the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
There is no one else on the island and no one knows where they are.
On Piggy's advice, Ralph blows a conch shell to gather the boys from across the island to a meeting.
There they are introduced to Merridew (Jack) who is head of the Choir and various other characters.
A vote is called for leader, which is won by Ralph.
He gives the task of registering the boys to Piggy, while he, Jack and Simon (a member of the choir) go to explore the island.
They discover that they are truly alone on the island and that it is an island.
On the way back they walk through a the forest and come across a pig.
Jack pulls out a knife and makes to kill it, but is unable to.
He swears to kill the next one he finds.
The three return to the beach where the first meeting was held and discover that Piggy was unable to take the register.
During a meeting concerns are raised by one of the younger children about a "beastie" or "snake-thing".
Ralph and the other older boys are quick to dismiss this theory.
All the same, fear from some of the younger boys spreads.
Ralph suggests that they build a signal fire; the group is instantly excited by this idea and rush to the top of the mountain to pile wood.
They discover they have no way of igniting it, then Piggy arrives with the conch (essential for meetings, whoever has the conch talks).
They use his glasses to start a fire which burns well, then ignites a large portion of forest, possibly killing a young child.
Jack and half of his choir hunt while the other half is assigned to tending the signal fire.
Jack becomes obsessed with the idea of a kill while Ralph is still more interested in building shelters (with Simon's help) and escaping the island, something Jack does not seem bothered about anymore.
He wants to kill a pig.
Jack eventually gets angry with Ralph and goes and forms his own tribe.
They steal piggy's glasses so they can start a fire.
Simon is killed by the boys because they thought he was the beast.
Only Ralph, Piggy and Sam and Eric are left in the original tribe.
They go to the top of the mountain where Jack's tribe are.
Jack and Ralph fight and Roger sends a boulder tumbling down that narrowly misses Ralph but kills Piggy and breaks the Conch.
Sam and Eric are taken by Jack's tribe and Ralph runs away.
Ralph goes up to the mountain again to see Sam and Eric and they tell him that Jack plans on hunting him down.
He goes and hides but is soon found by the tribe.
A fire is created to smoke him out.
He runs for it down onto the beach being chased by the tribe holding spears.
Ralph runs into a navy officer who saw the smoke from the fire and has come to rescue them.
It is ironic because Jack only wanted to hunt for food and not bother keeping the fire going but he ends up starting the fire that gets them rescued...
Child support is continued payment performed by a parent for the financial benefits of children following marital separations, divorces or ends of civil unions.
Child maintenance is paid either directly or indirect by obligors toward an obligee for care and support of children from terminated marriages, civil unions or other relationships.
The obligor is the non-custodial parent; the obligee is either the custodial parent, a caregiver, a guardian or the state.
Duration of support orders
Support orders end based on local laws and the facts of each case.
Support orders usually end when the child reaches the age of majority. (
This can be an age from 16 to 21 (New York State)  or graduates from high school.)
Some countries and states have laws that make support continue past the age of majority if the child is enrolled as a full-time, degree-seeking post-secondary student.
If the obligor owes back child support, the payments must continue until the debt is satisfied, regardless of the age of the child.
Several factors can end a support order for a child under the age of majority.
These include the child's marriage, legal emancipation or death.
History of child support in the UK
Child Support Agency (CSA) Australia - includes calculators and guides for separated parents
US Federal Child Support Enforcement - child support enforcement
UK Child Support Calculator App for iOS - UK Child Support Calculator App for iOS
was the 54th  emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
His reign started in 833 and ended in 850.
Ninmyō had nine Empresses, Imperial consorts, and concubines (kōi); and he had 24 Imperial sons and daughters.
Events of Ninmyō's life
6 January 823 (Kōnin 10, 4th month, 19th day): At age 14, Prince Masara is named Junna's heir.
22 March 833 (Tenchō 10, 28th day of the 2nd month): In the 10th year of Emperor Junna's reign, the emperor abdicated.
The succession (senso) was received by his adopted son.
Masara-shinnō was the natural son of Emperor Saga, and therefore would have been Junna's nephew.
Soon afterwards, Emperor Ninmyo is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).
838-839 (Jōwa  5-6): Diplomatic mission to Tang China headed by Fujiwara no Tsunetsugu.
6 May 850 (Kashō 3, 21st day of the 3rd month): Emperor Ninmyō died at the age of 41.
The years of Ninmyō's reign are identified by more than one era name (nengō).
Tenchō  (824-834)
Jōwa    (834-848)
Kashō    (848-851)
Hokusai:  Poem #12, image of ceremonial event in Ninmyō's court
810 births
850 deaths
Natural deduction is a branch of mathematical logic developed in Poland in the 1920s and 30s.
It is meant to express inference rules closely related to the "natural" way of reasoning.
Spurred on by a series of seminars in Poland in 1926 by Łukasiewicz that advocated a more natural treatment of logic, Jaśkowski made the earliest attempts at defining a more natural deduction.
In 1929 he first suggested in 1929 using a diagrammatic notation, and later updated his proposal in papers in 1934 and 1935.
Jon Barwise and John Etchemendy, 2000.
Language, proof and logic.
CSLI (University of Chicago Press) and New York: Seven Bridges Press.
A gentle introduction to first-order logic via natural deduction, by two first rate logicians.
Clemente, Daniel, "Introduction to natural deduction."
Pelletier, Jeff, "A history of natural deduction and elementary logic textbooks."
John McCarthy (1927-2011) was an American scientist.
He is mostly known for the work he did in the field of logic.
McCarthy was the first to use the term artificial intelligence, in an article he wrote in 1955.
He invented LISP to be able to do logic programming, in 1958.
This makes LISP the second-oldest high-level programming language that is still in use; FORTRAN is older.
McCarthy studied mathematics.
He invented Garbage collection to solve some of the problems LISP had.
McCarthy's work received many awards, the Turing Award for his work on Artificial Intelligence, in 1971, or the National Medal of Science in 2003 are among them.
Hurricane Karl was the fifth and final major hurricane of 2010's Atlantic hurricane season.
It became the most damaging hurricane to ever impact the Mexican state of Veracruz.
As of September 23, 22 people have been confirmed killed, most of which were in the state of Veracruz.
Preliminary losses from the storm are estimated at 70 billion MXN ($5.6 billion USD).
Despite the destruction, the name Karl was not retired.
The NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Karl
The NHC's Advisory Archive for Hurricane Karl
The NHC's Graphic Archive for Hurricane Karl
He was born in Redondo Beach, California.
Pierpoint served in the United States Navy during World War II.
In 1948, he graduated from University of Redlands.
Pierpoint covered the Korean War.
He appeared on the first edition of See It Now in 1951.
He also covered the State Department for CBS.
He was often on Charles Kuralt's Sunday Morning broadcasts until his retirement.
He learnt many of his radio and television skills from Edward R. Murrow, and was known as one of Murrow's boys.
He is also remembered for playing himself, on the radio, in the final episode of M*A*S*H.
Pierpoint served as White House correspondent for six presidents, from Eisenhower to Carter.
His wrote about this in his book, At the White House (1981).
He was known for his verbal sparring with President Richard Nixon.
He died in Santa Barbara, California, in 2011.
One time, Pierpoint was playing tennis when he was called to go on the air.
He gave his report wearing a suit coat, tie, and tennis shorts.
The television image showed only his chest and above.
But a photograph was taken that showed his legs.
To recall this incident, Pierpoint's wife said that he will be buried wearing a suit coat and tennis shorts.
was the 55th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
He was also known as Tamura-no-mikado or Tamura-tei.
Events of Montoku's life
6 May 850 (Kashō 3, 21st day of the 3rd month):  In the 17th year of Ninmyō-tennō 's reign (仁明天皇17年), the emperor died.
His eldest son received the succession (senso).
850 (Kashō 3, 4th month): Emperor Montoku formally acceded to the throne (sokui).
850 (Kashō 3, 5th month): The widow of Emperor Saga, who was the mother of Emperor Ninmyō and the grandmother of Emperor Montoku, died.
850 (Kashō 3, 11th month): The emperor named Korehito-shinnō, the 4th son of Emperor Montoku as his heir.
This 9-month-old baby was also the grandson of Fujiwara no Yoshifusa who was Minister of the Right (udaijin).
855 (Saikō 2, 1st month):  The Emishi organized a rebellion.
In response, a force of 1,000 men and provisions were sent to the north.
855 (Saikō 2, 5th month): The head of the great statute of Buddha in the Tōdai-ji fell off.
7 October 858 (Ten'an 2, 27th day of the 8th month): Montoku died at the age of 32.
According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum (misasagi) of Montoku is in Kyoto.
The site is formally named Tamura no misasagi.
The years of Montoku's reign are identified by more than one era name or nengō.
Kashō   (848-851)
Ninju  (851-854)
Saikō  (854-857)
Ten'an  (857-859)
827 births
Xavier Tondo Volpini (5 November 1978 – 23 May 2011) was a Spanish professional bicycle racer.
He mainly participated in bicycle races up the mountain.
On 23 May 2011, while he was getting his bicycle ready for a ride, Tondo was trapped between his own garage door and car.
He was crushed by the door.
One of his teammates, Beñat Intxausti, was with him during the accident.
Profile at Cycling Archives
Edmundo Ros OBE FRAM (7 December 1910 – 21 October 2011), born Edmund William Ross, was a Trinidadian-Venezuelan musician, vocalist, arranger and bandleader who made his career in Britain.
Ros's music featured three main types of music: Cuban music, Brazilian music and Caribbean calypsos.
Of these genres, Cuban music was the most varied: it included the conga, the ballroom rumba, the mambo, and the cha-cha-cha.
Ros introduced the Brazilian samba to England, and it became hugely popular.
His Wedding Samba sold three millions copies on 78rpm.
He was very popular during the 1950s and 60's.
The orchestrations for his band were designed to smooth the rough edges of Latin music.
Ros emphasised the melodic aspects of the music, which he felt was necessary for his audiences.
This is something he talked about after his retirement.
He was born in Port of Spain, Trinidad in 1910.
He was brought up in Venezuela and went to a military college when he was 18.
He learned to play the saxophone, euphonium and the drums.
He played with the Venezuelan State Opera, and then won a scholarship to the Royal College of Music in London.
He studied to be a conductor at the college in 1937.
To earn extra money he played on recordings by other people, including Fats Waller, before starting his own band.
During the war he continued with his music, but also worked as an ambulance driver.
After the war he opened the "Edmundo Ros Dinner and Supper Club".
He recorded more than 50 albums, the most successful was Rhythms Of the South (Decca 1958), which sold more than a million copies.
He retired to Alicante, Spain in 1975, and made no more recordings.
He received the OBE in 2000.
He died in 2011 at the age of 100.
Claiborne was born to American parents in Brussels, Belgium.
She moved to New Orleans, Louisiana in 1939.
She went on to found the clothing company, which was named Liz Claiborne, Inc. She was the first female CEO and chairperson of a Fortune 500 company.
Liz Claiborne Art Ortenerg Foundation
Businesspeople from New Orleans, Louisiana
Liz Claiborne, Inc. is a fashion company based in New York City and founded in 1976 by a fashion designer of the same name.
The organization markets clothing and fragrances.
In the 1980s it was the first company from a female to hit the Fortune 500 mark.
An electrical outlet or receptacle is a socket that connects an electrical device to an electricity supply.
In buildings, electrical outlets are usually installed in the wall, although they can also be installed in the floor.
Occasionally, they are found in the ceiling for powering devices such as garage door openers or neon signs in storefront windows.
Different countries often have different outlet types and voltages.
Adapters are available to convert between the different types.
International power cords technology
Glossary of standards terms
Electricity Around The World (about plugs, sockets and electrical systems used around the world)
Change to UK electrical wire colors 2004
Household electrical safety handbook, Electrical and Mechanical Services Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government
IEEE history of Australian power connectors (in pdf format)
South Africa Eskom: Wiring a Plug
Guidance Notes for the Electrical Products (Safety) Regulation (Electrical and Mechanical Services Department, Hong Kong)
Museum of Plugs and Sockets: pictures including disassembled units
An anemometer is a device used to measure wind speed.
It is found in most weather stations.
The word comes from the Ancient Greek word ἄνεμος , meaning wind.
It describes any airspeed measurement instrument used in meteorology or aerodynamics.
Leon Battista Alberti described an anemometer for the first time around 1450.
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is the physical phenomenon in which magnetic nuclei in a magnetic field absorb, then re-emit electromagnetic radiation.
This energy is of a specific resonance frequency that depends on the magnetic field strength, and the magnetic properties of the isotopes of the atoms.
Many scientific techniques exploit the NMR phenomena to study molecular physics, crystals and non crystalline materials through NMR spectroscopy.
NMR is also used for advanced medical imaging techniques, for example, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
All isotopes that contain an odd number of protons and/or of neutrons (see Isotope) have an intrinsic magnetic moment and angular momentum, in other words a nonzero spin, while all nuclides with even numbers of both have a total spin of zero.
The most commonly studied nuclei are 1H and 13C, although nuclei from isotopes of many other elements (e.g. 2H, 6Li, 10B, 11B, 14N, 15N, 17O, 19F, 23Na, 29Si, 31P, 35Cl, 113Cd, 129Xe, 195Pt) have been studied by high-field NMR spectroscopy as well.
A key idea of NMR is that the resonance frequency of a particular substance is directly proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field.
This resonance is used in imaging techniques.
If a sample is placed in a non-uniform magnetic field then the resonance frequencies of the sample's nuclei depend on where in the field they are located.
Scientists try to use the highest possible magnetic fields to get the best image quality.
The alignment (polarization) of the magnetic nuclear spins in an applied, constant magnetic field H0.
An electro-magnetic, usually radio frequency (RF), pulse causes a small shift of this alignment of the nuclear spins.
The pulse frequency is chosen based on the static magnetic field (H0) and the nuclei being measured.
The constant field and the pulse field are usually set perpendicular to each other.
This maximizes the NMR signal strength.
The resulting response by the total magnetization (M) of the nuclear spins is the phenomenon that is used in NMR spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging.
Both use intense applied magnetic fields (H0) in order to achieve dispersion and very high stability to deliver spectral resolution.
Scientist explain their readings as chemical shifts, the Zeeman effect, and Knight shifts (in metals).
Nuclear magnetic resonance was first described and measured in molecular beams by Isidor Rabi in 1938.
In 1944, Rabi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this work.
In 1946, Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell expanded the technique for use on liquids and solids.
They shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1952 for this discovery.
Purcell had worked on the development of radar during World War II at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Radiation Laboratory.
His work during that project on the production and detection of radio frequency power and on the absorption of such RF power by matter laid the background for Rabi's discovery of NMR.
Rabi, Bloch, and Purcell noticed that magnetic nuclei, like 1H and 31P, could absorb RF energy when placed in a magnetic field of a strength specific to the identity of the nuclei.
When this absorption occurs, the nucleus is described as being in resonance.
Different atomic nuclei within a molecule resonate at different (radio) frequencies for the same magnetic field strength.
The observation of such magnetic resonance frequencies of the nuclei present in a molecule allows any trained user to discover essential, chemical and structural information about the molecule.
After World War II, the development of NMR as a technique in analytical chemistry and biochemistry happened at the same time as the development of electromagnetic technology and advanced electronics and their introduction into civilian use.
In the 1960s, William Lipscomb was a pioneer in using NMR to study chemical structures.
He worked out how to look at NMR data to tell what atoms are connected together in a molecule.
This is called chemical shift.
Herbert Aaron Hauptman (February 14, 1917 – October 23, 2011) was an American mathematician.
He won a Nobel Prize.
He made a mathematical method to find a molecular structures based on the X-ray patterns of crystallized materials.
With Jerome Karle, he won the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
He was the oldest child of Israel Hauptman and Leah Rosenfeld, and of Jewish descent.
Hauptman was interested in science and mathematics from an early age.
He studied at Townsend Harris High School.
He graduated from the City College of New York (1937).
He earned an M.A. degree in mathematics from Columbia University in 1939.
He married Edith Citrynell on November 10, 1940, and had two daughters.
After World War II, he began working together with Jerome Karle, a physical chemist, at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C.. He also enrolled in the Ph.D. program at the University of Maryland, College Park.
They used their mathematics and physical chemistry skills to solve the phase problem of X-ray crystallography.
By 1955, he had received his Ph.D. in mathematics, and they had worked out the  direct methods in X-ray crystallography.
Their 1953 article, "Solution of the Phase Problem I. The Centrosymmetric Crystal", contained the main ideas, the most important of which was the introduction of probabilistic methods.
In 1970 he joined the Medical Foundation of Buffalo, becoming its Research Director in 1972.
At this time he developed the neighborhood principle and extension concept.
These theories were further developed during the following years.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry - Laureates
Herbert Hauptman's Autobiography
Dr Hauptman's CV
Pergament: A PBS portrait of Buffalo's Nobel winner Herbert Hauptman
Board of Science Advisors, The Buffalo International Film Festival, Buffalo, NY, United States
The Viking program was a NASA mission that sent two spacecraft to the planet Mars.
These spacecraft were called Viking 1 and Viking 2.
Each spacecraft was made of an orbiter and a lander.
The orbiters took pictures of Mars from their orbit and sent information to Earth.
The landers gathered scientific data on the surface of the planet.
Both Viking spacecraft were launched in 1975 and both reached Mars in 1976.
Scientists chose landing places for both landers from the pictures that the orbiters had taken.
Then the landers were released from the orbiters and they went down to their landing places.
The orbiters continued to take pictures while the landers studied the surface of the planet and did other things.
All of the spacecraft, including both orbiters and both landers, kept working for longer than they had been planned to.
Eventually, they broke down.
Viking 2 Orbiter stopped working in 1978, Viking 1 Orbiter and Viking 2 Lander in 1980, and Viking 1 Lander in 1982.
The Viking program was the most expensive and difficult mission ever sent to Mars.
The program cost a total of US$1 billion.
Most of the knowledge about Mars until the late 1990s came from the Viking mission.
NASA Mars Viking Mission
Solar Views Project Viking Fact Sheet
Viking Mission to Mars  (Video)
A diagram of the Viking and its flight profile
NASA programs
The piculets are a subfamily of small woodpeckers which are mostly in tropical South America, with just three Asian and one African  species.
Like true woodpeckers, piculets have large heads, long tongues to get their insect prey and zygodactyl feet, with two toes pointing forward, and two backwards.
However, they lack the stiff tail feathers that woodpeckers use when climbing trees.
They eat insects and grubs mainly from decaying wood.
There are 30 species in all.
It is known that they split off from mainstream woodpeckers in the middle Miocene about 15 million years ago (mya).
Splits between the three genera happened about 7.9 mya.
"Fallin' for You" is a song by the recording artist Colbie Caillat.
The song was released June 29, 2009 as the lead single off her album Breakthrough, which was also released in 2009.
The lyrics speak of someone falling for a guy with whom they are friends.
Moulting (or molting) is the manner in which an animal routinely casts off part of its body (usually the outer layer or covering) at particular times of year, or at specific points in its life cycle.
Moulting is also known as sloughing, shedding, or for some species, ecdysis.
Moulting can involve the epidermis (skin), and hair, fur, wool, or other external layer.
In some species, other body parts may be shed, for example, wings in some insects.
Examples include old feathers in birds, old hairs in mammals (especially dogs and other canidae), old skin in reptiles, and the entire exoskeleton in arthropods.
This process of moulting is called ecdysis.
It is the defining feature of a whole group of invertebrates, the clade Ecdysozoa.
This group includes the arthropods, nematodes, velvet worms, horsehair worms, rotifers, tardigrades and Cephalorhyncha.
Since the cuticles of these animals often forms an inelastic exoskeleton, it is shed during growth and a new, larger covering is formed.
Amongst fossils, trilobites and eurypterida used ecdysis.
Ecdysis is part of the whole process of metamorphosis.
The different stages (called 'instars') and the development of new 'apparatus' (such as sense organs) is necessary as the creature moves from one form to another.
The new exoskeleton is initially soft but hardens after the moulting of the old exoskeleton.
Detention is a depriving of liberty of a person by the authority of a government or a country, usually the police.
Such depriving liberty is allowed only in the case that the person can considered to have committed a crime.
Other depriving liberty is called arbitrary detention and prohibited by article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
And even detention is done legally, the person must be treated with humanity and respected the person's dignity according to the Convention against Torture.
Charles III (20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) was a king of Spain and the oldest son of Philip V and Elisabeth Farnese.
He ruled Spain from 1759 until his death in 1788.
After he died, his son, Charles IV, became king.
He was also the king of Naples and Sicily from 1734 until 1759.
In those places he was known as Charles VII of Naples and Charles V of Sicily.
He was the builder of the Palace of Caserta as well as the Royal Palace of Madrid and the Real Albergo dei Poveri in Naples.
Charles III grew up in Madrid.
When he was 16 years old, he went to live in Parma, a city in Italy.
He ruled that city, and the nearby city of Piacenza as their Duke from 1731 until 1734.
In 1738 he married the Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony.
They had 13 children.
Only 8 of them lived to be adults.
Lynch, John. "
Charles III".
He was a son of the noble Borghese family of Siena.
Relations with Japan
In October 1615, Paul V received a diplomatic mission from Japan.
The embassy was led by Hasekura Tsunenaga.
Paul V financed work on the unfinished St. Peter's Basilica.
He enlarged the Vatican Palace and Quirinale Palace, restored the Church of Santa Maria Maggiore, constructed or repaired aqueducts.
He also made additions to the Vatican library.
Canonisations and Beatifications
Paul V canonised Charles Borromeo and Frances of Rome.
He beatified Ignatius Loyola, Philip Neri, Theresa of Avila and Francis Xavier.
Catholic Hierarchy,  Pope Paul V
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, Cardinal Borghese
Paul 05
Beavis and Butt-head is an American adult animated television sitcom by Mike Judge which ran for 7 seasons from March 8, 1993 and ended on November 28, 1997 on MTV.
In 1996 the series was adapted into a movie titled Beavis and Butt-Head Do America.
The eighth season was shown in 2011.
The title characters are hard rock/heavy metal-loving teenagers from the fictional town of Highland, Texas.
The club is the oldest football club outside the city of Salzburg.
In March 1920, Hermann Rasp created the club.
By 1921, they made the Salzburg football association.
Before World War II Oberndorf played in different levels in Salzburg but they did not play during the war.
In 1946, the club restarted again.
The most successful years were the 1960s when the club played two times in the Tauern Liga which was then the second division in Austrian league system.
Since 1990 the club was part of the highest league in Salzburg.
In 2007 they were relegated and the next season again.
So they play in the 2011/12 season in the 1.class north.
2014 the were promoted and play in the 2.
Landesliga (5th level)
Oberndorf is well known for its youth teams.
Over 100 young players play in seven youth teams.
Famous players who started their career in Oberndorf were Hermann Stadler, who played as professional for Austria Salzburg and Rapid Wien and Gerald Baumgartner who also played for Austria Salzburg and for Austria Wien in the Austrian Bundesliga.
Oberndorfer SK in TransferMarkt
Oberndorfer SK in German
The Voynich manuscript is a manuscript named after Wilfrid Michael Voynich who bought it in the early 20th century.
The manuscript is made up of about 240 vellum pages, and was probably written in the early 15th century in northern Italy.
Today, it is in the library of Yale University.
Many pages contain illustrations.
Although many authors have been thought to have written this manuscript, the author remains unknown.
The text is written in an unknown language, in an unknown writing system.
It looks like there are no errors in the text.
There are no corrections to it.
The text is probably some ciphertext; many people working in cryptography have tried to break its code, both amateur and professional cryptographers.
Much less attention has been given to the illustrations, which seem to show plants, anatomic or astronomic links.
It has been described as "the world's most mysterious manuscript".
In 2009, University of Arizona researchers performed radiocarbon dating on the manuscript's vellum, which they say (with 95% confidence) was made between 1404 and 1438.
In addition, the McCrone Research Institute in Chicago found that much of the ink was added not long afterwards, confirming that the manuscript is an authentic medieval document.
As the text has not been translated yet, it has been sectioned based on the images.
The sectioning is usually the following:
Herbal: Each page contains the image of one or two plants, with some writing.
Astronomical: Contains images that look like astronomical or astrological symbols of the time; this includes the signs of the zodiac.
Biological: Shows pictures of naked women bathing in pools; some of the women wear crowns; also has pictures of body organs.
Cosmological: More circular diagrams; also with foldouts; one has six pages with what looks like connected islands, with a volcano.
Pharmaceutical: Labeled images of plant parts, with jars for medicines.
Recipes: Short passages of text, usually preceded with a star or flower-like illustration.
The manuscript consists of quires.
A quire is made of folded parchment.
The quires consist of folios, with text or illustrations on both sides of the folio.
The quires are numbered from 1 to 20, the folios from 1 to 116.
Some of the fold-outs have unusual shapes.
Depending on the way of counting, this gives a total of 240 pages.
As there are gaps in the numbering, it seems likely that some pages were lost; the manuscript probably had at least 272 pages.
The gaps were already there when Voynich bought the manuscript in 1912.
A quill pen was used for the text and figure outlines.
The figures were colored with paint, possibly at a later date.
There is strong evidence that many of the book's folios were reordered at various points in its history, and that the original page order may well have been quite different from what we see today.
The text is written from left to right, because there are irregular margins on the right.
There is no obvious punctuation.
The person or people writing the text seem to have been fluent in the language.
There probably was another "source" they copied from.
The flow of the text is smooth, which gives the impression that the symbols were not enciphered.
In total there are about 170,000 glyphs.
Given the space between these, there seem to be "words" and "paragraphs".
It is difficult (and a question of debate) to determine the alphabet used in the text; some glyphs may be variations of others, and some may simply be two glyphs joined.
The text can probably be represented with an alphabet of between twenty and thirty characters.
There are about 35,000 "words", made of glyphs or characters.
A statistical analysis has been done, and the "words" resemble "natural language":
They follow Zipf's law.
The entropy of words is similar to that of Latin or English.
The purpose of the book was probably to serve as a manual to make drugs, or as a book about medicine.
The first section is almost certainly a herbal.
A herbal is a collection of plants, with their description.
An identification of the plants, based on the images has mostly failed, though.
Two plants can be guessed, with some certainty: the Wild pansy and the Maidenhair fern.
Many of the plant pictures are composite: they combine parts of plants; the root of one plant is added to the leaves of another; the flowers may be from a third species.
The leaves and fruit of the Castor oil plant have been identified, as well.
Because of the tubes in the biological section, the text may be related to alchemy.
This would also make sense, if the text was about making certain kinds of medicine.
The problem with that theory is that alchemy books of the time all use a common set of motifs for their pictures; these motifs cannot be found in the manuscript.
Another idea is that the book is about astrology; practices common at the time, such as bloodletting were often connected with astrology.
The problem with this approach is, that except for the signs of the zodiac, and one diagram possibly showing the classical planets, no one has shown that the symbols are found in other astrological traditions.
A value x is a fixed point of a function f if and only if f(x) = x.
1 is a fixed point of  because .
Some functions do not have fixed points.
For example  does not have one because  is never equal to x.
was the 56th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
Seiwa's reign started in 858 and ended in 876.
This prince's personal name (imina) was  before he became the monarch.
In the Imperial House of Japan, Korehito was the first to have the suffix "-hito" 仁 in his name.
Korehito was the fourth son of Emperor Montoku.
His mother was the daughter of Fujiwara no Yoshifusa (藤原良房), who was regent and great minister of the council of state.
Events of Seiwa's life
10 July 858 (Ten'an 2, 27th day of the 8th month): In the 8th year of Montoku-tennō 's reign (文徳天皇8年), the emperor abdicated.
The succession (senso) was received by a his son.
Then Emperor Seiwa is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).
15 December 858 (Ten'an 2, 7th day of the 11th month): When Prince Korehito became emperor at age 9, his grandfather became regent (sesshō).
This was the first time that this role was given to a member of the Fujiwara family.
Also, it was the first time that someone so young became emperor.
859 (Jōgan 1): Construction begins on the Iwashimizu Shrine in honor of Hachiman, the Shinto war god.
859 (Jōgan 1, 1st month): Mourning for the death of Emperor Montoku was nationwide.
869 (Jōgan 10): Yōzei was born, and he is named Seiwa's heir in the following year.
876 (Jōgan 17, 11th month): In the 18th year of Seiwa's reign, he abdicated.
878 (Gangyō 2):  Seiwa becomes a Buddhist priest.
31 December 878 (Gangyō 2, 4th day of the 12th month ): Former-Emperor Seiwa died at age 31.
He became known as emperor as Mizunoo-no-mikado or Minoo-tei.
The actual site of Seiwa's grave is known.
This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Kyoto.
The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Seiwa's mausoleum.
It is formally named Minooyama no misasagi.
From the site of his tomb, he was sometimes referred to as Mizunoo (水尾).
The kami of Emperor Seiwa is venerated at Seiwa-tennō-sha in Saga, Yamashiro province.
The years of Seiwa's reign are identified by more than one era name or nengō.
Ten'an       (857-859)
Jōgan  (859-877)
Emperor Go-Mizunoo
850 births
Standard ML is a functional programming language which is a dialect of ML (programming language).
It is sometimes used for writing compilers and in theorem provers.
fun fac (0 : int) = 1    (*  the : int part means that 0 and n are integers *)
|  fac (n : int) = n * fac (n - 1)
The Droste Effect is the name for a picture which contains a smaller image of itself, which in turn contains a smaller image of itself, etc.
It is named after an advertisement.
It is an example of recursion.
In art, this is known as mise en abyme.
In theory, the recursion goes on forever, but in practice, the number of recursions is limited by the resolution of the image.
In practice, there are few iterations, until the size falls below 1 x 1 = 1 px.
The reason for this is that this is a geometric progression, and each iteration reduces the size of the image.
It is a visual example of a strange loop, a self-referential system of instancing which is the cornerstone of fractal geometry.
"Already Gone" is a song by the recording artist Kelly Clarkson from her 2009 record All I Ever Wanted.
This was the third single from that album to be released.
The song is about the breakup of a relationship.
Its release was surrounded by controversy: Clarkson said the arrangement used for the song was strongly similar to the 2008 song Halo from singer Beyoncé and feared the public would say Clarkson had stolen it.
Despite this, however, the song received strong praise from critics, and Already Gone became one of the highlights from All I Ever Wanted.
On the Billboard Hot 100 the single peaked at #13.
Truth tables
Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (163/162 BC- 133 BC) was an important Roman Tribune of the plebs.
He proposed a reform called the "Lex Sempronia Agraria".
This was meant to reduce the number of poor and homeless people by allowing the rich to have only a certain amount of land.
The rest of the land would be given to homeless veterans of the Roman military.
But the Roman Senate did not like his plan.
They convinced another tribune, named Marcus Octavius, to oppose Tiberius Gracchus.
Eventually, enough tension built up that some of the Senators beat Tiberius to death with their chairs and threw his dead body into the Tiber.
Tiberius' death is seen as the first death caused by political problems in the Roman government.
Tiberius' brother, Gaius Gracchus, also tried to reform the Roman government and was also killed.
Together, the two are called the Gracchi.
Their attempts at reform had a lasting effect on Rome, because later on the Senate used some of the ideas from their reforms in their own laws.
A constrictor knot is a type of knot that is tied around another rope.
It is a secure knot, but it can be difficult to untie after it is tightened.
Waiting to Exhale is a 1995 American romance movie.
It came out in December 1995.
The cast for the movie includes Angela Bassett and Whitney Houston.
The movie is about four women who live in Phoenix, Arizona and their relationships with men.
Waiting to Exhale is unusual because it has an all African-American cast.
Soho is an area of the City of Westminster and the West End of London.
It is long established as an entertainment district.
For much of the 20th century Soho had sex shops, prostitutes, jazz clubs, bars, night clubs, theatres and the movie industry.
Since the early 1980s, the area has changed greatly: it has moved upmarket.
It now is a fashionable district of expensive restaurants and media offices, with only a few sex industry venues.
Some music venues survive, such as Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club.
The area includes Carnaby Street, the centre of the 'Swinging London' fashion scene of the 1960s, and Wardour Street, a centre of the movie and entertainment industry.
Soho was never an administrative unit with formal boundaries.
It is an area of about a square mile, bounded by Oxford Street to the north, Regent Street to the west, Leicester Square to the south and Charing Cross Road to the east.
Apart from Oxford Street, all of these roads are 19th-century metropolitan improvements.
The area to the west is known as Mayfair, to the north Fitzrovia, to the east St Giles and Covent Garden, and to the south St James's.
According to the Soho Society, Chinatown, the area between Leicester Square to the south and Shaftesbury Avenue to the north, is part of Soho, although some consider it a separate area.
Broad Street pump
A significant event in the history of epidemiology and public health was Dr. John Snow's study of an 1854 outbreak of cholera in Soho.
He identified the cause of the outbreak as water from the public water pump located at the junction of Broad Street (now Broadwick Street) and Cambridge Street (now Lexington Street), close to the rear wall of what is today the John Snow public house.
John Snow mapped the addresses of the sick, and noted that they were mostly people whose nearest access to water was the Broad Street pump.
He persuaded the authorities to remove the handle of the pump, thus preventing any more of the infected water from being collected.
The spring below the pump was later found to have been contaminated with sewage.
This is an early example of epidemiology, public health medicine and the application of science–the germ theory of disease.
Theatre and movie industry
Soho is near the heart of London's theatre area, and is a centre of the independent movie and video industry as well as the television and movie 'post-production' industry.
It is home to Soho Theatre, built in 2000 for new plays and stand-up comedy.
The British Board of Film Classification, formerly known as the British Board of Film Censors, can be found in Soho Square.
External sites
The Soho Society
It is named after Sir Alfred Herbert, a local business owner who gave money for the original building.
Work on it began in 1939, with an interruption by the Second World War, and The Herbert opened in 1960.
In 2008 it reopened after a £20 million refurbishment.
It is free to get in and the museum in run by a charity.
Its only income is from donations, sales at the museum shop, and hiring out  the buildings the charity owns.
In 2010, the museum had over 300,000 visitors.
This makes it one of the most popular free tourist attractions in the West Midlands.
Herbert Media website
Zipf's law is an empirical law, formulated using mathematical statistics, named after the linguist George Kingsley Zipf, who first proposed it.
Zipf's law states that given a large sample of words used, the frequency of any word is inversely proportional to its rank in the frequency table.
So word number n has a frequency proportional to 1/n.
Thus the most frequent word will occur about twice as often as the second most frequent word, three times as often as the third most frequent word, etc.
For example, in one sample of words in the English language, the most frequently occurring word, "the", accounts for nearly 7% of all the words (69,971 out of slightly over 1 million).
True to Zipf's Law, the second-place word "of" accounts for slightly over 3.5% of words (36,411 occurrences), followed by "and" (28,852).
Only about 135 words are needed to account for half the sample of words in a large sample.
The same relationship occurs in many other rankings, unrelated to language, such as the population ranks of cities in various countries, corporation sizes, income rankings, etc.
The appearance of the distribution in rankings of cities by population was first noticed by Felix Auerbach in 1913.
was a Japanese priest of the Roman Catholic Church.
He was the first Japanese person to become a Cardinal.
Doi was born in Sendai.
He studied in Rome.
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Doi, Peter Tatsuo
Catholic-Hierarchy,  Peter Tatsuo Cardinal Doi
http://www.tokyo.catholic.jp/eng_frame.html ;
People from Sendai
Stronger is the fifth studio album by recording artist Kelly Clarkson.
The album had been originally planned for a release in 2010, however the release date was pushed back multiple times, and the album was released in late October 2011.
The hit single "Mr. Know It All" was released on September 5, 2011.
Sir Henry Cooper OBE KSG KB (3 May 1934–1 May 2011) was an English heavyweight boxer known for the power of his left hook.
People called it "Enry's 'Ammer" (Henry's hammer).
He knocked down Muhammad Ali early in Ali's career.
Cooper held the British, Commonwealth and European heavyweight titles several times.
He unsuccessfully challenged Ali for the world heavyweight championship in 1966.
After he retired from boxing, Cooper was a television and radio personality.
He was popular in Britain.
He was the first (and is today one of just three people) to twice win the public vote for BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award.
He is the only boxer to be awarded a knighthood.
He is also named as one of the great Londoners in the "London Song" by Ray Davies on his 1998 album The Storyteller.
Remembering Clay v Cooper  East Side Boxing, 14 November 2006
Start with an equilateral triangle.
Remove center part.
Do the same for the three largest equilateral triangles left in this one.
Morquio syndrome is a very rare inherited disease.
It is called mucopolysaccharidosis because the body cannot break down mucopolysaccharides which make up mucous.
It has very serious effects, but can be helped by a synthetic version of the enzyme which is not working.
"My Life Would Suck Without You" is a song from American singer Kelly Clarkson.
It was the first single from her fourth studio album, All I Ever Wanted.
It was her second number-one hit in Canada and the United States and her first chart-topper in the UK.
This song was released on January 31, 2009.
The song has the largest jump to number one in Billboard Hot 100 history.
It was also the biggest leap on the chart ever until 2019, when Taylor Swift broke this record.
"My Life Would Suck Without You" entered at #97 and moved to the top the following week.
In 2017, in a radio interview with Z100 in New York City, Clarkson discussed Dr. Luke (who was involved in a lawsuit with singer Kesha for reported assault).
She claimed:
Clarkson also said that she usually asks for writing credits if she knows she created a fair-sized portion of a song.
She says she lost "millions" of dollars in royalties by not being listed on the writing credits of the song.
Scott Summers also known as Cyclops is a mutant and leader of the X-Men.
He can shoot lasers from his eyes as his special power.
He was in love with Jean Grey.
He tried to save her while she was taken over by the Phoenix Force.
"Because of You" is a pop rock single from singer Kelly Clarkson off her second studio album Breakaway.
It was first released in 2005.
The single  made Clarkson the only winner in American Idol history to have a fourth song from the same album in Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100.
In 2007 Because of You was reprised in a duet alongside the country music artist Reba McEntire; the reprised version produced the first appearance of Clarkson in the Billboard Hot Country charts, where the single  hit Number 2.
Fast chess is similar to a normal game of chess, but played at a faster than usual rate.
The player who runs out of time first (or is checkmated, whichever happens first) loses the match.
Rapid: 15 to 60 minutes per player.
Blitz: less than 15 minutes per side.
Bullet: (unofficial category) 2 to 3 minutes per player.
The tawny owl or brown owl (Strix aluco) is a stocky, medium-sized owl commonly found in woodlands across much of Eurasia.
There are eleven recognised subspecies, and some variation in the colouring.
The nest is usually in a tree hole where it can protect its eggs and young against potential predators.
This owl is resident through the year, and highly territorial.
Many young birds starve if they cannot find a vacant territory once parental care ceases.
This nocturnal bird of prey hunts mainly rodents, usually by dropping from a perch to seize its prey, which it swallows whole; in towns its diet includes a higher proportion of birds.
Vision and hearing adaptations and  silent flight aid its night hunting.
The Tawny is capable of catching smaller owls, but is itself vulnerable to the Eagle owl or Northern Goshawk.
Red foxes are an important cause of mortality in newly fledged young.
Although many people believe this owl has exceptional night vision, its retina is no more sensitive than a human's.
Rather, it is its asymmetrically placed ears that are key to its hunting.
They give the Tawny owl excellent directional hearing.
Like most owls, it hunts at night.
It has a rather strange, but easily imitated, call.
Wheeling is a city in the U.S. state of West Virginia.
It is in both Ohio County and Marshall County.
It is the county seat of Ohio County.
Wheeling is the main city of the Wheeling Metropolitan Statistical Area.
The city had 28,486 (31,059 in Ohio County, 360 in Marshall County) people as of the 2010 census.
It was previously home to the Wheeling Stogies minor league baseball team.
City of Wheeling, West Virginia Official Site
Wheeling Convention and Visitor's Bureau
Ocean acidification is the decrease in the pH (scale of acidity and alkalinity) and increase in acidity of the Earth's oceans.
It is caused by the increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) that humans have put into the atmosphere.
More than 30% of the carbon dioxide in the air goes into the oceans.
Therefore, when carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, the carbon dioxide in the ocean increases, too.
The skeletons and shells of many sea animals need what is known as calcium carbonate minerals.
Due to ocean acidification, there are fewer of these minerals and there are species that could no longer produce or keep their shells.
With more carbon dioxide in the ocean, this problem becomes worse and many species will be at risk.
As a result, if humans continue to emit greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, ocean life will be in severe danger.
Also, coral is at risk, as it is being eroded by the acid in the ocean.
The Climate Change Guide easy-to-understand information on the effects of climate change
Acidification
William Wallace "Wally" Barron (December 8, 1911 – November 12, 2002) was a Democratic politician in West Virginia.
He was the state's 26th Governor from 1961 to 1965.
He later went to jail for corruption.
Barron's governorship was corrupt.