the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Brushfoots get their name from their front pair of legs.
This pair of legs is reduced.
They do not have claws at the end.
Only the middle and last pair of legs are used for walking.
This is why they are called brush-footed butterflies or four-footed butterflies.
Many species are brightly colored and include popular species such as the emperors, admirals, tortoiseshells, and fritillaries.
Most hold their colourful wings flat when they are at rest.
However, the underwings are often dull; in some species they look just like dead leaves, or are much paler.
So when they raise their wings in the normal butterfly position, this cryptic effect helps the butterfly disappear into its surroundings.
Apaturinae – Hackberry butterflies and Emperors
Biblidinae – Tropical Brushfoots
Calinaginae
Charaxinae – Leafwings
Cyrestinae
Danainae – Milkweed butterflies
Heliconiinae – Heliconiians and Fritillaries
Ithomiinae (sometimes placed in the subfamily Danainae as a tribe (a tribe is a ranking between family and genus))
Libytheinae – Snout butterflies
Limenitidinae – Admirals and Sisters
Morphinae – Morphos (sometimes placed in the subfamily Satyrinae as a tribe)
Nymphalinae – Buckeyes, Eggflies, Checkerspots, Crescents, Anglewings, and Ladies
Satyrinae – Satyrs and Browns.
Some example species
Aglais urticae – Small Tortoiseshell
Apatura iris – Purple Emperor
Danaus plexippus – Monarch
Hamadryas amphinome – Red Cracker
Inachis io – Peacock
Junonia coenia – Common Buckeye
Libytheana carinenta – American Snout or Common Snout
Limenitis archippus – Viceroy
Morpho menelaus – Blue Morpho
Nymphalis antiopa – Mourning Cloak or Camberwell Beauty
Speyeria cybele – Great Spangled Fritillary
Vanessa cardui – Painted Lady
Vanessa atalanta – Red Admiral
Nymphalidae at Tree of Life
Schäfer came to the youth teams of 1860 Munich when he was 16 years old.
In 2003 he played his first and only Bundesliga match for Munich.
After the Bundesliga season 2003-04, 1860 Munich was relegated to the 2.
Schäfer played three more years for Munich.
In 2007 he went back to the Bundesliga and came to V.f.
L. Wolfsburg.
They won their first German Championship in 2009.
Schäfer plays for the German national football team since the year 2008.
His first international match was against England on 19 November 2008.
Marcel Schäfer's website (in German)
Marcel Schäfer on fussballdaten.de (in German)
Dred Scott (1799 – September 17, 1858) was a slave in the United States of America who took legal action to get his freedom in the Dred Scott v. Sanford case.
His case was rejected by the Supreme Court.
Many people were angry at the decision, and slavery became one of the main issues in the American Civil War a few years later.
Slavery was ended after the Confederate States of America surrendered.
Hannah Montana: The Movie is a 2009 American musical movie.
It is based on the teen sitcom Hannah Montana.
The film stars Miley Cyrus.
It is about a girl named, Miley Stewart, that is living the secret life of Hannah Montana.
It starts with that she makes a mistake and comes late to her best friends, Lily, birthday party, dressed as Hannah.
All attention goes to her, and Lily gets disappointed.
As Hannah tries to make it up for Lily, she gets an offer to fly to New York with her manager Vanessa Williams but Miley's father Billy Ray Cyrus has other plans.
His mother's birthday is coming up in Tennessee and he his clear that Miley will go, too.
She complains and complains, which leads to her thinking she can go to New York, but is fooled by her father who drives her and her brother to Tennessee.
When they get there, Miley is seeing things in a different way and when she meets Trevor, a sweet guy she has known from her younger age, everything changes.
Not to mention, the crazy journalist that is stalking her for a story that is supposed to bring her down.
Movies directed by Peter Chelsom
Louis Eugene Farrakhan (born May 11, 1933) is an American religious leader, political activist and writer, black nationalist and social commentator.
He is the leader of the religious group known as The Nation of Islam, which is based on an African-American interpretation of Islam.
Many people say that he was involved in a plot to kill Malcolm X. He is known for his antisemitism views and anti-White views.
In 2007, he retired.
Farrakhan was born Louis Eugene Wolcott in The Bronx, New York.
He started playing the violin when he was six years old.
He went to the Boston Latin School.
Farrakhan now lives in Kenwood, Chicago.
In 1953, he married Khadijah Farrakhan.
Nation of Islam's Official Louis Farrakhan Bio Sketch
Final Call Newspaper, founded by Louis Farrakhan
Louis Farrakhan's weekly news column
The Synod of Dort was a national council that took place in 1618-1619 in the town of Dordrecht in the Netherlands.
The Dutch Reformed Church held the meeting in order to discuss a very important issue in the Dutch churches that begin with the teachings of Jacobus Arminius and the rise of Arminianism.
The first meeting was on November 13, 1618, and the last meeting, which was the 154th, took place on May 9, 1619.
Members from the Reformed churches in eight different countries were also invited to this meeting.
The name Dort is the English name for the Dutch town of Dordrecht and is still used as the pronunciation of the name today.
This synod, or meeting, is usually called the Synod of Dordt or the Synod of Dordrecht.
The reason that this meeting was called was to settle an issue that had just been brought up in the Dutch churches after the spread of Arminianism.
After Jacob Arminius died, people that believed the same way that he did objected to the Belgic Confession and the teachings of John Calvin and Theodore Beza.
Arminius's followers published their problems with the Confession in a paper called The Remonstrance of 1610.
The followers of the things listed in this document were called Remonstrants.
Calvinists, who followed the teachings of John Calvin, became known as Contra-Remonstrants.
In The Remonstrance and some later writing, the Arminians wrote about an alternative to the Calvinist Belgic Confession and mentioned several things that they disagreed with.
They taught election on the basis of God knowing who would have faith, a universal atonement, resistible grace and the possibility of walking away from grace.
Simon Episopius was the speaker for the 13 members of the Remonstrants who were called to the Synod in 1618.
The end of the meetings and the Canon of Dort
The meetings concluded with the views of the Remonstrants being rejected and set out the Reformed doctrine on each of the points.
These are sometimes called the Five points of Calvinism and are remembered by the five letters "TULIP".
The Decision of the Synod of Dort on the Five Main Points of Doctrine in Dispute in the Netherlands, known as the Canons of Dort, is the reasoning behind the decisions made by the Synod.
The Canons are not supposed to be an absolute explanation of the Reformed doctrine, but only explain the five points of doctrine that were being argued over.
Canons of Dort  at CRC home
Canons of Dort at Reformed.org
Jacobus Arminius (October 10, 1560 – October 19, 1609), is the Latin name of the Dutch theologian Jakob Hermanszoon.
He is also known by the names of Jacob Arminius or James Arminius.
Arminius was a professor of theology at the University of Leiden from 1603 until he died in 1609.
He wrote many books and papers on theology, which is the study of God, and his views became the basis for the Dutch Remonstrants.
After he died, his views on theology were most widely known for being the opposite of the five points of Calvinism, though Arminius only objected to three: unconditional election, limited atonement, and irresistible grace; and he doubted the perseverance of the saints.
His view on total depravity agreed with John Calvin, only changing the view held by Calvinists a small amount.
Arminius was born at Oudewater, Utrecht.
His father Herman died when Arminius was a baby, leaving his wife (and Jacob's mother) as a single mother with small children.
Theodorus Aemilius, a priest, adopted Jacobus and sent him to school at Utrecht.
His mother was killed by the Spanish in Oudewater in 1575.
About that same year the kindness of his friends allowed him to go study theology at the University of Leiden.
The Works of James Arminius, Vol.
"Who Was Arminius?"
by W. Robert Godfrey (a Calvinist view)
Profile page for Jacobus Arminius on the "Find A Grave" website
1609 deaths
People from Utrecht (province)
Richart Báez (born 31 July 1973) is a former Paraguayan football player.
|1995||Olimpia||Primera División||||
|1996||Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 1||9||3
|1997||Universidad Chile||Primera División||||
|1998||Audax Italiano La Florida||Primera División||||
|1998/99||América||Primera División||24||3
|1999||rowspan="2"|Olimpia||rowspan="2"|Primera División||||
|2000/01||Atlético Celaya||Primera División||10||0
|2001||rowspan="3"|Olimpia||rowspan="3"|Primera División||||
|2003||||
|2004||12 Octubre||Primera División||||
|2004/05||Municipal||Liga Nacional||3||0
|2005||Sportivo Luqueño||Primera División||||
Mustapha Hadji (born 16 November 1971) is a Moroccan football player.
He has played for Morocco national team.
|1991/92||rowspan="5"|Nancy-Lorraine||Division 1||0||0
|1992/93||rowspan="4"|Division 2||32||6
|1994/95||28||3
|1995/96||37||11
|1996/97||Sporting Portugal||Portuguese Liga||27||3
|1997/98||rowspan="2"|Deportivo La Coruña||rowspan="2"|La Liga||10||0
|1998/99||21||2
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Coventry City||rowspan="2"|Premier League||33||6
|2000/01||29||6
|2001/02||rowspan="3"|Aston Villa||rowspan="3"|Premier League||23||2
|2003/04||Espanyol Barcelona||La Liga||16||1
|2004/05||Al-Ain||UAE League||15||5
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Saarbrücken||2.
Bundesliga||30||4
|2006/07||||24||6
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Fola Esch||Division of Honour||25||17
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|National Division||17||7
Moroccan footballers
Alexi Lalas (born June 1, 1970) is a former American soccer player.
|1994/95||rowspan="2"|Padova||rowspan="2"|Serie A||33||2
|1996||rowspan="2"|New England Revolution||rowspan="2"|Major League Soccer||25||1
|1997||30||2
|1997||rowspan="2"|Emelec||rowspan="2"|Serie A||||
|1998||MetroStars||Major League Soccer||25||2
|1999||Kansas City Wizards||Major League Soccer||30||4
|2001||rowspan="3"|Los Angeles Galaxy||rowspan="3"|Major League Soccer||11||2
|2002||26||4
|1993||25||4
|1994||22||1
|1995||12||2
Total||96||9
Christian Wilhelmsson (born 8 December 1979) is a Swedish football player.
He plays for Al-Hilal and Sweden national team.
|1997||rowspan="3"|Mjällby||rowspan="3"|Division 1||6||0
|1998||21||4
|1999||25||7
|2000||rowspan="4"|Stabæk||rowspan="4"|Premier League||24||9
|2001||25||6
|2002||26||6
|2003/04||rowspan="3"|Anderlecht||rowspan="3"|First Division||27||4
|2005/06||31||5
|2006/07||Nantes Atlantique||Ligue 1||13||0
|2006/07||Roma||Serie A||19||1
|2007/08||Bolton Wanderers||Premier League||8||0
|2007/08||Deportivo La Coruña||La Liga||15||1
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Al-Hilal||rowspan="2"|Professional League||||
Total||59||4
Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (9 November 1818 - 3 September 1883) was a Russian writer, most famous for his novel Fathers and Sons.
Turgenev was born into a rich land-owning family in Oryol, Russia, on 9 November 1818.
His father died when Turgenev was sixteen.
He and his brother Nicholas were brought up by their mother.
She did not treat them well.
Turgenev went to the University of Moscow for one year and then moved to the University of Saint Petersburg, where he studied Classics and Russian Literature.
In 1838 he went to the University of Berlin to study philosophy and history.
Turgenev liked Germany and thought Russia should change their social system to be more like Germany’s.
The 1840s and 1850s were hard times for writers and artists in Russia.
The political system did not allow them to express themselves as they wanted to.
Many intelligent Russians left the country and went to England, France and Germany.
In 1852 Turgenev himself was put in prison for a month for praising Nikolai Gogol – a famous Russian writer who had been criticised by the ruling powers in the country.
In 1854, Turgenev moved to Western Europe and started writing his novel Rudin, which complained about the Russia of the 1840s and 1850s.
The political system in Russia changed in 1855 when Alexander II took over power from his father Nicholas I. Writers and artists had more freedom from this time.
In 1860 one of Turgenev’s most famous novels, First Love, was published.
In 1862, Fathers and Sons, Turgenev’s most famous novel, appeared.
Many people did not like the novel which upset Turgenev and he began to write less.
Smoke was published in 1867, but again was not popular in Russia.
In later life, Turgenev did not live in Russia much.
He lived either at Baden-Baden or Paris, often near the singer Pauline Viardot, who he was having an affair with.
He never married, but he did have a daughter with one of his family’s servants.
Turgenev died near Paris on 3 September 1883.
On his deathbed he told Leo Tolstoy to start writing again.
Turgenev had an awkward relationship with two other famous Russian writers – Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoevsky.
Tolstoy and Dostoevsky criticised Turgenev for liking Western Europe and its literature more than Russian literature.
Turgenev was also close to the French writer Gustave Flaubert.
1857 - Rudin (Рудин), English translation: Rudin
1859 - Dvoryanskoye Gnezdo (Дворянское гнездо), English translation: A Nest of Gentlefolk
1860 - Nakanune (Накануне), English translation: On the Eve
1862 - Ottsy i Deti (Отцы и дети); English translation: Fathers and Sons
1867 - Dym (Дым); English translation: Smoke
1877 - Nov (Новь); English translation: Virgin Soil
Works by & about Ivan Turgenev at Internet Archive (scanned books original editions color illustrated)
Gutenberg.org (plain text and HTML)
Kim Jung-Woo (born 9 May 1982) is a South Korean professional athlete.
|2003||rowspan="3"|Ulsan Hyundai Horang-i||rowspan="3"|K-League||34||1||4||0||colspan="2"|-||38||1
|2004||18||0||4||0||0||0||22||0
|2005||23||0||1||0||9||0||33||0
|2006||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||25||3||1||0||4||0||30||3
|2007||27||4||1||0||2||0||30||4
|2008||rowspan="2"|Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma||rowspan="2"|K-League||22||4||2||0||8||1||32||5
|2009||25||3||5||1||7||2||37||6
|2010||Gwangju Sangmu||K-League||||||||||||||||
Kim Jung Woo at FIFA.com
Marek Špilár (11 February 1975 – 7 September 2013) was a former Slovak football player.
He has played for Slovakia national team.
|1993/94||rowspan="2"|Petra Drnovice||rowspan="2"|Gambrinus liga||1||0
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Tatran Prešov||rowspan="2"|Superliga||27||0
|1996/97||26||6
|1997/98||rowspan="3"|Košice||rowspan="3"|Superliga||25||0
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Baník Ostrava||rowspan="2"|Gambrinus liga||23||0
|2001/02||Sigma Olomouc||Gambrinus liga||8||0
|2002/03||rowspan="4"|Brugge||rowspan="4"|First Division||6||0
|2006||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||21||1
Andrej Panadić (born 9 March 1969) is a former Croatian football player.
He has played for Yugoslavia's national team.
|1988/89||rowspan="3"|Dinamo Zagreb||rowspan="3"|First League||28||3
|1989/90||30||4
|1990/91||18||0
|1992||HAŠK-Građanski||Prva HNL||20||0
|1992/93||rowspan="2"|Croatia Zagreb||rowspan="2"|Prva HNL||29||3
|1993/94||23||4
|1994/95||rowspan="2"|Chemnitzer FC||rowspan="2"|2.
Bundesliga||32||3
|1995/96||33||2
|1996/97||Uerdingen||2.
Bundesliga||31||2
|1997/98||rowspan="5"|Hamburger SV||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||13||2
|1998/99||26||2
|2001/02||Sturm Graz||Bundesliga||14||1
|2002||rowspan="3"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||22||0
|2003||26||3
Yugoslavian sportspeople
Franck Durix (born 20 October 1965) is a former French football player.
Kim Sang-Woo (born 18 May 1987) is a South Korean professional athlete.
He is best known as an association football player..
|2006||rowspan="2"|Tokushima Vortis||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||7||1||0||0||7||1
|2007||24||0||0||0||24||0
Shigeru Yokotani (born 3 May 1987) is a Japanese football player.
|2006||rowspan="2"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|2008||rowspan="2"|Ehime||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||36||2||2||0||colspan="2"|-||38||2
|2009||45||6||1||0||colspan="2"|-||46||6
|2010||Gamba Osaka||J. League 1||||||||||||||||
His brother Kodai Yasuda is also a footballer.
Yasuda was born in Osaka Prefecture on December 20, 1987.
He joined J1 League club Gamba Osaka from their youth team in 2006.
He played many matches as left side back from 2007.
In Asia, the club won the champions in 2008 AFC Champions League which is first Asian title in the club history.
In 2011, he moved to Dutch Eredivisie club Vitesse.
Although he played many matches until the 2011/12 season, he could not play many matches in the 2012/13 season.
He returned to Japan in summer 2013 and joined Júbilo Iwata.
From 2014, he played for Sagan Tosu, Vissel Kobe and Nagoya Grampus.
In 2017, he moved to K League Challenge club Busan IPark.
In 2018, he returned to Japan and played for J2 League club Albirex Niigata and JEF United Chiba.
In 2007, Yasuda was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2007 U-20 World Cup and played all 4 matches.
He played 7 games and scored 1 goals for Japan until 2011.
|2006||rowspan="5"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="5"|J1 League||2||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|2007||29||0||3||0||9||1||colspan="2"|-||41||1
|2008||26||0||4||0||3||0||9||2||42||2
|2009||22||0||4||0||2||0||7||1||35||1
|2010||32||1||5||0||2||0||7||1||46||2
|2010/11||rowspan="3"|Vitesse||rowspan="3"|Eredivisie||15||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|2011/12||23||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||27||0
|2012/13||7||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0||12||0
|2013||Júbilo Iwata||J1 League||7||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0
|2014||Sagan Tosu||J1 League||33||1||3||0||3||1||colspan="2"|-||39||2
|2015||Vissel Kobe||J1 League||12||0||2||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||20||0
|2016||Nagoya Grampus||J1 League||22||0||1||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||27||0
|2017||Busan IPark||K League Challenge||21||1||4||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||25||1
|2018||Albirex Niigata||J2 League||30||6||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||31||6
|2019||rowspan="3"|JEF United Chiba||rowspan="3"|J2 League||4||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|2020||31||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||31||1
Yamaguchi was born in Kumamoto Prefecture on November 19, 1971.
After dropped out from Kindai University, he joined J1 League club Gamba Osaka in 1993.
He became a regular player from 1994.
He moved to Kyoto Purple Sanga in 1996 and played until 1997.
In June 1998, he signed with Sanfrecce Hiroshima.
The club won the 2nd place at 1999 Emperor's Cup.
On July 8, 1994, Yamaguchi debuted for the Japan national team against Ghana.
He also played at 1995 King Fahd Cup.
He played 4 games for Japan until 1995.
|1993||rowspan="4"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="4"|J1 League||6||1||2||3||5||2||13||6
|1994||39||16||4||0||3||0||46||16
|1995||41||9||0||0||colspan="2"|-||41||9
|1996||11||0||0||0||0||0||11||0
|1996||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="2"|J1 League||9||0||2||0||11||0||22||0
|1997||7||1||2||0||4||0||13||1
|1998||rowspan="3"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="3"|J1 League||17||2||3||0||0||0||20||2
|1999||26||2||2||0||3||0||31||2
Takuya Kokeguchi (born 13 July 1985) is a Japanese football player.
He plays for Kataller Toyama.
|2004||rowspan="4"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||21||1||1||0||2||0||24||1
|2005||16||1||2||0||2||0||20||1
|2006||16||0||1||0||2||0||19||0
|2007||J. League 2||27||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||27||1
|2008||JEF United Ichihara Chiba||J. League 1||9||0||0||0||3||0||12||0
|2009||Cerezo Osaka||J. League 2||6||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||6||1
|2010||Kataller Toyama||J. League 2||||||||||||||||
Hogar CREA is a group that helps drug addicts break their habits.
It was started in Puerto Rico in 1968 by Javier Garcia Rios "CheJuan".
It spread to several Latin American countries and to the US in the early 80's but is on the decline in the US.
"CREA" is based on the idea of who to better treat drug addiction than an addict.
Many people believe that it is a money making scam.
Photorespiration, or "'photo-respiration'", is a process in plant metabolism.
A sugar has oxygen added to it by the enzyme (RuBisCO), instead of carbon dioxide during normal photosynthesis.
This process reduces efficiency of photosynthesis.
Photorespiration can occur when carbon dioxide levels are low, for example, when the stomata are closed to prevent water loss during drought.
In most plants, photorespiration increases as temperature increases.
Photorespiration produces no ATP and leads to a net loss of carbon and nitrogen (as ammonia), slowing plant growth.
Weismann is much admired today.
Ernst Mayr thought he was "one of the great biologists of all time", and ranked him "the second most notable evolutionary theorist of the 19th century", after Charles Darwin.
Weismann's barrier
Weismann advocated the germ plasm theory.
According to this, inheritance only takes place by means of the germ cells  the gametes, such as egg cells and sperm cells.
Other cells of the body (somatic cells or soma) are not agents of heredity.
The effect is one-way: germ cells produce somatic cells, and more germ cells.
The germ cells are not affected by anything the somatic cells learn or any ability the body acquires during its life.
Genetic information cannot pass from soma to germ plasm and on to the next generation.
This idea, if true, rules out the inheritance of acquired characteristics as proposed by Lamarck.
The idea of the Weismann barrier is central to the modern evolutionary synthesis, though it is not expressed today in the same terms.
In Weismann's opinion the random process of mutation in the gametes (or stem cells which make them) is the only source of change for natural selection to work on.
Weismann was one of the first biologists to deny the inheritance of acquired characters entirely.
Weismann's ideas came before the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's work.
Though Weismann was cagey about accepting Mendelism, younger workers soon made the connection.
German work on cells
Weismann's demarkation between germ-line and soma rested on the work of (mostly) German biologists during the second half of the 19th century.
This was the time that the mechanisms of cell division began to be understood.
Eduard Strasburger, Walther Flemming, and the Belgian Edouard Van Beneden laid the basis for the cytology and cytogenetics of the 20th century.
Strasburger, the outstanding botanical physiologist of that century, coined the terms nucleus and cytoplasm.
He said "new cell nuclei can only arise from the division of other cell nuclei".
Van Beneden discovered how chromosomes combined at meiosis, during the production of gametes.
Walther Flemming, the founder of cytogenetics, named mitosis, and pronounced "omne nucleus e nuclei" (which means the same as Strasburger's dictum).
The discovery of mitosis, meiosis and chromosomes is regarded as one of the 100 most important scientific discoveries of all times, and one of the 10 most important discoveries in cell biology.
Meiosis was discovered and described for the first time in sea urchin eggs in 1876, by Oscar Hertwig.
It was described again in 1883, at the level of chromosomes, by Van Beneden in Ascaris eggs.
The significance of meiosis for reproduction and inheritance, however, was first described in 1890 by Weismann, who noted that two cell divisions were necessary to transform one diploid cell into four haploid cells if the number of chromosomes had to be maintained.
Thus the work of the earlier cytologists laid the ground for Weismann, who turned his mind to the consequences for evolution, which was an aspect the cytologists had not addressed.
All this took place before the work of Mendel had been rediscovered.
People from Frankfurt
Theodor Heinrich Boveri (12 October 1862 – 15 October 1915) was a German biologist who made discoveries in cytology, embryology and genetics.
His career was devoted to the processes whereby a new individual arises from parental reproductive materials.
His work with sea urchins showed that it was necessary to have all chromosomes present in order for proper development of the embryo to take place.
His other significant discovery was the centrosome (1888), which he described as the especial organ of cell division.
Boveri also discovered the phenomenon of chromatin diminution during embryonic development of the nematode Parascaris.
Boveri–Sutton hypothesis
1902–1904: Boveri, in a series of papers, drew attention to the correspondence between the behaviour of chromosomes and the results obtained by Mendel.
He said that chromosomes were "independent entities which retain their independence even in the resting nucleus... What comes out of the nucleus is what goes into it".
In 1903 Walter Sutton suggested that chromosomes, which segregate in a Mendelian fashion, are hereditary units.
E.B. Wilson, who was Sutton's teacher, called this the Sutton–Boveri hypothesis.
Fritz Baltzer. (
excerpt from Theodor Boveri: The life of a great biologist, 1862-1915 .
University of California Press, Berkeley; pp.
85–97.
Sir Fred Hoyle  (24 June 1915 – 20 August 2001) was an English astronomer.
He is noted mainly for being the first man to think of the idea that nuclear fusion might happen in stars, like our Sun.
In addition to his work as an astronomer, Hoyle was a writer of science fiction, including a number of books co-written with his son Geoffrey Hoyle.
Fred Hoyle gave the Big Bang theory its name in a radio broadcast.
Fellow of the Royal Society (March, 1957) [27]
Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1968)
Bakerian Lecture (1968)
Bruce Medal (1970)
Henry Norris Russell Lectureship (1971)
Jansky Lectureship before the National Radio Astronomy Observatory
Knighthood (1972)
President of the Royal Astronomical Society (1971–1973)
Royal Medal (1974)
Klumpke-Roberts Award of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (1977)
Balzan Prize for Astrophysics: evolution of stars (1994, with Martin Schwarzschild)
Crafoord Prize from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, with Edwin Salpeter (1997)
Edmund Beecher Wilson (Geneva, Illinois, 19 October 1856 – 3 March 1939) was a pioneering American zoologist and cell biologist.
He wrote one of the most famous textbooks in the history of modern biology, The Cell.
Wilson graduated from Yale in 1878.
He earned his doctorate at Johns Hopkins in 1881.
He was a lecturer at Williams College in 1883–84 and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1884–85.
He served as professor of biology at Bryn Mawr College from 1885 to 1891.
In 1898 he used the similarity in embryos to describe evolutionary relationships.
By observing spiral cleavage in molluscs, flatworms and annelids he concluded that the same organs came from the same group of cells and concluded that all these organisms must have a common ancestor.
He also discovered the chromosomal XY sex-determination system in 1905—that males have XY and females XX sex chromosomes.
Sutton and Boveri
Wilson, who was Sutton's teacher, called this the Sutton–Boveri hypothesis.
Reginald Crundall Punnett FRS (Tonbridge, Kent, 20 June 1875 – Bilbrook, Somerset, 3 January 1967) was a British geneticist.
He became Professor of Biology and then Professor of Genetics at the University of Cambridge.
He co-founded, with William Bateson, the Journal of Genetics in 1910.
Punnett is probably best remembered today as the creator of the Punnett square, a tool still used by biologists to predict the probability of possible genotypes of offspring.
His Mendelism (1905) is sometimes said to have been the first textbook on genetics; it was probably the first popular science book to introduce genetics to the public.
Reginald Punnett was born in 1875 in the town of Tonbridge in Kent, England.
While recovering from a childhood bout of appendicitis, Punnett became acquainted with Jardine's Naturalist's Library and developed an interest in natural history.
Attending the University of Cambridge, Punnett earned a degree in zoology in 1898, and a masters in 1902.
Between these degrees he worked as a demonstrator and part-time lecturer at the University of St Andrews Natural History Department.
However, by 1902 Punnett was back at Cambridge working in zoology, primarily the study of nematode worms.
It was during this time that he and William Bateson began a research collaboration, which lasted several years.
When Punnett was an undergraduate, Gregor Mendel's work on inheritance was largely unknown and unappreciated by scientists.
However, in 1900, Mendel's work was rediscovered.
William Bateson became a proponent of Mendelian genetics, and had Mendel's work translated into English.
It was with Bateson that Reginald Punnett helped establish the new science of genetics at Cambridge.
He and Bateson co-discovered genetic linkage through experiments with chickens and pea plants.
In 1908, unable to explain how a dominant gene would not become fixed and ubiquitous in a population, Punnett introduced his problem to the mathematician G. H. Hardy, with whom he played cricket.
Hardy went on to formulate what became known as the Hardy–Weinberg law.
In 1910 Punnett became professor of biology at Cambridge, and then the first Arthur Balfour Professor of Genetics when Bateson left in 1912.
In the same year, Punnett was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.
He received the society's Darwin Medal in 1922.
During World War I, Punnett successfully applied his expertise to the problem of the early determination of gender in chickens.
Since only females were used for egg-production, early identification of male chicks, which were destroyed or separated for fattening, meant that limited animal-feed and other resources could be used more efficiently.
Punnett's work in this area was summarized in Heredity in Poultry (1923).
The phenotype (in this case the appearance) of the offspring would depend on whether and to what extent one of the alleles was dominant.
– a scanned copy of the second edition is here.
Heredity in Poultry 1923
A brief biographical sketch of Punnett
A briefer biographical sketch of Punnett
A brief history of the University of Cambridge's Department of Genetics
The Canons of Dort, also called the Canons of Dordrecht (full name: The Decision of the Synod of Dort on the Five Main Points of Doctrine in Dispute in the Netherlands) is the ruling of the National Synod (or meeting) that took place in the Dutch city of Dordrecht from 1618-1619.
Dordrecht is often called Dort in English.
Today, the Canons of Dort are part of the Three Forms of Unity, which is one of the confession standards of many of the Reformed churches around the world.
The Reformed churches continued use of the Canons as a standard keeps the Reformed churches from being in full harmony with the followers of Jacob Arminius, the Remonstrants and the Dutch Reformed Churches, who disagree with the Canons.
These Canons introduced the Five Points of Calvinism.
Books on the Canons
But for the Grace of God by Cornelis P. Venema
The Golden Chain of Salvation by John Bouwers
Unspeakable Comfort by Peter Feenstra
The Voice of our Fathers by Homer Hoeksema
The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination by Lorraine Boettner
The Synod of Dordt by Thomas Scott
The Canons of Dordt by Henry Peterson
The Five Points of Calvinism by David Steele and Curtis Thomas
The Works of John Owen, Vol.
''TULIP by William Jay Hornbeck II
English Translation of the Canons of Dort
Spanish Translation of the Canons of Dort
http://www.crcna.org/pages/dort_canons_main.cfm
Audio Recording of the Canons of Dort (mp3)
The Three Forms of Unity is the name that is given to the Belgic Confession, the Canons of Dort, and the Heidelberg Catechism.
These three works are about the doctrinal concerns of Continental Calvinism.
They are considered official statements of Church doctrine by many of the Reformed churches.
From 1618 to 1619, the Dutch government, acting for the Dutch Reformed Church, called a series of meetings that would come to be called the Synod of Dort.
Members from the Netherlands and twenty-seven members from eight other countries met at this Synod to discuss and come to an agreement on their views.
This agreement is known as the "Canons of Dort."
This meeting then added the Canons of Dort to two other documents, the Belgic Confession and the Heidelberg Catechism.
Those were both commonly used by the Dutch Church at this time.
to put in writing their understanding of the biblical teachings on the Trinity, the incarnation of Jesus, predestination, justification, and the Church,
to let members get together in unity around shared beliefs that are important to the faith,
to decide on certain ideas that are not essential (such as politics, education, etc.)
in the hopes of stopping the churches from splitting over things that are more minor.
the Heidelberg Catechism is written in a question-and-answer format so that it can easily explain different teachings in the Bible to children and those who are new to Christianity;
the Belgic Confession of Faith talks about different teachings in the Bible;
the Canons of Dort are a series of very technical responses to very specific arguments raised about God by the Dutch Remonstrants.
Text and description of the Three Forms from Philip Schaff's book Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches at the Christian Classics Ethereal Library:
Belgic Confession (in the original French with a translation into English)
Heidelberg Catechism (in the original German with a translation into English)
Canons of Dort (in the original Latin with a translation into English)
Audio Recordings of the Three Forms of Unity in MP3 form
Total depravity (also called total inability or total corruption) is a theological teaching that comes from Augustine's teachings on original sin.
It is the teaching that, since the Fall of Man, every person who has been born into the world is a slave of sin and, without the irresistible grace of God, it is not possible for man to choose to follow God or accept salvation as He freely offers it.
The Dordrecht Confession of Faith is a statement of faith that was created by Dutch Mennonite leaders at a meeting (also known as a Synod) in Dordrecht, Netherlands, on April 21, 1632.
It has 18 articles of faith that talk about the importance of salvation through Jesus Christ, baptism, nonviolence, feet washing, and not taking oaths.
It was a very important part of the Radical Reformation and is still a very important document to many Anabaptist groups today, such as the Amish.
In 1725, Jacob Gottshalk with sixteen other ministers from Pennsylvania and together they created the Dutch Mennonite Dordrecht Confession of Faith.
Dyck, Cornelius J. (1993), Mennonite History 3rd Ed.,
Herald Press
Mennolink article on confessions of faith
Dordrecht Confession of Faith translation and context in Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
|2003||Sagan Tosu||J. League 2||2||0
Martin Müller (born 6 November 1970) is a former Czech football player.
|1993/94||rowspan="3"|Union Cheb||rowspan="3"|Gambrinus liga||1||0
|1996/97||rowspan="4"|Petra Drnovice||rowspan="4"|Gambrinus liga||24||0
|1997/98||24||1
|2000/01||Drnovice||Gambrinus liga||12||0
|2000/01||rowspan="4"|Slavia Prague||rowspan="4"|Gambrinus liga||14||0
|2001/02||19||1
|2004/05||Chmel Blšany||Gambrinus liga||23||1
|2005||Vissel Kobe||J. League 1||12||0
|2005/06||Chmel Blšany||Gambrinus liga||13||0
Pavel Horváth (born 22 April 1975) is a Czech football player.
|1993/94||Sparta Prague||Gambrinus liga||1||0
|1993/94||Sklobižu Jablonec||2.
Liga||4||0
|1994/95||rowspan="3"|Jablonec||rowspan="3"|Gambrinus liga||26||5
|1996/97||rowspan="4"|Slavia Prague||rowspan="4"|Gambrinus liga||25||5
|1998/99||29||7
|1999/00||26||10
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Sporting Portugal||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||17||1
|2001/02||Galatasaray||Süper Lig||3||0
|2001/02||rowspan="3"|Teplice||rowspan="3"|Gambrinus liga||13||1
|2003/04||22||3
|2004||rowspan="3"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||14||6
|2005||24||3
|2006||J. League 2||22||3
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Sparta Prague||rowspan="2"|Gambrinus liga||20||2
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Viktoria Plzeň||rowspan="2"|Gambrinus liga||27||8
Bernard Genghini (born 18 January 1958) is a former French football player.
|1976/77||rowspan="6"|Sochaux-Montbéliard||rowspan="6"|Division 1||3||0
|1977/78||35||8
|1978/79||32||11
|1979/80||38||15
|1980/81||36||13
|1981/82||37||13
|1982/83||Saint-Étienne||Division 1||36||8
|1983/84||rowspan="3"|Monaco||rowspan="3"|Division 1||38||18
|1984/85||34||15
|1985/86||34||13
|1986/87||Servette||Nationalliga A||||
|1986/87||rowspan="2"|Olympique Marseille||rowspan="2"|Division 1||8||2
|1987/88||28||1
|1988/89||Girondins Bordeaux||Division 1||4||1
Total||27||6
Jun Yanagisawa (born 27 June 1987) is a Japanese football player.
|2006||J. League 2||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
Anders Svensson (born 17 July 1976) is a Swedish football player.
|1992||Hestrafors||||2||0
|1993||rowspan="9"|Elfsborg||rowspan="4"|Division 1||0||0
|1995||26||3
|1996||24||9
|1997||rowspan="5"|Allsvenskan||26||3
|1998||26||5
|1999||20||3
|2001/02||rowspan="4"|Southampton||rowspan="4"|Premier League||34||3
|2002/03||33||2
|2004/05||30||4
|2005||rowspan="6"|Elfsborg||rowspan="6"|Allsvenskan||9||0
|2006||26||7
|2007||23||9
|2008||19||1
|2009||26||4
|2001||15||5
Total||108||17
John Piper was the mid-morning talk show host on the BBC Radio Solent throughout the 1970s.
The name of his program was called Piper's Tune.
The show was a mix of music, talk guests and the regular feature called, "Give a Neighbour a Hand", in which listeners would call in and ask for advice and other listeners would call in and give advice.
Piper left the BBC in 1879 to join the Two Counties Radio in Bournemouth, as the station's first Programme Controller.
He stayed on the air in Bournemouth until he left radio to move to Spain with his wife, Dilys.
In the 1980s, Piper also served as the mayor of his home town, Sitio de Calahonda which is located near Málaga in Spain.
Piper also served in the Special Operations during World War II as a journalist and naturalist.
Xerophytes are plants which are adapted to dry/desert areas.
They are a type of succulent plant.
To survive these harsh conditions they have special features.
For example, a cactus has white hairs which help to prevent water loss.
Another example is manzanita plants, which have a thick waxy coating and keep their leaves vertical to the sun.
Some Xerophytic plants sit out a drought.
They can still extract water from soil.
They may have very salty cell sap and therefore a very low water potential in the roots; they may have very extensive or deep roots or may pick up the slightest dew and survive on that.
Others have special features about their shape or structure (xeromorphs).
Thick waxy cuticle (Aloe); hairy surfaces (Edelweiss); dense packing of leaves, reduced leaf size (species of cypress); reduced density of stomata (many cacti); pitted and grooved position of stomata (Ammophila) Water storage in stem and tubers, etc. (
baobab).
They may also protect this water store from animals by spines and chemicals.
Mechanism table
Like most football leagues in Latin America, Liga MX divides its season into two phases—Apertura and Clausura (Spanish for "opening" and "closing"), with different champions in each phase.
The Apertura is held in the Northern Hemisphere fall (autumn), and the Clausura in spring.
2014–15 Clubs
1940s establishments in Mexico
Fortuna Düsseldorf is a football club which plays in Germany from Düsseldorf that plays in the highest league in German football, the Fußball-Bundesliga.
The Meidericher Spielverein 02 e. V. Duisburg is a football club which plays in Germany.
The club was founding member of the German Bundesliga 1962/63 and is now playing in the Second Bundesliga.
Due to their striped jerseys they are also called the "Zebras".
The club was founded in 1902 as Meidericher SV.
On 9 January 1967 the club was renamed into his still today valid name MSV Duisburg.
As of 1 November 2011
Hansa Rostock is a football club from Rostock, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
The club plays in German 2.
The club was founded on 1 November 1954 multi-sport Sportclub Empor Rostock.
Because it was not possible to find enough players for the football team the team of Empor Lauter was transferred to  Rostock.
This was common in the German Democratic Republic.
Rostock took the place of Lauter in the first league.
The re-organization of East German sports in 1965 led to the association's football department becoming independent as Fußball Club Hansa Rostock.
The new club was named "Hansa" to remember northern Europe's Hanseatic League.
Rostock was an important member there.
After the reunification of Germany Hansa played together with Dynamo Dresden in the German Bundesliga.
They were relegated but came back.
Their best result in the Bundesliga was 2 times a 6th place.
As of 31 August 2011
East German champions: 1991
East German vice-champions: 1955, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1968
East German Cup: 1991
East German Cup finalists: 1955, 1957, 1960, 1967, 1987
Bundesliga champions: 1995
German Indoor champions: 1998
German Under 17 championship runners-up: 2005
Rostocks seasons
official website of F.C. Hansa Rostock
HANSANEWS.DE | THE ONLINE MAGAZINE
The Abseits Guide to German Soccer
F.C. Red Bull Salzburg is a football club from Salzburg that plays in the Austrian Bundesliga.
The club was known as SV Austria Salzburg until 2005, when the club was bought by the Red Bull Company.
They renamed the club and changed the colours from the traditional violet to red and white.
Also, the company's logo was added.
The club runs two academies in Ghana and in Brazil.
Their home stadium is the Red Bull Arena which was opened in 2003 and was renovated for the 2008 Euro.
In 1952-53 they reached the A-Liga for the first time, the highest division of Austrian football then, beating Kapfenberger SV in the play-offs.
They played there for 3 seasons but were relegated in 1959.
To stay in the league they signed Erich Probst, who was the second best scorer in the FIFA World Cup 1954.
In 20 matches he scored 14 goals, which helped Salzburg stay in the league.
He was also the first player of SV Austria who played for the Austrian national football team.
The next years were characterized by ups and downs.
The first success was being second in the league in the 1971-72 season.
This year was also their first year of playing in the UEFA Cup.
The same year they made the Lehener Stadion their homeground.
Two years later, in 1974, they reached the Austrian Cup final for the first time.
However, the lost to FK Austria Wien 3-2 on global.
The best years of the club were between 1990 and 1997.
In these years, the club reached the championship three times, played in the UEFA Champions League and played in the 1994 UEFA Cup final versus Inter Milan.
They won their first Austrian Bundesliga title the same year, and the next year too.
Their first Champions League in 1994 saw them reach the group stage, however, they were eliminated after finishing in third place out of four.
In 2005 the Red Bull Company bought the club because the owners were having problems with money.
Some traditional fans left the club and started a new club under the old name SV Austria Salzburg.
Ever since 2005, the club has been named FC Red Bull Salzburg.
One of the aims of the new owners was to form a team which can play in the UEFA Champions League regularly.
This was not reached but the new club was nevertheless successful.
In the national league they reached four titles and were four times second.
In 2008, they beat FC Banants of Armenia 10-0 on aggregate as part of qualification for the 2008-09 Europa League.
In the 2009-10 Europa League the club won their group with 6 victories over Villarreal CF, SS Lazio and Levski Sofia.
In the Round of 32 they lost versus Standard Lüttich.
Also the next two Euro League group stages were reached.
In the 2011–12 Europa League they got second in the group stage behind Athletic Bilbao.
Although they ost 1-8 on aggregate to Metalist Kharkiv in the Round of 32, they beat Paris Saint-Germain 2-0 in the group stages.
In the 2013–14 season the team was very successful: They came in first place in the league and got to the round of 16 of the Europa League.
In the Europa League, the club won all 6 of their group stage matches.
Then they beat AFC Ajax 6-1 on aggregate in the round of 32, but unfortunately lost 1-2 to Basel in the round of 16.
In the 2017–18 Europa League, Salzburg reached the semi-finals where they lost to Olympique de Marseille 2-3 on aggregate.
They had also beaten Lazio, Borussia Dortmund, and Real Sociedad.
In the 2019-20 season Salzburg reached for the first time the Championsleague group stage.
They played versus Liverpool F.C., S.S.C. Napoli and K.R.C. Genk.
They reached the 3rd place with seven points.
In the following round of 32 in the Euroleague they lost versus Eintracht Frankfurt 3:6.
The next season they had to play a playoff-match versus  Maccabi Tel-Aviv.
With a 5:2 Salzburg qualified for the group stage and played against  FC Bayern München, Atletico Madrid and Lok Moskau.
As 3rd they played in the Euroleague versus Villareal but lost.
In the 2021-22 season they were qualified versus Brøndby IF (4:2).
In the group stage they played versus  Sevilla F.C., Lille OSC and  VfL Wolfsburg.
As 2nd they were qualified for the Round of 16 for the first time in club history.
After the Red Bull take over of SV Austria Salzburg some group of fans were unhappy because the new club has other colours and did not accept the history of the club.
After some negotiations these fans left the club and founded a new one under the name SV (Sportverein) Austria Salzburg.
The new club is playing in the Regionalliga West
In the meantime Red Bull Salzburg has 67 official fan clubs all over Austria.
On Social Media the club has over one million followers.
Facebook: 464.000
Instagram: 253.300
TikTok: 183.100
Twitter: 85.900
YouTube: 40.200
LinkedIn: 5.500
Second Squad
European Competition History
As of 8 December 2021
Q = Qualification
PO = Play Off
QF = Quarter Final
SF = Semi Final
until 2005 the name of the club was SV Austria Salzburg
Loaned Players
Champions (15): 1993–94*, 1994–95*, 1996–97*, 2006–07, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2011–12, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020- 21
Runners-up (4): 2005–06, 2007–08, 2010–11, 2012–13
Winners (8): 2011–12, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2018–19, 2019-20, 2020-21
Runners-up (5): 1973–74*, 1979–80*, 1980–81*, 1999–2000*, 2017–18
Winners (3): 1994*, 1995*, 1997*
Runners-up: 1994*
* as Austria Salzburg
Winners: 2016-17
Semifinals: 2019-20
Round of 16: 2021-22
Red Bull Salzburg Academy
The Red Bull Football and Icehockey Academy is the training center for the junior teams of FC Red Bull Salzburg and the EC Red Bull Salzburg.
It was built from 2012 to 2014.It has training opportunities for 200 footballers and 200 icehockey players.
You can find six football field and one indoor field.
120 footballers are in the boarding school.
The Academy is connected with five schools.
The principle of the Academy is 51% education and 49% sport.
The Academy has 8 youth teams (from U7 to U14) and three Academy teams (U15, U16, U18) which are playing in the Toto Jugendliga.
Toto Jugendliga U 15
Champion: 2010, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2021
Toto Jugendliga U 16
Meister: 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021
Toto Jugendliga U 18
Champion: 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2020, 2021
UEFA Youth Leage
Winner 2017 (The U19 team of FC Red Bull Salzburg is made up from players from the academy U18 and FC Liefering.)
Konrad Laimer
Sandro Ingolitsch
Gallery Academy Red Bull Salzburg
Red Bull New York
Football clubs of Salzburg
S.K. Sturm Graz is a football club which plays in Austria.
It was founded in 1909 and the colors are black and white.
Therefore they are nicknamed the "Blackies".
The club was founded on 1 May 1909.
It was founded by teenagers between 16 and 18.
The official foundation of the club was in 1912.
From 1921 to 1949 Sturm won the styrian championship 11 times.
During German occupation the club played his first season in the highest division, the Gauliga Ostmark, but was relegated the same year.
1949 Sturm entered the national league as first team which came not from Vienna.
In 1981 the team had the first success, it finished second in the league and reached the quarterfinals of tne  UEFA Cup.
With the new president Hannes Kartnig a new successful era started.
In 1994 Ivica Osim became coach of the team.
1995 they finished second in the league and 1996 they reached their first title, the Austrian Cup beating Admira Wacker.