the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
| Satellite Award for Best Cast – Motion PictureNominated – Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best CastNominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion PictureNominated – Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Ensemble
| Jane Eyre
| Mrs. Fairfax
| Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides
| Noblewoman
| Cameo
| My Week with Marilyn
| Dame Sybil Thorndike
| J. Edgar
| Anna Marie
| The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel
| Evelyn
| Run For Your Wife
| Bag Lady
| Skyfall| M
| Post-production
1966: BAFTA Film Award for Best Newcomer – Four in the Morning1989: BAFTA Film Award for Best Supporting Actress – A Handful of Dust1989: BAFTA Film Award for Best Supporting Actress – A Room with a View1998: BAFTA Film Award for Best Actress – Mrs. Brown1998: Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Drama – Mrs. Brown1998: Satellite Award for Best Actress in a Drama – Mrs. Brown1999: Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress – Shakespeare in Love1999: BAFTA Film Award for Best Supporting Actress – Shakespeare in Love1999: SAG Award for Best Cast – Shakespeare in Love2001: BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award
2001: SAG Award for Best Supporting Actress – Chocolat2002: BAFTA movie Award for Best Actress – Iris2007: British Independent Film Award for Best Actress – Notes on a Scandal2009: Satellite Award for Best Cast – NineNominations
1986: BAFTA Film Award for Best Supporting Actress – Wetherby1988: BAFTA Film Award for Best Supporting Actress – 84 Charing Cross Road1998: Academy Award for Best Actress – Mrs. Brown1998: SAG Award for Best Actress – Mrs. Brown1999: Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Shakespeare in Love1999: SAG Award for Best Supporting Actress – Shakespeare in Love2001: Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress – Chocolat2001: BAFTA Film Award for Best Supporting Actress – Chocolat2001: Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Chocolat2001: Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama – Chocolat2002: Academy Award for Best Actress – Iris2002: BAFTA Film Award for Best Supporting Actress – The Shipping News2002: Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Drama – Iris2002: SAG Award for Best Actress – Iris2002: SAG Award for Best Supporting Actress – The Shipping News2002: Satellite Award for Best Actress in a Drama – Iris2005: British Independent Film Award for Best Actress – Mrs Henderson Presents2005: Satellite Award for Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy – Mrs Henderson Presents2006: Academy Award for Best Actress – Mrs Henderson Presents2006: BAFTA Film Award for Best Actress – Mrs Henderson Presents2006: Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy – Mrs Henderson Presents2006: SAG Award for Best Actress – Mrs Henderson Presents2006: Satellite Award for Best Actress in a Drama – Notes on a Scandal2007: Academy Award for Best Actress – Notes on a Scandal2007: BAFTA Film Award for Best Actress – Notes on a Scandal2007: Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Drama – Notes on a Scandal2007: SAG Award for Best Actress – Notes on a Scandal2007: Saturn Award for Best Actress – Notes on a Scandal2009: Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress – Quantum of Solace2010: SAG Award for Best Cast – Nine2012: BAFTA Film Award for Best Supporting Actress – My Week with Marilyn Television
1968: BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress – Talking to a Stranger1982: BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress – A Fine Romance, Going Gently and The Cherry Orchard1982: Broadcast Press Guild Award for Best Actress – A Fine Romance1985: BAFTA TV Award for Best Light Entertainment Performance – A Fine Romance2001: BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress – The Last of the Blonde Bombshells2001: Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film – The Last of the Blonde Bombshells2008: Satellite Award for Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film – CranfordNominations
1980: BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress – ITV Playhouse, Macbeth and On Giant's Shoulders1983: BAFTA TV Award for Best Light Entertainment Performance – A Fine Romance1984: BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress – Saigon: Year of the Cat1984: BAFTA TV Award for Best Light Entertainment Performance – A Fine Romance1990: BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress – Behaving Badly1998: BAFTA TV Award for Best Comedy Performance – As Time Goes By2001: American Comedy Award for Funniest Female Performer in a TV Special – The Last of the Blonde Bombshells2001: Emmy Award for Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film – The Last of the Blonde Bombshells2001: SAG Award for Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Movie – The Last of the Blonde Bombshells2008: BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress – Cranford2008: Emmy Award for Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film – Cranford2009: Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film – Cranford2010: Emmy Award for Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film – Return to Cranford2010: Satellite Award for Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television movie – Return to Cranford2011: Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Miniseries or Television Film – Return to Cranford Theatre
1977: Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Revival of a Play – Macbeth1980: Evening Standard Award for Best Actress – Juno and the Paycock1980: Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Revival of a Play – Juno and the Paycock1982: Critics' Circle Theatre Award for Best Actress – The Importance of Being Earnest and A Kind of Alaska1982: Evening Standard Award for Best Actress – The Importance of Being Earnest and A Kind of Alaska1983: Olivier Award for Best Actress in a New Play – Pack of Lies1987: Critics' Circle Theatre Award for Best Actress – Antony and Cleopatra1987: Evening Standard Award for Best Actress – Antony and Cleopatra1987: Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Play – Antony and Cleopatra1996: Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical – A Little Night Music1996: Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Play – Absolute Hell1997: Critics' Circle Theatre Award for Best Actress – Amy's View1999: Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play – Amy's View2004: Society of London Theatre Special Award
1982: Olivier Award for Best Actress in a New Play – Other Places1982: Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Revival of a Play – The Importance of Being Earnest1992: Olivier Award for Best Director of a Musical – The Boys from Syracuse1993: Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Play – The Gift of the Gorgon1998: Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Play – Amy's View1999: Drama Desk Award for Best Actress in a Play – Amy's View1999: Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Play – Filumena2005: Olivier Award for Best Supporting Performance – All's Well That Ends Well''
Judi Dench Biography
Actors who played M
Arendal is a city and municipality in the county of Aust-Agder, Norway.
It is the administrative center of Aust-Agder county, and belongs to the geographical region of Sørlandet.
The municipality is bordered in the southwest by Grimstad, in the northwest by Froland, and in the northeast by Tvedestrand municipalities.
The Norse form of the name was probably "Arnardalr".
The first element is then the genitive case of "orn" m 'eagle', the last element is "dalr" m 'valley, dale'.
Arendal Kommune official website
Arendal official tourist information
The name Lazio was chosen as the original founders wanted to name the club after something which was greater and encompassed more than just the city that they were from - Lazio is the name of the region where Rome is.
The sky blue and white team colors were inspired by the Greek flag and more specifically the country which gave birth to Olympic tradition; the eagle as an acknowledgement by its founders.
Serie A : 2
1973/74, 1999/00
Serie B : 1
Coppa Italia : 7
Supercoppa Italiana : 5
Cup Winners' Cup : 1
UEFA Super Cup : 1
Coppa delle Alpi : 1
Italian football clubs
1900 establishments in Italy
[[Image:Punch.jpg|thumb|right|300px|1867 edition of the satirical magazine Punch]]
Satire is a form in art or writing which ridicules either a person, government, or an institution, often through the use of humour.
Satire can either be in paintings, plays, books, songs, TV or movies.
It also is used to stereotype people.
Satire was used long ago.
It is a Latin word, though the plays of Aristophanes are often called satirical.
Satire was widely known in Elizabethan times.
Swift used it in his book Gulliver's Travels to make fun of people’s stupidity.
Works like The Beggar’s Opera'' (1728) used satire to show how silly the politicians of the time were.
The German playwright Bertolt Brecht used a lot of satire, as did Peter Cook.
Jon Stewart and other comedians use it frequently.
Satire often points out ironic or bad things that powerful people are doing.
Its adjective is satirical.
Non-fiction literature
The Iron Cross was a medal given to German soldiers for bravery during wartime.
The award was created by King Frederick William III of Prussia.
It was first given out on 10 March 1813.
The Iron Cross was awarded during the Napoleonic Wars, the Franco-Prussian War, the First World War, and the Second World War.
This medal was received by Adolf Hitler after World War I.
During the Second World War an extra type of Iron Cross medal was given.
It was the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and was given for acts of extreme battlefield bravery or successful leadership.
The Knight's Cross was divided into five grades:
Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords, and Diamonds
Knight's Cross with Golden Oak Leaves, Swords, and Diamonds
Military honors
Orders, decorations, and medals of Germany
1813 establishments
Manowar is an American heavy metal band from Auburn, New York, which formed in 1980.
Eric Adams - vocal
Joey DeMaio - bass guitar / guitar / keyboard / classical guitar
Karl Logan - guitar / keyboard / classical guitar
Scott Columbus - drums and percussion
Battle Hymns (1982)
Into Glory Ride (1983)
Hail To England (1984)
Sign Of The Hammer (1984)
Fighting The World (1987)
Kings Of Metal (1988)
The Triumph Of Steel (1992)
Louder Than Hell (1996)
Hell On Wheels (Live, 1997)
Hell On Stage (Live, 1999)
Warriors Of The World (2002)
Gods Of War (2007)
Battle Hymns MMXI (2010)
The Lord of Steel (2012)
Kings of Metal MMXIV (2014)
Into Glory Ride Imperial Edition MMXIX (2019)
Hail To England Imperial Edition MMXIX (2019)
Official Manowar Website
where an represents the coefficient of the nth term, c is a constant, and x varies around c (for this reason one sometimes speaks of the series as being centered at c).
This series usually appears as the Taylor series of some known function; the Taylor series article contains many examples.
In many situations c is equal to zero, for example when considering a Maclaurin series.
These power series appear primarily in analysis, but also appear in combinatorics (under the name of generating functions) and in electrical engineering (under the name of the Z-transform).
The familiar decimal notation for integers can also be viewed as an example of a power series, but with the argument x fixed at 10.
In number theory, the concept of p-adic numbers is also closely related to that of a power series.
A classical guitar, also called a Spanish guitar, is a musical instrument from the family of musical instruments called chordophones.
This instrument is most commonly used by classical guitarists playing classical music, but it is also used in other music genres.
It was first recognized 4 - 5 thousand years ago.
Vålerenga Fotball is a Norwegian football club from Oslo.
It was founded in 1913.
They are named after the neighbourhood of Vålerenga.
They finished as runners-up in the 2010 Norwegian Premier League, the last time they won was in 2005.
Vålerenga's home ground is Ullevaal Stadion, the national stadium for Norway.
Their current coach is Martin Andresen.
As of January 15th 2010
VPN (Vålerenga På Nett)
Klanen, the Vålerenga fan club
Norwegian football clubs
1910s establishments in Norway
In Russian it is called Волга, in the Tatar language its name is İdel.
Many people see it as the national river of Russia.
It flows through the western part of the country.
It is Europe's longest river, with a length of 3,530 kilometres, and forms the core of the largest river system in Europe.
It rises in the Valdai Hills of Russia, 225m above sea level north-west of Moscow.
The Kama, Oka, Vetluga and the Sura are its main tributaries.
The Volga and its tributaries form the Volga river system, which drains an area of about 1.35 million square kilometres in Russia.
The Volga Delta has a length of about 160 kilometres.
555 channels and small streams.
It is the largest estuary in Europe.
It is the only place in Russia where pelicans, flamingoes, and lotuses may be found.
The Volga freezes for most of its length for three months each year.
Some of the biggest reservoirs in the world can be found along the river.
is a type of punk rock that was started in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s.
The people that started it wanted to connect punk with a working class street-level following.
is a mixing of the styles of early punk bands, such as The Clash, Sex Pistols and the Ramones.
It is also influenced by early British rock bands (such as The Rolling Stones and The Who), football chants, pub rock and glam rock bands.
The music is often very simple, and the lyrics are blunt (brutally honest, without tact).
Punk rock began to become popular in the 1970s.
Some perceived that it was becoming more and more commercialised.
This was the kind of thing that punks were against.
began partly as a response to this perception.
It was also partly a response to stereotyping that others made about punks.
One stereotype was that many people in the early punk rock scene were young people using big words and trying to be artistic, but failing.
Early Oi!
bands such as Sham 69 were around for years before the word Oi!
was used to describe their style of music.
The word was first used as a name for the new genre in 1980, by journalist Garry Bushell.
He took the name from the way the Cockney Rejects used "Oi!"
during live shows to introduce their songs. "
Oi!"
was the title of the third track on their second album.
The word is an old Cockney expression, meaning "hey" or "hello".
Other bands that were labelled as Oi!
bands in the early days of the genre included Angelic Upstarts, The 4-Skins, The Business, Blitz, The Blood, and Combat 84.
More recent punk bands such as Rancid and Dropkick Murphys have credited Oi!
as a source of inspiration.
OiOiMusic.com Weekly updated site with interviews and reviews
Punk and Oi!
in the UK includes interviews and news about Oi!
The Brothers Grimm (German: Die Brüder Grimm, also Gebrüder Grimm) were the brothers Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm.
They were German academics and most famous for their collections of folktales and fairy tales, and for their work in linguistics.
The Grimm brothers both became linguists.
They are the inventors of German philology.
They also did other language-related work, like publishing one of the first grammar books for the German language.
They also wrote fairy tales, and collected the tales which people told them.
They published a collection of fairy tales known as Grimms' Fairy Tales (Grimms Märchen).
The Museum of the Brothers Grimm in Kassel, Germany
Texts and recordings
Household Tales by the Brothers Grimm, translated by Margaret Hunt  (This site is the only one to feature all of the Grimms' notes translated in English along with the tales from Hunt's original edition.
Andrew Lang's introduction is also included.)
Translated by Margaret Hunt.
Brothers Grimm - Fairy Tales Audiobooks
Recording of 63 Fairy Tales by the Brothers Grimm at LibriVox.org
People from Hanau
Writers from Hesse
Heavy metals, chemical elements within a particular range of atomic weights
Heavy metal music, a style of music
Heavy Metal (magazine), an American fantasy magazine based on the French magazine Métal Hurlant
Heavy Metal (movie), a 1981 animated movie based on the magazine, or its sequel Heavy Metal 2000
Heavy Metal: F.A.K.K.², a 2000 computer game for Mac and PC by Gathering of Developers
"Heavy Metal", a 1978 song by Sammy Hagar, best known for being used for the 1981 movie of the same name
"Heavy Metal", a song by Judas Priest from Ram It Down
HeavyMetal, software for BattleTech
Bryozoans, also known as the Polyzoa, Ectoprocta or moss animals, are a phylum of small aquatic animals living in colonies.
The colonies usually have a skeleton of calcium carbonate.
Bryozoans have a long fossil history, starting in the Ordovician.
In their life-style they resemble the polyps which form coral.
They generally like warm, tropical waters but live all over the world.
There are about 5,000 living species, and 15,000 fossil species are known.
The colonies are formed by tiny (~0.2mm) members called zooids.
They secrete tubes, usually of lime (CaCO3), sometimes of chitin, an organic compound.
The zooids in a colony are all clones, produced by asexual reproduction.
Despite this, most species produce different morphs: zooids with different functions.
All bryozoa have a lophophore.
This is a ring of ten tentacles surrounding the mouth, each tentacle covered with cilia.
When feeding, the zooid extends the lophophore outwards; when resting it is withdrawn into the mouth to protect it from predators.
Anatomy & physiology
Bryozoan skeletons grow in a variety of shapes and patterns: mound-shaped, lacy fans, branching twigs, and even corkscrew-shaped.
Their skeletons have many tiny openings.
Each opening is the home of zooid.
They have a body with a U-shaped gut, opening at the mouth and at the anus.
They feed with their lophophore.
The tentacles of the bryozoans are ciliated.
The beating of the cilia creates a current of water which drives food (mainly phytoplankton) towards the mouth.
In some groups, notably some ctenostomes, a gizzard may be formed.
Bryozoans do not have a respiratory, or a blood system, because their small size allows diffusion of gases and nutrients.
However, they do have a simple nervous system, and muscles, which together can quickly take the zooid down into its shelter.
One species of bryozoan, Bugula neritina, is of interest as a source of chemicals, bryostatins, which are under investigation as anti-cancer agents.
Reproduction & development
Bryozoans can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
All Bryozoans, as far as is known, are hermaphrodite (meaning they are both male and female).
All members of a colony are clones: they are genetically identical, produced by asexual reproduction.
This occurs by budding off new zooids from the first zooid.
So the colony grows; this is the way a colony expands in size.
If a piece of a bryozoan colony breaks off, the piece can continue to grow and will form a new colony.
All zooids in a colony are linked by strands of epithelial cells.
The individual members of a colony, the zooids, are in some species generalised: they feed, and they can reproduce on occasion.
But in most species the zooids are specialised to diffent functions.
In this case the feeding zooids are called autozooids, and the non-feeding members are called heterozooids.
Functions done by heterozooids include sexual reproduction, protection, locomotion, plumbing, structural support.
The functions of some heterozooids is still unknown.
The commonest function is that eggs are developed in brooding chambers (ovicells) on female or hermaphrodite heterozooids.
There are variations in the details: sometimes a little complex of heterozooids produce larvae in a cooperative effort.p4
Another way to describe the bryozoa which develop heterozooids is to say they are polymorphic.
This term is used in biology to describe the way a genetically unified population develops into clearly distinct forms.
The polymorphism is usually controlled by genetic switching mechanisms, but in bryozoa there is little knowledge of their genetics.
Most species of Bryozoan live in marine environments.
There are about 50 species which inhabit freshwater.
In their aquatic habitats, bryozoans live on all types of hard substrates: sand grains, rocks, shells, wood, blades of kelp, pipes and ships may be heavily encrusted with bryozoans.
Some bryozoan colonies, however, do not grow on solid substrates, but form colonies on sediment.
While some species live at depths of 8,200 m, most bryozoans live in much shallower water.
Most bryozoans are sessile and immobile, but a few colonies are able to creep about, and a few species of non-colonial bryozoans live and move about in the spaces between sand grains.
One remarkable species makes its living while floating in the Southern Ocean.
Several bryozoan species live in the Midwestern United States, especially in Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky which was once a part of a large ocean, the Western Interior Seaway.
Their diet consists of small microorganisms, including diatoms and other unicellular algae.
In turn, bryozoans are preyed on by grazing organisms such as sea urchins and fish.
Bryozoans are almost entirely colony-forming animals.
Many millions of individuals can form one colony.
The colonies range from millimeters to meters in size, but the individuals that make up the colonies are tiny, usually less than a millimeter long.
In each colony, different individuals have different functions.
Some individuals gather up the food for the colony (autozooids), others depend on them (heterozooids).
Some individuals are devoted to strengthening the colony (kenozooids), and still others to cleaning the colony (vibracula).
There is only a single known solitary species, Monobryozoon ambulans, which does not form colonies.
Fossil bryozoans first appear in the early Ordovician and had a huge adaptive radiation.
They were abundant throughout the Palaeozoic era: they were one of the most dominant groups of Palaeozoic fossils.
They were major components of seabed communities and, like modern-day bryozoans, played an important role in sediment stabilization and binding.
They were food sources for many other benthic organisms.
During the Lower Carboniferous (Mississippian) 354 to 323 million years ago, bryozoans were so common that their broken skeletons form entire limestone beds.
After a crash at the Permian/Triassic boundary, when almost all species went extinct, bryozoans recovered in the later Mesozoic to become as successful as before.
The bryozoan fossil record has more than 15,000 species.
Most fossil bryozoans have mineralized skeletons.
The skeletons of individual zooids vary from tubular to box-shaped and contain a terminal aperture from which the lophophore is protruded to feed.
No pores are present in the great majority of Ordovician bryozoans, but skeletal evidence shows that epithelia were continuous from one zooid to the next.
One of the most important events during bryozoan evolution was the acquisition of a calcareous skeleton and the mechanism of tentacle protrusion.
The rigidity of the outer body walls gave protection against predators, a greater degree of zooid connection, and the evolution of massive colony forms.
Index to Bryozoa Bryozoa Home Page, was at RMIT; now bryozoa.net
Other Bryozoan WWW Resources
International Bryozoology Association official website
Bryozoan Introduction
Gordon Ramel The Phylum Ectoprocta (Bryozoa) (recommended)
Bryozoans  in the Connecticut River
Animal phyla
A placebo is a treatment for a disease or condition which is deliberately ineffective.
The motive usually is that if a person believes that a medicine, diet, or other treatment is good for them, then it is good for them.
Sometimes sick people who receive a placebo feel like they are getting better, and sometimes their bodies actually do get better.
When patients have that response, it is called the "placebo effect".
The term placebo effect (or placebo response) was introduced in 1920.
It is the response of the subject which causes the observed effect, not the substance,.
John Haygarth tested a placebo effect in the 18th century.
It showed "to a degree which has never been suspected, what powerful influence upon diseases is produced by mere imagination".
Émile Coué, a French apothecary, working  between 1882 and 1910, discovered what later came to be known as the "Placebo effect".
He reassured his clients by praising each remedy's efficiency and leaving a small positive notice with each medication.
In 1901 Coué began to study under hypnosis.
In 1913, Coué and his wife founded La Société Lorraine de Psychologie appliquée.
His book Self-mastery through conscious autosuggestion was published in England (1920) and in the United States (1922).
Placebos and blind trial
Placebos are used as part of blind trials.
Blind trials work like this: Some people are given the medicine or treatment being tested, and others are given the placebo.
No one knows who gets the real treatment and who gets the placebo.
They are "blind" to their treatment.
If researchers notice that the "treatment group" is different from the "placebo group" they will know that the difference is because of the treatment.
Without a "placebo group" then researchers cannot know if those changes would have happened anyway, no matter which medicine people had taken.
Genuine effects of placebos
Placebos can have real effects on patients: that is what "placebo effect" means.
Since a landmark paper in 1955 the placebo effect has been recognised and accepted by some, and denied by others.
However, there is no doubt that for certain conditions, the placebo effect does exist.
Relief of pain.
Studies of acupuncture have been positive.
The placebo effect is mediated by "top-down" processes from neocortex areas that influence expectations. "
Diseases lacking major 'top-down' or cortically based regulation may be less prone to placebo-related improvement".
Parkinson's disease: Placebo relief is associated with the release of dopamine in the brain.
Depression: Placebos reducing depression affect many of the same areas that are activated by antidepressants with the addition of the prefrontal cortex
Caffeine: Placebo-caffeinated coffee causes an increase in bilateral dopamine release in the thalamus.
Glucose: The expectation of an intravenous injection of glucose increases the release of dopamine in the basal ganglia of men (but not women).
Methylphenidate: The expectation of intravenous injection of this drug in inexperienced drug users increased the release of dopamine in the ventral cingulate gyrus and nucleus accumbens, with this effect being largest in those with no prior experience of the drug.
For other senses of this word, see identity.
An identity is an equality that remains true even if you change all the variables that are used in that equality.
An equality in mathematical sense is only true under more particular conditions.
For this, the symbol ≡ is sometimes used (note, however, that the same symbol can also be used for a congruence relation as well.)
In algebra, an identity or identity element of a set S with an operation is an element which, when combined with any element s of S, produces s itself.
In a group (an algebraic structure), this is often denoted by the symbol .
The identity function (or identity map) from a set S to itself, often denoted  or , such that  for all x in S.
In linear algebra, the identity matrix of size n is the n-by-n square matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere.
It is often denoted by the symbol .
Identity relation
which is true for all real values of  (since the real numbers  are the domain of both sine and cosine), as opposed to
which is only true for certain values of  in a subset of the domain.
The number 0 is the "additive identity" for integers, real numbers, and complex numbers.
For the real numbers, for all
Similarly, The number 1 is the "multiplicative identity" for integers, real numbers, and complex numbers.
Identity function
A common example of an identity function is the identity permutation, which sends each element of the set  to itself.
These meanings are not mutually exclusive; for instance, the identity permutation is the identity element in the set of permutations of  under composition.
EquationSolver  - A webpage that can test a suggested identity and return a true/false "verdict".
Equality (objects)
Egalitarianism, the belief that all/some people ought to be treated equally
Racial equality
Sexual equality
Equality, Illinois
Equals sign (=)
Identity (philosophy) is the sameness of two things.
Identity theory of mind, in the philosophy of mind, holds that the mind is identical to the brain
Personal identity
An identity is an equality that holds regardless of the values of its variables.
An identity object is an entity that does not change other objects; identity function, identity element and identity matrix
Social science and psychology
Identity (social science).
In the social sciences, identity has specific meanings, stemming from cognitive theory, sociology, politics, and psychology.
Cultural identity is a person's self-affiliation (or categorization by others) as a member of a cultural group.
Gender identity is the gender with which a person identifies (or is identified by others).
Digital identity is the representation of identity in terms of digital information.
Online identity is the digital identity established by computer network users.
Psychological identity is the concept that an individual has a unique identity developed relatively late in history.
An accounting identity is a basic accounting formulation that must, by construction, hold; for example, the balance sheet of a company must balance.
The term may also be used to apply to formulations in economics that have the same characteristics, for example, the balance of payments must balance.
Corporate identity is the physical manifestation of a business brand.
Identity theft is the deliberate appropriation of someone else's identity (without that person's permission) for criminal purposes.
Identity (object-oriented programming), a property of objects that allows those objects to be distinguished from each other.
Identity column in SQL Server represents a database field whose values are automatically generated by the server, and uniquely identify a row in the table.
Christian Identity, a controversial religious belief which holds that Europeans and their descendents are the Biblical Israel
Television, film, music and literature
Identity (novel), a novel written by Milan Kundera
Identity (movie), a movie directed by James Mangold, starring, among others, John Cusack
Identity (album), an album from Zee with Richard Wright and Dave Harris
Identity (music), a transformation of pitches in music
Identity (game show), a game show on NBC hosted by Penn Jillette
Secret identity
identity card
In mathematics, two things are equal if and only if they are exactly the same in every way.
That is, they have the same (mathematical) value and the same mathematical properties.
Mathematicians use the equals sign (=) to say this.
This defines a binary relation, equality.
The statement "x = y" means that x and y are equal.
Equivalence in a more general sense is provided by the construction of an equivalence relation between two mathematical objects, that is, two mathematical objects are equivalent if they are related by this relation.
In which case, the equivalence is often represented using the symbols  or .
A statement that two expressions denote equal quantities is an equation (or an equality).
Equations are equal.
Inequalities are unequal.
An equality is also a transitive relation.
This means that if one object is equal to a second object, and the second object is equal to a third object, then the first object is equal to the third object as well.
Since a predicate is a way of describing something that is true, another way to say this is that if one thing that is true about a variable is not true about the other variable, then they are not equal as far as mathematical logic is concerned: two things are only equal if anything that is true about one has to be true about the other.
In geometry, the word congruence is often preferred.
Numbers are equal, geometrical objects are congruent.
Two shapes are congruent if one can be moved or rotated so that it fits exactly where the other one is.
If shrinking or enlarging one of the two objects is needed, then they are not congruent.
They are called similar instead.
The congruence relation is often represented by the symbol , while the similarity relation is represented by the symbol .
In computer science, usually, the mathematical definition is used.
Very often, the comparison is written == (and the assignment, the act of giving a value, is written as =, or :=).
In object-oriented languages, or languages which have pointers, there is an additional problem.
Those languages contain references (which are in fact pointers).
If two such references do not reference exactly the same object, then they are different and a == b will be false in this case.
For this reason, many such languages have introduced another operator (in Java, this method is called equals).
This operator compares the actual values of the objects—not where the variables that reference them point to.
In social sciences, two people are equal if many of the same things are true about them.
two people who have the same amount of education and money, and who are of the same age usually think of each other as equals.
Another name for a person who is equal to another person is a peer.
Logical equality
Ministry (government department), a department of a government
Ministry (collective executive) (often the Ministry), the complete body of government ministers (whether or not they are in cabinet) under the leadership of a prime minister
The Ministry, also known as the Aireacht, the cabinet of the government established by the revolutionary Irish Republic of 1919-1922
Religious ministry, a type of activity conducted by members of various faiths
Ministry (band), an American industrial metal band
Ministry of Sound, a well known nightclub in London, sometimes referred to as the Ministry
Ministry of Darkness, a professional wrestling faction in the WWE
Ministry (magazine), a magazine for pastors published by the Seventh-day Adventist Church
Age-specific Ministry
As churches attempt to meet the needs of their congregations, they often separate their members into groups according to age categories.
These age divisions may include:
Children, generally elementary age students
Youth, generally middle and high school students
College and career, designed for university-age students
Adults, which is often broken up into single adults, couples ministry, men's and women's ministries, and senior adults.
Service and outreach
Many churches sponsor ministries designed to reach out others on a local and global scale, usually grouped under the heading of missions.
There are many organizations which perform missions on a fully-funded and organized level, such as North American Mission Board, operated by the Southern Baptist Convention.
Christian behavior and experience
For other meanings of the term ministry, see Ministry.
Ministries are usually subordinate to the cabinet, and prime minister, president or chancellor.
A government will usually have several ministries, each with a specialised field of service.
National ministries vary greatly between countries, but some common ones include Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Finance, and  Ministry of Health.
Some countries such as Switzerland, the Philippines and the United States do not use the term "ministry" for their government departments, and instead simply call them departments.
In Hong Kong the term "bureau" is used.
In Canada, some provincial-level government departments are called "ministries" (such as in Ontario and British Columbia) but most are called "departments."
Their heads are referred to as "ministers" in both levels of government, however.
Galerius served as a soldier with distinction.
When the Tetrarchy was introduced by Diocletian in 293 Galerius and Constantius Chlorus were given the rank of Caesar.
Galerius married Diocletian's daughter Valeria, and took over the Illyrian provinces.
War with Persia
In 296, at the beginning of the Persian War, Galerius moved from the Danube to the Euphrates.
There his first campaign ended in a defeat by the Sassanid prince Narses, near Callinicum.
This disaster caused the loss of Mesopotamia.
Diocletian came to Antioch, where the official version of events was made clear: Galerius was to take the blame.
In Antioch, Diocletian forced Galerius to walk a mile in advance of his imperial cart while still clad in the purple robes of an emperor.p17p292/3 The message was clear: the loss at Carrhae was not due to the failings of the empire's soldiers, but due to the failings of their commander, and Galerius' failures would not be accepted.
In 298 Galerius got reinforcements from the Danube in the Spring.
He led the army to attack Narseh in northern Mesopotamia, and Narseh retreated to Armenia.
The rugged Armenian terrain was favorable to Roman infantry, but unfavorable to Sassanid cavalry.
Local aid gave Galerius the advantage of surprise over the Persian forces.
In two battles, Galerius got victories over Narseh.p18p293
During the second encounter, Roman forces seized Narseh's camp, his treasury, his harem, and his wife.p18 Narseh's wife would live out the remainder of the war in Daphne, a suburb of Antioch.
This was, to the Persians, a constant reminder of Roman victory.p293 Galerius advanced into Media and Adiabene, winning victories.p151 He took Nisibis (Nusaybin, Turkey) before 1 October 298.
He moved down the Tigris, taking Ctesiphon, and looking at the ruins of Babylon.
Then he returned to Roman territory by the Euphrates.
Narses asked for peace.
Mesopotamia was returned to Roman rule and even some territory east of the Tigris.
This was the greatest extension of the Roman Empire in the east.
In 305, on the abdication of Diocletian and Maximian, Galerius got the title of Augustus, together with Constantius, his former colleague.
Two younger men were appointed as Caesars: Maximus Daia and Severus II.
Galerius' hopes were dashed when his colleague Constantius died at York in 306.
The legions raised his son Constantine to the position of Augustus.
Galerius only discovered this when he got a letter from Constantine, who told him of his father's death, modestly asserted his natural claim to the succession, and respectfully lamented that the enthusiasm of his troops had not allowed him to get the Imperial purple in a regular manner.
The first emotions of Galerius were those of surprise, disappointment, and rage.
As he could not restrain his passions, he threatened to burn both the letter and the messenger.p28/9p6279–80p160
When he had time to reconsider his position, he realised his chances of winning a war against Constantine was doubtful.
Therefore, without commenting on the choice of the British army, Galerius accepted the son of his deceased colleague as the ruler of the provinces beyond the Alps; but he gave him only the title of Caesar, and the fourth rank among the Roman princes, whilst he conferred the vacant place of Augustus on his favourite, Severus II.
Suddenly Galerius had the unexpected loss of Italy to Maxentius, his son-in-law.
Galerius’ need for revenue led him to make a strict examination of the property of his subjects for the purpose of taxation.
A survey was taken of their estates.
Where there was the slightest suspicion of concealment, torture was used to get a sincere declaration of their personal wealth.
Italy had traditionally been exempt from any form of taxation, but Galerius ignored this.
Italy began to murmur against this indignity and Maxentius used this sentiment to declare himself emperor in Italy, to the fury of Galerius.
Therefore, Galerius ordered his colleague Severus to immediately march to Rome, so that, by his unexpected arrival, he would easily suppress the rebellion.
Severus was quickly captured and executed by Maximian, who had once again been elevated to the rank of co-emperor, this time by his son Maxentius.
The importance of the occasion needed the presence and abilities of Galerius.
At the head of a powerful army collected from Illyricum and the East, he entered Italy.
He was determined to revenge the death of Severus and to punish the rebellious Romansp122 However, due to the skill of Maximian, Galerius found every place hostile, fortified, and inaccessible.
Though he forced his way as far as Narni, sixty miles from Rome, he controlled only his camp.
As he was facing difficulties, Galerius made the first steps to reconciliation.
He sent two officers to tempt the Romans by the offer of a conference.
These offers were rejected with firmness, his friendship refused.
Unless he retreated, he might meet the fate of Severus.
It was not a moment too soon; money from Maxentius to his soldiers had corrupted their loyalty.
When Galerius began his withdrawal from Italy, it was only with great difficulty that he managed to stop his veterans deserting him.
In frustration, Galerius allowed his legions to ravage the countryside as they passed northwards.
With so many emperors now in existence, in 308 Galerius, the retired emperor Diocletian and Maximian called an imperial 'conference' at Carnuntum on the River Danube.
Its aim was to bring some order back into the imperial government.
Here it was agreed that Galerius’ long-time friend and military companion Licinius, who had been entrusted by Galerius with the defense of the Danube while Galerius was in Italy, would become Augustus in the West, with Constantine as his Caesar.
Maximian was to retire, and Maxentius was declared a usurper.
Galerius’ plan soon failed.
The news of Licinius’ promotion was carried into the East, and Maximinus, who governed the provinces of Egypt and Syria, rejected his position as Caesar.
Maximus claimed (and got) the equal title of Augustus.
For the first, and indeed for the last time, six emperors administered the Roman world.
Although the memory of a recent war divided the empire into two great hostile powers, their fears and the fading authority of Galerius produced an apparent tranquility in the imperial government.
The last years of Galerius saw him keep the position of first among equals.
He spent the rest of his time enjoying himself, and ordering some important public works, such as discharging into the Danube the superfluous waters of Lake Pelso, and cutting down the immense forests around it.
Christians had lived in peace during most of the rule of Diocletian.
The persecutions that began with an edict of 24 February 303, were credited by Christians to the influence of Galerius.
Christian houses of assembly were destroyed, for fear of secret gatherings.
But in April 311 Galerius issued the general edict of toleration, from Nicomedia in his own name and in those of Licinius and Constantine.
Lactantius gives the text of the edict in De Mortibus Persecutorum ('On the Deaths of the Persecutors', chapters 34, 35).
This marked the end of official persecution of Christians.
Galerius died on 5 May, 311.
Medieval Sourcebook: Edict of Toleration by Galerius, 311.
Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus
Lactantius about Galerius in his "De Mortibus Persecutorum" chapter XXIII & XXVII
250s births
311 deaths
Placebo, a treatment without intrinsic therapeutic value, but administered as if it were a therapy
Placebo (band), an alternative rock band
Placebo (album), the band's self-titled debut album
Placebo (at funeral) (obsolete usage), someone who falsely claims a connection to the deceased to get a share of the funeral meal
Observer bias, particularly in audio circles
And see Placebo effect (disambiguation).
The placebo effect, the tendency of any medication or treatment, even an inert or ineffective one, to exhibit results simply because the recipient believes that it will work.
Placebo Effect, an original novel written by Gary Russell and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who.
Square foot gardening is a method of gardening made popular by Mel Bartholemew in 1981.
It is based on the idea that wide rows, used in traditional gardening, waste time, work, water, seeds and soil.
It shows that quality vegetables can be grown in less space with less work.
In this method, the garden space is divided into beds, separated by paths.
Each bed measures 4' × 4' ( × ), therefore covering an area of  ().
These beds are further divided into sixteen squares of about one square foot ( per side, ).
A different type of plant is grown in each of those squares.
A single large plant, like broccoli, will use one of the squares.
Smaller plants can be spaced more tightly; for example, four heads of lettuce together in one square, or sixteen carrots.
All work (planting, removing weeds, watering and harvesting) is done from the pathways.
This stops the soil from being compacted.
Benefits of square foot gardening
Less work.
In traditional gardening methods, heavy tools are used to loosen the soil.
In this method, the soil is never compacted and it remains loose.
Weeding takes much less time.
Water savings.
The loose ground holds the water better.
This type of garden needs water less often than other methods.
Also, water is poured by hand near the plant roots.
Less water is wasted.
Very little weeding.
The vegetables form a living mulch and shade out many weeds before they can start to grow.
Pesticides or herbicides are not needed.
Natural ways to keep insects away, like companion planting, work well in a tight space.
Growing many different types of plants in a small area also makes it more difficult for plant diseases to spread.
Website of the Square Foot Gardening Foundation, founded to promote the method.
Journey To Forever, a resource for beginners.
This article is about the kitchen appliance.
For the 3D computer graphics program, see Blender (program)
Parts of a blender
Food made with blenders
A drinking straw (or "straw") is a utensil used to consume cold drinks such as milk shakes, smoothies, cola, and fruit juice.
Drinking straws are usually made from plastic that is formed into a tube.
To use a drinking straw, a person places the straw in a glass that contains a liquid and then sucks the straw with their mouth.
Straws are mainly plastic, but some straws are paper or cardboard to protect the environment.
The oldest straw found is over 5000 years old.
Straws have been found in Sumerian temples made of gold and lapis lazuli.
The straws popularity came in the 1800s during the industrial revolution.
Those straws were made of paper and turned to mush quickly.
An inventor named Joseph Friedman invented a straw made of paper coated in glue so that it did not dissolve.
In music, a whole tone scale is a scale in which each note is separated from the next one by an interval of a whole tone.
There is always one note (a semitone) in between each neighbouring pair of notes of the whole-tone scale.
Whatever note is started on, the whole tone scale will contain one of the following sets of notes:
C, D, E, F#, G#, A#
C#, D#, F, G, A, B
When a whole-tone scale is played on a piano, starting from a low note and moving up to high notes, while at the same time pressing the sustaining pedal (the right pedal), it makes a "dreamy" sound.
It does not sound in any particular key, but floats along.
It also sounds very good on a harp.
Debussy uses the whole-tone scale a lot in his music, but he was not the first to do so.
Russian composers such as Glinka in his opera Ruslan and Ludmila and Borodin in Prince Igor used the whole-tone scale.
Later composers to use it include Alban Berg in his Violin Concerto, and Béla Bartók in
his String Quartet No.
It has also been used in jazz.
In music, a pentatonic scale is a scale with five notes in each octave.
Pentatonic scales are very common and are found in folk music from all over the world.
Any scale using five notes is "pentatonic" ("penta" is Greek for "five").
However, the pentatonic scale which is used in most Western music uses notes which do not have any semitones.
A pentatonic scale starting on C will use the notes C,D,E,G,A (the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 6th notes of a major scale).. An easy way to find such a pentatonic scale is by using all the black notes of a keyboard.
Using the pentatonic scale is a good way for children to make up their own tunes.
It does not matter too much which note is used for the start and the finish, because there is no feeling of a clear key.
The notes always sound good when played together.
Many folk songs are pentatonic, or nearly pentatonic.
Well-known songs such as "Land of the Silver Birch" or "Auld Lang Syne" are pentatonic tunes.