the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Explorations in Learning & Instruction: The Theory Into Practice Database
Articles about Natural Learning  from Natural Life magazine
Interview with James Zull, Ph.D.
Hellenic Ministry of Culture: Fortress of Acrocorinth
Buildings and structures in Greece
Neutrons, with protons and electrons, make up an atom.
Neutrons and protons are found in the nucleus of an atom.
Unlike protons, which have a positive charge, or electrons, which have a negative charge, neutrons have zero charge which means they are  neutral particles.
Neutrons bind with protons with the residual strong force.
Neutrons were predicted by Ernest Rutherford, and discovered by James Chadwick, in 1932.
Atoms were fired at a thin pane of beryllium.
Particles emerged which had no charge, and he called these 'neutrons'.
They were later added to the modern image of the atom.
Neutrons have a mass of 1.675 × 10-24g, which is a little heavier than the proton.
Neutrons are 1839 times heavier than electrons.
Like all hadrons, neutrons are made of quarks.
One up quark has a charge of +2/3, and the two down quarks each have a charge of -1/3.
The fact that these charges cancel out is why neutrons have a neutral (0) charge.
Quarks are held together by gluons.
Neutrons can be found in almost all atoms together with protons and electrons.
Hydrogen-1 is the only exception.
Atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons are called isotopes of the same element.
The number of neutrons in an atom does not affect its chemical properties.
However it affects its half-life, a measure of its stability.
An unstable isotope has a short half-life, in which half of it decays to lighter elements.
By contrast, a stable isotope has a long half-life, much longer than that of an unstable isotope.
The stability of an isotope is related to radioactivity: an unstable isotope can be highly radioactive.
Atomic reactions
LiveJournal (often called LJ) is a website on which Internet users can keep a blog.
It is also the name of the software that was designed to run it.
LiveJournal is different from some other blogging sites, because a user can interact with friends in certain ways that are unique to the website (such as instant messaging in LJ Talk).
It is based in San Francisco, California.
LiveJournal was started in 1999 by Brad Fitzpatrick as a way of keeping his high school friends updated on his activities.
In January 2005, a blogging software company called Six Apart bought Danga Interactive, the company that was owned by Fitzpatrick, which operates LiveJournal.
LiveJournal lets users change their accounts in several ways.
A programming language called S2 can help users make their blogs look different.
Users may upload small pictures (maximum 100 by 100 pixels) called userpics, which appear next to the username.
People can pay to get more features, like extra userpics, the ability to record their voices into a post ("voice posts"), the ability to make polls, and better layouts.
Currently LiveJournal has five kinds of accounts.
About 95% of all LiveJournal users use a non-paid account ("plus" accounts).
People can pay for their accounts ("Paid" accounts) and get more features, or they can get a "sponsored" account, which is free and has more features, but has advertisements. "
Early adopters" are the accounts of people who signed up for LiveJournal back in 1999 or 2000.
There are also permanent accounts.
Most people can not get a permanent account.
LiveJournal only sells them sometimes, and they may not sell them again.
RNA is an acronym for ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid.
Many different kinds are now known.
RNA is physically different from DNA: DNA contains two intercoiled strands, but RNA only contains one single strand.
RNA also contains different bases from DNA.
These bases are the following:
(A) Adenine
(G) Guanine
(C) Cytosine
(U) Uracil
Adenine forms bonds with uracil, and guanine forms bonds with cytosine.
In this way, we say that adenine is complementary to uracil and that guanine is complementary to cytosine.
The first three bases are also found in DNA, but uracil replaces thymine as a complement to adenine.
RNA also contains ribose as opposed to deoxyribose found in DNA.
These differences result in RNA being chemically more reactive than DNA.
This makes it the more suitable molecule to take part in cell reactions.
RNA is the carrier of genetic information in certain viruses, especially the retroviruses like the HIV virus.
This is the only exception to the general rule that DNA is the hereditary substance.
Protein synthesis RNAs
This is done by messenger RNA (mRNA).
A single strand of DNA is the blueprint for the mRNA which is transcribed from that DNA strand.
The sequence of base pairs is transcribed from DNA by an enzyme called RNA polymerase.
Then the mRNA moves from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm to form proteins.
The mRNA translates the sequence of base pairs into a sequence of amino acids to form proteins.
This process is called translation.
DNA does not leave the nucleus for various reasons.
DNA is a very long molecule, and is bound in with proteins, called histones, in the chromosomes.
mRNA, on the other hand is able to move and to react with various cell enzymes.
Once transcribed, the mRNA leaves the nucleus and moves to the ribosomes.
Two kinds of non-coding RNAs help in the process of building proteins in the cell.
They are transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a short molecule of about 80 nucleotides which carries a specific amino acid to the polypeptide chain at a ribosome.
There is a different tRNA for each amino acid.
Each one has a site for the amino acid to attach, and an anti-codon to match the codon on the mRNA.
For example, codons UUU or UUC code for the amino acid phenylalanine.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the catalytic component of the ribosomes.
Eukaryotic ribosomes contain four different rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S and 5S rRNA.
Three of the rRNA molecules are synthesized in the nucleolus, and one is synthesized elsewhere.
In the cytoplasm, ribosomal RNA and protein combine to form a nucleoprotein called a ribosome.
The ribosome binds mRNA and carries out protein synthesis.
Several ribosomes may be attached to a single mRNA at any time.
rRNA is extremely abundant and makes up 80% of the 10 mg/ml RNA found in a typical eukaryotic cytoplasm.
snRNAs
Small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) join with proteins to form spliceosomes.
The spliceosomes govern alternative splicing.
Genes code for proteins in bits called exons.
The bits can be joined together in different ways to make different mRNAs.
Thus, from one gene many proteins can be made.
This is the process of alternative splicing.
Any unwanted versions of the protein get chopped up by proteases, and the chemical bits re-used.
Micro RNAs (miRNA) act by joining an enzyme and blocking mRNA, or speeding its breakdown.
This is called RNA interference.
siRNA
Small interfering RNAs (sometimes called silencing RNAs) interfere with the expression of a specific gene.
They are quite small (20/25 nucleotides) double-stranded molecules.
Their discovery has caused a surge in biomedical research and drug development.
Parasitic and other RNAs
Retrotransposons copy themselves in two stages: first from DNA to RNA by transcription, then from RNA back to DNA by reverse transcription.
The DNA copy is then inserted into the genome in a new position.
Retrotransposons behave very similarly to retroviruses, such as HIV.
Viral genomes
Phage genomes
Phage genomes are quite varied.
The genetic material can be ssRNA (single-stranded RNA), dsRNA (double-stranded RNA), ssDNA (single-stranded DNA), or dsDNA (double-stranded DNA).
It may be between 5 and 500 kilo base pairs long with either circular or linear arrangement.
Bacteriophages are usually between 20 and 200 nanometers in size.
Figure skating is both an art and a sport, in which people skate around on ice, doing jumps and spins.
It is done at the Winter Olympics, and it has its own world championships.
The name means to make figures or patterns on the ice.
People skate with music.
In figure skating, sometimes women or men skate alone, or they skate in couples.
Couples dancing includes pairs and ice dancing.
Pairs skating has jumps, and sometimes the man lifts the woman in the air.
These things are not done in ice dancing.
In ice dancing, the woman must be held in the man's arms.
Another kind of figure skating is synchronized skating done in groups.
The first ever figure skating club was started in 1742 in Edinburgh, Scotland.
World Championships began in 1896 (the first in St. Petersburg, Russia).
Before the Winter Olympic Games were started, competitions in figure skating were part of the Summer Olympic Games, in 1908 and 1920.
Singles Skating
Singles skating is composed of a Short Program and a Free Skate.
Both of them have a technical score and a presentation score.
The Short Program (SP) must include 2 solo jumps, a jump combination consisting of two jumps, 3 spins and one Step Sequence fully utilizing the ice surface.
Free Skate (FS) contains jump elements, jump combinations or jump sequences.
The Free Skate also has 3 spins, one Step Sequence fully utilizing the ice surface and a choreographic sequence.
Under the ISU Judging System the Judges focus entirely on evaluating the quality of each element performed (technical aspect) and the quality of the performance.
There will be a panel of 9 Judges per segment.
Out of these 9 scores, the highest and lowest score of each element or program component are ignored and the average will be taken.
Technical Score
The score for the element is composed of a “Base Value” of each element and the “Grade of Execution - GOE”.
GOE is that the Judge grades the quality of the element on a scale of +5 to -5.
The total of all the elements scores gives the Technical Score.
Presentation Score
The Judges award points on a scale from 0.25 to 10.00 with increments of 0.25 for the Presentation Score to grade the overall presentation of the performance.
There are five items in the Presentation Score.
Over all skating quality
The varied and/or intricate footwork, positions, movements, and holds that link all elements.
This also includes the entrances and exits of technical elements.
The physical and emotional involvement of the skater/couple as they translate the intent of the music and choreography
The arrangement of all movements according to the principles of proportion, space and music
The translation of the music to movement on ice
There are six types of jump that ISU decides to score.
The following items are listed in order of the score (difficulty).
There are two types of jumps: edge jump and toe jump.
The Axel, loop,  and Salchow are edge jumps and the lutz, flip and toe loop are toe jumps.
This is the only jump where a skater takes off while skating forward.
It's the most difficult jump of the six.
The skater takes off from the back outside edge of the left or right foot and pokes the ice with the opposite toe.
The skater takes off from the back inside edge of the left or right foot and pokes the ice with the opposite toe.
The skater takes off from the back outside edge of the right or left foot.
This jump is often used in second jump of combination jump.
The skater takes off from the back inside edge of the right or left foot.
Toe Loop
The skater takes off from the back outside edge of the right or left foot and pokes the ice with the opposite toe.
This is the easiest jump and it is often used in second jump of combination jump.
Spins are classified as Sit spins, Upright spins or Camel spin.
Each of them has various variations.
Any position which is not basic is a non-basic position.
there are 3 categories based on position of free leg
Sit Forward (with leg forward)
Sit Sideways (with leg sideways)
Sit Behind  (with the leg behind)
there are 4 categories based on position of the torso.
Upright Forward (with torso leaning forward)
Upright Straight or Sideways (with torso straight up or sideways)
Upright Biellmann (in Biellmann position)
Upright Layback
The position of this spin is any position where the  free leg backwards and the knee is higher than the hip level, however Layback, Biellmann and similar variations are still considered  upright spins.
There are 3 categories based on the direction of the belly button.
Camel Forward (with belly button facing forward)
Camel Sideways (with belly button facing sideways)
Camel Upward (with belly button facing upward)
Turns and Steps
three turns, twizzles, brackets, loops, counters, rockers
Turns must be executed on one foot.
If a turn is “jumped ”, it is not counted as performed.
toe steps, chasses, mohawks, choctaws, change of edge, cross rolls
Steps must be executed on one foot whenever possible.
Some well-known figure skaters
Emilie Rotter & Laszlo Szolas (Hungary)
Maxi Herber & Ernst Baier (Germany)
Barbara Wagner & Robert Paul (Canada)
Ludmila Belousova & Oleg Protopopov (USSR)
Irina Rodnina & Alexei Ulyanov (USSR)
Irina Rodnina & Alexander Zaitsev (USSR)
Ekaterina Gordeeva & Sergei Grinkov (USSR)
Xue Shen & Hongbo Zhao (China)
Tatiana Totmianina & Maxim Marinin (Russia)
Dorota Siudek & Mariusz Siudek (Poland)
Aljona Savchenko & Robin Szolkowy (Germany)
Aljona Savchenko & Bruno Massot (Germany)
Sui Wenjing & Han Cong (China)
Jean Westwood & Lawrence Demmy (Britain)
Eva Romanova & Pavel Roman (Czechoslovakia)
Diane Towler & Bernard Ford (Britain)
Lyudmila Pakhomova & Alexander Gorshkov (USSR)
Jayne Torvill & Christopher Dean (Britain)
Natalia Bestemianova & Andrei Bukin (USSR)
Isabelle Duchesnay & Paul Duchesnay (France/Canada)
Marina Klimova & Sergei Ponomarenko (Russia)
Oksana Grishuk & Evgeny Platov (Russia)
Tatiana Navka & Roman Kostomarov (Russia)
Tanith Belbin & Benjamin Agosto (United States)
Meryl Davis & Charlie White (United States)
Tessa Virtue & Scott Moir (Canada)
Gabriella Papadakis & Guillaume Cizeron (France)
Images for figure skating
Figure Skating TV Schedule
Videos for figure skating
Gabriel in the Bible is an angel, specifically an archangel (arch means "highest" or "chief").
The name means "God is my strength" or "man of God",
Gabriel is also a given name.
Cognates: Hungarian: Gábor.
Italian: Gabriele.
Finnish: Kaapo.
The feminine form of the name Gabriel is Gabrielle.
Archangel Gabriel in the Bible
Gabriel is first mentioned in the Bible, in the book of Daniel, when he appeared to Daniel.
In the New Testament, St. Gabriel appears first in the book of Daniel in the Old Testament, the angel announced to Daniel the prophecy of the seventy weeks.
And most famously, to Mary to announce the coming birth of Jesus.
The Catholic feast of the Annunciation celebrates this visit every year, nine months before Christmas.
Biblical people
A post office is a place that is made available by the postal system to post, receive, sort, handle, and to move or deliver mail.
postage stamps can be bought to mail things like packages  or letters and drop them off there, and the employees deliver it to the destination.
GRC Database Information: worldwide post office website links
Photos of post offices around the world
Royal Mail Chat
The British Postal Museum & Archive
United Kingdom Post Office site
Universal Postal Union
It joins the River Rhine  at Lahnstein, near Koblenz.
The Rottweiler ( or , ) is a breed of domestic dog, regarded as medium-to-large or large.
Their coat of fur is mostly black, with brown on the legs and face.
They are excellent guard dogs, as well as herding, and companion dogs.
The Rottweiler is one of the oldest of herding breeds.
With a history possibly dating back to the Roman Empire, the Rottweiler may be a descendant of ancient Roman drover dogs; a mastiff-type dog that was a dependable, rugged dog with great intelligence and guarding instincts.
Dogs are pack animals.
When they feel threatened, they will defend themselves.
They will also protect other members of the pack to a certain extent.
How they defend themselves, and how close they feel to the rest of the pack (their owners) depends on the dog's nature.
It also depends on how they were raised.
Since dogs judge dangerous situations differently, they should not be left unattended near a place where people are arguing.
They may also judge unattended moves of a child as an attack.
Therefore, dogs should not be left alone near children.
There is no specific weight for a Rottweiler to qualify to be judged in dog shows.
The dog must be neither too thin or too fat for its size.
Both males and females must be "medium-large" in size for the American Kennel Club.
The General German Rottweiler Club (ADRK) lists 50 kilograms (110 pounds) for males and 42 kilograms (93 pounds) for females .
When the Rottweilers' owners are not experienced, problems arise.
Sometimes humans, mostly children, are attacked by these dogs.
The attacks are often a result of irresponsible owners.
Rottweilers are very intelligent and need equally smart handlers to raise them.
Blackmore, Joan.
A Dog Owners Guide to the Rottweiler
Brace, Andrew H. (Ed), The Ultimate Rottweiler, Ringpress Books, Surrey, 2003.
Coren, Stanley.
The Intelligence of Dogs, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. (
Chardets: Know your Rottweiler
Fédération Cynologique Internationale-Standard N° 147/ 19.
2000 / GB The Rottweiler.
Translated by – Mrs C. Seidler Country of Origin – Germany.
Dogs of the Rottweiler breed in India have a large, muscular physique, the chest is wide and deep.
Paws are of medium length, strong, and also muscular, the neck is medium, massive, the head is large, with a powerful mouth, the ears hang down on the sides of the head on the cheekbones.
The tail is usually docked, black and tan.,
4 July 2021
National Dog – The Ringleader Way, Volume 12 Number 1 & 2, Jan/Feb 2009 Breed Feature "Bernese Mountain Dogs, Leonbergers & Rottweilers".
Pettengell, Jim.
Pienkoss, Adolf.
The Rottweiler, 3rd revised and updated edition, Internationale Foederation der Rottweilerfreunde (IFR) Wilhelmitenstr.
15a, 46354 Borken, Germany, 2008
Price, Les.
Rottweilers: an owner's companion.
Macmillan Publishing Company, New York 1991.
Schanzle, Manfred, Studies In The Breed History Of The Rottweiler.
German edition Published by Allgemeiner Deutscher Rottweiller – Klub (ADRK) E.V. 1967 English edition published jointly by Colonial Rottweiler Club & Medallion Rottweiler Club – Sept 1969.
1981 Printing (updated) – Published by Powderhorn Press 3320 Wonderview Plaza, Hollywood, CA90068.
Yrjola, J.A.U. & Tikka, Elvi.
Our Friend the Rottweiler.
Molossers
Morna Anne Murrary  (born June 20, 1945) is a Canadian Pop and Country musician.
She was born in Nova Scotia.
She was a teacher in physical education. “
I wasn’t all that young,” as she told later. “
I did go to university and I did teach school for a year.
I had my feet planted fairly firmly on the ground when it all began.”
But also sang and made records.
One of her records, "Snowbird", became a hit late in 1970.
The song was not about Christmas, but was popular during the Christmas season.
The record became a perennial through association with the holiday.
Murray later had hits with remakes of Beatles ("I'm Happy Just to Dance With You") and Monkees songs ("Daydream Believer").
She also recorded "Shadows in the Moonlight" and "A Little Good News", which became popular.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anne-Murray
https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/anne-murray-emc
Outer links
Anne Murray - Official Website
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets by J. K. Rowling is the second novel (published in 1998) in the Harry Potter series of books.
A movie of the book was released in 2002.
About the story
The story begins as Harry, orphaned, spends summer with an aunt, uncle and cousin who do not love him.
Harry is visited by Dobby, a house-elf, who is forced to serve the Malfoy family.
Dobby warns Harry not to go back to Hogwarts, the magical school that Harry went to the year before, saying that terrible things will happen there.
Harry doesn't listen to the warning, so Dobby causes a mess to make Harry's aunt and uncle angry.
They lock Harry in his room for the rest of the summer.
Harry is rescued by his best friend Ron Weasley in a flying car.
He spends the rest of the summer at the Weasley home, called "The Burrow".
The reader is introduced to the Weasley family, including Ron's sister Ginny, who is just starting at Hogwarts.
Mr Weasley works for the Department of Magic.
He is fascinated by "Muggles" (ordinary people) and the way that they manage to live without magic.
It is his job to prevent wizards from illegally enchanting Muggle objects.
But he does not always do his job in the way the Department would like.
In fact, he drives his family to catch the school train in a magical Ford Anglia.
The magical train leaves Paddington station in London from Platform 9¾. But because of strange happenings, Harry and Ron miss the train to school.
Harry and Ron go to school, very late, and in disgrace.
Harry has not been back at school very long before it becomes clear that everybody inside the school is in danger.
One by one students, and even the caretaker's cat, are affected by a strange and frightening spell.
As everyone becomes more and more frightened, they start to be suspicious of other people.
Important ideas in this book
One of the "themes" or ideas in this book is "suspicion".
The author shows that when people are frightened, sometimes they can act in a very nasty way.
If they see a person who acts a little bit differently to everyone else, they become "suspicious".
They decide that maybe that person is the cause of the problem, not because they seem evil, but just because they seem different.
In this book, there are five very different people who are lonely and sad.
Each one of them acts foolishly, because of their loneliness.
Harry Potter suffers a great deal of unhappiness and loneliness, because he has a special talent that very few wizards have.
The author has already told the reader about this talent in the first book, even though it did not seem very important at the time.
Harry's talent makes most of the other students suspicious of him.
Another theme in this book is that some people think that they are "special".
A person might think that they are special because they are rich, handsome, clever, from a noble family or even because they think that though their life has been hard, they are secretly more important than everyone else.
Whatever the cause is, these people act in a way that shows no respect for others.
These people act as if everyone else in the world owes them something and everyone else is beneath them.
There are three of these people in this book, and their selfish attitudes are dangerous.
1998 books
A personal computer (PC) is the common name for a type of computer that is most popular in offices and homes.
The first PC called the "IBM PC" was made by the company called IBM in 1981, although many computers were made before like the Commodore PET.
Smartphones and tablets are also computers for personal use, but they are not often called "personal computers".
Today, most PCs usually have a basic set of software called an operating system.
The operating system is responsible for several tasks including providing a user interface (UI).
The most popular operating system on PCs is Windows, sold by Microsoft Corporation.
PCs made by a company called Apple Inc. use a different system of software called Mac OS that is also made by Apple Inc.
Many free operating systems are available.
Some are called Linux operating systems.
There are over 300 different Linux "distributions".
Each one has a different purpose/feel.
Ubuntu Linux is the most-used Linux distribution.
Parts of a personal computer
A modern PC has a minimum set of parts to be useful.
The "base unit" or "tower" (case) houses the computer parts.
Usually, a mouse and keyboard are used for input, however some operating systems need only a keyboard.
A monitor is usually needed to view output.
In a laptop computer these parts are all together.
Inside the base unit or tower there are many electronic parts.
The main parts are the motherboard, CPU, memory, and a data storage device, such as a hard disk or solid-state drive.
The CPU (Central Processing Unit) follows the instructions in the operating system and application programs.
The memory, or RAM (random access memory), is for moving information (or data) quickly to and from the processor.
The hard disk or solid-state drive hold programs and data while the computer is powered off.
Floppy drives, CD-ROM drives, and USB flash drives are used for portable data storage.
Computers sometimes have a modem to send and receive data over a phone line, or more recently, over cable television lines.
Computers can also be connected to a computer network using a network card.
Modern PCs have various sockets called ports.
The most common ports are known as USB ports.
Uses for personal computers
Computers may be used for work, including doing research using the internet, keeping records; or writing documents.
Other uses include communicating, with people across the world using Instant messaging, e-mail or Skype or recreation activity such as playing computer games.
MS-DOS is a computer operating system by Microsoft Corporation.
It stands for "Microsoft Disk Operating System", and came from an operating system Microsoft bought called 86-DOS, originally called QDOS, or "Quick and Dirty Operating System."
The operating system used a command-line interface for the user to input commands.
It was popularly used in PCs before a GUI operating system called Microsoft Windows came out, and still is used in some places today.
OS/2 was made to replace MS-DOS, but that replacement did not succeed.
MS-DOS was the framework behind Windows operating systems until an operating system known as Windows XP.
MS-DOS is a text-based operating system, meaning that a user works with a keyboard to input data and receives output in plain text.
Later, MS-DOS often had programs using a mouse and graphics to make work more simple and quick.
(Some people still believe that working without graphics is really more efficient.)
It is called a disk operating system because it was originally made to be loaded into a computer's memory with a floppy disk each time the computer is started (booted) up.
How-To Books
Many books were written on how to use MS-DOS.
A popular introductory book was MS-DOS for Dummies, by Dan Gookin, the book in the For Dummies series of easy to follow instruction books.
A disk operating system (DOS) will load from a floppy disk each time a computer starts, and will access that disk for software to complete operations.
MS-DOS is probably the most well-known DOS, and was purchased by Microsoft Corporation from a system known as QDOS.
As operating systems became more complicated and took up more space, they began to be permanently installed on hard drives, which are faster and more reliable than floppy disks, and can store more data.
This was encouraged by a steady drop in hard drive prices.
DOSes are usually text-based and without graphics to save space on a floppy disk.
Although DOSes have mostly been replaced by Windows, Macintosh, and Linux systems, among others (sporting a GUI, or Graphical User Interface), they are still in use in some places, mostly on older computers.
This may be because of a lack of money, the need to use software which still runs on a DOS system, nostalgia for an older operating system, or the belief that text-based systems are more efficient.
An Internet service provider, or ISP, maintains, installs and provides internet connection to residential or commercial areas.
Some examples of ISP clients include - homes, coffee shops, hotels, libraries, offices.
They usually charge a fee for installing the connection and a monthly fee for maintaining it.
The internet is basically a web of interconnected networks - which are maintained by a huge number of different ISPs.
They keep connected around the world by giving their clients access to other ISP networks.
This is called peering.
ISPs offer different types of connections such as dial-up, DSL, through optical fiber wires, through a cable television connection, or wireless.
Communications satellite connections are used mainly in remote areas.
Dial-up is the slowest connection, while a direct fiber-optic connection is usually the fastest.
The National Women's Hockey League (NWHL) was an ice hockey league in Canada that was formed in 1999 and ended in 2007.
The best female players in the world played in this league and in the Western Women's Hockey League.
The mayor of Brampton, Ontario, Susan Fennell, was the NWHL's commissioner (president).
Teams in the NWHL
Brampton Thunder
British Columbia Breakers
Calgary Oval X-Treme
Edmonton Chimos
Montreal Axion
Montreal Jofa Titan
Oakville Ice
Ottawa Raiders
Laval Le Mistral
Quebec Avalanche
Saskatchewan Prairie Ice
Scarborough Sting
Strathmore Rockies
TELUS Lightning
Toronto Aeros
Vancouver Griffins
NWHL Champions
1999–2000 - Beatrice Aeros
2000-01  - Beatrice Aeros
2001-02  - Beatrice Aeros
2002-03 - Calgary X-Treme
2003-04 - Calgary X-Treme
2004-05 - Toronto Aeros
2005-06 - Montreal Axion
2006-07 - Brampton Thunder
NWHL/COWHL website for 2000-01
NWHL website
Ice hockey leagues in Canada]
The Western Women's Hockey League (WWHL) is an ice hockey league in North America.
It was formed in 2004.
The best female players in the world play in this league and in the National Women's Hockey League (NWHL).
Some WWHL teams began in the NWHL.
The Minnesota Whitecaps and the Manitoba Maple Leafs continue to be active teams and are playing a number of exhibition games as the league expands to include several new teams.
Teams in the WWHL
Manitoba Maple Leafs
2010-11 - Minnesota Whitecaps
2009-10 - Minnesota Whitecaps
2008-09 - Minnesota Whitecaps
2007-08 - Calgary Oval X-Treme
2006-07 - Calgary Oval X-Treme
2005-06 - Calgary Oval X-Treme
2004-05 - Calgary Oval X-Treme
WWHL website
Ice hockey leagues in Canada
The Yukon is a territory of Canada, north of British Columbia, west of the Northwest Territories, and east of the American state of Alaska.
Its population is 31,000.
Most of the territory's people live in the capital of Whitehorse.
Many of the people are native Canadians (First Nations).
The Yukon became a territory in 1898.
It was part of the Northwest Territories from 1870 to 1898.
Many people came to live in the Yukon during the Yukon Gold Rush of the 1890s.
1898 establishments
1890s establishments in Canada
The District of Saanich is a region of Greater Victoria, British Columbia.
It is north of the City of Victoria.
Over 100,000 people live in Saanich.
It is named after the Saanich First Nation.
Cities in British Columbia
Emily Carr (December 13, 1871 – March 2, 1945) was a Canadian artist and writer.
Emily Carr was born in Victoria, British Columbia in 1871.
Her parents died while she was a young teenager.
She began art lessons when she was sixteen.
When she was nineteen, she went to study art in San Francisco.
She also studied art in England but she got sick and came back to Victoria.
After she got better, she went to France to continue her art studies.
She saw paintings by many French artists who were experimenting with new ways of painting.
She was most influenced by French impressionism and post-impressionism, though.
When Carr came back to Canada, she had trouble selling her paintings because they looked unusual to many people.
Her paintings were even laughed at.
She had to make money to support herself so she ran a small apartment house.
She was so busy that she did not have much time to paint.
In 1927, she met a famous group of Canadian painters called the Group of Seven.
They were impressed by her paintings and she became respected for her art.
In the later years of her life, Carr started writing books.
Klee Wyck was the title of one of these books.
It won the Governor General's Award which is an important award for literature in Canada.
She also wrote The Book of Small.
She died in 1945 in Victoria.
Themes and influences
Carr painted scenes from nature and from First Nations culture.
For example, she painted many Haida and Tlingit totem poles.
The Tlingit people called her Klee Wyck, which means "the laughing one."
She went on long trips by canoe to visit First Nations villages.
She also liked to paint Canadian nature.
She believed it was important that Canadian paintings have a different style than paintings from Europe.
She liked the paintings of the Group of Seven because of their originality.
One of Carr's most famous paintings is The Raven.
The Emily Carr Institute of Art and Design was named after her and two schools are also named after her.
She is considered one of Canada's most famous artists.
Canadian painters
People from Victoria, British Columbia
Writers from British Columbia
Hatikvah (also transliterated as Hatikva, ; meaning: The Hope) is the national anthem of Israel.
The song tells about the 2000-year-old hope of the Jewish people to return to their homeland, Israel.
The song lyrics (words) were originally a 9-stanza poem called תקותנו (Tikvatenu), or "Our Hope," written by Naphtali Imber. "
Hatikvah" uses only the first stanza and the refrain of Imber's poem.
The last line of the refrain was changed, and the words were put to music.
The music is from a very old—and very popular—folk song that Samuel Cohen, a Jew born in Spain, found himself humming one day.
It is in a minor key, which is usually not used for national anthems, because it sounds sad, but the words to the song are about the Jews' hope that one day their sadness will be turned into joy.
Literal English translation
As long as in the heart, within,
A Jewish soul still yearns,
And onward, towards the ends of the east,
An eye still looks toward Zion;
Our hope is not yet lost,
The hope of two thousand years,
To be a free nation in our land,
The land of Zion and Jerusalem.
Hatikvah performed by Xander Greene
Hatikvah on guitar
Hatikva by Enrico Macias
MIDI versions
Israeli music
It was bought by Lord Stanley, the Governor General of Canada, in 1892, for $50.
The first team to win it was the Montreal A.A.A. in 1893.
Other teams could challenge for it.
By 1915, it was awarded on a yearly basis.
The names of players and others such as coaches are put on the cup every year.
As a result, the NHL had to make the cup bigger, by adding layers to the bottom.
When the first cup was full of names, they made a copy of it, which is now what is awarded.
Today, there are 31 teams in the NHL.
They play 82 games per year, and then 16 teams make the playoffs.
These teams play best-of-seven series until there is only one champion.
The Montreal Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup 24 times, the most of any team.
They also won the most in a row:  five between 1955-56 and 1959-60.
The Stanley Cup was not awarded in 2005:  there was no NHL season because of a labour disagreement.
It was not awarded in 1919, either, because of the influenza epidemic.
Recent Stanley Cup winners
2021 Tampa Bay Lightning
2020 Tampa Bay Lightning
2019 St. Louis Blues
2018 Washington Capitals
2017 Pittsburgh Penguins
2016 Pittsburgh Penguins
2015 Chicago Blackhawks
2014  Los Angeles Kings
2013  Chicago Blackhawks
2012  Los Angeles Kings
2011  Boston Bruins
2010  Chicago Blackhawks
2009  Pittsburgh Penguins
2008  Detroit Red Wings
2007  Anaheim Ducks
2006  Carolina Hurricanes
2005  Season cancelled
2004  Tampa Bay Lightning
2003  New Jersey Devils
2002  Detroit Red Wings
2001  Colorado Avalanche
2000  New Jersey Devils
1999  Dallas Stars
1998  Detroit Red Wings
1997  Detroit Red Wings
1996  Colorado Avalanche
1995  New Jersey Devils
1994  New York Rangers
1993  Montreal Canadiens
1992  Pittsburgh Penguins
1991  Pittsburgh Penguins
1990  Edmonton Oilers
1989  Calgary Flames
1988  Edmonton Oilers
1987  Edmonton Oilers
1986  Montreal Canadiens
1985  Edmonton Oilers
1984  Edmonton Oilers
1983  New York Islanders
1982  New York Islanders
1981  New York Islanders
1980  New York Islanders
1979  Montreal Canadiens
1978  Montreal Canadiens
1977  Montreal Canadiens
1976  Montreal Canadiens
1975  Philadelphia Flyers
1974  Philadelphia Flyers
1973  Montreal Canadiens
1972  Boston Bruins
1971  Montreal Canadiens
1970  Boston Bruins
1969  Montreal Canadiens
1968  Montreal Canadiens
1967  Toronto Maple Leafs
Ice hockey trophies and awards
National Hockey League trophies and awards
Militarization is the general movement of a country to focus its production on war.
This includes production of war machines such as tanks and aircraft as well as arms for infantry.
There is a focus of the population to produce these goods.
An example of this is seen when females during the Second World War would work in factories to produce planes and tanks.
Militarism is simply a country that is focusing on increasing their military might through production and concentration of capital resources.
This movement can be started in either a country at war already or in a country that is newly entering a conflict.
Example of this include the one stated earlier, since the United States entered the Second World War they shifted from supplying Britain to producing their own weapons.
When Germany was about to begin their invasion of Europe they started militarization.
They broke the Treaty and began to produce weapons.
Their focus changed from economic progress to fascism and militarism.
The Tour de France () is a well known bicycle race.
It began in 1903.
It is held in France, every summer.
In recent years it has ended with a race through the centre of Paris, past the Eiffel Tower.
It is among the most famous, and has some of the highest prizes, of bike races in Europe.
Recently, it was in the media, because some athletes were doping.
The race goes around France, but can have some parts in other countries, including England, Belgium, or Spain as they race in the Pyrenees mountains.
The tour lasts about three weeks.
At the end of each day's race the leader is given a yellow shirt, the best sprinter is given a green shirt, and the best rider in the mountain races is given a polka dot jersey.
He is sometimes called the King of the Mountains.
The best young rider, who must be under 26, gets a white jersey.
The winner is the one who finishes the race to Paris in the fastest time.
There is a lot of prize money for the teams of the winners of the Tour, but the winner of each day's race also gets prize money.
1903 establishments in Europe
1900s establishments in France
Joseph Smith, Jr. (December 23, 1805 – June 27, 1844) was an American religious leader.
He started the Latter Day Saint movement (also called Mormonism).
Latter Day Saints believe that Smith was a prophet.
According to Joseph Smith's own story, when he was 17 years old, he was visited by an angel named Moroni.
Moroni told him about a really old book written upon Golden Plates.
It was buried in a hill.
A few years later, Joseph said that he received those plates and translated them into the book that today is called The Book of Mormon.
He instructed a man named Martin Harris to write down the words that he said was a translation of the plates.
He said Moroni gave him seer stones which would help him translate the golden plates.
Harris took home the pages and told his wife all about what had happened, but she did not believe him.
Those pages were lost, and Joseph told Martin that God was very angry with them.
Eventually, Joseph was allowed to translate the rest of the book, with help from Oliver Cowdery instead of Martin Harris.
On April 6, 1830, he started The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
It is often called the Mormon Church.
Joseph Smith said that God wanted him to be a prophet and teach other people the things that he learned from God.
This church still exists today, with millions of members around the world.
Joseph Smith taught some things that some people did not like.
He said that other churches were only partly true.
He also said that men could have more than one wife if God commanded them, just like was taught in the Old Testament of the Bible.
The Mormons also did not always get along with their neighbors.
On June 7, 1844, some people who were upset with Smith created a newspaper in Nauvoo, Illinois called the Nauvoo Expositor This newspaper was filled with bad things about Smith, such as how Smith secretly had many wives.
Some men even said that Smith tried to take their wives.
Smith did nothing about it.
Smith was arrested after being accused of trying to start a riot, and was put in jail in Carthage, Illinois as he waited for his trial to start.
On June 27, a group of angry men entered the jail and killed Smith and his brother, Hyrum.
1805 births
1844 deaths
American Latter Day Saints
Anastasia or Anastacia is a woman's name that comes from the Koine Greek.
In English, it means "She who shall rise up again", but it is also used to mean "resurrection".
The name, and its similar male name, Anastasius, were given to children born during Easter in the early years of Christianity.
The names "Stacey" (also spelled "Stacie", "Stacy" or "Stacee"),"Annie", "Tasia", and "Stasia" are short for Anastasia.
The names "Ana" or “Nastya” are also common nicknames for those named Anastasia.
Anastasia, daughter of Constantius I (a Roman emperor) and Flavia Maximiana Theodora
Anastacia of Russia (died 1560), married to Ivan the Terrible
Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia (1901-1918), daughter of Nicholas II of Russia.
Eugenia Smith said she was the Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia
Anna Anderson said she was the Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia
Anastasia is the title of a movie telling the story of a pretender to the identity of the Grand Duchess.
An animated movie version of the story was made in 1997.
Albert Anastasia (1902-1957) was a Mafia boss who headed Murder, Inc. with Louis Buchalter.
a 1956 song by Alfred Newman and Paul Francis Webster
an American pop singer (a.k.a.
Anastacia Newkirk) from Chicago, Illinois
a music band from Macedonia
a play.
In music, a band is a group of people (usually musicians) that get together to sing songs, or perform music.
There are different kinds of bands that use different groups of instruments.
Types of bands
A rock band is usually a group of 4 people with 1 or 2 electric guitars, a bass guitar, a drum kit and a singer.
Some rock bands have only 3 members, like Rush.
A brass band is a group of about 20 - 30 people with brass instruments and drums.
A concert band is a large group of 20 - 60 people with woodwind instruments, brass instruments, drums and percussion instruments.
A marching band has similar instruments to the concert band.
Instead of sitting down to play, they march in parades or at American football matches.
A folk band uses traditional styles of music from around the world.
It can include a guitar, violin, tin whistle, flute, accordion, lagerphone and tea chest bass, and many other makeshift instruments.
A lagerphone is a percussion instrument which uses bottle tops to make a sound.
A tea chest bass is a one string instrument that uses a large wooden tea box to make the sound louder.
About 86 per cent of Nicaraguans are European (but not limited to Spanish) or mixed European and of native ancestry.
Most Nicaraguans have Spanish ancestors, but the 19th century saw several waves of immigration from other European countries (mainly from Germany).
Most of the Mestizo and European population live in the western and central regions of the country and especially in the cities of Managua, Leon and Granada.
About 9 per cent of Nicaragua's population is black or afro-nicaragüense and they are concentrated in the country's eastern coast, and were brought mostly from Jamaica and Haiti when the region was a British protectorate.
There is also a smaller number of Garifuna, a people of mixed African, Caribbean, Angolan, Congoan and Arawak descent.
Just 5 per cent of the population are of pure native descent.
Nicaragua's pre-Columbian population consisted of the Nahuatl-speaking Nicarao people of the west, and six ethnic groups including the Miskitos, Ramas and Sumos in the Caribbean region.
While very few pure-blooded Nicarao people still exist, the Caribbean peoples have remained distinct.
In the mid-1980s, the government divided the eastern half of the country - the former department of Zelaya - into two autonomous regions and granted the African and indigenous people of the region limited self-rule.
There is also a small Middle Eastern-Nicaraguan community of Syrian, Armenian, Palestinian and Lebanese people in Nicaragua with a total population of about 30,000, and an East Asian community of Japanese, Taiwanese and Chinese people of almost 8,000.
The minorities speak Spanish and maintain their ancestral languages as well.
Spanish is spoken by about 90% of Nicaraguans; the Nicaraguan dialect has many similarities to Galician, and also has similarities to Argentinian Spanish which uses "vos" instead of "tu", along with the "vos" conjugation.
The black population of the east coast region has English as its first language.
Several indigenous peoples of the east still use their original languages.
Roman Catholicism is the major religion, but evangelical Protestant groups have grown recently, and there are strong Anglican and Moravian communities on the Caribbean coast.
0.1% of Nicaragua is Buddhist and the religion has been growing in recent years.
Ninety per cent of Nicaraguans live in the Pacific and central lowlands and the adjacent interior highlands.
The population is 54% urban.
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (9 December 1920 in Livorno, Italy – 16 September 2016 in Rome, Italy) was the 10th President of the Italian Republic.
His work started in 1999 and ended in 2006.
He was followed by Giorgio Napolitano
People from Livorno
Politicians from Tuscany
Presidents of Italy
Barry Sadler (November 1, 1940 – November 5, 1989) was an American soldier, songwriter and author.
In 1966, He recorded a song called "The Ballad of The Green Berets".
It was the biggest selling song that year.
He later helped write the "Casca" series of books.
He died after being shot in the head by a robber.
Writers from New Mexico
Singers from New Mexico
Nancy Sandra Sinatra (born June 8, 1940) is an American singer and actress.
She was born in Jersey City, New Jersey.
She is the elder daughter of Frank Sinatra.
She is best known for the song "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'".
List of country musicians from New Jersey
Rascals, the
Musical groups from New Jersey
Percy Sledge (November 25, 1940 – April 14, 2015) was an American R&B singer.
He was born in Leighton, Alabama.
He was best known for his song "When a Man Loves a Woman".
[ Percy Sledge] at Allmusic
Percy Sledge at Discogs
singers from Alabama
Tommy Roe (born May 9, 1942) is an American singer and guitarist.
He was popular in the 1960s.
His best known songs were "Sweet Pea" and "Dizzy".
The Box Tops were a 1960s pop music group, from Memphis, Tennessee.
Their best known songs are "The Letter" and "Cry Like A Baby".
The Letter/Neon Rainbow (November 1967) – US #82
Cry Like a Baby (April 1968) – US #59
Non-Stop (July 1968)
Dimensions (September 1969) – US #77
Tear Off! (
Super Hits (December 1968) – US #45
The Box Tops' Greatest Hits (1982)
The Ultimate Box Tops (1987)
The Best of the Box Tops – Soul Deep (1996)
Playlist (2013)
1960s establishments in Tennessee
Lulu (singer), a pop music singer
Lulu (opera), an opera, written by the 20th century Austrian composer Alban Berg
Lulu (album), a 2011 album from Metallica and Lou Reed
Ludwigslust, a town in Mecklenburg, Germany, nicknamed Lulu
James Knox Polk (November 2, 1795 – June 15, 1849) was the 11th president of the United States.
He only served one term as president.
Before he was president, he was Speaker of the House of Representatives (1835–1839) and the governor of Tennessee (1839–1841).
James Knox Polk was born on November 2, 1795 in Pineville, North Carolina.
His parents were Samuel Polk and Jane Gracey Polk.
James’ father was an American surveyor, slave owner, planter, and businessman.
It is unknown what his mother did.
It is thought she was a housewife.
He was very sickly as a child, so he did not do much farm work.
He had surgery at 17 years old to remove bladder stones.
Anesthesia was not invented yet, so he was awake the entire surgery.
He was in a debate club in college.
Polk studied law under a leading Nashville lawyer.
He then worked as a lawyer and a statesman.
He married Sarah Childress on January 1, 1824.
James Knox Polk was nominated by the Democratic party and was elected as the 11th President of the United States.
He was inaugurated on Tuesday, March 4, 1845 and George M. Dallas was sworn in as the vice president.
Chief Justice Roger B. Taney swore in the president.
During James’ 4 years in office, he accomplished many things.