the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
|1981-82||rowspan="5"|Queens Park Rangers||rowspan="2"|Second Division||34||9
|1982-83||42||15
|1983-84||rowspan="3"|First Division||37||7
|1984-85||37||5
|1985-86||11||0
|1985-86||rowspan="3"|Derby County||Third Division||22||4
|1986-87||Second Division||42||12
|1987-88||First Division||39||6
|1988-89||rowspan="2"|Portsmouth||rowspan="2"|Second Division||0||0
|1989-90||0||0
|1989-90||Plymouth Argyle||Second Division||3||0
|1989-90||Bolton Wanderers||Third Division||7||0
Sportspeople from Lincolnshire
Roberto Carlos (born 10 April 1973) is a Brazilian football player.
He has played for Brazil national team.
He often plays left back.
|1993||rowspan="3"|Palmeiras||rowspan="3"|Série A||20||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||20||1
|1994||24||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||24||2
|1995||24||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||24||2
|1995/96||Internazionale Milano||Serie A||30||5||2||1||2||1||34||7
|1996/97||rowspan="11"|Real Madrid||rowspan="11"|La Liga||37||5||5||0||colspan="2"|-||42||5
|1997/98||35||4||1||1||9||2||45||7
|1998/99||35||5||4||0||8||0||47||5
|1999/00||35||4||3||0||17||3||55||7
|2000/01||36||5||0||0||14||4||50||9
|2001/02||31||2||6||1||13||2||50||5
|2002/03||36||5||1||0||18||2||55||7
|2003/04||33||6||7||1||8||2||48||9
|2004/05||34||3||2||0||9||1||45||4
|2005/06||35||5||3||1||7||0||45||6
|2006/07||23||3||1||0||8||0||32||3
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Fenerbahçe||rowspan="3"|Süper Lig||22||2||3||0||9||0||34||2
|2008/09||33||3||6||2||10||1||49||6
|2009/10||11||0||0||0||8||1||19||1
|2010||Corinthians Paulista||Série A||||||||||||||||
|1997||18||2
|1999||13||2
Total||125||11
Bob Wilson (born 30 October 1941) is a former football player.
|1961-62||rowspan="3"|Wolverhampton Wanderers||rowspan="3"|First Division||0||0
|1962-63||0||0
|1963-64||0||0
|1963-64||rowspan="11"|Arsenal||rowspan="11"|First Division||0||0
|1964-65||0||0
|1965-66||0||0
|1966-67||0||0
|1967-68||0||0
|1968-69||0||0
|1969-70||28||0
|1970-71||42||0
|1971-72||37||0
|1972-73||22||0
|1973-74||41||0
British association football goalkeepers
Sepp Maier (born 28 February 1944) is a former German football player.
He played for Bayern Munich and the German national team.
He is regarded as one of the greatest goalkeeper of all time.
|1962/63||rowspan="17"|Bayern Munich||Oberliga||4||0
|1963/64||rowspan="2"|Regionalliga||24||0
|1964/65||36||0
|1965/66||rowspan="14"|Bundesliga||31||0
|1966/67||34||0
|1967/68||34||0
|1968/69||34||0
|1969/70||34||0
|1970/71||34||0
|1971/72||34||0
|1972/73||34||0
|1973/74||34||0
|1974/75||34||0
|1975/76||34||0
|1976/77||34||0
|1977/78||34||0
|1978/79||34||0
|1966||3||0
|1970||9||0
|1971||8||0
|1973||5||0
|1974||12||0
|1975||6||0
|1976||6||0
|1977||8||0
Total||95||0
Lothar Herbert Matthäus (born 21 March 1961) is a former German football player.
He has played for the German national team.
He currently holds a record for the most appearances for the German team.
|1979/80||rowspan="5"|Borussia Mönchengladbach||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||28||4
|1980/81||33||10
|1981/82||33||3
|1982/83||34||8
|1983/84||34||11
|1984/85||rowspan="4"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||33||16
|1985/86||23||10
|1986/87||31||17
|1987/88||26||17
|1988/89||rowspan="4"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="4"|Serie A||32||9
|1989/90||25||11
|1990/91||31||16
|1991/92||27||4
|1992/93||rowspan="8"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="8"|Bundesliga||28||8
|1993/94||33||8
|1994/95||16||5
|1995/96||19||1
|1996/97||28||1
|1997/98||25||3
|1998/99||25||1
|1999/00||15||1
|2000||NY/NJ MetroStars||Major League Soccer||16||0
|1980||1||0
|1983||7||0
|1984||10||0
|1985||7||1
|1986||15||2
|1989||3||1
|1990||15||7
|1991||7||3
|1993||11||0
|1994||15||3
|1999||13||1
Total||150||23
SK Rapid Wien managers
Field Marshal  Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig KT GCB OM GCVO KCIE ADC (born in Edinburgh, Scotland on 19 June 1861, died in London on 29 January 1928) was a British Army general in World War I.
He was the senior commander of the British forces in France from 1915 until the end of the war.
Most notably, he led them during the Battle of the Somme, the Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele), the Spring Offensive and the final Hundred Days Offensive.
Historians have often argued over whether Haig was a good general.
In the years after the war, he was popular.
After his death, some historians and politicians wrote books criticising Haig.
They argued he made mistakes that led to a lot of casualties among British troops, especially at the Somme and Passchendaele; he has been nicknamed 'Butcher Haig' or 'the Butcher of the Somme'.
David Lloyd George, the Prime Minister during the later years of the war, also did not agree with Haig.
One of the best known books criticising Haig was Alan Clark's book The Donkeys (1961).
This is known as the 'lions led by donkeys' view: the idea that Britain had great soldiers but bad generals.
All the same, some veterans, and academic historians have argued that Haig was a great general.
For example, John Bourne notes that Haig helped the army use new weapons and technology.
John Terraine argues that while the British Army lost a lot of men, this is not surprising given the size of the fighting, and other countries lost far more.
Likewise, Gordon Corrigan argues that as a percentage of the population, Britain lost half as many people in the war as France and Germany.
Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
John Charles (27 December 1931 - 21 February 2004) was a Welsh football player.
|1948/49||rowspan="9"|Leeds United||rowspan="8"|Second Division||3||0
|1949/50||42||1
|1950/51||34||3
|1951/52||18||0
|1952/53||40||26
|1953/54||39||42
|1954/55||40||11
|1955/56||41||29
|1956/57||First Division||40||38
|1957/58||rowspan="5"|Juventus||rowspan="5"|Serie A||34||28
|1958/59||29||19
|1959/60||34||23
|1960/61||32||15
|1961/62||21||8
|1962/63||Leeds United||Second Division||11||3
|1962/63||Roma||Serie A||10||4
|1963/64||rowspan="3"|Cardiff City||rowspan="3"|Second Division||33||11
|1964/65||28||3
|1965/66||7||4
|1953||5||4
|1954||5||3
|1955||4||3
|1956||3||1
|1957||4||0
|1958||6||1
|1959||1||1
|1960||0||0
|1962||4||2
|1963||1||0
|1964||1||0
Total||38||15
Martin Stanford Peters  (8 November 1943 – 21 December 2019) was an English footballer and manager.
In 2016, it was announced that Peters had Alzheimer's disease.
Peters died on 21 December 2019 in London from the disease  at the age of 76.
|1961-62||rowspan="9"|West Ham United||rowspan="9"|First Division||5||0
|1962-63||36||8
|1963-64||32||3
|1964-65||35||5
|1965-66||40||11
|1966-67||41||14
|1967-68||40||14
|1968-69||42||19
|1969-70||31||7
|1969-70||rowspan="6"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="6"|First Division||7||2
|1970-71||42||9
|1971-72||35||10
|1972-73||41||15
|1973-74||35||6
|1974-75||29||4
|1974-75||rowspan="6"|Norwich City||Second Division||10||2
|1975-76||rowspan="5"|First Division||42||10
|1976-77||42||7
|1977-78||34||7
|1978-79||39||10
|1979-80||40||8
|1980-81||Sheffield United||Third Division||24||4
|1966||11||3
|1969||8||3
|1970||12||5
|1971||8||2
|1972||3||0
|1973||11||2
|1974||2||0
Total||67||20
Dmitri Sychev is a Russian football player.
He is currently playing for Lokomotiv-Kazanka Moscow.
He has been called the "Russian Michael Owen" because of his fast pace and brilliant agility.
José Eulogio Gárate is a former football player.
|1966-67||rowspan="11"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="11"|La Liga||14||9
|1967-68||23||8
|1968-69||20||14
|1969-70||30||16
|1970-71||28||17
|1971-72||16||5
|1972-73||24||5
|1973-74||29||11
|1974-75||32||17
|1975-76||24||7
|1976-77||1||0
Total||18||5
is a Japanese football player.
Ono was born in Numazu on September 27, 1979.
After graduating from Shimizu Commercial High School, he joined J1 League club Urawa Reds in 1998.
He became a regular player from first season and he was selected "Rookie of the Year".
In summer 2001, he moved to Feyenoord of the Dutch Eredivisie.
The club won the 2002 UEFA Cup.
In January 2006, he returned to Urawa.
The club won the champions in 2006 J1 League and 2007 AFC Champions League.
In January 2008, he moved to Germany Bundesliga club Bochum.
In January 2010, he returned to Japan and joined his local club Shimizu S-Pulse.
In summer 2012, he moved to new club Western Sydney Wanderers in Australian A-League.
In January 2014, he returned to Japan and joined J2 League club Consadole Sapporo (later Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo).
The club won the champions and was promoted to J1.
In summer 2019, he moved to J2 club FC Ryukyu.
In 2021, he returned to Sapporo.
On April 1, 1998, when Ono was 18 years old, he debuted for the Japan national team against South Korea.
He played also at the 1998 World Cup.
In 1999, he played for the Japan U-20 national team at 1999 World Youth Championship.
Japan won the 2nd place at the championship.
In 2000, he was selected Japan for 2000 Asian Cup and won the champions.
He played at 2001 Confederations Cup and 2002 which held in Japan.
He played all matches both tournament and won the 2nd place at 2001 Confederations Cup.
He also played at 2004 Summer Olympics as over aged player and 2006 World Cup.
He played 56 games and scored 6 goals for Japan until 2008.
|1998||rowspan="4"|Urawa Reds||rowspan="2"|J1 League||27||9||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||29||9
|1999||14||2||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||16||2
|2000||J2 League||24||7||2||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||26||8
|2001||J1 League||14||2||0||0||4||3||colspan="2"|-||18||5
|2001/02||rowspan="5"|Feyenoord||rowspan="5"|Eredivisie||30||3||2||1||colspan="2"|-||12||2||44||5
|2002/03||29||7||2||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0||36||7
|2003/04||24||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0||29||2
|2004/05||25||7||2||0||colspan="2"|-||7||1||34||8
|2005/06||4||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0||5||0
|2006||rowspan="2"|Urawa Reds||rowspan="2"|J1 League||28||5||4||3||1||1||colspan="2"|-||33||9
|2007||25||3||0||0||2||1||8||2||35||6
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Bochum||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||12||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||12||0
|2008/09||8||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|2009/10||9||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|2010||rowspan="3"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="3"|J1 League||30||2||5||1||6||1||colspan="2"|-||41||4
|2011||26||6||2||1||2||1||colspan="2"|-||30||8
|2012||14||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||14||0
|2012/13||rowspan="2"|Western Sydney Wanderers||rowspan="2"|A-League||24||7||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||24||7
|2013/14||23||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||6||1||29||3
|2014||rowspan="2"|Consadole Sapporo||rowspan="2"|J2 League||7||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||7||0
|2015||17||2||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||19||2
|2016||rowspan="4"|Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo||J2 League||15||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||17||0
|2017||rowspan="3"|J1 League||16||0||1||0||7||1||colspan="2"|-||24||1
|2018||7||0||2||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||12||0
|2019||0||0||0||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|2019||rowspan="2"|FC Ryukyu||rowspan="2"|J2 League||9||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||9||0
|2020||14||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||14||0
|2021||Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo||J1 League||||||||||||||||||||
Total||56||6
Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture
J2 League players
Urawa Red Diamonds players
Shimizu S-Pulse players
Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo players
FC Ryukyu players
Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
2000 AFC Asian Cup players
AFC Asian Cup-winning players
Iker Casillas (born 20 May 1981) is a retired Spanish football player.
He used to play for F.C. Porto and Spain national team.
|1999/00||rowspan="11"|Real Madrid||rowspan="11"|La Liga||27||0||5||0||12||0||46||0
|2000/01||34||0||0||0||11||0||45||0
|2001/02||25||0||5||0||9||0||39||0
|2002/03||38||0||0||0||15||0||53||0
|2003/04||37||0||2||0||9||0||48||0
|2004/05||37||0||0||0||10||0||47||0
|2005/06||37||0||4||0||7||0||48||0
|2006/07||38||0||0||0||7||0||45||0
|2007/08||36||0||0||0||8||0||44||0
|2008/09||38||0||0||0||7||0||45||0
Spanish association football goalkeepers
Sportspeople from Manchester
This is a complete list of presidents of Turkey.
The list includes all eleven heads of state that lead the country after the Turkish War of Independence.
For a list of rulers of the predecessor Ottoman Empire, see the Ottoman Dynasty.
List of presidents (1923–present)
Acting presidents
Cemal Gürsel (May 27, 1960 - October 10, 1961) Served with the title "head of state" following the May 1960 military coup.
Tekin Arıburun (March 29, 1973 - April 6, 1973) Parliament speaker.
Served as acting president ahead of Fahri Korutürk's election.
İhsan Sabri Çağlayangil (April 6, 1980 - September 12, 1980) Parliament speaker.
Served as acting president in the absence of a firm presidential candidate.
Kenan Evren (September 12, 1980 - November 9, 1982) Served with the title "head of state" following the September 1980 military coup.
Hüsamettin Cindoruk (April 17, 1993 - May 16, 1993) Parliament speaker.
Served as acting president following Turgut Özal's death.
Past presidents , Presidency of the Republic of Turkey.
ca:President de Turquia#Presidents
Weightlifting first started in the so-called Dark Ages of the human history.
It was usually done by the strongest men in villages all over Europe.
It was considered to be a sport for the lower classes, however since then it has changed into the sport for other people as well.
It has been in the Olympic Games since 1896.
Competition events in Olympic weightlifting
As a competitive sport, Weightlifting is controlled by the International Weightlifting Federation (IWF).
Based in Budapest, it was founded in 1905.
The snatch is one of the two olympic weightlifting events.
The essence of the event is to lift a barbell from the platform to locked arms overhead in a smooth continuous movement.
The lift requires not only great strength, but mastery of technical skills, a high degree of shoulder flexibility, excellent balance, and speed.
Clean and jerk
The clean and jerk is another olympic weightlifting events.
It is a highly technical lift that is known as "the king of lifts" because more weight can be lifted above one's head as compared to any other known weightlifting technique.
International Weightlifting Federation
A mullet is a kind of fish.
Mullet often jump out of water.
People are not sure why, but it might be because they are trying to see where they are going.
In recent years, "mullet" also came to be a slang word for a hairstyle that is short at the front and top, and long at the back.
This slang word is said to have been started by Mike D of the Beastie Boys in 1995, and after 2000 was spread by a small group of people in San Francisco through the Internet.
Flag semaphore is a system of spreading information at a distance by using two flags.
Information is told by the positions of the flags.
Each set of positions has a meaning.
Signalling uses two flags.
The person signalling would often stand on a platform about 6-10ft (1.8 - 3m) above the ground.
They would use a bright orange, red and white flag.
This was a problem because it made it easier for the enemy to see them and shoot them.
The newer system uses two short poles with square flags.
The signalman holds one pole in each hand.
The poles are held in one of eight possible directions.
Except for in the "rest position", the flags do not cross over each other.
Flags of different colours are used based on whether the signals are sent by sea or by land.
At sea, the flags are coloured red and yellow.
On land, they are white and blue.
There is also a 'flag alphabet' which consists of many different coloured flags with different symbols on them.
Japan has their own flag alphabet.
Images of different codes
Asparagales is an order of flowering plants.
The order must include the family Asparagaceae, but other families included in the order have varied markedly between different classifications.
No one is sure, but it is supposed that this group of plants evolved between the late and early Cretaceous.
But because of the difficult classification of the families, it is not entirely certain when they evolved.
Asparagales have a many families, including Ashphodelaceae (Xanthorrhoeaceae), which includes daylilies and New Zealand flax.
Asparagaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants.
Such a family has been recognized by quite a few taxonomists, but hardly universally: often the plants involved are treated as belonging to the family Liliaceae.
Hesperocallis has traditionally been classified in Liliaceae but until recently its relationships have been unclear.
Other classifications have included it in Hemerocallidaceae or Funkiaceae.
In 1972, Hamilton Traub created the family Hesperocallidaceae with Hesperocallis as the sole included genus.
The APG II system includes it in the family Asparagaceae in the order Asparagales in the monocots clade but allows for the optional segregation of Hesperocallidaceae as a monophyletic family when several other families are likewise segregated.
Recent molecular systematic studies have confirmed a close relationship with Agave and its inclusion in family Agavaceae has been recommended (Pires et al.
Hesperocallidaceae
The Laurales are an order of flowering plants.
They are a basal group of dicots.
They are related to, and sometimes included in, the Magnoliales.
The order includes 85-90 genera from seven families of trees and shrubs.
Most of the species are tropical and subtropical, though a few genera reach the temperate zone.
The best known species in this order are those of the Lauraceae (for example bay laurel or Laurus, cinnamon or Cinnamomum, avocado or Persea, and Sassafras), and the spice bush or Calycanthus of the Calycanthaceae.
The earliest lauraceous fossils are from the Cretaceous.
It is possible that the ancient origin of this order is one of the reasons for its highly diverged morphology.
Indeed, at present no one trait is known which would unify all the members of Laurales.
This used to cause much argument among botanists about the correct limits of the order.
The presently classification is based on recent molecular and genetic analysis.
Hasbro is an American toy company.
It is one of the biggest toy makers in the world (including board games), only Mattel is larger.
Hasbro also makes Monopoly, a popular board game.
Their main office is in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, United States.
The company is best known for their popular 1990's electronic audio game Bop It, which got re-designed in 2008 with a series of designs which one is released each year.
Hasbro has also joined up with many other companies such as Tiger Electronics who made the following audio games: Brain Warp, Brain Bash, Brain Shift and Bogoey Ball.
They also make a popular memory game called Simon which involves memorizing flashing lights and sounds.
The game Simon Swipe was released in 2014 and was copyrighted in 2013.
There is also a Micro Series version that was released in 2014.
On October 12, 2021, Longtime Hasbro CEO Brian Goldner passed away.
20th-century establishments in Rhode Island
Bay leaf (plural bay leaves), (Greek Daphni, Romanian Foi de Dafin) is the aromatic leaf of several species of the Laurel family (Lauraceae).
Fresh or dried bay leaves are used in cooking for their distinctive flavor and fragrance.
Laurus nobilis, is a culinary herb often used to flavor soups, stews, and braises and pâtés in Mediterranean Cuisine.
The fresh leaves are very mild and do not develop their full flavor until several weeks after picking and drying.
California bay leaf
The leaf of the California bay tree (Umbellularia californica), also known as 'California laurel', 'Oregon myrtle', and 'pepperwood', is similar to the Mediterranean bay but has a stronger flavor.
"Indian bay leaf" (also tej pat, tejpat, tejpata तेजपत्ता or Tamalpatra तमालपत्र)
The leaf of the Cinnamomum tejpata (malabathrum) tree is similar in fragrance and taste to cinnamon bark, but milder.
In appearance, it is similar to the other bay leaves but is culinarily quite different, having an aroma and flavor more similar to that of Cassia.
It is inaccurately called a bay leaf as it is of a different genus (though the same family) as the bay laurel.
It is a herbaceous perennial which grows annual pseudostems.
These are false stems made of rolled leaves: about one meter tall with narrow leaf blades.
The inflorescences come directly from the rhizome on separate shoots.
Ginger is used as a cooking spice throughout the world.
The ginger plant has long long been cultivated.
It came from China and spread to India, Southeast Asia, West Africa, and the Caribbean.
Monocots
Revenue (or revenues) is income that an organization receives from its normal business activities.
In the case of a corporation this is usually from the sale of goods and services to customers.
In the case of a government, revenue usually comes from various taxes.
It does not include the cost required to create these goods and services, which is considered "profit".
In addition to sale of goods and services, some companies also receive revenue from interest, dividends or royalties paid to them by other companies.
Net income is equal to the income that a company has after subtracting costs and expenses from the total revenue.
Net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as retained earnings.
It is computed as the residual of all revenues and gains less all expenses and losses for the period, and has also been defined as the net increase in shareholders' equity that results from a company's operations.
It is different from gross income, which only deducts the cost of goods sold from revenue.
For households and individuals, net income refers to the (gross) income minus taxes and other deductions (e.g. mandatory pension contributions).
ja:利益#純利益
Real time in a narrative is where the events in the story take the same amount of time to happen as they do for the audience to experience them.
If a movie told in real time is two hours long, as in Rope, then the plot of that movie covers two hours of fictional time.
For example, in the TV series 24, an hour long episode represents an hour of events on the program.
The term Southern Cone (, ) refers to a geographic region composed of the southernmost areas of South America, below the Tropic of Capricorn.
Due to geographical affinities, natural, economic and social, the Southern Cone is usually understood as the region that includes all of Argentina, Chile and Uruguay, the southern states of Brazil (and sometimes part of São Paulo state, because have several features in common: proximity, the high rate of industrialization and urbanization and the high GDP).
In rare exceptions - just because geographical reasons -  sometimes also includes Paraguay and southern Bolivia, although both have fundamentally different characteristics of other countries (such as standards of living, industrialization, ethnicity, etc.)
Southern Brazil
The 1936–37 NHL season was the 20th season of the National Hockey League (NHL).
The Detroit Red Wings were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the New York Rangers three games to two in the final series.
Born in New York, New York, Jennings was owner of the New York Rangers from 1959 until his death in 1981.
The William M. Jennings Trophy was named in his honour.
Jennings also helped initiate the Lester Patrick Trophy in 1966, which he would win in 1971.
He was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1975, and the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 1981.
1997–98: Second All-Star Team (OHL)
1998–99: All-Rookie Team (AHL)
2002–03: William M. Jennings Trophy shared with Roman Cechmanek, PHI and Martin Brodeur, NJ (NHL)
2002–03: Yanick Dupre Memorial (Philadelphia Flyers)
2003–04: Pelle Lindbergh Memorial (Philadelphia Flyers)
1997 World Junior Championships
1998 World Junior Championships
2000 World Championships
2001 World Championships
2004 World Cup of Hockey
2006 Olympic Games
Bob Esche's U.S. Olympic Team bio
Save of the Day Foundation - Robert Esche Charity Foundation
Phoenix Coyotes players
Concussion is an injury to the brain caused by being hit on the head, as often happens in motor vehicle collisions, fights or contact sports such as football.
It is the most common form of traumatic brain injury.
Related terms include mild brain injury, mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI), mild head injury (MHI),  and minor head trauma.
Patients with severe concussion are occasionally monitored in hospital.
The main reason for this is the risk of bleeding in the brain, which can be life-threatening.
Common symptoms of concussion include: headache, dizziness, fatigue, problems with vision, confusion and loss of consciousness.
A person with a mild concussion may have nothing more than a headache or brief confusion.
In more severe cases, symptoms tend to last longer, and may include loss of consciousness.
Other associated symptoms are: worsening headache, inability to wake, dilation of the eyes, vomiting, nausea, loss of coordination and weakness of extremities.
Symptoms may last less than a week in minor cases, but recovery from more severe concussions can take up to 4 weeks.
The most common causes of concussions are accidents; in some cases, wearing a helmet can help prevent major damage.
Concussion and Aphasia
One often underreported symptom of concussion is aphasia.
Aphasia is the loss of ability to produce or understand speech; it is caused by brain damage.
Most of the important areas for speech and language are located in the left hemisphere.
As such, patients who have concussions due to injury on the left side of the head could be more at risk for these symptoms.
The most common kinds of aphasia associated with traumatic brain injury are amnestic aphasia and verbal paraphasia.
Amnesic aphasia, also known as anomia, is an issue with word finding where patients struggle to find words for objects that they once knew.
There is no impairment of comprehension associated with anomia.
This can be especially challenging for students trying to return to school and professionals returning to work.
The second kind of aphasia associated with concussion is verbal paraphasia, the substitution of one word for another.
Typically, the substituted word will have a similar meaning as the word it replaces; e.g. substituting sock with shoe.
As with most concussion symptoms, aphasia symptoms correlated with concussion typically get progressively better, as evidenced by a study done by Inger Vibeke Thomsen.
Of the concussion patients studied that showed aphasia symptoms, only one patient had long term aphasia.
The others showed almost full recovery.
The National Aphasia Association recognizes that concussions can cause aphasia.
In serious concussions, aphasia is a documented symptom and can be temporary or permanent.
This is correlated to injury of brain regions that are important for language production.
However, traumatic brain injuries usually effect multiple areas of the brain, so other symptoms will also be present.
The damage causing aphasia will usually be on the left side of the brain.
The mercury-in-glass thermometer was invented by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in Amsterdam (1714).
It is a bulb containing Mercury attached to a glass tube of narrow diameter.
The volume of mercury in the tube is much less than the volume in the bulb.
The volume of mercury changes slightly with temperature.
The small change in volume drives the narrow mercury column up the tube.
The space above the mercury may be filled with nitrogen or it may be at less than atmospheric pressure, a partial vacuum.
Mercury cannot be used to measure temperatures lower than -39˚C (as mercury freezes at that point) or temperature higher than 356.7˚C (the boiling point of mercury).
Mercury has been replaced largely by alcohol for use in thermometers.
Ethanol is cheaper and safer than mercury and can be used as low as -80˚C. However, ethanol boils at 78°C (172.4°F), which means its upper limit is much lower than mercury thermometers.
Language reform is a type of language planning.
Language reforms make big changes to a language.
These changes are usually done to make a language simpler to understand or to write.
Sometimes changes are done to make the language purer; that is, to get rid of foreign parts of the language, or to get rid of parts of the language that are not grammatical.
Simplification makes the language easier to use.
It tries to regularise spelling, vocabulary, and grammar.
Purification makes the language similar to a version of the language that people think is more pure.
Sometimes language reforms were done to unite the people speaking the language.
For this reason, many language reforms happened in 19th century Europe when there was a rise of nationalist movements.
The most common form of language reform involves changing the orthography of words.
This is known as spelling reform.
The grammar of a language also may be changed to simplify inflection, syntax, vocabulary and word formation.
English for example uses many different prefixes that mean the opposite of, like un-, in-/im-, a(n)-, de-.
A language reform might suggest using only one prefix to mean the opposite of, for example un-.
On top of this, there are words such as "good" and "bad" that roughly mean the opposite of each other, but would be better (in terms of simplicity) portrayed as "good" and "ungood", so the word "bad" is not part of the language anymore.
Another good example of what language simplification can do is the word flammable.
Flammable means that something can catch fire easily.
Originally the word was inflammable, from Latin inflammare - put something on fire.
In- is also a prefix that can mean the opposite of, like with transparent, intransparent.
Today most instructions use flammable rather than inflammable, in order not to confuse people that the in- in this case does not mean the opposite of.
Several major world languages have been subject to big spelling reforms: French (in the 16th, 18th, 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries), Spanish (in the 18th century), Portuguese (in 1910, in Portugal, and in 1946 and 1972, in Brazil), German (in 1901/02 and 1996/98) and  Russian (in 1728 and 1919).
Some people feel that it is bad to change a language.
They want to keep a language the way it is now, or they want to take back changes to the language that have been done earlier.
Sometimes, purism can make a language more complex, because people add false etymologies:
iland became island (from the Latin insula.
Island is actually a Germanic word, compare German Eiland)
ile became isle (also from insula)
(1920s) – replaced Classical Chinese with Vernacular Chinese as the standard written language.
Mandarin was chosen at a committee from several Chinese dialects.
(1950s PRC) – reformed the script used to write the standard language by introducing Simplified Chinese characters (later adopted by Singapore and Malaysia, but Traditional Chinese characters remain in use in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, and various overseas Chinese communities).
About 2,000 Chinese characters have been simplified, most of them being common characters in day-to-day life.
Czech (19th century) – The dictionary of Josef Jungmann contributed to the renewal of the vocabulary.
In the 1840s the letter w became replaced by v.
Estonian (1910s/1920s) – reform movement led by Johannes Aavik and Johannes V. Veski renewed the vocabulary, borrowing a lot of roots from Finnish and other Uralic languages and even inventing some roots that do not exist anywhere.
French (most recent in 1990): Simpler plurals of composite words, some modifications to hyphenation, some changes to accents; The past participle of transitive verbs in combinations with laisser (let) is now invariable, it was changed to reflect feminine forms and plural forms beforehand.
German (1901/02) – unified the spelling system nationwide (first in Germany, with later adoption by other Germanophone countries).
Further reforms were enacted more recently, in the German spelling reform of 1996.
Greek (1970s/1980s) – while the written "pure" language, the katharevusa was full of Old Greek words, the spoken "popular" language, the dhimotiki was not.
After the fall of the military rule, a law was promulgated, making the latter become the written language as well.
For example, on Greek coins, the plural of the currency was drachmai (katharevusa form) before and became drachmes (dhimotiki form) after 1982.
Hebrew (1920s) – Modern Hebrew was created from Ancient Hebrew by simplification of the grammar (especially of the syntax) according to Indo-European models, coinage of new words from Hebrew roots based on European models, and simplification of pronunciation rules.
Hungarian (late 18th and early 19th centuries) – more than ten thousand words were coined, out of which several thousand are still actively used today.
Irish (1940s) – spelling system greatly simplified e.g. Gaedheal became Gael, Ó Séigheadh became Ó Sé.
Korean (1446, after division of Korea in 1945) – in the year 1446, King Sejong hired scholars to create a writing system that was both easy to learn and accurately represented the sounds of the Korean language.
The alphabet he made is hangul.
It was only used by common people until 1945.
In North Korea, Kim Il-sung's government completely abolished hanja (Chinese characters used for the Korean language) and made hangul the only writing system of North Korea.
Also, many Chinese loanwords (which was previously 60-70% of Korean vocabulary) were removed and replaced with native Korean words to purify the Korean language, although North Korea had also adopted some Russian loanwords due to its trade relations with the Soviet Union.
In South Korea, hangul has largely replaced hanja, making it the main writing system in South Korea, although many South Koreans still know some hanja and write them on official documents like contracts and job applications.
Hanja is usually used only for Chinese loanwords and homophones where the word's meaning isn't clear by context.
Koreans are expected to know around 1,900 hanja today.
Norwegian (20th century) – as Norway became independent from Denmark (1814), Norwegian started to drift away from Danish.
The reforms in 1907 and 1917 made Riksmaal the written standard Norwegian, renamed Bokmaal in 1929.
Bokmaal and the more vernacular Nynorsk were made closer by a reform in 1938.
Today both language forms are spoken: on Norwegian coins, the name of the country is alternately Norge (Bokmaal) and Noreg (Nynorsk).
Portuguese (20th century) – replaced a cumbersome traditional spelling system with a simplified one (asthma, for instance, became asma and phthysica became tísica).
Romanian (19th century) – replaced the Cyrillic alphabet with the Latin alphabet, deprecated hundreds of Slavic words in favor of Romance ones.
Somali (1970s) – with the assistance of Bogumil W. Andrzejewski, who started his linguistic work in Somalia in 1949, a Latin alphabet was elaborated, made compulsory in 1972 by strongman General Mohamed Siad Barre.
Also the vocabulary was renewed; a lot of new words became coined from existing Somali roots.
Turkish (1930s) – language and writing system were reformed starting in the 1920s, to the point that the older language is called by a different name, Ottoman Turkish.
The Ottoman alphabet was based on the Arabic alphabet, which was replaced in 1928 by the new, Latin-based Turkish alphabet.
Loanwords of Persian and Arabic origin were dropped in favor of native Turkish words or new coinages based on Turkic roots.
Vietnamese (20th century) – during the French colonial rule,  the classical vernacular script based on Chinese characters was replaced with the new Latin alphabet.
Instances in popular culture
(Fictional): In George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, English has become Newspeak, a language designed to make official propaganda easy to understand and to make politically undesirable thoughts impossible to express.
Geoffrey Lewis, The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success, Oxford University Press, 2002, .
The Beaufort scale is a scale for measuring wind speeds.
It is based on observation rather than accurate measurement.
It is the most widely used system to measure wind speed today.
The scale was developed in 1805 by Francis Beaufort, an officer of the Royal Navy and first officially used by HMS Beagle.
There are twelve levels, plus 0 for "no wind".
From 1946 to 1970, there were also beaufort levels 13 to 17.
All of them were labelled as Hurricane.
Because they were only used in special cases, they are no longer in use internationally.
China, and Taiwan still use them, because they often have typhoons.
The scale
UK Meteorological Office: The Beaufort Scale
Investigating Clouds   a lesson plan from the National Science Digital Library that uses the Beaufort Scale.
Radio interview with Scott Huler.
OceanWeather.com gives current graphics for wind, waves and temperature
Open Source Textbook at Oceanworld.tamu.edu  [broken link] cites the original definition formula in chapter 4
Howtoon Poster   showing effects on land/sea effects at each step.
The Wheel of Time is a long running fantasy series of novels written by American author Robert Jordan.
The first in the series, The Eye of the World was published in 1990,  and the last, A Memory of Light, was published in 2009.
Jordan died while he was writing the last book, so it was finished by Brandon Sanderson.
A Memory of Light was split into three parts as the book length was too long.
The Eye of the World
The Shadow Rising
The Fires of Heaven
A Crown of Swords
The Path of Daggers
Crossroads of Twilight
Knife of Dreams
Gathering Storm (The first part of A Memory of Light)
Towers of Midnight (The second part of A Memory of Light)
A Memory of Light (The last part of A Memory of Light)
Robert Jordan (October 17, 1948 – September 16, 2007) was the pen or writing name of the American fantasy author James Oliver Rigney Jr. He was most famous for writing the long, epic fanasy series The Wheel of Time.
He died from amyloidosis before he was able to finish the series.
The last volume A Memory of Light was split into three and was completed by fellow American fantasy writer Brandon Sanderson.
The Wheel of Time is an epic fantasy series that centers around Rand al'Thor, a young man destined to be the Dragon Reborn, the savior figure of the story.
The Dragon Reborn is prophesied to lead the forces of the Light (the forces of good) to fight the Dark One (the main antagonist) at the Last Battle.
List of books in the series
The Eye of the World, (1990)
The Great Hunt, (1990)
The Dragon Reborn, (1991)
The Shadow Rising, (1992)
The Fires of Heaven, (1993)
Lord of Chaos, (1994)
A Crown of Swords, (1996)
The Path of Daggers, (1998)
Winter's Heart, (2000)
Crossroads of Twilight, (2003)
New Spring, prequel to the series, (2004)
Knife of Dreams, (2005)
The Gathering Storm, the first part of A Memory of Light, (2009)
Towers of Midnight, the second part of A Memory of Light, (To be released in 2010)
A Memory of Light, the last part of A Memory of Light, (To be written)
Dragonmount - A fansite that hosts Robert Jordan's blog.
Brandon Sanderson's blog - Brandon Sanderson is the author selected to finish the series.
The Wheel of Time Wiki
Deaths from amyloidosis
Disease-related deaths in South Carolina
Brian Thomas Burke (born 25 February 1947) was the 23rd Premier of Western Australia from 25 February 1983 to 25 February 1988.
He worked as a journalist before becoming a politician.
As Premier he was popular at first but later on his government was involved in a number of private companies that failed.
He resigned to become an ambassador.
During the 1990s he was convicted of committing crimes while he was Premier and spent time in prison.
Burke, Brian
Raymond James O'Connor (6 March 1926 - 25 February 2013) was the 22nd Premier of Western Australia from 25 January 1982 until 25 February 1983.
He became Premier when Charles Court resigned.
Later he was convicted of fraud and spent time in prison.
Premiers of Western Australia
Sir Charles Walter Michael Court (29 September 1911 – 22 December 2007) was the 21st Premier of Western Australia from 8 April 1974 to 25 January 1982.
He became a politician in 1953.
His son, Richard, was also a Premier.
Court, Charles
Chang'an was the capital of ancient China of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history.
Chang'an literally means "Perpetual Peace" in Classical Chinese.
During the Xin Dynasty, the city was renamed "Constant Peace"; yet after its fall in the year 23 AD, the old name was restored.
During the Ming Dynasty, the name was changed to its present name Xi'an, meaning "Western Peace".
The imperial city of Chang'an during the Han Dynasty was in northwest of today's Xi'an.
During the Tang Dynasty, the area to be known as Chang'an included the area inside the Ming Xi'an fortification, plus some small areas to its east and west, and a major part of its southern suburbs.
The Tang Chang'an was 8 times the size of the Ming Xi'an.
During this time Chang'an was one of the largest and most populous cities in the world.
Around 750 A.D. Chang'an was called a "million people's city" in Chinese records, while modern estimates put it at around 800,000–1,000,000 within city walls.
In 710, the grid of Japan's capital city at Heijō-kyō was planned to mirror the grid of Chang'an.
In 794, the plan of the new capital at Heian-kyō also mirrored the Chang'an design.
Benn, Charles (2002).
China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty.
Ebrey, Walthall, Palais (2006).
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. .
Ma, Dezhi. "
Sui Daxing Tang Chang’an Cheng Yizhi" ("Archeological Site of Sui's Daxing and Tang's Chang'an".
Encyclopedia of China (Archeology Edition), 1st ed.
Wang, Chongshu. "
Han Chang’an Cheng Yizhi" ("Archeological Site of Han's Chang'an").
Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (1999).
Chinese Imperial City Planning.
Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2000).
Sui-Tang Chang’an: A Study in the Urban History of Medieval China.
Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies.
Introduction of Xi'an/Chang'an  by the University of Washington
John Trezise Tonkin (2 February 1902 – 20 October 1995) was the 20th Premier of Western Australia from 3 March 1971 to 8 April 1974.
He was born in Boulder City in 1902.
Educated in local schools Tonkin became a teacher in rural Western Australia.
An active member of the Labor Party, he was Prime Minister John Curtin's campaign manager for the 1943 election.
He was elected to the Western Australian parliament for the seat of North East Fremantle (1933–1950), and for the seat of Melville (1950–1977).
He was a Cabinet Minister (1943–1947), Deputy Premier (1953–1959), Leader of the Opposition (1967–1971 and 1974–1976), and Premier (1971–1974).
He retired from parliament in 1977 and died in 1995.
Tonkin, John
Sir David Brand (1 August 1912 – 15 April 1979) was the 19th Premier of Western Australia from 2 April 1959 to 3 March 1971.
Brand, David
Albert ("Bert") Redvers George Hawke (3 December 1900 – 14 February 1986) was the 18th Premier of Western Australia from 23 February 1953 to 2 April 1959.
His nephew, Bob, became Prime Minister of Australia in the 1980s.
Hawke, Albert
Sir Duncan Ross McLarty (17 March 1891 – 22 December 1962) was the 17th Premier of Western Australia from 1 April 1947 to 23 February 1953.
McLarty, Ross
Frank Joseph Scott Wise (30 May 1897 – 29 June 1986) was the 16th Premier of Western Australia from 31 July 1945 to 1 April 1947.
Wise was born in Queensland and after finishing high school he became a tropical fruit farmer.
He joined the Queensland Department of Agriculture, and later moved to Western Australia to work with the WA Department of Agriculture.
He brought banana plants from Queensland to grow in the Gascoyne region around Carnarvon.
He was elected to the Western Australian parliament in 1933 and became the Minister for Agriculture in 1936.
He became Premier of Western Australia after John Willcock resigned in 1945.
His government was defeated in the 1947 election.
He then became Leader of the Opposition for four years.
He resigned from parliament in 1951 to become the Administrator of the Northern Territory.
Administrators of the Northern Territory
Wise, Frank
The early modern period is characterized by the rise to importance of science and technological progress, civic politics and the nation state.
Capitalism began its rise, beginning in northern Italian republics such as Genoa.
The early modern period also saw the rise and dominance of the economic theory of mercantilism.
As such, the early modern period represents the decline and eventual disappearance, in much of the European sphere, of feudalism, serfdom and the power of the Catholic Church.
The beginning of the early modern period is not clear-cut, but is generally accepted to be in the late 15th century or early 16th century.
Significant dates in this phase from medieval to early modern Europe are:
The invention of the first European movable type printing press by Johannes Gutenberg, a device that fundamentally changed the circulation of information.
Movable type, which allowed individual characters to be arranged to form words and which is an invention separate from the printing press, had also been invented in, but not known outside of, China.
The conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans signalled the end of the Byzantine Empire; the Battle of Castillon meant the end of Hundred Years' War.
The last Plantagenet king, Richard III, was killed at Bosworth and the medieval civil wars of aristocratic factions gave way to early modern Tudor monarchy, in the person of Henry VII.
The first documented European voyage to the Americas by the Italian explorer Christopher Columbus; the end of the Reconquista, with the final expulsion of the Moors from the Iberian Peninsula; the Spanish government expels the Jews.
French king Charles VIII invaded Italy, so he started a series of wars which are typical for the Italian Renaissance.
First formulation of modern politics with the publication of Machiavelli's The Prince.
The Reformation begins with Martin Luther nailing his ninety-five theses to the door of the church in Wittenberg, Germany.
The Council of Trent marks the end of the medieval Roman Catholic Church.
Among the most important political changes of this time are the abolition of serfdom and the change of kingdoms into nation-states.
Then the Reformation, that meant that Christendom was no unified entity any more.
Many kings and rulers used this radical shift in the understanding of the world to further consolidate their sovereignty over their territories.
For instance, many of the Germanic states (as well as English Reformation) converted to Protestantism in an attempt to slip out of the power of the Pope.
The intellectual developments of the period included the creation of the economic theory of mercantilism and the publication of works of political and social philosophy, such as Machiavelli's The Prince (1513) and Thomas More's Utopia (1515).
Difference between 'early modern' and the Renaissance
The expression "early modern" is sometimes, and incorrectly, used as a substitute for the term Renaissance.
However, "Renaissance" is properly used in relation to a diverse series of cultural developments; which occurred over several hundred years in many different parts of Europe—especially central and northern Italy—and span the transition from late Medieval civilization and the opening of the early modern period.
The term early modern is most often applied to Europe, and its overseas empire.
However, in Japan, the Edo period from 1590 to 1868 is also sometimes referred to as the early modern period.
Political powers
Habsburg
Early Modern Italy
Discussion of the medieval/modern transition from the introduction to the pioneering Cambridge Modern History (1903)
Society for Renaissance Studies
Kevin Moore (born 30 November 1965, in St Johns Lakemba, New South Wales, Australia) is a rugby league coach and former player.
He was the head coach for the Bulldogs in the NRL from 2009 to 2011.
As a player, he played as a scrum-half.
Bulldogs profile
Australian rugby league players
Roman Čechmánek  (born March 2, 1971 in Gottwaldov (now called Zlín), Czechoslovakia) is a Czech professional ice hockey goaltender.
His only Olympic appearance was for the Czech Republic in the 1998 Winter Olympics.
Backing-up star goaltender Dominik Hašek, Čechmánek's team won the gold medal after defeating Russia in the gold medal deciding match, despite not playing a single game.
Czech Republic won in a tight 1–0 game.
International statistics
Played in National Hockey League All-Star Game — 2001.
Named to National Hockey League All-Star Second Team — 2000–01.
William M. Jennings Trophy (shared with Martin Brodeur and teammate Robert Esche) — 2002–03
Czech ice hockey goaltenders