the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
A cover version (or simply "cover") is a song which is re-recorded by a singer or band, after another artist has released a recording of it.
Sometimes the versions are similar, but sometimes they are very different.
Many songs become more popular as cover versions than in their original recordings.
Paul Revere and the Raiders recorded two songs, "Louie, Louie" and "(I'm Not Your) Steppin' Stone", that were bigger hits for other bands (The Kingsmen and The Monkees, respectively) than their versions.
A few songs are covered so many times by different artists, that the songs become standards. "
Without You" (written by Peter Ham and Tom Evans of the band Badfinger) was first covered by Harry Nilsson, then later by dozens of other singers, including Mariah Carey. "
Yesterday" and "Something", written by Paul McCartney and George Harrison of The Beatles (respectively), are also standards.
Famous cover versions
"The Twist" (written and recorded by Hank Ballard, and later covered by Chubby Checker)
"I Heard It Through the Grapevine" (first recorded by Gladys Knight and the Pips, then later by Marvin Gaye)
"Tainted Love" (first recorded by Gloria Jones, then later by Soft Cell)
"It's Gonna Take a Miracle" (first recorded by The Royalettes, then later by Deniece Williams)
Eurodance cover versions
8 feat Mr Mister: Broken Wings (Mr Mister)
20 Century: You'll Be in My Heart (Phil Collins)
Alcazar: This Is the World We Live In (Genesis)
Andrew Spencer: Zombie (The Cranberries)
Aquagen: Hard to Say I'm Sorry (Chicago)
Aria Pozzi: Joe le taxi (Vanessa Paradis)
Aurora featuring Naimee Coleman: Ordinary World (Duran Duran)
Axxis: Here Comes the Rain Again (Eurythmics)
Beat Factory: Nothing's Gonna Change My Love for You (Glenn Medeiros); Take on Me (A-ha)
Bloqbusters: Forever Young (Alphaville)
Bluestar: Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This) (Eurythmics)
Boney M. vs Sash: Ma Baker (Boney M.)
Boys Town Gang: Can't Take My Eyes Off You (Frankie Valli)
Cascada: What Hurts the Most (Rascal Flatts)
Candy: Words (F. R. David)
Chris Rockford vs Jennifer Paige: Crush (Jennifer Paige)
CK n Supreme Dream Team: Dreamer (Supertramp)
Co.Ro & Taleesa: Because the Night (Patti Smith)
Colton Ford & Pepper Mashay: Signed Sealed Delivered (Stevie Wonder)
Crystal K Feat Melina: The Final Countdown (Europe)
Dana International: Woman in Love (Barbra Streisand)
Dance Floor Dons: Sweet Dreams My LA Ex (Rachel Stevens)
Deja Vu featuring Tasmin: Against All Odds (Phil Collins); I Don't Wanna Miss a Thing (Aerosmith)
DJ Analyser vs D JMC: We Belong (Pat Benatar)
DJ Miko: Hot Stuff (Donna Summer)
DJ Speedo featuring Angelica: There You'll Be (Faith Hill)
DJ Yanou & Do: Heaven (Bryan Adams)
East Side Beat: Ride Like the Wind (Christopher Cross)
E-rotic: Angel Eyes; SOS; The Winner Takes It All (ABBA)
Florida Inc: Fuck It (I Don't Want You Back) (Eamon)
Gigi D'Agostino: The Riddle (Nik Kershaw)
Global Deejays: The Sound of San Francisco (Scott McKenzie: San Francisco)
Hi Tack: Let's Dance (David Bowie)
Ignition X: It's My Life (Talk Talk)
Interactive: Forever Young (Alphaville)
Jan Wayne: Because the Night (Patti Smith); Only You (Yazoo); Take My Breath Away (Berlin); Total Eclipse of the Heart (Bonnie Tyler); Here I Am (Scorpions: Send Me an Angel); She's Like the Wind (Patrick Swayze)
Jaybee featuring Morris: Shattered Dreams (Johnny Hates Jazz)
Johnny Crockett: Shout (Tears for Fears)
Karen Perry: Fame (Irene Cara)
Kate Ryan: Désenchantée; Libertine (Mylène Farmer)
Keira Green: All Out of Love (Air Supply)
King of House: Billie Jean (Michael Jackson)
Kopykatz: Gonna Make You Sweat (C & C Music Factory)
Laurent Wolf featuring Fake: Another Brick (Fake)
Linda O: Because the Night (Patti Smith)
Liquid Dance: First Time (Robin Beck)
Lunatic DJs: Baby Love (The Supremes)
Mad'House: Like a Prayer, Holiday, ... (Madonna)
Mary Griffin: Knock on Wood (Amii Stewart)
Maurizzo: Here Comes the Rain (Eurythmics)
Max Factor: Go Your Own Way (Fleetwood Mac)
Mega Mania: Summer of 69 (Bryan Adams)
Milk Inc.: The Sun Always Shines on TV (A-ha)
Mirabeau: Back from Outta Space (Gloria Gaynor: I Will Survive)
Missingheart: Moonlight Shadow (Mike Oldfield)
Mixtery: Bring Me to Life (Evanescence, Daredevil soundtrack)
N-Trance: Do You Think I'm Sexy (Rod Stewart)
Nightflyer: Voyage voyage (Desireless)
No Secrets: Kids in America (Kim Wilde)
Nouky: When the Rain Begins to Fall (Jermaine Jackson & Pia Zadora)
Novaspace: Beds Are Burning (Midnight Oil); Dancing with Tears in My Eyes (Ultravox); Run to You (Bryan Adams); So Lonely (The Police); Time After Time (Cyndi Lauper); Wicked Game (Chris Isaak); Your Eyes (Vladimir Cosma)
Pascal: I Think We're Alone Now (Tiffany)
Paulina Rubio: I Was Made for Lovin' You (Kiss)
Playhouse: I Think We're Alone Now (Tiffany)
Perfecto: Anything for Love (Meat Loaf)
Power Pull feat Sun Ray: Hungry Eyes (Eric Carmen)
Pulsedriver: Cambodia (Kim Wilde)
Punk Division: Seven Nation Army (The White Stripes)
Richard Grey: Warped Bass (Soft Cell: Tainted Love)
RIP: Shut Up (The Black Eyed Peas)
Rochelle: Bring Me to Life (Evanescence, Daredevil soundtrack)
Royal Gigolos: California Dreaming (The Mamas & the Papas); No Milk Today (Herman's Hermits)
Sugarcubes: 99 Red Balloons (Nena)
Sylver: Lay All Your Love on Me (ABBA)
Tamperer featuring Maya: Feel It (Jackson Five)
The Cover Girlz: You're Beautiful (James Blunt)
Thelma Houston: Don't Leave Me This Way (Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes)
The Kinky Boyz: You Spin Me Round (Dead or Alive)
Ultra Flirt: Dancing with Tears in My Eyes (Ultravox); I Was Made for Lovin' You (Kiss)
Undercover: Baker Street (Gerry Rafferty)
Uniting Nations: Out of Touch (Hall & Oates)
Vanguarde: Gimme Gimme Gimme (ABBA, Façon Benny Benassi)
Vasco & Millboy: The Sun Always Shines on TV (A-ha)
Whigfield: Last Christmas (Wham!)
Wonderland: Heaven Is a Place on Earth (Belinda Carlisle)
The Kingsmen were a popular American band of the early 1960s.
Their most famous hit was "Louie, Louie".
Many people believed the song contained obscenity or suggestive lyrics, and tried to have the song banned.
An American court decided the song was not obscene, and the controversy over the song only helped to promote sales of the record.
The Kingsmen had other hits, including "Jolly Green Giant", a parody of the mascot of Green Giant vegetables.
They appeared in a movie, How to Stuff a Wild Bikini, accompanying Annette Funicello onstage.
Musical groups established in 1959
Obscenity is a term that is used to describe words, images or actions that offend the sexual morality most people have or had at the time.
The word is often used in a legal context.
The word goes back to the Latin obscenus, which meant "foul, repulsive, or detestable".
Even though the word has been used with a sexual connotation for a long time, it can still have the meaning of "inspiring disgust".
This is true in expressions such as "obscene profits" or "the obscenity of war".
It can simply be used to mean profanity, or it can mean anything that is taboo, indecent, abhorrent, or disgusting.
The definition of what is thought of as obscene depends on the culture.
Different communities and individuals may have different ideas of what is obscene and what is not.
The definition of what is considered obscene also changes with time.
Things that were obscene at one time no longer are at another.
Many cultures have made laws to define what is considered to be obscene.
Censorship is often used to try to suppress or control materials that are obscene under these definitions.
These usually include pornographic material.
Hank Ballard (November 18, 1936 - March 2, 2003) was an American singer and songwriter.
One of his songs, "The Twist", became a huge hit for singer Chubby Checker.
The Twist dance became very popular.
The Disciples of Christ are an American Christian denomination of churches, which began in the 1800s.
Disciples churches welcome members of other churches, and members of the public, to their services.
Their most famous slogan is "We are not the only Christians; we are Christians only."
pl:Kościoły Chrystusowe
Bruno Bauer (September 6, 1809 – April 13, 1882) was a German philosoper and theologian.
He studied the New Testament in depth.
Zsa Zsa Gábor (6 February 1917 – 18 December 2016) was a Hungarian-American actress and socialite.
Her older sister Magda and younger sister Eva were also actresses and socialites.
In 1936 Gábor won the Miss Hungary competition.
She was married nine times.
In 1986 she married Frédéric Prinz von Anhalt.
She had one child, Constance Francesca Hilton.
On 18 December 2016, at 6:00 am, Gabor died at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, California from cardiopulmonary arrest complicated by coronary artery disease, aged 99.
Her ashes were buried at the Westwood Memorial Park Cemetery in Beverly Hills, California on 30 December.
Zsa Zsa Gabor News
Brittany Anne Snow (born March 9, 1986) is an American television and movie actress and singer.
She is known for her roles as Meg Pryor in American Dreams, Daisy Lemay in Guiding Light, Kate Spencer in John Tucker Must Die, Amber Von Tussle in Hairspray, Donna Keppel in Prom Night and Jenna Backstrom in the NBC television series Harry's Law.
Actors from Tampa, Florida
Singers from Tampa, Florida
A desk is a piece of furniture where someone can sit and write, often with drawers or other places to put books, papers, and other things.
Unlike a table, there is only one side of the desk where somebody could sit.
Desks come in many different sizes.
There is a Armoire desk, which is very big.
There is also a portable desk which is very small.
Desks can be used at home.
They can also be used in an office.
Desks may also be used in schools.
A computer desk will have a computer inside or on top.
The keyboard and mouse will pull out from underneath the desk.
ro:Birou (mobilier)
Coles Supermarkets is an Australian supermarket chain owned by Wesfarmers (Coles Group before it was taken over on 23 November 2007).
With over 750 stores nationally and more than 60,000 employees, Coles currently has the second-biggest market share behind Woolworths Supermarkets.
Coles Group
Coles Express
Liquorland
1914 establishments
The Empire of Nicaea () was the largest of the Byzantine Greek states founded by the nobility of the Byzantine Empire after Constantinople was conquered during the Fourth Crusade.
It lasted from 1204 to 1261.
1204 establishments
1261 disestablishments
The National Stock Exchange of India Limited (NSE), is a Mumbai-based stock exchange.
It is the biggest stock exchange in India and the third biggest in the world in terms of amounts of transactions.
NSE is mutually-owned by a set of leading financial institutions, banks, insurance companies and other financial intermediaries in India but its ownership and management operate as separate groups.
As of 2006, the NSE VSAT terminals, 2799 in total, cover more than 1500 cities across India.
In July 2007, the NSE had a total market capitalization of 42,74,509 crore INR making it the second-largest stock market in South Asia in terms of market-capitalization.
The National Stock Exchange of India was promoted by leading Financial institutions at the behest of the Government of India, and was incorporated in November 1992 as a tax-paying company.
In April 1993, it was recognized as a stock exchange under the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956.
National Stock Exchange of India commenced operations in the Wholesale Debt Market (WDM) segment in June 1994.
The Capital Market (Equities) segment of the NSE commenced operations in November 1994, while operations in the Derivatives segment commenced in June 2000.
Being the first national, anonymous, electronic limit order book (LOB) exchange to trade securities in India.
Since the success of the NSE, existent market and new market structures have followed the "NSE" model.
Setting up the first clearing corporation "National Securities Clearing Corporation Ltd." in India.
National Securities Clearing Corporation Ltd. was a landmark in providing novation on all spot equity market (and later, derivatives market) trades in India.
Co-promoting and setting up of National Securities Depository Limited, first depository in India.
Setting up S&P CNX Nifty.
NSE pioneered commencement of Internet Trading in February 2000, which  led to the wide popularization of the NSE in the broker community.
Being the first exchange that, in 1996, proposed exchange traded derivatives, particularly on an equity index, in India.
After four years of policy and regulatory debate and formulation, the NSE was permitted to start trading equity derivatives three days after the BSE.
Being the first exchange to trade ETFs (exchange traded funds) in India.
NSE has also launched the NSE-CNBC-TV18 media centre in association with CNBC-TV18, a leading business news channel in India.
NSE also conducts online examination and awards certifications, under its programmes of NSE's Certification in Financial Markets (NCFM).
Currently, certifications are available in 9 modules, covering different sectors of financial and capital markets.
The branches of the NSE are located throughout India.
Technical Analysis site
NSE Share Tips
Free NSE Stock Tips
Market Trading Times Trading Times for The Markets
1990s establishments in India
Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
John Ogden Whedon (November 5, 1905 – November 21, 1991) was an American screenwriter.
He was best known for his writing for the television series The Donna Reed Show during the 1950s.
Whedon wrote for The Andy Griffith Show, The Dick Van Dyke Show and Leave It To Beaver.
He was the father of screenwriter Tom Whedon.
He was the grandfather of screenwriter and director Joss Whedon and screenwriter Zack Whedon.
This is a list of episodes for the American television series, Buffy the Vampire Slayer.
The series began on March 10, 1997 and aired until May 19, 2003.
In that time, 144 episodes of the series were made.
Seasons one to five of the series ran on the WB.
In 2001, it moved to the United Paramount Network (UPN) for its final two seasons.
In the United Kingdom, the entire series aired on Sky One and BBC Two.
All the seven seasons of the series are available on DVDs for regions 1 and region 2.
Two all-season collections (The Chosen Collection and The Complete DVD Collection) have been also been released.
Season 1 (1997)
Season 2 (1997 – 1998)
Season 3 (1998 – 1999)
Season 4 (1999 – 2000)
Season 5 (2000 – 2001)
Season 6 (2001 – 2002)
Season 7 (2002 – 2003)
TV.com .
Episode listing/guide.
Retrieved October 20, 2006
Season 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Next-episode.net.
Retrieved October 28, 2006
Season 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Homepage.mac.com .
Season 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7
Buffyguide.com.
IMDb.com .
Region 1 DVD release dates.
BBC.co.uk.
Region 2 DVD release dates.
Buffy Summers is the main character of the Buffy the Vampire Slayer franchise.
She is played by Sarah Michelle Gellar and created by Joss Whedon.
Angel (TV series) characters
Buffy the Vampire Slayer characters
Spike is a fictional vampire that appears in the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer and the spin-off Angel.
He was played by James Marsters.
William the Bloody (known for his bad poetry) of England was sired by Angelus.
He liked being a vampire and moved into Sunnydale by 1997.
Buffyverse vampires
Angel is a fictional vampire that appears in the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer and is the main character of the spin-off Angel.
He was played by David Boreanaz.
Liam of Ireland was sired by a female vampire and became known as Angelus.
He would later sire Spike and work alongside Drusilla and the Master.
On 1898, he killed a Romani and a mystic placed a spell where she restored his soul, making him feel guilty.
Now known as Angel, he moved to America and stayed at Sunnydale.
The First Evil is the final Big Bad of Buffy the Vampire Slayer.
It is a shapeshifting form of evil.
It first appeared in the third season episode "Amends".
Fictional characters introduced in 1998
Fictional mass murderers
Fictional shapeshifters
Shunzhi Emperor (; 1638 - 1661 ) was emperor of Qing Dynasty.
Shunzhi Emperor was the ninth son of Huang Taiji and he reigned over China from 1644 to 1661.
During his short reign, he implemented plenty of policies.
He appointed Han Chinese to be the imperial officials.
Also, he put the Upper 3 banners (Plain Yellow, Striped Yellow, and Plain White) under the control of the emperor.
Moreover, Shunzhi Emperor let eunuchs participate in government activities.
In 1643, Shunzhi Emperor is 6 and he inherits Huang Taiji's throne.
Prince Dorgon becomes the regent.
In 1644, the Manchu armies conquer the north of China.
The capital is changed to Beijing.
In 1650,Prince Dorgon dies.
Shunzhi Emperor gets actual power.
From 1651 to 1661, Shunzhi Emperor deals with government affairs patiently.
In order to unify the country, he also sends armies to invade the south of China.
In 1661, the Emperor dies of smallpox.
1661 deaths
‘’Hush’’ is an episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer season four.
A group of silent pale demons known as the Gentlemen have taken the voices of everyone at Sunnydale in a box.
Once the Scooby Gang woke up, they learned that they can’t speak.
Giles does a slideshow explaining who the Gentlemen are and that they kill people who lost their voice.
They had stolen the voices so they won’t get killed by someone screaming.
Joss Whedon was aware the dialogue in the show worked and decided to write an episode where there is mostly none.
Buffy’s scream at the end of the episode wasn’t done by Sarah Michelle Gellar.
Hush is considered one of the best Buffy episodes of all time.
It got nominated an Emmy Award for Best Writing.
1999 television episodes
Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes
David Greenwalt (born October 16, 1946) is an American screenwriter.
He has worked as writer, director and producer on many television series.
Greenwalt is best known as a writer on Buffy the Vampire Slayer and co-creator of its spinoff, Angel.
He is also co-creator of the short lived television series Profit.
On June 1, 2007, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Greenwalt would serve as executive producer and showrunner on Moonlight, a new series that will debut on CBS in the fall of 2007.
He later had to leave the show before it was first aired for health reasons.
Executive producer Joel Silver said that his name would remain: "He worked really hard on the arc of the series.
He really helped us focus and get started".
Career highlights
Writer - Moonlight, Kidnapped, Surface, Miracles, Jake 2.0, Angel, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, The X-Files, Profit, The Wonder Years, The Commish, Doogie Howser, M.D.
Director - The Wonder Years, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Angel, Jake 2.0
Producer - Kidnapped, Moonlight, Surface,  Jake 2.0, Miracles, Angel, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, The X-Files, Profit, The Commish, Eureka
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Đồng Hới  is the capital city of Quảng Bình Province, in the north central coast of Vietnam.
The city's area is 155.54 km² (60 square miles).
In 2005, 103,005 people lived there.
It is at around 500 km (310 mi) south of Hà Nội (Hanoi), 260 km (160 mi) north of Đà Nẵng (Danang), 1,200 km (750 mi) north of Hồ Chí Minh City (Saigon).
It borders Laos on the west, the South China Sea on the east, Hà Tĩnh province on the north, and Quảng Ninh in the south.
The city was close to the Vietnamese DMZ, and it was in North Vietnam during the Vietnam War.
Since it was so close to the DMZ, it was important for the North Vietnamese.
For this reason, the city was heavily bombed by the US Air Force.
There is a cathedral called the Tam Toa Church that was bombed during the war.
Tam Toa is still ruined today so people could remember the bombing of North Vietnam.
Dong Hoi is subdivided into 16 subdivisions, 10 urban wards (phường) and 6 rural communes (xã).
Quang Binh Province
Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (Vietnamese language: Vườn quốc gia Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng) is a national park in Quảng Bình Province, Vietnam.
It is about 40 km north of Đồng Hới city.
This national park is a UNESCO's World Heritage Site.
It protects an area of primitive forest, caves and grottos.
This national park has many rare animals and underground rivers.
This park has 300 caves and grottoes with a total length of 70 km, of which British and Vietnamese scientists have so far surveyed 20 km.
This park has many underground rivers and has biological diversity.
In 2003, UNESCO listed this national park in its world heritage sites (natural heritage sites).
World Heritage Sites in Asia
National parks in Vietnam
2001 establishments in Asia
21st century establishments in Vietnam
Tan Son Nhat International Airport () is an airport in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
It is the largest airport in Vietnam.
It served 8.5 million passengers in 2006 and 11 million passengers in 2007, more than a half of total passengers in Vietnam's airports, as well as two-thirds of international passenger traffic for Vietnam.
The airport covers .
The airport can handle up to 17 million passengers per year in the two terminals (Domestic, International).
The new international terminal was opened on 14th August 2007.
This airport was built by the French colonists in 1930s.
During Vietnam War, the United States made the airport larger to serve the war.
After the Fall of Saigon in April 1975, this airport was made commercial.
Airports in Vietnam
1930s establishments in Asia
20th century establishments in Vietnam
Flavius Romulus Augustus (461 – after 476), often called Romulus Augustulus ("little Augustus"), was a Western Roman Emperor.
He reigned from 31 October, 475 to 4 September, 476 when Odoacer deposed him.
The end of his rule is considered to be the end of the western part of the Roman Empire.
Project Gutenberg: Cassiodorus, Variae
461 births
5th-century deaths
Childeric I, king of the Salian Franks, allies with the Roman general Aegidius against the Visigoths.
Emperor Houfei of Liu Song
Frumar — King of Southern Galicia
Richimund — King of Northern Galicia
September 4 — Romulus Augustus is deposed by Odoacer.
August — The usurper Basiliscus is deposed and Zeno is restored as Eastern Roman Emperor.
Peter the Fuller is restored as Patriarch of Antioch.
Aryabhata, Indian mathematician and astronomer
August 28 — Flavius Orestes, master of soldiers of the Western Roman Empire
Emperor Xianwen of Northern Wei
Arcadius marries Aelia Eudocia, daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto.
The Visigoths invade Thrace and Macedonia.
The last Western satrap, Rudrasimha III, is beaten by the Guptas.
Possible date that Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius published his Saturnalia.
Saint Augustine becomes Bishop of Hippo Regius.
January 17 — Theodosius I, Roman Emperor
Ausonius, poet and rhetorician
Justinian I () (, ) (c. 482 – 14 November 565), commonly known as Justinian the Great, was Eastern Roman Emperor from 527 until his death.
He is considered a saint by Eastern Orthodox Christians.
Justinian simplified Roman laws.
These are now called Corpus Juris Civilis.
The Anekdota ("Secret history") of Procopius in English translation.
The Buildings of Procopius in English translation.
The Roman Law Library by Professor Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev
Lecture series covering 12 Byzantine Rulers, including Justinian - by Lars Brownworth
482 births
565 deaths
Diocletian (Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus, about 245 to about 312) was Roman Emperor from 20 November 284 to 11 May 305.
He was born in Dalmatia of poor parents.
Diocletian ended the period known as the Crisis of the Third Century (235–284).
He worked to return Rome to its former glory by making changes in key areas.
Religion: He persecuted Christians, crucifying more than any other emperor.
He imposed the traditional polytheistic religion of the Romans.
Economy: Recognizing a gold drain from the western Mediterranean to the east, he tried to stop the inflation of the region by legislation.
This did not work.
He decreed that coins could only be made of gold or silver, stopping the trend of using lead in their creation.
He made the tax system work better.
Military: Diocletian changed the army from the traditional garrison defense.
He put small outposts of soldiers on the border.
He got local soldiers from the border regions along the Rhine and Danube rivers.
These soldiers farmed and lived with their families in a village atmosphere.
They lit signal fires on signal towers to warn other outposts of possible invasion by Germans from across the border.
These outpost soldiers got regular pay from Rome for their services.
He allowed soldiers to move up through the ranks by "military credits" earned by years of loyal service and by actions on the field of battle.
Diocletian established a form of government known as the tetrarchy.
In this, the Empire was organised into four parts, each ruled by a co-emperor.
Diocletian took charge of the eastern empire.
The senior co-emperor was Maximian Augustus, a fellow officer.
He took charge of the western empire.
Later, two junior co-emperors were added: Galerius and Constantius Chlorus.
Finally, in 305, the two senior emperors abdicated and retired, and the two juniors rose to the rank of Augustus.
They in turn were supported by two juniors: Severus II in the west under Constantius, and Maximinus in the east under Galerius.
In this way, the Tetrarchy showed how it could reproduce itself.
These men were from the Roman province of Illyria, several in the city of Sirmium, which would become one of the four capitals under this system.
From the time of Domitian (81–96), when over half the Roman army was deployed in the Danubian regions, the Illyrian provinces had been the most important recruiting ground of the auxilia and later the legions.
In the 3rd century, Romanised Illyrians came to dominate the army's senior officer echelons.
Ultimately, the Illyrian officer class seized control of the state itself.
Regions and capitals
The four Tetrarchs based themselves not at Rome but in other cities closer to the frontiers, mainly intended as headquarters for the defence of the empire.
They faced Persia and the Germanic tribes.
Also, there were many tribes from the eastern steppe which presented at the Rhine and Danube.
The four centres are known as the 'Tetrarchic capitals'.
Although Rome ceased to be the operational capital, it was still the nominal capital of the entire empire.
It had its own Prefect of the City, an idea later copied in Constantinople.
The four Tetrarchic capitals were:
Nicomedia in northwestern Asia Minor (modern Izmit in Turkey), a base for defence against invasion from the Balkans and Persia's Sassanids was the capital of Diocletian, the eastern (and most senior) Augustus.
In the final reorganisation by Constantine the Great, in 318, the domain, facing Sassanid Persia, became the pretorian prefecture Oriens 'the East', the core of later Byzantium.
Sirmium (modern Sremska Mitrovica) in the Vojvodina region of modern Serbia, and near Belgrade, on the Danube border, was the capital of Galerius, the eastern Caesar; this was to become the Balkans-Danube prefecture Illyricum.
Mediolanum (modern Milan, near the Alps) was the capital of Maximian, the western Augustus; his domain became "Italia et Africa", with only a short exterior border.
Augusta Treverorum (modern Trier, in Germany) was the capital of Constantius Chlorus, the western Caesar, near the strategic Rhine border, it had been the capital of Gallic emperor Tetricus I; this quarter became the prefecture Galliae.
In terms of regional jurisdiction there was no precise division between the four Tetrarchs, and this period did not see the Roman state actually split up into four distinct sub-empires.
Each emperor had his zone of influence within the Roman Empire, but little more, mainly high command in a 'war theatre'.
Each Tetrarch was himself often in the field, while delegating most of the administration to the hierarchic bureaucracy headed by his respective Praetorian Prefect, each supervising several Vicarii, the governors-general in charge of another new administrative level, the civil diocese.
In the West, the Augustus Maximian controlled the provinces west of the Adriatic Sea and the Syrtis, and within that region his Caesar, Constantius, controlled Gaul and Britain.
In the East, the arrangements between the Augustus Diocletian and his Caesar, Galerius, were much more flexible.
Diocletian's reforms fundamentally changed the structure of Roman imperial government, and stabilized the empire economically and militarily.
This helped the empire to remain intact for another hundred years, despite having seemed near the brink of collapse in Diocletian's youth.
Weakened by illness, Diocletian left the imperial office on 1 May 305, and became the first Roman emperor to voluntarily abdicate the position.
He lived out his retirement in his palace on the Dalmatian coast, tending to his vegetable gardens.
His palace eventually became the core of the modern-day city of Split.
Maximian attempted to return to power.
Diocletian ordered him to step down permanently.
Finally, Maximian was forced to commit suicide and the tetrarchy began to unravel .
Diocletian despaired and died in 311, possibly of suicide.
Diocletian by Ralph W. Mathisen, University of South Carolina.
Diocletian from the Catholic Encyclopedia.
12 Byzantine Rulers, by Lars Brownworth.
15 minute audio lecture on Diocletian.
Diocletian Palace in Split
Ruins of the Palace of the Emperor Diocletian at Spalatro in Dalmatia By Robert Adam, 1764.
Wonderful plates made available worldwide by the University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center. (
N.B. "Spalatro" was a less used alternative form of "Spalato", the Italian name for Croatian "Split").
240s births
310s deaths
Riku (singer) (born 1988), Australian R&B/Hiphop singer
Riku (Kingdom Hearts), fictional character from the Kingdom Hearts video game series by Disney and Square Enix
Riku Hahl (born 1980), Finnish NHL hockey player
Riku Harada, fictional character from the anime and manga D.N.Angel
Riku Helenius (born 1988), Finnish NHL hockey player
Riku Kiri (born 1963), Finnish sportsman
Riku Kitazawa, fictional character from the manga Gravitation EX
Riku Lätti (born 1973), South African singer, songwriter and writer
Riku Sanjo (born 1964), Japanese mangaka
Rikku (or Ryukku) (リュック) — a video game character from Final Fantasy X
The Huns were an early group of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomadic people.
They moved into Europe around 370, and in the 5th century, built an empire there under Attila the Hun.
After Attila's death in 453, the empire fell apart.
Note:These may not be written in Basic English.
Otto J. Mänchen-Helfen: The Legend of the Origin of the Huns (published in Byzantion, vol.
XVII, 1944-45, pp.
244–251)
E. A. Thompson: A History of Attila and the Huns (London, Oxford University Press, 1948)
J. Webster: The Huns and Existentialist Thought (Loudonville, Siena College Press, 2006)
Coinage and History of the White Huns- Waleed Ziad- Articles from the 'Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society', 2004-2006
The History Files Europe: The Origins of the Huns, based on conversations with Kemal Cemal, Turkey, 2002
Eurasian nomads
The Visigoths (Western Goths) were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe (the Ostrogoths were the other).
Both were among the loosely-defined Germanic tribes that fought the Roman Empire during the Migration Period.
Most famously, a Visigothic force, led by King Alaric I, succeeded in storming Rome in 410 AD.
Later Visigothic kings ruled southern Gaul, and Hispania after they had taken it from the Alans and the Vandals.
Visigothic Law Code: text.
The preface was written in 1908 and should be read with reservations.
The Turkic peoples are a group of peoples.
They speak languages belonging to the Turkic family.
A Turkic person is called a Turk and mainly come from these independent states Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan.
However there are Turks in many places.
Today, most people in Central Asia are Turks.
Many Turks live in Siberia, the Caucasus area, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe.
Roman Emperor Trajan completes his invasion of Parthia by capturing the cities of Seleucia, Babylon, Ctesiphon and Susa, marking the high-water mark of the Roman Empire's eastern expansion.
Trajan removes Osroes I as king of Parthia, and appoints his son Parthamaspates in his place.
Parthamaspates Romanizes his name to Parthicus.
A Jewish uprising against Rome fails.
Empress Liang Na
Trajan was born into a non-patrician family -with Italian roots- in the province of Hispania Baetica.
He rose to prominence during the reign of emperor Domitian.
In September 96 AD, Domitian was succeeded by Nerva, an old and childless senator who proved to be unpopular with the army.
After a brief and tumultuous year in power, a revolt by members of the Praetorian Guard compelled him to adopt the more popular Trajan as his heir and successor.
Nerva died on 27 January 98 AD, and was succeeded by Trajan without incident.
Trajan as Emperor
Early in his reign he annexed Nabataea (between the Arabian and Sinai peninsulas), creating the province of Arabia Petraea.
His conquest of Dacia enriched the empire greatly because the new province possessed many valuable gold mines.
The territory he conquered and later populated with roman colonists (actually called Romania) is the only one still romance speaking in our days in eastern Europe.
His war against the Parthian Empire ended with the sack of its capital Ctesiphon and the annexation of Armenia and Mesopotamia.
His campaigns expanded the Roman Empire to its greatest territorial extent.
He also created in 116 AD a "client state" in Parthia (actual Iran).
After these conquests Trajan sailed on the Persian Gulf complaining that he was too much old to invade India, as did Alexander the Great.
In late 117 AD, while sailing back to Rome from the conquered Mesopotamia, Trajan fell ill and died of a stroke in the city of Selinus.
He was deified by the Senate, and succeeded by his adopted son Hadrian.
As an emperor, Trajan's reputation has endured — he is one of the few rulers whose reputation has survived nineteen centuries.
Every new emperor after him was honoured by the Senate with the prayer felicior Augusto, melior Traiano, meaning "may he be luckier than Augustus and better than Trajan".
Trajan, Optimus Princeps Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-253-21435-1
Lepper, Frank.
Trajan’s Parthian war, in Points Histoire, Chicago, Oxford University Press, 1948, Nachdruck Ares, 1993.
ISBN 978-0-89005-530-4
53 births
117 deaths
In Greek mythology, the Amazons (Greek: Ἀμαζόνες, Amazónes, singular Ἀμαζών, Amazōn) were a tribe of warrior women.
The Amazons as they appear in myth may have been inspired by warrior women among the Scythians and Sarmatians.
Their place of residence was the subject of much dispute: according to both Herodotus and Strabo, these warrior women lived on the banks of the river Thermodon, by the Black Sea, while Diodorus states that, prior to the ones by the Black Sea, there lived a different tribe of Amazons in the region of Libya.
The Amazons were said to have founded several cities and temples found in Smyrna, Sinope, Cyme, Gryne, Ephesus, Pitania, Magnesia, Clete, Pygela, Latoreria and Amastris; according to legend, the Amazons were the ones who invented the cavalry.
Herodotus on the Amazons
Herodotus via Gutenberg
Würzburg, a city in the German state of Bavaria.
Würzburger Kickers, a football team in Würzburg
Tamara "Tammy" Faye Messner (March 7, 1942 - July 20, 2007) was an American Christian singer, evangelist, entrepreneur, author, talk show host, and television personality.
She was born in International Falls, Minnesota.
Messner was a contestant in the second season of The Surreal Life.
Cancer deaths in Missouri
The Surreal Life participants
Sapphire is a type of the mineral corundum, an aluminium oxide (Al2O3).
Sapphires are the same as rubies, except that they are not red.
Sapphire can be found in the ground or it can be made in large crystal.
Blue sapphires are the most famous kind, but they can be many different colors, like amber and orange.
Sapphires have a long history.
Tradition says that the tablets of the Ten Commandments were made of sapphire, so strong a hammer could not break them, and would break instead if it hit them.
The ancient Persians believed that the earth sat on a big sapphire and that the big sapphire made the sky blue.
Sapphires have been used by kings and queens for a long time as a symbol of luck, virtue, wisdom, and holiness.
Princess Diana and Princess Anne both received sapphire engagement rings and the British Crown Jewels are full of large blue sapphires, the symbol of kind and wise rulers.
Sapphires represent September.
It symbolizes telling the truth and doing what you said you would.
Sapphire is actually just corundum and is one of the hardest minerals on the hardness scale.
Since sapphire is the second hardest mineral in the hardness scale, it is sometimes used as a polishing tool.
This mineral is found in gem gravel deposits.
These deposits are formed from the heat of metamorphic or igneous rock plateaus.
The places where sapphire is formed abundantly are Myanmar, Thailand, India and Sri Lanka.
The most costly and beautiful sapphires are shipped from Kashmir, India.
In other words, sapphire is mostly found in Asia.
Recent findings of sapphire have taken place in Australia, Kenya, and Tanzania.
Sapphire was the first mineral to be lab grown in a strategy called "flame fusion".
Another strategy, slightly harder to use, "flux growth" was used to lab grow sapphire.
Heating yellow, light yellow, or colorless sapphire from 1500-1900oc can turn into a dark yellow, gold, golden brown, orange, or a reddish brown colored sapphire.
There is a specific kind of sapphire called Star sapphires have whitish pieces of rutile or silk as some call it.
Star sapphires can be heated to remove the blue color of sapphire and can be heated even more to get the blue color back and remove the white silk.
U of Texas. "
corundum."
ruby and sapphire notes.
U of Texas, 24 Aug. 2012.
30 Oct. 2012.
<http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/347k/redesign/gem_notes/
Gait, Robert I. "Sapphire."
World Book, 2012.Web.
4 Dec. 2012.
Anne Jacqueline Hathaway (born November 12, 1982) is an Academy Award winning American movie and stage actress.
She played the princess in The Princess Diaries and The Princess Diaries 2.
In Tim Burton's 2010 movie, Alice in Wonderland, she played the White Queen.
She played Catwoman in Christopher Nolan's 2012 superhero movie The Dark Knight Rises and Fantine in Les Misérables.
Fear Factor is an American stunt/dare reality game show.
It was created by Endemol Netherlands.
The program was first aired on June 11, 2001.
About the show
The original Dutch version of the program was called Now or Neverland.
When Endemol USA and NBC changed it to be shown in America in 2001, they changed the name to Fear Factor.
Fear Factor has many different versions which are shown in different countries.
The program has contestants compete against each other in a series of stunts.
The person who finishes better and/or quicker than all the other contestants gets a prize of US$50,000.
For the first five years the program was made, the contestants were usually three men and three women.
Each person played for themselves.
In the sixth year, the show changed.
They started using four teams of two people.
The members of each team had some relationship with one another, for example Father-daughter, Husband-wife, or friends.
Each team played for a shared prize of the same amount.
Fear Factor is hosted by comedian Joe Rogan and executive produced by Matt Kunitz.
The main music for the program is composed and written by Russ Landau.
Other music used on the show is made from rhythmic themes most notably taken from the popular game Half-Life.
Fear Factor was an attempt by NBC to compete with the successful series, Survivor.
The program was very popular for the network in the summer of 2001.
It had strong ratings for the next couple of years, but in later years, the ratings were not as good.
In 2006, Fear Factor was being shown at the same time as TV ratings champion, the Fox talent series American Idol on Tuesday nights.
It did not get good ratings during this time.
During the sixth season, NBC decided to not show the program for the rest of the year to make room for the sitcom Joey.
That series was only shown for a few weeks.
NBC canceled Fear Factor in May of 2006.
The network began showing the remaining episodes of the sixth season on June 13, 2006.
These episodes were shown throughout the summer.
In 2004, Fear Factor became the first network reality show to be syndicated.
Over its six seasons, Fear Factor earned NBC a reported $600 million from selling advertising during the program.
On May 31, 2011, NBC announced that Fear Factor would be revived for a new season.
Eight episodes, two of which were 30 minutes long, were ordered.
Rogan returned as host of the show.
The revival began on December 12, 2011.
On May 13, 2012, NBC announced the cancellation of the show.
The last episode aired on July 16, 2012.
Official Fear Factor website
UK Gameshows Page: Fear Factor (about the UK version)
Fear Factor - France on TF1
Fear Factor India
Fear Factor Turkey
Joe Rogan (born August 11, 1967) is an American comedian and actor.
He is best known for his role as Joe Garrelli in NewsRadio and as host on the television game/reality program Fear Factor.
Rogan is also a color commentator for the Ultimate Fighting Championship.
He holds a Brown Belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu under Eddie Bravo and Jean Jacques Machado.
Rogan has a podcast and YouTube show called the Joe Rogan Experience.
A lot of the people that he has interviewed on it are known for being controversial people on the Internet and are called the Intellectual Dark Web
Podcasters
Television personalities from New Jersey
Endemol was a media company based in the Netherlands that produced programs for television.
The company had subsidiaries and joint ventures in 23 countries.
These countries included the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Mexico, Spain, Italy, Germany, Argentina, Poland, Netherlands, India, South Africa, Lebanon, Morocco and Australia among others.
Endemol was founded in 1994 with the combining of the television companies owned by Joop van den Ende and John de Mol.
The name of the company comes from the combination of their surnames (Ende + Mol).
The company is best known for making reality programs.
One of its best known programs is the reality series Big Brother.
This series has over 40 different version which are shown in over 100 countries.
The company also makes many different game shows such as Deal or No Deal, Fear Factor and Anime de Training EX.
It also creates the popular series Extreme Makeover: Home Edition.
Endemol was bought by Shine Group (a joint-venture between The Walt Disney Company and Apollo Global Management) and was headquartered in the Netherlands in 2015 ad Endemol Shine Group.
Endemol USA Website
Endemol UK website
Deal or No Deal Official website by Endemol
Companies of the Netherlands
Hilton Hotels became America's first coast-to-coast hotel chain in 1943.
The company places marketing emphasis on business travel, but owns and operates a number of resorts and leisure-oriented hotels as well.
Hilton Hotels & Resorts is the flagship brand of Hilton and one of the largest hotel chains in the world.
The company focuses on business and recreational tourists, so it has hotels in the centers of major cities, near airports, conference centers, as well as in popular vacation destinations around the world.
Hilton Hotels & Resorts participates in Hilton Honors, a guest loyalty program of Hilton.
Program members who book rooms directly through Hilton services receive exclusive discounts and benefits, such as free Wi-Fi, digital registration, keyless room access and the ability to choose any number you like using the Hilton Honors mobile app.
Gallery of Hilton Hotels buildings around the world
Hotel chains
Emily Jordan Osment (born March 10, 1992 Los Angeles, California) is an American actress and singer.
She is most famous for her roles of Gerti Giggles in the Spy Kids trilogy, and Lilly Truscott in Hannah Montana.
The younger brother of former child actor Haley Joel Osment, actress/vocalist Emily Osment launched her career at a young age, having landed a role in the 1999 film The Secret Life of Girls when she was only seven years old.
The Los Angeles native furthered her career by also appearing in Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams, Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over, and the Disney Channel series Hannah Montana, where she enjoyed a recurring role as Lily Truscott.
Osment also tried her hand at singing, kicking off that aspect of her career by performing alongside Billy Ray Cyrus on his 2007 album Home at Lastand contributing a song to the soundtrack of R.L. Stine's The Haunting Hour: Don't Think About It, in which she also starred.
After making appearances on several Disney compilations, she began voicing a desire to tackle more rock-influenced music, and writing sessions with members of Eve 6 and Plain White T's helped her compile enough material for her debut EP, 2009's All the Right Wrongs.
Osment switched directions for her full-length debut, though, leaving rock music behind and embracing electronic dance-pop on 2010's Fight or Flight.
1992 births
She was a contestant on the sixth series of ''Dancing on Ice in 2011.
She finished in second place in the 2011 UK series of Celebrity Big Brother.
Actors from Cheshire
People from Warrington
Television personalities from Cheshire
Atomic Kitten is an English girl group from Liverpool.
The people in the band are Liz "Lil" McClarnon, Natasha "Tash" Hamilton, and Jenny Frost - who replaced original member Kerry Katona in January 2001.
Atomic Kitten has sold over 12 million albums and 8 million singles around the world.
Many of their singles and albums, such as: "Right Now," "Whole Again," "Eternal Flame," "The Tide Is High," and "Ladies Night are in the top 40 charts of many countries.
The group reformed in 2012, with Katona and without Frost.
1998 establishments in England
Warrington is a large town and borough within the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England.
It sits beside the West Coast Mainline, the M6, M56 and M62 motorways, and alongside the Manchester Ship Canal.
Darin Zanyar (born June 2, 1987), known simply as Darin, is a pop singer from Sweden.
Darin was the first place runner-up in the Swedish Idol 2004, acquiring a fanbase primarily of teenage girls.
Darin lives in Vällingby outside of Stockholm.
He is of Kurdish heritage, and he speaks Central Kurdish.
He won the Kurd of the year award in 2005 presented by Swedish Minister for Public Health and Social Services Morgan Johansson.
Darin released his first album in February 2005, with songs by Swedish hit maker Max Martin and Swedish artist Robyn.
The same year he released his 2nd album “Darin” which went platinum and provided him even more success than his debut album.
At the end of 2006, Darin released his 3rd album “Break the News”.
It went straight to number 1 in the chart and went gold the first day.
Following his success in Sweden, Darin signed a new deal with EMI Germany, Switzerland and Austria.
Zanyar currently has an entry in the Melodifestivalen 2010 in hopes of representing Sweden at the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 in Oslo.
Today he is one Sweden's best selling artists with 7 number one albums.
In 2018 Darin was the most played artist on radio in all of Sweden, thanks to his songs "Tvillingen" and "Astronaut".
The following year he held his first arena tour in Stockholm Globen, Gothenburg Scandinavium and Malmö Malmö Arena.
The Anthem (2005)
Darin (2005)
Break the News (2006)
Flashback (2008)
Lovekiller (2010)
Exit (2013)
Fjärilar i magen (2015)
Tvillingen (2017)
2005 – "Money for Nothing"
2005 – "Why Does It Rain"
2005 – "Step Up"
2005 – "Who's That Girl"
2005 – "Want Ya!"
2006 – "Perfect"
2006 – "Everything But The Girl"
2006 – "Desire"
2007 – "Insanity"
2008 – "Breathing Your Love" feat.
2008 – "See U At The Club"
2008 – "Runaway"
2008 – "What If"[förtydliga]
2009 – "Viva La Vida"