the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In both cases, he found that the yellow and blue edges remain closest to the side which is light, and red and violet edges remain closest to the side which is dark.
At a certain distance, these edges overlap.
When these edges overlap in a light spectrum, green results; when they overlap in a dark spectrum, magenta results.
With a light spectrum, coming out of the prism, one sees a shaft of light surrounded by dark.
We find yellow-red colours along the top edge, and blue-violet colours along the bottom edge.
The spectrum with green in the middle arises only where the blue-violet edges overlap the yellow-red edges.
Newton and Goethe
For Newton, all the colours already exist in white light, and the prism merely fans them out according to their refrangability.
Goethe sought to show that, as a turbid medium, the prism was an integral factor in the arising of colour.
Whereas Newton narrowed the beam of light in order to isolate the phenomenon, Goethe observed that with a wider aperture, there was no spectrum.
He saw only reddish-yellow edges and blue-cyan edges with white between them, and the spectrum arose only where these edges came close enough to overlap.
For him, the spectrum could be explained by the simpler phenomena of colour arising from the interaction of light and dark edges.
Goethe's reification of darkness has caused almost all of modern physics to reject Goethe's theory.
Table of differences
Orthodox is a word about beliefs.
It is made from two Ancient Greek words, ὀρθός orthós „correct, straight“ and δόξα dóxa „teaching, worship".
Orthodoxy means a teaching that is supposed to be close to the original.
Eastern Orthodox Church (The split of the Christian Church into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox happened in 1054, in what is known as the Great Schism)
Oriental Orthodox Church (Split from the rest in the 5th century, at the Council of Chalcedon)
Theologically traditional often in all lower case-- orthodox
Orthodox Union
Known as Oklahoma's favorite son, Rogers was born to a well off Indian Territory family and learned to ride horses and use a lariat so well that he was listed in the Guinness Book of World Records for throwing three ropes at once—one around the neck of a horse, another around the horse's rider, and a third around all four legs of the horse.
During his life he traveled around the world three times, made 71 movies (50 silent films and 21 "talkies"), wrote more than 4,000 nationally-syndicated newspaper columns, making him a world-famous figure.
By the mid-1930s, Rogers was loved by the American people, and was the highest-paid movie star in Hollywood at the time.
During an around-the-world trip with pilot Wiley Post, Rogers died when their small airplane crashed near Barrow, Alaska Territory in 1935.
comedians from Oklahoma
Tetris DX is a video game released in 1998 for the Game Boy Color console.
It is a remake of the Game Boy game Tetris.
The game can save high scores, has two new modes, and three profiles for three separate players.
en:Tetris (Game Boy)#Tetris DX
is a 1992 video game for the Game Boy Nintendo device and the sequel to Super Mario Land.
In 1994, Wario Land: Super Mario Land 3 was released.
It is the sequel to Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins.
Before Super Mario Land, Mario had went away.
While he was away, Wario took over Mario's castle.
He takes the six golden coins from the castle and scatters them around to all the various worlds.
When Mario comes back, he must travel to each world, get the coins back to open the door, and then face off against Wario.
This game features a save function and an easy mode.
The game is a platforming game, with Mario running around six worlds (areas of the game) The game's power-ups are the Super Mushroom, (makes Mario big), Fire Flower, which lets Mario throw fire balls, the Super Star, and a new item called the Carrot, which turns Mario into a rabbit that can fly.
Nintendo Research & Development 1 games
In organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, or olefine is an unsaturated chemical compound containing at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond.
The simplest alkenes, with only one double bond, no rings, and no other functional groups, are hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n.
The double bond in the middle makes them more reactive because the molecule is not saturated.
An alkene's unsaturation means that it will take the color out of bromine.
The names of alkenes always end with -ene.
List of Alkenes
Ethene (C2H4)
Propene (C3H6)
Butene (C4H8)
Pentene (C5H10)
Hexene (C6H12)
Heptene (C7H14)
Octene (C8H16)
Nonene (C9H18)
Decene (C10H20)
The physical properties of alkenes are comparable with those of alkanes.
The main differences between the two are that the acidity levels of alkenes are much higher than the ones in alkanes.
The physical state depends on molecular mass (gases from ethene to butene - liquids from pentene onwards).
The simplest alkenes, ethene, propene and butene are gases.
Linear alkenes of approximately five to sixteen carbons are liquids, and higher alkenes are waxy solids.
They are scarce in nature.
They are made from other hydrocarbons to make plastics, anti–freeze and many other useful compounds.
They burn with a smoky flame due to less efficient, and more polluting incomplete combustion, so the heat energy release is lower than for alkanes.
Afrodisiac is the fourth studio album by American R&B/pop singer Brandy Norwood, released by Atlantic Records on June 28, 2004 outside North America and on June 29, 2004 (see 2004 in music) in Canada and the United States.
It was mostly produced by Timbaland, with more production from Warryn Campbell, Organized Noise, Walter Millsap, Ron Feemster, Big Chuck, and Kanye West.
A lot of critics liked the album, but it did not sell a lot of copies.
It has sold less copies than any other album she has made so far.
"Boy (I Need You)", by Mariah Carey
"Boy" (Erasure song)
"Boys" (Britney Spears song)
"Boys" (The Shirelles song), notably covered by The Beatles
"Boys" (Robots in Disguise song)
"Boys (Summertime Love)", by Sabrina
"Boyz" (song), by M.I.A.
"Boy", by Book of Love
"B.O.Y.", by Jessica Simpson from A Public Affair
"Boys", by Bauhaus, the B-side of the single "Bela Lugosi's Dead"
"Boys", by Band Ohne Namen
"Boys", by Ashlee Simpson from Bittersweet World
"The Boys" (song), a song by The Shadows, a number-one single in Australia in 1963
Boy (album), by U2
Boy (compilation album), by Lena Philipsson
Boy (1980s band), a 1980s American rock group
BOY, a Canadian indie pop group
Boy'z, a Hong Kong Cantopop duo now known as Sun Boy'z
The Boys (band), an American band
The Boys (UK band), a punk rock band
The Boys (60s band), an English band, later became The Action
Boy (book), an autobiography by Roald Dahl
The Boys (comic book), a comic book for mature readers by Garth Ennis and Darick Robertson
Boyz (magazine), a British weekly LGBT magazine
The Boy (US title: The Beautiful Boy), a 2003 book by Germaine Greer
The Boys, a 1996 book by Martin Gilbert
Werner Boy, German mathematician
David Boys, Canadian Scrabble player
Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński, Polish poet
Roy Brindley, nicknamed "The Boy", English professional poker player
Boy River, Minnesota, US
Boys Hill, a village in Dorset, England
Boy (movie) (Japanese: Shōnen), a 1969 Japanese film
Boys (movie), a 2003 Tamil film
Boys (1996 movie), a movie starring Winona Ryder
The Boys (movie), a 1998 Australian film
The Boys (1991 movie), an American television movie starring John Lithgow
The Boys (1962 movie), a British movie starring Richard Todd
"Boy", the adopted son of Tarzan in the movies based on Edgar Rice Burroughs's character
The Boy (TV series), a Canadian animated television series
The Boys (TV series), a 1993 American sitcom featuring Christopher Meloni
The Boy (musical), a 1917 London hit musical comedy
Boy Seaman, a rating in the British Royal Navy
Boys anti-tank rifle, a British anti-tank weapon
The Boys (Wild West Gang), a gang who participated in the late-1870s Lincoln County War
The Boys Markets, a chain of Los Angeles-area supermarkets, sold to Ralphs in 1995
The Boy, Eustace Boyce, a character in the webcomic Scary Go Round
Distinguish from
buoy, a floating device or marker
List of all pages beginning with Boy
List of all pages beginning with The Boy
Bois
Boise
Speaker for the Dead (1986) is a science fiction book by Orson Scott Card.
It is a sequel to the novel Ender's Game, and takes place around the year 5135, some 3,000 years after the events in Ender's Game.
Because of space travel, the main character Ender is only about 35 years old.
Like Ender's Game, the book won the Hugo Award (1987) and Nebula Award (1986) for outstanding science fiction novel, making Card the first writer to win both of these awards two times in a row.
Speaker for the Dead was updated in 1991.
It was followed by Xenocide and Children of the Mind.
About the book Speaker for the Dead from Card's website
Xenocide (1991) is a science fiction book that is third in the Ender's Game series.
It was written by Orson Scott Card and was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1992.
It was followed by Children of the Mind.
About the novel Xenocide from Card's website
Children of the Mind (1996) is the fourth, and currently the last, book of Orson Scott Card's popular Ender's Game series, a series of science fiction novels that focus on the character Ender Wiggin.
Although Card has written some additional novels that take place with in the Ender Saga, they take place in the middle of the storyline and therefore are not sequals to Children of The Mind.
About the book Children of the Mind from Card's website
Ender's Shadow (1999) is a science fiction book that was written by Orson Scott Card.
It is a parallel novel, which means it has a story that has some of the events in Ender's Game from the point of view of another character named Bean.
This book was first titled Urchin, but it was changed before release.
Ender's Shadow is the first of a series that includes Shadow of the Hegemon, Shadow Puppets, and Shadow of the Giant.
About the novel Ender's Shadow from Card's website
Shadow of the Hegemon (2001) is the second book in the Ender's Shadow series (also called the Bean Quartet) by Orson Scott Card.
It is also the sixth book in the Ender's Game series.
It is told mostly from the point of view of Bean, a mostly minor character in the first novel Ender's Game.
About the novel Shadow of the Hegemon from Card's website
Bernard Haitink  (4 March 1929 – 21 October 2021) was a Dutch conductor and violinist.
He won two Grammy Awards in 2004 and 2009.
Haitink studied music at the conservatoire in Amsterdam, the town where he was born.
He started his career playing the violin in orchestras.
Then he learned to conduct.
He became second conductor of the Netherlands Radio Union Orchestra in 1955.
He then became chief conductor of the Netherlands Radio Philharmonic in 1957.
On 7 November 1956 the famous conductor Carlo Maria Giulini was not able to conduct a concert of the Concertgebouw Orchestra so the young Bernard Haitink conducted instead.
This helped him to become famous.
Three years later he became a conductor of the Amsterdam Concertgebouw Orchestra and he stayed with them for a quarter of a century.
In 1963 he became the main conductor of that orchestra, and in 1999 they gave him the title of honorary conductor.
Haitink has also had jobs outside the Netherlands.
He was principal conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra from 1967 to 1979, music director at Glyndebourne Opera from 1978 to 1988 and at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden from 1987 to 2002.
He also held posts with the Dresden Staatskapelle and Boston Symphony Orchestra, and conducted many other great orchestras of the world.
In 1977, he was given an honorary knighthood in the Order of the British Empire.
Haitink had conducted music by many composers from different periods.
He has recorded many great works for Phillips, Decca and EMI.
In 2004 his recording of Janáček’s opera Jenufa was given the Grammy Award for the best opera recording.
Haitink had five children from his first marriage.
He lived in Switzerland with his fourth wife, who used to be a viola player in the orchestra of the Royal Opera House.
Haitink died on 21 October 2021 in London at the age of 92.
List of recordings from Dutch Divas website
Askonas Holt agency page on Bernard Haitink
Bernard Haitink interview, 13 January 1997
Dutch conductors
Honorary Companions of Honour
Dutch musicians
Shadow Puppets (2002), by Orson Scott Card, is the sequel to Shadow of the Hegemon and the third book in the Ender's Shadow series (often called the Bean Quartet).
It was first going to be called Shadow of Death.
Libération (also called Libé) is a French daily newspaper founded in Paris in 1973 by Jean-Paul Sartre.
www.liberation.fr
Governments, and especially the police and courts, see that the laws are obeyed in most societies.
Because they can punish a person for not obeying the law, most people agree that laws should be fair and the same for everyone.
But governments sometimes  make laws that many people believe are not just.
If many people believe this, people may lose respect for the law and may even disobey it.
However, in democratic societies, the law itself has ways to change or get rid of these unjust laws.
Major derives from Latin maior, which means greater.
It is used in many contexts:
Major, a military rank.
An academic major, the primary focus of a Bachelor's degree, in the United States and some other countries.
In music, major (in contrast to minor) is a type of scale, key, chord, or interval; see major and minor.
major chord
the names of various intervals, such as a major third or major sixth
In British public school terminology, "major" means an older brother or sister (when two people have the same surname), as opposed to "minor".
In American professional sports, various leagues are described as major (or "the majors") when they represent the highest level of competition in their geographic area, such as Major League Baseball or Major League Soccer.
In American college sports, "major" has multiple meanings.
For a more comprehensive discussion of the different meanings of "major" in the college athletics context, see mid-major.
In golf, a "major championship" is one of an elite tier of annual tournaments (not more than five) recognised by the relevant authorities for a particular branch of the sport.
Men's major golf championships
Women's major golf championships
Senior major golf championships
In snooker, four of the main tournaments in the season are unnofficially known as Major titles
In English Change Ringing, Major refers to a ringing method rung on eight church bells.
Major (law) (as opposed to minor (law)), one with the full legal rights of an adult
People named Major:
John Major, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1990 – 1997.
John C. Major, a Canadian judge
Major Taylor, an American champion cyclist 1899–1901.
Mark Major, a Canadian ice hockey player.
William James Major, a Canadian politician and judge
Major Applewhite, a former Texas Longhorn quarterback and current Alabama assistant coach
Major Harris, a former college quarterback for the West Virginia Mountaineers
Characters named Major:
Major Gowen, a character on the 1970s British TV series Fawlty Towers.
The Major, a character on the 1970s American TV series Soap.
The Major (or simply Major), a nickname for Motoko Kusanagi, a fictional character from the anime/manga series Ghost in the Shell.
Major Major Major Major, a character in Joseph Heller's novel Catch-22
The Major, the leader of Millennium, a Nazi group in Hellsing.
Major (manga), a baseball-related manga/anime series in Japan.
Major movie studios, film studios (mostly United States-based) that produce many films per year.
Major record labels, music production and distribution companies that produce most of the music recordings per year.
Places named Major:
Major, Saskatchewan, small village in the Canadian province, Saskatchewan
Majority (disambiguation)
Majorat
Shadow of the Giant (2005) is the fourth book in Orson Scott Card's Ender's Shadow series (sometimes called the Bean Quartet).
About the novel Shadow of the Giant from Card's website
The Metropolitan Tabernacle is a large Reformed Baptist church in the Elephant and Castle in London.
It was Charles Spurgeon's church for many years.
Metropolitan Tabernacle official site
The Icemark Chronicles is a series of books consisting of The Cry of the Icemark, followed by Blade of Fire, and Last Battle of the Icemark.
The books were written by Stuart Hill from Leicester.
Fox 2000 Pictures have bought the right to create a movie based on the books.
The first is planned for 2008.
Last Battle of the Icemark
Songmaster (1980) is a science fiction book by Orson Scott Card.
The story of the Songmaster occurs in a future human empire, and follows Ansset, a young boy whose singing voice has the power of making people's feelings stronger.
This makes him both a possible healer and destroyer.
He is trained in the art of singing so perfectly that his songs can show ideas and feelings better than words.
This book was based on Card's short story "Mikal's Songbird".
Literary significance & criticism
One reviewer said that Songmaster was "Quite possibly Card's best published work, ever."
The publisher described the story as "...a haunting story of power and love—the tale of the man who would destroy everything he loves to preserve humanity's peace, and the boy who might just sing the world away".
As with some other Card novels (Ender's Game, for example), this book started out as a shorter story "Mikal's Songbird", which was a Nebula Award finalist in 1978.
Songmaster got the Hamilton-Brackett Memorial Award in 1981.
("Songmaster"), published by Meulenhoff.
("Master Singer"), published by Bastei Lübbe.
("Master Singer"), published by Nova Ciencia Ficcion.
About the novel Songmaster from Card's website
1980 books
College football is American football played by teams of students from different American universities, colleges, and military academies.
Play between colleges first made American football popular in the United States.
College football is still popular today among students, alumni, and other fans of the sport.
The very first match between two college teams using new "American" variation of Rugby was played between Princeton and Rutgers University in 1869.
First season of college football had only two matches played.
The game became popular quickly in coming years.
National championships
College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS – The NCAA has never had an official championship for schools in the top-level Football Bowl Subdivision, or "FBS".
Instead, several groups declare their own champions.
NCAA Division I Football Championship – The official championship for schools in the second-level Football Championship Subdivision, or "FCS".
NCAA Division I FCS Consensus Mid-Major football national championship
NCAA FCS Year-by-year playoff results
NCAA Division II national football championship
NCAA Division III national football championship
NAIA national football championship
NJCAA National football championship
NCAA football official site
Bowl Championship Series
FCS College Football Weekly Preview
Most Valuable College Football Programs, Forbes
An account of the first intercollegiate game
NCAA football stats
Stassen College Football, comprehensive college football database
College Football Data Warehouse
Collegio Football, Electronic Almanac & Media Guide to NCAA College Football (1869 - Present)
List of college football rule changes for 2006
NCAA Football Rule Changes for 2007 (that are meant to shorten the game)
NCAA Football: Major Rule Changes  (with rationales)
NCAA Football: 2007 Rules and Interpretations
Eye for Eye (1987) is a science fiction novella (or short book) by Orson Scott Card.
It first began in the March 1987 issue of Asimov's Science Fiction magazine.
In 1990 it appeared in Card’s short story collection Maps in a Mirror and also as a Tor double novel, with The Tunesmith by Lloyd Biggle, Jr.. It won the Hugo Award for Best Novella in 1988.
Publication information for Eye for Eye available from Card’s website
1987 books
Seventh Son (1987) is an alternate history fantasy book written by Orson Scott Card.
It is the first book in Card's The Tales of Alvin Maker series about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son.
Seventh Son was nominated for both the Hugo Award for Best Novel and the World Fantasy Award.
The idea that the seventh son of a seventh son may have special powers is common in folklore around the world.
Seventh sons have strong "knacks" (magical powers or skills), and seventh sons of seventh sons are both very rare and powerful.
In fact, young Alvin appears to be the only one in the world.
His powers make him the target of The Unmaker.
After he recognizes Alvin's powers as those of a Maker, he attempts to kill Alvin.
About the novel Seventh Son from Card's website
The Locus Awards were started in 1971 and are given to winners of Locus Magazine's yearly readers' poll.
Currently, the Locus Awards are given at a yearly banquet.
Unusually, the publishers of winning works are given a certificate.
10 or more awards
Ursula K. Le Guin (18), Harlan Ellison (15), Dan Simmons (12), George R. R. Martin (11), John Varley (10)
3 - 9 awards
Connie Willis (9)
Orson Scott Card (8), Neil Gaiman (8), Lucius Shepard (8)
Kim Stanley Robinson (6)
Robert Silverberg (5), David Brin (5), Gene Wolfe (5)
Isaac Asimov (4), Joe Haldeman (4), China Miéville (4), Larry Niven (4)
Michael Bishop (3), Greg Egan (3), Stephen King (3), Kelly Link (3), Lois McMaster Bujold (3), Tim Powers (3), Neal Stephenson (3) Terry Pratchett (3)
Locus Award for Best Novel
Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel
Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel
Locus Award for Best First Novel
Locus Award for Best Short Story
Excerpts for Locus winning and nominated books
Science fiction awards
Award categories
Novelette
Important/notable winners
Joe Haldeman (5)
Greg Bear (3)
Lois McMaster Bujold (3)
Harlan Ellison (3)
Ursula K. Le Guin (3)
Roger Zelazny (3)
Orson Scott Card (2)
Arthur C. Clarke (2)
Samuel R. Delany (2)
Neil Gaiman (2)
Vonda McIntyre (2)
Frederik Pohl (2)
Kim Stanley Robinson (2)
Connie Willis (6)
The Nebula Awards homepage
List of past winners
List of the most-honored Nebula Award nominees
Excerpts and synopses of Nebula winning and nominated novels
2006 Nebula Awards Ballot
Dust, pollen and pet dander are all common allergens.
It is possible to be allergic to anything from chlorine to perfume.
Food allergies are not as common, but some foods, like peanuts, nuts, seafood and shellfish cause serious allergies in lots of people.
Common allergens
Fel d 1 (cat allergy)
fur and dander
cockroach calyx
dust mite excretion
penicillin
sulfonamides
salicylates (also found naturally in numerous fruits)
local anaesthetics
celery and celeriac
corn or maize
eggs (typically albumen, the white)
tree nuts
pecans
Insect stings
bee sting venom
wasp sting venom
mosquito stings
Mold spores
Plant pollens (hay fever)
grass — ryegrass, timothy-grass
weeds — ragweed, plantago, nettle, artemisia vulgaris, chenopodium album, sorrel
trees — birch, alder, hazel, hornbeam, aesculus, willow, poplar, platanus, tilia, olea, Ashe juniper
"Big Six" (song), a 1972 UK Top 40 hit single by Judge Dread
Big Six banks of Canada
Big Six law firms of Australia
Big Six Conference, colleges in the midwestern United States involved in athletics and associated conferences, the predecessor to today's Big 12 Conference
Big Six (civil rights) movement in the United States
Big six in the romantic literature of England, authors of romantic literature of England
The Big Six (Ghana), six Ghanaian nationalists jailed by the British colonial government in 1948
What were the United States "big six auditing firms" (originally the "big eight"), now the big four
The "Big six" major movie studios
The "Big Six" Australian cricketers involved in a dispute with cricket authorities in 1912
The Big Six, a children's novel by Arthur Ransome
Big Six wheel, a casino game
Supreme War Council (Japan) during World War II
Christy Mathewson, baseball pitcher
Jason Estrada,  professional boxer
Baltimore and Ohio Class S locomotive
2-10-2 type locomotives
Big Two
Big Three
Big Seven
Big Eight
Kurt Masur (18 July 1927 – 19 December 2015) was a German conductor.
He conducted many of the world’s leading orchestras.
He especially likes conducting German Romantic music.
Masur was born in Brieg, which was then part of Germany but is now called Brzeg and lies in Poland.
He studied piano, composition and conducting in Leipzig.
His first important conducting job was with the Dresden Philharmonic Orchestra, with whom he worked from 1955 to 1958 and again from 1967 to 1972.
He also worked with the Komische Oper of East Berlin.
From 1970 to 1996 he was the Kapellmeister (musical director) of the famous Gewandhausorchester Leipzig.
Dresden and Leipzig both lie in what used to be the German Democratic Republic (East Germany).
For years Masur worked faithfully for the communist leaders of that country.
When the political situation started to change in 1989, he helped to keep the demonstrations peaceful by talking to the politicians and the people and stopping them from fighting.
In 1991, Masur became music director of the New York Philharmonic.
He stayed there for over a decade, helping to make them one of the world’s finest orchestras.
From 2000 to 2007, Masur was principal conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra,.
From 2002 to 2008, Masur was music director of the Orchestre National de France.
Masur enjoyed working with young musicians, conducting youth orchestras and giving masterclasses.
He has given lessons on the art of conducting Beethoven’s music.
Masur has been married three times.
His first wife, with whom he had a daughter, died in 1972 in a car accident.
Masur himself was badly injured in that accident.
Until his death, he lived with his third wife, Tomoko.
They have a son, Ken-David, who has also become a conductor.
On 26 April 2012 Masur fell off the podium while he was conducting the National Orchestra of France at a concert in Paris.
He was taken to hospital to recover from his injuries.
Kurt Masur official website
Disease-related deaths in Connecticut
The 2008 Sichuan earthquake () was a big earthquake in China on May 12, 2008.
Thousands of people were killed, thousands more people were missing and thousands were hurt.
Millions of people were left homeless after their houses fell down.
The earthquake could be felt 58 of kilometres away.
Earthquake details
The earthquake was measured at 8.0Ms and 8.3 Mw by the China Seismological Bureau.
The earthquake happened at 2:d, at a depth of .
The earthquake was felt in Beijing  away and in Shanghai  away.
Tall office buildings in those cities shook with the tremor.
The earthquake was also felt in nearby countries.
It is believed that 69,227 people died, 374,643 people were hurt, and 17,923 people listed as missing. (
September 2008 numbers) The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless, though the number could be as high as 11 million.
Approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area.
It was the deadliest and strongest earthquake to hit China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed at least 240,000 people.
Scientists worked out that the earth moved up to  along the Longmen Shan Fault.
This fault is about  long and  deep.
The earthquake made the ground on the surface move more than .
Japanese seismologist, Yuji Yagi, said that the earthquake took place in two parts.
The fault tore in two sections, the first one moving about .
In the second part of the quake the fault moved another .
The earthquake lasted about two minutes.
It was powerful because it did not happen very deep under the ground.
Many people were killed because there were so many people living above the epicenter.
Teruyuki Kato, a seismologist at the University of Tokyo, said that the shock waves traveled a long way.
The waves did not lose their power because of the hardness of the ground in central China.
Where the quake was felt
: Tremors were felt everywhere but not Xinjiang, Jilin or Heilongjiang.
Hong Kong: Tremors were felt about 3 minutes after the quake, and lasted for 30 seconds.
Macau: Tremors were felt about 3 minutes after the quake.
: Tremors were felt about 5 minutes after the earthquake in the north of Vietnam.
: In parts of Thailand tremors were felt 6 minutes after the quake.
Office buildings in Bangkok shook for several minutes.
Taiwan: It took about 8 minutes for the quake to reach Taiwan.
The tremors lasted for nearly 2 minutes.
: Tremors were felt about 8 minutes after the earthquake.
: Tremors were felt 8 and a half minutes after the quake.
: Tremors were felt about 8 and a half minutes after the quake.
: Tremors were felt about 9 minutes after the earthquake in parts of India.
: In Northern Pakistan tremors were felt 10 minutes after the quake.
: Tremors were felt in Tuva.
Earth movements
The quake happened because a part of the earth's surface, called the Indian plate, is slowly moving north.
It is moving about  every year.
It crashes into the Eurasian plate.
This has pushed up the ground and made the Himalaya mountains.
Some of the earth's crust gets pushed into Sichuan and southern China.
This pushing has caused many earthquakes in China.
The epicentre was in the mountains on the eastern edge of the Qing-Tibet Plateau.
This is on the north west edge of the Sichuan Basin.
The earthquake was caused by movement on a north east fault.
This is the Longmen Shan fault, that runs along the edge of the basin.
First reaction to the quake
Office buildings in Shanghai, including the Jin Mao Tower and the Hong Kong New World Tower, were evacuated (all the people were made to leave).
Emergency services in Chengdu could not answer all the phone calls .
Workers at a Ford plant in Sichuan were evacuated for about 10 minutes.
The Chengdu airport was shut down.
One SilkAir flight was sent to land in nearby Kunming instead.
Cathay Pacific flights from Hong Kong to London were stopped.
Chengdu airport reopened as the airport was used for relief operations.
Reporters in Chengdu said they saw cracks in walls of some buildings.
In Beijing many office buildings were evacuated.
This included the building with the media offices for the 2008 Summer Olympics.
A train with 13 petrol tanks came of the railway tracks in Huixian County, Gansu Province, and caught on fire.
The earthquake had twisted the rails.
All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others across Sichuan province, were damaged.
This slowed down arrival of the rescue troops.
In Beichuan county, 80% of the buildings collapsed.
In Shifang, 2 chemical factories were damaged and leaked 80 tons of liquid ammonia.
The Dujiangyan Irrigation System, a UNESCO World Heritage Site was damaged.
This is an ancient water system which is still in use.
The famous Fish Mouth was cracked.
Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange stopped trading in companies based in south west China.
The price of copper rose because production stopped.
Oil prices dropped because people thought China would not need as much oil.
China Mobile had lost more than 2,300 base stations due to lack of power and too many phone calls.
China Unicom's service in Wenchuan and nearby areas were cut off, with more than 700 phone towers out of action.
Two pandas at a Giant Panda reserve were injured.
Two others went missing after the quake.
The Zipingpu hydro power station,  east of the epicenter, was destroyed.
The dam wall cracked, and the buildings collapsed.
The Tulong dam was in danger of bursting.
About 2,000 troops were sent to Zipingpu, to try and release the pressure through spillway.
In total, 391 dams, were damaged by the quake.
By May 18, 2008, 21 new lakes had formed in the Sichuan.
This was because the earthquake blocked rivers.
Villages had to be evacuated because of the flooding.
People killed
The Chinese government said the quake killed 69,181 people, including 68,636 in Sichuan province.
There are 18,498 people listed as missing; 374,171 people were injured.
This includes 158 workers who were killed in landslides as they tried to fix roads.
One rescue team found only 2,300 people still alive in Yingxiu.
Before the quake there had been about 9,000 people there.
In Beichuan county, 3,000 to 5,000 people were killed, 10,000 injured and 80% of the buildings were destroyed.
Eight schools fell down in Dujiangyan.
A 56-year-old Taiwanese tourist was killed in Dujiangyan.
He was trying to rescue 11 tourists trapped on the Lingyanshan Ropeway.
Because of the earthquake, they had been trapped inside the cable cars.
least 1,700 people.
At least 7,000 school buildings collapsed.
Another 700 students were buried in a school in Hanwang.
Up to 1,300 children and teachers died at Beichuan Middle School.
Because of China's one-child policy, many families lost their only child.
Officials in Sichuan province have removed the limit of one child for families whose only child was killed or badly injured.
So-called "illegal children" under 18 years of age may be made a legal replacement for their dead brother or sister.
This may be too late for some, as many of the parents are too old or unable to have children again.
On May 29, 2008, officials began looking at the ruins of thousands of schools that collapsed.
They were searching for clues about why they fell down.
Thousands of parents have said the government and builders did not build schools properly.
Many other nearby buildings were not damaged.
Parents of children killed in the schools say they have yet to receive any reports.
Local officials told them not to protest but the parents demonstrated and demanded an investigation.
The government censors have stopped stories of badly built schools from being published in the media.
There has been an incident where police drove away the protestors.
Liu Shaokun (刘绍坤), a Sichuan school teacher, was arrested on June 25, 2008.
He had been spreading "rumors and destroying social order" about the Sichuan Earthquake.
Liu had gone to the Shifang (什邡) area, taken photos of collapsed school buildings, and put them online.
He had also said he was angry at “the shoddy tofu buildings” in a media interview.
He has been ordered to serve one year of re-education through labor (劳动教养) (RTL).
Because of complaints from the other countries, Liu has been released to serve his RTL sentence outside of the labor camp.
Safety checks are to be carried out at schools across China.
The National Development and Reform Commission are making new laws to improve building standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas.
Building damage
Insurance companies have put their losses at US$1 billion from the earthquake.
The total cost of damage could be more than US$20 billion.
Chengdu, a city of 4.5 million people, had a value of about US$115 billion.
Only a small part was insured.
The damage to buildings in the earthquake was because of Chinese building designs.
China did not have earthquake building rules until after the big Tangshan earthquake in 1976.
Older buildings, built before 1976, were not designed to stay up in an earthquake.
News reports showed that the poorer, rural villages were hardest hit.
Rescue efforts
Chinese Communist Party's general secretary Hu Jintao said that help and assistance would be quick.
Premier Wen Jiabao, immediately flew to the earthquake area to plan the rescue work.
The China's Health Ministry sent 10 emergency medical teams.
The Chengdu Military Area Command sent 50,000 troops and police to help in Wenchuan County.
A relief team of 184 people left Beijing:
12 people from the State Seismological Bureau.
150 from the Beijing Military Area Command.
22 people from the Armed Police General Hospital.
Many rescue teams, including the Taipei Fire Department from Taiwan, said they were ready to help.
It was difficult to move people into the hardest hit areas closest to the epicenter.
It was not possible to reach the area because roads were damaged and blocked by landslides.
People needed tents, medical supplies, drinking water and food. .
The small village of Sier could only be reached by walking.
Landslides were a danger to a search and rescue group of 80 men.
Each man carried about  of relief supplies.
The village is  above sea level.
The extreme mountain conditions meant they could not use helicopters.
Over 300 Tibetan villagers were stranded in the ruined village without food and water.
Commander Yang Wenyao's rescue group arrived after walking for 5 days, and helped the injured and stranded villagers down the mountain
Heavy rain and landslides made rescue efforts difficult.
20 helicopters were used on the first day to deliver food, water, emergency aid and carry injured people.
The next day, 15,600 troops from the Chengdu Military Region joined the rescue force.
Within 2 days telephones in the major town of Wenchuan were being fixed.
100 soldiers, along with relief supplies, parachuted into inaccessible Maoxian County, northeast of Wenchuan.
Three days after the quake, China's Premiere Wen Jiabao ordered another 90 helicopters.
A total of 150 aircraft were used in relief work.
This is China's largest ever non-combat airlifting operation.
After the earthquake, donations were made by people from all over China.
People gave money at schools, banks, and gas stations.
People also donated blood, resulting in long line-ups in most major Chinese cities.
International help
China stated it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake.
The Tzu Chi Foundation arrived from Taiwan on May 13.
This was the first force from outside the People's Republic of China to join the rescue effort.
100 tons of relief supplies donated by the Tzu Chi Foundation and the Red Cross Society of Taiwan arrived in Chengdu by May 15.
Francis Marcus of the International Federation of the Red Cross praised China's rescue effort as "swift and very efficient".
He said the size of the disaster was so big that "we can't expect that the government can do everything and handle every aspect of the needs".
The Economist said that China reacted to the disaster "rapidly and with uncharacteristic openness".
This was different to Myanmar's secretive response to Cyclone Nargis, which struck the country 10 days before the earthquake.
On May 16, rescue groups from South Korea, Japan, Singapore, Russia and Taiwan arrived to join the rescue effort.
The United States shared some of its satellite images of the quake-stricken areas with the Chinese government.
The US sent two U.S. Air Force C-17's carrying supplies, which included tents and generators.
Internet help
The Internet has been used for passing information to help rescue and recovery in China.
For example, the official Xinhua set up an online rescue request center in order to find the problems in disaster recovery.
When rescue helicopters had trouble landing near the epicenter in Wenchuan, a student proposed a new landing spot online.
Volunteers have also set up several websites to help store contact information for victims.
National mourning
The State Council declared 3 days of national mourning (sadness) for the quake victims starting on May 19, 2008.
The Chinese National Flag was raised to half-mast.
It is the first time China had national mourning days for something other than the death of a state leader.
Many people say it the biggest display of mourning since the death of Mao At 14:28 CST on May 19, 2008, one week after the earthquake, the Chinese public held a moment of silence.
People stood silent for 3 minutes.
Air defense, police and fire sirens, and the horns of vehicles, vessels and trains sounded.
Cars on Beijing's roads stopped.
After the silence, in Tiananmen Square, crowds began calling out "Long Live China".
Chinese websites changed their front pages to black and white.
Sina.com and Sohu, changed their homepage to news items only, and removed all advertisements.
Chinese video sharing websites, youku and Tudou, had a black background and only showed videos about the earthquake.
Other entertainment websites, including gaming sites, were blacked out.
Other websites had links to earthquake donations.
Chinese TV stations made their logo in gray.
They showed non-stop earthquake footage from CCTV-1.
Even pay television channels, such as Channel V China, also showed earthquake footage.
Some TV stations stopped showing commercials.
On May 18, CCTV-1 had a special 4 hour TV show called The Giving of Love (爱的奉献).
Many famous people from China, Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan were on the show.
People watching gave about 1.5 billion Chinese Yuan ($US 208 million) for the victims.
The entertainers sang "Tomorrow Will be Better", followed by Faye Wong singing "Wishing We Last Forever".
News records
BBC's Chinese Earthquake Main Page
China Earthquake Toll tops 40,000
Tourist Trail of Sichuan in Ruins
Town Mourns as Search Continues
BBC - Map of the Affected Region
The Quake hits the Web
CNN - Chinese Earthquake Portal
Chinese Olympic Torch Relay Delayed
Unity and Patriotism Sweeps China
Stadium becomes Tent City after Chinese Earthquake
New York Times Topic - Sichuan Earthquake
Rescue Ends One Ordeal for Young Chinese Pupils
Global Monitor Finds no Radioactive Leaks in Quake Zone
Eight Earthquake Pandas Going to Beijing
Two Detained for Spreading Quake Rumor in China
Xinhua News Agency - Strong Earthquake Jolts SW China
Government allocates 70 billion yuan for reconstruction
Rescuers helped by 680,000 volunteers
Quake Relief Still at Critical Point
Online maps
CNN - Map of the Affected Region
New York Times - Map of the Affected Region
Relief Web - Map of the Affected Region
USGS - Map of the Affected Region
Sichuan Earthquake Pictures Archive
Life and Death, Love and Pain: Snapshots of Sichuan Earthquake
Compilation of BBC Videos Related to the Earthquake
BBC NEWS Video, Quake hits western China
CNN - Chinese Earthquake Entire Video Archive
Leaders Inspect Quake Relief Work
Rescuers Comb Quake-Hit Areas
Scientific and educational sites
Identification of Earthquake Faults In Sichuan
USGS Earthquake Hazards Program: An Informational Page about Sichuan quake
MIT Report: Earthquake near Wenchuan, West Sichuan, China
Caltech Report: The Science Behind China's Sichuan Earthquake
China Lacks Earthquake Early-Warning System
Lake Formation in the Aftermath of Magnitude 7.9 Earthquake (images included)
Earthquakes in China
Alvin Journeyman (1995) is an alternate history/fantasy book that was written by Orson Scott Card.
It is the fourth book in Card's The Tales of Alvin Maker series and is about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son.
Being a seventh son of a seventh son gives him magical powers.
About the novel Alvin Journeyman from Card's website
Red Prophet (1988) is an alternate history/fantasy book by Orson Scott Card.
It is the second book in Card's The Tales of Alvin Maker series and is about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son.
Red Prophet was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1988 and the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1989.
The second book in Card's The Tales of Alvin Maker series, Red Prophet is about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son (which gives him magical powers), Lolla-Wossiky, Tenskwa-Tawa, and Ta-Kumsaw, Lolla-Wossiky's older brother.
While it is a separate story, the book continues and develops many of the themes shown in the first book.
When Alvin Miller and his older brother Measure go to the place of his birth (where Alvin is supposed to become apprenticed to the Hattrack River blacksmith) the two brothers are captured by 'Reds' (Native Americans) and brought into a plot with possibilities of affecting the entire future of America.
About the novel Red Prophet from Card's website
Prentice Alvin (1989) is an alternate history/fantasy book that was written by Orson Scott Card.
It is the third book in Card's The Tales of Alvin Maker series and is about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son (this gives him magical powers).
Prentice Alvin was considered for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1989 and the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1990.
Eventually, Alvin is forced into helping Arthur to escape from some slave-hunters, which requires him to change Arthur's DNA to prevent the hunters' knacks (powers) from finging him.
Alvin also creates a plow of living gold, which is bestowed with magic, as his journeyman work to release himself from his apprenticeship as a Smith (and also as a Maker).
About the novel Prentice Alvin from Card's website
George Winston is a pianist from Michigan in the United States of America.
He was born there in 1949 but moved   to Montana as a child.
Most of his music is about the four seasons and landscapes in the United States of America.
1972 Ballads and Blues
1980 Autumn
1982 Winter into Spring
1982 December
1991 Summer
1994 Forest
1996 Linus and Lucy - The Music of Vince Guaraldi
1999 Plains
2001 Remembrance - A Memorial Benefit
2002 Night Divides the Day - The Music of the Doors
2005 Montana - A Love Story
2006 Gulf Coast Blues & Impressions: A Hurricane Relief Benefit
1983 The Velveteen Rabbit
1995 Sadako and the Thousand Paper Cranes
1989 A Baker's Dozen of Daily Breads and More
George Winston official website
Dancing Cat Records - Winston's Record Label
Octane is an organic compound with the chemical formula .
It is an alkane with eight carbon atoms.
It is commonly used in fuel.
It is the most important part of gasoline, because it is the part that lets out most of the energy that comes from gasoline when it is burned.
A high octane fuel will be better than a low octane fuel.
Sir Frederick William Herschel FRS (15 November 1738 – 25 August 1822) was a German-British astronomer, the greatest observational astronomer of the day.
He is best known for discovering Uranus in 1781.
He also discovered infrared radiation, binary stars, and published important catalogues of stars and nebulae.
Herschel built many telescopes, including the largest in the world at that time.
Herschel was also a musician in his younger days.
He played the cello, oboe, harpsichord and organ.
He composed numerous musical works, including 24 symphonies and many concertos, as well as some church music.
Herschel was born in the Electorate of Hanover, one of ten children.
His father was of Jewish descent, and an oboist in the Hannover Military Band.
In 1755 the Hannoverian Guards regiment, in whose band Wilhelm and his brother Jakob were engaged as oboists, was ordered to England.
At the time the crowns of Great Britain and Hanover were united under George II.
The next year the brothers resigned from the Guards band, and moved to London to avoid the Seven Years' War.p4 Wilhelm, nineteen years old at this time, learnt the English language quickly.
In England he went by the English version of his name, Frederick William Herschel.
Herschel's music led him to an interest in mathematics and lenses.
His interest in astronomy grew stronger after 1773 and he made the acquaintance of the English Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne.
He started building his own reflecting telescopes and would spend up to 16 hours a day grinding and polishing the metal primary mirrors.
It was the first discovery of a new planet since ancient times.
The first five, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn, are visible with the naked eye, and have been known since early history.
Uranus was the first discovered by telescope.
Actually, Uranus had been seen before by other observers with telescopes, but had been marked on charts as a fixed star.
Herschel found it moved against the background of stars, and at first thought it was a comet.
His measurements were used by the French mathematician Pierre Laplace, who worked out its orbit, and proved it was a planet.
Herschel called the new planet the 'Georgian star' (Georgium sidus) after King George III, which brought him favour; the name did not stick, however.
In France, where reference to the British king was to be avoided if possible, the planet was known as 'Herschel' until the name 'Uranus' was universally adopted.
The same year, Herschel was awarded the Copley Medal and elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.
In 1782, he was appointed "The King’s Astronomer".
He got a generous award from the king, which enabled him to stop work as a musician, and devote all his time to astronomy.
The award was a life pension to Herschel of £200 a year, and £50 a year to Caroline.
Work on the 40-foot telescope was also supported by a grant from the king.p6
Herschel's telescopes
During the course of his career, he constructed more than four hundred telescopes.