the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
It was largely a movement of farmers, who were poor and felt big businesses, such as railroads, were to blame.
Its leaders included Thomas Watson and William Jennings Bryan.
The populists had a series of demands known as the Omaha Platform.
Here are some of the things the Omaha Platform wanted:
An income tax
Direct election of United States Senators
Free coinage of silver (at a rate of 16 ozs.
of silver to one ounce of gold) to encourage inflation
Government ownership of railroads and other large businesses
Fauvism (French for The Wild Beasts) was the name of a modern art movement in the early 20th century, led by the painters Henri Matisse and André Derain.
The Fauves were a group of French painters who were influenced by the bright colours used by the Post-Impressionists Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin.
The bright colourful style of painting that they used began around 1900 and continued beyond 1910, but the group was only together for three years, 1905–1907.
In that time they had three exhibitions together.
Their influence has continued  until the present day, and was adopted or influenced many artists who are not usually thought of as fauvists.
Aristarkh Lentulov is one good example.
The American crocodile is a species of crocodile that lives in the Americas.
They usually move from the southern United States to the northern South America.
Its scientific name, Crocodylus acutus, means "Pointy-snouted crocodile".
It is because of the shape of its snout.
The American crocodile is a species of a crocodile with a high adult survival rate.
The American crocodiles can live for a long time.
Like all crocodiles, the American crocodile has four short legs; a long, powerful tail; and scaly skin.
The nostrils, eyes, and ears are on the top of its head, so the rest of the body can be hidden underwater for surprise attacks  Camouflage also helps it catch food.
The snout is longer and narrower than that of the American alligator.
American crocodiles are paler and more grayish than the dark-hued American alligator.
The American crocodile crawls on its belly.
It can also "high walk".
Big ones can run as fast as nearly 16 km/h (10 mph).
They can swim at as fast as 32 km/h (20 mph).
The average length for adult in the continental rivers can be 2.9 to 4 m (9 ft 6 in to 13 ft 1 in) long.
Males weigh up to 382 kg (842 lb).
Females can be 2.5 to 3 m (8 ft 2 in to 9 ft 10 in) and weigh up to 173 kg (381 lb).
American crocodiles are more vulnerable to cold weather than American alligators.
While an American crocodile cannot survive in water temperatures of 7.2 °C (45.0 °F) and below.
American crocodiles will lose consciousness and drown due to hypothermia in that temperature.
American crocodiles have a faster growth rate than alligators.
American crocodiles are a somewhat aggressive crocodile species and have been known to attack humans.
Attacks on humans are rare, but happen more often in Mexico.
The American crocodile's range in southern Florida overlaps with that of the closely related American alligator.
However, while the American alligator's range stretches as far north as Virginia, the American crocodile's range in the United States is confined to southern Florida.
This is because alligators are much better at tolerating cold weather than crocodiles.
The body temperature of alligators has been known to drop to 38 degrees Fahrenheit without any harm at all to the alligator.
However, the American crocodile is better at tolerating saltwater than the alligator.
American crocodiles have regularly been sighted 140 miles away from shore in the Caribbean Sea.
Bagaceratops (meaning "small horned face") was a plant-eating dinosaur that had a bony ridge along the back of its skull.
This ceratopsian dinosaur lived during the late Cretaceous period, roughly 84 to 71 million years ago.
Bagaceratops fossils have been found in Mongolia.
Bagaceratops had a large head, a bulky body, a parrot-like beak, cheek teeth, triangular cheek protuberances, a short snout horn, and a small frill on its head.
This ornithischian (bird-hipped) dinosaur was about 3 feet (1 m) long.
Bagaceratops walked on four short legs (it was a quadruped).
Bagaceratops could eat tough plants; it had powerful jaws and cheek teeth that could chew the food.
Nodosaurus (meaning "knobbed lizard") was a large, armored, quadrupedal (it walked on four legs), tank-like dinosaur.
It lived in the first part of the Upper Cretaceous about 113–98 million years ago.
Three very incomplete Nodosaurus fossils have been found in Wyoming and Kansas; no skulls have been found yet.
It was named by paleontologist Othniel C. Marsh in 1889.
Nodosaurus was about 13 to 20 ft (4-6 m) long.
It was an ornithischian (bird-hipped) dinosaur with bony dermal plates covering the top of its body.
It had four short legs, five-toed feet, a short neck, and a long, clubless tail.
The nodosaurids had no tail club; it is not known how they defended themselves.
The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, also known as the USA Patriot Act is an anti-terrorism law.
It was proposed by the Bush Administration soon after the September 11 attacks.
At that time, President Bush had very high approval ratings and it was clear that most Americans wanted him to do something to stop more terrorism.
The bill passed quickly in Congress, mostly before it had even been fully read.
The act made it much easier to control money terrorists had in bank accounts.
It also made it easier for the government to access people's library and phone records.
The act was criticized by many organizations, particularly the American Civil Liberties Union, for being a threat to Americans' civil liberties and rights.
The Aztec Empire was a large empire in Central America.
It existed between about 1345 AD and 1521 AD.
When the Empire was largest, it spread across most of Mesoamerica.
During that time, the Aztecs built one of the world's most advanced societies.
The Aztec Empire was also very powerful.
Its warriors took over many nearby states and helped spread Aztec culture and religion across Mesoamerica.
However, in 1519, Spanish conquistadors came to the Aztec Empire.
With help from the Aztecs' enemies, the Spanish fought the Aztecs for control of their empire.
On August 13, 1521, the Aztec Empire fell apart and the Spanish took over.
They made the area a Spanish colony and renamed it New Spain.
Before the Aztec Empire existed, the indigenous (native) people in central Mesoamerica lived in many separate city-states.
Around 1100 AD, these city-states started to fight each other for power and control of the area's land.
By about 1400, two city-states had grown into small empires.
It became the capital city of the Aztec Empire, and its ruler became the 'high king' of the entire Empire.
From 1430 onward, the Aztec Empire grew.
Its military took over most of what is now northern Mexico.
At this point, the Aztec Empire controlled 135,000 square kilometres (almost 84,000 square miles) of Mesoamerica.p.453
When the Aztecs took over a state, they would take prisoners for ritual human sacrifice in Tenochtitlan.
The state would also have to pay the Aztec Empire "tributes" (almost like taxes).
As the Aztecs took over more and more states, these tributes made them very rich.
Sometimes, when the Aztecs took over a state, they would bring that state and its people into the Aztec Empire.
However, if a state was on the edge of the Empire, the Aztecs might let it stay its own state.
They did this so they would have other states around the Empire, protecting them from an invasion by other powerful states.
The Aztecs had built their capital city right on a lake called Lake Texcoco.
At its most powerful, the Aztec Empire controlled about 11,000,000 people.
Among these people, there were different social classes with different social statuses.
By age 15, all children in the Aztec Empire had to go to school, no matter what social class they were in.
This was very unusual for the time.
In other places, like Europe, only boys were allowed to go to school, and only rich people could pay to send their children to school.
Until they were 15, children were taught by their parents.
Once they turned 15, all children had to go to school.
For most boys, the most important part of going to school was to make them the best possible warriors for the Empire.
Children of commoners went to schools called telpochcalli ('youth houses').
Boys got military training, while girls were taught how to do religious ceremonies.
Both boys and girls were also taught about Aztec religion, morals, and history.
They also learned singing, dancing, and public speaking.
The nobles' children went to a school called a calmecac.
Its goal was to get the children ready for jobs as the Empire's leaders.
These included jobs as military or government leaders; priests; scholars; teachers; and healers.
These schools taught about things like astronomy, geometry, mathematics, debate, law, music, poetry, architecture, agriculture, and war.
Boys had to eat and sleep at their schools.
They usually started at age 15 and left around age 20 to get married.
Girls could become priestesses or work in medicine, helping other women give birth.
When a young person was ready to get married, their education would end.
This usually happened in their late teenage years or early twenties.
Especially with nobles, marriages were arranged.
This meant children's parents, or possibly other older people in the community, would choose who a person married.
Many marriages among noble youth were arranged as a power strategy (for example, to unite an Aztec with a family from a state that was recently taken over).
Marriage ceremonies lasted four days.
Aztec men were allowed to have other wives as well as concubines.
However, they were also expected to raise their sons, which was unusual for ancient societies (where women usually did all of the child-raising).
Aztec society also gave women rights that few other societies gave at the time.
Even after marrying, an Aztec woman's property and money were still her own; they did not go to her husband.
Women were also allowed to work in medicine, education, religion, and trade.
The Aztecs had strict rules and punishments for people who broke Aztec morals.
For example, things like disorderly conduct (causing trouble in public), drunkenness, could be punished by execution.
All adult men in the Empire had to be in the Aztec military.
Men from states that had alliances with the Aztecs also fought in the Aztec military.
So did some men from states that the Aztecs had taken over.
Because of this, the Aztec military was large and powerful.
At this time, most battles were fought in big cities.
If an army took over one of a state's biggest cities, it was then allowed to take control over all the land around those cities.
Aztec warriors protected themselves with thick cotton armour.
They also had shields made of wood or reeds, and covered in dried animal skins.
Macuahuitl: A very sharp sword, with a point made of obsidian, which can be sharpened like glass.
This sword could also be used as a club
Atlatl: A weapon used to throw spears or darts
Bows and arrows
The Aztecs were pantheistic, meaning they believed in many different gods.
The Aztecs set up temples specifically to honor these gods at the top of the pyramid in Technochtitlan.
However, they also worshipped hundreds of other gods.
Each one controlled some part of human life (like Quetzalcoatl, the god of learning and civilization), or some part of nature (like Zipe Totec, the god of springtime and regrowth).
In the Aztecs' religion, the sun was very important.
The Aztecs believed that the world went through five stages, and each had its own sun.
At the end of each stage, the gods would destroy the world and create a new one  but only four times.
They thought they were living in the fifth and last stage, and that the gods could decide to destroy the world at any minute.
Keeping the gods happy
The Aztecs did many things to try to honor the gods and keep them happy.
For example, they threw festivals, had banquets, made statues, and buried valuable items, all as offerings to the gods.
They did penance, like cutting themselves and letting blood run out, to try to get the gods to forgive them for whatever they might have done wrong.
They did ritual sacrifice of animals (killing the animals as part of a religious ritual).
Taking out their heart
Cutting off their head
Making them fight against many of the Aztecs' best warriors until they were killed
Some historians say the Aztecs had a "culture of war."
This means that everything focuses on making people into good warriors and people who support war.
One textbook says:
However, there were many parts to the Aztec culture.
They studied astrology and used the movements of the planets and the stars to create different calendars.
They understood and taught things like mathematics and poetry.
They had a complex view of religion, the universe, and many other things.
Aztec culture respected and appreciated art.
They collected pieces of art from all over their Empire to decorate Tenochtitlan.
They also formed guilds of artisans  people who specialized in making certain kinds of art.
They made paintings, pottery, carvings, and many other things.
They used all sorts of materials, including gold, silver, amethyst, wood, and stone.
Huge stone sculptures were a popular type of art.
Aztec artists made their pyramid and other stone buildings into art too, by carving into them.
The Aztecs used symbolism in their art.
They even used art as propaganda.
For example, when they took over a state, they would build temples and statues with Aztec symbols on them.
They also used paintings that showed Aztec rulers as being close to the gods, doing what the gods wanted them to do.
This art spread Aztec religion and culture, and also reminded states that had been taken over just how powerful the Aztec Empire was.
From 1519-1521, Spanish conquistadors, led by Hernán Cortés, defeated the Aztec Empire.
They made the Empire into a Spanish colony which they called New Spain.
However, soon, while Cortés was away, Spanish soldiers attacked and killed many Aztecs during a festival.
The Aztecs fought back, and they killed two out of every three Spanish soldiers.
The conquistadors left Tenochtitlan.
Ten months later, Cortés came back to Tenochtitlan with more soldiers.
They started a siege of Tenochtitlan, so that no food or supplies could get in.
After 91 days, without any food, and with disease throughout the city, the new emperor Cuauhtemoc finally surrendered to the Spanish on August 13, 1521.
The Spanish destroyed Tenochtitlan.
The Aztec Empire had ended.
1345 establishments
Elf was an American rock band that was active between 1967 and 1975.
The band was previously called the Electric Elves.
They released their first album, Elf, in 1972.
The album was co-produced by Ian Paice and Roger Glover, who would later work with Elf's lead singer Ronnie James Dio in the band Rainbow.
Elf (1972)
Carolina County Ball (1974)
Trying To Burn The Sun (1975)
The Gargantuan (1978)
The Elf Albums (1991)
Jason Matthew Jaspers (born April 8, 1981 in Thunder Bay, Ontario), is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who is currently playing for Kölner Haie (the Cologne Sharks) of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga.
Playin career
Jaspers was drafted 71st overall by the Phoenix Coyotes in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft.
He was drafted from the Sudbury Wolves of the Ontario Hockey League.
Jaspers made his professional start in the 2001–02 season with the Coyotes affiliate the Springfield Falcons of the American Hockey League.
Jaspers made his National Hockey League (NHL) start in the same season, after he received his first NHL assignment on January 20, 2002.
Jaspers then spent the next four years primarily with the Falcons of the American Hockey League.
Unable to make the NHL regularly he was traded by the Coyotes to the Tampa Bay Lightning for Jarrod Skalde on July 25, 2005.
Jason however, never played a game with the Lightning, playing for their affiliate coincidentally still the Springfield Falcons.
Jaspers finally left the Falcons, ranking second in all-time appearances, in the 2006–07 season when he signed with German team Adler Mannheim, on July 6, 2006.
After three years with Adler Mannheim signed on 6 April 2009 with Kölner Haie.
In July 2008 Jason married his highschool sweetheart, Morgan McKee.
Morgan is from Sudbury, Ontario where Jason played junior hockey for the Sudbury Wolves.
Currently they have no children and live in Germany.
1999–00 OHL  Plus/minus Award
1999–00 OHL  Second All-Star Team
Sir Jacob Epstein KBE (10 November 1880 – 19 August 1959) was an American-born British sculptor, a pioneer of modern sculpture.
He was born in the United States, and moved to Europe in 1902, becoming a British citizen in 1911.
He often produced controversial works which challenged taboos on what was appropriate subject matter.
His portrait heads were traditional, but much of his other work was modernist.
He also made paintings and drawings, and often exhibited his work.
The sculptures Ecce Homo (Old Coventry Cathedral) and Rock Drill (1913–1914, Museum of Modern Art, New York City), are famous and important, but we have no images of them.
On view in the Strand, London near Trafalgar Square, are his sculptures for Zimbabwe House.
There are a number of his busts (sculptures of heads) in the National Portrait Gallery, also near Trafalgar Square.
Gilboa, Raquel 2009. ...
And there was sculpture; Epstein's formative years (1880-1930), Lonodn, 2009
Silber, Evelyn 1984.
The sculpture of Epstein, London, 1984
British artists
Galvanizing is the coating of a metal with a more reactive metal to stop corrosion.
Normally zinc is used to coat iron.
The zinc coating corrodes instead of the iron, stopping the iron from corroding.
Even if the zinc is scratched, it does not corrode.
Metal corrodes after the paint is scratched.
The zinc eventually corrodes all the way and then the iron starts corroding.
Galvanizing can happen in two ways.
There is hot dip galvanising, where the object is dipped in a pool of liquid zinc.
This makes a thicker coating that lasts a long time.
It does not have a shiny clean surface, though, so some people would not like it as much.
There is also electro-galvanizing.
This is the electroplating of zinc onto an object.
It is shiny but thinner, so it does not last as long.
Brookhaven National Laboratory is a laboratory in the United States at Long Island, New York.
It is on the former location of Camp Upton, a US army camp.
It was opened in 1947.
It is in the greater area of the town of Brookhaven.
Its motto is "Passion for discovery".
The Laboratory was originally owned by the Atomic Energy Commission.
It is now owned by the US Department of Energy.
There are about 3000 people working there.
Several people there have won Nobel Prize awards.
The National Institutes of Health is part of the United States Department of Health and Human Services.
It is their agency for research.
There are 27 separate institutes and offices.
Each of them are for separate areas of health which they research.
Most of them are in Bethesda, Maryland.
The NIH made vaccines against hepatitis, Haemophilus influenzae (HIB) and human papillomavirus.
The current Director of the NIH is Francis Collins since 2009.
The Los Angeles Times is a newspaper.
It is the second largest newspaper in the United States.
It is published in Los Angeles, California.
It is the fourth most popular newspaper in the United States.
It was created in 1881.
The bugle is a very simple brass instrument.
It has no valves or other mechanisms, the only way the player has to control the pitch is changing the shape of his lips.
This means that only notes from the harmonic series can be played.
The bugle comes from instruments made from animal horns.
The earliest bugles were shaped in a loop – usually a double loop, but sometimes triple or single – similar to the modern French horn, and were usually used to send messages during hunts.
Predecessors and relatives of the developing bugle included the post horn, the Pless horn, and the bugle horn.
The first use of a brass horn as a military signal was the Halbmondblaser, meaning "half-moon blower", used in Hanover in 1758.
It was U-shaped (this is where its name comes from) and easily carried with a shoulder strap.
It first arrived in England in 1764 where it was slowly it became used often by foot soldiers.
Cavalry did not normally use a proper bugle, but instead used an early trumpet that made a sound which was easier to hear from nearby, but travelled less far.
The bugle is used mainly in the military where the bugle call is used to make announcements.
A long time ago, the bugle was used in the cavalry to pass instructions from officers to soldiers during battle.
In the Bible, bugles are found in the time of Moses, when God commanded Moses to 'make two bugles of hammered silver' in Numbers 10:1-3.
They were used to assemble the leaders and to give marching orders to the camps.
In the drum and bugle corps the bugle has changed from its military origins, and now has valves.
In American drum and bugle corps, G is considered the traditional key for bugles to be pitched in.
However, current rules in both Drum Corps International and Drum Corps Associates define a bugle as a brass instrument in any key, with 0 to 4 valves, and bell front.
The bugle is also used in the Boy Scouts.
They use some of the same calls as the military, but not all.
The cornet is sometimes wrongly considered to be the "valved version" of the bugle, although it comes from the French cornet de poste (post horn).
19th century versions based on the original bugle included keys and valves.
Keyed bugles were invented in England in the early 19th century, with a patent for one design, the Royal Kent bugle, taken out by Joseph Halliday in 1811.
This bugle was highly popular and widely in use until around 1850 – for example, in works by Richard Willis, later bandmaster of the United States Military Academy Band at West Point.
This version of the bugle stopped being used when the valved cornet was invented.
Pitches of bugles
Soprano bugle (high pitch)
Alto bugle (medium pitch)
Baritone bugle (tenor pitch)
Contrabass bugle (bass pitch)
Ralph T. Dudgeon, The Keyed Bugle, Scarecrow Press, 2004,
Janet Chiefari, Introducing the Drum and Bugle Corps, Olympic Marketing Corp, 1982,
Evolution of the Bugle
Bugle in C by Thomas Key and William Trayls, London, 1811 at The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Trevor Daniel Johansen (born March 30, 1957 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played 286 games in the National Hockey League.
Johanssen was drafted with the 12th overall pick in the 1977 NHL Entry Draft by the Toronto Maple Leafs.
In addition the Maple Leafs he also spent time with the Colorado Rockies, and Los Angeles Kings.
James "Jim, Bud" Jarvis (December 7, 1907 – May 7, 1983) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger who played three seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL).
His time in the NHL included playing for the Pittsburgh Pirates, Philadelphia Quakers and Toronto Maple Leafs.
Henry Spencer Moore OM CH FBA (30 July 1898 – 31 August 1986) was an English sculptor and artist in the modern art genre.
He was best known for his abstract monumental sculptures, which are public works of art in many places around the world.
His forms are usually abstractions of the human figure, typically mother-and-child or reclining figures.
Moore's works usually suggest the female body, apart from a phase in the 1950s when he did family groups.
His forms are generally pierced or have hollow spaces.
Some think the undulating form of his reclining figures reflect the landscape and hills of his birthplace, Yorkshire.
Moore was born in Castleford, the son of a mining engineer.
He became known for his larger-scale abstract cast bronze and carved marble sculptures.
His large-scale commissions made him exceptionally rich.
Yet he lived carefully and most of the money he earned went towards endowing the Henry Moore Foundation.
This supports education and promotion of the arts.
He did some work in architecture.
in 1955 Moore did his only work in carved brick, "Wall Relief" at the Bouwcentrum in Rotterdam.
The brick relief was sculpted with 16,000 bricks by two Dutch bricklayers under Moore's supervision.
It was built in the end of 13th century and belonged to  Esterházy family.
Flotation is a process where gas bubbles are injected at the bottom of a tank containing a mixture of a liquid and solid particles to separate the solid particles from the liquid.
When the gas bubbles move along the liquid mixture, the solids particles stick to the surface of the bubbles.
The bubbles form a foam at the surface of the liquid: this foam contains the solid particles, so after the flotation process the solids can be removed just cleaning the liquid from this foam.
Flotation is used to separate sulfide ores from the impurities in the ore (gangue).
A detergent is added to the mixture and it is stirred.
The sulfide minerals float, while the gangue sinks to the bottom and is removed.
This is used in making zinc, where zinc sulfide (sphalerite) is a major zinc ore.
When minerals are collected, the ore that is wanted is found only in small amounts.
Flotation is used to concentrate the ore.
The ore floats while the gangue sinks to the bottom.
Sometimes minerals thought of as gangue are later recovered and used.
The arctic willow (salix arctica) is a kind of willow plant.
It grows to less than 6 inches tall.
The leaves are pale green with white hairs on top.
Jepson Manual – Salix arctica
A phylogenetic analysis was presented in an abstract in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology in 2005.
The analysis decided the specimen was a close relative of Sinornithoides.
This dinosaur is very significant because it is the oldest known troodontid from North America.
Until the discovery of Lori, troodontids were believed to have first originated and evolved in Asia and then migrated to North America.
Most troodontids were discovered in Asia, and the previously oldest known troodontids, from the Lower Cretaceous, lived there.
The capital city is Niigata.
National Parks are established in about 25% of the total land area of the prefecture.
Yahiko-jinja, Kota-jinja, Amatsu-jinja and Watatsu-jinja are the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.
Niigata Prefecture website
Panoplosaurus was a herbivore (a plant-eater).
It ate low-lying plants, like ferns and cycads.
This nodosaurid ankylosaur (with no tail club) was about 23 ft (7 m) long and weighed about 3.5 tons.
It had a bulky body, four short legs, a short neck, and a stiff tail.
Polacanthus was an armoured, spiked, plant-eating dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous, about 132 to 100 million years ago.
Polacanthus means "many spines."
Some paleontologists think that Polacanthus is the same genus as Hylaeosaurus.
Fossils of this ankylosaurid have been found in England.
Polacanthus was about 12 feet (4 m) long and about 4.8 feet (1.5 m) tall.
It was a bulky quadruped that relied on its many rows of bony spikes for protection.
No head is known for this genus.
Earl Warren (March 19, 1891 – July 9, 1974)  was an American lawyer, judge and politician.
He served as Governor of California from 1943 to 1953.
Warren ran for Vice-President in 1948 as a Republican, but lost to Alben W. Barkley in a close election.
Warren was born in Los Angeles and grew up in Bakersfield before moving to Oakland.
He served in World War I.
In 1925, he became District Attorney of Alameda County, and later Attorney General of California.
In 1953, he became Chief Justice of the United States.
He was Chief Justice when the Supreme Court issued Brown v. Board of Education and Miranda vs. Arizona.
These two cases were very important civil rights cases in the United States.
Warren was also in control of the Warren Commission.
It looked into a possible conspiracy in the killing of President Kennedy.
Warren retired from the Court in 1969, and died in Washington, D.C., in 1974.
Politicians from Los Angeles
Lawyers from Los Angeles
Abstract art is modern art which does not represent images of our everyday world.
It has colour, lines and shapes (form), but they are not intended to represent objects or living things.
Often the artists were influenced by ideas and philosophies of abstraction.
Abstract art is found in painting and in sculpture.
There are also many works of art which are partly abstract, and partly representational.
Many artists worked in abstract and other types of modern art.
Purely abstract art is a 20th-century invention.
It grew out of the earlier forms of modern art, but it is perhaps the one movement which is absolutely modern.
It has no roots in earlier art (as we use the term today).
One of the first to achieve complete abstract paintings was Kazimir Malevich, who presented a completely black square in 1913.
He was a Suprematist, an art movement based on simple geometrical shapes.
Art based on geometry is a kind of geometric abstraction.
Wassily Kandinsky painted a famous work Composition VII in 1913, which was completely abstract and very complex.
The case of Manierre Dawson, an American from Chicago, is very interesting.
During a tour of Europe in 1910, he started painting true abstract works.
Back in the United States, he became convinced that he could not earn a living at art, and became a farmer.
He was forgotten until a rediscovery in 1963.
He may have been the first person to paint a completely abstract work.
There are many hundreds of other artists who painted abstracts.
Piet Mondrian and the sculptor Henry Moore deserve mention for their wide influence on other artists.
After World War II, abstract art became a dominant form of art in the United States, with some outstanding exponents.
Immigrants such as Mondrian, Max Ernst and Mark Rothko, and native-born Americans such as Barnett Newman and Jackson Pollock became almost household names.
Abstract expressionism is the name given to the American post-World War II art movement.
It was the first specifically American movement to achieve worldwide influence and put New York City at the center of the western art world, a role formerly filled by Paris.
The term was used in 1919, but is more widely used for American work of the 1940s to 1960s.
Of the previous generation of painters, Kandinsky is most clearly an abstract expressionist.
Technically, an important predecessor was surrealism, with its Freudian emphasis on dreams, and on spontaneous, automatic or unconscious creation.
Jackson Pollock's dripping paint onto a canvas laid on the floor is a method of using spontaneity.
It was novel, and brought into play several factors.
Action: movements, how the artist worked.
Automatism and the unconscious: the work was planned, but details were not.
"At a certain moment the canvas began to appear to one American painter after another as an arena in which to act.
What was to go on the canvas was not a picture but an event".
Abstract expressionist paintings share certain characteristics.
The artists use large canvases, sometimes very large.
There is an "all-over" approach: the whole canvas is treated with equal importance, as opposed to the center being of more interest than the edges.
The canvas as the arena became a credo of Action painting, while the integrity of the picture plane became a credo of the Color field painters.
Five things to know
"It was the product of an extraordinary time": a common experience of artists living in 1940s New York
"It took scale to new levels": the artworks were very large.
"It made the viewer part of the art".
This one is not everyone's experience.
"It resisted traditional confines".
For example, an all-over composition instead of a central focal point.
"Its artists were close but independent".
Each had their own unique style.
Action painting
Colour field painting
Paintings mainly of coloured shapes of a geometric or bulbous kind.
Examples: Mark Rothko, Barnett Newman, Josef Albers
William Odd "Red" Johansen (July 27, 1928 – March 21, 2001) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre.
The high point of his career was one game played in the National Hockey League for the Toronto Maple Leafs.
He was born in Oslo, Norway, and he grew up in Port Arthur, Ontario.
John Robert "Battleship" Kelly (born June 6, 1946) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player who played 425 games in the National Hockey League.
He played for the St. Louis Blues, Pittsburgh Penguins, and Chicago Black Hawks.
Although official NHL records call him Bob Kelly he was commonly known during his NHL playing career as J. Bob Kelly, in an effort to differentiate himself from the Bob Kelly who played primarily with the Philadelphia Flyers at that time.
Myelin is a substance that forms the coating of axons in the brain and the rest of the central nervous system.
This coating is also known as the myelin sheath.
It is a substance made of about 80% lipid and 20% protein.
Its main function is to speed the relay of electricity messages in the nervous system.
It is milky white and slippery in appearance and texture, giving rise to the term white matter in the brain.
Myelin is an important part of proper neural function.
In later life, a process called demyelination can occur, causing poor neural function.
Demyelination may be a cause of Alzheimer's disease.
Multiple sclerosis happens when myelin is damaged.
Dick Kotanen  (born Eino Richard Erwin Kotanen; November 18, 1925 – September 11, 2011) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who played in one National Hockey League game for the New York Rangers during the 1950–51 NHL season.
Kotanen died on November 9th 2011.
Scott Glenndale Martin King (born June 25, 1967 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender.
He played in only two National Hockey League games for the Detroit Red Wings.
He was drafted 10th (190th overall) in the 1986 NHL Entry Draft.
Named to BCJHL Coastal Division First All-Star Team: 1985
Named to Hockey East First All-Star Team: 1988, 1990
Named to Hockey East Second All-Star Team: 1989
Named to ECHL Second All-Star Team: 1993
Riley Cup Champion: (Toledo Storm - 1993)
King's Bio on Detroit Red Wings.com
Chemical composition is the arrangement, type, and ratio of atoms in molecules of chemical substances.
Chemical composition varies when chemicals are added or subtracted from a substance, when the ratio of substances changes, or when other chemical changes occur in chemicals.
Chemical formulas show this information.
The chemical composition of a substance determines the intramolecular forces and properties of the substance.
This means that the way atoms are put together in something determines the color, density, strength, texture and other properties of the thing.
Chemists can use tests to learn the chemical composition of a substance, including a pH test, flammability test, heavy metal test etc.
A particular chemical has a particular ratio of its atoms, allowed by their valence (chemistry).
An example is Hydrogen Fluoride, or HF, which has 1 Hydrogen atom in ratio to every 1 Fluorine atom.
This substance has strong intramolecular forces of attraction because it is a hydrogen bond.
London Zoo is the world's oldest scientific zoo.
It was opened in London on 27 April 1828, and was originally intended to be used as a collection for scientific study.
It was eventually opened to the public in 1847.
Today it has a collection of 673 species of animals, with 19,289 individuals, making it one of the largest collections in the United Kingdom.
It is managed by the Zoological Society of London (ZSL), established in 1826.
It is at the northern edge of Regent's Park, on the boundary line between City of Westminster and Camden (the Regent's Canal runs through it).
The Society also has a larger site at ZSL Whipsnade Zoo in Bedfordshire to which the larger animals such as elephants and rhinos have been moved.
However, the ZSL's nearby Institute of Zoology may get public grants as a scientific institution.
It has an international reputation in bioconservation.
Ramon Sessions (born April 11, 1986) is a professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association (NBA).
He played college basketball at the University of Nevada for three years before entering the 2007 NBA Draft.
The Milwaukee Bucks chose him with the 56the pick of the draft.
On April 14, 2008, Sessions scored 20 points and had 24 assists in a game against the Chicago Bulls.
Although the Bucks lost this game to the Bucks, Sessions set a Bucks record for the most assists by one player in a game.
In September 2009, Sessions signed a contract to join the Minnesota Timberwolves.
The Timberwolves traded him to the Cleveland Cavaliers in July 2010.
Sessions was then traded to the Los Angeles Lakers in March 2012.
The Volkswagen Polo Mk4 is the fourth generation of the small car Volkswagen Polo.
It replaced the Mk3 in early 2002 and featured twin round headlights which remained until its facelift in mid-2005 and in late 2009 was replaced by the Mk5.
The platform of the Mk4 Polo was also used for the SEAT Ibiza, the SEAT Córdoba and the Škoda Fabia.
1.2 40 kW (54 hp) and 44 kW (60 hp)
1.2 12V 47 kW (64 hp) and 51 kW (69 hp)
1.4 16V 55 kW (75 hp), 59 kW (80 hp) and 74 kW (101 hp)
1.4 FSI 63 kW (86 hp)
1.8T GTI 110 kW (150 hp)
1.8T GTI Cup Edition 132 kW (180 hp)
1.4 TDI 51 kW (70 hp), 55 kW (75 hp) and 59 kW (80 hp)
1.9 TDI 74 kW (101 hp) and 96 kW (130 hp)
Polo Mk4
The 'Volkswagen Polo Mk5 is the fifth generation of the small car Volkswagen Polo.
It succeeded the Mk4 in 2009.
The platform of the Mk5 Polo was also used for the Audi A1 and the SEAT Ibiza.
It was facelifted in 2014.
1.2 12V 44 kW (60 hp) and 51 kW (70 hp)
1.4 GTI 132 kW (180 hp)
1.6 TDI 55 kW (75 hp), 66 kW (90 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
Polo Mk5
it:Volkswagen Polo#Quinta serie (6R)
Len Brown (born ) was the 1st mayor of Auckland in New Zealand and a lawyer.
He was elected mayor of Manukau in October 2007, the second time he ran for that office.
He won the 2010 Auckland mayoral election on 9 October 2010 and was sworn in as mayor of Auckland on 1 November 2010.
His term ended in 2016.
He was born in Taumarunui, and his family moved to Otara in Auckland when he was seven years old.
He attended Mayfield Primary School, Papatoetoe Intermediate School and De La Salle College.
He has fond memories of his early life, saying "they were generous, generous days".
His life growing up has been described as centred on family, church, school and community, while parents Tom and Ngaire were described as strong believers in social equity and social justice as well as active in the community life.
While he did not grow up in Auckland, his family often travelled to see relatives there, because his parents had moved to Taumarunui from South Auckland.
Brown worked as a lawyer.
He was a partner at law firm Wynyard Wood, and co-founded the Howick Free Legal Service.
He was first elected to the Manukau City council in 1992, and continued as councillor until 2004 when he did not run for re-election.
He  was also the chairperson of the Counties Manukau Health Council from 1998.
Brown first ran for mayor of Manukau in 2004, and narrowly lost to long serving mayor Sir Barry Curtis; he lost by fewer than 600 votes.
Brown had considered requesting a re-count due to the closeness of the vote, but decided that he had not been close enough to warrant it.
Despite his affiliation with the New Zealand Labour Party since age 17, Brown did not run for election in the 2005 General Election, and instead returned to working for Wynyard Wood.
Mayor of Manukau
Brown announced that he was running to be the Mayor of Manukau in 2006.
Barry Curtis announced that he would not be running for re-election, and Brown's main opposition were former Olympic runner Dick Quax and radio host Willie Jackson.
Brown resigned from Wynard Wood in 2007 to focus on his candidacy full time.
In August 2007, both Quax and Brown were polling "neck and neck".
Brown's campaign was based on several policies, including; capping rates at the cost of inflation, increasing public transport, and working with youth in the region.
Brown won the election in October 2007 with more than 32,000 votes; his next closest rival Dick Quax had less than 18,000, and the election was jokingly called a 'Lenslide' by some.
He was officially sworn in on 26 October 2007 at the Manukau City Council hall.
On 31 May 2008 he suffered a heart attack while at a music awards ceremony, and was admitted to Auckland Hospital.
He had a congenital heart problem that had not been diagnosed before.
Brown had successful heart bypass surgery two days later and made a full recovery, returning to his duties after a few months.
His wife acknowledged that the attack was not stress-related, but rather a family issue, with Len's mother having died from a heart attack at 47.
Mayor of Auckland campaign
In August 2009, Brown stated he would run for the mayoralty of the combined Auckland "super-city" in the Auckland mayoral election, 2010.
Brown announced his candidacy in front of more than 300 supporters at Sorrento in the Park, One Tree Hill, Maungakiekie.
His campaign speech focused on delivering public transport, public ownership of the region's public assets, environmental protection, economic and social development.
He won the position by 60,000 votes over main rival candidate, Auckland City mayor John Banks, on 9 October 2010.
Credit card and expense issues
In June 2010, Brown came under media attention for matters relating to his spending on his council credit card and other council expense claims, which included items of a personal nature like toys, groceries and insect repellent.
His later explanations for these purchases were also examined at a council meeting, where Brown repeatedly slapped his face and got emotional.
An advisor later explained that Brown's emotional behaviour was caused by his use of a Maori tradition, which Brown said was not true.
Another council expense claim included an $810 dinner at a restaurant, but Brown refused to say who was there.
He said that the event was a fundraiser for a local singer for which the Council bought a table, an explanation later supported by the artist.
Brown is married to Shirley Anne Inglis, and has three children.
They live in the Totara Park suburb of Manukau.
New Zealand lawyers
Progressivism is a way of thinking that focuses on social progress.
It is a philosophical movement and political movement.
The idea of progress is the belief that human society is improving over time.
In the 18th century, many philosophers began holding this belief as part of the Age of Enlightenment.
Political movement
Progressive politics generally wants to change government in a new way.
Unlike conservatism which wants to keep government similar.
It most often refers to a political movement in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, called the Progressive Era.
In the United States, these people wanted to change politics, which was at that time run by big business and corrupt political machines.
Most of the people who believed in the Progressive Movement were part of the middle class.
Some of the leaders of the progressive movement were Theodore Roosevelt, Hiram Johnson , William Howard Taft, Robert M. La Follette, Sr.,
Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Howard Dean.
Edgar Louis "Beaver" Laprade (October 10, 1919 – April 28, 2014) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who played for the New York Rangers in the National Hockey League (NHL).
He also spent time with the Port Arthur Bearcats of the Thunder Bay Senior Hockey League.
Born in Mine Centre, Ontario, Edgar was one of Canada's top senior hockey players before joining the NHL.
He helped the Bearcats win the 1940 Allan Cup, before joining the Rangers in 1945.
While with the Rangers, he would win the 1946 Calder Memorial Trophy and the 1950 Lady Byng Memorial Trophy.
He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1993.
The National Recovery Administration (NRA) was an agency in the Federal government of the United States in the 1930s, during the New Deal.
It was formed by the National Recovery Act during the first "Hundred Days" of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
It regulated the economy.
It was the first agencies that could control minimum wages.
It was headed by Hugh S. Johnson, a former general.
The NRA lasted until 1935, when the United States Supreme Court said it was unconstitutional.
1935 disestablishments
The Works Progress Administration (or WPA) was an agency in the United States during the New Deal.
It was formed in 1935, during the "Second New Deal".
It employed more workers than any government agency had before.
It built thousands of roads, schools, and government buildings.
Part of it was the Federal Art Project, which created, such as murals by Diego Rivera and the play The Cradle Will Rock.
The agency was led by Harry Hopkins.
It lasted until World War II.
This program gave millions of people jobs during the great depression.
1935 establishments in the United States
William Hickling Prescott (May 4, 1796 – January 29, 1859) was an American historian who was interested in Spain and the Spanish Empire.
He is known as one of the first great American historians.
Prescott was made almost blind after a boy threw a piece of bread at his eye when he was sixteen.
This meant that he could not work in a normal job.
Prescott's grandfather was William Prescott, a soldier who fought for the United States in the American Revolutionary War.
Prescott grew up in Boston, Massachusetts, which is a city on the east coast of the United States.
When Prescott was 15, he went to Harvard University.
After he got his degree, he studied many different topics, before deciding that he was interested in the history of Spain.
He wrote many books about Spanish history, which were very popular.
His work had a significant impact on the study of the history of Spain.
William H. Prescott was born in Salem, Massachusetts, on May 4, 1796.
He was the oldest of seven children, but four of his brothers and sisters died at a young age.
His parents were William Prescott, Jr., a lawyer, and his wife, Catherine Greene Hickling.
His grandfather William Prescott served as a colonel during the American Revolutionary War.
Prescott first went to school when he was seven.
The family moved to Boston, Massachusetts, in 1808.
Prescott went to Harvard University in 1811, at the age of 15.
He was good at Latin and Greek, but found mathematics difficult.
He graduated from Harvard in 1814.
After he had graduated, Prescott traveled to the island of São Miguel in the Azores, where his grandfather and Portuguese grandmother lived.
After staying there two weeks, he went to London, where he stayed with the famous surgeon Astley Cooper and the eye-expert William Adams.
Prescott found it difficult to write because his eyesight was so poor, so Adams gave him a device called a noctograph to help him.
He visited Hampton Court Palace with John Quincy Adams, who was a diplomat in London.
Adams later became President of the United States.
In 1816, Prescott travelled in France and Italy.
He met an American academic, George Ticknor in Paris.
Ticknor became a very good friend of Prescott.
Prescott returned to America in December 1816.
He spent the next four years studying Italian and Spanish literature.
He also married Susan Amory, the daughter of Thomas Coffin Amory and Hannah Rowe Linzee, on May 4, 1820.
In the 1820s, Prescott wrote two essays for the North American Review, an American academic journal.
Both were about Italian poetry.
However, Prescott became interested in the history of Spain due to his friend George Ticknor, who had become professor of Spanish studies at Harvard University.
Prescott decided that he wanted to write a book about Ferdinand and Isabella, who were King and Queen of Spain in the early 1500s, in January 1826.
After gathering source material, Prescott started writing  the History of Ferdinand and Isabella in October 1829.
He had finished it by July 1836.
It was published on Christmas Day, 1837 by the American Stationary Company, which was based in Boston, with a print run of 500 copies.
Prescott dedicated the book to his father.
The book sold very well, and was published in London in 1838.
Prescott later made a shortened version of the work.
In recognition of this work, he was awarded three honorary doctorates, by Columbia University, College of William and Mary and South Carolina College.
Prescott wrote three other books on the Spanish Empire.