the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Most communist countries (like the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan) fell apart because of foreign intervention primarily from the United States.
In 1848, Karl H. Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto.
It was a short book with the basic ideas of communism.
Most socialists and communists today still use this book to help them understand politics and economics.
Many non-communists read it too, even if they do not agree with everything in it.
Karl Marx said that for society to change into a communist way of living, there would have to be a period of change.
During this period, the workers would govern society.
Marx was very interested in the experience of the Paris Commune of 1870, when the workers of Paris ran the city following the defeat of the French Army by the Prussian Army.
He thought that this practical experience was more important than the theoretical views of the various radical groups.
Many groups and individuals liked Marx's ideas.
By the beginning of the twentieth century, there was a worldwide socialist movement called Social Democracy.
It was influenced by his ideas.
They said that the workers in different countries had more in common with each other than the workers had in common with the bosses within their own countries.
In 1917, Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky led a Russian group called the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution.
They got rid of the temporary government of Russia, which was formed after the February Revolution against the Tsar (Emperor).
They established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, also called the Soviet Union or USSR.
The Soviet Union was the first country claiming to have established a workers' state.
In reality, the country never became communist in the way that Marx and Engels described.
During the 20th century, many people tried to establish workers' states.
In the late 1940s, China also had a revolution and created a new government with Mao Zedong as its leader.
In 1959, the island of Cuba had a revolution and created a new government with Fidel Castro as its leader.
At one time, there were many such countries, and it seemed as though communism would overtake Capitalism.
However, communist party governments didn't use democracy, which is a very important component of socialism and communism.
Because of this, the governments became separated from the people, making communism difficult.
This also led to disagreements and splits between countries.
By the 1960s, one-third of the world had overthrown capitalism and were trying to build communism.
Most of these countries followed the model of the Soviet Union.
Some followed the model of China.
The other two-thirds of the world still lived in capitalism, and this led to a worldwide divide between capitalist countries and communist countries.
This was called the "Cold War" because it was not fought with weapons or armies, but competing ideas.
However, this could have turned into a large war.
During the 1980s, the United States and the Soviet Union were competing to have the biggest army and having the most dangerous weapons.
This was called the "Arms Race".
President Ronald Reagan called communist countries like the Soviet Union the "Evil Empire" because he did not agree with communist ideas.
Since 1989, when the Berlin Wall was torn down, most countries that used to be communist have returned to capitalism.
Communism now has much less influence around the world.
In 1991, the Soviet Union broke up.
However, around a fifth of the world's people still live in states controlled by a communist party.
Most of these people are in China.
The other countries include Cuba, Vietnam, Laos, and North Korea.
There are also communist movements in Latin America and South Africa.
Many people have written their own ideas about communism.
Vladimir Lenin of Russia thought that there had to be a group of hard-working revolutionaries (called a vanguard) to lead a socialist revolution worldwide and create a communist society everywhere.
Leon Trotsky, also from Russia, argued that socialism had to be international, and it was not important to make it happen first in Russia.
He also did not like Joseph Stalin, who became the leader of the USSR after Lenin's death in 1924.
Trotsky was made to leave the Soviet Union by Stalin in 1928, and then killed in 1940.
This scared many people, and lots of communists argued about whether this was right and whose ideas should be followed.
Mao Zedong of China thought that other classes would be important to the revolution in China and other developing countries because the working classes in these countries were small.
Mao's ideas on communism are usually called Maoism or Mao Zedong Thought.
After Stalin's death in 1953, Mao saw himself as the leader of worldwide communism until he died in 1976.
Today the Chinese government is still ruled by the Communist Party, but they actually have what is called a mixed economy.
They have borrowed many things from capitalism.
The government in China today does not follow Maoism.
However, few revolutionaries in other countries like India and Nepal still like his ideas and are trying to use them in their own countries.
Term usage
The word "communism" is not a very specific description of left-wing political organizations.
Many political parties calling themselves "communist" may actually be more reformist (supportive of reforms and slow change instead of revolution) than some parties calling themselves "socialists".
Many communist parties in Latin America have lost many members because these parties do different things than what they promised once they get into power.
In Chile, between 1970-1973, under the left-wing Coalition (groups of parties) of Popular Unity, led by Salvador Allende, the Communist Party of Chile was to the right of the Socialist Party of Chile.
This means it was more reformist than the socialist party.
Many communist parties will use a reformist strategy.
They say working-class people are not organized enough to make big changes to their societies.
They put forward candidates that will be elected democratically.
Once communists become elected to parliament or the Senate, then they will fight for the working class.
This will allow working-class people to change their capitalist society into a socialist one.
Symbols and culture
The color red is a symbol of communism around the world.
A red five-pointed star sometimes also stands for communism.
The hammer and sickle is a well-known symbol of communism.
It was on the flags of many communist countries, like the Soviet Union (see top of article).
Some communists also like to use pictures of famous communists from history, such as Marx, Lenin, and Mao Zedong, as symbols of the whole philosophy of communism.
A song called The Internationale is the international song of communism.
It has the same music everywhere, but the words to the song are translated into many languages.
The Russian version was the national anthem of the Soviet Union from 1922 until 1944.
The sickle in the Soviet Union's flag shows the struggle of the peasants-farmers.
The hammer in the flag represents the struggle for the workers.
Both of them crossing shows their support for each other.
There is also a special kind of art and architecture found in many communist and former communist countries.
Paintings done in the style of socialist realism are often done for propaganda to show a perfect version of a country's people and political leader.
Art done in the socialist realism style, such as plays, movies, novels, and paintings show hard-working, happy, and well-fed factory workers and farmers.
Movies, plays and novels in this style often tell stories about workers or soldiers who sacrifice themselves for the good of their country.
Paintings often showed heroic portraits of the leader, or landscapes showing huge fields of wheat.
Stalinist architecture was supposed to represent the power and glory of the state and its political leader.
Some non-communists also enjoy this kind of art.
Polytheistic religions
The idea of resurrection is found in writings of ancient polytheistic religions in the Middle East.
Some Egyptian and Canaanite writings tell of gods being resurrected, such as Osiris and Baal.
In Greek mythology, many men and women were given eternal life by being resurrected from the dead.
In their stories, some who came back to life as gods were Alcmene, Castor, Heracles, and Melicertes.
But the Greek philosophers at that time did not believe in a physical rebirth.
Abrahamic religions
Christians believe that Jesus Christ was resurrected.
They also believe in resurrection for all people after they die.
This is based on the Gospels and on Saint Paul's writings in the New Testament.
The resurrection of Jesus is the Christian belief that he returned to life by a miracle.
He died by crucifixion on Friday and rose from his tomb to new life on Sunday morning.
This belief is celebrated at Easter.
The resurrection of Jesus Christ is written about by the evangelists in the New Testament.
They are the authors of the four Gospels in the New Testament.
Christians believe the resurrection is a central part of the Christian faith.
Jesus died on the cross to save mankind.
When he was resurrected, Jesus defeated death.
He is alive forever and sitting at God's right hand on a throne.
This gives Christians the hope of a new life after death.
This is because his resurrection mirrors the future for all Christians after they die.
With Jesus Christ and with humans, the Bible shows that the resurrected body is changed from the original.
This is because the human body, while alive, is weak and frail.
But, the resurrected person lives for ever.
All four Gospels tell about Jesus being raised from the dead.
They also write about three times that Jesus brings a dead person back to life:
Daughter of Jairus.
Jairus, a patron of a synagogue, asks Jesus to heal his daughter, but while Jesus is on the way, Jairus is told his daughter was dead.
Jesus tells him she was only sleeping, and wakes her with the words Talitha kum.
The Young Man from Nain.
A young man, the son of a widow, was on the way to be buried in Nain.
Jesus sees the widow crying and so he tells her not to cry.
Jesus tells the dead man inside to get up, and he does so.
The Raising of Lazarus.
A close friend of Jesus who had been dead for four days is brought back to life.
Jesus goes to his grave and commands him to get up.
This will be followed by a final time of trouble and eternal division of the righteous and wicked.
Islamic apocalyptic literature describing Armageddon is often known as The Great Massacre or ghaybah in Shī'a Islam.
The righteous are rewarded with the pleasures of Jannah (Paradise), while the unrighteous are punished in Hell.
According to Alcor, resurrection of legally dead people will be possible in the far future.
They are using cryonics to preserve some legally dead people until the invention of the resurrection.
A monarchy is a kind of government where a monarch, a kind of hereditary ruler (someone who inherits their office), is the head of state.
Monarchs usually rule until they die or pass down (when a monarch resigns it is called abdication).
Most monarchies are hereditary, but some are elected.
The most famous elected monarch is the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church.
Some well known titles for monarchs are King, Queen, Emperor, Empress, Czar, Kaiser, Shah, Emir and Sultan.
Monarchy is one of the oldest kinds of government.
Most historians agree that the first monarchies were tribes or small groups of people who decided to let a war-chief or other leader pass on their office to their children.
This created a dynasty.
Over time, the rules for deciding who got to become the next monarch became more complicated.
Primogeniture is usual.
The oldest son or, in some countries, daughter, becomes the next monarch when the old one dies.
Kings and other kinds of monarchs have ruled for many thousands of years; for example, many kings are mentioned in the Bible and in ancient historical records.
Three of the oldest countries with monarchs that still hold office are the United Kingdom, which has had the same British Royal Family for nearly 1,000 years, Denmark where the royal line has remained unbroken for almost 1,200 years, and Japan, which has records showing a line of Emperors dating back even farther.
Many monarchs today perform mostly the ceremonial jobs of a head of state, while the head of government, who is usually elected, passes and enforces laws.
It is also very important  in other parts of the country.
Kinds of Monarchical Powers
In an absolute monarchy the monarch is the only source of all laws.
The monarch has total power to make any law just by deciding it.
Any other institution in the country cannot make laws that affect the monarch, unless the monarch decides to allow it.
Sometimes the monarch is also the head of the state religion and makes religious laws also.
All land and property in the country can be taken or given away by the monarch at any time for any reason.
The army and navy is under the personal control of the monarch and can be used for any purpose at any time.
The monarch can also pick who gets to be the next monarch and can change the rules at any time.
There is usually no elected government or Parliament, and if there is one, it has no real power.
This kind of government is very rare today.
The people do not have a lot of power in it.
A constitutional monarchy is a form of government that is usually a democracy and has a constitution, with the monarch as head of state.
Either the monarch has to obey the laws like everyone else, or there are special laws that say what the monarch can and cannot do.
The monarch usually can not decide their special laws on their own.
There may be laws about whom the monarch's children can marry, for example, that are passed by the Parliament.
For example, in the Netherlands, if a member of the royal family marries without the permission of Parliament, they cannot become king or queen themselves.
The army and navy may swear an oath to the monarch, but the real control is given to the elected government.
There are laws about property and the order of succession (who gets to be the next monarch) that can only be changed by the elected government.
Usually the monarch must sign laws into effect, but is required to follow the will of the elected government.
A constitutional monarchy usually has separation of powers, and the monarch often has only ceremonial duties, such as representing the country while traveling or acting as a symbol for the whole country (not for a particular political party).
Constitutional monarchs usually do not vote, even when it is legal for them to do so.
Voting would mean that they picked a side in political arguments and then could not claim to represent everyone in the country.
Some constitutional monarchies give the power to veto laws to the monarch, but in most countries where this is the case it is a power that is very rarely used.
In countries where the monarch can dismiss or appoint governments, this is usually only done to make sure that the democratic process is respected, without taking sides in politics.
Appointments to public office made by constitutional monarchs are generally approved by the democratically elected government beforehand.
Examples of Constitutional monarchies are the United Kingdom, most members of the Commonwealth of Nations, Australia, The Netherlands, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Belgium, Japan and Spain.
Thailand has a monarch who sometimes take part in politics to influence the government unlike in other constitutional monarchies, but he/she still is subject to law.
There is an order of succession.
Usually, someone from the same family will be the new monarch
A number of people elect the new monarch
The old monarch has appointed someone who will become the next monarch
Of these three, the order of succession is the most common case.
Countries, where the monarchs are elected include Malaysia, Samoa, Cambodia, United Arab Emirates, Andorra, and Vatican City.
Monarch -Citizendium
North Korea (officially called the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)), is a country in the northern part of the Korean peninsula.
North Korea is next to China, Russia, and South Korea.
The capital city of North Korea is Pyŏngyang, which is also the largest city.
The country was founded in 1948 after it had been freed from Japanese occupation, and a socialist state backed by the Soviet Union was established.
The Republic of Korea is the southern half of the Korean Peninsula, and was occupied by the United States, and the U.S. set up a democracy in the south.
At first, there was a war between the North and South which is called the Korean War, but while the fighting stopped in 1953, the war never officially ended.
North Korea had ties with China and Russia but never was formally allied with either and became more isolated over time.
Soon afterwards, the North's main trading partners the Soviet Union, collapsed.
This left North Korea stranded and isolated.
Throughout the 1990s, North Korea suffered from famines and natural disasters.
As South Korea got richer, North Korea got poorer and life became worse there.
Afterwards, things stabilized but continued to lag behind the South.
Worldwide economic sanctions and embargoes are thought to have significantly impacted the quality of life in North Korea.
North Korea is described as a totalitarian Stalinist dictatorship by western media, while North Korea describes itself as a democratic worker's state.
The country's leader Kim Il-sung said that the government was following his own ideology of "Juche", which means "self-reliance".
Later on, the country's leaders began to remove "communism" from North Korean laws and philosophy, although Juche can be described as a variant of communism.
After Kim Il-sung died during the disasters of the 1990s, his son Kim Jong-il took his place and was promoted by the government as the leader who led North Korea out of the disasters.
North Korea was the only communist country in history where leadership was directly given to the former leader's son after his death.
This is called hereditary rule.
Kim Jong-il enacted a new policy of "Songun", or "military-first", which turned the country into a military state.
When he died in 2011, his youngest son Kim Jong-un took his place and continues to lead the country today.
Historians believe that the Korean people have lived in the area for thousands of years.
Before 1910, Korea was one country.
It had a king and people were mostly farmers.
The country was peaceful and was not communist.
In 1910, that changed.
Japan and Russia went to war.
Since Japan and Russia were both very close to Korea, Japan took Korea for themselves as part of Japan.
Japan then had control.
Divided Korea
Between 1910 and the end of World War II in 1945, Korea was considered a part of Japan due to Japan's colonization of Korea.
In 1945, the USSR declared war on Japan and the United States bombed it (Nagasaki and Hiroshima); severely weakening its empire and forcing Japan to surrender.
Japan's weak status allowed the Soviets to enter Korea fairly, freely and occupy the northern half whilst the United States took the southern half.
Each created governments supporting their own ideologies, Marxist–Leninist Single Party State (North) and Democratic Capitalist State (South).
In 1950, North Korea sent soldiers to South Korea.
North Korea wanted to bring together North and South Korea to form a single Korean country, and Korean families that had been split by the division of North and South to be together again.
The North Korean leaders wanted South Korea to be communist, like North Korea and the Soviet Union were.
The United Nations sent soldiers to Korea.
These soldiers came from many countries.
These countries did not like Communism (to learn more, see the article about the Cold War).
If South Korea became Communist, then maybe other countries would too.
General Douglas MacArthur led the soldiers.
North Korea had taken over much of South Korea by force.
With the help of the other countries, South Korea took back their land, and even much of North Korea, up to the Yalu River, which forms the border between North Korea and China.
China, which was also communist, helped the North Koreans to get the land back that the South Korean soldiers had taken.
After three years, in 1953, North Korea and South Korea both decided that no one would win the war and both countries signed an armistice, which is an agreement that made both countries stop fighting.
North Korea and South Korea were divided by a demilitarized zone, or DMZ, which is a special place that surrounds the border between North and South Korea where both countries can not place lots of soldiers, so that fighting does not start again.
Even though the Korean Demilitarized Zone is meant to stop problems between the two countries, sometimes soldiers on both sides of the border fire their guns at each other.
A special town in the zone, Panmunjom, is called the Joint Security Area, or JSA, and sometimes the leaders of both countries meet there to talk about possibly coming back together.
North Korea is one of the few countries in the world that has made nuclear missiles, which can kill many people if they are exploded.
North Korea will not say how many nukes it has, but other countries think that the North Korean government probably has built ten missiles so far out of a deadly element called plutonium.
In October 2006, North Korea said that it tested one of its nuclear bombs.
Although the North Korean government said that the test was not dangerous, many other countries and the United Nations were nonetheless enraged.
In 2010, a South Korean warship sank, killing over 40 soldiers.
An international investigation concluded that North Korea had sunk a South Korean warship with a torpedo.
North Korea strongly said that it did not have anything to do with the sinking.
When the United States and South Korea planned to set up defenses in case North Korea tried to attack again, North Korea's National Defense Commission threatened on to start a war with its nuclear weapons.
In April 2012, North Korea launched a rocket called Bright Star 3.
The reasons for the launch were science and the 100th anniversary of the birth of the country's founder, Kim Il-Sung.
The government said the rocket carried a weather satellite so the government could find out what the weather would be.
However, other countries said that the weather satellite was a story made up by the government so the real purpose of the rocket would not the known—which most countries thought was to test a nuclear missile that could be launched at the United States or South Korea.
South Korean leaders said it would shoot the rocket down when it came over South Korea.
Because of this rocket, other countries stopped helping North Korea, even though the government invited other countries to see the rocket launch to make it seem like the North Koreans had nothing to hide from other countries.
The rocket was eventually launched, but it did not work and crashed just a minute and thirty seconds after it was launched.
In December 2012, the government tried to launch the rocket again.
It worked this time and went into orbit circling the Earth, though the United States said that it was very unstable and might fall back to Earth.
Experts in Europe noticed the satellite's reflection was fluctuating (getting brighter then dimmer); indicating that the satellite is tumbling in its orbit.
In February 2013, North Korea tested a nuclear bomb for the 3rd time, causing much outrage from other countries.
The government also released many videos that depicted possible missile targets in the United States.
North Korea however does not posses missiles that could reach US mainland but some say Hawaii is a possibility.
It is highly unlikely that North Korea would ever fire against the US, Japan or South Korea.
Many missiles depicted in DPRK parades are fakes used to exaggerate North Korea's military strength.
Most of its inventory dates from the Soviet years.
People often think that North Korea is a communist country.
It is actually a socialist-military dictatorship.
In its most recent constitutional change, the word 'communism' was removed.
Large pictures of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin were removed from Kim Il-Sung square in 2012.
The government has a similar structure to the former Soviet Union (USSR), once a close ally, but it is very different from the USSR.
Leaders of the USSR were elected by a group of government officials.
In North Korea, the new leader is the current leader's male heir.
For this reason, North Korea is often referred to as a hereditary dictatorship.
North Korea's official state ideology is Juche.
That is a form of socialism developed by the country's founder, Kim Il-Sung.
Juche means self-reliance.
It teaches that to achieve true socialism and become self-sufficient, the state must become fully isolated from the rest of society.
In July 1994, Kim died.
His son, Kim Jŏng-Il, took over.
He became the third supreme leader and party general secretary.
In December 2011, Kim died.
His son, Kim Jŏng-Un became the head of the government.
Songun is a North Korean idea.
It means "army first."
The job of every North Korean person is to feed the Army.
Kim Jŏng-Un is the "General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea".
That is one of many jobs he has.
He is like a king, and can do what he wants.
The average North Korean citizen makes around $900 a year.
Kim Jŏng-Un makes around $800,000 a year.
He lives in a palace.
He has lots of soldiers who go wherever he goes to protect him.
North Korea is technically a multi-party state since other parties do exist besides the Korean Workers' Party (KWP).
However, the KWP also controls the other parties so it can stay in power.
The constitution claims that North Korea's citizens have freedom of speech, religion and press.
In real life, these citizens do not have these rights.
People can be jailed if they criticise the party, government, or leaders.
North Koreans are encouraged to report family members to the police if they think they are doing something illegal.
In return they get more privileges.
If someone is caught doing a crime, their whole family will be sent along with them to a labour camp.
Most die there, but a few escape.
North Korean people have very little freedom of speech.
They get their news from the Korean Central News Agency (KCNA).
The KCNA makes sure all the country's television, radio, and newspaper news makes the government look good.
This is called propaganda.
The government blocks access to the Internet.
Only a few trusted military officials and party members can access the world Internet.
It has been reported that almost all North Koreans do not know that men have landed on the moon.
The government runs an intranet service that is available on all North Korean computers.
It is nothing like the real Internet but is filled with propaganda that makes the government, party, and leaders look good.
The government also tries to keep ideas from other countries out of North Korea.
Capital punishment is a common type of punishment in North Korea.
Stealing, murder, rape, drug smuggling, attempted murder, spying, slaughtering cattle for food, trying to challenge the laws of North Korea, traveling without permission, looking at media unapproved by North Korea (which includes South Korean dramas, pornography, and Western movies), possessing a USB drive, and practicing religions that are against worshipping Kim Jong-un and his family can all result in the death penalty.
In parts of the country, there is not enough food.
Currently, other countries give food to some people in North Korea.
This is called foreign aid.
The aid sometimes stops coming if North Korea is thought to be testing nuclear bombs.
Very recently, North Korea's food aid stopped after the government launched a satellite in April 2012.
Other countries said North Korea had broken their side of an agreement.
The North Korean government said that it was the United States that had broken the agreement.
It is hard for people from other countries to visit North Korea.
Visitors must be guided by two army members called "minders".
The minders try and make sure the people do not find out about anything that might make the government look bad.
North Korea is one of the poorest countries in the world.
This is due to the government not wanting to allow North Koreans to earn their own money outside of their government-given jobs, to allow people to work the jobs they want, and to trade with other countries.
Although Pyongyang (which is the one of the few areas foreign travelers are allowed to visit) makes the country look like it is richer and more prosperous than it truly is, life looks extremely different throughout the rest of the country.
Only the highest-ranking North Koreans are allowed to live in Pyongyang, and they must have permission from the government to do so.
Unlike the rest of the country, people often own cars and bicycles, there is a subway system, and power exists throughout the city.
Meanwhile, very few people in he countryside own a car, or even a bicycle, and animal-drawn carts are very common.
Electricity in rural areas is rare, if it even exists at all.
Proof of this is that when seen from space, there are almost no lights that can be seen outside of Pyongyang.
Even in Pyongyang, power cuts are common.
As said earlier, starvation is very common way to die throughout the country.
The soil in most of the country is not good enough to grow enough crops to feed people without any kind of fertilizer.
As a result, people often steal human poop to fertilize the soil.
People also go out into nature to look for anything to eat such as grass, bark, frogs, worms, etc.
Since the government does not provide the average North Korean person enough resources to survive, most North Koreans get what they need from the black market.
Even though buying and selling on the black market is illegal, people are able to avoid punishment by bribing officials.
They might give things such as money, gifts, or sexual favors.
Most people buying and selling at the black market are women.
This is because all adult men are required by law to go to work during workhours, even when their workplace cannot or will not pay them for their work.
Since electricity is rare throughout North Korea, tasks such as cooking and washing clothes take much longer and are more tiring.
People often wash clothes in a river or creek and must start fires before they can cook.
Although healthcare is free in North Korea, most hospitals and doctor's offices do not have the medicines or supplies needed to correctly treat patients.
As a result, many patients die or become crippled for the rest of their lives in the hospital.
On one occasion, North Korea hired an eye surgeon from Nepal to because there was not a single eye surgeon in the country.
In order to raise money for the country, the government sometimes sends North Korean citizens to its allies, like China and Russia, to do work there.
These jobs include food service in North Korean restaurants and logging.
Even outside of North Korea, these North Koreans are often not allowed to interact with the local people outside of work, are forced to live in North Korean communities, and must obey North Korean laws.
Culture and Religion
Historically, both South Korea and North Korea have the same set of values.
In 1945, the peninsula was divided.
Since then, the government of both North and South Korea were different.
This has led to different developments in both North and South Korea.
Human Rights Watch says that free religious activities do not exist in North Korea.
The culture in Korea has been influenced by that of China.
Despite this, Korea has developed a cultural identity that is different from that of Mainland China.
Literature and arts in North Korea are state-controlled.
Specialized committees of the KWP are responsible for this.
Film is also a significant artistic medium in North Korea and Kim Jong Il's manifesto The Cinema and Directing (1987) is the basis for the nation's filmmakers.
Korean culture came under attack during the Japanese rule from 1910 to 1945.
Japan enforced a cultural assimilation policy.
During the Japanese rule, Koreans were forced to learn and speak Japanese, adopt the Japanese family name system and Shinto religion, and were forbidden to write or speak the Korean language in schools, businesses, or public places.
In addition, the Japanese altered or destroyed various Korean monuments including Gyeongbok Palace and documents which portrayed the Japanese in a negative light were revised.
Both Koreas share a Buddhist and Confucian heritage and a recent history of Christian and Cheondoism ("religion of the Heavenly Way") movements.
The North Korean constitution states that freedom of religion is permitted.
According to the Western standards of religion, the majority of the North Korean population could be characterized as non-religious.
However, the cultural influence of such traditional religions as Buddhism and Confucianism still have an effect on North Korean spiritual life.
It seems that Buddhists are accepted more than other religious groups.
Christians are said to be severely persecuted by the authorities, often by throwing them in prison or executing them publicly.
Buddhists are given limited funding by the government to promote the religion, because Buddhism played an integral role in traditional Korean culture.
In May 2014, an American tourist was arrested at Pyongyang Sunan Airport after it was discovered he left a Bible in a nightclub on the DPRK's east coast.
He was convicted of attempting to overthrow the government but was eventually released several months later.
At the time of his imprisonment, there were two other American citizens held by North Korea awaiting transfer to political prison camps.
Both have since been released.
Even though the country only has fewer than 25 million people, the country still has the world's fourth largest standing military at 1.28 million soliders.
This is because North Korea has a law that requires all men to join the military for ten years after they graduate high school.
The government says it keeps a large military to protect the country from its enemies, particularly the United States and Japan.
However, it is more likely that it exists to keep the government in power.
Pyongannam
Pyonganbuk
Chagang
Hwanghaenam
Hwanghaebuk
Hamgyongnam
Hamgyongbuk
Ryanggang
Pyongyang, the capital city and also the largest city
Rason, a special city where other countries can make money, called a Special Economic Zone.
1945 establishments in Asia
The most famous parliament is probably the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which is sometimes called the "Mother of all Parliaments".
The word "parliament" comes from the French word parler, which means a talk.
The Althing, the national parliament of Iceland, was founded earlier (930 AD), so it is the oldest legislature in the world still existing.
However, the Althing did not function as a legislature for four centuries, and its role as a primary legislature is modern.
Other parliaments
Other parliaments have copied the UK and work similarly.
They have three levels - a lower house which makes the law, an upper house which reviews the law (Decides if they like it or not, and suggest changes to it), and a head of state who is mostly for show and who starts and ends each year of parliament.
The Prime Minister is almost always the person whose party has the most seats, but if the lower house does not think he is doing a good job they can call a vote of no confidence and ask him to leave his job as Prime Minister or have an election.
The word "parliament"
Sometimes people use the word "parliament" to describe a legislature, even if it is not a real parliament.
A "parliament" is a type of legislature which has a Prime Minister.
Similar to a congress
A parliament is a lot like a congress but a congress cannot ask the head of the government to leave his job.
Also, a congress runs for a number of years according to the country's constitution, but a parliament can be stopped as long as enough members agree.
Elections are held after this happens.
Countries that have Parliaments
The Turing test is a test to see if a computer can interact with a person.
The human should not be able to realise it is interacting with a computer.
A person has a telegraph, and is connected to two communication partners.
One of the two correspondents is a machine.
The person can ask anything with the telegraph.
If the person cannot tell which of the two is the machine more than 50% of the time, then the machine is said to be intelligent.
Later on, people narrowed down the test.
A human is unlikely to know everything.
Therefore, both the human and the machine would be specialists in some field of knowledge.
So would the person asking.
A fuel is a substance that is changed in some way to produce heat, electricity, or other forms of energy.
This is usually by being burnt, although there are exceptions, such as nuclear fuel.
Fuel can be divided into two main types: fossil fuels and other fuels.
oil and products that are refined from oil (gasoline, diesel, kerosene)
Some people do not want us to use fossil fuels because they may pollute the environment.
Because all fossil fuels are made out of carbon, burning them makes carbon dioxide.
Some people think that too much carbon dioxide in the air may cause a greenhouse effect.
Fossil fuels are also non-renewable, or renew extremely slowly (thousands of years).
This means that we will eventually run out of fossil fuels.
Other fuels
Other fuels are not made from fossils.
Some of these, like nuclear and hydrogen, do not have carbon in them.
Others, like wood or ethanol, do have carbon in them.
Some examples of these fuels are:
Nuclear fuel (uranium, plutonium, thorium, etc.)
Extracted from the wind
Biofuels from biomass
Biodiesel (a diesel-type fuel made from plants)
Ethanol (made from grains or other plants)
These fuels are renewable.
This means that we can make more of them if we run out.
For instance, if we run out of ethanol, we can grow some more corn and make some more ethanol.
Mount Aconcagua
Heard Island and the McDonald Islands
Big Ben (Heard Island)
Mount Canobolas
Mount Warning
Glasshouse Mountains
Mount Fox
Mount Gambier
Mount Schank
Lake Bullen Merri
Mount Eccles, in Mount Eccles National Park
Mount Elephant
Mount Franklin, near Hepburn Springs
Mount Fraser, near Beveridge
Mount Kooroocheang
Mount Macedon
Mount Neurat
Mount Napier
Mount Warrenheip
Tower Hill, in Tower Hill State Game Reserve
The Nut (near the town of Stanley)
Acotango
Cerro Columa
Cerro Moiro
Cerro San Augustin
Cerro Santa Isabel
Cerro Yumia
Cerros de Tocorpuri
Guayaques
Irruputuncu
Licancabur
Macizo de Larancagua
Macizo de Pacuni
Nevado Anallajsi
Neuvo Mundo
Ollague
Pampa Luxsar
Parinacota
Patilla Pata
Quetena
Sacabaya
Tata Sabaya
Uturuncu
Abitibi greenstone belt
Misema Caldera
New Senator Caldera
Noranda Caldera
Chilcotin Plateau Basalts
Stikine Volcanic Belt
Eve Cone
Hoodoo Mountain
Lava Fork
Pyramid Dome
Volcano Mountain
Williams Cone
Hyalo Ridge
Whitehorse Bluffs
Pyramid Mountain
Wrangell Volcanic Belt
Fogo
Sao Vicente
Azufral
Cerro Bravo
Cerro Negro de Mayasquer
Cumbal
Dona Juana
Nevado del Huila
Nevado del Tolima
Purace
Sotara
Le Kartala (2316 m - active)
Arenal (1657 m - active)
Cerro Tilaran
Irazu (3432 m - active)
Miravalles
Orosi
Poás (2708 m - active)
Rincon de la Vieja (1916 m - complex)
Tenorio
Turrialba (active)
Mount Nyiragongo
Bisoke
Morne aux Diables
Morne Diablotins
Morne Plat Pays
Morne Trois Pitons
Morne Watts
Antisana
Atacazo
Cayambe
Chacana
Chichoca
Guagua Pichincha
Illiniza
Pululagua
Quilotoa
Reventador
Sangay
Soche
Alcedo
Fernandina
Marchena
Sierra Negra
Cerro Singuil
Chinameca
Coatepeque Caldera
Conchaguita
Izalco
Usulutan
Erta Ale, one of the most active in Africa
Mount Alayta (last eruption 1915)
Mainland France
Puy de Dôme (dormant)
La Grande Soufrière (dormant)
Mt. Pelée (dormant)
Piton de la Fournaise  (active)
Piton des Neiges (extinct)
Eifel Mountains
Rhön Mountains
Nisyros
Yali
Isla el Tigre
Isla Zacate Grande
Utila Island
Eldfell
Esjufjoll
Grimsnes
Grimsvotn
Hengill
Hofsjokull
Kollóttadyngja
Kerlingarfjoll
Katla
Krisuvik
Langjokull
Ljosufjoll
Lysuholl
Oraefajokull
Prestahnukur
Snaefellsjokull
Surtsey
Barren (active)
Narkundam
Krakatoa, Rakata
Mount Tambora, Sumbawa
Volcanoes of Bali island
Bratan
Volcanoes of Flores island
Ebulobo
Ilimuda
Inielika
Inierie
Iya
Leroboleng
Ndete Napu
Poco Leok
Ranakah
Riang Kotang
Sukaria Caldera
Wai Sano
Volcanoes of Java island (38)
Baluran
Cereme
Galoen-gong
Lawu
Ijen
Lamongan
Lurus
Merbabu
Mount Merapia
Papandayang
Patuha
Perbakti
Raung
Semeru
Slamet
Sumbing
Sundoro
Talagabodas
Tampomas
Tangkuban Prahu
Telomoyo
Wayang-Windu
Wilis
Lomblen
Ililabalekan
Iliwerung
Lewotolo
Volcanoes of New Guinea
Volcanoes of Sulawesi
Ambang
Colo
Klabat
Mahawu
Sempu
Soputan
Tongkoko
Volcanoes of Sumatra
Belirang-Beriti
Bukit Daun
Bukit Lumut Balai
Dempo
Geureudong
Gunung Tujuh
Helatoba-Tarutung
Hulubelu
Hutapanjang
Imun
Kembar
Lubukraya
Marapi
Patah
Pendan
Peuet Sague
Pulau Weh
Rajabasu
Ranau
Sarik-Gajah
Sekincau Belirang
Seluwah Agam
Sibayak
Sibualbuali
Sinabung
Sorikmarapi
Suoh
Talakmau
Tandikat
Campi Flegrei (dormant)
Mount Vesuvius (dormant)
Mount Etna (active)
Stromboli (active)
Vulsini (dormant)
Akan
Daisetsu
E San
Komaga Take
Kutcharo
Kuttara
Mashu
Nigorigawa
Nipesotsu Upepesanke
Oshima Oshima
Shikotsu
Shiretoko Iwo Zan
Shiribetsu
Tokachi
Yotei
Adatara
Akagi
Asama
Azuma-Kofuji
Kusatsu-Shirane
Mount Chokai
Mount Funagata
Mount Haruna
Mount Hiuchigatake
Mount Myoko
Mount Nekomadake
Mount Norikura
Mount Tateshina
Mount Yake
Mount Yoko
Nantai
Nasu-dake
Niigata-Yakeyama
Nikko-Shirane
Ontake-san
Kaimon-dake
Shinmoe-dake
Paricutín
Popocatepetl
Soufriere Hills
Rangitoto Island and various cones in Auckland
In the Taupo Volcanic Zone
Cones
Mount Ngaruruhoe
Tauhara
Waiotapu
Mount Tarawera (part of the Okataina caldera)
Kawerau
Okataina
Mount Taranaki (formerly Mount Egmont)
Lyttelton and Akaroa on Banks Peninsula
Bouvetoya
La Yeguada
El Misti
Huaynaputina
Nevado Chachani
Nevados Casiri
Nevados Firura
Quimsachata
Sabancaya
Ticsani
Tutupaca
Ubinas
Yucamane
Amorong
Arayat
Banahaw
Bulusan
Cagua
Isarog
Iriga
Jalajala
Laguna Volcanic Field
Malinao
Malinding
Makiling
Mariveles
Masaraga
Natib
Patoc
Pinatubo
Pocdol Mountains
Santo Tomas
Canlaon
Panay
Balatocan
Calayo
Hibok-hibok
Kalatungan
Latukan
Leonard Range
Makaturung
Malindang
Matumtum
Agua de Pau
Corvo
Fayal
Furnas
Graciosa
San Jorge
Sete Cidades
Bezymianny
Klyuchevskaya Sopka
Kurile Islands
Atsonopuri
Baransky
Berutarube
Bogotayr Ridge
Chirip
Chirpoi
Golets-Tronyi Group
Golovnin
Grozny Group
Ivao Group
Kolokol Group
Lvinaya Past
Medvezhia
Milne
Rudakov
Smirnov
Tiatia
Tri Sestry
Mount Karisimbi
Mount Misery
Soufriere volcano (1,234 m, active)
Bagana
Balbi
Billy Mitchell
Loloru
Nonda
Savo
Takuan Group
South Sandwich Islands
Bristol Island
Candlemas Island
Hodson
Leskov Island
Zavodovski
Mainland Spain
Campo de Calatrava (dormant)
Croscat (dormant)
Montsacopa (dormant)
Olot (dormant)
Santa Margarida Volcano (dormant)
Fuerteventura (dormant)
Gran Canaria (dormant)
Hierro (dormant)
La Palma (active)
Lanzarote (dormant)
Tenerife (dormant)
Kieyo
Ngozi
Ol Doinyo Lengai
Rungwe
Mount Ararat (dormant)
Katunga
Muhavura
Mount Adagdak
Mount Akutan
Mount Amak
Mount Amukta
Mount Aniakchak
Mount Atka
Mount Augustine
Black Peak
Mount Bobrof
Bogoslof
Mount Buldir
Buzzard Creek
Mount Carlisle
Mount Chagulak
Mount Chiginagak
Mount Churchill
Mount Cleveland
Mount Dana
Mount Davidof
Mount Denison
Devils Desk
Mount Douglas
Duncan Canal
Mount Dutton
Mount Edgecumbe
Emmons Lake
Mount Fisher
Mount Frosty
Fourpeaked
Mount Gareloi
Great Sitkin
Mount Gordon
Mount Griggs
Mount Herbert
Mount Iliamna
Imuruk Lake
Ingakslugwat Hills
Mount Isanotski
Mount Kagamil
Mount Kaguyak
Mount Kanaga
Mount Kasatochi
Mount Kialagvik
Mount Kiska
Mount Koniuji
Mount Kukak
Mount Kupreanof
Kookooligit Mountains
Little Sitkin
Mount Mageik
Mount Makushin
Mount Martin
Mount Moffett
Nunivak Island
Mount Okmok
Mount Roundtop
Saint Michael
Mount Pavlof
Pavlof Sister
Mount Recheschnoi
Mount Seguam
Mount Segula
Mount Semisopochnoi
Mount Sergief
Mount Shishaldin
Mount Steller
Snowy Mountain
Mount Spurr
Mount Stepovak
Mount Takawangha
Mount Tanaga
Mount Trident
Ugashik-Peulik
Ukinrek Maars
Mount Uliaga
Mount Veniaminof
Mount Vsevidof
Mount Westdahl
Mount Wrangell
Mount Yantarni
Mount Yunaska
Sunset Crater
Uinkaret Field
Amboy
Big Cave
Black Butte
Brushy Butte
Coso Volcanic Field
Eagle Lake Field
Golden Trout Creek
Inyo Craters
Lassen Peak
Lavic Lake
Mono Craters
Red Cones
Tumble Buttes
Twin Buttes
Ubehebe Craters
Dotsero
Haleakala or East Maui Volcano
Hualalai
Koolau
Loihi
Shoshone Lava Field
Wapi Lava Field
Capulin
Carrizozo
Valles Caldera
Zuni Bandera
Mount Bachelor
Mount Bailey
Mount Belknap
Blue Lake Crater
Broken Top
Cinnamon Butte
Mount Mazama (Crater Lake)
Davis Lake
Diamond Craters
Four Craters Lava Field
Jackie's Butte
Mount Jefferson
Jordan Craters
Mount McLoughlin
Newberry Caldera
Saddle Butte
Sand Mountain Field
Mount Thielsen
Three-Fingered Jack
Squaw Ridge Lava Field
Mount Tapochau
Bald Knoll
Black Rock Desert
Markagunt Plateau
Mount Adams
Glacier Peak
West Crater
Mount Yasur
Elsewhere in the solar system
Arsia Mons
Pavonis Mons
Ascraeus Mons
Other planets and moons
Many on Io, a moon of the planet Jupiter, that are believed to eject sulfur or possibly sulfur dioxide.
Many on Triton, a moon of the planet Neptune, that are believed to eject liquid nitrogen, dust, or methane compounds.
In fictional literature
Mount Doom, or Orodruin, a fictional volcano in Mordor, from J. R. R. Tolkien's universe of Middle-earth.
Estonia  (), officially the Republic of Estonia () is a small country in the Baltic Region of Northern Europe.
The capital city is Tallinn.
Estonia's neighbors are Sweden, Finland, Russia and Latvia.
Its population is 1,332,893.
People have lived in Estonia since at least 9,000 BC.
The oldest known settlement in Estonia is the Pulli settlement, which was on the banks of the Pärnu River.
Estonia became independent from Russia in 1920 after a brief War of Independence at the end of World War I. During World War II (1939–1945), Estonia was occupied by the Soviet Union and Germany.
It then became the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic and lost its independence.
Estonia had its independence restored in 1991.
It became a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) on 29 March 2004.
It joined the European Union on 1 May 2004.
A few months later, Alar Karis replaced Kaljulaid as president.
Average elevation reaches only .
The country's highest point is the Suur Munamägi in the southeast at .
Estonia has many forests, almost 50% of the land is covered with forests.
The most common tree species are pine, spruce and birch.
Estonia has over 1,400 lakes and over 2,000 islands.
The longest rivers are Võhandu (), Pärnu (), and Põltsamaa ().
Mammals in Estonia include the grey wolf, lynx, brown bear, red fox, badger, wild boar, moose, red deer, roe deer, beaver, otter, grey seal, and ringed seal.
The critically endangered European mink has been successfully reintroduced to the island of Hiiumaa.
The rare Siberian flying squirrel is present in east Estonia.
Over 300 bird species have been found in Estonia.
These include the white-tailed eagle, lesser spotted eagle, golden eagle, western capercaillie, black and white stork, many species of owls, waders, geese and many others.
The Barn swallow is the national bird of Estonia.
Protected areas cover 18% of Estonian land and 26% of its sea territory.
There are 5 national parks, 159 nature reserves, and many other protection areas.
Since administrative reform in 2017, there are in total 79 local governments.
This includes 15 towns and 64 rural municipalities.
All municipalities have equal legal status and form part of a county, which is a state administrative unit.
In 2002, Estonia hosted the event.
The Estonian National Day is the Independence Day celebrated on 24 February.
This is the day the Estonian Declaration of Independence was issued. ,
there are 12 public holidays and 12 national holidays celebrated each year.
International rankings
Official State Website
Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus is a island country in the Mediterranean Sea and member state of the European Union.
Cyprus is in Asia, but it is often associated with Europe because of the culture and history of the people.
It is also closer to Africa than to Europe.
The capital is Nicosia.
Most of the population speaks Greek and Turkish.
Cyprus is a popular tourist destination in Europe.