the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
1849 – The Corn Laws are abolished in the United Kingdom.
1862 - Alvan Graham Clark discovers white dwarf star Sirius B.
1865 - American Civil War: The United States Congress passes the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, banning slavery.
1865 – American Civil War: Confederate General Robert E. Lee becomes general-in-chief.
1867 – Maronite nationalist leader Karam leaves Lebanon on board a French ship for Algeria
1876 – The United States orders all Native Americans to move into reservations.
1891 - The first attempt at a Portuguese republican revolution breaks out in the city of Porto.
1892 - At Holmenkollen, Oslo, the first ski jumping competition takes place.
Norwegian Arne Ustvedt wins with at 21.5-meter jump.
1906 - A magnitude 8.8 earthquake hits Colombia and Ecuador, killing over 1,000 people.
1915 – World War I: Germany uses poison gas against Russians.
1917 – World War I: Germany announces its U-boats will engage in unrestricted submarine warfare.
1918 – A series of accidental collisions on a misty Scottish night leads to the loss of two Royal Navy submarines with over a hundred lives, and damage to another five British warships.
1919 - Battle of George Square in Glasgow.
1929 – The Soviet Union exiles Leon Trotsky.
1930 – 3M markets Scotch Tape.
1930 - The fourth world championship in ice hockey begins in Chamonix, France.
1936 – The Green Hornet radio show debuts.
1942 - World War II: Allied forces are defeated by the Japanese in the Battle of Malaya.
1943 - World War II: German field marshal Friedrich Paulus surrenders to the Soviets at Stalingrad, followed two days later by the remainder of his Sixth Army, ending one of the war's fiercest battles.
1944 – World War II: American forces land on Kwajalein Atoll and other islands in the Japanese-held Marshall Islands.
1945 – US Army private Eddie Slovik is executed, the first American soldier since the Civil War to be executed for desertion.
1946 – Yugoslavia's new constitution, modeling the Soviet Union, establishes six constituent republics (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia).
1950 – President Harry S. Truman announces a program to develop the hydrogen bomb.
1953 - 133 people are killed in the MV Princess Victoria ferry disaster in the Irish Sea between Belfast, Northern Ireland and Stranraer, Scotland.
1953 - More than 2,000 people die in a storm flood on the North Sea coasts of the Netherlands, Belgium and the United Kingdom in the night to February 1.
1956 – Guy Mollet becomes Prime Minister of France.
1957 - 8 people on the ground in Pacoima, California, are killed following a mid-air collision between a Douglas DC-7 airliner and a Northrop F-89 Scorpion fighter jet.
1958 – The first successful American satellite, Explorer I, is launched into orbit.
1958 – James Van Allen discovers the Van Allen radiation belt.
1961 – Ham the Chimp travels into outer space.
1966 - The Soviet Union launches the unmanned Luna 9 spacecraft.
1968 – The National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam attacks the United States embassy in Saigon.
1968 – Nauru declares independence from Australia.
1971 – Apollo program: Astronauts aboard Apollo 14 lift off for a mission to the moon.
1971 – The Winter Soldier Investigation, organized by the Vietnam Veterans Against the War to publicize war crimes and atrocities by Americans and allies in Vietnam, begin in Detroit, Michigan.
1980 - Queen Juliana of the Netherlands announces that she will leave the throne on April 30 (her birthday) of the same year, becoming the second Dutch Queen in a row to do so.
Her crown passes to her daughter, Beatrix of the Netherlands.
1988 – Super Bowl XXII: The Washington Redskins win their second championship of the 1980s, 42-10.
1990 – The first McDonald's opens in Moscow, Russia.
1993 – Super Bowl XXVII: The Dallas Cowboys defeat the Buffalo Bills, 52-17.
1994 - The opera house Gran Teatru Liceu in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, is destroyed by fire.
1995 – President Bill Clinton authorizes a $20 billion loan to Mexico to stabilize its economy.
1996 - The comet Hyakutake is discovered by Japanese amateur astronomer Yuji Hyakutake.
1996 – An explosives-filled truck rams into the gates of the Central Bank in Colombo, Sri Lanka killing at least 86 and injuring 1,400.
1999 – Super Bowl XXXIII: The Denver Broncos defeat the Atlanta Falcons, 34-19.
After the game, Family Guy aired its pilot episode.
2000 – An Alaska Airlines MD-83 crashes in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Malibu, California killing 131.
2001 – In the Netherlands a Scottish court convicts a Libyan and acquits another for their part in the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 which crashed into Lockerbie, Scotland in 1988.
2002 - The Larsen B Ice Shelf breaks off of Antarctica.
2004 – Mystery Science Theater 3000 ends its run on the Sci-Fi Channel.
2009 - In Kenya, at least 113 people are killed and more than 200 are injured after an oil spill caught fire in Molo.
2010 - Avatar becomes the first movie to make $2 billion worldwide.
2011 - January 31 – February 2, 2011 North American winter storm.
2013 - An explosion at the Pernex Executive Tower in Mexico City kills at least 33 people and injures at least 100.
2015 - The Australia national football team wins the 2015 AFC Asian Cup, defeating the South Korea national football team 2-1 in extra time, on home soil.
This is their first tournament victory since joining the Asian Federation in 2006.
2016 - Bomb attacks in Damascus, Syria, kill at least 60 people.
36 BC - Antonia Minor, daughter of Mary Antony and Octavia Minor (d. 38)
877 - Taejo of Goryeo of Korea (d. 943)
1512 – King Henry of Portugal (d. 1580)
1543 – Tokugawa Ieyasu, Japanese shogun (d. 1616)
1550 - Henry I, Duke of Guise (d. 1588)
1597 - John Francis Regis, French saint (d. 1640)
1624 - Arnold Geulincx, Flemish philosopher (d. 1669)
1707 - Frederick, Prince of Wales (d. 1751)
1752 - Gouverneur Morris, American lawmaker and diplomat (d. 1816)
1759 - Francois Devienne, French composer (d. 1803)
1762 – Lachlan Macquarie, Scottish Governor of New South Wales (d. 1824)
1797 – Franz Schubert, Austrian composer (d. 1828)
1813 - Agostino Depretis, Italian statesman (d. 1887)
1815 - Pedro Diez Canseco, Interim President of Peru (d. 1893)
1820 - William D. Washburn, 28th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1887)
1830 - James G. Blaine, American politician (d. 1893)
1830 - Henri Rochefort, French writer, journalist and politician (d. 1913)
1835 – William Charles Lunalilo, King of Hawaii (d. 1874)
1854 - David Emmanuel, Romanian mathematician (d. 1941)
1857 - George Jackson Churchward, English railway engineer (d. 1933)
1865 - Shastriji Maharaj, Indian spiritual leader (d. 1951)
1865 – Henri Desgrange, French sports figure and journalist (d. 1940)
1868 – Theodore William Richards, American chemist (d. 1928)
1872 – Zane Grey, American novelist (d. 1939)
1873 – Melitta Bentz, German entrepreneur and inventor of the coffee filter (d. 1950)
1881 – Irving Langmuir, American chemist (d. 1957)
1883 - Oskar von Hindenburg, German general (d. 1960)
1884 - Nathaniel Moore, American golfer (d. 1910)
1884 – Theodor Heuss, first President of the Federal Republic of Germany (d. 1963)
1884 - Hammad Amin Rasulzade, Azerbaijani statesman (d. 1955)
1892 – Eddie Cantor, American actor and singer (d. 1964)
1894 - Isham Jones, American saxophonist, composer and bandleader (d. 1956)
1896 - Sofya Yanovskaya, Russian mathematician (d. 1966)
1897 - Ahmad Shah Qajar, Shah of Persia (d. 1930)
1902 – Alva Myrdal, Swedish politician and diplomat (d. 1986)
1902 – Tallulah Bankhead, American actress (d. 1968)
1905 – John O'Hara, American writer (d. 1970)
1905 - Diana Napier, British actress (d. 1982)
1906 - Roosevelt Sykes, American blues pianist (d. 1983)
1908 - Atahualpa Yupanqui, Argentine singer (d. 1992)
1909 - Miron Grindea, Romanian literary journalist and editor (d. 1995)
1910 - Giorgio Perlasca, Italian businessman and humanitarian (d. 1992)
1911 - Eddie Byrne, British actor (d. 1981)
1911 - Baba Vanga, Bulgarian mystic (d. 1996)
1913 – Walter Winterbottom, English football manager (d. 2002)
1913 - Don Hutson, American football player (d. 1997)
1915 - Garry Moore, American entertainer, game show host and comedian (d. 1993)
1915 - Bobby Hackett, American cornetist and bandleader (d. 1976)
1916 - Sangoule Lamizana, 1st President of Burkina Faso (d. 2005)
1916 - Frank Parker, American tennis player (d. 1997)
1917 - Fred Bassetti, American architect (d. 2013)
1917 - Jini Dellaccio, American photographer (d. 2014)
1919 – Jackie Robinson, American baseball player (d. 1972)
1920 – Stewart Udall, American politician (d. 2010)
1920 – Bert Williams, English footballer (d. 2014)
1921 – Carol Channing, American actress and singer
1921 – Mario Lanza, American singer (d. 1959)
1921 - John Agar, American actor (d. 2002)
1922 - Joanne Dru, American actress (d. 1996)
1923 – Norman Mailer, American writer (d. 2007)
1924 - Tengiz Abuladze, Georgian movie director (d. 1994)
1929 – Jean Simmons, British actress (d. 2010)
1929 - Anatol Hrytskievich, Belarussian historian (d. 2015)
1929 – Rudolf Mössbauer, German Nobel Prize-winning physicist (d. 2011)
1931 - Christopher Chataway, British athlete, broadcaster and politician (d. 2014)
1931 - Ernie Banks, American baseball player (d. 2015)
1931 - Hansjörg Felmy, German actor (d. 2007)
1933 - Camille Henry, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1997)
1933 – Bernardo Provenzano, Italian crime boss (d. 2016)
1934 - Ernesto Brambilla, Italian motorcycle racer and racing driver
1934 - Bob Turner, Canadian ice hockey player
1935 – Kenzaburo Oe, Japanese writer
1937 – Philip Glass, American composer
1937 - Suzanne Pleshette, American actress (d. 2008)
1938 – Beatrix, former Queen of the Netherlands
1938 - Lynn Carlin, American actress
1938 - James G. Watt, American politician
1939 - Romualdas Ozolas, Lithuanian politician (d. 2015)
1941 - Richard Gephardt, American politician
1941 - Charlie Musselwhite, American blues musician
1941 - Jessica Walter, American actress
1941 – Eugene Terre'Blanche, South African far-right politician (d. 2010)
1942 - Derek Jarman, British director and writer
1944 - Connie Booth, American writer and actress
1946 - Bobby Windsor, Welsh rugby player
1947 - Nolan Ryan, American baseball player
1949 - Johan Derksen, Dutch footballer and sports journalist
1949 - Ken Wilber, American sociologist, philosopher and author
1951 - Harry Wayne Casey, American singer and musician
1951 - Juan de Dios Castillo, Mexican footballer and manager (d. 2014)
1951 - Phil Manzanera, British guitarist
1954 - Adrian Vandenberg, Dutch musician
1954 - Mark Slavin, Israeli wrestler (d. 1972)
1956 – John Lydon, aka Johnny Rotten, British singer
1956 - Artur Mas, Catalan politician
1959 – Anthony LaPaglia, Australian actor
1960 – George Benjamin, British conductor and composer
1960 - Zeljko Sturanovic, Prime Minister of Montenegro (d. 2014)
1961 - Fatou Bensouda, Gambian lawyer
1961 - Lloyd Cole, British singer
1962 - Sophie Muller, British music video director
1963 – John Dye, American actor (d. 2011)
1964 – Jeff Hanneman, American guitarist (d. 2013)
1964 - Dawn Prince-Hughes, American anthropologist
1966 - Dexter Fletcher, English actor
1966 - Jorge Gonzalez, Argentine basketball player and wrestler (d. 2010)
1967 – Jason Cooper, English musician
1967 – Chad Channing, American musician
1967 - Fat Mike, American musician
1970 – Minnie Driver, British actress
1971 – Patrick Kielty, Northern Irish comedian
1971 - Lee Young-ae, South Korean actress
1973 – Portia de Rossi, Australian actress
1975 - Jackie O, Australian radio host
1976 – Traianos Dellas, Greek footballer
1977 - Mark Dutiaume, Canadian ice hockey player
1977 - Eddie Gustafsson, Swedish footballer
1977 - Bobby Moynihan, American actor and comedian
1977 - Sergei Pareiko, Estonian footballer
1977 - Kate Shindle, American actress
1977 – Kerry Washington, American actress
1978 - Fabian Caballero, Argentine footballer
1978 - Brad Rutter, American game show contestant
1979 – Daniel Tammet, British autistic savant
1979 - Felix Sturm, German boxer
1979 - Brahim Asloum, French boxer
1980 - Jurica Vranjes, Croatian footballer
1981 – Julio Arca, Argentine footballer
1981 – Justin Timberlake, American singer
1982 – Allan McGregor, Scottish footballer
1982 – Elena Paparizou, Greek singer
1982 - Janis Sprukts, Latvian ice hockey player
1982 - Brad Thompson, American baseball player
1982 - Andreas Görlitz, German footballer
1983 – Fabio Quagliarella, Italian footballer
1984 - Alessandro Zanni, Italian rugby player
1984 - Jeremy Wariner, American athlete
1985 – Adam Federici, Australian footballer
1985 – Christophe Berra, Scottish footballer
1985 - Laura Bechtolsheimer, German-born British equestrian
1985 - Mario Williams, American football player
1986 – Yves Makabu-Makalambay, Belgian footballer
1986 - Pauline Parmentier, French tennis player
1987 - Marcus Mumford, English musician (Mumford and Sons)
1988 - Sidney Sam, German footballer
1990 - Kota Yabu, Japanese actor and singer
1990 - Cro, German singer and rapper
1992 - Tyler Seguin, Canadian ice hockey player
1995 - Nina Sublatti, Georgian singer
1996 - Joel Courtney, American actor
743 – Muhammad al-Baqir, Shia Imam (b. 676)
1216 - Theodore II Eirenikos, Patriarch of Constantinople
1398 – Emperor Suko of Japan (b. 1334)
1418 - Mircea the Elder, ruler of Wallachia (b. 1355)
1435 – Xuande, Emperor of China (b. 1398)
1561 - Bairam Khan, Mughal general
1561 – Menno Simons, Dutch Mennonite leader (b. 1496)
1580 – King Henry of Portugal (b. 1512)
1606 – Gunpowder Plot conspirators executed:
Guy Fawkes (b. 1570)
Ambrose Rokewood
Thomas Wintour (b. 1571)
1615 – Claudio Aquaviva, Italian Jesuit (b. 1543)
1632 – Joost Bürgi, Swiss clockmaker and mathematician (b. 1552)
1665 – Johannes Clauberg, German theologian and philosopher (b. 1622)
1686 – Jean Mairet, French dramatist (b. 1604)
1720 – Thomas Grey, 2nd Earl of Stamford, English privy councilor
1729 – Jacob Roggeveen, Dutch explorer (b. 1659)
1736 – Filippo Juvara, Italian architect (b. 1678)
1788 – Charles Edward Stuart, pretender to the British throne (b. 1720)
1790 – Thomas Lewis, Irish-born Virginia settler (b. 1718)
1794 – Marriott Arbuthnot, British admiral (b. 1711)
1811 - Manuel Alberti, Head of State of Argentina (b. 1763)
1815 - José Félix Ribas, Venezuelan soldier (b. 1775)
1828 - Alexander Ypsilantis, Greek national hero (b. 1792)
1851 – David Spangler Kaufman, American politician (b. 1813)
1856 – Khedrup Gyatso, 11th Dalai Lama (b. 1838)
1864 - Hamilton Rowan Gamble, 16th Governor of Missouri (b. 1798)
1892 – Charles Spurgeon, English preacher and evangelist (b. 1834)
1907 – Timothy Eaton, Canadian department store founder (b. 1834)
1917 - Otto Finsch, German naturalist and explorer (b. 1839)
1923 - Eligiusz Niewiadowski, Polish assassin (b. 1869)
1933 – John Galsworthy, English writer, Nobel Prize in Literature winner (b. 1867)
1942 - Henry Larkin, American baseball player (b. 1860)
1944 – Jean Giraudoux, French writer (b. 1882)
1945 – Eddie Slovik, American soldier (b. 1920)
1954 - Edwin Howard Armstrong, American engineer (b. 1890)
1955 – John Mott, American YMCA leader, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1865)
1956 – A. A. Milne, English writer (b. 1882)
1961 - Krishna Sinha, Indian politician, 1st Chief Minister of India (b. 1887)
1967 – Eddie Tolan, American athlete (b. 1908)
1970 – Slim Harpo, American singer (b. 1924)
1972 – King Mahendra of Nepal (b. 1920)
1973 – Ragnar Anton Kittil Frisch, Norwegian economist, Nobel Prize in Economics winner (b. 1895)
1974 – Samuel Goldwyn, movie producer (b. 1879)
1976 – Ernesto Miranda, American litigant (b. 1941)
1987 – Yves Allegret, French movie director (b. 1907)
1989 - William Stephenson, Canadian soldier (b. 1896)
1990 – Rashad Khalifa, Egyptian-born imam (stabbed) (b. 1935)
1992 – Willie Dixon, American musician (b. 1915)
1995 – George Abbott, American stage director and producer (b. 1887)
1997 – John Joseph Scanlan, Irish Catholic prelate (b. 1930)
1999 - Shohei Baba, Japanese professional wrestler (b. 1938)
1999 – Norm Zauchin, American baseball player (b. 1929)
2000 – Gil Kane, Latvian-born comic book writer (b. 1926)
2001 – Gordon R. Dickson, Canadian writer (b. 1923)
2004 – Eleanor Holm, American swimmer (b. 1913)
2006 – Moira Shearer, Scottish actress and dancer (b. 1926)
2011 – Eunice Sanborn, American supercentenarian (b. 1896)
2012 – Dorothea Tanning, American painter (b. 1910)
2012 - Mike Kelley, American artist and musician (b. 1954)
2012 - Anthony Bevilacqua, American cardinal and Archbishop of Philadelphia (b. 1923)
2013 - Hassan Habibi, 1st Vice president of Iran (b. 1937)
2013 - Caleb Moore, American snowmobile racer (b. 1987)
2014 - Miklos Jancso, Hungarian movie director and screenwriter (b. 1921)
2014 - Abdirizak Haji Hussein, Prime Minister of Somalia (b. 1924)
2014 - Nina Andrycz, Polish actress and poet (b. 1912)
2014 - Christopher Jones, American actor (b. 1941)
2015 - Richard von Weizsaecker, President of Germany (b. 1920)
2015 - Kenji Goto, Japanese journalist and adventurer (b. 1967)
2015 - José Manuel Lara Bosch, Spanish media executive (b. 1944)
2015 - Lizabeth Scott, American actress (b. 1922)
2015 - Udo Lattek, German footballer (b. 1935)
2015 - Tomas Bulat, Argentine economist and journalist (b. 1964)
2016 - Terry Wogan, Irish broadcaster (b. 1938)
2016 - Mere Broughton, New Zealand Maori activist (b. 1936)
2017 - Deke Leonard, Welsh rock guitarist (b. 1944)
2017 - Frank Pellegrino, American actor (b. 1944)
2017 - John Wetton, British singer-songwriter and bass guitarist (b. 1949)
Independence Day (Nauru)
Street Children's Day (Austria)
January 20 – Hostages from the Iran hostage crisis are released at the same time when Ronald Reagan is inaugurated for the first time as President of the United States.
January 21 – The first DeLorean automotive is released in Northern Ireland.
January 27 – The Indonesian passenger ship Tamponas 2 catches fire and capsizes in the Java Sea, killing 580.
January 29 – Adolfo Suárez resigns as Prime Minister of Spain.
February 4 – Gro Harlem Brundtland becomes Prime Minister of Norway.
February 8 – Polish Prime Minister Józef Pinkowski resigns and is replaced by General Wojciech Jaruzelski.
February 25 – Adolfo Suárez leaves his office as Prime Minister of Spain.
March 30 - Shortly after being inaugurated, John Hinckley, Jr. tries to assassinate President Ronald Reagan.
He survives the attack.
July 29 – Lady Diana Spencer marries Charles, Prince of Wales.
November 9 – Céline Dion's first album is released in Canada.
January 4 – Alicia Keys, American singer
January 28 – Elijah Wood, American actor
January 31 – Justin Timberlake, American singer and actor
February 11 – Kelly Rowland, American singer
February 24 – Lleyton Hewitt, Australian tennis player
March 3 – Justin Gabriel, South African professional wrestler
April 28 – Jessica Alba, actress
June 5 – Sebastien Lefebvre, Canadian Musician-Simple Plan
June 7 – Anna Kournikova, Russian tennis player
June 9 – Natalie Portman, Israeli actress
July 30 – Hope Solo, American goal keeper
August 8 – Roger Federer, Swiss tennis player
September 4 – Beyoncé Knowles,  American singer and actress
September 8 – Jonathan Taylor Thomas, American actor
September 26 – Serena Williams, American tennis player
October 31 – Frank Iero MCR
December 2 – Britney Spears, American singer and actress
December 27 – Patrick Sharp, Canadian professional ice hockey player
May 11 - Bob Marley
June 28 – Terry Fox
November 25 - Jack Albertson
The Boat Is Full
Bustin' Loose
Friday the 13th, Part 2
The Great Muppet Caper
Tarzan, the Ape Man
They Don't Wear Black Tie
"The Tide Is High" – Blondie
"Celebration" – Kool & The Gang (2)
"9 To 5" – Dolly Parton (2)
"I Love A Rainy Night" – Eddie Rabbitt (2)
"Keep On Loving You" REO Speedwagon (1)
"Rapture" – Blondie (2)
"Kiss On My List" – Daryl Hall & John Oates (3)
"Morning Train (9 To 5)" – Sheena Easton
"Bette Davis Eyes" – Kim Carnes
"Stars On 45 Medley" – Stars On 45 (1)
"The One That You Love" – Air Supply (1)
"Jessie's Girl" – Rick Springfield
"Endless Love" – Diana Ross & Lionel Richie (9)
"Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)" – Christopher Cross (3)
"Private Eyes" – Daryl Hall & John Oates
"Physical" – Olivia Newton-John
Ill Seen Ill Said – Samuel Beckett
Arabian Nights and Days – Naguib Mahfouz
La Bicyclette Bleue (The Blue Bicycle) – Régine Deforges
Bliss – Peter Carey
Creation – Gore Vidal
Cujo  –  Stephen King
Distant Star – Samuel R. Delany
Famous Last Words – Timothy Findley
Flames Across the Border – Pierre Berton
Giants of the Ottawa Valley – Joan Finnegan
The Glitter Dome  –  Joseph Wambaugh
The Golden Age of Science Fiction – Kingsley Amis
Goodbye, Janette  –  Harold Robbins
Gorky Park  –  Martin Cruz Smith
Hotel New Hampshire  –  John Irving
An Indecent Obsession  –  Colleen McCullough
Licence Renewed – John Gardner
Masquerade  –  Kit Williams
Midnight's Children – Salman Rushdie
No Time for Tears  –  Cynthia Freeman
Noble House  –  James Clavell
Other People: A Mystery Story – Martin Amis
Red Dragon – Thomas Harris
Strata – Terry Pratchett
Tar Baby – Toni Morrison
The Third Deadly Sin  –  Lawrence Sanders
Britney Jean Spears (born December 2, 1981) is an American recording artist, singer-songwriter, dancer, entertainer and actress.
She has recorded several albums and has received several entertainment industry awards.
Britney Jean Spears was born on December 2, 1981.
Her parents are Lynne Irene (née Bridges) and James Parnell Spears.
She grew up in Kentwood, Louisiana.
One of Spears's maternal great-great-grandfathers was Maltese.
Her siblings are Bryan James and Jamie Lynn.
She was the middle of three children.
She prepared early for a career in entertainment.
She took music and dance lessons.
She often performed for family and friends.
On January 3, 2004, Spears married her childhood friend Jason Allen Alexander in Las Vegas, Nevada.
The marriage was annulled 55 hours later.
On September 18, 2004, Spears married Kevin Federline.
They had a son on September 14, 2005 named Sean Preston Spears Federline.
On September 12, 2006, Britney gave birth to their second son, Jayden James Spears Federline.
In November 2006, Spears filed for divorce from Federline.
In September 2007, Spears lost some custody of her two children, Sean Preston and Jayden James, to her ex-husband, Federline.
At the beginning of January 2008, Spears lost full custody of her children after a mental breakdown.
In February 2008, her father took control of her estate.
Spears currently has 50/50 custody of her two sons.
Her father Jamie has been one of her conservators since 2008.
Fans have participated in a movement known as #FreeBritney to raise awareness about Spears' conservatorship arrangement.
In 2021, Spears spoke in a courtroom hearing, revealing that she felt controlled by the "abusive" arrangement, in ways such as having an IUD to prevent pregnancy, despite wanting to have another child.
She was also sent to a rehab center and was prescribed lithium.
Spears also claimed that she did not know she could ask for this conservatorship to be canceled.
In July, Spears hired a new lawyer, who filed a petition for Jamie to be removed as a conservator.
August of that year, it was revealed that Jamie Spears showed interest in stepping down as one of Britney's conservators.
Professional life
Spears appeared on the 1993–1994 season of the children's television series, The All New Mickey Mouse Club.
In 1997, she signed with Jive Records.
Her first and second studio albums ...Baby One More Time (1999, the best-selling album by a teenage solo artist) and Oops!...
I Did It Again (2000) became great successes.
Their title tracks broke sales records around the world.
In 2001, Spears released her third album Britney and starred in the profitmaking but critically panned movie, Crossroads.
She developed a more sexualized image, dancing in little clothing with an albino python at the 2001 MTV Video Music Awards.
She took creative control of her fourth album In the Zone (2003).
The song "Toxic" was a huge success.
In 2003, she shared a kiss with Madonna at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards that raised eyebrows in the entertainment industry and fan magazines.
Spears' fifth album Blackout was released in 2007.
On September 17, 2013 "Work Bitch" was released as the first single from Spears' eighth album Britney Jean.
Spears has one Grammy, three MTV Video Music Awards, and her own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
She has had five #1 songs: "...Baby One More Time", "Womanizer", "3", "Hold It Against Me" and "S&M (remix)"
...Baby One More Time (1999, initially set to release in 1998 but got delayed)
I Did It Again (2000)
Britney (2001)
In the Zone (2003)
The Original Doll (cancelled, initially set for 2005)
Blackout (2007)
Circus (2008)
Femme Fatale (2011)
Britney Jean (2013)
Glory (2016)
Official site (1)
Official site (2)
1981 births
Actors from Mississippi
American child singers
Mouseketeers
Singers from Mississippi
The Matrix is a science fiction action movie that was made in 1999.
It was written and directed by the Wachowski Sisters.
The main actors in the movie are Keanu Reeves, Laurence Fishburne, Carrie-Anne Moss, and Hugo Weaving.
The Matrix was followed by three sequels: The Matrix Reloaded, The Matrix Revolutions and The Matrix Resurrections.
The main character of the movie is Thomas A. Anderson (played by Keanu Reeves), who is a computer programmer at MetaCortex, a big software company, but he is also an underground hacker.
Thomas meets Trinity (played by Carrie-Anne Moss), who then introduces him to Morpheus (played by Laurence Fishburne), who gives him a choice between taking a blue pill or a red pill.
If he took the blue pill, he would wake up at his bed and wouldn't be bothered anymore, but if he took the red pill, Morpheus would show him the truth about the Matrix.
Thomas takes the red pill.
Then Morpheus tells Thomas he is actually Neo, or "the one".
He explains to Neo that the Matrix is a computer program made by robots to simulate a world which humans think is real.
He then explains to Neo that, because he is "the one" he is able to modify the Matrix however he wants.
Morpheus then helps Neo to get out of the Matrix.
At the beginning, Neo is skeptical about his power, but after training, he is able to show his real power.
Neo, Trinity, Morpheus and the rest of the rebels then go on a journey to free humans from the Matrix.
There is a lot of symbolism in The Matrix.
Common sources are Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism (the concept of maya), the ancient philosopher Plato and Plato's Cave, modern philosophers such as René Descartes, and modern authors such as William Gibson.
Descartes says that maybe humans are brains in jars.
A monster is maybe tricking humans.
The monster makes humans believe that they are in the real world, but actually humans are simply brains.
Humans cannot know what is real.
There are also references to Simulacra and Simulation, a very modern philosophy book by Jean Baudrillard.
Baudrillard says that in the modern world, copies of copies are made. "
The Real" is gone because people do not know what the first things were.
For example, a modern person who eats a chicken did not kill the chicken.
That person does not know what a real chicken is.
The chicken meat is false because the person did not kill the chicken.
The person's reality is the chicken meat.
"Neo" is a word from old Greek word meaning "new".
The letters in "Neo" can be moved around to spell "one".
Anderson is word from old Greek which means "son of man"
Morpheus is the name of an old Greek god who makes dreams.
Nebuchadnezzar, Morpheus's ship gets its name from the king from Babylon who had many dreams, and was a king of change and of understanding the truth.
The directors, the Wachowski Brothers often use the story “Alice in Wonderland”.
Alice falls into a rabbit hole, and she finds a strange world. “
Alice in Wonderland” is a story about illusions.
Symbols in the music of The Matrix
In the first scene, when Neo is sleeping on his keyboard, "Dissolved Girl" by Massive Attack is playing.
The chorus of this song is:
I feel like I've been/ I've been here before
You're not my savior/ but I still don't go
It feels like something that I've done before
I could fake it, but I'd still want more/
When Neo is in the dance club, the remix of a Rob Zombie song called "Dragula" is playing.
The first line of that song is: "Dead, I am the One."
When Neo is meeting with the Oracle, the quiet music in the background is Duke Ellington's "I'm Beginning To See The Light."
Keanu Reeves as Neo
Laurence Fishburne as Morpheus
Carrie-Anne Moss as Trinity
Hugo Weaving as Agent Smith
Joe Pantoliano as Cypher
The word matrix sometimes means "origin" or "beginnings".
In very old English, matrix means "womb".
A matrix is also a part of mathematics.
Effect of the movie
A new religion called Matrixism or The path of the One is based on the movie The Matrix.
The religion began in 2004 with 300 members.
Now there are about 16,000 members of Matrixism.
1999 movies
1999 science fiction movies
Matrix series
Drone movies
Transgender in movies
Warner Bros. movies
Post-apocalyptic movies
Dystopian movies
The September 11 attacks (also called 9/11) were four terrorist attacks against the United States of America.
They all happened on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001.
The attacks killed almost 3,000 people, including the 19 attackers, making it the deadliest recent terrorist attack.
They caused more than $10 billion in damage to infrastructure.
They were carried out by the Islamic terrorist group al-Qaeda.
They used passenger airplanes to destroy famous buildings by flying the planes into them.
There were two attacks in New York City and one in Arlington, Virginia.
The fourth attack did not work and the plane crashed in a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania.
The buildings attacked were the World Trade Center's twin towers in New York City, and the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia.
The fourth plane crashed in an empty field in Pennsylvania before it could reach its target in Washington, D.C. That target was either the White House or the United States Capitol.
After the event, the United States government said the people who had done the attacks were close to the terrorist group al-Qaeda.
Airplanes involved
The first of the four planes to take off was American Airlines Flight 11, a Boeing 767-200ER.
It was  long and  wide.
It had two aisles.
The plane made daily flights between Boston and Los Angeles.
When it took off at 7:59 a.m. on the morning of the eleventh, it carried only 81 passengers in its 158 seats.
Forty-seven minutes later, it crashed into the North Tower at .
It was carrying 9,717 gallons of jet fuel, 14,000 fewer than it was able to carry.
United Airlines Flight 175, also a Boeing 767-200ER, was the second.
Like American Airlines 11, it was scheduled to fly from Boston to Los Angeles.
When United 175 took off at 8:14 a.m., it was even lighter than the American flight: Only 56 of 168 seats were filled.
When it crashed into the South Tower of the World Trade Center at 9:03 a.m., traveling , it had 9,118 gallons of fuel in its tanks.
This crash was broadcasted live on many television channels worldwide that were already showing the North Tower burning.
American Airlines Flight 77 was the third plane to take off.
It was a Boeing 757-200.
It left Washington, D.C. at 8:20 a.m. going to Los Angeles.
It was two-thirds empty, with 58 passengers in its 176 seats.
It was carrying 4,000 gallons of fuel, less than the 11,500 gallons it could carry.
It crashed into the Pentagon at 9:37 a.m., ­flying at .
The fourth plane, United Airlines Flight 93, was also a 757-200.
It was traveling from Newark, New Jersey to San Francisco.
It was scheduled to leave at 8 a.m., but was delayed for 42 minutes.
When it finally took off, it carried only 37 ­passengers in its 182 seats.
It had a little over 7,000 gallons of fuel.
At 10:03 a.m, it crashed at  into an empty field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania after the passengers and crew unsuccessfully attempted to retake control of the plane to stop the hijack terrorists from hitting another landmark.
All of the 246 people on the four planes died in the crashes.
19 terrorists were also killed in the attacks.
Both towers of the World Trade Center caught on fire after the crashes.
The South Tower (2 WTC) burned for 56 minutes before it fell and was destroyed.
The North Tower (1 WTC) burned for 102 minutes before it also fell.
As the towers fell, parts of the towers hit other buildings around them.
It is believed that because of this damage, a third building, 7 World Trade Center (7 WTC), fell at 5:20 p.m. Many other buildings in the area were damaged badly and had to be demolished later, leaving the whole World Trade Center complex destroyed.
2,602 people died at the World Trade Center.
The plane that hit the Pentagon hit the ground just as it hit the western side of the building.
It then crashed through three of the five "rings" that make up the Pentagon.
The crash killed 125 people in the Pentagon.
There were 2,996 people who died in the attacks.
They included firefighters and police officers trying to save the other people.
They also included the 19 attackers who were all killed.
Many conspiracy theories have appeared which say that certain people in the United States government knew about the attacks, or even made them happen.
These have been said to be false by the government.
War on Terror
After the attack, the United States blamed Al-Qaeda, which the U.S. thought was a terrorist group.
President George W. Bush said he would start a "War on Terror".
He meant that the United States would do more things to try to stop terrorism in the future.
Bush said this was meant to protect Americans and their property from terrorists.
For example, the American government would be reorganized.
Security and control in public places was made stronger, especially at airports.
Americans were told every day whether there was a serious threat of terrorism. (
This was done by giving a color for the day.
Red meant there was a high risk, green meant a low risk, and there were many levels in between.)
The War on Terror also led to real wars.
The leader of Al-Qaeda, Osama bin Laden, lived in the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
The United States told the government of Afghanistan, called the Taliban, to turn bin Laden over to them.
The Taliban would not do this.
The leader of the Taliban, Mullah Muhammad Omar, demanded to see proof from the United States government.
If proof was not given, Mullah Omar said that he would not hand over bin Laden.
President George W. Bush said that he did not need to provide proof.
The United States then went to war against Afghanistan.
The Taliban was removed from power, a new government was put in power, and a new president was chosen by the people of Afghanistan.
While this was happening, the United States government changed in a few ways.
The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) created the Transportation Security Administration (TSA).
Before 9/11, security at American airports was provided by the airlines.
The TSA made it the government's job to provide airport security.
New officers were hired by TSA to work at airports and to fly on planes as air marshals.
The TSA also provides security on American trains and subways.
A new Department of Homeland Security was also created.
It became their job to protect Americans and their property inside the United States.
When this department was created, the TSA moved from the DOT to Homeland Security.
After defeating the Taliban, President George W. Bush thought the US should invade Iraq.
He believed that Iraq helped terrorist groups, including al-Qaeda.
He said he had evidence that Iraq was also making weapons of mass destruction.
He sent Secretary of State Colin Powell to the United Nations to show them some of the evidence.
In March, 2003, the United States began its invasion of Iraq. (
Four other countries also took part, including the United Kingdom, Australia, Poland, and Denmark.)
The government of Iraq was overthrown, and the people of Iraq elected a new government.
No weapons of mass destruction were found in Iraq.
Immediately after the attacks, the Federal Bureau of Investigation started PENTTBOM.
This was the biggest criminal investigation in the history of the United States.
At one point, more than half of the FBI's agents worked on the investigation and followed a half-million leads.
The FBI concluded that there was "clear and irrefutable (cannot be denied)" evidence linking al-Qaeda and bin Laden to the attacks.
The FBI did not record the 2,977 deaths from the attacks in their annual violent crime record for 2001.
New York City also did not include the deaths in their annual crime statistics for 2001.
The Inspector General of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) did a review of the CIA's pre-9/11 performance.
He was very critical of senior CIA officials for not doing everything possible to stop terrorism.
He criticized their failure to stop two of the 9/11 hijackers, Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar, as they entered the United States.
He also criticized their failure to share information on the two men with the FBI.
In May 2007, senators from both major U.S. political parties wrote legislation to make the review public.
One of the backers, Senator Ron Wyden said, "The American people have a right to know what the Central Intelligence Agency was doing in those critical (important) months before 9/11."
Congressional inquiry
In February 2002, the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence created a joint inquiry into the performance of the U.S. Intelligence Community.
Their 832-page report was released in December 2002.
In the report, there were detailed failings of the FBI and CIA to use available information.
This included information about terrorists the CIA knew were in the United States.
They failed to use this information in order to stop the plans.
The joint inquiry got its information about Saudi Arabian government officials possibly being involved from non-classified sources.
The Bush administration demanded 28 related pages stayed classified.
On the day of the attacks, New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani said: "We will rebuild.
We're going to come out of this stronger than before, politically stronger, economically stronger.
The skyline will be made whole again."
The damaged part of the Pentagon was rebuilt within one year of the attacks.
Construction of One World Trade Center started on April 27, 2006.
It reached its full height on May 20, 2013.
The spire was installed on top of the building at that date.
This makes the total height of 1 WTC's at 1,776 feet (541 m).
This makes it the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere.
One WTC finished construction and opened on November 3, 2014.
On the World Trade Center site, three more office towers were supposed to be built one block east of where the original towers were.
7 WTC was the first to open on May 23, 2006 after four years of construction.
4 WTC was the second tower to open on November 13, 2013.
3 WTC opened on June 11, 2018 making it the fourth skyscraper at the site to be finished.
September 11th Photo Gallery  - Also includes victim names and more information.
BBC News - 'America's Day of Terror'
CNN.com - Video archive, including the first and second planes.
CNN September 11 memorial - List of victims, and photos.
Cardiff is the capital and biggest city of Wales.
It is also the 11th biggest city in the United Kingdom.
Its name in the Welsh language is Caerdydd.
A 2011 census says that around 346,100 people live in Cardiff.
It is the most important city in Wales for tourism, culture, government, sport, transport, nightlife and business.
The Romans built a fort here in about 55 AD.
Later, a castle was built within the walls of the fort when the city was first founded.
In 1404, Owain Glyndŵr set Cardiff on fire.
Most of the buildings in Cardiff were made out of wood, so fire destroyed the city.
At the 2011 census, the biggest ethnic group in Cardiff is White (84.7%), other groups are Asian (8%), Black (2.4%), Arab (1.4%), Mixed (2.9%)
Cardiff has a big port that used to be known as Tiger Bay.
It is now just called Cardiff Bay, and the Welsh Government works there.
There are now lots of shops, pubs and restaurants in Cardiff Bay.
Cardiff has an international airport, and is twinned with Nantes in France and Stuttgart in Germany.
Cardiff has one of the largest stadiums in the United Kingdom, the Millennium Stadium, where important world sports matches and concerts happen.
Other big stadiums in the city are the Cardiff City Stadium, where the main football team play, Cardiff Arms Park where the main rugby team play, and the SWALEC Stadium where cricket is played.
To get around, there are lots of bus routes and train lines in the city.
There are two big train stations in Cardiff city centre, called Central station and Queen Street station, but there are also 18 other smaller stations in the city for local areas.
There are lots of cycle paths in Cardiff on and off the road.
Cardiff has a large university, with 33,000 students, making it the tenth-largest university in Britain.
The city also has 127 schools.
is a city in Spain, with a population of 316,564.
It is the capital of Castile and León, and one of the historical capitals of the Spanish Kingdom.
On 19 October, 1469, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile married secretely in the Palacio de los Vivero.
Also, Christopher Columbus died in the city on 20 May, 1506.
The river that runs through the city is known as the Pisuerga.
Valladolid has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification).
She was born in Chelsea, London.
After her mother died, she lived with her aunt in Knutsford, Cheshire.
She married William Gaskell, a priest, in 1832.
They lived in Manchester, where several of her books are set.
She died of a heart attack in Holybourne, Hampshire.
Her most famous books are Mary Barton, Cranford, North and South, and Wives and Daughters.
She also wrote a book of the life of her friend, writer Charlotte Brontë.
Some of her books have been made into movies and television programmes.
The Gaskell Society
1810 births
1865 deaths
Writers from Cheshire
Venice is a city in Italy.
It is the capital of the Veneto region, which is in the north-east of the country.
The population of the 'Comune di Venezia', which is Venice, its lagoon and its mainland is 271,367.
Area is 412 km².
The population of Venice itself keeps on shrinking at an alarming rate and is now under 55000 locals.
Venice is built on 118 small islands that are separated by 150 canals.
People cross the canals by many small bridges.
They can also navigate across the city on boats, both rowing boats and motor boats.
The most famous Venetian type of boat called a gondolas.
The buildings in Venice are very old and attractive, and tourists come from all over the world to see them and the canals.
This has made Venice one of the most famous cities in the world.
The most famous sights are the Rialto Bridge, St Mark's Basilica and the Doge's Palace.
It is important to remember that Venice is much more than few landmarks and that we owe the city a lot: from words to objects or services of our daily life.
Its lifestyle and culture are unique in the world and it can get confusing at first.
There are several problems in Venice, but it is still the most popular tourist attraction in northeast Italy.
Every year the city sinks a few millimeters because the ground is made from mud.
Eventually, the city might be completely underwater, but that would take decades.
Because of this, the Italian government is building the MOSE Project, a state-of-the-art defense against the sea-water flooding, that will safely protect Venice indefinitely.
The city was founded by people from the greater Veneto region as a refuge from the Barbarian invasions, when the Western Roman Empire fell.
During the Middle Ages, Venice slowly grew to become an important commercial city.
Around the year 1000 AD the Republic of Venice started to create an empire in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.
It lasted until 1797, when it was annexed by Napoleon's France.
It then changed hands a few times, becoming a part of Austria two times, before becoming part of Italy during the Italian unification.
Venice deeply influenced the Venetian, Istrian and Dalmatian coasts for one thousand years.
Venice started to lose population after its conquest by Napoleon, but with the unification of Italy the city returned to be an important city.
It is actually one of the most visited places on Earth by tourists from all around the globe.
There are several ways to get around in Venice.
The most common is walking and using the vaporetto, which is a water bus which carries lots of people around the city.
The vaporetto goes around the City and on the Grand Canal, it does not enter the small canals of the city.
To see Venice from the small canals, most tourists use the gondola.
Taxi boats can also be used to move around the city and its lagoon.
The Grand Canal is long and can be crossed only on a few bridges.
A simple way to cross it is to take one of the traghetti (ferries).
The streets, Vaporetti, and traghetti are used by the locals, it is important to remember that they are their ways to move around the city to go to school, work and do their errands.
Usually, the warmest month is July and the coolest month is January.
The maximum average precipitation occurs in November.
The season of the acqua alta, high waters, are generally November to February.
During the acqua alta season, the city can be partially flooded for a couple of hours on certain days.
Venice has incredible crafts, culture, and tradition.
Shopping for handmade goods such as masks, Murano glass jewels, etc.
is a must.
These days, however, mass tourism led Venice to be invaded by many shops selling low-quality souvenirs.
Buying from the authentic local businesses has never been more important as it is essential to the future of the Venetians and is also the only guarantee for you to get a quality product.
It is not easy, though.
Thankfully, there is a social enterprise based in Venice, which works closely with the Venetian business owners, shops, restaurants, and bars included.
They have a certification process where the local artisan shops attest and commit to selling products that are both authentic and sustainable as well as to give a 10% discount to the customers carrying a "Venezia Autentica Friends' Pass"  ( buyable online for only 10 euros).
The shops are part of the program are easy to spot thanks to a sticker on their door.
John Rigby Hale.
Renaissance Venice (1974) ()
Lane, Frederic Chapin. ''
Venice: Maritime
Encyclopedia about Venice
A Website about life and travel in Venice
History of Italy
Naples is a southern Italian city with a port.
It faces the Mediterranean Sea and is near Mount Vesuvius.
Its name in Italian is Napoli which came from its Greek name Neapolis, meaning new city.
It has a population of about 1 million.
About 3 million live in the area around Naples (including Naples itself).
Ancient Greeks settled Naples in the 6th Century B.C. There were so many Greeks there, the Romans called it Magna Graecia, which means "Greater Greece."
Later the Romans conquered southern Italy and took Naples.
When the Roman Empire fell to invaders in the west, Naples came under the rule of the Byzantine Empire, the Greek-speaking Eastern Roman Empire.
Naples became independent later and but was combined with the Kingdom of Sicily during the Middle Ages.
By 1500 it was ruled by Aragón, which was a kingdom in eastern Spain.
Later Naples became part of Spain when Aragon and the other kingdom in Spain called Castile became one country.
Naples was part of this Kingdom of Spain until the Austrian Empire got it in the War of the Spanish Succession in 1714.
In the 19th century it was the capital of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
The Duchy of Savoy, or kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, conquered Naples in 1861.
That kingdom became the Kingdom of Italy.
Naples was heavily bombed when Italy fought in World War Two and British/American armies tried to capture it.
The average temperature in the summer is 24°C.
In the winter, the average can be as low as 8°C.
There is usually around 40 inches of rain in the city every year.
Naples is Italy's fourth-largest economy, with a 2011 GDP of US$83.6 billion.
The Port of Naples is one of the most important and busy ports in the Mediterranean.
The city, however, still has a lot of organized crime and political corruption, but it is also famous for its musical, theatrical and cinematographic culture.