the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The bottle had engraving-acid inside, and it made him ill for two months.
He was never able to sing again.
When he tried to go back to work all the good changes he had made had been undone, so he resigned.
He had a job in Karlsruhe for a short time, then went briefly back to Breslau, but because he owed people money there he disappeared and got a job in Stuttgart.
His lifestyle was rather wild, and he even got arrested once for debt and fraud.
However, he continued to become well known as a composer and wrote a lot of instrumental and religious music.
He spent some time in several large cities including Prague and Berlin.
In Dresden he worked hard to make German Opera a success (most operas were still Italian in those days).
Weber was not well.
He was suffering from tuberculosis, but needed money to support his family.
So when he was invited to go to London to compose and produce his opera Oberon he accepted the offer.
He had already been having English lessons and learned to speak the language quite well.
In 1826 he travelled to England where he finished composing Oberon and conducted its first performance on 12 April.
He stayed on in England to earn some more money.
He was looking forward to going home, but on 5 June, the night before he was due to go back to Germany, he died.
He was buried in London.
18 years later Richard Wagner arranged for Weber’s body to be brought back to Germany to be buried in Dresden.
Weber left an opera Die Drei Pintos ('The Three Pintos') unfinished.
Meyerbeer was going to finish it, but in the end it was Gustav Mahler who finished it and conducted the first performance of the completed work in Leipzig in 1888.
Weber was not only a great composer, but a very skilled pianist and conductor.
He wrote a very large number of works including cantatas and songs, but most of these are not often heard today.
One of his most popular works is called Invitation to the Dance.
It was written for piano, but later Hector Berlioz arranged it for orchestra and this is how it is often heard nowadays.
Weber wrote two Concertos for clarinet and orchestra and also a Concertino (a small concerto in one movement).
Another one-movement concerto was the Konzertstück in F minor for piano and orchestra.
His opera Der Freischütz  is probably his best work, and the overture is often heard separately as a concert piece.
The story of the opera is full of magic.
It is written in German and has some spoken words as well as sung music (this kind of opera was called a Singspiel).
This opera in particular influenced Richard Wagner who developed German opera in the 19th century.
Alive III is a live album by the American hard rock and heavy metal band Kiss.
It was released on May 18, 1993.
Creatures Of The Night
Heaven's On Fire
Duke Aleksandr Ter Hachatrjan (around 1870–1917) was born as an Armenian aristocrat.
He also belonged to the Russian nobility.
He married a Greek duchess named Sofia.
They had two sons together: Duke Anton Aleksandrovich (around 1891–1950) and Duke Bagrat Aleksandrovich (1892–1981).
During the revolution in Petrograd in 1917, Duke Aleksandr and his wife were killed by the Bolsheviks.
Their two sons then escaped from Petrograd and went to the Caucasus.
Bagrat was separated from his brother Anton.
Anton later appeared in the city Rostov on Don.
He married Barinova Elena Aleksandrovna.
Bagrat got married to Elizaveta Danilovna in 1923.
They had a daughter and a son together: Emma Bagratovna (1924–2005) and Yuri Bagratovich.
Bagrat divorced Elizaveta in 1927.
In the year 1932, Bagrat married Petrachuk Olga Alekseevna, the daughter of merchant from Ukraine.
They had two daughters together: Amalia Bagratovn (born 1933) and Inessa Bagratovna (born 1936).
Bagrat was an officer in the Imperial Army.
He was awarded the Military Order of the Saint Grand Martyr and the Triumphant George.
It was one of the highest awards of the Russian Empire.
The Ter Hachatrjan family fell under the repression of NKVD in 1937.
They were arrested and placed in jail in the city of Goris.
Bagrat Aleksandrovich was accused of taking part in the execution of 26 Baku Commissars.
As was the case with all noble families, Duke Bagrat was found guilty of treason and was declared an enemy of the Soviet State.
Under the pressure of the government, Duke Bagrat had to stop using his title and rid himself of all his possessions that were brought from Petrograd.
The family were then given amnesty.
After, that Bagrat Aleksandrovich worked as a director and actor of movies in Armenia.
He died in Kafan in 1981.
Amalia Bagratovna married Saidoff N. S., a rich man from Baku.
They had two children together: Saidoff A. N. (born 1961) and Saidoff S. C. N. (born 1963).
Ter-Khachatryants from Mush
Ter-Khachatryan or Ter-Khachatryants is an Armenian family, known from the XVIII century.
First well-known representative of this family - Daniel-Bek of Sassun Ter Khachatryan or Ter Khachatryan (born in province Sassun or Sason of Western Armenia) about 1785 - died in (town Mush of Western Armenia), in 1829).
He was originally an Armenian nobleman, descendant of South or Sout-West branch, i.e. Tarawn-Aldznik branch of Bagratouni or Bagratids dynasty  (Actually son of the Armenian priest of Khachatur and, who was a descendant of the Armenian princely dynasty Bagratid, the south or south-west branch of them in 13-14 centuries saved shallow possessions in the district of Sassun or Sason of Western Armenia and province of Aldznik, as well as in the district of Mush in the province of Tarawn of Western Armenia).
As a result of the hard oppressions of Kurd feudal lords, Daniel-Bek of Sassun transmigrated from Sason to the town Mush, where his family had a house in the Armenian quarter of Berd, near the church Saint Marineh.
The eldest son of Daniel-Bek of Sassun, Avdal bek Ter-Khachatryants (1805-1867) also lived in Mush.
The son of Avdal bek Ter-Khachatryants and grandson of Daniel-Bek of Sassun was Jakob bek (Hakob bek) Ter-Khachatryants.
The son of Jakob bek (Hakob bek) Ter-Khachatryants was Khachatur-Bek of Mush (the town Mush of Western Armenia), who lived in the first half of the 19th century.
Khachar and Garegin Khachatryan, both prominent Armenian artists and ideologists of Armenian liberation movement, were descendents of his House.
Noble families
Simple turbines have a shaft with a blade on it.
Moving fluids, such as water or air, push the blades so that they turn around with the shaft.
The turning movement is most often used to turn a generator.
Early turbine examples are windmills and water wheels.
Turbine blades can also be turned to move a fluid.
This is how simple propeller airplanes work.
Transonic turbine
Jet engine, including
Turbofan
Turboshaft
Ceramic turbine
Contra-rotating turbine
Statorless turbine
Shrouded turbine
Shroudless turbine
Bladeless turbine
Impulse turbine
Velocity compound Curtis
Turbine introductory math
Turbines jet powered 1/16 scale Airbus A330
Helicopter rotor, the rotary wing(s) of a rotorcraft such as a helicopter
Rotor (electric), the non-stationary part of an alternator or electric motor, operating with a stationary element called the stator.
ROTOR, a former radar project in the UK following the Second World War
Rotor (turbine), the rotor of a turbine powered by fluid pressure
Rotor (brake), the disc of a disc brake, in U.S. terminology
Rotor (distributor), a component of the ignition system of an internal combustion engine
Rotor (engine), the rotary piston in a rotary combustion engine
Rotor (antenna), an electric motor that rotates an antenna to the direction of transmission or reception
Rotor (magazine), a US magazine covering the civil helicopter industry
Rotor machine, the rotating wheels used in certain cipher machines, such as the German Enigma machine
Rotor (software project), the former code name for Microsoft's shared source implementation of its Common Language Infrastructure
Rotor (band), a German progressive stoner rock band
Rotor Plus (sometimes known as Rotor), an experimental electronica band from New Zealand
SC Rotor Volgograd, a Russian football club
Rotor (Sonic the Hedgehog), a fictional character from the Sonic the Hedgehog universe
Rotor (ride), the trade name for an amusement ride
Rotor (meteorology), a turbulent horizontal vortex that forms in the trough of lee waves
Rotor (mathematics), an n-blade object in geometric algebra, which rotates another n-blade object about a fixed or translated point
Rotor (planet), a planet in Isaac Asimov's book Nemesis
Rotor (game), a game written for the Commodore Amiga computer
JET, Jet or Jets all have many meanings.
A jet is a stream of liquid or gas which is moving together in parallel.
In fluid or gas engineering contexts, a jet is a stream of material ejected from a nozzle, or a nozzle designed to produce such a stream.
In automotive terms, a jet is a tube, nozzle, or passageway through which petrol is metered within a carburetor.
In geology, jet (lignite) (or Whitby jet) is a mineraloid (mineral-like material) which is used as a gemstone.
In meteorology, a blue jet is a form of upper atmospheric lightning.
In meteorology, a jet is an electrical discharge that occurs high above the cumulonimbus cloud of an active thunderstorm.
In astrophysics, a relativistic jet is a stream of fast-moving plasma emitted at nearly 300,000 km/s (the speed of light) from an active galaxy.
A similar phenomenon on a much smaller scale is a polar jet.
These are emitted during star formation from either side of the accretion disk, along the two polar axes.
In nuclear and particle physics, a jet is a cone of hadrons
In nuclear physics, the Joint European Torus or JET is an experimental Nuclear fusion reactor.
In mathematics, a jet is an operation that produces an abstract polynomial
In mathematics, a jet bundle (or spray) is a manipulation of differential equations
In software engineering, Java Emitter Templates (JET) is a Template engine that is part of the Eclipse EMF project.
Aerospace
Jet Airways, an airline based in India serving domestic and international routes
JetBlue Airways, an airline based on New York
Jetstar Airlines, an Australian airline servicing domestic and International routes
Water jet
Jet, a hit rock music single on the 1973 album Band on the Run by Wings
Jet-CD (also known as Jet), 1998's album by J-pop band, Puffy AmiYumi
Jet, a rock band from Melbourne, Australia
Jet, a rock band that existed from 1971 to 1974, from Genoa, northern Italy
Jet, a glam rock band from England that recorded one eponymous album in 1975
The Jets, a family band from Minneapolis, Minnesota that does pop, R&B, dance and religious music, and had several hit singles in the 1980s
The Jets, a 1970s rock band from Pekin, Illinois
Jet Records, a record label
Jet, a character from Wildstorm/DC Comics, and the daughter of Backlash.
Another character by the name of Jet, a female one, exists in DC comics, New Guardians.
Jet Black, a main character from the anime Cowboy Bebop.
Jet, a character from the Earth Kingdom forests in the TV series Avatar: The Last Airbender
The Jets, a gang in West Side Story which fought with the Sharks.
JET TV, a television station in the Jadeworld station group
Jet the Hawk, a video game character.
Jet, an addictive drug in the Fallout series of video games.
Jet Fusion, a super spy who makes occasional appearances in the cartoon The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius
New York Jets, a professional American football team in the National Football League
Newcastle United Jets, a professional soccer team in the Australian A-League competition
Winnipeg Jets (1972–96), a former professional hockey team in the World Hockey Association and National Hockey League
Winnipeg Jets, a professional ice hockey team in the National Hockey League
Jet (Diane Youdale) was one of the stars of Gladiators
"Jet," or "Jet Terry," nickname of the popular Dallas Maverick and former University of Arizona point guard Jason Terry.
Benny "The Jet" Urquidez, A kickboxer, coreographer and actor (Benny Urquidez)
Jet (slang), to leave in a hurry
Jet, an African-American themed magazine
Jet, a filling station brand of ConocoPhillips
A ZX Spectrum clone from Romania.
JET, a 1985 flight simulator produced by subLOGIC
The JET Programme - The Japan Exchange and Teaching Programme (teaching English)
Jet, a town in Alfalfa County, Oklahoma, United States
Electric power is defined as the power dissipated by an electric circuit.
Electric power is a measurement of the rate at which energy is used over a period of time.
The SI unit for power is the watt, the unit for energy is the joule, and the unit for time is the second.
When electric current flows through a circuit, it is slowed down by the resistance in the circuit.
Devices can convert this current to useful forms of work, such as heat radiation, light emission, mechanical motion, or acoustic vibrations.
Reports on August 2003 Blackout, North American Electric Reliability Council website
da:Effekt (fysik)#Effekt i elektriske kredsløb
et:Võimsus#Võimsus elektrotehnikas
sv:Effekt#För likström (DC) och spänning
Kiss Unplugged is an album of the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss's performance on MTV Unplugged on August 8, 1995.
The album was released on March 12, 1996.
1996 albums
Carnival of Souls: The Final Sessions is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss.
It was released on October 28, 1997.
Master & Slave
It Never Goes Away
1997 albums
It is usually measured as a water surface elevation, expressed in units of length, but represents the energy at the entrance (or bottom) of a piezometer.
In an aquifer, it can be calculated from the depth to water in a piezometric well (a specialized water well), and given information of the piezometer's elevation and screen depth.
Even though it is conventional to use gauge pressure in the calculation of hydraulic head, it is more correct to use total pressure (gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure), since this is truly what drives groundwater flow.
Often detailed observations of barometric pressure are not available at each well through time, so this is often disregarded (contributing to large errors at locations where hydraulic gradients are low or the angle between wells is acute.)
Analogs to other fields
Hydraulic head is analogous to:
magnetic monopole
electric charge
heat (i.e., temperature)
A continuous "field" of hydraulic heads is analogous to:
an electric field
a magnetic field
Similar differential operators can be applied to the fields, to find:
the gradient, or the direction of flow
the divergence of flow
the curl, or if the field is rotating
Darcy's law
Bear, J. 1972.
Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media, Dover. .
for other references which discuss hydraulic head in the context of hydrogeology, see that page's further reading section
Susan Brownmiller (born February 15, 1935) is an American radical feminist, journalist and activist.
She is best known for her pioneering work on the politics of rape in Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape (1975).
Brownmiller says that rape has been defined by men rather than women until now.
Men use rape as a means of continuing male dominance by keeping all women in a state of fear.
All men benefit from this.
Brownmiller also participated in civil rights activism.
She joined CORE during the sit-in movement and volunteered for Freedom Summer in 1964.
She first became involved in the Women's Liberation Movement in New York City in 1968.
There she joined a consciousness-raising group in the newly formed New York Radical Women organization.
Brownmiller went on to co-ordinate a sit-in against Ladies' Home Journal in 1970, began work on Against Our Will after a New York Radical Feminists speak-out on rape in 1971, and co-founded Women Against Pornography in 1979.
She continues to write and speak on feminist issues, including a recent memoir and history of Second Wave radical feminism, In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution  (1999).
Susan Brownmiller.com: An Informal Bio
In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution  ()
Susan Brownmiller.com
Jewish Women and the Feminist Revolution from the Jewish Women's Archive
1989 audio interview with Susan Brownmiller  by Don Swaim
Erich Seligmann Fromm (23 March 1900 in Frankfurt – 18 March 1980 in Muralto) was a German-American social psychologist, psychoanalyst, and humanistic philosopher.
He was part of what became known as the Frankfurt School of critical theory.
He taught at several universities.
Fromm was born in a family of Rabbis.
Because of his Jewish background Fromm fled from Nazi Germany in 1934 and settled into the United States.
After the war he moved to Mexico.
The last years of his life he lived in the Swiss Alps.
He died 1980 in Muralto.
One of his famous works is Haben oder Sein (To Have or to Be?)
from the year 1974, in this book he critices many aspects in the western society like the pursuit of wealth.
Erich Fromm on the Mystical Site www.mysticism.nl
Website der Internationalen Erich-Fromm-Gesellschaft
www.erich-fromm.info  - German site - Curriculum vitae and available books.
Clark, Neil. "
Wanted: an Erich Fromm party."
Guardian Unlimited, February 20, 2007.
German psychologists
François Adrien Boieldieu (December 16, 1775 – October 8, 1834) was a French composer.
He mainly wrote operas.
List of operas
La fille coupable (1793)
Rosalie et Myrza (1795)
La famille suisse (1797)
L'heureuse nouvelle (1797)
Le pari, ou Mombreuil et Merville (1797)
Zoraïme et Zulnar (1798)
Le dot de Suzette (1798)
Les méprises espagnoles (1799)
Emma, ou La prisionière (1799)
Béniovski, ou Les exilés du Kamchattka (1800)
Le calife de Baghdad (1800)
Ma tante Aurore ou Le Roman impromptu (1803)
Le baiser et la quittance, ou Une aventure de garrison (1803)
Aline, reine de Golconde (1804)
La jeune femme colère (1805)
Abderkan (1805)
Un tour de soubrette (1806)
Télémaque (1806)
Amour et mystère, ou Lequel est mon cousin? (
Les voitures versées (Le séducteur en voyage) (1808)
La dame invisible (1808)
Rien de trop, ou Les deux paravents (1810)
Jean de Paris (1812)
Le nouveau Seigneur de village (1813)
Bayard à Mézières, ou Le siège de Mézières (1814)
Le Béarnais, ou Henri IV en voyage (1814)
Angéla, ou L'atelier de Jean Cousin (1814)
La fête du village voisin (1816)
Charles de France, ou Amour et gloire (1816)
Le petit chaperon rouge (1818)
Les arts rivaux (1821)
Blanche de Provence, ou La cour des fées (1821)
La France et l'Espagne (1823)
Les trois genres (1824)
Pharamond (1824)
La dame blanche (1825)
Les deux nuits (1829)
La marquise de Brinvilliers (1831)
François Adrien Boieldieu on Find a Grave site
Red Hot Riding Hood is a movie made by Tex Avery.
It is a short cartoon.
It was made in 1943.
In 1990, the public voted it to be one of the best animated movies of all time.
1943 movies
The Turkish Van is a breed of cat that comes from Turkey.
It has lived in the Lake Van area of Turkey for hundreds of years.
This is why it is named the Turkish Van.
This part of Turkey is in very high mountains and has long, cold winters.
But the summers are hot.
This cat got used to this climate over time by its body changing.
It now has a thick, full fur coat in the winter, but sheds in the summer and becomes a short-haired cat.
The Turkish Van swims in the summer to cool itself off and the thin summer coat dries quickly.
Eye colous
Cat Fanciers' Association: The Turkish Van breed
The Turkish Angora is a cat from Turkey.
It has long white fur.
It is like the Turkish Van cat, but its fur is different.
cat breeds
The work done by a force acting on a body is the force along the direction of the displacement multiplied by the displacement of the point of application.
It is the force that does the work, not the agent that created the force.
Motion is a requirement of work.
Like energy, it is a scalar quantity, with SI units of joules.
Heat conduction is not considered to be a form of work, since there is no macroscopically measurable force, only microscopic forces occurring in atomic collisions.
The term work was created in the 1830s by the French mathematician Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis.
According to the work-energy theorem if an external force acts upon a rigid object, causing its kinetic energy to change from Ek1 to Ek2, then the mechanical work (W) is given by:
where m is the mass of the object and v is the object's velocity.
If a constant force F acts on an object while the object is displaced a distance d, and the force and displacement are parallel to each other, the work done on the object is the product of F and d:
If the force and the displacement are in the same direction, the work is positive.
If the force and the displacement are in opposite directions the work is negative.
For example, the work done by the weight on a book being lifted is negative.
This is because the downward weight is in the opposite direction to the upward displacement.
Work - a chapter from an online textbook
Work, Power, Kinetic Energy on Project PHYSNET
Psycho Circus is the eighteenth studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss.
It was released on September 22, 1998.
Paul Stanley – vocals, rhythm guitar, bass on track 8, acoustic guitar on tracks 5 & 8
Gene Simmons – vocals, bass (except on 1, 8 & 9), rhythm guitar on track 5
Ace Frehley – lead guitar and vocals (on tracks 4, 6 and 11)
Peter Criss – drums (on track 4), vocals (on tracks 6 & 8)
Kevin Valentine - drums (except track 4)
Tommy Thayer - lead guitar (except tracks 2, 4, 6 & 11)
Bruce Kulick - backwards guitar intro & solo on track 2, bass and backing vocals on tracks 1 and 9, rhythm guitar on track 9
Shelly Berg – acoustic piano, orchestration and conductor on tracks 8 and 10
Bob Ezrin – Fender Rhodes on track 8
1998 albums
Biological warfare (or germ warfare) is when pathogens are used as a weapon.
This is called a biological weapon.
Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause disease.
If non-living things (like toxins) are used, this is called chemical warfare.
Biological warfare has been used throughout history.
The first form of biological warfare may have been when the plague hit the Mongols.
During battle, they were said to have thrown plague victims' bodies at their enemies.
Before the 20th century, it took some of the following forms:
Deliberate poisoning of food or water supplies with infectious materials
Use of microorganisms, living or dead animals in a weapon system.
Use of fabrics that are contaminated
During the Second Sino-Japanese War, biological weapons were used by the Japanese army against China.
The Japanese army usually launched contaminated fleas or food from planes.
Kiss Symphony: Alive IV is a live album from the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss performing with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra.
It was released on July 22, 2003.
2003 albums
The Frankfurt Stock Exchange (in German Börse Frankfurt) is a stock exchange in Frankfurt, Hesse.
It is the biggest stock exchange in Germany by the amount of money exchanged and the number of companies.
Frankfurt Stock Exchange - Website for investors
Economy of Germany
1580s establishments in Europe
A General-purpose programming language (GPL) is a way to tell a computer what to do that makes a user's job easy and quick without much confusion.
It is not restricted to only one field (e.g. HTML).
GPLs can be used for many different things.
An example can be BASIC, invented by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz in 1963.
A Bikini is a type of swimsuit for women.
It consists of two parts; pants and a bra top, leaving an uncovered area between the two.
The bikini is an ancient invention, reinvented after the Second World War.
"This is due to "the power of women, and not the power of fashion... The emancipation of swimwear has always been linked to the emancipation of women".
Olivier Saillard.
By the mid 2000s bikinis had become a US$811 million business annually, according to the NPD Group, a consumer and retail information company.
The bikini has boosted spin-off services like bikini waxing and the sun tanning industries.
Predecessors of the bikini date back to antiquity, in Çatalhöyük and the Greco-Roman world.
Artwork dating back to the Diocletian period (286-305 AD) in Villa Romana del Casale, Sicily depicts women in garments resembling bikinis in mosaics on the floor.
The images of ten women, dubbed the "Bikini Girls", exercising in clothing that would pass as bikinis today, are the most replicated mosaic among the 37 million colored tiles at the site.
Archeological finds, especially in Pompeii, show the Roman goddess Venus wearing a bikini.
A statue of Venus in a bikini was found in a cupboard in the southwest corner in Casa della Venere; others were found in the front hall.
By the early 1940s two-piece swimsuits were frequent on American beaches.
Hollywood stars like Ava Gardner, Rita Hayworth and Lana Turner tried similar swimwear or beachwear.
The modern bikini was introduced by French engineer Louis Réard and fashion designer Jacques Heim in Paris in 1946.
Réard was a car engineer but by 1946 he was running his mother's lingerie boutique near Les Folies Bergères in Paris.
Heim was working on a new kind of beach costume.
It comprised two pieces, the bottom large enough to cover its wearer's navel.
Réard named his swimsuit the "bikini", taking the name from the Bikini Atoll, one of a series of islands in the South Pacific where testing on the new atomic bomb was occurring that summer.
Réard could not find a model to wear his design.
He ended up hiring Micheline Bernardini, a nude dancer from the Casino de Paris.
That bikini, with a g-string back, had  of cloth with newspaper type printed across.
It introduced on July 5 at Piscine Molitor, a public pool in Paris.
Heim's design was the first worn on the beach, but the clothing was given its name by Réard.
The bikini became increasingly popular throughout the 1960s and 70s.
"David Dodge and the Art of the Bikini"
"A Brief History of the Bikini: How the tiny swimsuit conquered America", Slate Magazine, July 5, 2006.
Bikini Science
High Voltage is the debut studio album by  Australian hard rock band AC/DC.
It was released in Australia on 17 February, 1975.
"Baby, Please Don't Go" (Big Joe Williams) – 4:52
"She's Got Balls" – 4:52
"Little Lover" – 5:39
"Stick Around" – 4:42
"Soul Stripper" (Young, Young) – 6:27
"You Ain't Got a Hold on Me" – 3:35
"Love Song" – 5:11
"Show Business" – 4:46
AC/DC albums
Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap is a studio album by the Australian hard rock band AC/DC.
It was released in November 1976 in Europe and delayed for release in USA until 1981.
Love At First Feel
Big Balls
There's Gonna Be Some Rockin'
Ain't No Fun (Waiting Round To Be A Millionaire)
Sqeealer
Iron oxides are chemical compounds.
There are sixteen known iron oxides.
Iron oxides are used in pigments.
It is used in both man-made and natural pigments.
Venetian red (haematite), Magnetite (Fe3O4), or a mixture of oxides make black or purple pigments.
The umber, sienna and ochre are oxides or hydrated oxides of a yellow to chestnut colour.
Most iron oxide is mined as iron ore.
Every year millions of tons go into blast furnaces to make iron.
Various iron oxides
Iron(III) oxide, reddish, commonly known as rust, found in the earth as haematite
Iron(II,III) oxide, magnetic, black, found in the earth as magnetite
Iron(II) oxide, black, rare, flammable, not stable at room temperature
Iron(II) hydroxide, dark green hydrated iron oxide
de:Eisen#Oxide
James Marshall Hendrix (born Johnny Allen Hendrix; November 27, 1942 – September 18, 1970), was an American guitarist, singer and songwriter.
Hendrix was a major influence on other rock and roll musicians.
A self-taught musician, unable to read or write music notation, he famously played a right-handed Fender Stratocaster guitar turned over and restrung to play left-handed.
Jimi Hendrix was named Greatest Guitarist of all Time by Rolling Stone magazine in 2003.
Jimi Hendrix was born in Seattle on November 27, 1942.
He was called Johnny Allen Hendrix when he was born.
Later, his dad named him James Marshall Hendrix when he returned from the military.
He grew up without much money or attention; his parents divorced when he was nine years old, and his mother died when he was 16.
At about the age of 14, Hendrix found his first guitar.
It was a broken broomstick with one string that had been thrown away by another boy.
He still managed to play several tunes on it.
Soon after, at around 15, he managed to buy a proper acoustic guitar for $5 from a friend of his father.
His first electric guitar was a white Supro Ozark that his father, Al Hendrix, had bought him.
He did not have lessons and learned basic tunes and improvisation from watching Chuck Berry and Elvis Presley play live.
He played without an amplifier.
Hendrix finished middle school but did not graduate from his high school, Garfield High School.
Hendrix told some reporters in the late 1960s that he had failed because people were racist there, and did not like him because he was black.
Others claim it was just because he could not get good enough grades and was unorganized.
Hendrix later told the reporters that he was thrown out for being rude to a teacher.
Early inspirations
When Hendrix was young, he was a fan of Elvis Presley.
He went to see Presley play at Sick’s Stadium on September 1, 1957, and he drew a color picture of him holding an acoustic guitar.
The original drawing can be seen in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio.
Even as an adult, he still loved Presley.
He went to a see a Presley movie, King Creole, in Paris in late 1968, to give him inspiration to write songs.
He also liked famous blues musicians such as Muddy Waters, Bo Diddley and Lightning Hopkins; and he played in the band of R&B star Little Richard.
However, Hendrix and Richard did not get along.
Richard did not like Hendrix's clothes, his being late and him showing off on stage.
The army
After getting in trouble for stealing cars twice, Hendrix had to choose between going to prison for two years or joining the U.S. Army.
Hendrix chose the army and on May 31, 1961 was sent to Fort Campbell, Kentucky.
While in the army, his officers said that he was often caught sleeping on duty and needed to be watched at all times.
He could not use a gun well and an officer said that "his mind apparently cannot function [cannot work properly] while performing duties and thinking about his guitar".
However, his time in the army was important for Hendrix, because it was there that he met another soldier and bass guitar player called Billy Cox.
They would later play together in a small group called The King Kasuals.
On May 31, 1962 Hendrix’s officers thought it would be best for him to leave the army because he caused too much trouble.
Hendrix agreed, and he left after only a year of service.
Hendrix later said he had been let go from the army after breaking his ankle when he was landing his 26th parachute jump.
He also spoke about his time in the army in interviews for a magazine, "Melody Maker", in 1967 and 1969.
He said that he did not like serving the army and did not agree with their ways of doing things.
When he was interviewed in America, Hendrix never talked about his time in the army.
When it was brought up in a television interview, Hendrix only said that he had been based at Fort Campbell.
Hendrix's left-handed playing on a guitar made for right-handed people made him popular.
His first proper concert was with a small band without a name, playing in a Synagogue.
He later joined a band called The Velvetones.
After leaving the army, Hendrix and Cox moved to Clarksville in Tennessee, where they played in their group, The King Kasuals.
They played in small bars but they did not make much money.
So, eventually, he and Cox moved to Nashville.
They played many blues-style songs in Nashville.
In November 1962, Hendrix went to his first studio performance.
While in Nashville, Hendrix played in many other bands as rhythm and lead guitarist and vocals.
This did not get him much money, but did give him experience of how bands worked.
Later, Hendrix left Nashville and went to Northern New York City.
By January 1964, he moved to Harlem where he played at bars and clubs for money.
Hendrix also won first prize in an amateur guitar contest at The Apollo Theatre.
In 1966, Hendrix formed his own band called "Jimmy James and The Blues Flames" one of the members of the band was Little Ritchard.
The members were people that he met around town.
One of them was a 15-year-old boy called Randy.
Hendrix played many gigs around New York City and many songs at a cafe called Café Wha?
In 1966, Hendrix became friends with the girlfriend of Keith Richards, guitarist for The Rolling Stones, Linda Keith.
She liked his music and introduced him to Chas Chandler, the manager for The Animals.
Chandler told Hendrix to write a rock version of the song “Hey Joe” and when he did, Chandler brought him to London to sign a contract with him.
Hendrix had to make a new band.
It was called The Jimi Hendrix Experience with Mitch Mitchell and Noel Redding, a name found by their business manager Mike Jeffery.
The Jimi Hendrix Experience made its first album in 1967.
It was called Are You Experienced?
When the album was being produced and sold, Hendrix travelled around the UK and some of Europe.
On June 4, 1967, The Jimi Hendrix Experience played their last concert in London before going to America.
In America many famous people came to see Hendrix play including Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Eric Clapton, Jack Bruce and Brian Epstein.
The album reached number two in the UK charts.
In 2001, VH1 named Are You Experienced as the fifth greatest album of all time.
Rolling Stone magazine put it at number 15 on a list of the 500 greatest albums of all time in 2003.
Hendrix’ second album came out in 1967.
It was called Axis: Bold as Love.
It had famous songs in it, most famous being "Little Wing".
There have been several other versions of the song by other musicians like Stevie Ray Vaughan, Henry "Hank" Marrion, Metallica, Eric Clapton, Sting and Pearl Jam.
An important difference in the album from other albums he made was that Hendrix tuned his guitar down a semi-tone (to E flat).
The album reached number three in the US charts and number five in the UK charts.
The album almost did not sell, since Hendrix lost the master tape of side one of the LP in the back of a taxi in London.
Hendrix, Chas Chandler and an engineer called Eddie Kramer had to re-mix the songs in one night.
They could not get the song "If 6 was 9" right, but Hendrix's bassist Noel Redding had a copy of it on tape.
When the album was released, Hendrix was disappointed that the album was finished so quickly and he thought it could have been done better.
Electric LadyLand
Hendrix finished his third album, called Electric LadyLand - a double album with two LP's - in 1968.
In this year, Chas Chandler (Hendrix’s manager) decided to leave Hendrix and so did Noel Redding.
When Chandler left, Hendrix changed everything in his music.
He began using different musicians and instruments.
He used guitars with flutes and trombones all with distortion to get strange sounds.
The album reached number one in the US.
It reached number five in the UK.
In 2003, VH1 named the album the 72nd best album of all time, and the Rolling Stones magazine gave it 54th greatest album of all time.
Hendrix went to play at Woodstock on August 18, 1969.
That year, Woodstock made over $18,000 and has since become one of the most famous concerts in the world.
Hendrix was told to play on Sunday evening, but did not arrive until Monday morning, which was unfortunate because of the 500,000 people that had paid to see him, around 180,000 were left and did not plan on staying his whole concert; they just wanted to see him in person for a few minutes.
Hendrix then went on to play a two-hour concert that was described as awful.
Hendrix’s large band had not practiced enough and could not keep up with Hendrix's fast guitar playing.
But to make up for all of this, Hendrix played a version of Star Spangled Banner.
He played this anthem with heavy distortion and screams from his guitar, and people thought that he was being anti-American and making fun of their anthem and country.
Hendrix, in an interview, said that he "did not intend for his performance to be a political statement", he just wanted it to be another version of the national anthem.
On September 18, 1970, Hendrix was found dead in a basement of the Samarkand Hotel in London.
He died after drinking too much, and then taking too many sleeping pills.
He vomited and choked on his vomit because he could not regain consciousness.
There are many different theories about his death.
His girlfriend, who was with him at the time that he died, said that he was alive when she put him in the back of the ambulance, but hospital records say that Hendrix had been dead for some time before the ambulance had reached him.
Some people say that Hendrix was alive, but that the paramedics did not properly hold his head while he was unconscious so he choked on his own vomit.
A sad poem that was found in Hendrix’ apartment written by him made some think that he committed suicide.
The most likely explanation is that Hendrix just took too many sleeping pills while he was drunk, and then could not wake up as he vomited and choked as a result.
There has been recent speculation that he may have been murdered by his manager.
Hendrix was buried in Renton, Washington in Greenwood Memorial Park on October 1, 1970.
His headstone was wrong because it shows a picture of Hendrix playing a Stratocaster, but the Stratocaster is right-handed, Hendrix played left-handed.
Because Hendrix had so many fans, people were worried that the crowds of people wanting to look at his grave would damage other graves, so Hendrix’ father, Al Hendrix, had another memorial site built far from other graves.
The memorial is a granite dome architecture, held up by three pillars and Hendrix is buried underneath.
His autograph is at the foot of each pillar and a brass sundial is at the top of the dome.
There is also a memorial statue of Hendrix playing a Stratocaster on the corner of Broadway and Pine in Seattle.
Hendrix had unique fashion and a Bob Dylan-style haircut.
He wore scarves, rings and brooches.
In his early career, he wore a dark suit with a silk shirt.
Later, he wore bright blue velvet suits, red suits and flared trousers.
In 1967, he started to wear a cowboy-style hat he called "The Westerner".
In 1968, Hendrix started tying scarves to his legs and arms.
In 1969, he wore his famous bandana.
Hendrix was widely associated with the use of psychedelic drugs like LSD.
He also smoked marijuana and drank alcohol.
Hendrix would become angry and violent when he was drunk.
However, no one knows if Hendrix took heroin.
Hendrix died after choking on his own vomit in a London apartment.
At his autopsy, there was no heroin in his body and he had no needle marks on his body.
The Jimi Hendrix Foundation - Started by Al and Leon Hendrix
Official Jimi Hendrix website
Photos of Jimi Hendrix
Videos of Jimi Hendrix Live
Official lyrics and drawings done by Jimi Hendrix
Classic Hendrix: The Ultimate Hendrix Experience The memoirs of Jimi Hendrix
Musicians from Seattle, Washington
Drug-related deaths in the United Kingdom
Incendiary devices or incendiary bombs are bombs.
These bombs have been designed to start a fire.
Sometimes they are also called firebombs.
They were used very frequently in World War II.
Materials such as Napalm, White phosphorus, thermite, chlorine trifluoride are often employed in such bombs.
A very crude such bomb (which uses fuel) is the Molotov cocktail.
The United States still uses such bombs, called Mark 77 bomb.
They were used during the invasion of Iraq in 2003.
Most other countries no longer use them, since they are banned by Section III of the United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons.
This treaty was ratified in 1980.
Probably the most famous incendiary attack is the bombing of Dresden, Germany during WWII by the Allies.
Flamethrowers are also incendiary devices.
Napalm is the name for a number of flammable liquids that have been used in warfare.
Often, it's jellied gasoline.
Napalm is actually the thickener in such liquids.
When it is mixed with gasoline, the thickener makes a sticky incendiary gel.
It was developed by the U.S. in World War II by a team of Harvard chemists.
The team leader was Louis Fieser.
The name napalm has comes from the ingredients that were first used to make it: coprecipitated aluminum salts of naphthenic and palmitic acids.
These were added to the flammable substance to cause it to gel.
One of the major problems of early incendiary fluids (such as those used in flamethrowers) was that they splashed and drained too easily.
The U.S. found that flamethrowers that use a gasoline gel are able to shoot farther and are more useful.
Gasoline gel was difficult to manufacture because it used natural rubber, which was in high demand and expensive.
Napalm provided a far cheaper alternative.
It solved the problems involved with rubber-based incendiaries.
Napalm was used in flamethrowers and firebombs by the U.S. and allied forces.
Napalm is made to burn at a specific rate and stick to materials.
This is done by mixing different amounts of napalm and other materials.
Another useful (and dangerous) effect, primarily involving its use in bombs, was that napalm "rapidly deoxygenates the available air."
It also creates large amounts of carbon monoxide causing suffocation.
Napalm bombs were also used in the Vietnam War to clear landing zones for helicopters.
Though napalm was a 20th-century invention, it is part of a long history of incendiary devices in warfare.
However historically, it was primarily liquids that were used (see Greek fire).
An infantry-based flammable liquid fuel weapon, the flamethrower was introduced in World War I by the Germans, variations of which were soon developed by other sides in the conflict.
Usage in warfare
On July 17, 1944, napalm bombs were dropped for the first time by American P-38 pilots on a fuel depot at Coutances, near St. Lô, France.
Napalm bombs were first used in the Pacific Theatre during the Battle of Tinian by Marine aviators.
Its use was complicated by problems with mixing, fusing and the release mechanisms.
In World War II, Allied forces bombed cities in Japan with napalm, and used it in bombs and flamethrowers in Germany and the Japanese-held islands.
It was used by the Greek army against communist guerrilla fighters during the Greek Civil War, by United Nations forces in Korea, by Mexico in the late 1960s against guerrilla fighters in Guerrero and by the United States during the Vietnam War.
The most well-known method of delivering napalm is from air-dropped incendiary bombs.
A lesser-known method is the flame throwers used by combat infantry.
Flamethrowers use a thinner version of the same fuel to destroy gun emplacements, bunkers and cave hideouts.
U.S. Marines fighting on Guadalcanal found them very effective against Japanese positions.
The Marines used fire as both a casualty weapon as well as a psychological weapon.
Men have a natural fear of fire.
They found that Japanese soldiers would abandon positions in which they fought to the death against other weapons.
Prisoners of war confirmed that they feared napalm more than any other weapon thrown at them.
Napalm became one of the preferred weapons of the Korean War.
Pilots returning from the war zone often remarked they would rather have a couple of gasoline tanks full of napalm to drop than any other weapon, bombs, rockets or guns.
The U.S. Air Force and Navy used napalm with great effect against all manner of targets to include troops, tanks, buildings and even rail road tunnels.
The demoralizing effect napalm had on the enemy became apparent when scores of North Korean troops began to surrender to aircraft flying overhead.
Pilots noted they saw surviving enemy troops waving white flags on subsequent passes after dropping napalm.
The pilots radioed to ground troops and the North Koreans were captured.
In some cases, napalm disables and kills its victims very quickly.
Those who do survive suffer up to 5th degree burns.
These damage parts of the skin which do not have pain receptors.
However, victims who suffer 2nd degree burns from splashed napalm will be in significant amounts of pain.
"Napalm is the most terrible pain you can imagine," said Phan Thị Kim Phúc, a napalm bombing survivor known from a famous Vietnam War photograph. "
Napalm generates temperatures of 800 to 1,200 degrees Celsius."
Phuc had third-degree burns to half her body and was not expected to live.
Thanks to assistance from South Vietnamese photographer Nick Ut, and after surviving a 14-month hospital stay and 17 operations, she became an outspoken peace activist.
International law does not prohibit the use of napalm or other incendiaries against military targets, but use against civilian populations was banned by the United Nations' inhumane weapons convention (often referred to as the CCW) in 1981.
Protocol III of the CCW restricts the use of incendiary weapons (not only napalm), but a number of states have not acceded to all of the protocols of the CCW.
According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), states are considered a party to the convention, which entered into force as international law in December 1983, if they ratify at least two of the five protocols.
The United States, for example, is a party to the CCW but did not sign Protocol III.
Reports by the Sydney Morning Herald suggested that napalm has been used in the Iraq War by US forces.
The U.S. Department of Defense denied this.
In August 2003, the San Diego Union Tribune said that U.S. Marine pilots and their commanders confirmed the use of Mark 77 firebombs on Iraqi Republican Guards during the start of combat.
Official denials of the use of 'napalm' were, however, disingenuous, as the Mk 77 bomb that is currently in service at this time, the Mk 77 Mod 5, does not use actual napalm (e.g. napalm-B).
The last U.S. bomb to use actual napalm was the Mark 77 Mod 4, the last of which were destroyed in March 2001.
The substance used now is a different incendiary mixture.
It is sufficiently analogous in its effects that it is still a controversial incendiary, and can still be referred to colloquially as 'napalm.'
"We napalmed both those (bridge) approaches," said Col.
Randolph Alles in a recent interview. "
Unfortunately, there were people there because you could see them in the (cockpit) video." (...) "
They were Iraqi soldiers there.
It's no great way to die," he added. (...)
The generals love napalm. ...
It has a big psychological effect." -
San Diego Union-Tribune, August 2003
These bombs did not actually have napalm in them.
The napalm-B (super napalm) used in Vietnam was gasoline based.
The Mk-77 firebombs used in the Gulf were kerosene based.
It is, however, a napalm-like liquid in its effect.
Recipes how to make napalm-like substances can be found on the Internet.
Very often, the recipes say that they will make a thick substance using gasoline, with soap or polystyrene as a thickening agent.
However, inexperienced people following these instructions often handle the substance improperly and cause accidents.
In addition, making incendiary devices is illegal in many countries.
Napalm is usually a mixture of gasoline with suitable thickening agents.
The earliest thickeners were soaps, aluminum, and magnesium palmitates and stearates.
Depending on how much thickener is added, the resulting viscosity may range between syrupy liquid and thick rubbery gel.
The content of long hydrocarbon chains makes the material highly hydrophobic (resistant to wetting with water), making it more difficult to extinguish.
Thickened fuel also rebounds better from surfaces, making it more useful for operations in urban terrain.
The M1 Thickener (Mil-t-589a), chemically a mixture of 25% wt.
aluminum naphthenate, 25% aluminum oleate, and 50% aluminum laurate, (or, according to other sources, aluminium stearate soap) is a highly hygroscopic coarse tan-colored powder.
As the water content impairs the quality of napalm, thickener from partially used open containers should not be used later.
It is not maintained in the US Army inventory any more as it was replaced with M4.
The M2 Thickener (Mil-t-0903025b) is a whitish powder similar to M1, with added devolatilized silica and anti-caking agent.
The M4 flame fuel thickening compound (Mil-t-50009a), hydroxyl aluminum bis(2-ethylhexanoate) with anti-caking agent, is a fine white powder.
It is less hygroscopic than M1 and opened containers can be resealed and used within one day.
About half the amount of M4 is needed for the same effect as of M1.