphics and calculation creating new algorithms to solve problems of processing and analysis of signals and images.
It works in partnership with the laboratoire des signaux et systèmes (L2S) (signals and systems laboratory) (agreement signed in 2010), a laboratory of the French National Centre for Scientific Research based at Supélec.
IPS'action association has launched in 2006 the « UNIV'air » challenge in order to present to people research projects in partnership with the Association Aéronautique et Astronautique de France and other universities such as the École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace or EPF.
In 2008, an aircraft without pilot project named « Hélitronix » and realized by students and researchers of the mechatronics laboratory was selected during the « Minidrone » challenge funded by the General Directorate for Armament and organized by the Office National d'Études et de Recherches Aérospatiales.
The same laboratory works on the « Perseus project » which consists of the development of rockets from the Centre national d'études spatiales, in partnership with « AéroIPSA » student association.
Moreover, IPSA participates to « ASTech Paris Région ».
It contributes at its development in many sectors : aircraft engine, onboard energy, aircraft design, material, training and research, and maintenance.
In November 2011, the  fluid mechanics applied to aerodynamics laboratory created in 2009 has adopted a new calculation tool allowing for the end of 2011 the commissioning of a digital wind tunnel.
Several managers have studied at the university, like Cyril Bourlon de Rouvre (1965), French businessman and politician, Philippe Harache (1976), former Executive Vice-President "customers" Eurocopter, Christian Gras (1983), Executive Vice-President "customers" Eurocopter or  Éric Boullier (1999), Team principal McLaren.
Denis Maricourt, general knowledge teacher and author of Figures de l'éclectisme dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle (Figures of eclecticism in the second half of the eighteenth century).
Lucien Robineau (dir.),
Les Français du ciel : Dictionnaire historique, Paris, le cherche midi, 2005, 782 p. (), p. 628
André Turcat, Pilote d'essais : Mémoires II, Paris, le cherche midi, 2009, 199 p. (), p. 197
Ginibrière Gaëlle, IPSA : 50 ans avec l'aéronautique, L'Express Emploi, 15th of June 2009
GIFAS, Une formation pour un métier dans l'industrie aéronautique et spatiale, Paris, 2011, 62 p., p. 46
AAEIPSA, Annuaire 2011 - 50 ans d'histoire, Paris, 2011, 412 p.
Mariama Diallo, L'IPSA, école d'ingénieurs aéronautique depuis 1961, Le Journal de l'aviation, 24th of April 2012
Nicolas Tenoux (IPSA 2007), 6 mois dans la vie d’un Pilote de ligne: Les secrets du quotidien..., 15 April 2020, Amazon, 51p., (),
Nicolas Tenoux (IPSA 2007), 6 months in the life of an Airline pilot: Daily life secrets …, 5 October 2020, Amazon, 77p., (),
Le futur de l'avion : Les prochains défis de l’industrie aéronautique, Ivry-sur-Seine, FYP Éditions, 2020, 160 p. ()
IPSA Alumni
Technical colleges and universities in France
Büsingen am Hochrhein often just known as Busingen, is a German village.
It is part of the German state (Bundesland) of Baden-Württemberg.
The village belongs to the district (Kreis) of Konstanz.
Büsingen has an area of about .
About 1,350 people live there.
The village is the only exclave of Germany.
It is surrounded by territory that belongs to Switzerland.
A 680-metre wide strip of Swiss land separates the village from the rest of Germany.
The village next to Büsingen is the Swiss village Dörflingen.
There are no border controls between Büsingen and Switzerland because Büsingen is in a customs union with this country.
The two countries agreed this in 1964 and the treaty became law in 1967.
At the same time another even small part of West Germany separated from the rest of the country by land belonging to Switzerland, called Verenahof became part of the Swiss village of Büttenhardt.
Because the village is completely surrounded by Swiss territory, but is politically German, many things exist twice there.
Büsingen has for example two postal codes and residents may have phone numbers from two countries.
The official currency is the Euro.
However, most things like electricity and cable television come from Switzerland and have to be paid in Swiss francs.
Büsingen depends heavily on Switzerland in economics.
Büsingen only has one elementary school.
Pupils can attend the school there up to the fourth grade.
After this, the parents have to decide whether the children should attend a German or a Swiss school.
The oldest finds in the area of Büsingen date back to the Bronze Age.
The village was first mentioned in historical documents in 1090.
The area belonging to the village contains the sites of two abandoned villages.
CAE Global Academy Phoenix (formerly Sabena Airline Training Center) is a private flight school (airline pilot training) in Mesa, Arizona, USA.
The school is located at Falcon Field airport and has 49 aircraft including 15 Diamond DA20-C1, 10 Diamond DA40, 4 Diamond DA42-L360, 11 Piper Archer, 8 Piper Arrow and one Beechcraft 90.
The school has also three flight simulators.
In 1991, Belgian government gives the École d’aviation civile created in 1953 to Sabena airline.
It is renowned first Belgian Aviation School and then Sabena Air Training Center.
The same year, it was decided to carry out practical training in flight to Phoenix in U.S.A because the weather in Arizona allows flights 365 days per year in a high and complex air traffic.
Following that decisions, the school is created as a subsidiary of Sabena Flight Academy and under the name of Sabena Airline Training Center.
In 2008, following the absorption of the Belgian school by CAE, the US subsidiary is also purchased.
The school becomes part of the CAE Global Academy network and is renamed CAE Global Academy Phoenix.
Nicolas Tenoux (CAE Phoenix 2011), 6 months in the life of an Airline pilot: Daily life secrets …, 5 October 2020, Amazon, 51p., (),
p. 13
A Mastère Spécialisé (MS), also called Specialized Master or Advanced Master, is a French degree (created in 1986) that a person gets after completing a Master's degree and then continuing to study in a Grande École in some specific field.
These students are considered to possess more advanced knowledge of the field that they study, as compared to those who only get a Master's degree.
The history of the Mastère Spécialisé starts in 1986.
During the end of the 1980s, the Commission des titres d'ingénieur required that a student spend two years in a school to graduate with the French Master's degree.
But a lot of foreign students sometimes came one entirely year in the French schools and came back to their own country without a degree.
Also, the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System was not yet adopted by all the schools.
For these two reasons, the French Conférence des Grandes Écoles has created the Mastère Spécialisé.
1986 establishments in Europe
Beaumaris Castle (, Literal translation: beautiful marsh) was a castle built in Beaumaris, Anglesey, Wales by King Edward I of England.
King Edward built the castle to help him take over North Wales.
It was one of several castles built along the North Wales coast.
The castle was started in 1295 and work stopped in 1330.
The castle was left unfinished.
Small amounts of money were spent in the 1330s and 1400s to maintain (keep up) the castle.
However, these payments were stopped.
By 1609, the castle was a ruin.
In 1642, money was spent on repairs.
No more work was done and it became a ruin again.
In 1925, Richard Williams-Bulkeley placed Beaumaris Castle in state care.
Since then, it has been fixed and maintained.
In 1986, the castle was placed on the World Heritage List.
Today, Beaumaris is cared for by Cadw, an environmental service run by the Welsh Government.
Castles in Wales
Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines is a French public university created in 1991, in the department of Yvelines and since 2002, in Hauts-de-Seine.
It is mainly in the cities of Versailles, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Mantes-en-Yvelines and Vélizy-Villacoublay and Rambouillet.
It has eight campuses.
It has 19,000 students, 752 staff people and 1389 teachers and researchers.
285 teachers outside of the university come each year to give courses.
The subjects taught are the sciences, the social sciences, the political sciences, engineering, technology and medicine.
It also has courses about the relationship between economy, ethics, natural environment and sustainable development.
1987 - 1991
Some Parisian universities had anticipated the decree of the French Ministry of National Education and had relocated part of their activities outside of Paris.
In fact, experiencing a significant increase of their numbers, they begin to open new locations to alleviate their main campuses.
Thus, an antenna of the Pierre and Marie Curie University is created in Versailles in 1987.
Dedicated to Sciences, it joined in the Yvelines the law annex of Nanterre established two years earlier at Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines.
In the mean time, the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research program as part of French higher education modernization plan called "Université 2000" the creation of new universities.
The Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University  is officially created the 22th of July 1991 from these two centers of delocalized of the Pierre and Marie Curie University and Paris West University Nanterre La Défense.
1991 - 2002
At the end of 1996, the university changes its special status to join the regime of the law of 1984, as well as other French universities.
UVSQ elects its instances and its first President, Michel Garnier, at the beginning of 1997.
He sets up the final structure (board of directors, scientific council, student life council) which then proceeded to his election.
It is then the turn of Dominique Gentile to be at the President of the university, from 1997 to 2002.
2002 - today
In 2002, the university has a new President.
Sylvie Faucheux is nominated.
The university starts to delivers Bachelors, Masters and Doctorates in 2004.
The CFA d'Alembert is created at Guyancourt in 2006.
The year 2007 shows the removal of the Unité de formation et de recherche médicale Paris Île-de-France Ouest (PIFO) to Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines and the creation, with Paris-Sud 11 University and École Normale Supérieure de Cachan, of UniverSud Paris.
2010 is also the year of the reorganization of the humanities and social sciences college of UVSQ.
He disappears to make way for four new colleges : institut des études culturelles (cultural studies institute), institut supérieur de management (management institute), institut de langues et études internationales (languages and international studies institute) and social sciences research institute.
The university is entering a phase of expansion.
The UVSQ becomes founding member of UniverSud Paris but also of the foundation for scientific cooperation.
A partnership with Cergy-Pontoise University is studied in 2011.
Thus, the Université du grand ouest parisien is created in February 2012.
An political studies institute commons to both universities is also being studied.
Like all the other French universities, UVSQ is managed by a President elected by the Board of directors.
He is member of the three councils of the university.
The board of directors, which determines the strategy of the institution.
The academic and university life council, which is responsible for training.
The scientific council, which is responsible for research activities.
Presidents history
The current President is Alain Bui.
He is the sixth person to be the Chairman since the creation of the university.
He was elected in 2017, succeeding at Didier Guillemot.
The University has a budget of 166 millions of euros in 2011.
In 2010, the University had a budget of 143 millions of euros, which is 13.1% more than the one of 2009.
Employment structure except for teachers of hospital department
In 2009-2010, the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines employs 229 non-permanent teachers.
The total number of permanent teachers is 464, including 121 university professors, 250 assistants, and 93 secondary school teachers.
Versailles University fondation
A partnership foundation was prepared in autumn 2008 and opened the 13th of May 2010.
It has nine founding members which have given a total of 2 million euros for the creation of the foundation.
Called Mov’eoTec, it relates to transport and sustainable mobility.
According to the French educational law for the legal organization of public universities in France, the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines is divided into several components.
There are faculties and « graduate schools and institutes ».
The science faculty, located at Versailles and Le Chesnay, welcomes courses in biology, universe and earth science, physics, chemistry, mathematics, computer science.
The social science faculty, located at Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, welcomes courses in economy, geography and social sciences.
The law and political science faculty, located at Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, welcomes courses in law and political science with 15 Master's degree, four research centers and a judicial studies institute.
The Île-de-France West medical training and research faculty, located at Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, is for the training of doctors and midwives.
The institute of languages ​​and international studies, located at Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, is for the development of research and training, use of knowledge in languages​​, cultures and international studies.
The institute of cultural studies, located at  Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, welcomes the courses in history, literature, English, Spanish.
The higher institute of management, located at Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, welcomes the courses in management, information science, communication and educational science.
Graduate schools and institutes
UVSQ as a postgraduate school in engineering, called ISTY, created in 1992 and which delivers two Master's degree specialized in computer science or mechatronics, both recognized by Commission des titres d'ingénieur.
It has also two University Institutes of Technology : one at Velizy and another one at Mantes-en-Yvelines, and also a training center for apprentices (called CFA d'Alembert), created in 2006 and located at Guyancourt.
UVSQ has a science of the universe observatory.
Located at Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, it is where the natural environment, system science and social science courses are done.
The university has a strong reputation in sustainable development.
PhD graduate schools
The university has PhD graduate schools which take care of the PhD students and also of habilitation.
There are five schools: Cultures, regulations, institutions and territories, Genome organizations, Environmental Science in Ile de France, Science and technology of Versailles, public health.
102 PhD has been delivered in 2009.
Library and electronic documentation network
Its main library, opened in June 2002, has an area of ​​ and 100,000 books.
In 2005, the university opened the library of Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines with an area of ​​ and 1,100 reading places.
In September 2011, another one was opened on the sciences campus, located in Versailles.
In total, the university has six academic libraries located, in addition to the campus already mentioned, on those of Velizy, Boulogne-Billancourt, Rambouillet and Mantes, consisting of about 200,000 books, 5,000 digital books and 26,000 magazines and newspapers.
The university has height campuses in total, on two departments and seven communes.
In total, UVSQ has  of buildings.
Versailles campus welcomes the sciences college and the one of computer science.
On the campus of Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines are located the law and political sciences, social sciences, medical research colleges and the sciences of the universe observatory.
At Le Chesnay, another part of the sciences college is located.
Vélizy-Villacoublay welcomes the University Institutes of Technology of Vélizy and Rambouillet an annex of it.
On the campus of Mantes-la-Jolie is located the University Institutes of Technology of Mantes-en-Yvelines.
Mantes-la-ville welcomes the mechatronics college.
Research and training
In 2012, the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines offers 50 Bachelor's degree, 10 e-learning courses, 95 Master's degree, 1 Doctor of Medicine degree and 1 Midwifery degree.
The number of partners is about 230 in 2011.
The university has welcomed 330 students from a foreign country in 2010.
The university also welcomes foreign students who wants to obtain a French degree.
In 2010, they are about 2,400, which is 13,3% of the students.
They are much more in the PhD courses, where they are almost half of the students (45%).
Research activities at the university are done in 35 laboratories.
It is grouped in six departments: chemistry, physics, materials, renewable energy, environment and sustainable development, mathematics, computer science, engineering sciences, biology and health, cultures, humanities and sciences, institutions and organizations.
It have a total of nearly 950 researchers and 715 PhD students.
Student associations
In September 2011, 31 associations are approved by UVSQ.
They are in science, social sciences and humanities, law, medicine, humanitarian-social-environment, communication, entertainment, thought and politics.
A student house will open in 2013.
It will have an area of ​​1,730 m2 ; this building must accommodate cultural activities, a multipurpose room, an art room, and also a cafeteria.
14,226 students are at the university in 2004.
12.5% of students receive scholarships.
Concerning the social origins, 49.2% of the students have a favored social origin, 30.6% have an average social origin and 20.2% a disadvantaged social backgrounds.
Demographic changes
Key people
UVSQ also counts among its current or former teachers historians like Bernard Cottret, honorary member of the Institut Universitaire de France, Christian Delporte, specialist of the twentieth-century of France, Bruno Laurioux, French Middle Ages historian, Jean-Yves Mollier and Loïc Vadelorge, both specialized in contemporary history.
In science, people like the creator of the ext2 file system Rémy Card, the specialist in photography Fabien Danesi, the vice director of the École Normale Supérieure Jean-Charles Darmon or the chemist and member of the French Academy of Sciences Gérard Férey teach or have taught at the university.
Doctors Honoris causa
Image and communication
Université du grand ouest parisien
Agence d'évaluation de la recherche et de l'enseignement supérieur, Rapport d'évaluation de l'université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines , January 2010
Comité national d'évaluation des établissements publics à caractère scientifique, culturel et professionnel, L'université de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Rapport d'évaluation, December 2006
1991 establishments in France
Saint Cuthbert (c. 634 – 20 March 687) was an Anglo-Saxon monk, bishop and hermit associated with the monasteries of Melrose and Lindisfarne in the Kingdom of Northumbria, at that time including, in modern terms, northern England as well as south-eastern Scotland as far north as the Firth of Forth.
Afterwards he became one of the most important medieval saints of England, his cult being centred at Durham Cathedral.
Cuthbert is regarded as the patron saint of northern England.
His feast day is 20 March.
In 676 he began the life of a hermit and retired to a cave on Lindisfarne.
After a time he settled on one of the Farne Islands, south of Lindisfarne, and made his life more simple.
In 684, Cuthbert was chosen to be bishop of Lindisfarne, at a synod at Twyford (believed to be present-day Alnmouth), but was unwilling to leave his retirement and take up his charge.
It was only after a visit from a large group, including King Ecgfrith, that he agreed to return and take up the duties of bishop.
He was consecrated at York on 26 March 685.
After Christmas, 686, however, he returned to his cell on Inner Farne Island, which was where he eventually died on 20 March 687 AD.
He was buried at Lindisfarne, and his remains later moved to Durham Cathedral.
The Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary the Virgin and St Cuthbert of Durham (usually known as Durham Cathedral) is a cathedral in the city of Durham, England, the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Durham.
The Bishopric dates from 995, with the present cathedral being founded in AD 1093.
The cathedral is known as one of the finest examples of Norman architecture.
The present cathedral replaces the 10th century "White Church" built as part of a monastic foundation to house the shrine of Saint Cuthbert of Lindisfarne.
The treasures of Durham Cathedral include relics of St Cuthbert, the head of St Oswald of Northumbria and the remains of the Venerable Bede.
The cathedral is a major tourist attraction, the central tower of 217 feet (66 m) giving views of Durham and the surrounding area.
Lofoten is an archipelago and a traditional district in the county of Nordland, Norway.
Though lying within the Arctic Circle, Lofoten has one of the world's largest higher temperature anomalies relative to its high latitude.
Lofoten is well known for its natural beauty within Norway.
Lofoten includes the municipalities of .
The main islands, running from north to south, are
Southern tip of Hinnøya.
Southern 60% (approx.)
of Austvågøy (526.7 km² in total ),
Gimsøy (46.4 km² ),
Vestvågøy (411.1 km² ),
Flakstadøya (109.8 km² ),
Moskenesøya (185.9 km² ),
whilst further to the south are the small and isolated islands of Værøy and Røst.
The total land area amounts to 1,227 km², and the population totals 24,500.
Between the mainland and the Lofoten archipelago is the vast, open Vestfjord, and to the north is Vesterålen.
The main towns in Lofoten are Leknes in Vestvågøy and Svolvær in Vågan.
The islands have for more than 1,000 years been the centre of great cod fisheries, especially in winter, when the cod migrate south from the Barents Sea and gather in Lofoten to spawn.
In the lowland areas, particularly Vestvågøy, agriculture is important and has been so since the Bronze Age.
Lofotrådet (in Norwegian)
Turisme- og begivenhetsinformasjon om Lofoten (in Norwegian)
Miljøstatus i Norge: Lofoten og Barentshavet (in Norwegian)
Lofot-Tidende online (in Norwegian)
The black hole information paradox is a phenomenon in astrophysics.
It is when quantum mechanics and general relativity are put together.
In 2004, Stephen Hawking introduced the studies which supported the theory.
This phenomenon states that the information of a physical system can be lost when it enters a black hole.
The object that falls into a black hole, only keeps information about its spin, mass and charge.
However, quantum mechanics suggests that information cannot be lost.
This makes it a paradox and serious problem.
It is said that all objects that fall into a black hole are reset.
CAE Global Academy Brussels Sabena Flight Academy is a Belgian flight school created in 1953.
It is in Steenokkerzeel (Brussels Airport).
The school trains airline pilot and is part of CAE Global Academy.
The Belgian national aviation school
The origins of the creation of a school providing training for future airline pilots start in 1953, when the Belgian government, which owns the aircraft, contracted the operation thereof to Sabena under the name École d’aviation civile (EAC).
The theoretical and flight training parts are conducted at the airfield of Grimbergen in a building which no longer exists.
Basic training is done through the De Havilland DH82A "Tiger Moth" replaced in 1968 by Siai Marchetti SF260, while the advanced training is entrusted to the Saab Safir 91B, replaced in 1958 by the Cessna 310B and in 1981 by the Embraer Xingu.
The Sabena airline flight school
In 1991, the government gives the École d’aviation civile  to Sabena airline.
It is renowned first Belgian Aviation School and then Sabena Air Training Center, and the school moved into a new building at Brussels National Airport.
It was decided to carry out practical training in flight to Phoenix in U.S.A because the weather in Arizona allows flights 365 days per year in a high and complex air traffic.
Despite the bankruptcy of Sabena in 2001, the activities didn't stop.
In 2004, the school was sold to two former managers of Sabena and became the Sabena Flight Academy.
The acquisition by CAE
It is finally absorbed in 2008 by the Canadian group CAE.
The acquisition of SFA by CAE was conducted as part of a larger program to complete a global training network: the CAE Global Academy.
Olivier Wilmart, De Sabena à Air France, Éditions Racine, 2002, 285 p. ()
Olivier Wilmart, La nuque bleue, Éditions Racine, 2007, 196 p. ()
Willy Buysse, Marguerite Coppens, Etienne Reunis, Frans Van Humbeek, Michel Wautelet, Sabena, le progrès venait du ciel, Bruxelles, Borgerhoff & Lamberigts, 2011, 224 p. ()
Nicolas Tenoux (SFA 2011), 6 mois dans la vie d’un Pilote de ligne: Les secrets du quotidien..., 15 April 2020, Amazon, 51p., (),
p. 12
Nicolas Tenoux (SFA 2011), 6 months in the life of an Airline pilot: Daily life secrets …, 2020, Amazon, 77p., (),
CAE Oxford Aviation Academy Sabena Flight Academy website
The 1988 Pacific hurricane season officially started May 15, 1988 in the eastern Pacific, and June 1, 1988 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1988.
Despite there being twenty-three tropical cyclones, there were very few notable storms this year.
Only four storms came anywhere near to threatening land.
Tropical Storm Aletta and Hurricane Kristy both caused minor flooding in Mexico.
Elsewhere, Uleki was a central north Pacific hurricane that crossed the dateline and became a typhoon.
In addition, Tropical Depression Seventeen-E and Tropical Storm Miriam both entered from the Atlantic Ocean, were they were called Hurricane Debby and Hurricane Joan, respectively.
Unisys Weather archive for the Eastern Pacific, 1988
A period 5 element is an element in the fifth period (row) of the periodic table.
It contains 18 elements, beginning at Rubidium and ending at Xenon.
Period 5 elements have electrons in the first five electron shells.
All period 5 elements have one or more electrons in the fifth electron shell (valence electrons).
Two electrons join the 5s orbital, ten electrons join the 4d orbital, and six electrons join the 5p orbitals.
A period 6 element is an element in the sixth period (row) of the periodic table.
It contains 32 elements, beginning at Caesium and ending with Radon.
The Lanthanides (also called the rare earth elements) are part of this period.
The lanthanides stretch from lanthanum (57) to lutetium (71).
Period 6 elements have electrons in the first six electron shells.
All period 6 elements have one or more electrons in the sixth electron shell (valence electrons).
Two electrons join the 6s orbital, 14 electrons join the 4f orbital, ten electrons join the 5d orbital, and six electrons join the 6p orbitals.
A period 7 element is an element in the seventh period (row) of the periodic table.
It contains  32 elements, beginning at francium and ending with oganesson.
The Actinides are part of this period.
They are all really radioactive.
As of 2016, period 7 elements are the last period of elements that have been made.
Period 7 elements have electrons in the first seven electron shells.
All period 7 elements have one or more electrons in the seventh electron shell (valence electrons).
Two electrons join the 7s orbital, 14 electrons join the 5f orbital, ten electrons join the 6d orbital, and six electrons join the 7p orbitals.
Caroline Wozniacki (born 11 July 1990) is a Danish professional tennis player.
As of January 2018, she is the number 2 ranked female tennis player in the world.
She used to be world number one.
In her career, she has won one Grand Slam (2018 Australian Open) and 23 singles tournaments on the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Tour.
She also reached the finals of the 2009 and 2014 U.S. Open.
She lost to Kim Clijsters and Serena Williams.
Wozniacki was born in Odense to Polish Catholic immigrant parents.
She was engaged to golfer Rory McIlroy until 2014.
Algeciras is a city in the south of Spain.
Is on the Mediterranean coast, in the Bay of Gibraltar.
It is also the most important port in the country.
In 2009, about 116,209 people lived in the city.
The municipal area is 86 km².
It is approximately 20 km to the north of Africa.
It was founded by phoenicians.
Named Iulia Traducta by the Romans in the First Century.
In 711, Arab from the North of Africa invaded the city and renamed it Al-Yazirat al-Hadra (green island).
In 1344 the city was conquered by Alfonso XI of Castile but it was reconquered by moors in 1369, ten years before Algeciras was destroyed.
Luke Mitchell (born 17 April 1985) is an Australian actor from Queensland.
Now living in Sydney, he is known for his role as Romeo Smith on the soap opera Home and Away.
He is presently dating his co-star Rebecca Breeds who plays Ruby Buckton on Home and Away.
|2006/07 ||rowspan="2"| Sunderland || The Football League ||18||1
|2007/08|| Premier League ||15||0
|2008/09 ||rowspan="3"| Manchester United ||rowspan="3"| Premier League ||17||0
|2009/10||18||0
|2010/11||13||0
Daniel (Danny) Nii Tackie Mensah Welbeck (born 26 November 1990) is an English international footballer who plays for Manchester United.
Welbeck debuted for Manchester United in a league match against Sunderland.
Rôle:Attaquant
Rafael Pereira da Silva (born 9 July 1990) is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Manchester United.
An Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) is an area of countryside considered to have significant landscape value in England, Wales or Northern Ireland.
Natural England designates them on behalf of the United Kingdom government.
Natural Resources Wales designates them on behalf of the Welsh Government.
The Northern Ireland Environment Agency designates them on behalf of the Northern Ireland Executive.
The chief purpose of the AONB designation is to conserve and enhance the natural beauty of the landscape, with two secondary aims: meeting the need for quiet enjoyment of the countryside and having regard for the interests of those who live and work there.
To achieve these aims, AONBs rely on planning controls and practical countryside management.
As they have the same landscape quality, AONBs may be compared to the national parks of England and Wales.
AONBs are created under the same legislation as the national parks, the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949.
Unlike AONBs, national parks have their own authorities, have special legal powers to prevent unsympathetic development, and are well known to many inhabitants of England, Wales and Northern Ireland.
There are 35 AONBs in England, four in Wales, one (Wye Valley) that is in both England and Wales and nine in Northern Ireland.
The first AONB was awarded in 1956 to the Gower Peninsula, south Wales.
The most recently confirmed is the Tamar Valley AONB in 1994.
The smallest AONB is the Isles of Scilly (1976), , and the largest AONB is the Cotswolds (1966), .
The AONBs of England and Wales together cover around 18% of the countryside in the two countries.
National Association for AONBs
Interactive map of AONBs
This precursor of modern chess originated in the northern Indian subcontinent during the Gupta empire. '
Chaturanga' translates as 'the four divisions', meaning infantry, cavalry, elephantry, and chariotry.
They were the four divisions of an Indian army at the time, and no doubt the game was thought of as a war-game.
At that time the game had no female piece: what we now call the queen was called Mantri, meaning a minister or advisor.
The game eventually spread to the rest of the world after the Muslim conquest of Persia.
It was then called Shatranj.
From the beginning until the end of the 15th century the pieces we call bishops and queens had limited movement, and it took longer to get the pieces into action.
In modern chess, the original pieces evolved into the modern pawn, knight, bishop, and rook, respectively.p173; p74
An  ice cap is a large mass of ice.
Ice caps cover less than 50 000 km² of land area.
Sheets of ice covering more than 50 000 km² are called ice sheets.
es:Campos de hielo
Carbon–hydrogen bond activation or C-H activation is a reaction that breaks a carbon–hydrogen bond.
Most times, the reaction involves organometallic complexes.