the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The Rugby World Cup Sevens was the world's premier international contest in the Sevens version of rugby union before the sport was added to the Olympics starting in 2016.
The World Cup was first held for men's teams only in Scotland in 1993; a women's World Cup was added in 2009 when the event was held in Dubai.
Through 2013, the World Cup has been held every four years; after a five-year break for the next tournament in 2018, the four-year cycle will restart.
The trophy for the winners of the men's tournament is the Melrose Cup, named after the Scottish town of Melrose where the first sevens game was played.
The current holders for both men and women are New Zealand, who won in 2013.
The tournament's most recent edition, in Russia in 2013, was planned to be the last.
In October 2009, the International Olympic Committee voted to add men's and women's rugby sevens to the Summer Olympics starting in 2016.
World Rugby (then known as the International Rugby Board, or IRB), which runs rugby union around the world, said in September 2009 that it would no longer hold a World Cup if the sport would be part of the Olympics.
However, the IRB changed its mind, saying in 2013 that the World Cup would be kept.
The next World Cup will be held in 2018, and from that point will continue every four years.
Men's tournaments
Women's tournaments
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon  (Margaret Rose; 21 August 1930 – 9 February 2002), was the only sibling of Queen Elizabeth II and the younger daughter of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth.
During the 1950’s, she was in a relationship with Peter Townsend which gained much press coverage, hoping they would marry, but ultimately they did not.
In 1960, she married the photographer Anthony Armstrong-Jones, who was made Earl of Snowdon.
They had two children, David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon born in 1961 and Lady Sarah Chatto born in 1964.
After they divorced in 1978, she was known as Princess Margaret Countess of Snowdon; the Earl's new wife was simply the Countess of Snowdon.
Armstrong-Jones died in January 2017, almost 15 years after Margaret.
Around January 2002, it was announced Princess Margaret was admitted to hospital.
She died on 9 February 2002 of a stroke in the  King Edward VII Hospital.
She was cremated so she could be buried next to her beloved father, George VI at St George's Chapel.
her mother Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother survived her by a month, she died on 30 March 2002 aged 101 and was also buried in St George's Chapel.
21 August 1930 – 11 December 1936: Her Royal Highness Princess Margaret of York
11 December 1936 – 3 October 1961: Her Royal Highness The Princess Margaret
3 October 1961 – 9 February 2002: Her Royal Highness The Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
Romain Maes (10 August 1912 in Zerkegem– 22 February 1983 in Groot-Bijgaarden) was a Belgian cyclist.
He won the 1935 Tour de France.
Some claim that he also won the 1936 Paris-Roubaix race, and that Georges Speicher was credited as winning by mistake.
An heir (female: heiress) is a person who has inherited something after the original owner's death.
Most often a child after his or her parent's death.
Heir apparent and heir presumptive usually refer to someone who will inherit a royal or noble title:
An heir apparent is someone who will inherit at the death of the present title holder.
A Crown Prince is an heir apparent to the throne in a monarchy.
An heir presumptive is someone who may inherit, unless someone with a better claim under the rules of succession is found.
Queen Elizabeth II's oldest son is Prince Charles, so he is her heir apparent.
Queen Elizabeth II (when she was still called Princess Elizabeth) was heiress presumptive to her father King George VI, because she was his oldest daughter and he had no sons.
She was not his heir apparent, though, because if the king ever had a son he would have taken over as heir apparent.
Prince Bertil of Sweden was heir presumptive to his nephew King Carl XVI Gustav.
The King's son, Prince Carl Philip became heir apparent when he was born, but because the law of succession changed his sister Princess Victoria became the world's first heiress apparent.
Monarchies that have used the title
The Armenia national football team is the national football team of Armenia.
After the split of the Soviet Union, they played their first match against Moldova on 12 October 1992.
Most appearances
Michel de Nostredame (14 or 21 December 1503 – 2 July 1566), also known as Nostradamus, was a French apothecary (or pharmacist) and allegedly a doctor.
He was born in Provence.
He is famous as a 'seer' who wrote collections of prophecies that have since become famous around the world.
His best known book was called Les Propheties (The Prophecies) and first appeared in 1555.
Since its first publication the book has rarely been out of print.
Over the years, many people have come to believe that Nostradamus predicted a range of events in history.
People often reached this conclusion by applying methods similar to the Bible code - i.e. by twisting the texts in such a way as to suggest that they predicted the future.
He died of edema in Provence.
Most academics say that these associations between Nostradamus' quatrains and world events are the result of misinterpretations, or bad translations, that are so far-fetched that they are useless as a source of genuine prediction.
What is more, no interpretation has yet managed to predict any event before it happened.
Fake Nostradamus prophecies
Some people have written prophecies that were wrongly assumed to be by Nostradamus.
For example, in 1997 a college student in Canada wrote an essay that included a fake English quatrain (a four-line verse) written in the same style that Nostradamus used in French.
The quatrain ended up on the Internet, where it was soon assumed that it was a verse by Nostradamus himself predicting the events of 9/11.
So many people e-mailed it to their friends, thinking that it was by Nostradamus, that the associated websites and discussion forums were soon overwhelmed.
Lemesurier, Peter, The Nostradamus Encyclopedia, 1997; The Unknown Nostradamus, 2003; Nostradamus: The Illustrated Prophecies, 2003
1503 births
1566 deaths
French physicians
Writers from Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur
Convective cells may form in the surrounding area of troughs and give birth to a tropical cyclone.
Some tropical or subtropical areas, such as the Philippines or south China are greatly affected by convection cells along a trough.
In the mid-latitude westerlies, troughs and ridges often exchange with each other, especially when upper-level winds are in a high-amplitude pattern.
For a trough in the westerlies, the region just west of the trough axis is typically an area of convergent winds and descending air - and hence high pressure - while the region just east of the trough axis is an area of fast, divergent winds and low pressure.
Tropical waves are a type of trough in easterly currents, a cyclonic northward deflection of the trade winds.
fi:Matalan sola
The QuikSCAT (Quick Scatterometer) is an earth-observing satellite that provides wind speed and direction information over oceans to NOAA.
It is a "quick recovery" mission to fill the gap created by the loss of data from the NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) that was lost in June 1997.
It is in a sun-synchronous low-earth orbit.
Because of the 2003 failure of the ADEOS II satellite that was meant to succeed the NSCAT, QuickSCAT is currently the only US-owned instrument in orbit that measures surface winds over the oceans.
The European Space Agency has its own scatterometers in orbit, such as Envisat.
The Zakarids (Armenian: Զաքարյաններ, Zakaryanner; Georgian: მხარგრძელები, Mkhargdzelebi) were a noble Armenian family in medieval Armenia and Georgia.
Bermuda International Airport , also known as L.F. Wade International Airport, is an airport in Bermuda, an overseas territory of the United Kingdom in the north Atlantic Ocean.
In 2006, L.F. Wade International Airport handled about 900,000 passengers, up 7% from 2005.
It has one passenger terminal, one cargo terminal, and eight aircraft stands.
It can support all aircraft sizes up to and including the Boeing 747.
Currently, ten airlines operate services to Bermuda Airport from Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
The largest aircraft now operating in regularly scheduled service at BDA are British Airways' Boeing 777-200s.
Airports in the United Kingdom
Mikhail Saakashvili (; born December 21, 1967) is a Georgian politician and was the President of Georgia.
As of 2020 he is head of National Reform Council of Ukraine.
In October 2021, Mikheil Saakashvili, was arrested after returning illegally to his country, after being in exile outside Georgia since 2013.
A gesture he explained by his willingness to fight alongside his compatriots in the country.
Presidents of Georgia
Politicians from Tbilisi
Waltham is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States.
The population was 59,226 at the 2000 census.
Waltham official website
Sea surface temperature (SST) is the water temperature at the surface.
In practical terms, the exact meaning of "surface" will vary according to the measurement method used.
A satellite infrared radiometer indirectly measures the temperature of a very thin layer (about 10 micrometres thick) or skin of the ocean (leading to the phrase skin temperature) representing the top millimeter; a thermometer attached to an already fastened or wandering buoy in the ocean would measure the temperature at a specific depth (e.g. the top 1 meter below the sea surface); the measurements regularly made from ships are often from the engine water intakes and may be at various depths in the upper 20 m of the ocean.
Note that the depth of measurement in this case will vary with the cargo aboard the vessel.
A national language is a language which is the national identity of a nation.
A national language is used for political and legal discourse.
The Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum is a museum that deals with the history of country music.
The museum is located in Nashville, Tennessee, United States.
The museum also honors the major people in the history of country music.
The Country Music Hall of Fame - official site
Buildings and structures in Tennessee
The current flag of Iran was started to be used on July 29, 1980, and is a similar of changes brought to Iran by the Islamic Revolution.
The simple design of the flag is three horizontal bands of green above white above red, symbolizing Islam, peace, and courage.
Real Zaragoza is an Aragonese football Club.
The club competes in La Liga (the Spanish Premier League).
It was established in 1932 when Zaragoza CD and Iberia FC join to create Real Zaragoza.
Its home stadium is La Romareda in the city of Zaragoza.
1932-1941 Zaragoza F.C.
1941-present Real Zaragoza
Everton Tigers are an English professional basketball team.
They play in Liverpool.
The Tigers are a part of the British Basketball League (BBL).
The Tigers play at the Greenbank Sports Academy.
Some of the Everton Tigers players are Mohamed Niang, Delme Herriman, and Chris Haslam.
Sport in England
The Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester (also known more simply as The Eastman School, Eastman, or ESM) is a music conservatory in Rochester, New York, in the United States.
It is said to be one of the best schools for teaching music in the world.
Schools in New York
Buildings and structures in New York
Henry Morgenthau, Sr. (
April 26, 1856 – November 25, 1946)was a German-born American businessman and United States ambassador.
He is most known by his job as ambassador to the Ottoman Empire during World War I. He was father of the politician, Henry Morgenthau, Jr. and the grandfather of Robert M. Morgenthau, the current District Attorney of New York County, and historian Barbara Tuchman.
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Persians  <small>
|rawimage =
|population =  52.5
|region1 =  Iran
|pop1 = 49,312,834 (61–65% of total population)
|ref1 =Library of Congress, Library of Congress – Federal Research Division. "
Ethnic Groups and Languages of Iran".
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Iran.pdf.
Retrieved 2009-12-02.
|region5 =  Turkey
|pop5 = 618,000
|ref5=
|region6 =  Iraq
|pop6 = 15,405,000
|ref6=
|region8 =  USA
|pop8 = 331,000
|ref8 =
|region9 =  Israel
|pop9 = 250,000
|ref9 =
|region10 =  UAE
|pop10 = 238,250
|ref10 =
|region11 =  Germany
|pop11 = 200,000
|ref11 = GTZ: Migration and development – Afghans in Germany : estimate for Tajiks based on total of 100,000 Afghans in Germany.
|region12 =  Canada
|pop12 = 173,760
|ref12 = This figure only includes Tajiks from Afghanistan.
The population of people with descent from Afghanistan in Canada is 48,090 according to Canada's 2006 Census.
Tajiks make up an estimated 33% of the population of Afghanistan.
The Tajik population in Canada is estimated from these two figures.
Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada .
|region13 =  Russia
|pop13 = 172,303
|ref13 =
|region14 =  Qatar
|pop14 = 160,000
|ref14 =
|languages = Persian , Luri
|religions = Primarily Shia Islam, Sunni Islam, SufismIrreligion, Christianity, Bahá'í, Judaism, Zoroastrianism
|related =
The Persians''' are an Iranic ethnic group who speak the Persian language.
They share the same culture and history.
In  Western writings, it is common to name all ancient Iranic peoples as Persian, although some of them were not of the Persian culture, and did not speak the Persian language.
Persian people include many groups, such as Tats.
Most of them live in Iran.
Louis P. Lochner (born Ludwig) (February 22, 1887 – 1975) was a Pulitzer Prize winning American journalist at the Associated Press.
He won the Pulitzer Prize for his work reporting the news from Nazi Germany.
Louis P. Lochner (1887-1975) Family Collection, 1524-1975: Concordia Historical Institute
A shepherd is someone who looks after sheep.
Shepherds usually take the sheep out into fields so that they can graze (eat the grass).
In the same way, someone who looks after cows is called a “cowherd”.
A "swineherd" looks after pigs and a "goatherd" looks after goats.
A herd is a group of animals. "
Herding" can also mean making a herd of animals go to another place.
A female shepherd is called a “shepherdess”.
Many years ago, when most people lived in the country, shepherding was very common.
Sheep were kept for their milk, meat, and especially their wool.
We know that there were shepherds in some parts of the world thousands of years ago.
A shepherd’s way of life
In many societies shepherds were an important part of the economy.
Unlike farmers, shepherds were often wage earners.
They were paid to watch other people’s sheep.
Shepherds often lived all on their own.
Some were nomads.
Shepherds were most often the younger sons of simple farmers who did not inherit any land.
Still in other societies, each family would have a family member to shepherd its flock, often a child or young person or an old person who was not able to help much with the harder work.
Shepherds often worked with dogs.
The dogs (sheepdogs) were trained to herd the sheep.
Sheepdog trials are still popular today.
The shepherd has to give signs to the dog to tell it exactly where he wants the sheep to go.
A shepherd had a lot of time to sit and think or amuse himself.
He often made simple instruments out of reeds that grew where he sat.
These instruments were often simple pan flutes or just pipes which were similar to bamboo pipes or a modern recorder.
Some shepherds learned to carve instruments out of wood.
An example is the fujara from Slovakia and southern Poland.
Shepherds in the arts
Shepherds often made up music.
This is why composers of classical music very often wrote music which imitated the sound of the shepherd’s pipe.
For example: in Mozart’s opera The Magic Flute the character Papageno, a birdcatcher, plays on his pipes.
In the Symphonie Fantastique Berlioz wrote music which describes a shepherd playing his pipes, and a shepherdess far away the other side of the hill answering his call.
Berlioz used an oboe and a cor anglais for this.
Musicians were not the only people who liked the idea of the life of a shepherd.
Many painters painted scenes in the country with sheep being looked after by a shepherd.
Poets wrote about shepherds.
The shepherd’s way of life was thought to be the ideal way to live.
It was called Arcadian.
Poems like these are called pastoral, after the term for herding.
Some early examples are the Idylls of Theocritus, and the Eclogues of Virgil.
King David was a shepherd before becoming King of Israel.
In the Christian religion Jesus is often called “the good shepherd” because he looks after his people, as a shepherd looks after his sheep.
Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, was one of many prophets who worked as shepherds.
Alsatian (dog)
The group's activities were primarily assassinations of Turkish diplomats and politicians in Western Europe, the United States and the Middle East.
A failed attack in Geneva on October 3, 1980, in which two Armenian militants were injured resulted in a new nickname for the group, the 3 October Organization.
The ASALA's eight point manifesto was published in 1981.
GlobalSecurity site: ASALA
Kevork Vartani Ajemian (Adjemian) (in Armenian Գևորգ Աճեմյան, in Western Armenian Գէորգ Աճեմեան) (May 23, 1932 – December 27, 1998) was an Armenian writer, journalist and public activist, one of the founders of ASALA military organization.
Kevork Ajemian was born in Syria, in the family of Armenian refugees.
In early age he moved to Lebanon, where he studied at the American University of Beirut.
In 1978-1989 Ajemian edited the "Spurk" journal, in 1979 he took part of the First Armenian Congress Organizing Committee (Paris).
Rulling over the Ruins, USA, 1999
A Time for Terror, USA, 2000.
Ajemian at Amazon
Supabarn is a small, cheap supermarket chain which started in Canberra with large shops across the Australian Capital Territory and New South Wales in Australia.
It was known as Supabarn Emporium in the early 2000s before becoming Supabarn Supermarkets in 2004.
It sells traditional, wholefoods,  and  grocery and fresh food items.
It was first opened in the Canberra Centre in 1991 and six more shops have been opened from that time onwards.
Supabarn is one of Canberra's largest employers because it has 750 people in seven shops, with two in Sydney.
Delicatessen: Cheeses, antipasto's, pates, dips and salads with a European style
Seafood: Fish, lobsters, oysters and prawns - all from HACCP approved suppliers
Produce: Fresh and dried fruit and vegetables
Butcher Shop: Meat and chickens
Bakery: Baked items like pies - prepared daily, cakes, pastries and breads
General Merchandise: Kitchenware, bakeware, glassware and other everyday items
Groceries: Normal, organic, gluten-free and gourmet items
Dairy & Frozen Foods: Milk, cheeses, yoghurts, fresh sauces, ready-to-eat meals, ice cream and other dairy and frozen food items
Liquor: Champagnes, wines, imported beers and spirits
Supabarn Supermarkets
Bloomberg profile
This is a list of members of the United Nations.
The list includes the date each country joined the United Nations.
Official list of member states
United Nations, Members of
Rome had been awarded the 1908 Summer Olympics.
However, after the 1906 eruption of Mount Vesuvius, London became the host.
Other possible cities to host the 1960 Summer Olympics were Lausanne, Detroit, Budapest, Brussels, Mexico City and Tokyo; but in 1955, Rome was chosen.
Rome 1960 at Olympic.org
The 1948 Winter Olympics, officially known as the V Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1948 in St. Moritz, Switzerland.
The games started on January 30 1948.
St. Moritz was also the site of the 1928 Winter Olympics.
Sport in Switzerland
1940s in Europe
20th century in Switzerland
The 1932 Winter Olympics, officially known as the III Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1932 in Lake Placid, New York, United States.
The games started on February 4 1932.
The 1932 Winter Olympic Games were going to be in Big Pines, California, but because of poor snow conditions, the games were moved to Lake Placid.
1930s in New York (state)
Winter Olympics 1932
{{Infobox Olympic games|2010|Winter|Olympics|
| host_city   = Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| motto       = With glowing hearts()
| nations     = 82
| athletes    = 2,566 (1044 women, 1522 men)
| events      = 86 in 7 sports (15 disciplines)
| opening     = February 12
| closing     = February 28
| opened_by   = Governor General Michaëlle Jean
| cauldron    = Catriona Le May DoanNancy GreeneWayne GretzkySteve Nash
| stadium     = BC Place
| winter_prev = Turin 2006
| winter_next = Sochi 2014
| summer_prev = Beijing 2008
| summer_next = London 2012
The 2010 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XXI Olympic Winter Games, were the Winter Olympics that were held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 2010.
Both the Olympic and Paralympic Games were organized by the Vancouver Organizing Committee (VANOC).
The XXI Olympic Winter Games were held from February 14 2010 to February 28 2010.
Many of the 2010 events were held in the nearby resort community called Whistler, about an hour's drive north of Vancouver.
The 2010 Winter Olympics is the third Olympics hosted by Canada, and the first by the province of British Columbia.
Previously, Canada was home to the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal and the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary.
The villages of Whistler and Garibaldi bid for the games in 1976 but failed to win.
82 National Olympic Committees had teams in the 2010 Winter Olympics.
Cayman Islands, Colombia, Ghana, Montenegro, Pakistan, Peru and Serbia were in their  first winter Olympics.
Also Jamaica, Mexico and Morocco came back to the Games after missing the Turin Games.
Albania(1)
Algeria(1)
Andorra(6)
Argentina(7)
Armenia(4)
Australia (40)
Austria(81)
Azerbaijan(2)
Belarus(50)
Belgium(9)
Bermuda(1}
Bosnia and Herzegovina(5)
Brazil(5)
Bulgaria(19)
Cayman Islands(1)
Chile(3)
Colombia(1)
Croatia(19)
Cyprus(2)
Czech Republic(92)
Denmark(18)
Estonia(30)
Ethiopia(1)
Finland(95)
France(108)
Georgia(8)
Ghana(1)
Great Britain(52)
Hong Kong(1)
Hungary(16)
Iceland(4)
India(3)
Iran(4)
Ireland(7)
Israel(3)
Italy(109)
Jamaica(1)
Japan(94)
Kazakhstan(38)
North Korea(2)
South Korea(46)
Kyrgyzstan(2)
Latvia(59)
Lebanon(3)
Liechtenstein(7)
Lithuania(8)
Macedonia(4)
Mexico(1)
Moldova(7)
Monaco(6)
Mongolia(2)
Montenegro(1)
Morocco(1)
Nepal(1)
Netherlands(34)
New Zealand(16)
Norway(99)
Pakistan(1)
Peru(3)
Poland(50)
Portugal(1)
Romania(29)
Russia(177)
San Marino(1)
Senegal(1)
Serbia(11)
Slovakia(73)
Slovenia(50)
South Africa(2)
Sweden(106)
Switzerland(146)
Chinese Taipei(1)
Tajikistan(1)
Turkey(5)
Ukraine(47)
Uzbekistan(3)
Fifteen winter sports events were in the 2010 Winter Olympics.
The eight sports grouped as ice sports were: bobsled, luge, skeleton, ice hockey, figure skating, speed skating, short track speed skating and curling.
The three sports grouped as alpine skiing and snowboarding events were: alpine skiing, freestyle skiing and snowboarding.
The four sports grouped as Nordic events were: biathlon, cross-country skiing, ski jumping and Nordic combined.
Numbers in parentheses show the number of medal events for each sport.''
Alpine skiing (10)
Biathlon (10)
Bobsleigh (3)
Cross-country skiing (12)
Curling (2)
Figure skating (4)
Freestyle skiing (6)
Ice hockey (2)
Luge (3)
Nordic combined (3)
Short track speed skating (8)
Skeleton (2)
Ski jumping (3)
Snowboarding (6)
Speed skating (12)
The opening and closing ceremonies and the events grouped as ice sports (excluding bobsleigh, luge and skeleton) were held in Vancouver and Richmond.
The sports grouped as "Nordic events" were held in the Callaghan Valley near Whistler.
All alpine skiing events were held on Whistler Mountain (Creekside) and sliding events (bobsleigh, luge and skeleton) were held on Blackcomb Mountain.
Cypress Mountain was the place for the freestyle skiing (aerials, moguls and ski cross), and all snowboard events (half-pipe, parallel giant slalom, snowboard cross).
Vancouver 2010 was the first winter Olympics that both men's and women's hockey were played on a narrower, NHL-sized ice rink, measuring 200 ft × 85 ft (61 m × 26 m), instead of the international size of 200 ft × 98.5 ft (61 m × 30 m).
The games were played at General Motors Place, home of the NHL's Vancouver Canucks, which was temporarily renamed Canada Hockey Place for the time of the Olympics.
This change saved $10 million in construction costs and allowed an additional 35,000 spectators to attend Olympic hockey games.
However, some European countries felt this would give North American players an advantage since they grew up playing on the smaller NHL-sized rinks.
Canada, the host nation is highlighted in lavender.
Vancouver 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games, official website
The lighting ceremony in Olympia for the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Winter Games.
Government of Canada 2010 Federal Secretariat
Road to the Games | Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic Games | CBC B.C. Feature
CTV Television network Official website
City of Vancouver, official Host City page
The official Whistler website of the Vancouver 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Game
Vancouver 2010 Schedule - Venue Information and Maps
Winter Olympics Vancouver 2010  - News, Tickets, Venues, Sport events, Schedules
February 2010 events
Sexual assault is the act of violation, a process when two people come in contact of a sexual nature, but one of them does not want this contact to happen.
This happens when sexual excitement  damages prefrontal cortex of the offender and experience of dissociative-like symptoms that leaves the person to primitive reflexes.
Evolutionary biologist Randy Thornhill and evolutionary anthropologist Craig Palmer theorize that the primary motive behind sexual assault is sex and signifies the inability of the perpetrator to deal with their own emotions for adaptive response.
A study states "successful inhibition of sexual expressions (restrain, cancel, suppress) is a natural and adaptive reaction to contextual factors against the excitatory expressions (initiate, execute, promote), and enables the regulation of sexual behavior, thereby preventing undesired consequences for the individual and for society."
Another study states that increased sexual excitation and heightened desire are associated with poorly regulated sexuality, and also found that those with decreased response to humorous stimuli had good regulation.
In some cultures being sexually experienced is a required aspect of psychological maturity to achieve balance in desire, and a person lacking it is subjected to stigmatization.
Popularity of online dating applications and their role in the hookup culture of certain societies are an example of it.
Improper balancing between inhibitory and excitatory sexual mechanisms results in a maladaptive sexual response or deregulated sexuality and that further results into socially undesirable consequences.
A 2010-2011 study in the United States of 1058 people aged 14 to 21 found that 8% had sexually assaulted in their lives.
In 66% of cases no one found out and the perpetrator did not get into any trouble.
50% said that their victim was completely to blame.
2% had raped and 3% had tried to rape.
In some cases, one of the people involved may also be unable to consent to the contact.
For example, they might be too young to consent or they may be unconscious.
Rape is one form of sexual assault, but there are others.
Different countries have different definitions of sexual assault.
It is illegal, but often not reported.
People convicted of sexual assault are sometimes sent to prison.
In some places the crime of sexual assault has replaced the crime of rape.
In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, rape is a separate crime to sexual assault.
Sexual assault is a common theme in the bible, and often associated with condemn and punishment.
In Judges 19:22-26, men of Gibeah assaulted an Ephraimite's wife to death and the whole of Israel went against the assaulter's.
In Genesis 19:30-38, Lot, a nephew of Abraham, and a father figure of a family was raped by his daughters.
The 1994 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XVII Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1994 in Lillehammer, Norway.
Other possible host cities were Anchorage, Alaska, USA; Östersund/Åre, Sweden; and Sofia, Bulgaria.
In 1986, the International Olympic Committee voted to change the schedule of the Olympic Games so that the summer and winter games would be arranged in alternating even-numbered years.
Lillehammer won the right to host the event in September 1988 in Seoul before the opening ceremony of the 1988 Summer Olympics.
The Lillehammer Games were held in 1994, the only time the Winter Games have occurred two years after the previous games.
The Lillehammer Olympics are notable for being the last Winter Olympic Games to date to have been held in a town (Lillehammer's population is just 25,000).
Later Winter Olympics were held in larger cities, such as Nagano, Salt Lake City, Turin and Vancouver.
1994 in sports
20th century in Norway
The 1992 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XVI Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1992 in Albertville, France.
Other possible host cities were Anchorage, USA; Berchtesgaden, Germany; Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy; Lillehammer, Norway; Falun, Sweden; and Sofia, Bulgaria.
These were the last Winter Games to be held in the same year as the Summer Games.
They were also the first Games where the Winter Paralympics and the Winter Olympics were held at the same site.
1992 in sports
1990s in France
The 1980 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XIII Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1980 in Lake Placid, New York, United States.
Another possible host city was Vancouver-Garibaldi, British Columbia, Canada; they withdrew before the final vote.
1980 in the United States
1980s in New York (state)
Winter Olympics 1980
The Maya people form a diverse range of the Native American peoples of southern Mexico and northern Central America.
The Mayan civilization was powerful, lasting for over a thousands of years.
Learn more about Maya hieroglyphs  and Maya numbering from the National Gallery of Art
La Pintada, a Maya Chorti village near Copan Ruinas, Honduras
A Day with Modern Mayans in the village of Oxtapacab, Yucatan, Mexico
Ethnic groups in North America
The cor anglais, or English horn, is a double reed instrument in the woodwind family.
It is very similar to an oboe, but as it is longer than an oboe it plays lower notes.
The lowest note of an oboe is B flat (just below Middle C).
The lowest note of a cor anglais is an E natural, a diminished fifth (five notes of a scale, minus a semitone) lower than the oboe's lowest note.
The cor anglais is a transposing instrument pitched in F.  This means that the music sounds a fifth lower than written.
This has the advantage that the cor anglais player uses fingering as if he were playing an oboe, but it will sound a fifth lower.
The bell (the bit at the end of the instrument) is shaped like a pear.
This gives it a less nasal sound (the sound of the cor anglais is less as if played through the nose).
The reed is not fixed to a piece of cork like the oboe reed but it is put straight onto the short piece of metal (called a "bocal") at the top of the instrument.
The word "cor anglais" is a French word which literally means "English horn", but the cor anglais is neither English nor a horn.
No one is sure how it got its name, but many people think it is because the bocal at the top is curved (the French word for curved, "anglé" is pronounced like the word for English "anglais").
Alfred Reed's Russian Christmas Music (1944)
Antonín Dvořák's Symphony No.
9 (1893), the New World Symphony (Largo)
Joaquín Rodrigo's Concierto de Aranjuez (1939) (2nd movement)
Hector Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique (third movement) (1830)
Alexander Borodin's Eine Steppenskizze aus Mittelasien
Topoxte () was a Maya archaeological site in northern Guatemala.
It was the capital city of the Ko’woj Maya.
Topoxte is located on an island on Yaxha Lake across from the important centre of Yaxha.
Archaeological sites in Guatemala
Mayapan was a Maya city.
It is about 100 km away from Chichen Itza.
The Committee of Union and Progress was a political group.
It was made by Bahaeddin Şakir in 1906 during the fall of the Ottoman Empire.
The group was one of the Young Turks.
This group came to power between 1908 and 1918.
At the end of World War I most of its members were court-martialled by the sultan Mehmed VI and imprisoned.
The remnants of the organization were eliminated from the Republic of Turkey during the "assassination of president" trials in 1926.
1906 establishments
1926 disestablishments
ba:Иттихат
kk:Иттихат
The Dardanelles is the narrow strait in northwestern Turkey connecting the Aegean Sea to the Sea of Marmara.
It marks the division between Asia to the East, and Europe to the west.
As a waterway it is highly significant to all countries in the region.
The Dardanelles Campaign, during World War I.
Biescas is a town in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain.
It is on the river Gallego at and altitude of 875 m in the zone known as Tierra de Biescas.
The population is 1240.
There are two churches in the town, the first one, San Pedro's Church is in the neighbourhood of San Pedro and the second one San Salvador's Church in La Peña.
Tierra de Biescas, which includes the towns of Orós Alto, Orós Bajo, Oliván, Escuer Alto, Escuer Bajo and Biescas.
Sobremonte, which includes Aso de Sobremonte, Betés de Sobremonte and Yosa de Sobremonte.
Valley of Tena, where are the towns of Piedrafita de Jaca, Búbal, Polituara and Saqués.
Valley of Gavín, where Gavín is the only one town.
Settlements in Huesca
Municipalities in Aragon
Gloucester (pronounced [ˈglɒstə]) is a city and district in the English county of Gloucestershire.
It is near the Welsh border on the River Severn.
The annual Three Choirs Festival, which started in the eighteenth century and one of the oldest music festivals in Europe, takes place in Gloucester every third year.
The other places the festival is held are Hereford and Worcester.
Gloucester Rugby, founded in 1873, play here.
The team plays in the Guinness Premiership, the top level of English rugby.
Their homeground is Kingsholm.
The North Caucasus is the northern part of the Caucasus region between Europe and Asia.
The term is also used as a synonym for the North Caucasus Economical Region of Russia.
The range stretches for about  from west-northwest to east-southeast, between the Taman Peninsula of the Black Sea to the Absheron Peninsula of the Caspian Sea: from the Western Caucasus near Sochi on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea and reaching nearly to Baku on the Caspian.
Western Caucasus, from the Black Sea to Mount Elbrus
Central Caucasus, from Mount Elbrus to Mount Kazbek
Eastern Caucasus, from Mount Kazbek to the Caspian Sea
In the wetter Western Caucasus, the mountains are heavily forested (deciduous forest up to , coniferous forest up to  and alpine meadows above the tree line).
Geography of Azerbaijan
Geography of Georgia (country)
Mount Elbrus (, ) is a peak in the western Caucasus mountains.
It is in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay-Cherkessia, Russia, near the border of Georgia.
It consists of two peaks.
The western peak has a height of , the eastern peak is  high.
Mount Elbrus is an inactive volcano, with a glacier on top.
The western peak still has a crater with a diameter of about .
No eruptions have been recorded, but there are other signs of volcanic activity, namely hot springs in the area.
There last eruption happened in the first century.
Mount Elbrus is the highest mountain in the Caucasus range, and the highest one on Russian soil.
Mount Elbrus is about  taller than Mont Blanc, which is commonly seen as the highest peak in Europe.
The Caucasus range is generally seen as the border between Europe and Asia.
People disagree on which mountains of the Caucasus are in Europe, and which ones are in Asia.
A common view is to use the watershed as the boundary line.
If this definition is used, Mount Elbrus is in Europe, and its highest mountain.
Mount Elbrus on TierraWiki.org
"Elbrus, Mount."
Encyclopædia Britannica.
14 Nov. 2006 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9032240>.
Computer generated summit panoramas North South index.
There are a few discontinuities due to incomplete data.
Politically the Caucasus are in Europe but topographically they are in Asia.
NASA Earth Observatory pages on Mount Elbrus:  ,
Mount Elbrus live webcam  (view from Mount Cheget) (the web cam is not working)
Climbing Mount Elbrus information
Elbrus Photos (Hundreds of large photographs of Mt. Elbrus and the vicinity)
A trip report
See also: Ranked list of Dominican Provinces
The Dominican Republic has thirty-one (31) provinces (in Spanish, provincias).
The President of the Republic appoints a Civil Governor (Gobernador Civil) in every province.
The only function of the Governor is to represent the President of the Republic in the province.
The people who live in the province elect one Senator (Senador) and at least two (2) Representatives (Diputados) for the National Congress.
The National District (Distrito Nacional) is similar to a province but without a Civil Governor and with only one municipality, Santo Domingo de Guzmán, the national capital.
There are two (2) or more municipalities (in Spanish and in singular, municipio) in every province.
The municipalities are governed by municipal councils and mayors elected by popular vote.
The municipal districts (in Spanish and in singular, distrito municipal) are subdivisions of some municipalities ruled by a municipal council and a mayor.
Population figures in the following table are from the 2010 census.
Political Database of the Americas - Dominican 2002 Constitution
Oficina Nacional de Estadística, Statistics Portal of the Dominican Republic
Reductio ad absurdum is a Latin phrase which means "reduction to the absurd".
The phrase describes a kind of indirect proof.
It is a proof by contradiction, and is a common form of argument.
It shows that a statement is true because its denial leads to a contradiction, or a false or absurd result.
It is a way of reasoning that has been used throughout the history of mathematics and philosophy from classical antiquity onwards.
The ridiculous or "absurdum" conclusion of a reductio ad absurdum argument can have many forms.
Rocks have weight, otherwise we would see them floating in the air.
Society must have laws, otherwise there would be chaos.
There is no smallest positive rational number, because if there were, it could be divided by two to get a smaller one.
The phrase can be traced back to the Greek η εις  άτοπον απαγωγή (hê eis átopon apagogê).
This phrase means "reduction to the impossible".
It was often used by Aristotle.
The method is used a number of times in Euclid's Elements.
Reduction ad absurdum can be a tool of discovery.
The method of proving something works by first assuming something about it.
Then other things are deduced from that.
If there is a contradiction, it shows that the first something cannot be correct.
To prove A is true, correct, valid, credible ....
Assume the opposite --  that "not-A" is true....
Assume that if "not-A" is true, then it must mean or imply B.
Show that B is false, incorrect, invalid, incredible ...
Therefore, A must be true after all.
Proof by induction
Conditional Proof and Reductio ad Absurdum
Today Sandoz is a part of Novartis.
It is a big pharmaceutical firm in Switzerland.
Today, Sandoz produces many drugs whose patents have run out (so called generic drugs).
The original company, which was founded in 1886, is known for several things:
It invented saccharin in 1899.
Saccharin is an artificial sweetener, a substitute for sugar.
Artificial sweeteners are used in many Light-products today.
It invented LSD in 1938
Pharmaceutical companies of Europe
An artificial sweetener or sugar substitute is a chemical.
It is added to some foods to make them taste sweet.
It is made to taste like sugar or corn syrup.
Usually it has a much lower energy value than sugar.
It can be found in many products which say Light or Diet in their name.
Diabetes mellitus - People with diabetes have problems regulating their sugar levels in the blood.
Artificial sweeteners are better for them than sugar.
Reactive hypoglycemia - This is a condition similar to diabetes.
People who suffer from it therefore often use artificial sweeteners.
Some people think that artificial sweeteners can help them lose weight.
A  study at the university showed, however, that those people using artificially sweetened drink are more likely to become obese than those who do not.
Dental hygiene – sugar substitutes are tooth-friendly, as they are not fermented by the microflora of the dental plaque.
Studies done with animals have shown that artificial sweeteners cause weight gain.
A sweet taste causes insulin to be produced.
This will store some of the sugar in the blood in tissues, including fat.
With artificial sweeteners, the amount of sugar in the blood does not increase.
This means that there will be too little sugar in the blood.
This is known as hypoglycemia.
On the next meal, more food will be eaten to get the blood sugar level back to normal values.
After a while, rats given sweeteners have steadily increased the amount of calories.
This increased body weight, and adiposity (fatness).
The natural response to eating sugary foods is to eat less at the next meal and to use some of the extra energy to warm the body after the meal.
When using artificial sweeteners, this effect is lost gradually.
Lawrence Mark Sanger (born July 16, 1968) is an American internet project developer.
He worked with Jimmy Wales to create the online encyclopedias, Nupedia and Wikipedia before he created his own online encyclopedias Digital Universe and Citizendium.
On January 2, 2001, Ben Kovitz, Sanger's friend, had the idea to use a wiki to help to make Nupedia better.
Sanger in turn told Wales, and on January 15, 2001, Wikipedia was launched.
There are different opinions on which of the three people are most responsible for Wikipedia.
In 2006, Sanger created Citizendium, another online encyclopedia.
Citizendium uses the MediaWiki engine (like Wikipedia) but the rules are different.
People must use their given names on Citizendium and experts are given special status in approving articles.
In December 2017, Sanger joined Everipedia.
He left the project in 2019.
Cats is a musical.
It is based on Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats, a book of poems by T.S. Eliot.
Trevor Nunn wrote the lyrics for the song, "Memory", which  is based on some of T.S Eliot's poems.
Andrew Lloyd Webber wrote the music.
Cats premiered at the New London Theatre in the West End on 11 May 1981.
It closed on 11 May 2002 after 8,949 performances.
It opened on Broadway on 7 October 1982 at the Winter Garden Theatre.
It closed on 10 September 2000, after 7,485 performances.
Every year, a tribe of cats known as the Jellicle Cats meet for the Jellicle Ball.
At the Jellicle Ball, Old Deuteronomy, the leader of the tribe, chooses one cat to ascend to the Heaviside Lair to be reborn and return to a new life.
Grizabella, an elderly (younger in some productions) glamour cat who left the Jellicle tribe's junkyard home, comes back to her tribe, but they shun her.
While the other cats dance at the Jellicle Ball, Grizabella watches in the background.
She performs a simple dance when the other cats leave called Memory, and sings about how she wants to be accepted.
Old Deutoronomy sees this and sympathizes with her.
In act two, Old Deuteronomy gets kidnapped by Macavity, a "mystery cat" who is the only true antagonist in the musical.
As soon as he is successfully returned, it is time to choose who goes to the Heaviside Layer.
An independent movie, or independent film (often called indie film), is the name usually given to a movie that is made by a small movie studio for not much money.
Sometimes the name is used for art films; which are less expensive and often have less plot.
Independent movies are being made (produced) more as the technology needed, such as cameras and editing-software, is becoming less expensive.
Movies like Reservoir Dogs, American History X, The Basketball Diaries and the documentary Bowling for Columbine are independent because they were made for little money and by small studios.
"Flower power" was a 1960s slogan, used by hippies and other people who were against war and violence.
It was a symbol of passive resistance and non-violence ideology.
These people used flowers as a symbol of life, of love, and of peace.
They wore flowers, made art with flowers and images of them, and gave them away often.
Hippies sometimes placed flowers in the rifle barrels of marching soldiers.
Songs such as San Francisco, Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair by folk musicians The Mamas & the Papas were associated with flower power.
Cargo cult is a name given to several religions.
There are many cargo cults in Melanesia and New Guinea.
These religions are started when tribal societies come into contact with Western civilisation.
When the first contact happened, the tribespeople saw Western manufactured goods, like radios.
These things are called cargo.
The tribespeople did not know how the manufactured goods worked nor how they were made.
They imitate the behaviour they saw the Westerners do, in the hope that some spirits will send them more cargo.
In other cases, such as on the island of Tanna in Vanuatu, cult members worship Americans who brought the cargo.
During the age of colonialism, the colonial powers came in contact with many technologically less advanced societies.
The first cargo cults were documented in New Guinea, and other countries of Micronesia, Melanesia and the West Pacific Ocean.
The people who are part of the cargo cults think that the cargo was created by their deities and ancestors.
They think that the cargo was made for the members of the cargo cult, but the foreigners have it.
For this reason, the efforts and rituals of cargo cults are done so that the foreigners should get less of these goods and the cult members more of them.
Vailala Madness - a cargo cult active between 1919 and 1922, possibly the first documented cargo cult.
Ghost Dance - a similar movement that happened when Native Americans came in contact with the European settlers.
Vanuatu cargo cult marks 50 years (BBC News)
Information on the Jon Frum Cargo Cult (still active)
Contemporary Cargo Cults by John FitzGerald
Western Oceanian Religions
Cargo cults  includes a bibliography
Account of a Visit to a Jon Frum Village in 2005
Air Force Magazine , January 1991, Vol.
Summary from the guys who fly those Cargoes.
Walloon is a Romance language.
It belongs to the family of the oïl languages along with French, Picard and Norman.
Gallo is one of the two regional languages of Brittany.
It is an Oïl language of the  Romance language family, with Latin at the base.
Gallo is spoken in the eastern part of Brittany.
The other regional language of Brittany is Breton.
Breton is a Celtic language.
Diethyl ether is a clear liquid chemical.
It is often just called ether.
Ether burns very easily and boils at about 35°C.
It has a sweet smell and does not mix with water.
Ether was discovered in 1275.
It was used in the past as a general anesthetic to make people unconscious during surgery.
Now other chemicals are used because ether has side effects and can catch fire.
Ether is used as a solvent by scientists for chemical reactions.
People used to take ether as a recreational drug (drugs used for fun, such as alcohol) in the 1800s.
People would either drink a drink with small amounts of ether in it, just like people drink alcoholic drinks, or inhale the fumes given off by pure or nearly pure ether.
This could have addicted these people to the ether if they did that often enough.
It was a big problem in some places, like Ireland and Poland.
It first became popular because Europeans thought it was unladylike to drink alcohol.
Women would drink ether instead, as would teetotalers, people who had decided not to drink alcohol.
A carriage is a type of vehicle that was used before cars were invented.
It is a fancy type of cart or wagon, usually with four wheels and suspension.
The carriages may be pulled by horses.
Carriages are often used for weddings.
It is spoken by the Lozi people in southwestern Zambia.
It is also spoken in Zimbabwe, Botswana, and the Zambezi Region of Namibia.