the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
They went around Tohoku and Hokuriku, and returned to Edo in 1691.
The trip in this book ends in Ogaki, Mino (Gifu prefecture today) with one of his haiku where he hinted that he wanted to visit Ise shrine after staying in Ogaki.
Matsuo was considered to have written some of the most beautiful travel diaries ever written in Japanese.
Basho died because of disease in early autumn of 1694 in Osaka, while staying at a house of his disciple on a trip.
Before his death, he made a haiku as his last words:
Tabini yande / yume ha kareno wo / kake meguru
On travel I am sick
My dream is running around
a field covered with dried grass
1644 births
1694 deaths
Japanese poets
Colonization is the act of one country settling another place, in order to become the new rulers of the new country, and to live in the new country.
An early example is the settlers who went from the cities of Ancient Greece to start new cities.
In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed in The Americas.
This is how the Europeans learned that North America and South America were there.
The Europeans colonized the Americas.
Because of this, and the killing of many Native Americans, most people now living in North America are the descendents of Europeans.
Sometimes, science fiction stories talk about space colonization on space stations or planets other than Earth.
Some science fiction stories like The Matrix speak of the robots the human beings made, taking over, and colonizing Earth.
Choreography (dance-writing) is the art of making dances.
It tells dancers how they should dance and move.
The word has been used since the late 18th century to mean the art of composing dance.
A person who does choreography is called a choreographer.
A choreographer makes a dance based on music or a synopsis (a writing of what occurs in the dance).
They may also act as trainers for professional dancers in ballet, stage shows and competitive ballroom dance.
Their ideas may be recorded in dance notation, or on videos.
Choreography is also used in other types of performances.
In Ice skating and Ice dancing, the choreographer designs the moves the skates does.
In theater, movies and television, a choreographer is used to design fight scenes.
For example, Bob Anderson designed many of the sword fight scenes in the Lord of the Rings movies as well as some of the Star Wars movies.
A person who does this type of choreography is usually called a fight choreographer.
An electrical cell is a device used to generate electricity, or to make chemical reactions  by applying electricity.
A battery is one or more cells, connected.
This cell is also known as electrochemical cell.
Cells producing electricity
The simple electrical cells were first developed in 1800s.
They are also called galvanic cells, because an Italian scientist named Luigi Galvani invented these cells.
Special chemical reactions which occur inside the electrical cell, result in oxidation and reduction of the substances inside the cell.
This produces electrical energy.
Normal batteries work like this.
Some electrical cells produce electricity without using chemical energy.
For example, solar cells produce electricity when they are exposed to sun light.
A plate of zinc and a plate of copper immersed in a dilute solution which contains acid or salt is an example of the chemical reaction based cell.
The solution acts as an electrolyte (electric conductor).
When the two plates are connected to a current meter with a wire, electric current will pass; this is because oxidation and reduction processes take place in this chemical reaction turning the zinc plate to a negative electrode and the copper plate to a positive electrode, and so the electrons flow from zinc to copper.
Cells using electricity
Some chemical reactions need high energy to happen.
An example is the breakdown of water into hydrogen and oxygen.
An electrical cell (or an "electrolytic cell") is used for these reactions.
It is a container which has to have a chemical reaction involving electrodes.
The chemical substances are exposed to electrical power, and the electrolysis reaction happens inside the electrical cell.
Two pieces of metal are placed in water that has a little electrolyte such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, sodium bicarbonate, or sodium hydroxide added to it.
An electric current is applied and gas comes out of each electrode.
Some greenish-brown color may be seen too if iron was used.
Dry cells are a type of chemical cells.
Dry cells are commonly used today in the form of batteries.
Dry cells are used in many electrical appliances.
Types of dry cells
Primary cells
Zinc-carbon cells, also known as Leclanche cells
Alkaline cells
Lithium cells
Mercury cells
Silver oxide cell
Secondary cells
Nickel-cadmium cell
Lithium-ion cell
Nickel metal-hydride cell
Primary cells are not rechargeable.
They have to be thrown away after their chemicals are used.
Secondary cells are rechargeable.
They can be used again.
Table of batteries
The Vietnam War (also known as Second Indochina War or American War in Vietnam) lasted from 1 November 1955–30 April 1975, (19 years, 5 months, 4 weeks, and 1 day).
It was fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam.
North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union, China and North Korea, while South Vietnam was supported by the United States, South Korea, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines.
People from other countries also went to fight but not in their own national army.
The conflict between communist and capitalist countries was part of the Cold War.
The Viet Cong, also known as the National Liberation Front, or NLF, was a South Vietnamese communist force helped by North Vietnam.
It fought a guerrilla war against the anticommunist forces in the South.
The People's Army of Vietnam (also known as the North Vietnamese Army) engaged in a more conventional war, at times putting large forces to battle.
The Vietnam War was very controversial, especially in the United States, and was the first war to feature live television coverage.
It was also the first major armed conflict that the United States lost.
The war became so unpopular in the United States that President Richard Nixon eventually agreed to send American soldiers home in 1973.
Background and causes
France began to colonize Vietnam between 1859 and 1862, when it took control of Saigon.
By 1864, it had controlled all of Cochinchina, the southern part of Vietnam.
France took control of Annam, the large central part of Vietnam, in 1874.
After France defeated China in the Sino-French War (1884–1885), it took over Tonkin, the northern part of Vietnam.
French Indochina was formed in October 1887 from these three areas of Vietnam (Cochinchina, Annam and Tonkin), as well as the Kingdom of Cambodia.
Laos was added after a war with Thailand, the Franco-Siamese War, in 1893.
During World War II, after Nazi Germany had defeated the French in 1940, French Indochina was controlled by the Vichy French government, a puppet government recognized by  Germany.
In March 1945, Imperial Japan launched the Second French Indochina Campaign.
Japan occupied Indochina until its surrender in August 1945.
After the defeat of Nazi Germany, the Vichy government was no longer in control of France or its territories.
The newly-formed Provisional Government of the French Republic attempted to take back control of its former colonies in Indochina by force.
if necessary, but France's efforts at regaining its colony in Vietnam were opposed by a Vietnamese army called the Viet Minh.
The Viet Minh had been founded in 1941 by the Vietnamese Communist Party and was led by Hồ Chí Minh.
That led to the First Indochina War between France and the Viet Minh.
The fighting started with the French bombardment of Haiphong Harbor in November 1946 and ended with a triumph of the Viet Minh at Dien Bien Phu.
In July 1954, France and the Viet Minh signed the Geneva Peace Accord.
This resulted in dividing Vietnam along the 17th parallel into a northern section, under the control of the communists, led by Ho Chi Minh as president and a southern section, led by the Catholic anticommunist Ngo Dinh Diem.
The partition was to be temporary until elections in 1956.
However, Diem started arresting suspected communist sympathizers in 1956 and wanted to keep power for himself.
The elections were never held, and in 1957, North Vietnam began guerrilla warfare against the south.
The United States supported the anticommunist government in South Vietnam and began to send military advisors to help train and support the South Vietnamese Army.
The South was fighting against the Viet Cong (known as the National Liberation Front to the North Vietnamese), a communist party based in South Vietnam that was allied with North Vietnam.
The Viet Cong began a campaign of assassination in 1957.
In 1959, North Vietnam dramatically increased its military assistance to the Viet Cong, which then began attacking South Vietnamese military units.
In the domino theory, the US feared that if communism took hold in Vietnam, it would then spread to other countries nearby.
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
On 2 August 1964, the destroyer USS Maddox was in the Gulf of Tonkin, on an intelligence mission along North Vietnam's coast.
The US said that three North Vietnamese torpedo boats attacked the destroyer.
The Maddox fired back and damaged the three torpedo boats.
The US then claimed that two days later, the torpedo boats again attacked the Maddox and the destroyer USS Turner Joy.
In the second attack, the US ships did not actually see the torpedo boats, but it was that they had been found by using the ship's radar.
After the alleged second attack the US launched air strikes against North Vietnam.
The Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Joint Resolution (H.J. RES 1145) on 7 August 1964 and so gave the president the power to run large-scale military operations in Southeast Asia without declaring war.
There was little to no proof of the attacks, and it had been believed by some that they were an excuse for expanded US involvement in Indochina.
The North Vietnamese and Viet Cong were supplied by a vast network of hidden trails, known as the Ho Chi Minh Trail.
It was very well hidden although many attempts were made by the US to bomb and destroy it.
Supplies and soldiers from North Vietnam were sent through Laos to communists forces in South Vietnam.
American planes heavily bombed the Ho Chi Minh Trail, and  of bombs were dropped on Laos.
That slowed down but did not stop the trail system.
Severe communist losses during the 1968 Tet Offensive made it possible for the US to withdraw many soldiers.
As part of a policy called "Vietnamization," South Vietnamese troops were trained and equipped to replace the Americans who had left.
By 1973, 95% of the American troops were gone.
All of the parties signed a peace treaty in Paris in January 1973, but the fighting continued until 1975.
Guerilla warfare
There were some large-scale battles during the Vietnam War, but most of the fighting was guerilla warfare, a type of warfare that is different from the large-scale battles fought between armies like those during World War II.In guerilla warfare, small units fight limited battles against an enemy force, set up ambushes, make surprise attacks, and then retreat back into the countryside or blend into the local population.
That also includes making it difficult for the enemy to operate by engaging in sabotage and harassing the enemy with lethal means such as land mines and booby traps.
The communist troops more often engaged in guerilla warfare against the South Vietnamese and American troops than the reverse because they knew of their weakness in conventional (large-scale) warfare.
Although most of the traps were non-explosive, all of the few explosive traps used grenades.
A trip wire was placed, and if a soldier tripped over the wire, a grenade pin was pulled out, the grenade would blow, and the soldier would be killed.
Another style of trap was nicknamed “Venus Flytrap” and had about eight barbs attached to a rectangular frame sitting on a small hole.
The barbs faced down so that when the soldier’s leg got caught in it, it would not hurt until he pulled his leg out.
Then, the barbs would rip through his leg.
Another Vietcong trap was the Punji trap.
Two wooden platforms were placed and covered with leaves to camouflage it.
There were spikes on the inside of the wood.
When a soldier came along and walked on the wood, it caved in, and the spikes would go through the soldier’s foot.
That  trap was the most common because it was the cheapest and was very effective.
It was also often contaminated (often with feces) so that the soldier would also become infected.
Besides hurting or killing people, the traps would cause fear and lower morale.
The Fall of Saigon was the capture of Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, by the People's Army of Vietnam and the National Liberation Front on April 30, 1975.
That marked the end of the Vietnam War and the beginning of the formal reunification of Vietnam into a communist state.
Before the city fell, the few American civilian and military personnel  had left Vietnam, along with tens of thousands of South Vietnamese soldiers and civilians had fled.
The North Vietnamese forces were under the command of General Văn Tiến Dũng and began their final attack on Saigon, which was commanded by General Nguyen Van Toan on April 29, with a heavy artillery bombardment of Tân Sơn Nhứt Airport.
That killed the last two American servicemen who died in Vietnam: Charles McMahon and Darwin Judge.
By the afternoon of the next day, North Vietnamese troops had occupied the important points within the city and raised their flag over the South Vietnamese presidential palace.
The government of South Vietnam soon formally surrendered.
The Americans still in Saigon were evacuated by helicopter or fixed-wing aircraft.
The surrender of Saigon was given in person by South Vietnamese President General Duong Van Minh: "We are here to hand over to you the power in order to avoid bloodshed."
He was president for two days as his country crumbled.
Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh City, after the communist leader Ho Chi Minh.
After Vietnam was reunified, the communists sent anyone associated with South Vietnam to re-education camps.
The war also made potential farmland useless, as it was bombed and affected by Agent Orange.
The economy crashed because inflation was high, so unemployment was common, and there was poor health care.
Many people fled Vietnam because of these conditions.
The Đổi Mới reform ended the poor conditions, and now Vietnam is a modern nation.
The herbicide Agent Orange has left a lasting legacy on Vietnam
20th century in Vietnam
1950s in Asia
1960s in Asia
1970s in Asia
1950s conflicts
1960s conflicts
1970s conflicts
The Sahel is a narrow belt of land in North Africa.
It is a strip of land about 5500 kilometers long and 450 kilometres wide.
It lies at the southern edge of the Sahara Desert
The Sahel has a tropical semi-arid climate.
It is between the dry desert land to the north and the forest areas to the south.
The temperature is high throughout the year.
There is little rainfall in the Sahel (between 100-150 mm and 600mm).
It comes during summer months and may be unreliable.
It may be very dry in some years, especially if a large area of low pressure, which brings rain, is not carried North over the Sahel by strong winds.
The distribution of rainfall in the Sahel region is uneven.
The rainfall in the region has been below average since 1970.
The Sahel is becoming drier on the whole.
The problem of drought affects most of the countries in the Sahel.
As a result, crops and animals die.
There is no vegetation to protect the soil, which is then removed by flash floods and strong wind.
This leads to soil erosion.
Finally, the desert spreads towards the surrounding areas.
With better medical services, the birth rate increases and the death rate decreases in the Sahel.
As a result, the population in the Sahel is growing.
To meet the ever-increasing demand for firewood, a lot of trees have been cut down.
More land has become barren.
This is called deforestation.
Furthermore, people farm intensively in order to grow more crops, the soil becomes infertile with a lack of nutrients.
If this process continues for a long time, no crops can be grown.
This is called overcultivation.
People keep animals for food due to the lack of good soil, the animals will have to eat grass and etc.
But as the animals eat the grass, they also dug up the soil.
As people keep too many animals, the demand for grass is too great.
Soil erosion is caused while the animals keep digging the soil up as they eat, and the wind and rain blow away the soil.
This process is called overgrazing.
Modern solutions can be used to give a better agricultural result in the Sahel.
We can try drip irrigation or hybrid.
We should stop using excessive water and consider our actions, to save the Sahel and lake Chad before it is too late.
Geography of Africa
Chemical changes occur when a substance combines with another to form a new substance, or,  chemical decomposition into two or more different substances.
These processes are called chemical reactions.
Burning of wood is a chemical change as new substances which cannot be changed back (e.g. carbon dioxide) are formed.
For example, if wood is burned in a fireplace, there is not wood anymore but ash.
Other examples  include burning of a candle, rusting of iron, baking a cake, etc.
Special details that describe how a chemical change takes place are called chemical properties.
Compare: physical change.
The opposite of a chemical change is a physical change.
Physical changes are a change in which no new substances are formed, and the substance which is changed is the same.
For instance, if a stick of wood is broken, there is still a stick of wood; it is just broken.
More examples include changes of shape, changes of states, passing electricity through a copper wire, breaking of wood, shattering of glass, pouring of water, etc.
Special details which do not change in a substance without new substances being formed are called physical properties.
A physical change is a type of change in which the form of matter is altered but one substance is not transformed into another.
The size or shape of matter may be changed, but no chemical reaction occurs.
All physical changes are reversible and their mass does not change.
Some examples are changes of shape, changes of states, and passing electricity through a copper wire.
Physical changes could be: melting, freezing, boiling/evaporating, condensing, deposition and sublimation.
Many physical changes also involve the rearrangement of atoms most noticeably in the formation of crystals.
Many chemical changes are irreversible, and many physical changes are reversible, but reversibility is not a certain criterion for classification.
Although chemical changes may be recognized by an indication such as odor, color change, or production of a gas, every one of these indicators can result from physical change.
Ronald Wilson Reagan (; February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American actor and politician who was the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989.
He was the 33rd governor of California from 1967 to 1975.
Reagan was the 9th and 13th president of the Screen Actors Guild, from 1947 to 1952 and again from 1959 to 1960.
Reagan was a movie, television and radio actor before he became a politician.
Reagan was born in Tampico, Illinois.
Reagan had a successful career in Hollywood.
He was in fifty-three movies.
He married actress Jane Wyman in 1940.
The couple divorced in 1949.
Reagan then married Nancy Davis in 1952.
Their marriage lasted until Reagan's death in 2004.
Before winning his presidential election in 1980, Reagan ran for president two times in 1968 and in 1976.
He was re-elected in 1984 at the age of 73, making him the second oldest person elected President of the United States after Joe Biden who was elected in 2020 at the age of 77.
He is known as the "Great Communicator" because he was a good public speaker.
Reagan was also known as the "Teflon president" because any criticism or scandals against him never stuck or affected his popularity.
Reagan still remains one of the most popular presidents in American history because of his optimism for the country and his humor.
Reagan was the first president of the United States to have been divorced.
Reagan was inaugurated in January 1981.
As president, Reagan helped create a new political and economic idea.
He created the supply-side economic policies.
It was later called Reaganomics.
Reagan's economic policy lowered tax rates.
It created an economic growth and lowered inflation.
In his first term he also narrowly survived an assassination attempt.
Reagan also declared a War on Drugs.
Reagan ordered an invasion of Grenada to end a Communist coup.
He was re-elected in a landslide victory in 1984.
During his second term, Reagan worked on ending the Cold War.
He also ordered the 1986 bombing of Libya.
In 1987, the Reagan administration faced a political scandal.
It was the Iran–Contra affair.
Reagan worked with Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev during his second term.
This led to the signing of the INF Treaty.
It lowered nuclear weapons in the United States and the Soviet Union.
Reagan left office in January 1989.
Reagan was originally a Democrat.
In 1962 he changed to the Republican party.
He is ranked high in presidential opinion polls.
Reagan died on June 5, 2004 at his Bel Air, Los Angeles home from pneumonia after a ten-year battle with Alzheimer's disease.
He was 93 years old.
Reagan was born to Jack and Nelle Reagan on February 6, 1911 in a small apartment building in Tampico, Illinois.
He had an older brother named Neil.
His father was a Roman Catholic of Irish descent.
His mother was a Protestant of English and Scottish descent.
The family moved to different places in Illinois when Reagan was a child.
They moved to Monmouth, Galesburg, and Chicago.
His family finally settled in Dixon, Illinois.
They lived in a small house in Dixon.
Reagan did not have much as a child.
In high school, Reagan enjoyed acting.
Reagan was athletic.
He became a lifeguard and saved 77 lives.
Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932.
He became a sports announcer at news radio station WHO.
Reagan was also a broadcaster for the Chicago Cubs.
He was good at recreating baseball games.
He made them interesting.
At this time, the radio station would get only the scores.
He was fired for not mentioning the show's sponsors.
Reagan was soon re-hired.
Station executives could not find anyone as capable as Reagan to re-create baseball games.
Acting career
His first screen credit was the starring role in the 1937 movie Love Is on the Air.
He then starred in many movies such as Dark Victory with Bette Davis and Humphrey Bogart.
Before the movie Santa Fe Trail with Errol Flynn in 1940, he played the role of George "The Gipper" Gipp in the movie Knute Rockne, All American.
From his role in the movie, he got the lifelong nickname "the Gipper".
In 1941, experts voted him the fifth most popular star from the younger generation in Hollywood.
Reagan's favorite acting role was as a double amputee in 1942's Kings Row.
In the movie, he says the line, "Where's the rest of me?"
It was later used as the title of his 1965 autobiography.
Many movie critics thought Kings Row to be his best movie.
Even though the movie was popular, it received bad reviews by New York Times critic Bosley Crowther.
Although Reagan called Kings Row the movie that "made me a star", he was unable to keep up on his success.
This was because he was ordered to active duty with the U.S. Army at San Francisco two months after the movie's release.
During World War II, Reagan was separated for four years from his movie career.
He served in the First Motion Picture Unit.
After the war, Reagan co-starred in such movies such as in, The Voice of the Turtle, John Loves Mary, The Hasty Heart, Bedtime for Bonzo, Cattle Queen of Montana, Juke Girl, This Is the Army, The Winning Team, Tennessee's Partner, and Hellcats of the Navy, in which he worked with his wife, Nancy.
Reagan's last movie was a 1964 movie The Killers.
Throughout his movie career, his mother, Nelle, often answered much of his fan mail.
Reagan was also a spokesperson.
He hosted the General Electric Theater since it was first shown in 1953.
He was fired in 1962.
President of the Screen Actors Guild
Reagan was first elected to the board of directors of the Screen Actors Guild in 1941.
After World War II, he quickly returned to Screen Actors Guild.
Reagan became the 3rd vice-president of the Screen Actors Guild in 1946.
Reagan was nominated in a special election to become president of the Screen Actors Guild.
Reagan was elected in 1947.
Reagan was re-elected president in 1959.
He served only a year before resigning in 1960.
FBI informant
During the late 1940s, Reagan and his then-wife Jane Wyman gave the FBI names of actors whom they believed were communists.
Reagan even spoke at a special meeting at Congress on communism in Hollywood as well.
Despite not supporting giving out names of actors who were suspected communists.
Reagan said:
"Do they expect us to constitute ourselves as a little FBI of our own and determine just who is a Commie and who isn't?"
Entrance into politics
Reagan was very active in politics near the end of his acting career.
Reagan used to be a Democrat.
He strongly supported the New Deal.
He admired Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Over time, Reagan became a conservatism republican.
This was because he felt the federal government had too much power and authority.
He made a famous speech speaking out against socialized medicine (government run health care).
Reagan endorsed Dwight D. Eisenhower and Richard Nixon for the United States presidency.
The last time Reagan supported a Democrat was when Helen Gahagan Douglas ran for the United States Senate.
During the 1964 presidential election, Reagan supported Republican candidate Barry Goldwater.
He made a famous speech called "A Time for Choosing" to support Goldwater.
In the speech he spoke against government programs and high taxes.
Even though Goldwater did not win the election, Reagan gained popularity from it.
In his speech, Reagan said,
You and I have a rendezvous with destiny.
We will preserve for our children this, the last best hope of man on earth, or we will sentence them to take the first step into a thousand years of darkness.
Governor of California, 1967-75
After giving a speech of Barry Goldwater's presidential campaign in 1964, he was persuaded to run for governor.
Reagan ran as a Republican against the then governor, Pat Brown during the 1966 gubernatorial election.
Reagan won the election with 3,742,913 (57.55%) of the vote while Brown won 2,749,174 (42.27%) of the vote.
Reagan was inaugurated on January 2, 1967.
During his years as Governor, Reagan stopped hiring government workers.
He did this to slow the growth of California's workforce.
Reagan also approved tax increases to balance the state budget.
Reagan worked with the Democratic Party majority in the state legislature to help create a major reform of the welfare system in 1971.
The reform helped give money to the poor and increase the pay of the rich.
During his term as governor, Reagan served as the President of the Republican Governors Association from 1968 to 1969.
In 1967, Reagan signed an act that did not allow the public carrying loaded guns.
In 1968, a petition to force Reagan into a recall election failed.
Reagan ran briefly for president in 1968.
He was not nominated by the Republican Party at the 1968 Republican National Convention as Richard Nixon was nominated.
On May 15, 1969, during the People's Park protests at the University of California, Berkeley, Reagan sent the California Highway Patrol and other officers to fight off the protests, in an event that became known as "Bloody Thursday".
Reagan then called out 2,200 state National Guard troops to occupy the city of Berkeley for two weeks in order to crack down on the protesters.
Reagan ran for re-election in the 1970 gubernatorial election against assemblyman Jesse M. Unruh.
Reagan won 3,439,174 (52.83%) of the vote while Unruh won 2,938,607 (45.14%) of the vote.
During his final term as governor, he played a major role in California's educational system.
He raised student loans.
This caused a massive protest between Reagan and the college students.
Reagan would soon be criticized of his views of the educational system.
In 2019, a 1971 audio recording of a conversation between Reagan and President Nixon was released in which Reagan called Africans diplomats at the United Nations "monkeys".
1976 presidential campaign
In 1976, Reagan said he would run against President Gerald Ford to become the Republican Party's candidate for president.
Reagan soon became the conservative candidate with the support of organizations such as the American Conservative Union, which became key supporters of his political run, while Ford was considered a more moderate Republican.
During his 1976 campaign, Reagan controversially used the pejorative phrase "welfare queen" to describe Linda Taylor who illegally misused her welfare benefits in 1974.
He used Taylor and her criminals activities to defend his criticisms about social programs in the United States.
During the 1976 GOP convention, Ford won the nomination with 1,187 delegates to Reagan's 1,070.
Ford would go on to lose the 1976 presidential election to the Democratic nominee, Jimmy Carter.
1980 presidential campaign
In November 1979, Reagan announced his plans to run for president again in the 1980 presidential election against incumbent President Jimmy Carter.
His campaign slogan, "Make America Great Again", was heavily used in the 1980 election and in Reagan's 1984 re-election campaign.
The slogan would be used by Presidents Bill Clinton and Donald Trump in their presidential campaigns.
Reagan faced primary challenges from former Director George H. W. Bush, United States representatives John B. Anderson and Phil Crane, United States senators Bob Dole, Howard Baker, Larry Pressler and Lowell P. Weicker, Jr., Governor Harold Stassen, former Treasury Secretary John Connally and to Republican executive Ben Fernandez.
In May 1980, Reagan won enough delegates to win the Republican Party nomination.
At the 1980 Republican National Convention, Reagan named Bush as his running mate.
On November 4, Reagan won the election winning 44 states and 489 electoral votes, to Carter's 49 electoral votes from six states plus the District of Columbia.
He won the popular vote by a larger margin, winning 50.7% to Carter's 41.0%, with independent John B. Anderson winning 6.6%.
Presidency, 1981–89
First term, 1981–85
Reagan was first sworn in as president on January 20, 1981.
In his inaugural address (which Reagan himself wrote), he talked about the country's economic problems, arguing:
In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problems; government is the problem.
School prayer and moment of silence
In 1981, Reagan became the first president to propose a constitutional amendment on school prayer.
In 1985, Reagan expressed his disappointment that the Supreme Court ruling still bans a moment of silence for public schools, and said he had "an uphill battle."
In 1987 Reagan renewed his call for Congress to support voluntary prayer in schools and end "the expulsion of God from America's classrooms."
People who did not support this said it is not right for any government force to be included in schools.
Assassination attempt
Reagan was nearly killed in an assassination attempt that happened on Monday, March 30, 1981.
69 days after becoming President, he was leaving after a speaking engagement at the Washington Hilton Hotel in Washington, D.C. He was shot by John Hinckley.
Hinckley shot six bullets.
White House Press Secretary James Brady was shot in the head.
Brady later recovered, but was paralyzed.
Two other bullets shot officer Thomas Delahanty in the back, also paralyzing him, and Secret Service agent Timothy McCarthy in the chest.
McCarthy took a bullet for Reagan.
No one was killed during the event.
Reagan was taken to the George Washington University Hospital, which was nearest hospital from the hotel and White House.
He suffered a punctured lung and a broken rib bone.
He lost about 3/4 of his blood.
Reagan soon made a fast recovery after doctors performed surgery.
It was later said that the bullet was one inch away from his heart.
Reagan believed that the government should be small, not big.
This means that the government should not interfere in people's lives very much or interfere with what businesses do.
He believed in supply-side economics, which was also called Reaganomics and Voodoo economics (by people who didn't like it) during his term.
He lowered everybody's income taxes by 25% and cut spending in many government departments.
He also lowered inflation from 14% to 4% and he vetoed 78 bills.
Reagan's economic plan resulted in a bad economy during the year 1982, but the economy turned around in 1983.
The economy soon recovered.
Reagan called it "Morning in America".
During his presidency the United States declared a "War on Drugs".
However, people who did not like his economic plan pointed out an increase in the national debt from 31% to 50.8% of the country's GDP.
Air traffic controllers' strike
In the summer of 1981, the union of federal air traffic controllers went on strike.
They broke a federal law that does not allow government unions from striking.
Reagan said that if the air traffic controllers "do not report for work within 48 hours, they have forfeited their jobs and will be terminated".
They did not return and on August 5, Reagan fired 11,359 striking air traffic controllers who had ignored his order, and used supervisors and military controllers to handle the nation's commercial air traffic until new controllers could be hired and trained.
Response to AIDS epidemic
The Reagan administration largely ignored the AIDS crisis in the United States in 1981.
AIDS research was underfunded during Reagan's administration.
There were requests for more funding by doctors at the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), but they were routinely denied.
By the end of the first 12 months of the epidemic, more than 1,000 people had died of AIDS in the United States.
By the time President Reagan gave his first speech on the epidemic in 1987, 36,058 Americans had been diagnosed with AIDS and 20,849 had died of it.
By the end of 1989, the year Reagan left office, 115,786 people had been diagnosed with AIDS in the United States, and more than 70,000 of them had died of it.
Visit to USS Constellation (CV-64)
On August 20, 1981, Reagan was the honorable guest of Captain Dennis Brooks, commanding officer of the USS Constellation (CV-64).
President Reagan arrived on the USS Constellation (CV-64) by helicopter.
He spoke to the ship's crew, ate lunch with them and watched a United States Navy tactical display at sea.
President Reagan then re-enlisted some US Navy personnel.
He then was introduced to Special Agent Craig Goodwin of the Naval Investigative Service (NIS).
He was the Special Agent who was assigned aboard the USS Constellation (CV-64).
Special Agent Goodwin was later awarded one of the highest civilian medals for his intelligence work, the Meritorious Civilian Service Medal.
Reagan's "Evil empire" speech was delivered to the National Association of Evangelicals in Orlando, Florida on March 8, 1983.
It is his first recorded use of the phrase.
Speaking about the nuclear arms race he said that the Soviet Union as evil.
In your discussions of the nuclear freeze proposals, I urge you to beware the temptation of pride, the temptation of blithely declaring yourselves above it all and label both sides equally at fault, to ignore the facts of history and the aggressive impulses of an evil empire, to simply call the arms race a giant misunderstanding and thereby remove yourself from the struggle between right and wrong and good and evil.
Lebanese Civil War (1983)
In 1983, Reagan sent forces to Lebanon to stop the threat of the Lebanese Civil War.
On October 23, 1983, a group of American forces in Beirut were attacked.
The Beirut barracks bombing killed 241 American servicemen and wounded more than 60 others by a suicide truck bomber.
Reagan withdrew all the Marines from Lebanon.
In September 1983, Korean Air Lines Flight 007 was shot down by the Soviet Union.
It killed one politician and many more Americans.
Reagan was angry at the Soviets.
Reagan addressed the nation.
As a result, Reagan proposed that the American military's GPS would be allowed for civilian use.
In his address, Reagan said,
I'm coming before you tonight about the Korean airline massacre, the attack by the Soviet Union against 269 innocent men, women, and children aboard an unarmed Korean passenger plane.
This crime against humanity must never be forgotten, here or throughout the world.
Operation Urgent Fury (Grenada, 1983)
On October 25, 1983, Reagan ordered U.S. forces to invade Grenada, code named Operation Urgent Fury.
Reagan said that there was a "regional threat posed by a Soviet-Cuban military build-up in the Caribbean" in Grenada.
Operation Urgent Fury was the first major military operation done by U.S. forces since the Vietnam War.
Some days of fighting started, but it resulted in a U.S. victory.
In mid-December, U.S. forces withdrew from Grenada after a new form of government was created there.
MLK Day (1983)
Reagan originally did not support making Martin Luther King Jr.'s birthday a national holiday, because of cost concerns.
But on November 2, 1983, Reagan signed a bill to create a federal holiday honoring King.
The bill had passed the Senate by a count of 78 to 22 and the House of Representatives by 338 to 90.
The holiday was observed for the first time on January 20, 1986.
It is observed on the third Monday of January.
1984 re-election campaign
Reagan was once again nominated for president at the 1984 Republican National Convention.
His Democratic opponent, was former Vice President Walter Mondale of Minnesota.
During the first presidential debate, many said Reagan lost the debate and there were rumors about Reagan's health citing his confusion on stage.
Many thought Reagan was showing the early stages of Alzheimer's disease.
In the second debate, Reagan improved his performance and when asked about questions of his age, he said:
I will not make age an issue of this campaign.
I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience.
Reagan's statement made the entire audience laugh including from moderators and Mondale himself.
Reagan also repeated his 1980 debate phrase: "There you go again".
Reagan was re-elected in 1984 in a landslide victory.
Reagan won 49 out of the 50 states.
He carried more electoral votes than any other president in American history.
Second term, 1985-89
Reagan was sworn in as president once again on January 20, 1985 at the White House this time due to cold weather.
In the coming weeks, he changed his staff by moving White House Chief of Staff James Baker to Secretary of the Treasury and naming Treasury Secretary Donald Regan to Chief of Staff.
Cold War and Soviet relations
Reagan became friends with the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Margaret Thatcher.
Both of them held meetings about the Soviet Union's threat and how to end the Cold War.
Reagan became the first American president to ever address the British Parliament.
In foreign policy, Reagan ended detente (the policy of being friendly to the Soviet Union) by ordering the largest peacetime military buildup in American history.
The U.S. government had to borrow a lot of money to pay for it.
He had many new weapons built.
Soon, the U.S. began to research on a missile defense system which would destroy missiles.
It was to prevent a nuclear war from happening.
The program was called Strategic Defense Initiative.
It was nicked named "Star Wars".
He directed money to anti-communist movements all over the world that wanted to overthrow their communist government.
He ordered multiple military operations including the invasion of Grenada and the Libya bombing.
In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became the new leader of the Soviet Union (which was in bad shape and soon to collapse).
Reagan had many talks with him.
Their first meeting together was at the Reykjavík Summit in Iceland.
In May 1985, Reagan and Chancellor Helmut Kohl were scheduled to visit a military cemetery in Bitburg, Germany to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the end of World War II.
The visit caused controversy as the cemetery had members of the Waffen-SS buried there and Reagan did not schedule a visit to a concentration camp.
As a result, a trip to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp was added to Reagan's schedule where he made a few remarks about the Holocaust and the end of the war.
Reagan responded about the controversy,
This visit has stirred many emotions in the American and German people too.
Some old wounds have been reopened, and this I regret very much, because this should be a time of healing.
Reagan announced a War on Drugs in 1982, because of concerns about the increasing number of people using crack.
Even though Richard Nixon declared a war on drugs during the 1970s, Reagan used more militant policies.
In 1986, Reagan signed a drug enforcement bill that budgeted $1.7 billion to fund the War on Drugs.
It created a mandatory minimum penalty for drug offenses.
The bill was criticized for created racial inequalities and mass imprisonment of African-Americans.
As a result, First Lady Nancy Reagan created her "Just Say No" campaign to promote anti-drug usage to children.
Libya bombing
During the Reagan presidency, relations between Libya and the United States were mixed.
In early April 1986, relations were escalated when a bomb exploded in a Berlin discothèque.
It resulted in the injury of 63 American military personnel and death of one serviceman.
In the late evening of April 15, 1986, the United States launched many attacks in Libya.
The UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher allowed the U.S. Air Force to use Britain's air bases to launch the attack, only if that the UK was supporting America's right to self-defense supported by the United Nations.
The attack was done to stop Gaddafi's "ability to export terrorism", offering him "incentives and reasons to alter his criminal behavior".
The president addressed the nation from the Oval Office after the attacks started, he said
When our citizens are attacked or abused anywhere in the world on the direct orders of hostile regimes, we will respond so long as I'm in this office.
Many countries and the United Nations did not like Reagan's decision to bomb Libya.
The United Nations said that Reagan violated "the Charter of the United Nations and of international law".
Iran-Contra affair
Reagan's reputation was badly hurt by the political scandal Iran-Contra Affair.
The government illegally sold weapons to Iran.
It later used the profits to support a Nicaraguan terrorist group called the Contras.
Reagan told the American people he didn't know anything about the scandal.
Reagan funded the Contras to fight off the Communist regime of Daniel Ortega in Nicaragua, but when it became too expensive, Congress made it illegal to pay the Contras.
As a result, the scandal at the center of the affair and the cover up was using illegal profits to break the law a second time by supporting terrorists.
His United States National Security Advisor John Poindexter was charged with multiple felonies and later resigned.
Reagan later nominated former Ambassador Frank Carlucci to replace Poindexter.
His Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger was thought to be guilty, but resigned before a trial could begin.
Reagan later nominated Carlucci to serve as Defense Secretary for the rest of his term.
Oliver North, a member of the United States National Security Council, resigned and was indicted for his involvement in the affair.
In February 1987, White House Chief of Staff Donald Regan also resigned because of an ongoing feud between Regan and First Lady Reagan about his handling of the affair.
Soon, he told the American people that it was his fault.
After Reagan told the truth, he became more popular.
In his apology, Reagan said,
Let's start with the part that is the most controversial.
A few months ago I told the American people I did not trade arms for hostages.
My heart and my best intentions still tell me that's true, but the facts and the evidence tell me it is not.
In the end, fourteen administration officials were indicted and eleven convictions resulted, some of which were vacated on appeal.
The rest of those indicted or convicted were all pardoned by President George H. W. Bush, who had been Vice President at the time of the affair.
In the 1980s, apartheid in South Africa was becoming more violent and a global issue.
The Democrats in the Senate tried to pass the Anti-Apartheid Act in September 1985, but could not overcome a Republican filibuster.
Reagan saw it as an act to lower his authority to plan foreign policy.
He created own set of sanctions, but Democrats saw them to be "watered down and ineffective".
The bill was re-introduced in 1986 and brought up for a vote despite Republican efforts to block it to give Reagan's sanctions time to work.
It passed the House with Reagan publicly against it.
Later the Senate approved of the bill with a 84-14 vote.
On September 26, 1986, Reagan vetoed the bill saying that it would cause an "economic war".
Republican Senator Richard Lugar led the Senate of override Reagan's veto.
The veto was reverse by Congress (by the Senate 78 to 21, the House by 313 to 83) on October 2.
The veto override was the first one on a presidential foreign policy veto in the 20th century.
I believe, are not the best course of action; they hurt the very people they are intended to help.
My hope is that these punitive sanctions do not lead to more violence and more repression.
Our administration will, nevertheless, implement the law.
In 1986, the Space Shuttle Challenger exploded killing everyone on board.
Reagan postponed his 1986 State of the Union Address as a result of the tragedy.
It was the first time that a President of the United States postponed a State of the Union Address.
Afterwards, Reagan addressed the nation.
Reagan famously said,
We will never forget them, nor the last time we saw them, this morning, as they prepared for their journey and waved goodbye and 'slipped the surly bonds of Earth' to 'touch the face of God'.
In November 1986, Reagan signed the Immigration Reform and Control Act.
It helped some immigrants to get jobs and become legal citizens.
In that same year, the Statue of Liberty was just re-opened after being renovated.
Reagan was at the opening ceremony when he said,
The legalization provisions in this act will go far to improve the lives of a class of individuals who now must hide in the shadows, without access to many of the benefits of a free and open society.
Very soon many of these men and women will be able to step into the sunlight and, ultimately, if they choose, they may become Americans.
Supreme Court nominations
During his 1980 campaign, Reagan promised that, if elected, he would nominate the first female Supreme Court Associate Justice.
On July 7, 1981, he nominated Sandra Day O'Connor to replace the retiring Justice Potter Stewart.
Reagan said of O'Connor:
[O'Connor] is truly a person for all qualities, having those unique qualities of patience, fairness, intelligent, and devotion to the public good.
I commend her to you, and I urge the Senate's swift bipartisan confirmation so that as soon as possible she may take her seat on the Court and her place in history.
In his second term in 1986, Reagan nominated William Rehnquist to replace Warren E. Burger as Chief Justice.
He named Antonin Scalia to fill the empty seat left by Rehnquist.
After Associate Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. announced his retirement in June 1987, Reagan nominated conservative jurist Robert Bork to replace him in 1987.
Senator Ted Kennedy was strongly against Bork.
Kennedy accused Bork of not being strong on states', civil or women's rights.
Kennedy said that if Bork was confirmed: