the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The first two digits (3 for Overseas France) are the number of the department.
The other 2 (or 3) numbers are the number of the commune.
The INSEE code is not the same as the postcode.
In psychology, anhedonia (< Greek αν- an-, without + ηδονή hēdonē, pleasure ) is not being able to feel pleasure.
This may include not enjoying things like eating, exercise, watching movies, meeting friends, social activities, or sexual interaction and activity.
In most cases, anhedonia is caused by mental disorders.
It happens in some severe cases of depression and it is a common symptom of schizophrenia, schizoid personality disorder and major depressive disorder.
No Pleasure, No Reward
Discussion of male orgasmic dysfunction (ejaculation without orgasm) on the Sexual Health Forums of HisandHerHealth.com
The CFP franc (usually just called franc) is the currency used in some of France's overseas colonies (French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Wallis and Futuna).
It was created in December 1945.
The initials CFP originally stood for Colonies françaises du Pacifique ("French colonies of the Pacific") but now officially stand for Change Franc Pacifique ("Pacific Franc Exchange").
There are 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 CFP franc coins and 500, 1000, 5000 and 10 000 CFP franc banknotes.
Currency of Oceania
Economy of France
Pierre Corneille (June 6, 1606 – October 1, 1684) was a French playwright.
He is one of the most famous 17th century French dramatists.
Some others are Molière and Racine.
He has been called “the founder of French tragedy” and produced plays for nearly forty years.
Mélite (1629)
Clitandre (1630–31)
la Veuve (1631)
la Galerie du Palais (1631–32)
La Place royale (1633–34)
l'Illusion comique (1636)
Médée (1635)
le Cid (1637)
Horace (1640)
Cinna (1641)
Polyeucte (1642)
La Mort de Pompée (1643)
Le Menteur (1643)
Rodogune (1644)
Héraclius (1647)
Don Sanche d'Aragon (1650)
Andromède, (1650)
Nicomède, (1651)
Pertharite, (1651)
l'Imitation de Jésus-Christ (1656)
Oedipe (1659)
Trois Discours sur le poème dramatique (1660)
La Toison d'or (1660)
Sertorius (1662)
Othon (1664)
Agésilas (1666)
Attila (1667)
Tite et Bérénice (1670)
Psyché (w/ Molière and Philippe Quinault,1671)
Suréna (1674)
1684 deaths
Jean Racine (December 22, 1639 – April 21, 1699) was a French playwright.
He was one of the most famous of the 17th century in France (with Molière and Corneille).
Racine was mostly a tragedian, even though he did write one comedy.
La Thébaïde (1664)
Alexandre le Grand (1665)
Andromaque (1667)
Les Plaideurs (1668)
Britannicus (1669)
Bérénice (1670)
Mithridate (1673)
Iphigénie (1674)
Phèdre (1677)
Esther (drama) (1689)
Athalie (1691)
1639 births
1699 deaths
Hurricane Iniki was the 10th hurricane and the 7th major hurricane of the 1992 Pacific hurricane season.
Iniki was a powerful hurricane that affected Hawaii, just weeks after Hurricane Andrew stuck Florida during the Atlantic hurricane season.
The origin of Iniki is unclear, but it possibly began as a tropical wave that moved off the African coast on August 18.
It moved westward across the unfavorable Atlantic Ocean and crossed Central America into the Pacific on the 28th.
the shock wave continued to go west, and remained disorganized.
Conditions slowly became more favorable, and, as the convection concentrated around a center, the wave was classified Tropical Depression Eighteen-E on September 5, located 1,700 miles (2700 km) southwest of Cabo San Lucas, Mexico or 1550 miles (2500 km) east-southeast of Hilo, Hawaii.
The depression continued quickly westward and remained weak until the 8th, when it slowed enough to strengthen to a tropical storm.
Iniki continued to get stronger and became a hurricane on September 9.
It turned north towards Hawaii and became major Hurricane the next day.
On September 11, Iniki peaked as Category 4 hurricane and hit Hawaii with wind of 145 mph.
Hurricane Iniki rapidly weakened and went extra tropical Midway between Also and Hawaii.
Preparations and Impact
The Central Pacific Hurricane Center (CPHC) failed to issue tropical cyclone warnings and watches for the hurricane well in advance.
For several days prior to the disaster, the CPHC and the news media forecast Iniki to remain well south of the island chain, with the only effect being some high surf conditions.
Some of the standard international computer models were indicating a northward turn towards the populated Hawaiian Islands, but these were rejected by the CPHC forecasters.
CHPC Advisory #19 was issued at 11 AM local time on September 10, and suggested that a weakening Iniki would remain well to the south.
It was not until a special bulletin was issued by the CPHC at 6:30 PM on September 10 - less than 24 hours before landfall - that any warning was given to the public.
A hurricane watch was issued for Kauai early on September 11 and was upgraded to a hurricane warning later that day.
Prior to Iniki's arrival in Kauai, 8,000 people were housed in shelters, most of whom remembered Hurricane Iwa 10 years prior.
Rather than sending tourists to public shelters, two major hotels kept their occupants in the buildings during the storm's passage.
During the evacuation of the island, people left days before to family, friends or shelters.
Because schools were cancelled, traffic was light and evacuation was well-executed.
The CPHC issued a tropical storm warning for Oahu on September 11 which was upgraded to a hurricane warning later that day.
Though not hit by the hurricane, Iniki's large wind field caused nearly 30,000 people to evacuate to 110 public shelters in Oahu.
Public school buildings acted as shelters, and were for refuge only, meaning they did not provide food, cots, blankets, medications or other comfort items.
Roughly one-third of Oahu's population participated in the evacuation, though many others went to the house of a family member or friend for shelter.
The execution of the evacuations went well, beginning with the vulnerable coastal area.
For those in need, vans and buses gave emergency transportation, while police manned certain overused intersections.
The two main problems that occurred during the evacuation were lack of parking at shelters and exit routes for the coastlines.
Hurricane Iniki was the costliest hurricane to strike the state of Hawaii, causing $1.8 billion ($2.6 billion in 2004 US dollars) in damage.
Most damage was on the island of Kauai, where the storm destroyed thousands of homes and left a large amount of the island without power, although Oahu also suffered significant damage.
Iniki also was responsible for six deaths.
The hurricane nearly struck the Central Pacific Hurricane Center in Honolulu.
Had it hit there, Iniki, along with Hurricane Andrew and Typhoon Omar, would have struck each of the three National Weather Service offices responsible for tropical cyclone warnings within a two-month period.
Disasters in the 1990s
20th century in Hawaii
"Cinderella, or The Little Glass Slipper"  is a fairy tale by Charles Perrault.
It was first published anonymously in Paris in 1697  in Histoires ou contes du temps passé (), a collection of eight fairy tales by Perrault.
The story is about an ill-treated girl who, with the help of her fairy godmother, travels to a ball in a pumpkin coach.
She flees the ball at midnight and loses her glass slipper.
A prince, who has fallen in love with her, finds her lost slipper and uses it later to find her.
Similar European tales are found in Bonaventure des Periers's New Recreations and Joyous Games (1558) and Giambattista Basile's Pentamerone (1634-6).
The Brothers Grimm included their version, "Aschenputtel", in Children's and Household Tales (1812).
Tales similar to "Cinderella" exist in Chinese, Indian, African, Javanese, Australian, and Japanese literature and folklore.
The tale has been adapted to the stage, movies, television, and other media.
A widower marries a proud and haughty woman.
She already has two daughters of her own.
They despise the man's daughter by his first marriage, but she is gentle and beautiful, They treat her meanly.
She is assigned all the housework and sleeps in the attic.
She gave her the name Cinderella because she sits in the chimney corner.
A prince gives a ball and all the ladies of quality are invited.
Cinderella's stepsisters go to the ball, but Cinderella remains at home crying.
Her fairy godmother appears and transforms a pumpkin into a golden coach to take Cinderella to the ball.
The fairy turns mice, lizards, and a rat into horses and coachmen with a wave of her wand.
She gives Cinderella a gown of gold and silver and slippers made of glass.
She orders Cinderella to return home by midnight for the charm ends at that time.
Cinderella goes to the ball and dazzles everyone.
The prince pays her special attention.
Her stepsisters do not recognize her.
She leaves at midnight and returns home.
The next evening she again goes to the prince's ball.
She loses track of time, hurries away just at midnight, but loses one of her glass slippers.
At home, Cinderella's gown turns to rags, but the other glass slipper remains as it is.
The stepsisters tell her that the prince is in love with the unknown beautiful lady.
The prince orders the slipper to be tried on all the ladies in the land.
He will marry only the girl whose foot will fit the slipper.
The stepsisters try it on but it does not fit.
Cinderella tries it on and it fits.
She pulls the other slipper from her pocket and puts it on.
The Godmother appears and touches Cinderella's clothes with her wand.
They are transformed into a gown more beautiful than that she wore to the ball.
A few days later, the prince marries her.
She forgives her stepsisters for their past meanness and finds husbands for them at the court.
Betts, Christopher.
The Complete Fairy Tales.
Opie, Iona and Peter.
The Classic Fairy Tales.
Oxford UP. .
Something of, from, or related to Iran, a country in the Middle East.
One of the Iranian languages.
See also Languages of Iran.
Iranians, persons from Iran, or of Iranian descent.
For more information about the Iranian people, see Demographics of Iran and Culture of Iran.
Iranian peoples, various ethnic groups originating in or associated with Iran
Iranian diaspora
For specific persons, see List of Iranians
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapy which helps people change unhealthy thoughts and behaviors.
Cognitive behavioral therapists teach their patients to use coping skills (healthy ways to deal with problems).
They also show their patients how their thoughts are not accurate.
These unhealthy thought patterns are called cognitive distortions.
CBT says that these inaccurate thoughts lead to unhealthy feelings and behaviors.
By changing these thoughts, patients can change how they feel and act.
CBT combines parts of cognitive therapy and behavior therapy.
Using this combination of therapies, CBT helps patients to identify problems in their lives and tries to help them feel better.
CBT is a common treatment for mood disorders.
It is popular because it works well, has a clear structure, and is based on common sense.
Research shows that CBT works better than any other treatment for people with depression and anxiety.
After completing 5 - 15 modules of CBT, 50 - 75% of people with depression and anxiety feel better.
Medication alone also works, but science still does not understand how these medications affect the brain and body over time.
Also, some evidence says that CBT costs less than medication in the long run.
However, when medication and CBT are used together, patients with mental illnesses get the best results.
In particular, antidepressants paired with CBT could prevent people with depression from getting depressed again in the future.
CBT can also treat personality disorders, post traumatic stress disorder and eating disorders.
Therapists can do CBT with a single patient, in a therapy group, or online.
The History of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
In the early 1900s, Austrian psychotherapist Alfred Adler suggested that therapists should pay attention to their patients’ cognitions (the way they think).
He talked about how making basic mistakes can make people feel bad.
Adler’s work inspired American psychologist Albert Ellis to develop rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) in the 1950s.
REBT was one of the earliest forms of cognitive therapy.
In the 1950s and 1960s, American psychiatrist Aaron T. Beck developed a cognitive model of mental illness, which would later become a part of CBT.
This cognitive model says that people feel bad because of the way they think about an event, not the actual event itself.
While doing psychoanalysis, Beck noticed that his depressed patients had a lot of negative thoughts about themselves, he world, and the future.
They seemed like they were ‘talking’ to themselves in their thoughts.
However, they only shared some of these thoughts with Beck.
For example, a person might have thought to themselves, “The therapist is being very quiet today; I wonder if he’s mad at me?”
and then began to feel anxious as a result.
In the 1960s, researchers did a number of scientific experiments to study how thoughts affect behaviours and emotions.
This period in the history of psychotherapy is called “the cognitive revolution,” and is also known as the “second wave” of CBT.
CBT targets different kinds of maladaptive thinking.
The goal is to recognise unhealthy thoughts and develop them into positive thinking patterns.
In that sense, CBT is scientific because irrational beliefs are thought of as theories which are tested to see if they are true.
CBT is structured in that it uses an ABC format.
A represents the activating event which triggers B, your beliefs.
This is followed by C, the consequences, which are your actions.
Beliefs are composed of different types of thinking.
Some examples include catastrophising where small problems are blown out of proportion and all-or-nothing thinking which involves thinking in extremes.
When creating solutions, the therapist and patient need to come to an agreement on attainable goals.
They follow a criteria which is characterised as SMART: specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-limited.
Specific and measurable highlight the science behind CBT as the goals are used to test the "hypothesis".
Achievable, realistic and time-limited ensure that the patient makes small stages of progress through the intervention.
One of the key reasons why CBT is so effective is because of its interactive nature.
This is known as collaborative empiricism; the patient and therapist work together in targeting problems and changing negative mindsets.
This means that patients play an active role in improving their mental health which is a key element that distinguishes CBT from other treatments.
Therapists encourage patients to be active by setting them tasks.
This may be noting down positive moments throughout their day or producing a list of things to complete.
CBT combines cognitive and behavioural methods to maximise its effect.
Therapists often set their patients homework which challenge their irrational beliefs.
When patients feel down because of these beliefs, the therapist can produce this as evidence.
An example of a behavioural method is that therapists help their patients to collect evidence that challenges the use of their avoidance behaviours.
The techniques aim to prepare patient with the skills they need to target their problems independently in the future.
Anger issues
Problems with stress
Why it's effective
CBT is now increasingly recommended because it is successful in changing the patient's way of thinking.
As previously mentioned, it's effective because patients participate in improving their mental health.
They are encouraged to be proactive by acting as their own therapist.
This means that once the sessions are over, patients are left with the skills they need to manage their problems.
Furthermore, it works because the patient and therapist develop a healthy relationship.
It is built upon understanding, cooperation and empathy.
Therapists show patience when patients struggle to identify their negative thoughts or when adopting new coping mechanisms.
Compromise is also a key element in this relationship, if a strategy is not working, they are willing to work together to find a better solution.
It is also effective because CBT focuses mainly on the present.
It does not dive into the patient's past because CBT aims to improve the patient's current state of mind.
Even though it is very popular, CBT has faced criticism.
CBT focuses on a patient’s thoughts and the problems they are having in their lives.
Critics say CBT does not look at the patient as a whole.
CBT also ignores the patient’s past experiences.
Because they ignore the patient's past, therapists might not understand how the patient first developed negative thought patterns.
Ignoring the root causes of these thought patterns can make it difficult to identify solutions.
CBT is an interactive therapy.
This can make it difficult for patients with mood disorders than can cause low energy, like depression.
Some of these patients might not have enough energy to do all the work required by CBT.
Since the emergence of CBT, several revisions and models have been made.
One example is the Five Areas model.
This model was created because traditional CBT tends to use complex terms which may be unsuitable for some patients or colleagues who do not specialise in CBT.
The Five Areas model aims to be more versatile by using language that can easily be understood.
In that sense, this model is not a new approach.
Instead, it is a revision of standard CBT.
The Five Areas model specifically focuses on five key elements, hence the name.
These are life situation, altered thinking, altered emotions, altered physical feelings and altered behaviour.
Cognitive Therapy Today
An Introduction to Cognitive Therapy & CBT
CBT Podcasts (The Jove Institute)
The Royal College of Psychiatrists' cognitive therapy leaflet
REBT Network
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR / AIP) is considered by many therapists as a major form of psychotherapy.
Francine Shapiro, Ph.D., noted that recalling or thinking about disturbing events, coupled with eye-motion; audio input or sensory input (touch, smell, taste) could aid unprocessed emotional trauma that are emotionally hurtful or painful to the body.
The once painful emotional materials are un-embedded via recall of the event coupled with a sensory input which are 'metabolized' by the person's psyche from a painful and harmful state into a helpful learning experience.
This processing has proven useful in helping overcome many traumatic events ranging from rape, family violence, physical or verbal abuse, first-responder shock, chronic pain, combat, hurtful memories; select health issues and unresolved, hurtful life experiences.
EMDR involves the processing of painful emotional events via the recalling of the event...paired with movement of the eyes; the hearing of select sound; tactile contact; gustatory (taste) input as an input into the brains processing.
This process helps the client to move-on from the physical or emotional pain they are feeling.
EMDR or Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) as it is alternatively named, has been being tested and researched in a large number of organizations since it was first discovered in 1987.
EMDR therapy combines different elements to maximize treatment effects.
A full description of the theory, sequence of treatment, and research on protocols and active mechanisms can be found in F. Shapiro (2001) Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing:  Basic principles, protocols and procedures (2nd edition) New York: Guilford Press.
EMDR therapy involves attention to three time periods:  the past, present, and future.
Focus is given to past disturbing memories and related events.
Also, it is given to current situations that cause distress, and to developing the skills and attitudes needed for positive future actions.
With EMDR therapy, these items are addressed using an eight-phase treatment approach.
Phase 1:  The first phase is a history-taking session(s).
The therapist assesses the client’s readiness and develops a treatment plan.
Client and therapist identify possible targets for EMDR processing.
These include distressing memories and current situations that cause emotional distress.
Other targets may include related incidents in the past.
Emphasis is placed on the development of specific skills and behaviors that will be needed by the client in future situations.
Initial EMDR processing may be directed to childhood events rather than to adult onset stressors or the identified critical incident if the client had a problematic childhood.
Clients generally gain insight on their situations, the emotional distress resolves and they start to change their behaviors.
The length of treatment depends upon the number of traumas and the age of PTSD onset.
Generally, those with single event adult onset trauma can be successfully treated in under 5 hours.
Multiple trauma victims may require a longer treatment time.
Phase 2:  During the second phase of treatment, the therapist ensures that the client has several different ways of handling emotional distress.
The therapist may teach the client a variety of imagery and stress reduction techniques the client can use during and between sessions.
A goal of EMDR therapy is to produce rapid and effective change while the client maintains equilibrium during and between sessions.
Phases 3-6:  In phases three to six, a target is identified and processed using EMDR therapy procedures.
These involve the client identifying three things:
The vivid visual image related to the memory
A negative belief about self
Related emotions and body sensations.
In addition, the client identifies a positive belief.
The therapist helps the client rate the positive belief as well as the intensity of the negative emotions.
After this, the client is instructed to focus on the image, negative thought, and body sensations while simultaneously engaging in EMDR processing using sets of bilateral stimulation.
These sets may include eye movements, taps, or tones.
The type and length of these sets is different for each client.
At this point, the EMDR client is instructed to just notice whatever spontaneously happens.
After each set of stimulation, the clinician instructs the client to let his/her mind go blank and to notice whatever thought, feeling, image, memory, or sensation comes to mind.
Depending upon the client’s report, the clinician will choose the next focus of attention.
These repeated sets with directed focused attention occur numerous times throughout the session.
If the client becomes distressed or has difficulty in progressing, the therapist follows established procedures to help the client get back on track.
When the client reports no distress related to the targeted memory, (s)he is asked to think of the preferred positive belief that was identified at the beginning of the session.
At this time, the client may adjust the positive belief if necessary, and then focus on it during the next set of distressing events.
Phase 7:  In phase seven, closure, the therapist asks the client to keep a log during the week.
The log should document any related material that may arise.
It serves to remind the client of the self-calming activities that were mastered in phase two.
Phase 8:  The next session begins with phase eight.
Phase eight consists of examining the progress made thus far.
The EMDR treatment processes all related historical events, current incidents that elicit distress, and future events that will require different responses.
EMDR International Association(EMDRIA)
EMDR European Association, Inc.
National Institute for Health & Clinical Excellence UK
EMDR Scotland
An analog-to-digital converter (abbreviated ADC, A/D or A to D) is an electronic integrated circuit that converts a continuous quantity to a discrete time digital number.
An ADC may also provide an isolated measurement.
The reverse operation is performed by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC).
Typically, an ADC is an electronic device that converts an input analog voltage or current to a digital number.
The size of the number grows with an increase in the input voltage or current.
However, some non-electronic or only partially electronic devices, such as rotary encoders, can also be considered ADCs.
Counting Type ADC  A simple tutorial showing how to build your first ADC.
An Introduction to Delta Sigma Converters A very nice overview of Delta-Sigma converter theory.
Digital Dynamic Analysis of A/D Conversion Systems through Evaluation Software based on FFT/DFT Analysis RF Expo East, 1987
Which ADC Architecture Is Right for Your Application?
article by Walt Kester
AN71 - The Care and Feeding of High Performance ADCs Real world circuit and layout advice
ADC and DAC Glossary  Defines commonly used technical terms.
Signal processing and system aspects of time-interleaved ADCs.
Introduction to ADC in AVR - Analog to digital conversion with Atmel microcontrollers
A Digital Signal Controller (DSC) can be thought of as a hybrid of microcontrollers and DSP processors.
Naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist.
It is often used to help alcohol dependence and opioid dependence.
It is different from the drug naloxone.
Naloxone is used in emergency cases of overdose.
Naltrexone is for longer-term control of dependence.
Naltrexone can help with overdose, but naloxone is more helpful in those cases.
The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommends naltrexone for people who are fully detoxed from alcohol or opioids and are highly motivated to remain abstinent.
Naltrexone is also sometimes used off-label to treat opioid and nicotine withdrawal as well.
Although naltrexone is a helpful medication, it is not a cure for alcohol or opioid dependence.
To be effective, naltrexone must be combined with other psychosocial therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy or motivational interviewing, or with a 12-step program such as Alcoholics Anonymous or Narcotics Anonymous.
Naloxone was first synthesized and subsequently patented in 1961 by Drs.
Jack Fischman and Mozez Lewenstein of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, based on a theory proposed by their colleague, Dr. Harold Blumberg at the Long Island-based Endo Laboratories.
Intravenous naloxone (Envizio) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for opioid overdose reversal in 1971 and was shortly adopted as a standard emergency treatment at many of the nation’s premier academic medical centers.
Naltrexone Side Effects
Abdominal pain and cramps
Joint and muscle pains
Sleep problems
A proximity fuze (also called a VT fuze, for "variable time") is a fuze that is made to create an explosion when the distance to the target becomes smaller than a set value, or when the target passes through a given line.
Proximity fuzes are mostly used in anti-aircraft warfare.
They usually work as a simple radar.
PT Boats were motor torpedo boats ("PT", for "Patrol Torpedo").
They were small, fast ships used by the United States Navy in World War II to attack larger surface ships.
The PT boat squadrons were nicknamed "the mosquito fleet".
Naval ships of the United States
Radar jamming is the emission of radio frequency signals to interfere with the work of a radar by flooding its receiver with noise or false information.
There are two types of radar jamming: Mechanical and electronic jamming.
The Peace Corps is an independent United States federal agency.
The Peace Corps was started by Executive Order 10924 on March 1, 1961, and allowed by Congress on September 22, 1961, with passage of the Peace Corps Act (Public Law 87-293).
The first president of the Peace Corps was Sargent Shriver.
The Peace Corps Act says the purpose of the Peace Corps is:
The Great Society was a set of programs proposed or enacted in the United States by President Lyndon B. Johnson.
Two main goals of the Great Society were to end poverty and to end racial discrimination.
New major spending programs that dealt with education, medical care, urban problems, and transportation were started during this period.
The Great Society was like the New Deal domestic plan of Franklin D. Roosevelt, but had very different programs.
Unlike the New Deal, the Great Society focused more on people rather than the economy.
Medicaid and Medicare were implemented to help poor Americans.
President Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society was the largest expansion of spending programs since the Great Depression.
Many of the programs that exist can be attributed to the passage of the Great Society.
Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (c. 1506 – 22 January, 1552) was an English peer and politician.
He was Lord Protector of England during the reign of King Edward VI, because Edward was too young to rule alone.
He served as Lord Protector from 1547 to 1552, when he was executed for treason.
1506 births
1552 deaths
A sit-in or sit-down is a form of direct action that involves one or more persons non-violently occupying an area for a protest.
Alden B. Dow (April 10, 1904, Midland, Michigan – August 20, 1983) was an American architect.
He was the son of Herbert Henry Dow (founder of the Dow Chemical Company) and Grace A. Dow.
Dow is known for his architectural design.
His personal house in Midland, the Midland Center for the Arts, the Fleming Administration Building, as well as the building for the Grace A. Dow Library (named after his mother) are examples of his important work.
People from Midland, Michigan
The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) was a plan created by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983 to use ground and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by nuclear ballistic missiles.
The initiative focused on defense instead on the offensive mutual assured destruction (MAD).
Presidency of Ronald Reagan
Circa is Latin for "around" or "about".
It is often used to show when something approximately happened.
It is often shortened to c., ca.,
ca or cca.
An encyclopedia entry may begin with circa in the date of birth, for example: "Genghis Khan (c. 1162 – August 18, 1227)".
The "c." means that he was born in about 1162, but the exact date is not certain.
Sometimes the circa symbol is italicized to show that it is not in the English language.
Estimated values of different units may also begin with circa in research reports and scientific articles, for example "it involved c.450 kg of carved ivory".
The "c." means that it was an estimated value based on an average value or any other coefficient that the researcher will generally define in the methodology.
Varg Vikernes (legal name Louis Cachet, born Kristian Vikernes on February 11, 1973 near Bergen, Norway) is a black metal musician, convicted murderer, arsonist and political activist.
In 1991, Vikernes created the one-man music project Burzum.
Burzum quickly became important within the early Norwegian black metal scene.
Later he became a part of the Heathen Front and wrote several writings on Germanic neopaganism.
In the early 1990s, there were black metal bands who believed in burning churches to prove their hatred for Christianity.
Vikernes was found guilty of arson and the murder of Mayhem band member Øystein 'Euronymous' Aarseth.
Vikernes was up for parole in 2008 but it was denied.
He was released in March 2009.
On July 16th 2013, Vikernes and his wife, a French national, were arrested in Corrèze, France, on suspicion of planning acts of terrorism because his wife had purchased four rifles.
They were released with no charges after police could not identify any terrorist plans or targets.
Official website for Varg Vikernes and Burzum
Spider-Man 2 is a 2004 movie and the sequel to the 2002 Spider-Man movie.
All of the main cast came back to make the movie.
Peter Parker struggles to balance his new powers and starts to think that his role as Spider-Man is distracting him from his real life.
He once delivers pizzas and is late because he had to save two children from being run over in the street.
Soon, Peter was invited to attend a demonstration by a man named Otto Octavius.
He has built a series of four mechanical arms.
He says that the arms can control him, but because of a special mental chip on his back, he can control them instead of the other way around.
He uses the arms to allow him to build and touch a reactor that uses energy from the sun.
The reactor is powered by tritium.
Tritium is very rare and costly, so Harry Osborn and his company spend their money to provide him with the product.
However, a paper clip gets into the machine and causes massive damage.
Otto's wife is killed.
Peter dons the Spider-Man costume and rescues his friend Harry Osborn.
Harry is mad because he hates Spider-Man since he thinks that Spider-Man killed his father (back in the first movie).
The accident causes Otto's mechanical arms to fuse to his body, and it also destroyed the chip that allows him to control his arms.
The loss of his wife makes him go crazy.
The arms start forcing him to build the machine again to get revenge, but say they needed money in order to do it.
Now called Doc Ock by the press, Otto attempts to rob a bank vault for cash, but is foiled by Spider-Man in the process.
Later, Peter promises to attend Mary Jane Watson's play, but is distracted by a crime in progress and has to go fight it and arrest the criminal.
He cannot go into the play afterwards and Mary Jane likes him less for missing the play.
He finally decides to give up the Spider-Man costume and become a normal person.
Without Spider-Man in his life, Peter's grades improve in school.
He attends Mary Jane's play.
However, she tells him that she has already been engaged to John Jameson.
John is the son of his boss at the Daily Bugle.
Doc Ock later, after finishing the machine, wants some more tritium to power it.. He wants to build rebuild his reactor to be even larger than before.
He forces Harry to give it to him by threatening to kill him.
Harry says he will give him the tritium as long as he brings Spider-Man to him.
Doc Ock kidnaps Mary Jane, forcing Peter to put his suit again.
A fight breaks out.
Finally, Doc Ock puts a subway on course to crash.
Spider-Man manages to stop the train with great effort.
but becomes very weak and is captured and tied up and brought to Harry.
Harry takes out a knife to kill him, but is shocked and stops when he pulls off Spider-Man's mask to reveal that his friend Peter is underneath the mask.
Peter forces Harry to tell him where Doc Ock is, and then goes down there to save Mary Jane and the city.
Down at the river, Doc Ock has rebuilt his reactor, this one much larger than before.
Peter stuns him with an electric shock, reveals who he is, and convinces him to not do it, and Doc Ock has a change of heart.
He says that the reactor is so big that only a river can contain it and uses his mechanical arms to destroy the floor underneath and dies in the process.
Peter reveals his secret identity to Mary Jane but says they cannot be together because Spider-Man's enemies will target her.
At the end of the movie, Peter sits in his apartment and is very unhappy.
The wedding for Mary Jane Watson is about to take place, but at the last minute she cancels and runs to the apartment.
There, she tells him that she is willing to take the risk of being Spider-Man's girlfriend.
A fire truck siren roars past.
She says, "Go get them, tiger" and watches as Spider-Man goes out on another rescue mission.
Alfred Molina as Dr. Otto Octavius / Dr. Octopus
J.K. Simmons as J. Jonah Jameson
Vindicated by Dashboard Confessional
Ordinary by Train
Did You by Hoobastank
Hold On by Jet
Gifts and Curses by Yellowcard
Woman by Maroon 5
This Photograph Is Proof (I Know You Know) by Taking Back Sunday
Give It Up by Midtown
Lucky You by Lostprophets
The Night That the Lights Went Out in NYC by The Ataris
We Are by Ana Johnsson
Somewhere to Die For by Jimmy Gnecco ft.
Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin (7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903) was a leading French post-Impressionist painter.
He was not well appreciated until after his death.
Gauguin was later recognized for his experimental use of color and style that were different from Impressionism.
His work was influential among the French avant-garde and fauvism, as well later artists such as Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse.
Gauguin’s art became popular after his death; partly from the efforts of art dealer Ambroise Vollard.
Gaugin gave up his family and life to live in Tahiti in 1891.
He died of syphilis in 1903.
The Three Musketeers () is a novel of adventure fiction by Alexandre Dumas, père.
It is the story of a young man named d'Artagnan.
He leaves home to become a musketeer of the guard of King Louis XIII of France.
He and his friends Athos, Porthos, and Aramis live by the motto, "One for all, and all for one" ().
The story of d'Artagnan is continued in Twenty Years After and The Vicomte de Bragelonne.
Those three novels by Dumas are together known as the D'Artagnan Romances.
The Three Musketeers was first published in serial form in the magazine Le Siècle between March and July 1844.
All the books sold well and made plenty of money for Dumas.
The story was later made into several plays and movies.
1841 books
A Clockwork Orange is a 1971 British-American crime drama thriller movie.
It was written, directed and produced by Stanley Kubrick.
It is based on Anthony Burgess' 1962 short novel A Clockwork Orange.
It includes disturbing, violent images.
Its social commentary touches on psychiatry, youth gangs, and other social, political, and economic subjects in a dystopian vision of a not-too-future Britain.
Kubrick stopped the film being shown in Britain, concerned about its possible effects.
For 27 years it was difficult to see the film in the United Kingdom.
It reappeared in cinemas, and the VHS and DVD releases followed, soon after Kubrick's death in 1999.
Malcolm McDowell as Alex DeLarge (or Burgess)
Warren Clarke as Dim
James Marcus as Georgie
Patrick Magee as Frank Alexander
Adrienne Corri as Mrs. Alexander
Carl Duering as Dr. Brodsky
Madge Ryan as Dr. Branom
Godfrey Quigley as Prison Chaplain
Anthony Sharp as Minister (of Interior)
Sheila Raynor as Mum
Philip Stone as Dad
David Prowse as Julian
Michael Bates as Chief Guard
Aubrey Morris as Mr. P.R. Deltoid
Steven Berkoff as Tom
Tony Hargreaves as Prison Guard
Michael Tarn as Pete
Richard Connaught as Billy Boy
Miriam Karlin as Cat Lady
John Clive as Stage Actor
Virginia Wetherell as Nude stage actress
Academy Awards: The movie was nominated for 4 Academy Awards.
However, The French Connection won in all these categories for that year:
Best Director - Stanley Kubrick
Best Film Editing - Bill Butler
Best Adapted Screenplay - Stanley Kubrick
BAFTA Film Award Best Art Direction - John Barry
Best Cinematography - John Alcott
Best Direction - Stanley Kubrick
Best Film Editing - William Butler
Best Screenplay - Stanley Kubrick
Best Sound Track - Brian Blamey, John Jordan, Bill Rowe
1972  Nominated DGA Award Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures - Stanley Kubrick
1972  Nominated Golden Globe Best Director: Motion Picture - Stanley Kubrick
Best Motion Picture - Drama
Best Motion Picture Actor: Drama - Malcolm McDowell
Hugo Awards
1972 Won Hugo Best Dramatic Presentation
1971  Won NYFCC Award Best Director - Stanley Kubrick
Writers Guild of America, USA
1972  Nominated WGA Award (Screen) Best Drama Adapted from Another Medium - Stanley Kubrick
1998 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies #46
2001 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Thrills #21
2003 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains:
Alex DeLarge, villain #12
2007 AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) #70
2008 AFI's 10 Top 10 #4 Sci-Fi film
1971 crime movies
1971 science fiction movies
Prison movies
Pasties (sing. '
pastie') are small pieces of cloth, plastic or metal.
They are treated specially so they are sticky.
They are used to cover a girl's nipples or genital area.
They vary in size and are usually not much larger than the person's areola.
The concept of 'pasties' is to show as much of the breast as possible without making the woman entirely topless.
Many exotic dancers in strip clubs are required to wear them by law.
Pasties are usually applied with a special glue or tape.
This is the origin of their name, as they are quite literally 'pasted' onto the nipple.
Pasties are worn by many neo-burlesque performers.
Burlesque pasties may also feature tassels which hang from the center, performer will sometimes twirl these as part of a performance.
Pasties in law
The United States Supreme Court held in Erie v. Pap's A.M. that a city ordinance requiring erotic dancers to wear pasties, and a g-string, was constitutional.
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea () is a science fiction novel by French writer Jules Verne.
It was published in 1870.
It is the story of Captain Nemo and his submarine Nautilus.
The book depicts the latest technology, and more advanced things that had not yet been invented.
The story starts in 1866.
All over the world, people on ships see something strange in the sea.
The strange thing is long and thin, and sometimes it glows in the water.
It is much bigger and faster than a whale.
Some people think it is a moving reef.
Others say it could be a sea serpent.
The next year, in 1867, the strange thing attacks two ships.
People become scared that the strange thing will attack other ships, so the United States government sends an expedition to look for the thing and find out what it is.
The expedition group includes a French professor named Pierre Arronax.
He thinks the strange thing might be a giant narwhal.
Arronax's servant Conseil goes with him.
A Canadian harpooner named Ned Land is also in the group.
The expedition sets sail on a ship, the Abraham Lincoln (named after Abraham Lincoln).
After looking for some time, the expedition sees the strange thing.
The thing attacks the Abraham Lincoln.
Arronax, Conseil, and Ned Land fall into the sea.
They swim to the strange thing and climb onto it.
They find that it is not a sea animal at all; it is a submarine, the Nautilus. (
The submarine is named after the nautilus, a sea creature that can rise and sink to different levels in the sea, just like a submarine).
Arronax, Conseil, and Ned Land meet the owner of the submarine, who calls himself Captain Nemo ("Nemo" is the Latin word for "nobody").
Nemo tells them that they will be prisoners on the submarine for the rest of their lives, because if he let them escape from the submarine, they would tell everybody about him.
Ned Land is very angry to be a prisoner, and he starts making up plans to escape.
Arronax is angry at first, but soon he finds that living in a submarine is fun; he is an expert on sea animals, and now he can look at them in their own habitat.
As for Conseil, he just likes being a helpful servant, so he is happy as long as Arronax is happy.
Nemo takes his prisoners on a trip around the world, going through all of the world's oceans.
They travel 43,200 miles, or 20,000 leagues (that is why the book is called Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea).
They have many adventures.
But then Arronax discovers that Captain Nemo attacks some ships on purpose, to try to sink them.
Nemo is trying to get revenge on a country that killed his family.
But he will not say which country it is, or even where he came from.
Finally, the Nautilus gets stuck in the Maelstrom, a giant whirlpool in the Atlantic Ocean.
Arronax, Conseil, and Ned Land finally escape and make it back to dry land.
Arronax wonders whether Captain Nemo got out of the Maelstrom safely.
He also wonders whether he will ever learn what Nemo's real name is, or where he came from.
Most of all, Arronax hopes that Nemo will forgive his enemies and become a peaceful man, studying all the wonderful things under the sea.
The story ends
Pierre-Jules Hetzel published the novel in a magazine he owned, the Magazine of Education and Recreation ().
The story was serialized in issues of the magazine, beginning in March 1869 and ending in June 1870.
After that, in 1871, Hetzel published it as a book, with more than a hundred illustrations by Alphonse de Neuville and Édouard Riou.
Henri-Marie Beyle (23 January 1783 – 23 March 1842) is better known by his pen name Stendhal.
He was a 19th century French writer.
He is known for his precise analysis of his characters' psychology.
His two most famous novels are Le Rouge et le Noir (The Red and the Black, 1830) and La Chartreuse de Parme (The Charterhouse of Parma, 1839).
Stendhal was born in Grenoble.
People from Grenoble
Travis Landon Barker (born November 14, 1975) is an American drummer.
He is better known for being in the band Blink-182.
He is also the drummer for +44 and has several side projects such as Box Car Racer, Transplants and Expensive Taste.
Just before midnight on September 19, 2008, Barker and Adam "DJ AM" Goldstein were involved in a plane crash.
Barker and Goldstein survived but the pilot, Sarah Lemmon, the co-pilot, James Bland, Chris Baker and security guard, Charles "Che" Still all died in the crash.
Barker suffered both second and third degree burns that covered around 1/3 of his body.
Guy de Maupassant (5 August 1850 – 6 July 1893) was a popular 19th century French writer.
He is considered one of the fathers of the modern short story.
He was an apprentice of Flaubert.
Maupassant's stories have a common economy of style and their efficient, effortless dénouement (ending).
Many of the stories are set during the Franco-Prussian War.
Many more describe the war.
He also wrote six short novels.
Prairie dogs are a genus of ground squirrels.
They are  small, burrowing rodents which live in short-grass prairies and the high plains of western North America.
The explorers Lewis and Clark sent a prairie dog to President Thomas Jefferson during their expedition; it was quite strange to him.
Prairie dogs are found in North America.
In Mexico, they are mostly found in the northern states, which are the southern end of the great plains: northeastern Sonora, north and northeastern Chihuahua, northern Coahuila, northern Nuevo León, and northern Tamaulipas; in the U.S., they range primarily west of the Mississippi River, though they have also been introduced in a few eastern locales.
They are also found in the Canadian Prairies.
They will eat all sorts of vegetables and fruits.
Prairie dogs are mostly herbivores (plant-eaters).
They eat grasses, seeds, leaves, flowers, fruit, eggs, and some insects.
Biology and behavior
Highly social, prairie dogs live in large colonies – collections of prairie dog families that can span hundreds of acres.
Families usually are made up of one male and two to four females living in a strict social hierarchy.
Prairie dog pups reach sexual maturity at about 3 years of age, and after their third winter the dominant male in a given family will drive them away, forcing them to establish their own families on the edges of the colony.
The dominant male will defend the family's borders against rival prairie dogs, and disputes are resolved by fighting.
Prairie dogs are also aggressive against predators such as badgers and snakes.
Prairie dogs are social animals, and often make social visits with each other, and greet each other with a sort of kiss.
Prairie dogs employ a complex form of communication that involves barks and rhythmic chirps.
Prairie dog tunnel systems usually have several rooms.
Tunnels can go down as far as , and can extend laterally as much as .
Prairie dogs line their burrows with grass to insulate them, and the earth excavated from the burrow is piled up in mounds around the burrow's entrance.
The prairie dogs use these carefully maintained mounds as observation posts.
The prairie dog is well adapted to predators.
They can detect predators from a far distance and alert other prairie dogs to the danger with a special, high-pitched call.
Prairie dogs use different calls to identify specific predators.
Prairie dogs also trim the vegetation around their colonies, perhaps to remove any cover for predators.
Their burrows generally contain several routes of escape.
The prairie dog is chiefly herbivorous, though it eats some insects.
It feeds primarily on grasses and, in the fall, broadleaf plants.
Prairie dogs have 1-6 pups (babies) yearly, which are born blind and furless and need about 30 days of close nurturing from their mother.
Sometimes two prairie dogs touch teeth with each other.
Researchers think they do this as a way of recognizing each other.
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (, "Our Lady of Paris") is a 1831 French novel written by Victor Hugo.
It is set in 1482 Paris.