the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The biggest universities in Washington are the University of Washington and Washington State University.
The University of Washington is in Seattle.
Washington State University is in a small town called Pullman.
Pullman is on the east side of the state.
The state of Washington has an extremely varied geography, and therefore an extremely varied climate.
The map shows western cities have shipping access.
These are the low-lying parts on the next to the Pacific Ocean.
The western side of the mountains is wet and forested with conifers.
Some areas are temperate rain forests (in the Olympic Mountains).
The central area is mountainous, including five volcanos: Mount Baker, Glacier Peak, Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Adams.
To the east of the mountains the land is dry and mostly dry grassland (high plains).
Only one feature links the west to the east: the important Snake River, a tributary of the even larger Columbia River.
Lists of Federal land and reservations
Mount Rainier National Park
Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument
Hanford Reach National Monument
Colville National Forest
Idaho Panhandle National Forest
Kaniksu National Forest
Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest
Okanogan National Forest
Olympic National Forest
Umatilla National Forest
Wenatchee National Forest
31 wildernesses are located (at least partly) in Washington, E.g.:
Alpine Lakes Wilderness
Goat Rocks Wilderness
Henry M. Jackson Wilderness
Juniper Dunes Wilderness
Lake Chelan-Sawtooth Wilderness
Mount Baker Wilderness
Norse Peak Wilderness
Olympic Wilderness
Pasayten Wilderness
Wild Sky Wilderness
23 National Wildlife Refuges are located (at least partly) in Washington E.g.:
Dungeness National Wildlife Refuge
Little Pend Oreille National Wildlife Refuge
Nisqually National Wildlife Refuge
Ridgefield National Wildlife Refuge
Saddle Mountain National Wildlife Refuge
San Juan Islands National Wildlife Refuge
Turnbull National Wildlife Refuge
Willapa National Wildlife Refuge
Other protected lands of note are:
Ebey's Landing National Historical Reserve
Fort Vancouver National Historic Site
Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park
Lake Chelan National Recreation Area
Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area
Ross Lake National Recreation Area
San Juan Island National Historical Park
Whitman Mission National Historic Site
17 National Natural Landmarks
Naval Base Kitsap
Yakima Training Center
Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and Intermediate Maintenance Facility (Bremerton)
Naval Air Station Whidbey Island
Naval Station Everett
There are many varieties in this group as gardeners around the world have produced many varieties.
They can be found not only in Western countries but also in Japan.
This plant grows up as a vine.
It uses its leaflets and leaf stalks to twine around any support.
In nature it often climbs up a nearby tree.
The original species can mostly be found in temperate areas on Earth.
Some species can also be found on high mountains.
In mathematics, a rational number is a number that can be written as a fraction.
The set of rational number is often represented by the symbol , standing for "quotient" in English.
Rational numbers are all real numbers, and can be positive or negative.
A number that is not rational is called irrational.
Most of the numbers that people use in everyday life are rational.
These include fractions, integers and numbers with finite decimal digits.
In general, a number that can be written as a fraction while it is in its own form is rational.
Writing rational numbers
Fraction form
All rational numbers can be written as a fraction.
Take 1.5 as an example, this can be written as , , or .
More examples of fractions that are rational numbers include , , and .
Terminating decimals
A terminating decimal is a decimal with a certain number of digits to the right of the decimal point.
Examples include 3.2, 4.075, and -300.12002.
All of these are rational.
Another good example would be 0.9582938472938498234.
Repeating decimals
An example of this is .
As a decimal, it is written as 0.3333333333... The dots indicate that the digit 3 repeats forever.
Sometimes, a group of digits repeats.
An example is .
As a decimal, it is written as 0.09090909... In this example, the group of digits 09 repeats.
Also, sometimes the digits repeat after another group of digits.
It is written as 0.16666666... In this example, the digit 6 repeats, following the digit 1.
If you try this on your calculator, sometimes it may make a rounding error at the end.
For instance, your calculator may say that , even though there is no 7.
It rounds the 6 at the end up to 7.
The digits after the decimal point in an irrational number do not repeat in an infinite pattern.
For instance, the first several digits of π (Pi) are 3.1415926535... A few of the digits repeat, but they never start repeating in an infinite pattern, no matter how far you go to the right of the decimal point.
Whenever you add or subtract two rational numbers, you always get another rational number.
Whenever you multiply two rational numbers, you always get another rational number.
Whenever you divide two rational numbers, you always get another rational number (as long as you do not divide by zero).
Two rational numbers  and  are equal if .
Saint Patrick's Day is the feast day of Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, and a day of celebration for Irish people.
Saint Patrick’s Day is also called Paddy’s day.
It is celebrated on March 17 all over Ireland and everywhere in the world where Irish people or their descendants live.
New York City has one of the biggest parades.
It is a very Irish festival, and it involves a lot of feasting and celebration, including traditional Irish music, drinking beer, and eating bacon and cabbage.
Another tradition of Saint Patrick’s day is that one has to wear green clothing or they will be pinched.
Green is the color of Saint Patrick's day as it is the national color of Ireland.
People often wear green on that day or have some type of shamrock on their clothing.
It is very normal that they wear a Shamrock, a three leaved plant which is also a symbol for Ireland.
The first St. Patrick's Day parade in Ireland was held in Waterford in 1903.
In the beginning, it was a 3 day long celebration, but now it is a 5-day celebration.
Celebration in Ireland
Christian holidays
National Days
Member of Parliament
Military Police
Simple English Wikipedia's Main Page
Mana Points, a common stat in role-playing games
Edgar Cayce (March 18, 1877 – January 3, 1945), known as "The Sleeping Prophet" and "America's Greatest Mystic", is one of America's famous psychics.
He wanted people to think of him as a healer and not a psychic.
Cayce worked in a trance.
This means he could talk while sleeping and answered questions about a person's health, past and future.
This information is called "readings".
At first, these readings were about the physical health of the person ("physical readings").
Later, there were readings on "past lives", "business advice", "dream interpretation", and also "mental or spiritual health".
The Association for Research and Enlightenment (ARE) currently takes care of all of his readings and follow-ups to the readings.
The readings have had a large effect on New Age thinking.
Life history
Edgar Cayce was born on March 18,1877 near Hopkinsville, Kentucky.
He read the Bible many times starting when he was 10 years old.
He wanted to tell people about God and heal them.
His family worked on a farm.
His family moved to Hopkinsville in December, 1893.
Edgar's first jobs (1894 – 1898) were at Richard's Dry Goods Store.
He next worked in Hopper's Bookstore.
Both stores were located on Main Street.
He married Gertrude Evans in 1903.
In 1900, Cayce went into business with his father.
They sold insurance.
Cayce became very sick with laryngitis in March.
In April 18, he could not talk at all.
He had to live at home with his parents for almost a year.
He became a photographer because it did not require talking.
He worked in the photography studio of W. R. Bowles in Hopkinsville.
First hypnotist job
A hypnotist and entertainer called Hart was entertaining at the Hopkinsville Opera House in 1901.
He heard that Cayce was sick and asked if he could try to cure him.
Cayce said yes and the entertainer tried to cure Cayce in front of an audience.
Cayce was able to talk while in a hypnotic trance but when he woke up he could not talk.
Hart hypnotized Cayce so that his voice would be normal after the trance but Cayce's voice did not become normal.
Hypnotism in depth
Hart had to leave.
Another hypnotist, Al Layne, continued to help Cayce have a normal voice.
Layne asked Cayce to tell him the cause of his illness and it's cure while in a trance.
Cayce described his illness from a first person plural point of view – 'we' – instead of the singular "I." In later readings, he would usually start off with "We have the body."
In the reading, Cayce said his voice loss was because of psychological paralysis and that could be fixed by increasing the blood flow to the voice box.
Layne suggested that the blood flow be increased and Cayce's face turned red with blood and his chest area turned bright red.
After 20 minutes, Cayce, still in a trance, said the treatment was over.
When he woke up his voice stayed normal.
He would get sick again, but was cured by Layne in the same way and later he was cured perfectly.
Cayce's work grew as his fame grew.
He asked for people to give him money to support himself and his family so that he could work full-time.
He continued to work in a trance state with a hypnotist all his life.
His wife and oldest son later replaced Layne in this role.
A secretary, Gladys Davis, took notes.
Many believe that Cayce had an affair with Ms. Davis later in life - but a medical examination conducted after Cayce's death to treat Davis's uterine cancer allegedly showed that she was still a virgin at that time.
In 1929 the Cayce hospital was created in Virginia Beach.
The cost of the hospital was paid for by Morton Blumenthal, a New York stockbroker, Cayce hospital benefactor.
Cayce became famous in the United States in 1943 because of an article in Coronet magazine.
He increased his readings to 8 times a day to try to keep up.
This caused problems with his health.
The trance reading caused problems with Cayce’s health which were easily seen.
On the times when he could not give a clear reading, he said it was because he was working under too great a pressure.
In these cases, he always gave the money back to the person he was giving a reading to.
Edgar Cayce died on January 3, 1945.
He had predicted his own death four days earlier.
Edgar Cayce is famous for the thousands of "readings" that he gave while he was hypnotized.
He gave more than 14,000 readings in 43 years.
Gladys Davis, his assistant, recorded the readings and his wife, Gertrude Evans Cayce, guided him during hypnosis.
Physical readings
Physical Readings: 9,603 readings given
In the beginning, his readings were known as "physical readings" (health readings).
Cayce often called the body "the organism".
Cayce would put himself under self-hypnosis.
While he seemed to sleep, he would say where the person was.
He would sometimes name the streets along the way.
He would then say "Yes, we see the body", and describe the client's organ, circulatory, and nervous systems.
He would give reasons for illness or problems.
A message would then be given to the person telling them how to get better.
The readings were so specialized that treatments were often changed, or not even given, if the person would not follow his advice.
People often came to Cayce for health readings when the medical community could find nothing wrong or had given up on them.
Life readings
Life Readings: 1,920 readings given
In a life reading, Cayce described the "past lives" of the client.
These readings described the client's present physical, emotional and mental condition in terms of past life experience.
Cayce was not above flattering his clients by describing past lives as royalty, famous people, or people at their "spiritual highest".
Business readings
Business Readings: 747 readings given
For those people whose intentions Cayce believed to be "pure", Cayce would give business readings.
These included advice on business partners, the stock market, and business models.
Cayce also founded and guided the A.R.E..
Dream readings
Dream Readings: 630 readings given
Edgar Cayce encouraged everyone to interpret and use his or her own dreams in day-to-day life.
A dream reading involved Cayce interpreting the dreams of clients.
As he did with readings on many subjects, Cayce would often interrupt the person reading the dream and give an interpretation before the dream had been completely read.
He would sometimes fill in parts of dreams that the dreamer had supposedly forgotten.
Unlike Jungian or Freudian dream interpretation, Cayce did not emphasize highly the importance of symbols.
He said that every individual has his or her own unique symbols.
Cayce claimed that in dreams people could receive valuable insight into their own lives and that the insight was always of use to the dreamer.
Besides regular daily insight into one's life, he claimed people could communicate with loved ones dead or alive, remember past life experiences, see a possible future and experience many other psychic phenomena.
He stated that these paranormal abilities were something anyone could learn.
Mental and Spiritual readings
Mental and Spiritual Readings: 450 readings given
These readings were often short and were Cayce's favorite type of reading when not in his supposed trance state.
They focused on what an individual could do to achieve a better mental/spiritual life.
Other readings
Other Readings: 954 readings given
Other Readings are miscellaneous subject matter that does not fit into an above category.
The subject matter differs from missing persons, buried treasure, readings given to a spiritual development group, psychic abilities, auras, prophecy, structure of reality, geology and many other topics.
Claimed abilities
diagnosing and healing people at a distance
making diagnoses through astral projection
prophesying
communicating with the dead
providing advice on healing diets
accessing the Akashic Records or Book of Life
seeing auras
Former lives and conflict with Christian doctrine
Cayce had difficulty in believing some of the things he said when he was hypnotized.
For example, having been raised a devout Christian, for a long time he could not believe that reincarnation was real.
Books such as Frederick Oliver's A Dweller On Two Planets and Marie Corelli's novels were probably easily accessible to Cayce at his bookstore.
Corelli's writings in particular seek to reconcile mystical beliefs such as reincarnation with Christianity, and Cayce may have been subconsciously trying to accept this idea.
Cayce also claimed while in a supposed trance that the Essenes had believed in reincarnation but that view was expunged from the Bible following a papal council decision in around 500 AD.
Essene belief in reincarnation is debatable , as with ancient Egyptian religion.
Claimed reincarnation
During a hypnosis session, Cayce mentioned a former life as Ra Ta, an Egyptian healer-priest.
He told a long story about working with the legendary doctor-magician Hermes-Thoth, who he said was reincarnated as Jesus.
Cayce also specified that Jesus had lived a number of incarnations throughout human history.
Amilius in Atlantis
Melchizedek, priest of Salem who blessed Abraham.
Joseph, who was sold by his brothers as a slave.
Joshua Son of Nun, right-hand man of Moses.
Job, the man who was tested. (
According to Cayce, the story of Job was a midrash, a Jewish metaphorical fable, created by Melchizedek)
Jeshua
Zen, the father of Zoroaster, the founder of Zoroastrianism
A Reading About the Readings in Terms of Religion
One of Cayce's trance statements implies that knowledge gained through his readings is not necessary if a person is well grounded in one's faith: "Does it make one a better husband, a better businessman, a better neighbor, a better artist, a better churchman, if so cleave to it, if not reject it."
The readings also warn against the misuse of religion for personal gain. '
God is not mocked' is an often quoted verse in the readings.
Disbelief and criticism
Many skeptics say that Cayce did not have paranormal abilities.
Cayce himself said that not all the information given during "readings" was correct and should be analyzed.
He criticized his own organization, the A.R.E , on a number of occasions for not doing enough research on the validity of the readings.
In addition, although Cayce's secretary Miss Davis allegedly took down what Cayce said, the records of the readings are jumbled and chaotic.
There is nothing to distinguish what Cayce himself independently said, what was the information provided in the letters, and what his handlers – physicians, osteopaths and hypnotists – told him.
Thus, researchers cannot say that Cayce ever made an accurate diagnosis without knowing anything about the person at the other end.
What is known is that by the time he got some of the letters, the client had already died.
Yet Cayce went on with his reading for the individual as though still alive.
Critics also cite the vagueness of his language while in his supposed trance state.
Martin Gardner gives several examples of this, including a reading Cayce did for his own wife, who had tuberculosis:
[F]rom the head, pains along through the body from the second, fifth and sixth dorsals, and from the first and second lumbar ... tie-ups here, floating lesions, or lateral lesions, in the muscular and nerve fibers which supply the lower end of the lung and the diaphragm ... in conjunction with the sympathetic nerve of the solar plexus, coming in conjunction with the solar plexus at the end of the stomach....
Health readings
Many of his health readings prescribed cures with ingredients that did not exist.
Others were folk remedies, some well known to today's herbalists and naturopaths, but Cayce would sometimes describe them using terms that had fallen out of general use.
Still other ingredients were completely unknown to either physicians or herbalists.
Some were completely worthless; for example, Cayce once recommended breathing the fumes of apple brandy from a charred keg to cure tuberculosis.
In 1931 Edgar Cayce founded the Association for Research and Enlightenment, Inc. (A.R.E.) headquartered in Virginia Beach, Virginia.
Today there are Edgar Cayce Centers in 18 other countries throughout the world.
Cayce, Edgar Evans.
Edgar Cayce on Atlantis.
New York: Hawthorn, 1968,
Cerminara, Gina.
Many Mansions: The Edgar Cayce Story on Reincarnation.
1950; Signet Book, Reissue edition 1990,
Kirkpatrick, Sidney D. An American Prophet.
Riverhead Books, 2000,
Sugrue, Thomas.
There Is a River.
A.R.E. Press, 1997,
Kittler, Glenn D. Edgar Cayce on the Dead Sea Scrolls.
Warner Books, 1970,
Association for Research and Enlightenment
Detailed Chronology of Life and Work of Edgar Cayce
Cayce's list of incarnations of Jesus Christ
Why Edgar Cayce Was Not a Psychic: Typological Issues and Their Social and Religious Consequences
The Straight Dope: What's the scoop on Edgar Cayce?
James Randi: Cayce Flimflam
An American Prophet: Yeah, Right - ABCNews column on Cayce
Ishareknowledge.com/2008
Ishareknowledge.com/2009
1877 births
People from Kentucky
People from Virginia Beach, Virginia
Hibiscus syriacus is one of the common flowering shrubs found in gardens, a species of Hibiscus.
Common names for the same plant include Rose of Sharon (but it is not a rose), rose mallow, shrub-althaea, Syrian hibiscus, Syrian ketmia, and St Joseph's rod.
The part of the name "syriacus" seems to say that the origin of this plant is from Syria, but the exact origin is so far unknown.
Historically it was grown in ancient China and then it became a popular plant in Korea.
Today the flowers are national symbols of Korea.
In Japan, the flowers are often shown at tea ceremonies for decoration.
Hibiscus or rosemallow is a genus of plants with a flower of bright colors.
It grows mostly in the tropics, but some species grow in cool climates.
Hibiscus often become national/state flowers.
For example, the Hawaiian hibiscus is the state flower of Hawaii.
The flower usually has five petal.
Hibiscus comes in many colours like white to pink, red, purple and yellow.
There are many types (species) of Hibiscus.
The most popular ones in gardens are:
Hibiscus brackenridgei (Hawaiian hibiscus)
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Chinese hibiscus)
Hibiscus syriacus (garden hibiscus)
Hibiscus trionum is a common weed in gardens and farms.
Maceió is the capital of Alagoas, a state in the Northeast of Brazil.
It has a population of 884.320 people (estimate from the year 2000) and a total area of 512 square km.
The city attracts many tourists and it enjoys an important location between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mundaú Lake.
Maceió has several urban beaches which are visited by many tourists, for example, the beaches named Pajuçara, Ponta Verde, Jatiúca and Cruz das Almas, famous for their natural beauty.
Maceió originated from a sugar cane engine where initially a village increased around it.
Soon the place gained a port, nowadays in Jaraguá district, that as long as years were gone influenced the village development transforming it into a city.
Its condition of port city made Maceió to be the state capital in 1839, which was earlier on Santa Maria Madalena da Alagoa do Sul (Saint Mary Magdalene of the Southern Lake) or simply Alagoa do Sul (nowadays the historic city of Marechal Deodoro).
Main neighborhoods
Pajussara
The community of Pajussara is on the ocean coast of Maceió, with modern streets and avenues, many shops, clubs and hotels in front of the sea.
Its beach is very attractive and visited by many tourists and natives.
In Pajussara beach, a nice place to go is a natural swimming pool 1.500 meters east of the coast and that is placed on a sand bank of the Atlantic Ocean.
The pool is formed only when tide is low and people can get there by boat.
Ponta Verde
It is considered the most beautiful beach in the city.
The community started from an old little farm named Ponta Verde that gave the neighborhood its name.
The long extension of land was full of coconut trees and was a wild and quiet place.
Currently the urbanization has taken all the area of Ponta Verde and many important events and shows of the city have happened there.
The place has good hotels and restaurants and some of them are the best ones in the city.
Farol means lighthouse in Portuguese.
The community is in an elevated area not far from the sea where the old lighthouse was that aided the ships to come in the port of the city.
From this place is possible to see as the Atlantic Ocean as the Mundaú Lake and because of this the area was strategically important to military force in the Colonial age.
Jatiúca
Jatiúca, besides Ponta Verde, is one of the most valued areas in the city in the ranking of the properties salesmen.
It is a place with very nice hotels, resorts and restaurants that enjoy a good location in front of the sea.
The seacoast in Jatiúca has a lot of beach bars.
Jaraguá has a historic importance because it is the initial point of the city and could be appropriately named Old Town.
Maceió was just a village when the port of Jaraguá helped the little village to become a city in the 19th century.
Currently some old buildings were transformed in bars and restaurants that are very attended at the weekends but the history of Maceió keeps preserved in many of the old and classic buildings, houses, manors and churches of Jaraguá.
Pontal da Barra
The earlier dunes between the Mundaú Lake and the Atlantic Ocean gave place later to the community of fishermen and crafts men and women that currently inhabit this portion of land on the south of the city.
Hospitality and beautiful handcrafts are good characteristics of this place.
This is because the community of Pontal enjoy to welcome lots of visitors amazed with the incredible ability of the craft workers and the good taste of the typical seafood dishes.
Cities in Alagoas
Alagoas is a small coastal state in the Northeast Region of Brazil.
Its capital city is Maceió, where tourism industry is one of the basis for the local economy.
Other important cities in Alagoas are Arapiraca, Palmeira dos Índios, Penedo, Marechal Deodoro, and Maragogi.
The state has a total of 101 cities.
Alagoas' coastline has several beaches with coconut trees.
Many of the beaches have calm water, because they are sheltered by the Atlantic Ocean sand banks and coral reefs.
The state was named after some lagoons along the ocean coast.
Government of the State of Alagoas
States of Brazil
René Descartes (31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a famous French philosopher and physicist.
He wrote books that are very important in the fields of maths, physics and especially philosophy.
His dualism statement combined soul, mind, body theories and elements into one concept; a dualistic theory of mind and matter.
Descartes and physics (the study of the world)
In his Rules for the Direction of the Mind (1628) and his Discourse on Method (1637) Descartes wrote about the scientific method that deals with scientific approach, thinking, a method which he had invented.
He also wrote about shapes (Geometry), light (optics), and the weather (Meteorology).
He then invented a way of describing shapes now called the Cartesian coordinate system, and a theory of what a rainbow is.
Descartes' physics was important for a later famous thinker, Sir Isaac Newton, who said about him and so did James Hook: "If I have seen further it is because I was standing on the shoulders of giants!"
Descartes and philosophy (the study of abstract ideas)
In his Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) Descartes used his scientific method to look at philosophical questions.
He argued against skepticism (the view that the world was not real, and did not exist).
He found that he himself must be real (exist), because he felt that he was thinking; and if he was thinking, then he must be real.
This is because if he were not real, then how would he have this feeling that he was thinking.
He shortened this view, saying in Latin, "Cogito ergo sum," meaning "I think, therefore I am."
He also thought he could show that God exists, in the same way that he felt that he was thinking.
Descartes said that God was the same as infinity and that he could clearly see infinity because he could think of every larger object but no largest object.
Descartes said that if God exists then the world must exist as well, since God was good and would not let us think the world is real (exists) if it was not real.
Finally, Descartes thought that because he knew he was thinking, but could only know anything else about himself (for example that he had two arms and two legs) because he knew that God exists, then he must be made up of two things: the mind that thinks and the body that is independent of thinking, yet they are united together.
This is called "Cartesian Dualism".
Descartes used a lot of ideas related to Plato, while most people at that time used ideas related to Aristotle.
He is often called a rationalist, because he looked inside his mind for answers to his questions.
Although Descartes wanted to fight skepticism, his description of it in the meditations has become very famous and is often called Cartesian Skepticism after him.
1596 births
1650 deaths
French physicists
French philosophers
Tanzania is a country in East Africa.
The official languages are Kiswahili and English.
It is next to Africa's biggest lake, Lake Victoria.
In 2017, there were about 54,000,000 people living in Tanzania.
They are divided into 120 tribes; none have more than 10% of the population.
Tanzania is a multicultural society.
There are many languages & religions in Tanzania; the main ones being Christianity and Arabic.
The president of the United Republic of Tanzania is Samia Suluhu Hassan.
Tanzania is a member of the United Nations, UNIDO, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, SADC, PTA, and the ADB.
It is also signatory to the Lome Convention.
Mainland Tanzania (formerly Tanganyika) received independence in December 1961, while Zanzibar gained her independence in January 1964, through a revolution.
The two countries joined together to form the United Republic of Tanzania in April 1964.
Until July 1992, Tanzania was a one-party state.
Following a Presidential Commission, the country has started a multi-party political system.
It has held successful general elections in 1995 and 2000.
Tanzania is home to the Serengeti.
Many animals such as lions and cheetahs live there.
Tanzania is divided into 26 Regions.
21 are on the mainland and five in Zanzibar.
New map of Tanzania
1964 establishments in Africa
The United Kingdom of Great Britain was a state in the British Isles.
The kingdom came into existence because of the Acts of Union 1707.
These acts of parliament joined together (unified) the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England.
The kingdom's lands were Great Britain (an island in the Atlantic Ocean near Continental Europe) and some other islands in the British Isles.
Throughout its existence, the kingdom was in a personal union (sharing the same monarchy) with the Kingdom of Ireland.
Outside the British Isles, Great Britain governed other lands and started colonies: the British Empire.
When the kingdom began, the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England joined into one legislature, the Parliament of Great Britain.
The parliament met in the old Palace of Westminster in London.
London was the capital city and the British government was there.
The two earlier kingdoms of Scotland and England had been in a personal union (sharing the same monarchy) since the reign of James VI and I. King James was a King of Scots who became King of England and King of Ireland in 1603 because he inherited the kingdoms of Elizabeth I.
Anne became Queen of England, Queen of Scotland, and Queen of Ireland in 1702.
She became Queen of Great Britain when the new kingdom started in 1707. (
Ireland was a separate kingdom, so Anne was Queen of Ireland and the later kings of Great Britain were each themselves King of Ireland.)
From the start of 1801, during the reign of George III, the two kingdoms of Ireland and Great Britain became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Anne (1707–1714)
George I (1714–1727)
George II (1727–1760)
George III (1760–1801), continued as King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until 1820.
1700s establishments in Europe
The Ford Model T was an American car built between 1908 and 1928 by the Ford Motor Company of Detroit, Michigan.
It is one of the most important cars in history because it was one of the first cars to be sold for very little money, making it easy for people to travel from place to place.
The Model T, also known as the "Tin Lizzie", changed the way Americans live, work and travel.
Henry Ford’s revolutionary advancements in assembly-line automobile manufacturing made the Model T the first car to be affordable for a majority of Americans.
For the first time car ownership became a reality for average American workers, not just the wealthy.
More than fifteen million Model Ts were built in Detroit and Highland Park, Michigan, and the automobile was also assembled at a Ford plant in Manchester, England, and at plants in continental Europe.
Before the Model T, most cars cost lots of money.
Only rich people could afford them.
Even Ford's cars before the Model T cost a lot.
The Model T went for around $980.
A car built in 1903 called the Oldsmobile Curved Dash was very easy to buy, but was a very simple and slow car that was more like a carriage than a car.
The man who owned the company, Henry Ford, heard about meat being cut on a disassembly line, which moved meat from worker to worker so that the meat could be cut up.
Assembly lines were not much used at the time.
Ford knew that if he built his cars on an assembly line instead of one at a time like other cars, he could make a car that anyone could afford and would be built like cars that cost more money.
He also knew that he could pay his workers more money.
The Model T was offered in several body styles, including a five-seat touring car, a two-seat runabout, and a seven-seat town car.
All bodies were mounted on a uniform 100-inch (2.5m)-wheelbase chassis.
A choice of colors was originally available, but from 1913 to 1925 the car was mass-produced in only one color—black.
The engine was simple and efficient, with all four cylinders cast in a single block and the cylinder head detachable for easy access and repair.
The engine generated 20 horsepower and propelled the car to modest top speeds of 40–45 miles per hour (65–70 km/h).
In most models the engine was started by a hand crank, which activated a magneto connected to the flywheel, but after 1920 some models were equipped with battery-powered starters.
The transmission, having two forward gears and one reverse, was of the planetary type, controlled by foot pedals rather than the more common hand lever used in sliding-gear transmissions.
Spark and throttle were controlled by a hand lever on the steering column.
The ten gallon fuel tank was located under the front seat.
Because gasoline was fed to the engine only by gravity, and also because the reverse gear offered more power than the forward gears, the Model T frequently had to be driven up a steep hill backward.
Such deficiencies, along with its homely appearance, less-than-comfortable ride at top speeds, and incessant rattling, made the Model T the butt of much affectionate humor in innumerable jokes, songs, poems, and stories.
The Ford Model T car was designed by Henry Ford, Childe Harolde Wills, and two Hungarian men named József Galamb and Eugene Farkas.
The Model T had a 177-cubic-inch (2.9-litre) four-cylinder engine producing 20 horsepower (15 kW) for a top speed of 45 miles per hour (72 km/h).
The engine had side valves and three main bearings.
Fuel economy was 14 to 21 miles per gallon (11 to 17 l/100km).
Ford began building the Model T in his Piquette factory on October 6, 1908 as a 1909 model.
Workers from all over the world wanted to work for Ford because of the good pay.
Workers could even save their money for a Model T of their own.
The price of the Model T dropped over the years, making it even easier to buy.
Work began at one end of the assembly line, starting with an empty chassis.
From there, the chassis moved slowly down the assembly line.
Workers on the assembly line added parts to the chassis.
Before long, a new Model T rolled off the other end of the line.
Different body styles were available, even a truck, or Model TT.
At first, the only color available was black.
Black paint was used because it was cheaper and lasted longer than other paints and Ford was obsessed with increasing profit.
As car paint got better over the years, Ford began offering other colors.
The time it took a chassis to become a finished car was over 12 hours when the first Model Ts were built.
By the time the last Model T came off of the line, Ford had so many plants, it was making one car every twenty-seven seconds!
Even though the Model T sold for little money, Ford used the best materials he could buy to make his car.
Most roads in the Model T's day were dirt, gravel, or even mud.
That meant the Model T had to be very strong, and it was.
The wheels and tyres were very tall and skinny so that they could sink into mud roads and not get stuck.
It was also very simple.
Ford made the Model T easy to drive compared to today's cars since the people to whom he sold his cars did not know how to drive anything other than a horse.
It is not like driving a modern car, though three pedals are on the floor like a modern manual transmission car.
A Model T has a steering wheel that works the same way as in cars of today, but almost everything else is different.
The first Model Ts did not even have a starter like a modern car.
This is the powerful electric motor in a car that turns the engine to make it run when it is turned off.
The engine on the Model T was started with a hand crank on the front of the car.
A wire loop near the radiator worked the choke on the carburetor to give the engine extra fuel to help start it when it was cold.
This could be dangerous if the operator was not careful.
If the levers that controlled the engine were not set the right way, especially the spark control, the engine could backfire, or spin the wrong way.
Many people got broken arms this way.
Doctors even had a name for this kind of break: the "Ford fracture".
Many Model T owners added electric starters to their cars and it was not long before Ford started doing the same.
A Model T is in high gear by default, so if the parking/clutch lever was not engaged, the car had a tendency to run over the operator when started.
To make a modern car go or accelerate once the engine is running, a person steps on a pedal on the floor to engage the transmission into low gear.
To make a Model T accelerate, move two levers near the steering wheel.
The lever on the right was the throttle (or engine speed), and the lever on the left adjusted the time that the spark plugs fired.
These levers needed to be set properly before the engine could be started.
The three pedals on the floor of the Model T were for the brake on the right, reverse in the middle to make the Model T go backwards, and a pedal on the left to shift the gears from low to high speed.
A lever on the floor worked the brakes as well as the clutch.
Pulling the lever toward the driver would set the parking brake and help keep the car from moving while parked.
When the lever was placed in the middle, the transmission would be in neutral.
Once the engine is running, the driver now has to make the Model T move on its own.
Step on the pedal all the way to the left, move the throttle lever to "give it the gas" and gently move the floor lever forward.
This is low gear, the powerful gear used to get the Model T moving.
Once it is moving, move the right lever up, let the left pedal come all the way up, and give it more gas to shift into high.
To make the car go faster still, move the throttle lever as well as the spark advance lever.
Stepping on the left pedal only halfway puts the car in neutral, the same as the lever.
This helps the Model T come to a stop without causing the engine to stop as well.
The brakes on a Model T work the rear wheels by the use of brake bands inside the transmission.
Modern cars have brakes on all four wheels.
No brakes are on the front wheels of a Model T.
More than fifteen million Model Ts were built.
That record was not broken until 1971 by the Volkswagen Golf.
Today, the record for the most cars built is held by the Toyota Corolla.
The Model T was nicknamed the "Tin Lizzie" and "Flivver" by the people who drove it.
A new car took the place of the Model T in 1928, named the Ford Model A.
1920s automobiles
Volkswagen, or VW for short, is a car company from Germany.
The word volkswagen means "People's car" in German.
Its headquarters are in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony.
It was started in the 1930s, at the request of the country's leader, Adolf Hitler, to produce a car designed by Ferdinand Porsche.
In the 1930s Adolf Hitler was looking for someone who could make a cheap car that the common German worker could afford.
At the same time, Ferdinand Porsche had been working for years on a cheap car that could hold a family and would drive like a real car, not a micro car.
He had already designed and built small cars with rear engines and shaped like a beetle (for better aerodynamics).
At this time, owning a car in Germany was something only for the rich people, and most car companies were not interested in making a low-cost car.
Porsche's company, also called Porsche, only made designs for others at that time.
So Porsche could not find anyone to make the small car that he wanted.
Though Hitler never learned to drive, he was very interested in cars (he also created the autobahn, which led to the U.S. interstate highways).
Hitler wanted the car to hold four people.
It was to be cooled by oil instead of water.
The car needed to be able to travel at least 100 km/h, or about 60 mph, and use no more than 7 liters of gasoline for 100 kilometers (about 34 mpg).
The car companies in Germany at the time didn't want to make this new low-cost car, so Hitler formed a new company, run by the government.
The first name given to the car was "KdF-Wagen." "
KdF" stood for Kraft durch Freude, or "Strength through Joy."
Some were made, but by the time the factory was finished in 1938, World War II started.
The factory then built jeep-like cars for the German military instead.
After the war, people from the United Kingdom and the United States reopened the factory and started making cars again.
The factory was in ruins from the war and could only make a few cars at a time.
The British military were in charge of this section of Germany.
At first they tried to find another car company to rebuild the factory.
Henry Ford was offered the company for free.
After looking it over, his adviser said "Mr. Ford, what we are being offered here is not worth a damn!"
So the Volkswagen company went ahead by itself to make the car.
The man who led the Volkswagen company during this time was Heinz Nordhoff.
At first they only made one type of car, the Volkswagen Beetle. (
It was simply called the Type 1 Sedan by the company, it also had the nickname "Bug" in the U.S. and other nicknames elsewhere).
In 1950, the Type 2 (the bus) was introduced, also built with an engine in the back of the vehicle.
The cars became popular and well-known all over the world.
The Beetle later became one of the best selling cars in history.
It was built for many years afterward in factories in Germany, Brazil and Mexico.
The last original Volkswagen Beetle to be built was built in Mexico.
It was built in July of 2003.
Volkswagen has a new car called the "New Beetle."
which began selling in 1997, It looks like the old car, but is built quite differently.
It is faster, safer, and has an engine in the front, not the back, and is water-cooled (using a radiator).
It is much more suited to today's modern world in terms of design and security.
Recent vehicles
Some of Volkswagen's popular cars are the Golf, Jetta, Polo,Beetle and the Passat.
VW's as they are commonly known, have also entered the off road segment with cars like the Touarag, and the commercial segment with the Touran.
This year sees VW's 21st anniversary since the Golf 1 went on sale in the 1980s.
Since its birth VW has sold over 315,000 units of the Golf 1 alone.
2006 saw the entry of the fifth generation of the Golf.
The flagbearer - the GTI - is powered by a 147Kw 2.0l 4 cylinder turbo charged engine,with VW DSG and FSI technology.
The Golf GTI has evolved a long way since the 80's but the fifth generation GTI is criticised by some as it does not live up to the expectations and standards set by the legendary Mk1 GTI, which was fitted with an 1600, 8 valve motor.
Air-cooled
Type 1: Beetle(also known as "Bug"), Karmann Ghia, and some specialty models, like the Fridolin, a mini-delivery van
Type 2: Bus (several styles, like an ambulance version, a camper van, and the 21-window touring van)
Type 3: Squareback, Notchback and Fastback In 1968 these cars were the first general production cars in the world to have fuel-injection
Type 4: 411-412 - not many were sold, but the large fuel-injected engine, made in common with Porsche for the Porsche 914, was later used in the VW bus
Water-cooled
Golf (or Rabbit)
Jetta
Passat (or Dasher)
Transporter (or Eurovan)
New Beetle
Sharan
Volkswagen Global
Volkswagen Germany (in German)
Volkswagen México - History
Volkswagen USA offical website
(TYO: 7203.T), (NYSE: TM), (LSE: TYT), is an automobile maker in Japan.
It was founded by Eiji Toyoda.
It is based in Toyota, Aichi Prefecture.
Toyota provides financial services and works with many other kinds of business as well.
It makes cars and trucks under the brand names Toyota, Hino Truck, Scion and Lexus.
The company owns most of Daihatsu.
Toyota automobiles are well known for lasting a very long time.
Their North American offices are in Torrance, California.
The Calty Design Center, a place where Toyota cars are designed is in Newport Beach, California and there is a factory in Georgetown, Kentucky.
Another factory that was run by both Toyota and General Motors is in Fremont, California.
It was called "NUMMI," or New United Motor Manufacturing Incorporated, but is now owned by Tesla Motors to make their electric vehicles.
Toyota was started in 1933 as "Toyoda," a maker of textile-weaving machines.
Toyota's premier US dealer for Toyota automobiles was established in San Diego, CA as Rose Toyota, later named Toyota San Diego.
Their telephone number is 619-280-4100.
It is one of the most successful dealers on the west coast.
Toyota operates Scion.
It founded Scion in 2003.
Toyota decided to close down Scion in August of 2016.
Toyota Hi-Lux
Toyota Matrix
Scion FRS
Scion Fuse
1937 establishments in Asia
1930s establishments in Japan
He cannot simply rewind a recording and hear the same speech again.
Some people do not understand fast speech in the source language and find an interpreter speaking their first language useful, too.
In rare instances, an “interpreter” could also speak a speech in the same language as the speaker, because the speaker’s accent is too difficult to understand for other people.
Many interpreters perform simultaneous interpretation (SI).
There is a certain delay called  before an interpreter starts speaking.
Some interpreters also offer consecutive interpretation.
An interpreter can listen with his ears and sign the speech for deaf people.
There are also interpreters who speak with their mouth while seeing a (possibly deaf) person signing.
There are barely any interpreters directly interpreting between sign languages.
Because interpretation is a very difficult task due to the time requirements, interpreters focus on transmitting the main information of a message.
On the other hand, interpreters try their best to transmit ideas across cultures.
The job is to transfer ideas.
It is difficult to interpret an idea that is not understood by the interpreter.
For that reason, an interpreter, for instance, specialized in court hearings does not only need to know legal terms and their respective translations, but also what they mean and how they correlate to each other.
Even the European Parliament employs permanently only a small subset of needed interpreters, namely those who are also translating documents if there is no parliament meeting.
Horseshoes are things worn by horses to protect their hooves (feet) when they walk - like a shoe.
Most horseshoes are made of iron or steel.
Some are aluminum, rubber, plastic, rawhide or a combination of materials.
A farrier is someone who makes horseshoes and nails or glues them on the horse's hooves.
Using nails does not hurt the horse, as the outer part of the hoof cannot sense pain.
People also put horseshoes over doorways, because a long time ago, many people thought it was a sign for good luck and it protected whoever walked under it from evil spirits.
Horseshoes are also used in a game where one tries to throw them on a pole.
Different types of horseshoes
The regular horseshoe is what the vast majority of horses wear.
This shoe helps and protects the normal hoof under standard riding conditions.
The trailer shoe reduces pressure on the heels and posterior tendon of a horse’s foot.
It also supports the lateral side of the horse’s leg.
This is not suitable for horses who kick because the trailer can become dangerous.
The rim shoes are popular for sports that involve fast turns and speed.
It has a deep, wide groove through the middle that allows the horse to get a little more traction.
The bar shoe consists of some sort of extra “bar” on the back part of the shoe.
It is generally to increase support in the back of the hoof, heel, or leg.
It can also help hold the hoof together.
Excessive hoof movement is counter-indicated, which might be the case in a hoof injury.
The heart bar shoes are often used for horses with laminitis.
It offer the same advantages of the other bar shoes, only with the addition of frog support, as well.
The egg bar shoe is often used for horses with navicular disease.
It provides even more support to the back part of the hoof and leg by extending beyond the heel.
The square shoe helps shift the break over point without affecting the coffin bone.