the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
They formed in 2000.
Many band members come from Cumbria, but they are based in Brighton.
They have released six albums and six EPs.
They released their sixth album Machineries of Joy in April 2013.
The Decline Of British Sea Power (2003)
Open Season (2005)
Do You Like Rock Music? (
Valhalla Dancehall (2010)
Machineries Of Joy (2013)
Sea of Brass (2015)
Let the Dancers Inherit the Party (2017)
2000 establishments in England
Indie rock bands
Musical groups established in 2000
Jimmy Eat World is an alternative rock band.
They formed in Mesa, Arizona in 1994.
To date, they have released six studio albums.
They may record one more album on their label for a 2009 release, but after that will consider self-releasing.
They have released many singles, including Sweetness, The Middle, Bleed American, Rockstar, and Let It Happen.
They used to be part of the emo scene and many would still call them that.
However, the band has never liked that term and do not even understand that.
While their albums do have considerable emo influences, the album Future brought on a change of sound and a different fanbase.
Jimmy Eat World - 1994
Static Prevails - 1996
Clarity - 1999
Bleed American - 2001
Futures - 2004
Chase This Light - 2007
Invented - 2010
Damage - 2013
One Two Three - 1994
Jimmy Eat World (EP) - 1998
Firestarter - 2000
Good To Go - 2002
Stay On My Side Tonight - 2005
Jimmy Eat World's Official website
Emo bands
Musical groups from Arizona
People from Mesa, Arizona
1993 establishments in the United States
1990s establishments in Arizona
Phish is an American rock band.
They formed in Vermont in 1983, broke up in 2004, and reformed in 2009.
Their lead singer is Trey Anastasio.
Phish was often compared to the Grateful Dead, and had a similar following of "Phish Heads" following the band on tour.
They went on a 5-year-long hiatus from 2004 to 2009.
Their hiatus ended when they played shows on March 6, 7 and 8 at the Hampton Coliseum in Hampton, VA.
The band surprised the audience with longer sets than usual.
Their music has a lot of improvisation, so when they play live, their songs are sometimes a lot longer.
They use elements from many genres, including rock, jazz, funk, progressive rock, bluegrass, country, reggae, blues, Latin, and psychedelic rock.
The White Tape (1986)
The Man Who Stepped into Yesterday (1987)
Junta (1989)
Lawn Boy (1990)
A Picture of Nectar (1992)
Rift (1993)
Hoist (1994)
Billy Breathes (1996)
The Story of the Ghost (1998)
The Siket Disc (1999)
Farmhouse (2000)
Round Room (2002)
Undermind (2004)
Joy (2009)
Fuego (2014)
Big Boat (2016)
Sigma Oasis (2020)
2004 disestablishments in the United States
20th-century establishments in Vermont
Green Day is an American rock band that formed in 1986.
The members of the band are Billie Joe Armstrong (vocals, guitar), Mike Dirnt (bass guitar, vocals), and Tré Cool (drums, percussion), Jason White (guitar/vocals) and Jason Freese (keyboard).
Jason Freese only participates in concert tours.
Green Day is often celebrated as one of the best punk rock bands currently performing.
At first, Green Day was part of the punk rock culture at 924 Gilman Street in Berkeley, California.
Its album Dookie (1994) became a success.
Soon, it sold more than ten million copies in the United States alone, and 20 million copies worldwide.
The album was well reviewed and the band were praised for its music and sales.
Green Day had three more albums after that, Insomniac, Nimrod and Warning.
They were still successful albums, reaching double platinum, double platinum, and gold status respectively.
However none of these albums sold as well as their third album, Dookie.
Green Day's 2004 rock opera American Idiot sold six million copies in the United States.
Green Day has sold over 85 million records worldwide,  32 million  of them in the United States alone.
They also have won four Grammy Awards, Best Alternative Album for Dookie, Best Rock Album for American Idiot, Record of the Year for the song "Boulevard of Broken Dreams, Best Rock Album for 21st Century Breakdown and have also been inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall Of Fame.
Formation and Lookout years (1987–1993)
In 1987, Lookout!
released Green Day's first album 39/Smooth.
Green Day recorded two EPs: Slappy and Sweet Children.
Records released 1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours, an album that had the 39/Smooth, Slappy, and 1,000 Hours EPs in it.
In late 1990, shortly after the band's first worldwide tour, Sobrante left the band.
The Lookouts drummer Tré Cool became a replacement, and then became a permanent replacement because Sobrante did not want to come back.
Green Day was on tour for most of 1992 and 1993, and played a lot of shows overseas in Europe.
Its second album, Kerplunk, sold about 50,000 copies in the U.S., which was a lot for the punk band in 1992.
Breakthrough success (1994–1996)
Kerplunk's success made major record labels interested in Green Day, and they soon left Lookout!
and signed with Reprise Records after getting the attention of producer Rob Cavallo.
Signing to Reprise made many punk rock fans think Green Day as sellouts.
After signing with Reprise, the band went to work on making its major label debut, Dookie.
Released in February of 1994, and recorded in 3 weeks, Dookie became a commercial success, making it to MTV for the videos of the songs "Longview", "Basket Case", and "When I Come Around", all of which made it to the number one position on the Modern Rock Tracks charts.
Insomniac was a darker, more punk release for the band than the rocking Dookie.
Insomniac earned 4 out of 5 stars from Rolling Stone Magazine, which said "In punk, the good stuff actually unfolds and gains meaning as you listen without sacrificing any of its electric, haywire immediacy.
And Green Day are as good as this stuff gets."
Insomniac won the band award nominations for Favorite Artist, Favorite Hard Rock Artist, and Favorite Alternative Artist at the 1996 American Music Awards.
The video for "Walking Contradiction" got the band a Grammy nomination for Best Video, Short Form, and a Best Special Effects nomination at the MTV Video Music Awards.
In 1995, a new single for the Angus soundtrack was released, titled "J.A.R.".
The single went straight to number one on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart.
After that, Insomniac, Green Day's new album, was released in the fall of 1995.
After that, the band stopped from going on a European tour so they could rest for a while.
Nimrod and Warning (1997–2000)
In 1997, Green Day began to work on a new album.
They came up with Nimrod.
The new album was released in October 1996.
The success of "Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)" won the band an MTV Video Award for Best Alternative Video.
In 2000, Green Day released Warning, an album that had types of songs that Nimrod did.
Though the Warning made the hit "Minority" and a smaller hit with "Warning", some observers thought that the band was losing popularity.
Warning was certified gold by the RIAA.
In the summer of 2003, the band went into a studio to write and record new songs for a new album titled Cigarettes and Valentines.
After making 20 tracks, the master tapes were stolen from the studio.
The band was upset and chose not to try to re-create the stolen album, but instead start over with a vow to be even better than before.
In this same year, Green Day went with Iggy Pop on two tracks for his album Skull Ring.
They took "band therapy," talking for a long time to work out the members' differences after accusations from Dirnt and Cool that Armstrong was "the band's Nazi" and a show-off bent on taking the limelight from the other band members.
The 2004 album, American Idiot, was number one on the Billboard charts, the band's first ever album to top the chart, even with success of the album's first single, "American Idiot.
Through 2005, the band toured for about 150 days— visiting Japan, Australia, the United States and the UK, where they had a crowd of 130,000 people in only two days.
While touring for American Idiot, they filmed and recorded the two concerts at the Milton Keynes National Bowl in England, which was voted 'The Best Show On Earth' in a Kerrang!
Magazine Poll.
These recordings were released as a live CD and DVD called Bullet in a Bible on November 15, 2005.
The DVD had a behind-the-scenes footage of the band, and showed how the band prepared to put on the show.
The final shows of its 2005 world tour were in Sydney, Australia, and Melbourne, Australia, on December 14 and 17.
On January 10, 2006 the band was awarded with a People's Choice Award for favorite group.
In 2006, Green Day won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year for "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" which spent 16 weeks at the number one position of Billboard's Modern Rock Tracks.
In an interview with Kerrang!,
Billie Joe said that 2008 would "be a fair estimate of the release date of their new Untitled Eighth Studio Album."
In October 2007, Billie Joe said more on this new album, saying he had been writing new songs on the piano, and had around 45 of them.
He said he wanted the new music to dig into what he's feeling during that time - which is middle-aged.
In 2009 Kerrang!
named American Idiot the best album of the decade, NME ranked it #60 in a similar list, and Rolling Stone ranked it 22nd.
Armstrong said that 2009 would "be a fair estimate of the release date of their new untitled eighth studio album for Green Day."
It was revealed that Butch Vig would be producing the upcoming album in an interview with Carson Daly.
The gap of nearly five years between their previous album, American Idiot, and their newest release was the longest gap in Green Day's career.
While the band had been working on new music since January 2006, by October 2007 Armstrong had written 45 songs, the band showed no further signs of being close to releasing a new album until October 2008, when a video of the group recording with producer Butch Vig in the studio was posted on YouTube.
Their newest album, titled 21st Century Breakdown, was released on May 15, 2009.
Called "Green Day at their best" by Seattle Weekly's Krist Novoselic, the album has received mostly positive reviews.
Rating website Metacritic reported a rating of 70% as of July 2009, based on 30 reviews.
After it was released, 21st Century Breakdown reached #1 on the charts in fourteen different countries.
Music style and influences
Green Day's sound is often compared to first wave punk rock bands such as the Ramones, The Clash, Sex Pistols, The Jam, and the Buzzcocks.
Stylistically, the group is characterized as punk rock, pop punk and alternative rock.
Most of their songs are fast and under the average song length of four minutes (4:00), though some of their songs run on longer such as "Jesus of Suburbia" which runs for nine minutes.
Billie Joe Armstrong said that some of his biggest influences are alternative rock bands Husker Dü and The Replacements.
Armstrong's lyrics mostly describe alienation, hysteria, girls, growing up, and what happens to someone if they take drugs.
The Ramones had lyrical themes that were also close to Green Day's lyrics such as hysteria, alienation, girls, and drugs.
Green Day has covered Ramones songs a few times, such as recording "Outsider" for the tribute album We're a Happy Family, and performing "Blitzkrieg Bop" and "Teenage Lobotomy" when the Ramones made it into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2002.
Billie Joe Armstrong – vocals, guitar (1986–present)
Mike Dirnt - bass guitar, backing vocals (1986–present)
Tré Cool – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1990–present)
Jason White - lead guitar, rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2012–present; touring member 1999–Present)
John Kiffmeyer – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1987–1990)
Current touring musicians
Jason Freese – keyboards, piano, acoustic guitar, trombone, saxophone, accordion, backing vocals (2004–present)
Former touring musicians
Kurt Lohmiller – trumpet, timpani, percussion, vocals (1999–2004)
Gabrial McNair – trombone, tenor saxophone (1999–2001)
Garth Schultz - trombone, trumpet
Ronnie Blake – trumpet, timpani, percussion, backing vocals (2004–present)
Mike Pelino – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2004–present)
Rob Cavallo – piano on American Idiot (2004)
Stephen Bradley – trumpet on Warning (2000) and Nimrod (1997)
Petra Haden – violin on Nimrod (1997)
Gabrial McNair – trombone on Nimrod (1997)
39/Smooth (1990)
Kerplunk (1992)
Dookie (1994)
Insomniac (1995)
Nimrod (1997)
Warning (2000)
American Idiot (2004)
21st Century Breakdown (2009)
¡Uno! (
¡Dos! (
¡Tré! (
Revolution Radio (2016)
Father of All Motherfuckers (2020)
Spitz, Marc.
Nobody Likes You: Inside the Turbulent Life, Times, and Music of Green Day.
New York: Hyperion, 2006.
The Green Day Story (Broadcast on Radio 1 Mon 20 June 2005) (Different link )
Green Day Official website
Green Day Idiot Club  Official fanclub
The Green Day Wiki A Wikia project Green Day wiki.
1986 establishments in the United States
1980s establishments in California
Musicians from Berkeley, California
Musical groups established in 1986
A live album is an album that has live songs.
These live songs are played on stage at a concert, instead of recorded in a studio.
People record the songs and put them on a CD.
A photo album is usually a book with pictures inside it
A Stamp album is a book with series of postage stamps
Marvin Gaye (born Marvin Pentz Gay, Jr.,  April 2, 1939 - April 1, 1984) was an American soul and R&B singer and songwriter.
He was a famous artist recording on the Motown label in the 1960s and 1970s.
He became an independent artist when he released his 1971 album, What's Going On.
After living in Europe in the late 1970s, Gaye had a comeback hit with 1982's "Sexual Healing".
The record won him two Grammy Awards and became his biggest hit.
He died on April 1, 1984 when he was killed by his father, Marvin Gay, Sr.. After he died, he was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Marvin Pentz Gay, Jr. was the eldest son of a Pentecostal minister and the second of four children.
His family lived in a mostly African-American community in Washington, D.C. When he was a child, Gaye was abused by his father.
He used music to help him cope with the abuse, playing instruments and singing gospel music in his father's church.
When he was a teenager, Gaye became a fan of doo-wop and joined several groups before he left high school at the start of his senior year.
In 1956, when he was seventeen years old, Gaye left home and enlisted in (joined) in the United States Air Force.
He was honorably discharged the following year.
Gaye moved back to Washington D.C. and formed a group called The Marquees.
The group was discovered by musician Bo Diddley and they recorded the songs "Good Morning Little Schoolgirl" and "Wyatt Earp".
They then met Harvey Fuqua and joined with his group The Moonglows.
They released a song called "Mama Loocie" in 1959.
This was the first song recorded with Gaye singing as lead vocalist.
The following year, the new Moonglows split up and with Fuqua as his mentor, Gaye traveled to Detroit, Michigan where they met Berry Gordy, who had formed Motown Records.
Gordy was impressed by Marvin's talent as a piano player and drummer and signed him as a session drummer for Motown.
Gaye played drums on most of Motown's early hits for artists like The Marvelettes, Mary Wells, the Miracles and Stevie Wonder.
In 1961, Gordy signed Gaye as a recording artist and released  The Soulful Moods of Marvin Gaye.
The album did not sell well.
Early stardom
Gaye's first became successful when he co-wrote the Marvelettes' top twenty hit, "Beechwood 4-5789".
In 1962 he released his own song called "Stubborn Kind of Fellow".
It was partly about his own life and got into the top fifty of the pop chart and number eight on the R&B side.
His first top 40 single, "Hitch Hike", and his first top ten hit, "Pride & Joy", made him a teen idol.
These early singles and those on his second release, That Stubborn Kind of Fellow, featured Martha and the Vandellas in the backGaye had more successful songs like early success continued with "Can I Get a Witness", "Baby Don't You Do It", "You Are a Wonderful One" and "Try It Baby".
In late 1964, Gaye recorded "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)", which peaked at the top ten of the American pop charts and became one of his first hits abroad reaching the top fifty in the United Kingdom.
Gaye also worked with his friend, singer Smokey Robinson to write number-one singles, "I'll Be Doggone" and "Ain't That Peculiar".
Duets with female artists
After his early success, which Marvin had struggles with, Motown began to widen his role as a ladies man, having him record duet albums with Mary Wells, Kim Weston and Diana Ross.
His first album with Wells, Together, became Marvin's first charted album, and yielded two popular hits, while his single with Weston, the Sylvia Moy-penned "It Takes Two", hit the top twenty on both sides of the Atlantic.
But it would be his collaboration with Philadelphia R&B singer Tammi Terrell that landed him his biggest known success in his duet work.
Building on songs written by Ashford & Simpson, the team of Marvin and Tammi scored a multitude of hits including their original version of "Ain't No Mountain High Enough", "Your Precious Love", "Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing" and "You're All I Need to Get By".
Their success would be short-lived following Tammi's collapse during a show at Virginia in October of 1967.
Having complained of headaches, Tammi was rushed to the hospital that night and was diagnosed with a brain tumor.
Terrell braved it out but by the release of their third and last album together, Easy, was losing her fight with the tumor.
Tammi died in March of 1970 at the age of 24 from complications of her brain cancer.
Marvin was said to be so devastated by Tammi's death that he said he felt a piece of him died with her, and reports state at her funeral, Marvin talked to her remains as if she was gonna respond.
Promising not to tour again and not to record another duet album after that, Marvin went into a self-imposed seclusion that ended briefly.
In 1973, Marvin would work on his final duet album with Diana Ross.
Their recording was hampered by arguments between them as Marvin refused to stop smoking marijuana in the studio as Diana was then pregnant.
The resulting album, Diana and Marvin, became a top twenty U.S. success and reached the top ten in the U.K.
Breakthrough from Motown
In 1968, Marvin returned to the top of the charts as a solo act with the Norman Whitfield-penned "I Heard It Through the Grapevine".
The song, originally recorded in 1967, was initially blocked from release since Berry Gordy disapproved of the song.
Instead, one of its cover versions by Gladys Knight & the Pips was released, and it ended up reaching number-two.
Whitfield was determined to get Gordy to release Marvin's, and in October 1968, Motown finally issued "Grapevine" as a single where it eventually reached number-one in December of that year, it also reached number one in the U.K. and became the biggest-selling single in Motown history during the sixties.
During this period, Marvin used his "Grapevine" success to produce a collection of singles for his background group the Originals.
Those songs, "Baby I'm for Real" and "The Bells" became top 40 recordings.
After two more top ten hits that followed, Marvin began working on a more personal production.
Inspired by Tammi Terrell's death, his brother Frankie's Vietnam stories, footage of the Vietnam War and race riots in the U.S., Marvin's success with his first productions and a rough draft of a song composed by Four Tops member Obie Benson, Marvin recorded an introspective single titled "What's Going On".
Like "Grapevine", Motown refused to release it due to it being "uncommercial" and "risky" since Gordy could not find a song to match anything with and also because Gordy was against anyone in his company to talk openly about serious issues.
In spite of releases by the Temptations, the Supremes and Edwin Starr, which opened about inner city struggle, illegitimate pregnancy and wars respectively, Motown was afraid the song would ruin Marvin's squeaky-clean teen pop image.
Marvin, confident in his own abilities, stood his ground, and in January of 1971, the song was released quickly becoming a hit single reaching number two on the Billboard pop chart and number one on the Cashbox pop chart, also hitting number-one on the Billboard R&B chart.
A follow-up album of the same name was quickly released that May and with accompanying top ten singles "Mercy Mercy Me" and "Inner City Blues", songs that also talked about social issues including environmentalism, the album sold over a million copies and permanently made Marvin one of the first independent artists on the label.
Inspired by Marvin's success, Stevie Wonder refused to renew his contract with Motown in May of 1971 after releasing the non-Motown approved Where I'm Coming From, an album that also dealt with social issues.
In 1972, Motown signed Marvin to a $1 million contract, making him at the time the highest-paid black recording artist in music history.
Marvin celebrated the contract by releasing the pro-political single "You're the Man", which attacked the Nixon administration.
Moving from Detroit to Los Angeles that year, he recorded the soundtrack to the movie, "Trouble Man".
The soundtrack and its title track became top twenty and top ten hits on the charts respectively.
In 1973, Marvin dramatically changed direction from social topics to sexual politics with the release of "Let's Get It On".
The song became Marvin's second number-one Billboard hit and was the biggest-selling R&B single of that year.
Its subsequent album became another critical milestone as What's Going On had been and with his new look as a wool hat-wearing, studded jean outfit, bearded "messiah", Marvin had become an icon of early seventies soul music.
In 1974, Marvin returned officially to touring after a four-year sabbatical following the death of Tammi Terrell and began to suffer from the effects of a long-developing cocaine addiction, which started in the late sixties.
Marvin went a year without producing a record though through yet another new Motown contract, he built a recording studio in the middle of Sunset Boulevard.
In 1976, Marvin released the erotic I Want You album, an album that had been delayed by his first wife, Anna Gordy's divorce case against him.
The divorce was finalized after Marvin agreed to remit a portion of his royalties from his next album to Ms. Gordy.
The result was the controversial Here, My Dear project, which came out in early 1979 after two years of holding the project from release.
Marvin recorded a disco hit in 1977 titled "Got to Give It Up".
The song hit number-one marking his third pop hit to reach the spot and his twelfth on the R&B side.
It would end up being his last major hit with the Motown label.
Following the release of Here, My Dear, the album tanked and Marvin, already run dry by dwindling finances, numerous lawsuits, a troubling marriage to a second wife and an even more troubling cocaine addiction, eventually left his wife, three children, and the U.S. settling first in Hawaii and then settling in London in 1980 after a European promoter advised him to tour Europe.
Recording most of his final Motown release, In Our Lifetime, in London, the album was rush-released by Motown in early 1981 much to Marvin's chagrin: he complained that the label had edited certain songs, including one that seemed unfinished, and had taken off a question mark that he put at the end of the title to ask a question about life.
Marvin stated he would no longer record for Motown and was granted his wish when CBS Records brought him out of his contract in April of 1982.
Return from exile
In 1981, Marvin settled in Ostend, Belgium thanks to a former Belgian sports promoter and with his encouragement began rebuilding his life cutting away from drugs and also rebuilding his music career.
After a successful European tour, Marvin signed with CBS Records and began work on a new album in his adopted home.
After his friend and biographer David Ritz arrived to interview him, Marvin and David collaborated on a reggae-styled track in which Ritz titled "Sexual Healing" after a conversation between the two evolved into pornography.
The song was one of eight Marvin worked on to fit into his comeback release, Midnight Love.
Boosted by its Caribbean flavor, the song returned Marvin to the top of the charts, hitting number-one on the R&B chart for a period of ten weeks and also becoming a top ten hit in several countries including number-three in the U.S. pop chart and number-four in England.
It also hit number-one in New Zealand.
Selling over two million copies, it became Marvin's biggest-selling single to date and won him his first couple of Grammys in 1983.
Marvin's comeback was cemented with his emotional performance of the national anthem at the NBA All Star Game and a reunited showcase at Motown 25, where Marvin was reunited with his old Motown buddies.
Marvin's performance consisted of him playing piano while speaking on the illustrious history of black music before singing "What's Going On" to a receptive audience.
That year, Marvin went on the road to promote the Midnight Love album.
It would end up being his final tour.
Death and aftermath
Settling in his parents' Los Angeles home after the tour, Marvin reportedly struggled with drug abuse and his troubling relationship with his father continued spiraling downwards.
On the morning of April 1, 1984, Marvin and his father got into an argument after his father verbally assaulted Marvin's mother while they were arguing over misplaced business documents.
The two men clashed and Marvin reportedly shoved his father to the ground during the struggle.
After returning to his room, Marvin's father reentered Marvin's room with a loaded shotgun Marvin had bought for him for Christmas and shot him twice with one fatal shot to his chest.
At approximately 1:10 pm, Marvin Gaye was pronounced dead on the scene at Cedars Sinai Medical Center.
He was one day shy of his forty-fifth birthday.
Marvin's death shocked his fans though family members and friends knew of Marvin's depression.
Over 10,000 well-wishers paid their last respects at a star-studded funeral in Los Angeles.
Marvin's ashes were spread to the beaches of the Atlantic Ocean.
In 1985, Motown and CBS collaborated on two posthumous records while Motown re-released Marvin's famed material.
In 1987, Marvin was posthumously inducted to the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame confirming his status as one of the greatest artists in music history.
Marvin first dated Anna Gordy in 1961.
Anna was said to be the inspiration behind Marvin's sixties hits including "Stubborn Kind of Fellow" and "You Are a Wonderful One".
He married her in 1964 and the couple adopted a boy they named Marvin Pentz Gaye III in 1965.
Their marriage was rocky by the time Marvin began courting a beautiful seventeen-year-old high-school student named Janis Hunter in 1973.
Hunter was reportedly the inspiration behind the song "If I Should Die Tonight" as he had sung the song to her in the studio.
His 1976 album, I Want You, was dedicated to Janis, who married him in 1977.
The couple had two children together, daughter Nona and son Frankie.
They divorced in 1981.
The Soulful Moods of Marvin Gaye (1961)
That Stubborn Kinda Fellow (1963)
When I'm Alone I Cry (1964)
Hello Broadway (1964)
How Sweet It Is to Be Loved by You (1965)
A Tribute to the Great Nat "King" Cole (1965)
Moods of Marvin Gaye (1966)
In The Groove (a.k.a.
I Heard It Through the Crapevine (1968)
M.P.G. (1969)
That's the Way Love Is (1970)
What's Going On (1971)
Trouble Man (1972)
Let's Get It On (1973)
I Want You (1976)
Here, My Dear (1978)
In Our Lifetime (1981)
Midnight Love (1982)
Dream of a Lifetime (1985)
Romantically Yours (1985)
Vulnerable (1997)
Masturbation is when a person touches their own sex organs to have pleasure.
It often results in an orgasm.
Masturbating may be done alone, but can also be done with another person.
This is called "mutual masturbation".
Vibrators and dildos can be used to make masturbation easier or feel better, but it is often done with just a person's hand.
Studies have shown that many people masturbate regularly.
Animals can masturbate too.
Female masturbation
The female sex organ most sensitive to touch is the clitoris.
Therefore, female masturbation almost always involves stimulating the clitoris, either by hand or with a vibrator.
Many women also enjoy the feeling of fingers or a sex toy in the vagina, but this is a secondary sensation that is not necessary for orgasm, and that rarely results in orgasm on its own.
Some women find stimulation of the front vaginal wall particularly pleasurable.
The anus is rich in nerve endings and is also sometimes stimulated during masturbation, as are the nipples.
Masturbation is usually continued until orgasm.
Some women may have problems reaching an orgasm, especially when they are young, and have little experience masturbating.
Some women experience "multiple orgasms" - several orgasms in a row without loss of arousal.
It should be noted, however, that women who are not capable of multiple orgasms report as much orgasmic satisfaction as women who are multi-orgasmic.
Male masturbation
Masturbation for males is the act of stimulating the penis manually to provide self-pleasure.
For older teens and adults, masturbation usually ends in what is called an ejaculation (the release of liquid called semen which contains sperm cells).
This ejaculation is usually accompanied by a powerful, pleasurable feeling called an orgasm.
Most boys start masturbating between the age of 12 and 15.
There are many ways in which a male can choose to masturbate.
The most common of these techniques is using the hand.
A man simply wraps his hand or two or three fingers around the shaft of his penis (in erection) and moves his hand up and down.
Sometimes a lubricant is used to create a softer sensation.
As the sensation increases in intensity, the rate of hand movement generally quickens until orgasm occurs.
Orgasm is a very pleasurable feeling which results in semen being ejaculated from the penis.
Due to the placement of the prostate gland, another method (though much more of a social taboo) involves inserting an object, like one's hand or a sex toy, into the anus to rub against the prostate.
This causes a sensation of pleasure through the male's body, and has been stated to cause orgasms more pleasurable than those caused by simply rubbing the shaft.
Masturbation frequency, age and sex
If and how often people masturbate depends on many things.
One of the things it depends on is hormone levels.
Hormones cause sexual arousal.
Other things that the frequency of masturbation depend on sexual habits.
Sexual habits are sexual activities that people do because they are used to doing them.
Other people of the same age or standing - called peers - can also influence this frequency.
General health is another of the many factors.
The general attitude towards masturbation is formed by culture.
Medical causes have also been associated with masturbation.
"Forty-eight female college students were asked to complete a sexual attitudes questionnaire in which a frequency of masturbation scale was embedded.
Twenty-four of the women (the experimental group) then individually viewed an explicit modeling film involving female masturbation.
One month later, all subjects again completed the same questionnaire.
Subjects in the experimental group also completed a questionnaire evaluating aspects of the film.
Results indicated that the experimental group reported a significant increase in the average monthly frequency of masturbation, as compared to the control group.
This same group, however, reported that the film had no effect on sexual attitudes or behavior."
A 2004 survey by Toronto magazine NOW was answered by an unspecified number of thousands.
The results show that an overwhelming majority of the males — 81% — began masturbating between the ages of 12 and 15.
Among females, the same figure was a more modest majority of 55%. (
Note that surveys on sexual practices are prone to self-selection bias.)
It is not uncommon, however, to begin much earlier, and this is more frequent among females: 18% had begun by the time they turned 12, and 6% already by the time they turned 10.
Being the main outlet of child sexuality, masturbation has been observed in very young children.
In the book Human Sexuality: Diversity in Contemporary America, by Strong, Devault and Sayad, the authors point out, "A baby boy may laugh in his crib while playing with his erect penis (although he does not ejaculate).
Baby girls sometimes move their bodies rhythmically, almost violently, appearing to experience orgasm."
A 2004 magazine survey in Canada found that 43% started masturbating when they were about 12–13 years old.
When boys start masturbating, wet dreams often stop since semen is taken out from his body regularly.
According to a Canadian survey of Now magazine readers, (cited above), the frequency of masturbation declines after the age of 17.
However, most males masturbate daily, or even more frequently, well into their 20s and sometimes far beyond.
This decline is more drastic among females, and more gradual among males.
While females aged 13–17 masturbated almost once a day on average (and almost as often as their male peers), adult women only masturbated 8–9 times a month, compared to the 18–22 among men.
It is also apparent that masturbation frequency declines with age.
Adolescent youths report being able to masturbate to ejaculation six or more times per day, though some men in older middle age report being hard pressed to ejaculate even once per day.
The survey does not give a full demographic breakdown of respondents, however, and the sexual history of respondents to this poll, who are readers of an urban Toronto lifestyle magazine, may not extend to the general population.
It appears that females are less likely to masturbate while in a heterosexual relationship than men.
Both sexes occasionally engage in this activity, however, even when in sexually active relationships.
Popular belief asserts that individuals of either sex who are not in sexually active relationships tend to masturbate more frequently than those who are; however, much of the time this is not true as masturbation alone or with a partner is often a feature of a relationship.
Contrary to conventional wisdom, several studies actually reveal a positive correlation between the frequency of masturbation and the frequency of intercourse as well as the number of sex partners.
One study reported a significantly higher rate of masturbation in gay men and women who were in a relationship.
Cultural views and practices
The Catholic church says masturbation is a 'gravely disordered action'.
Among men masturbation may be seen as a sign of weakness.
There are slang terms for it that are used as insults.
The Sambia tribe of New Guinea has rites of passage surrounding manhood.
They include  frequent ejaculation by fellatio.
Semen is valued.
Masturbation is seen as a waste of semen.
Because of this, it is frowned upon but frequent ejaculation is encouraged.
The capacity and need to ejaculate is nurtured for years.
This is done from an early age through fellatio.
This allows the semen to be consumed rather than wasted.
Semen is ingested for strength.
It is considered in the same line as mothers' milk.
Other cultures have rites of passage into manhood that end in the first ejaculation of a male.
This is often by the hands of a tribal elder.
In some tribes such as the Agta in the Philippines, stimulation of the genitals is encouraged from an early age.
At puberty, the young male is then paired off with a "wise elder" or "witch doctor".
This person uses masturbation to build his ability to ejaculate in preparation for a ceremony.
The ceremony ends in a public ejaculation before a celebration.
The ejaculate is saved in a wad of animal skin and worn later to help conceive children.
In this and other tribes, the measure of manhood is actually associated more with the amount of ejaculate  than penis size.
Frequent ejaculation through masturbation from an early age fosters frequent ejaculation well into adulthood.
Masturbation marathons have occurred in the U.S. and UK.
These events provide a supportive environment where masturbation can be performed openly.
Masturbation may increase fertility during sexual intercourse.
In females, it can regulate the conditions of the vagina, cervix and the uterus.
This can either increase or decrease the chance of conception.
Whether the chance is increased or decreased depends on the timing of the masturbation.
This timing is a subconscious decision.
If she has intercourse with more than one male, it favors the chances of one or the other male's sperm reaching her egg.
Female masturbation can also protect against cervical infections.
It does this by increasing the acidity of the cervical mucus and by moving debris out of the cervix.
The function of masturbation in males is to flush out old sperm with low motility from the male's genital tract.
The next ejaculate contains more fresh sperm, which has higher chances of achieving conception during intercourse.
If more than one male is having intercourse with a female, the sperm with the highest motility will compete more effectively.
Health and psychological effects
The physical effect of masturbation and having an orgasm or ejaculating is heightened arousal while epinephrine courses through the body, producing dopamine also known as the happy chemical, shallow breath and post-climactic euphoria.
It is held in many mental health circles that masturbation can relieve depression, stress and lead to a higher sense of self-worth.
Masturbation can also be particularly useful in relationships where one partner wants more sex than the other — in which case masturbation provides a balancing effect and thus a more harmonious relationship.
Mutual masturbation, the act by which two or more partners stimulate themselves in the presence of each other, allows a couple to reveal the map to their pleasure centers.
Witnessing a partner masturbate is an educational activity to find out the method a partner uses to please them self, allowing each partner to learn exactly how the other enjoys being touched.
A study published in 1997 found an inverse association between death from coronary heart disease and frequency of orgasm even given the risk that myocardial ischaemia and myocardial infarction can be triggered by sexual activity.
Excerpt: "The association between frequency or orgasm and all cause mortality was also examined using the midpoint of each response category recoded as number of orgasms per year.
The age adjusted odds ratio for an increase of 100 orgasms per year was 0.64 (0.44 to 0.95)".
That is, a difference between any two subjects appeared when one subject ejaculated at around two or more times per week than the other.
Assuming a broad range average of between 3-5 ejaculations per week for a healthy males, this would mean 5-7 ejaculations per week.
This is consistent with an article on the benefits against prostate cancer  However, the article notes that "The question of causation is complex... several explanations are possible".
Masturbation is also seen as a sexual technique that protects individuals from the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases.
Support for such a view, and for making it part of the American sex education curriculum, led to the dismissal of US Surgeon General Joycelyn Elders during the Clinton administration.
A 2011 study from the Indiana University supports the assertion.
After taking age and partner status into account, the study showed that sexually active boys who masturbated regularly were eight times more likely to have used a condom during their last intercourse than other boys.
This positive outcome has been observed in other studies and has been the basis of public health policy in Great Britain promoting masturbation.
Some people actually consider masturbation as a cardiovascular workout.
Masturbation makes most people feel good and can sometimes replace sexual intercourse when one cannot find a partner.
It can also prepare one for sexual intercourse.
Objects inserted into the vagina or anus should be clean and should not be able to scratch or break.
Care should be taken not to fully insert anything into the anus — any object used should have a flared or flanged base; otherwise, medical help may be needed to get it out.
Modern dildos and anal plugs are designed with this feature.
Masturbation involving both a man and a woman (see mutual masturbation) can result in pregnancy only if semen contacts the vulva.
Masturbation with a partner can also theoretically result in transmission of sexually transmitted diseases by contact with bodily fluids.
Problems for males
A man whose penis has suffered a blunt trauma or injury during intercourse may rarely sustain a penile fracture or suffer from Peyronie's disease.
Phimosis is "a contracted foreskin (that) may cause trouble by hurting when an attempt is made to pull the foreskin back".
In these cases, any energetic manipulation of the penis can be problematic.
Lawrence I. Sank observed that masturbating prone (lying face downward) could be responsible for sexual problems in some men, including anorgasmia and erectile dysfunction, as observed in four men he examined.
He coined the term traumatic masturbatory syndrome to describe this theory.
As of 2007, no follow-up research has been conducted and the idea is not familiar or widely-held within the medical community.
Some sources, however, give credence to the idea.
One sex therapist condemned masturbation by rubbing against a pillow or mattress and Lipsith et al.
suggest that masturbation could play a part in male psychogenic sexual dysfunction (MPSD), citing Sank as their authority.
MPSD is a difficulty in reaching orgasm during intercourse, and developing a dependence on masturbation.
Compulsive masturbation
Masturbating frequently presents no physical, mental or emotional risk in itself, but masturbation can be used to relieve boredom or stress.
In either case, as with any "nervous habit", it is more helpful to consider the causes of the boredom or of the stress, rather than try to repress the behavior itself, in this case masturbation.
There is some discussion between professionals and other interested parties as to the existence or validity of sexual addictions.
Nevertheless, there are lists of warning signs such as when sexual activity affects a person's ability to function in everyday life, or is placing them at risk, for example, of pursuing illegal or destructive activities.
Very frequent and compulsive masturbation may be seen as a sign of sexual addiction.
Philosophical views
Immanuel Kant considered masturbation a violation of one's duty to one's self and an unnatural act, stating it was against natural law.
Sigmund Freud regarded masturbation as unhealthy.
Margaret Sanger frequently stated that masturbation was unwise.
Masturbation in non-human animals
Not only humans masturbate, animals do too.
The following animals have been seen masturbating: dogs, several kinds of monkeys and apes, cows,> horses, whales, bats, and sheep.
Even birds and reptiles masturbate (turtles, for example).
In this case, this does not only affect animals that were domesticated, and live in captivity, but also includes wild animals, of both sexes.
Bears have been documented to masturbate, while they watch other bears mating.
Techniques used vary: Manual stimulation using hands, paws, feet, or tail is common, but autofellatio also occurs: Animals , rub their penis against the belly, or against other objects.
Some species have been known to make tools that help them masturbate.
Some species have shown to ejaculate spontaneously, without being stimulated first.
Certain species are known to also stimulate other erogenous zones, such as the nipples, or the antlers in deer.
Female mammals often masturbate by stimulating the clitoris, which is present in all mammal species.
The Basics | JackinWorld
Animation is a way of making a movie from many still images.
The images are put together one after another, and then played at a fast speed to give the illusion of movement.
Animation is a relatively new art form, and though the idea of moving images has been a theme throughout ancient civilizations, it was not until late into the 19th century that experimental animation truly began.
Today, the industry of animation is booming, making up a huge commercial enterprise.
A person who makes animations is called an animator.
Draw each frame
Use stop-motion: make a model scene and change it to create a new image (frame)
Make computer graphics
Because it is expensive to make, most animation comes from professional companies.
However, independent animators have existed since the 1950s in America, with many of those people entering the professional industry.
In Europe, the independent movement has existed since the 1910s, with animators like pre-revolutionary Russia's Ladislas Starevich and Germany's Lotte Reiniger.
Many people use a computer animation program called Adobe Flash to create animations.
Flash uses a combination of drawing and computer graphics to make animations.
Many animations on the internet are made in Flash.
Most animators on the internet do not work for professional companies.
Many television shows, especially those made for children, use limited animation.
Companies such as UPA and Hanna-Barbera Productions do this.
Simple, limited movement makes the images easier to draw, which allows faster and cheaper production of animation.
Famous names in the business
Seth McFarlane
Gabor Csupo
Friz Freleng
Arlene Klasky
Walter Lantz
Norman McLaren
Yuriy Norshteyn
Famous animation studios
DePatie-Freleng Enterprises
DreamWorks SKG
Film Roman
Hanna-Barbera (now Cartoon Network Studios)
Reel FX Creative Studios
Laika (company)
Warner Animation Group
Atkinson Film-Arts
Cinar (now Cookie Jar Entertainment)
Aardman Animations (United Kingdom)
Arsyn Video Interactive (France)
Belvision (Belgium)
Centre for Animated Films Cacak (Serbia)
Chromosomos (Spain)
Cosgrove Hall Films (United Kingdom)
CreaSyn Studio (France)
DIC (France)
Ellipse Programme (France)
France Animation (France)
Grand Slamm Children's Films (United Kingdom)
kaViArt (France)
MacGuff (France)
Pannónia Filmstúdió (Hungary)
Red 3ye Productions (France)
Soyuzmultfilm (Russia)
Sullivan Bluth Studios (Ireland)
Synthĕsis Animation Studio (France)
Zagreb Film (Croatia)
BONES
Kyoto Animation
Madhouse Studios
Tatsunoko Productions
Toei
Beijing Xie Art (mainland)
Colorland (Hong Kong)
Wang Film Productions (Taiwan)
Toon City
Liquid Animation
Yoram Gross Films / Flying Bark Productions
CGI animation
Stop-Motion
CGI ImageMovers And PlayTone
Confucius  (born 551 BC, died 479 BC) was an important Chinese educator and philosopher.
His original name was Kong Qiu or Zhong Ni.
As a child, he was eager to learn about everything, and was very interested in rituals.
Once he grew up, he worked as a state official who handled farms and cattle.
Then he became a teacher.
Prince and Subject
Elder and Child
or Friends
551 BC births
479 BC deaths
Chinese philosophers
Consciousness means being awake, alert and responsive to the environment.
The definition of consciousness may differ in psychology, neuroscience, philosophy and other related sciences.
It is often disputed amongst academics and scientists.
Consciousness is a spectrum.
There are several states between a fully conscious state and a fully unconscious state.
In medicine, the degree of loss of consciousness is measured by using Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS); a score between 3 and 15 is given to each person at any time, to show how conscious he or she is.
Higher scores show more conscious states.
It seems that many decisions are made without us being aware of it.
Some think that these decisions are made by what is called the unconscious mind.
There are also many body functions which we do not notice until they go wrong.
These activities are done by the autonomic nervous system.
Breathing and the beat of one's heart can be noticed but are controlled by nervous system without thought.
It is not known what causes consciousness.
So, it is difficult to know if another person or thing is indeed conscious.
The best we can say is that some animals do seem to be conscious of the world around them.
We ourselves assume that others have consciousness, but this is notoriously difficult to prove.
This is known in philosophy as the problem of other minds.