the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Military&Civil Sports Society operated in Radymno since 1934.
Later, the name of this club has changed.
Until now its name is MKS Radymno.
The team has its own stadium, where we can find about 1000 seats.
At the moment, MKS Radymno plays in the Fifth Division.
There are 3 sections age.
Currently, Grzegorz Olech is the president of the club.
(Official page [1] )
TKS “Żagiel” Radymno
It is a volleyball men’s club. “
Żagiel” is a relatively young club, because it has started its activity in 2010.
That’s the only club in the city, in which men can play the volleyball.
There are 2 sections: senior and cadet.
The senior's team play in the Second Podkarpacie League.
Cadets play in Podkarpacie League Cadets.
Zdzisław Koniuch is the founder and the president of the club. (
Official page [2] )
KS Feniks Radymno
It is a volleyball women’s club.
Women’s passion and involvement womens in volleyball were the main factors why this club was created.
That was in 2012.
Feniks Radymno has 2 sections: junior and youngster.
From the beginning the team play in Amateur Volleyball League.
Every year the club gets one of three places on the podium.
Also every year Feniks with the president of the city are organize New Year's female Volleyball Tournament. (
Official page [3] )
UKS Giganci Radymno
It is the youngest club in the city.
The club was created by involved parents, in 2015.
Giganci Radymno is mainly football club, but it has also a chess section.
In the club yoy can find children aged 7 to 13 years. (
Official page [4] )
Honorary citizens of the city
Monsignor Ludwik Dyszynski – a former rector of Parish Radymno
Wladysław Siara – a medical doctor, a soldier of the September Campaign
Helena Pawelek – a retired teacher, founder and conductor of the choir Cantillena
Monsignor Kazimierz Golenia – a former rector of Parish Radymno
1.4: 16-valve naturally-aspirated petrol engine with multipoint injection and 55 kW (until 2006) or 59 kW (from 2007)
1.6: 8-valve naturally-aspirated petrol engine with multipoint injection and 75 kW
1.6 FSI: 16-valve naturally-aspirated petrol engine with direct injection and 85 kW
2.0 FSI: 16-valve naturally-aspirated petrol engine with direct injection and 110 kW
1.4 TSI: 16-valve turbocharged petrol engine with direct injection and 90 kW, 103 kW, 118 kW, or 125 kW
1.9 TDI: 8-valve turbocharged diesel engine with or without particulate filter with 66 kW or 77 kW
2.0 TDI: 16-valve turbocharged diesel engine without particulate filter with 100 kW or 103 kW
2.0 TDI: 8-valve turbocharged diesel engine with particulate filter and 103 kW
1.4: 16-valve naturally-aspirated petrol engine with multipoint injection and 59 kW
1.2 TSI: 8-valve turbocharged petrol engine with direct injection and 77 kW
1.4 TSI: 16-valve turbocharged petrol engine with direct injection and 90 kW or 118 kW
1.6 TDI: 16-valve turbocharged diesel engine with particulate filter and 66 kW or 77 kW
2.0 TDI: 16-valve turbocharged diesel engine with particulate filter and 81 kW
2.0 TDI: 16-valve turbocharged diesel engine with particulate filter and 103 kW
It is a theory of Charles Darwin that certain traits can be explained by competition within a species.
Traits selected by male combat are called secondary sexual characteristics.
They include horns, antlers, which are sometimes referred to as 'weapons'.
Females often prefer to mate with males with external ornaments  exaggerated features of morphology.
Genes that enable males to develop impressive ornaments or fighting ability may simply show off greater disease resistance or a more efficient metabolism.
"Since Darwin’s days it has become clear that this kind of selection includes a far wider realm of phenomena... instead of sexual selection it is better referred to as selection for reproductive success... genuine selection, not elimination, is involved, unlike survival selection.
Competition between members of the same species
Today, biologists would say that certain evolutionary traits can be explained by competition between members of the same species.
Competition can be before or after sexual intercourse.
Competition between males and females
Before copulation, intrasexual selection – usually between males – may take the form of male-to-male combat.
Also, intersexual selection, or mate choice, occurs when females choose between male mates.
Traits selected by male combat are called secondary sexual characteristics (including horns, antlers etc.),
which Darwin described as "weapons", while traits selected by mate (usually female) choice are called "ornaments".
After copulation, male–male competition may take the form of sperm competition, the competition between the sperm of two different males to fertilize an ovum.
in 1970.
More recently, interest has arisen in cryptic female choice, where a female will get rid of a male's sperm without his knowledge.
This occurs in a wide range of species.
Finally, sexual conflict is said to occur between breeding partners, sometimes leading to an evolutionary arms race between males and females.
This is based on the simple fact that the interests of males and females in reproduction are fundamentally different.
Females: Their interest is to mate with a large number of fit males, thus producing a large number of fit and varied offspring.92
Female mating preferences are widely recognized as being responsible for the rapid and divergent evolution of male secondary sexual traits.
Females of many animal species prefer to mate with males with external ornaments – exaggerated features such as elaborate sex organs.
Alternatively, genes that enable males to develop impressive ornaments or fighting ability may simply show off greater disease resistance or a more efficient metabolism.
These features would be likely to be inherited by offspring of both sexes.
sv:Naturligt urval#Sexuellt urval
Sabine Bergmann-Pohl (born 20 April 1946) is a German conservative politician.
She was the last head of state of East Germany from 5 April to 2 October 1990.
On 3 October, East and West Germany were reunited.
She was born in Eisenach and studied medicine.
She joined the CDU in 1981 and, after East Germany's only free elections, held in March 1990, became a member of the Volkskammer.
On 5 April 1990 she became the President of the Volkskammer and, as the Council of State of the German Democratic Republic had been abolished, head of state of East Germany - the only woman to hold the post.
Upon reunification she was named a Minister Without Portfolio.
She was Federal Minister for Special Affairs from 1990 to 1991, and Under-Secretary of State for Health between 1991 and 1998.
She also became a member of the Bundestag.
She retired from the Bundestag in September 2002.
She is a Lutheran.
Google Sidewiki is an online service from Google launched on September 23, 2009.
Google Sidewiki is an extension for web browser.
You have Sidewiki for Internet Explorer and Firefox through Google Toolbar.
You have Sidewiki for Google Chrome browser through an add-on.
You have Sidewiki for other browsers like Safari as a bookmarklet.
When you visit a website with Google Sidewiki you can press on Sidewiki button.
It opens a window where you can read others' comments or write your own comments.
The owner of the website can not stop you from doing this.
César Aparecido Rodrigues (born 24 October 1974) is a Brazilian football player.
|1999||rowspan="3"|São Caetano||Série B||17||0||||||||||17||0
|2000||rowspan="2"|Série A||31||8||||||||||31||8
|2001/02||rowspan="5"|Lazio||rowspan="5"|Serie A||15||0||3||1||3||0||21||1
|2002/03||26||3||1||0||9||1||36||4
|2003/04||14||6||5||1||1||1||20||8
|2004/05||20||3||2||0||4||1||26||4
|2005/06||11||1||0||0||4||0||15||1
|2005/06||Internazionale Milano||Serie A||8||1||3||0||2||0||13||1
|2006||Corinthians Paulista||Série A||13||1||||||3||0||16||1
|2006/07||Livorno||Serie A||9||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||9||1
|2007/08||Internazionale Milano||Serie A||17||1||6||1||colspan="2"|-||23||2
|2008/09||Bologna||Serie A||6||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0
|1996||rowspan="2"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
Javier Navarro (born 6 February 1974) is a former Spanish football player.
|1993/94||Valencia||La Liga||4||0
|1994/95||Logroñés||La Liga||15||0
|1995/96||rowspan="5"|Valencia||rowspan="5"|La Liga||19||0
|1996/97||12||0
|2000/01||Elche||Segunda División||33||0
|2001/02||rowspan="8"|Sevilla||rowspan="8"|La Liga||25||0
|2002/03||30||1
Paul Telfer (born 21 October 1971) is a former Scottish football player.
|1990/91||rowspan="5"|Luton Town||rowspan="5"|First Division||1||0
|1991/92||20||1
|1992/93||32||2
|1993/94||45||7
|1994/95||46||9
|1995/96||rowspan="6"|Coventry City||rowspan="6"|Premier League||31||1
|2001/02||rowspan="4"|Southampton||rowspan="4"|Premier League||28||1
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Celtic||rowspan="2"|Premier League||36||1
|2007/08||Bournemouth||League One||18||0
|2008/09||Leeds United||League One||14||0
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Slough Town||rowspan="2"|Southern Division One||2||0
José Marcelo Ferreira (born 25 July 1973), commonly known as Zé María, is a former Brazilian football player.
|1992||Portuguesa Desportos||Série A||11||0
|1993||Sergipe||||38||5
|1994||Ponte Preta||Série B||22||0
|1995||Portuguesa Desportos||Série A||17||2
|1996||Flamengo||Série A||13||1
|1996/97||rowspan="2"|Parma||rowspan="2"|Serie A||25||1
|1997/98||20||1
|1998/99||Perugia||Serie A||11||0
|1999||Palmeiras||Série A||15||1
|1999||Vasco da Gama||Série A||0||0
|2000||Cruzeiro||Série A||0||0
|2000/01||rowspan="4"|Perugia||rowspan="4"|Serie A||31||0
|2001/02||34||3
|2002/03||34||6
|2003/04||34||7
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="2"|Serie A||21||1
|2005/06||8||0
|2006/07||Levante||La Liga||14||0
Onagraceae is a family of flowering plants, beloging to the myrtle order comprising 21 genera concentrated in the temperate region of the New World.
The family is characterized by flowers with parts mostly on the plan of four (four sepals, four petals, four or eight stamens), but there are some exceptions.
The ovary is inferior (i.e., below the flower proper).
|2002||rowspan="2"|Tottori||rowspan="2"|Football League||17||1
|2007||Gamba Osaka||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
Damiano Zenoni (born 23 April 1977) is an Italian football player.
|1995/96||Atalanta||Serie A||0||0||||||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|1996/97||Pistoiese||Serie C1||26||0||||||colspan="2"|-||26||0
|1997/98||Alzano Virescit||Serie C1||32||1||||||colspan="2"|-||32||1
|1998/99||rowspan="7"|Atalanta||rowspan="2"|Serie B||31||3||||||colspan="2"|-||31||3
|1999/00||36||3||7||1||colspan="2"|-||43||4
|2000/01||rowspan="3"|Serie A||27||1||7||0||colspan="2"|-||34||1
|2001/02||25||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||26||0
|2002/03||30||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||31||1
|2003/04||Serie B||42||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||43||0
|2004/05||Serie A||17||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||23||0
|2004/05||rowspan="3"|Udinese||rowspan="3"|Serie A||16||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|2005/06||32||0||3||0||10||0||45||0
|2006/07||20||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||22||0
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Parma||Serie A||31||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||31||0
|2008/09||Serie B||37||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||38||1
|2009/10||Serie A||||||||||||||||
Giampiero Pinzi (born 11 March 1981) is an Italian football player.
He plays for ChievoVerona.
|1999/00||Lazio||Serie A||0||0||3||0||1||0||4||0
|2000/01||rowspan="8"|Udinese||rowspan="8"|Serie A||10||0||2||0||2||0||14||0
|2001/02||28||2||4||0||colspan="2"|-||32||2
|2002/03||29||4||0||0||colspan="2"|-||29||3
|2003/04||27||2||2||0||2||0||31||2
|2004/05||30||1||2||0||2||1||34||2
|2005/06||13||0||1||0||3||0||17||0
|2006/07||32||1||3||1||colspan="2"|-||35||2
|2007/08||13||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||0
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|ChievoVerona||rowspan="2"|Serie A||34||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||34||1
Tamon Machida (born 14 February 1982) is a Japanese football player.
|2004||Gunma Horikoshi||Football League||22||3||||||22||3
|2005||rowspan="3"|Rosso Kumamoto||Regional Leagues||12||5||1||0||13||5
|2006||rowspan="2"|Football League||31||10||2||0||33||10
|2008||Roasso Kumamoto||J. League 2||6||0||0||0||6||0
|2009||rowspan="2"|Sony Sendai||rowspan="2"|Football League||16||9||2||2||18||11
|2007||rowspan="4"|Mito Hollyhock||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||14||1||2||0||16||1
|2008||24||1||1||0||25||1
|2009||27||3||1||0||28||3
|2011||rowspan="2"|Thespa Kusatsu||||||||||
Suguru Hashimoto (born 16 June 1982) is a Japanese football player.
|2006/07||rowspan="3"|Vejle||Superliga||2||0||||||2||0
|2007/08||1st Division||2||0||||||2||0
|2008/09||Superliga||0||0||||||0||0
|2009||rowspan="2"|Gifu||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||37||1||4||0||41||1
Yusuke Tasaka (born 8 July 1985) is a Japanese football player.
|2007||rowspan="4"|Kawasaki Frontale||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|2009||24||2||3||0||3||0||3||0||33||2
Blood atonement was once a teaching of the Mormon Church.
Brigham Young first preached about blood atonement in the 1850s, though Joseph Smith may have thought of it first.
Blood atonement taught that murder is so bad that the only way the murderer could pay for their sins was to be killed.
This was sometimes called "blood-for-blood" punishment because it was used to punish murder.
However, sometimes it was also used for non-violent crimes, like denying or leaving the church or marrying someone of a different race.
The idea of blood atonement led to firing squads being allowed in Utah for many years.
It also may have led to the Mountain Meadows Massacre, where Mormons killed some emigrants from Arkansas.
At one time, most Mormons believed in blood atonement.
Today, only some fundamentalists do.
František Straka (born 28 May 1958) is a former Czech football player.
|1979/80||rowspan="9"|Sparta Prague||rowspan="9"|First League||23||1
|1980/81||30||1
|1981/82||22||1
|1982/83||24||1
|1983/84||29||1
|1986/87||21||2
|1987/88||23||0
|1988/89||rowspan="3"|Borussia Mönchengladbach||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||30||1
|1990/91||20||0
|1991/92||Hansa Rostock||Bundesliga||34||0
|1992/93||rowspan="3"|Wuppertaler Borussia||rowspan="2"|2.
|1994/95||Regionalliga||29||4
Luís Boa Morte (born 4 August 1977) is a Portuguese football player.
He plays for West Ham United and Portugal national team.
|1997/98||rowspan="3"|Arsenal||rowspan="3"|Premier League||15||0||4||0||1||2||1||0||21||2
|1998/99||8||0||1||1||2||0||3||1||14||2
|1999/00||Southampton||Premier League||14||1||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||17||1
|2000/01||rowspan="7"|Fulham||First Division||39||18||1||0||6||3||colspan="2"|-||46||21
|2001/02||rowspan="6"|Premier League||23||1||3||0||3||1||1||0||30||2
|2002/03||29||2||2||0||1||1||11||2||43||5
|2003/04||33||9||5||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||39||10
|2004/05||31||8||5||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||39||9
|2005/06||35||6||1||0||1||1||colspan="2"|-||37||7
|2006/07||15||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|West Ham United||rowspan="4"|Premier League||14||1||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||16||1
|2007/08||27||0||1||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||32||0
|2008/09||27||0||3||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||32||0
Wright was taught in Edinburgh by the Scots painter George Jamesone.
He became a famous artist and scholar during his long journey in Rome.
There, he entered the Accademia di San Luca, and came to know some of the most important artists of his time.
He was hired by Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria, the governor of the Spanish Netherlands in 1655.
His job was to find artworks in Oliver Cromwell's England in 1655.
He settled in England from 1656.
He served there as a court painter before and after the English Restoration.
A Roman Catholic, he was favoured by the Stuart court.
Hired by both Charles II and James II, he saw many of the political experiences of the era.
In the last years of the Stuart rule he went back to Rome as part of an embassy to Pope Innocent XI.
Today, Wright is seen as one of the most important British painters of his time.
He is important mostly because of the special realism he used in his portraits.
Perhaps because of his unusual experiences, he was favoured by people of the highest level of society.
This was surprising in an age in which foreign artists were usually more liked.
Wright's paintings of royalty and aristocracy are in the collections of many great galleries today.
Early years and Scottish connections
John Michael Wright, who would later sign himself "Anglus" or "Scotus", is of uncertain origin.
The diarist John Evelyn called him a Scotsman.
Horace Walpole and his later biographer, Verne, agreed with this.
But in 1700, Thomas Hearne claimed that Wright was born in Shoe Lane, London.
He added that after Wright became a Roman Catholic when he was an adolescent, he was taken to Scotland by a priest.
A baptismal record, dated 25 May 1617, for a "Mighell Wryghtt", son of James Wright, described as a tailor and a citizen of London, in London, seems to agree with this claim.
1617 births
Frank Leboeuf (born 22 January 1968) is a former French football player.
|1986/87||Hyères||||14||3
|1986/87||rowspan="2"|Meaux||||12||3
|1987/88||||27||0
|1988/89||rowspan="3"|Stade Lavallois Mayenne||Division 1||21||0
|1989/90||rowspan="2"|Division 2||32||1
|1990/91||16||9
|1991/92||rowspan="5"|Strasbourg||Division 2||31||11
|1992/93||rowspan="4"|Division 1||36||12
|1993/94||36||6
|1994/95||34||7
|1995/96||35||4
|1996/97||rowspan="5"|Chelsea||rowspan="5"|Premier League||26||6
|1997/98||32||5
|2001/02||rowspan="2"|Olympique Marseille||Division 1||25||3
|2002/03||Ligue 1||26||2
|2003/04||Al-Sadd||Stars League||17||6
|2004/05||Al-Wakrah||Stars League||0||0
Öland is an island on the east coast of Sweden.
It has a total area of , making it the second biggest Swedish island.
Öland is connected with Sweden via a bridge.
Gräsö is an island on the east coast of Sweden.
Vicente del Bosque (born 23 December 1949) is a former Spanish football player.
|1971/72||Córdoba||La Liga||19||1
|1972/73||Castellón||La Liga||30||5
|1973/74||rowspan="11"|Real Madrid||rowspan="11"|La Liga||16||0
|1974/75||25||2
|1975/76||30||2
|1976/77||25||1
|1977/78||18||3
|1979/80||32||0
|1981/82||23||2
|1982/83||6||0
|1983/84||5||0
Xenophanes of Colophon,  c.570 – c.475 BC, was a Greek philosopher, poet, and social and religious critic.
Our knowledge of his views comes from fragments of his poetry, surviving as quotations by later Greek writers.
To judge from these, his poetry criticized and satirized a wide range of ideas.
This included Homer and Hesiod, the belief in the pantheon of anthropomorphic gods and the Greeks' love of athletics and athleticism.
He is the earliest Greek poet who claims explicitly to be writing for future generations, creating "fame that will reach all of Greece, and never die while the Greek kind of songs survives".
Xenophanes' surviving writings display a skepticism that became more commonly expressed during the 4th century BC.
He satirized the polytheistic beliefs of earlier Greek poets and of his own contemporaries. "
Homer and Hesiod" one fragment states, "have attributed to the gods all sorts of things that are matters of reproach and censure among men: theft, adultery, and mutual deception".
Sextus Empiricus reported that such ideas were savored by Christian apologists.
Xenophanes is quoted, memorably, in Clement of Alexandria, arguing against the conception of gods as fundamentally anthropomorphic:
But if cattle and horses and lions had handsor could paint with their hands and create works such as men do,horses like horses and cattle like cattlealso would depict the gods' shapes and make their bodiesof such a sort as the form they themselves have....Ethiopians say that their gods are snubnosed and blackThracians that they are pale and red-haired.
Monotheist?
His remark "God is one, supreme among gods and men, and not like mortals in body or in mind".
led some to claim he was the first monotheist.
Others pointed out that he still referred to other gods.
is a train station run by JR East.
It is in Urayasu, Chiba, Japan.
This is the main station for Tokyo Disney Resort.
Modus tollendo tollens (Latin: the way that denies by denying) is a valid, simple argument form in classical logic.
It is referred to as denying the consequent.
It is closely related to another valid form of argument, modus ponens or affirming the antecedent.
Modus tollens is a very common rule of inference, and takes this form:
Not Q.
Therefore, not P.
Metta Sandiford-Artest (born Ronald William Artest Jr., November 13, 1979 ) is an American former basketball player.
He played for the Los Angeles Lakers in the NBA.
Artest changed his name to Metta World Peace in 2011, and changed his name to Metta Sandiford-Artest in 2020.
Artest was drafted out of St. John's University by the Chicago Bulls and was known primarily as a defensive stopper.
Later, he played for the Indiana Pacers, where he was involved in one of the most vicious NBA fights of all-time.
After leaving Indiana in disgrace, he played briefly for a couple teams before settling with the Lakers and becoming the "Robin" to Kobe Bryant's "Batman."
Sacramento Kings players
On the Origin of Species is the famous book by Charles Darwin.
It gave evidence for evolution, and suggested what had caused evolution to happen.
Its full title was On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life.
It was published in London by John Murray in November 1859.
It was translated into many languages, and has been in print ever since.
The title since the 6th edition of 1872 has been The Origin of Species.
This is the most important single book in the biological sciences, and its main ideas are well-supported by modern research.
What the book did
Darwin's book did two things.
First, it provided a great deal of evidence that evolution has taken place.
Second, it proposed a theory to explain how evolution works.
That theory is natural selection.
Evolution by natural selection is the key to understanding biology, and the diversity of life on Earth.
Areas of comparative weakness
Darwin's ideas on the connection between natural selection and inheritance were unclear, mainly because the process of genetic inheritance was unknown at that time.
This was solved in the mid-20th century by the modern evolutionary synthesis, which showed that Gregor Mendel's genetics was compatible with evolution in small steps.
Darwin made almost no mention of the evolution of the human race, though most of the controversy raged around this topic.
Darwin eventually published The Descent of Man in 1871.
The book's effects
The Origin was a serious blow to all who interpreted the Bible literally.
However, even in 1860, there were many Christians who thought some of the Old Testament could not be literally true.
Even the early Church Fathers had not interpreted Genesis literally.p323 Today, both the Anglican and Catholic churches hold that evolution is not inconsistent with their beliefs.
The Origin marked a big step in the history of science.
Before it, religious leaders often gave their opinions on science; after – though it took time – science increasingly became the business of professional scientists.
Darwin's friend Thomas Henry Huxley devoted many years to supporting Darwin, and opposing any interference of religion in science.
All aspects of biology have been affected by evolution.
Before Darwin, most biology was natural history, done by dedicated amateurs.
After Darwin, most biology was done by professionals trained in modern techniques.
The book helped this change by providing evolution as the explanation of how living things came to be as they are.
Nature of Darwin's argument
Many readers were already familiar with the idea of evolution from a book published anonymously in 1844, Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (actually by Robert Chambers).
In his introduction Darwin ridicules that work as failing to provide a mechanism (a way it could happen).
Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines.
The idea was to show that his theory could explain a myriad of observations from many fields of natural history that were inexplicable if species had been individually created.
Chapters 1 2: Variation under domestication and under nature.
Discusses the variation found within a species.
Chapters 3&4: Struggle for existence, natural selection, and divergence.
Chapter 5: Variation and heredity.
Chapter 6: Difficulties with the theory.
Chapter 7: Deals with the inheritance of instincts.
Chapter 8: Discusses the viability or infertility of hybrids between species and varieties.
Chapters 9&10: The geological record and fossils.
Chapters 11&12: The geographical distribution of animals and plants (biogeography).
Chapter 13: Classification, morphology, embryology, rudimentary organs.
Final chapter: Summary and conclusions.
Later editions
There were six editions of the Origin during Darwin's life.
The second, in 1860, was almost the same as the first.
The sixth edition bore the title: The origin of species.
There were many changes in the text in later editions.
In the fifth edition of 1869 Darwin used Herbert Spencer's phrase 'survival of the fittest' for the first time, in the heading of chapter 4.
In the sixth and last edition, Darwin uses the word 'evolution' for the first time in this book.
There is a new chapter 7 inserted:
Miscellaneous objections to the theory of natural selection
The Origin was translated during Darwin's lifetime into Danish, Dutch, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Serbian, Spanish and Swedish, and into 18 more languages since.
Translations into some languages, such as French and German, were done more than once.
There are some reference works which help scholars to do research on the Origin.
Peckham, Morse (ed) 1959.
The Origin of Species: a variorum text.
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
A variorum contains all variants of a text; this records every change made by Darwin to the first edition up to 1890.
Horblit H.D. 1964.
One hundred books famous in science.
Contains the first full bibliographic description of the first edition.
Barrett, Paul H., Weinshank D.J. and Gottleber T.T. 1961, reprint 1981.
A concordance to Darwin's Origin of Species, first edition.
Cornell, Ithaca & London.
This takes every substantive word in the book in alphabetical order, and lists every occurrence with context and page number.
Same idea as concordances to the Bible.
Stauffer R.C. (ed) 1975.
Charles Darwin's Natural Selection being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858.
Edited from manuscript.
Freeman, Richard Broke 1965, 2nd ed 1977.
The works of Charles Darwin: an annotated bibliographical handlist.
Dawson, Folkestone.
Includes all the editions and reprints of all Darwin's works, as far as could be ascertained.
Also, an on-line version with a few later corrections:
The complete work of Charles Darwin online: Table of contents bibliography of On the Origin of Species: Both web pages provide links to text and images of all editions of The Origin of Species, including translations in German, Danish, and Russian.
Contemporary reviews of the Origin
Extract from Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 4 (1860): 411–415.
Gray, Asa (1861).
A free examination of Darwin's treatise on the Origin of Species, and of its American reviewers.
Reprinted from the Atlantic monthly for July, August, and October, 1860.
London: Trübner & Co., Boston: Ticknor and Fields.
For further reviews, see
Books by Charles Darwin
Armitage Shanks is a porcelain sanitary-ware company that started in 1969.
Its headquarters are in Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom.
Its main product is toilets, but they also make bathroom fixtures and plumbing supplies.
They have eight factories.
A punk rock music band from the 1990s is named after them.
Armitage Shanks is made up of two older companies.
Armitage started in 1817, when Thomas Bond started a pottery at Armitage, in Staffordshire.
They began making toilets in the 1850s.
The second company was Shanks which started making toilets at Barrhead near Glasgow, Scotland in 1878.
The two companies joined together in 1969.
Standard of living usually refers to the economic level of an individual, family, or nation.
People can measure it by the value of the goods and services produced or used by the individual, family, or nation in a period of time.
Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights affirms a good standard of living as a human right with enough food, clothing, housing, social security and aid when having difficult situation, such as joblessness, illness, disability, losing one's partner, and being old.
Article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights affirms this as well.
Some measures try to take non-material things into account when trying to understand how people live.
In an Economist study in 2005 Ireland was rated highest in quality of living, while Zimbabwe was seen as having one of the worst quality of life rates in the world.
Canaanites were a people mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament.
Most of their land, called Canaan, later became known as Israel.
The Canaanites settled in the region about 2000 BCE.
They were the main inhabitants until about 1200 B.C. The Book of Joshua says that the Israelites conquered Canaan.
However, archaeology and the Bible suggest that the Israelites only gradually became the area's main people.
Archaeology also suggests that many Canaanite cities were destroyed by the Sea Peoples, or Philistines, in the 1100s BCE.
The Sea Peoples may have sailed to Canaan from the area around the Aegean Sea.
The Canaanites were a Semitic people related to the Phoenicians, Amorites, Assyrians and Israelites.
The Canaanites had a developed civilization.
Their main political group was the city-state.
In a city-state, a king ruled a city or town and the villages and land around it.
The Bible mentions a number of Canaanite tribes.
The chief Canaanite gods were El (a creator god) and Baal (a storm god).
The main goddesses were Anat, Asherah, and Astarte.
They were fertility goddesses.
In the U.S. state of California, U.S. Route 101 (US 101) is one of the last remaining and longest U.S. Routes still active in the state, and the longest highway of any kind in California.
US 101 was also one of the original U.S. Routes established in 1926.
Southern Californians usually refer to the highway as The 101 (where it is mostly a freeway).
In Northern California, people simply call it 101.
Drive the 101  - Contains historical information.
Yelp, Inc. is a company that operates a social networking, user review, and local search web site of the same name.
Over 31 million people access Yelp's website each month, putting it in the top 150 of U.S. Internet web sites.
Yelp USA
Yelp Canada
Yelp United Kingdom
Yelp Ireland
Yelp business owner portal
John Stalberg, Jr.  is an American movie director and screenwriter.
The first movie Stalberg directed was the comedy High School.
It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival.
It was released theatrically by Anchor Bay Entertainment on June, 1, 2012.
He is also developing the project "Spanking Shakespeare", which he is writing and directing.
The stadium hosted four games at the 2010 FIFA World Cup.
Is one of the 10 stadiums where World Cup games were played.
The Dirty Energy Dilemma is a 2008 book by academic Benjamin K. Sovacool.
In the book Sovacool discusses some of the "big energy challenges" facing the United States, and suggests that the fix for these problems is 'clean energy' in the form of energy efficiency and renewable energy.
Sovacool sees no role for nuclear power in a clean energy transition.
The Dirty Energy Dilemma won a 2009 Nautilus Award.
is a train station of East Japan Railway Company (JR East) and Keisei Electric Railway.
It is in Narita, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.
This station is the main access point of Narita International Airport.
|1998||rowspan="2"|Bellmare Hiratsuka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|1999||8||0||1||0||0||0||9||0
|2000||rowspan="2"|Shonan Bellmare||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||5||0||2||0||0||0||7||0
|2001||3||0||0||0||0||0||3||0
|2002||Montedio Yamagata||J. League 2||15||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|2003||rowspan="2"|Okinawa Kariyushi||rowspan="2"|Regional Leagues||||||2||1||colspan="2"|-||2||1
|2005||Yokohama||J. League 2||18||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||19||0
|2006||Arte Takasaki||Football League||33||2||2||0||colspan="2"|-||35||2
|2007||rowspan="2"|Nagano Parceiro||rowspan="2"|Regional Leagues||11||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||11||1
|2008||13||8||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||13||8
Veljko Paunović (born 21 August 1977) is a former Serbian football player.
|1994/95||Partizan||First League||13||1
|1995/96||Marbella||Segunda División||15||0
|1996/97||rowspan="2"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="2"|La Liga||16||1
|1997/98||14||6
|1998/99||Mallorca||La Liga||24||5
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Atlético Madrid||La Liga||17||2
|2000/01||Segunda División||5||0
|2000/01||Real Oviedo||La Liga||22||4
|2001/02||Mallorca||La Liga||34||3
|2002/03||Tenerife||Segunda División||38||18
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="2"|La Liga||25||5
|2004/05||Hannover||Bundesliga||6||0
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Getafe||rowspan="2"|La Liga||30||10
|2007||Rubin Kazan||Premier League||16||1
|2007/08||Almería||La Liga||7||2
|2008/09||Partizan||SuperLiga||9||1
Sebastián Battaglia (born 8 November 1980) is an Argentine football player.
|1997/98||rowspan="7"|Boca Juniors||rowspan="7"|Primera División||1||0
|1999/00||18||0
|2001/02||18||3
|2003/04||18||3
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Villarreal||rowspan="2"|La Liga||15||0
|2004/05||14||1
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|Boca Juniors||rowspan="5"|Primera División||18||0
|2006/07||15||2
|2001||Kyoto Purple Sanga||J. League 2||11||1||1||0||12||1
Frédéric Kanouté (born 2 September 1977) is a Malian football player.
He plays for Sevilla and Mali national team.
|1997/98||rowspan="3"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="3"|Division 1||18||6||1||0||0||0||11||2||30||8
|1998/99||9||2||0||0||0||0||2||1||11||3
|1999/00||13||1||0||0||2||0||2||0||17||1
|1999/00||rowspan="4"|West Ham United||rowspan="4"|Premier League||8||2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||8||2
|2000/01||32||11||4||3||3||0||colspan="2"|-||39||14
|2001/02||27||11||1||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||28||12
|2002/03||17||5||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||17||5
|2003/04||rowspan="3"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="3"|Premier League||27||7||1||3||3||2||colspan="2"|-||31||12
|2004/05||32||7||5||0||4||2||colspan="2"|-||41||9
|2005/06||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|Sevilla||rowspan="5"|La Liga||32||6||2||2||colspan="2"|-||12||7||46||15
|2006/07||32||21||5||4||colspan="2"|-||11||5||48||30
|2007/08||30||16||2||4||colspan="2"|-||10||6||42||26
|2008/09||34||18||6||2||colspan="2"|-||2||2||42||22
|2004||12||7
Total||35||21
Cosmin Contra (born 15 December 1975) is a Romanian football player.
He plays for Timişoara and Romania national team.
|1993/94||rowspan="3"|Politehnica Timişoara||Divizia A||12||0
|1994/95||Divizia B||28||1
|1995/96||Divizia A||11||0
|1995/96||rowspan="4"|Dinamo Bucureşti||rowspan="4"|Divizia A||12||1
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Deportivo Alavés||rowspan="2"|La Liga||33||2
|2000/01||33||4
|2001/02||Milan||Serie A||29||3
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="2"|La Liga||31||0
|2004/05||West Bromwich Albion||Premier League||5||0
|2004/05||Politehnica Timişoara||Divizia A||14||0
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|Getafe||rowspan="5"|La Liga||24||0
|2009/10||Timişoara||Liga I||||
Total||72||7
Manu del Moral (born 25 February 1984) is a Spanish football player.
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Recreativo Huelva||rowspan="2"|Segunda División||5||1
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Getafe||rowspan="4"|La Liga||30||8
|2007/08||34||7
Miguel de las Cuevas (born 19 June 1986) is a Spanish football player.
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Hércules||Segunda División B||36||3
|2005/06||Segunda División||33||0
|2006/07||rowspan="3"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="3"|La Liga||0||0
|2009/10||Sporting Gijón||La Liga||||
Fabiano Eller (born 19 November 1977) is a Brazilian football player.
|1997||rowspan="5"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="5"|Série A||1||0
|2002||Palmeiras||Série A||9||1
|2003||rowspan="2"|Flamengo||rowspan="2"|Série A||27||2
|2004||25||0
|2005||Fluminense||Série A||6||0
|2005/06||Trabzonspor||Süper Lig||11||0
|2006||Internacional||Série A||29||5
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="2"|La Liga||12||1
|2008||rowspan="2"|Santos||rowspan="2"|Série A||18||1
|2009||rowspan="2"|Internacional||rowspan="2"|Série A||14||2
Julien Escudé (born 17 August 1979) is a French football player.
|1998/99||Cannes||Division 2||21||0
|1999/00||rowspan="4"|Stade Rennais||rowspan="3"|Division 1||21||0
|2002/03||Ligue 1||30||0
|2003/04||rowspan="3"|Ajax||rowspan="3"|Eredivisie||31||1
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|Sevilla||rowspan="5"|La Liga||16||0
|2007/08||16||0
Antonio Puerta (26 November 1984 – 28 August 2007) is a former Spanish football player.
|2003/04||rowspan="5"|Sevilla||rowspan="5"|La Liga||1||0
|2005/06||17||2
Nélson Marcos (born 10 June 1983) is a Portuguese football player.
He plays for Real Betis Balompié and Portugal national team.
|2002/03||Vilanovense||Second Division||32||1
|2003/04||Salgueiros||Liga Honra||27||2
|2004/05||Boavista||Portuguese Liga||23||1
|2005/06||rowspan="3"|Benfica||rowspan="3"|Portuguese Liga||25||0
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Real Betis Balompié||La Liga||35||0
Fumiaki Iwamoto (born 23 April 1968) is a former Japanese football player.
Leandro Somoza (born 26 January 1981) is an Argentine football player.
He plays for Vélez Sársfield.
|2000/01||rowspan="6"|Vélez Sársfield||rowspan="6"|Primera División||1||0
|2006/07||Villarreal||La Liga||25||0
|2007/08||Real Betis Balompié||La Liga||15||0
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Vélez Sársfield||rowspan="2"|Primera División||12||3
Takayama was born in Tokyo Metropolis on June 24, 1904.
He played for Kobe Icchu Club which was consisted of his alma mater high school players and graduates.
At the club, he won the 1927 Emperor's Cup with Takeo Wakabayashi and so on.
In May 1930, when Takayama was a Tokyo Imperial University student, he was selected the Japan national team for Far Eastern Championship Games in Tokyo and Japan won the championship.
On May 29, he also played and scored a goal against Republic of China.
He played 2 games and scored 1 goals for Japan in 1930.
After retirement, Takayama worked at Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Education, Science and Culture.
He also served as a professor at Hamamatsu College of Technology and Mukogawa Women's University.
Sylvain N'Diaye (born 25 June 1976) is a Senegalese football player.
|1993/94||rowspan="2"|Rodez||||11||0
|1994/95||||29||2
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Girondins Bordeaux||rowspan="2"|Division 1||0||0
|1997/98||Martigues||Division 2||34||1
|1998/99||Gent||First Division||11||0
|1998/99||Monaco||Division 1||11||2
|1999/00||Toulouse||Division 2||37||2
|2000/01||rowspan="3"|Lille||rowspan="2"|Division 1||28||2
|2002/03||Ligue 1||35||0
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Olympique Marseille||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||20||0
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Levante||Segunda División||26||2
|2006/07||La Liga||17||0
|2007/08||Tenerife||Segunda División||29||1
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Stade Reims||Ligue 2||21||0
|2009/10||National||13||0
Ramesses II was one of the greatest Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt.
He was the third Pharaoh of the Nineteenth dynasty.
His successors and later Egyptians called him the "Great Ancestor".
When he was 14, Ramesses was appointed successor by his father Seti I. He ruled Egypt from 1279 BC to 1213 BC.p165 This is a total of 66 years and 2 months.
It is likely that he died in his 90th or 91st year.
On his death, he was buried in a tomb in the Valley of the Kings; his body was later moved to a royal cache (hidden wall slot) where it was discovered in 1881.
It is now on display in the Cairo Museum.
Ramesses II led several expeditions north into the lands east of the Mediterranean (the location of the modern Israel, Lebanon and Syria).
He also led expeditions to the south, into Nubia.
The early part of his reign was focused on building cities, temples and monuments.
He established the city of Pi-Ramesses in the Nile Delta as his new capital and main base for his campaigns in Syria.
Campaigns and battles
Early in his life, Ramesses went on campaigns to get land back from Nubian and Hittite hands, and to secure Egypt's borders.
He also stopped Nubian revolts and ran a campaign in Libya.
During Ramesses's reign, the Egyptian army may have included about 100,000 men, a force that he used to strengthen Egyptian influence over neighbouring lands.
Battle against Sherden sea pirates
In his second year, Ramesses defeated the Sherden sea pirates.
They were causing problems along Egypt's Mediterranean coast by attacking cargo-laden vessels on the sea routes to Egypt.p250 Ramesses posted troops and ships at strategic points along the coast, and allowed the pirates to attack their prey.
He then caught them by surprise in a sea battle, capturing them all in a single action.p53  A stele says they came "in their war-ships from the midst of the sea, and none were able to stand before them".
Shortly afterwards Sherden are seen in the Pharaoh's body-guard with their horned helmets, round shields and the great Naue II swords.
Peace treaty with the Hittites
The Hittite Mursili III fled to Egypt, after he failed to take his uncle's throne.
The uncle, Hattusili III, demanded that Ramesses extradite (send back) his nephew back to Hatti.p74
This caused a crisis between Egypt and Hatti, when Ramesses said he did not know where Mursili was.
The two empires came close to war.
Eventually, in the twenty-first year of his reign (1258 BC), Ramesses decided to make an agreement with Hattusili III, to end the conflict.
The document they agreed is the earliest known peace treaty in world history.p256
The peace treaty was recorded in two versions, one in Egyptian hieroglyphs, the other in Akkadian, using cuneiform script; both versions survive.
Such dual-language recording is common to many treaties.
This treaty differs from others in that the two language versions are differently worded.
Although the majority of the text is identical, the Hittite version claims that the Egyptians came suing for peace, while the Egyptian version claims the reverse.p73–79; 62–64 The treaty was given to the Egyptians in the form of a silver plaque.
This 'pocket-book' version was taken back to Egypt, and a copy carved into the Temple of Karnak.
Tomb of Nefertari
The most important and famous of Ramesses' Queen consorts was discovered in 1904.
The tomb of Nefertari is extremely important, because its magnificent wall painting is  regarded as one of the greatest examples of ancient Egyptian art.
A flight of steps cut out of the rock makes it possible to go to the antechamber.
This is decorated with paintings based on chapter 17 of the Book of the Dead.
The astronomical ceiling represents the heavens and is painted in dark blue, with many golden five-pointed stars.
The east wall of the antechamber is interrupted by a large opening with paintings of Osiris and Anubis.
This leads to the side chamber, decorated with offering scenes.
A vestibule with paintings shows Nefertari being presented to the gods, who welcome her.
On the north wall of the antechamber is the stairway that goes down to the burial chamber.
This is a vast quadrangular room covering a surface area of about , the astronomical ceiling of which is supported by four pillars entirely covered with decoration.
David Rozehnal (born 5 July 1980) is a Czech football player.
He plays for Hamburg and the Czech Republic national team.
|1999/00||rowspan="4"|Sigma Olomouc||rowspan="4"|Gambrinus liga||4||0
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Brugge||rowspan="2"|First Division||26||0
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Paris Saint-Germain||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||38||0
|2007/08||Newcastle United||Premier League||21||0
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Lazio||rowspan="2"|Serie A||10||0
|2009/10||Hamburg||Bundesliga||||
The Ballonmuseum Gersthofen was started in 1985 on appr.
exhibition area in Gersthofen near Augsburg.
Museum web site
Ballonmuseum Gersthofen via Augsburg-Wiki
The Governor of New South Wales is the oldest political office of Australia.
Captain Arthur Phillip RN became the first Governor of New South Wales on 7 February 1788.
The Colony of New South Wales was the first British settlement in Australia.
The first governors had almost autocratic powers due to the distance from and poor communications with Great Britain.
In 1824 the New South Wales Legislative Council, Australia's first legislature, was appointed to help the governor.
Between 1850 and 1861, the Governor of New South Wales was also called the Governor-General.
All letters between the Australian colonies and the British Government were meant to go through the Governor-General.
The other colonies had Lieutenant-Governors.
As they became independent, South Australia in 1836, Tasmania January 1855 and Victoria May 1855 replaced their Lieutenant-Governors with Governors.
Sir William Denison kept the title of Governor-General until h is retirement.
The Governor acts on the advice of the head of the elected government, the Premier of New South Wales.
The Governor does have power of the Crown, and has the right to dismiss the Premier.
This power was last used in 1932, when Sir lachlan mendham dismissed toby erin rodgers
The Governor of New South Wales used Government House as a home, office and official reception space until 1996.
The Governor's office is now in the historic Chief Secretary’s Building at 121 Macquarie Street.
In 2011, the Premier of New South Wales, Barry O'Farrell, said that this would change and the governor would move back into Government House.
The first Australian-born Governor of New South Wales (or of any Australian state) was Lieutenant General Sir John Northcott in 1946.
All governors since then have been Australian-born except for Gordon Samuels, who was born in the United Kingdom but came to Australia at an early age.
Northcott's successor, Lieutenant General Sir Eric Woodward (1957), was the first born in New South Wales.
List of Governors of New South Wales
The Governor of NSW  from the Parliament of NSW website
is one of Japan's traditional regions.
The Japanese conventions of geography and history divide the nation into eight regions, including the Chūbu region.
These have been used since 1905 as basic units for description and comparison and as cultural markers.
The regions of Japan are a fusion of historical divisions and modern administrative needs".
The significance of the region in Japan is geographical, cultural and administrative.
In the late 7th century, the Hokuridō was identified as one of the eight largest administrative areas of the Imperial system (ritsuryo seido).
Gokishichidō is an ancient system of names for parts of the country, including Hokuridō.
Chūbu covers a central part of the island of Honshū in roughly the same area as the traditional Hokuriku, Kōshin'etsu and Tōkai.
In the Meiji period, the modern regional system was made by Imperial decree.
Japan was divided into regions (chihō ), including the Hokuriku and Tokai or Chūbu region.
A regional council  (chihō gyōsei kyōgisai) was headed by the governor of the most powerful prefecture in the regional grouping.
The council also included regional chiefs of central government ministries.
Table: Chūbu region
The Chūbu region is a large area of Honshū.
Chūbu has traditional subddivisions, including Hokuriku, Kōshin'etsu, Shin'etsu, and Tōkai.
Honshu
The space bar, also called the 'spacebar' or 'space key', is one of the most commonly used keys on a computer keyboard.
It is used to put a space into something being typed.
It is at the bottom of most standard keyboard layouts, such as the QWERTY keyboard.
The space bar is wider than all of the other keys on the keyboard.
On many computers, pressing the space bar at the same time as the ALT or CTRL key can activate many useful functions.
For example, it can minimize a window in some operating systems.
In some web browsers, pressing the space bar makes a window scroll down.
AZERTY is a keyboard layout.
It is very similar to the QWERTY keyboard layout.
It is mainly used in France and Belgium.
Parintins is a Brazilian city of the state of Amazonas.
It has 107,250 inhabitants and an area of 5.952 km².
It was founded in 1852 and it is one of the most important cities in state of Amazonas.
Born in Parintins
David Assayag
João Pedro Gonçalves da Costa
Ivana Bentes
Parintins Official Home Page
Itacoatiara is a Brazilian city of the state of Amazonas.
It has 89.840 inhabitants and an area of 8.600 km².
It was founded in 1874 and it is one of the most important cities in state of Amazonas.
Itacoatiara Official Home Page  (in Portuguese)
The East River is a  tidal strait in New York City.
It connects Upper New York Bay on its south end to Long Island Sound on its north end.