the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
|1987||28||2||||||||||28||2
|1988||28||3||||||||||28||3
|1989||16||2||||||||||16||2
|1989/90||Juventus||Serie A||30||3||||||||||30||3
|1990/91||rowspan="2"|Lecce||Serie A||29||0||||||||||29||0
|1991/92||Serie B||30||2||||||||||30||2
|1993||rowspan="3"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||15||0||2||1||5||1||22||2
|1994||32||6||0||0||3||1||35||7
|1995||36||8||4||1||colspan="2"|-||40||9
|1996||Oddevold||Allsvenskan||5||0||||||||||5||0
|1997/98||Città di Anagni||Nazionale Dilettanti||0||0||||||||||0||0
|1997/98||Corigliano||Nazionale Dilettanti||9||1||||||||||9||1
|1985||14||1
|1988||15||2
|1991||8||1
Total||77||6
Arturo Lupoli (born 24 June 1987) is an Italian football player.
He plays for Ascoli.
People from Brescia
Lauren Etame Mayer (born 19 January 1977) is a retired Cameroonian football player.
|1995/96||Utrera||||30||5
|1996/97||Sevilla||La Liga||17||3
|1997/98||Levante||Segunda División||34||6
|1998/99||rowspan="2"|Mallorca||rowspan="2"|La Liga||32||1
|1999/00||30||3
|2000/01||rowspan="6"|Arsenal||rowspan="6"|Premier League||18||2
|2001/02||27||2
|2004/05||33||1
|2005/06||22||0
|2006/07||rowspan="3"|Portsmouth||rowspan="3"|Premier League||10||0
|2007/08||15||0
|2009/10||Córdoba||Segunda División||||
Tomoya Uchida (born 10 July 1983) is a Japanese football player.
Updated to 15 December 2016.
Shimokawa was born in Gifu on May 14, 1970.
After graduating from Gifu Technical High School, he joined Furukawa Electric (later JEF United Ichihara) in 1989.
From first season, he played as regular goalkeeper over 10 seasons.
In 2000, his opportunity to play decreased behind Ryo Kushino.
He moved to Yokohama F. Marinos in 2001.
However, there were few opportunities to play in the match.
His only match in the J1 League at Yokohama F. Marinos is last game in 2003 season.
In this match, he played instead Tetsuya Enomoto was shown a red card in the 15th minute.
Marinos won this match and won the J1 League champions in this season.
On June 10, 1995, Shimokawa debuted for the Japan national team against Sweden.
He played in all match at 1996 Asian Cup.
He played 9 games for Japan until 1997.
|1989/90||rowspan="3"|Furukawa Electric||rowspan="3"|JSL Division 1||20||0||||||0||0||20||0
|1990/91||21||0||||||0||0||21||0
|1991/92||16||0||||||0||0||16||0
|1992||rowspan="9"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="9"|J1 League||colspan="2"|-||0||0||5||0||5||0
|1993||14||0||3||0||0||0||17||0
|1994||43||0||2||0||2||0||47||0
|1995||44||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||45||0
|1996||30||0||1||0||14||0||45||0
|1997||15||0||2||0||7||0||24||0
|1998||32||0||0||0||4||0||36||0
|1999||30||0||1||0||0||0||31||0
|2000||13||0||0||0||2||0||15||0
|2001||rowspan="6"|Yokohama F. Marinos||rowspan="6"|J1 League||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|2003||1||0||1||0||0||0||2||0
|2004||0||0||1||0||0||0||1||0
Kunie Kitamoto (born 18 September 1981) is a Japanese football player.
|2000||rowspan="11"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|2001||6||0||2||0||2||0||10||0
|2002||22||1||1||0||0||0||23||1
|2003||24||1||3||0||2||0||29||1
|2004||27||2||0||0||6||0||33||2
|2005||33||1||1||0||6||0||40||1
|2006||J. League 2||43||5||0||0||colspan="2"|-||43||5
|2007||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||33||2||2||0||6||0||41||2
|2008||28||0||2||0||5||0||35||0
|2009||32||1||3||0||6||0||41||1
Akiba was born in Chiba on October 13, 1975.
After graduating from Funabashi Municipal High School, he joined his local club JEF United Ichihara in 1994.
He played many matches as defensive midfielder in 1995.
However his opportunity to play decreased for injury in 1996.
Although he moved to Avispa Fukuoka (1997) and Cerezo Osaka (1998), he could hardly play in the match.
He moved to J2 League club Albirex Niigata in 1999.
He played as regular player and the club was promoted to J1 League end of the 2003 season.
However his opportunity to play decreased in 2004 season and he moved to newly was promoted to J2 League club, Tokushima Vortis in 2005.
He played many matches and he moved to Thespa Kusatsu in September 2006.
He played until 2008.
He moved to SC Sagamihara in 2009 and played as playing manager until 2010.
In April 1995, Akiba was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 1995 World Youth Championship.
He played full time in all 4 matches as central defender of three backs defense.
In July 1996, he was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 1996 Summer Olympics.
He played 1 match as substitute as defensive midfielder.
In 2009, when Akiba played for SC Sagamihara, he became a playing manager.
In 2010, he retired playing career and resigned as manager.
In 2011, he signed with Mito HollyHock and became an assistant coach.
In 2013, he moved to Thespakusatsu Gunma and became a manager.
He resigned end of the 2014 season.
In 2020, he signed with Mito HollyHock as a manager.
|1994||rowspan="3"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="3"|J1 League||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|1995||37||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||38||1
|1996||16||1||0||0||9||0||25||1
|1997||Avispa Fukuoka||J1 League||0||0||0||0||3||0||3||0
|1998||Cerezo Osaka||J1 League||5||0||0||0||1||0||6||0
|1999||rowspan="6"|Albirex Niigata||rowspan="5"|J2 League||35||0||3||0||2||0||40||0
|2000||32||1||3||0||2||0||37||1
|2001||43||0||0||0||2||0||45||0
|2002||41||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||44||1
|2003||39||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||43||0
|2004||J1 League||14||0||0||0||5||0||19||0
|2005||rowspan="2"|Tokushima Vortis||rowspan="2"|J2 League||41||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||42||0
|2006||21||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||21||1
|2006||rowspan="3"|Thespa Kusatsu||rowspan="3"|J2 League||11||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||13||0
|2007||41||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||43||0
|2008||27||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||27||0
1906 establishments in the United Kingdom
Hironaga was born in Osaka Prefecture on July 25, 1975.
After graduating from Toin Gakuen High School, he joined Verdy Kawasaki (later Tokyo Verdy) in 1994.
He played as defensive midfielder and center back.
In 1994, the club won the championships for the J1 League and J.League Cup.
He moved to his local club Gamba Osaka in 1998.
He played many matches at Gamba, and returned to Verdy in June 1999.
He played as a forward as well as a midfielder.
His opportunity to play decreased in 2001 and he moved to the J2 League club Yokohama FC.
He played many matches as defensive midfielder.
He moved to Cerezo Osaka in 2003.
He retired at the end of the 2004 season.
In July 1996, Hironaga was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 1996 Summer Olympics.
At this tournament, he played 2 matches as defensive midfielder.
|1994||rowspan="4"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="4"|J1 League||18||1||2||0||3||0||23||1
|1995||9||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||11||0
|1996||8||0||0||0||4||0||12||0
|1997||18||0||1||0||5||0||24||0
|1998||rowspan="2"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="2"|J1 League||26||3||1||1||2||0||29||4
|1999||7||1||0||0||4||0||11||1
|1999||rowspan="2"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="2"|J1 League||5||0||0||0||0||0||5||0
|2000||24||2||2||0||3||1||29||3
|2001||Tokyo Verdy||J1 League||9||0||0||0||2||0||11||0
|2002||Yokohama FC||J2 League||32||5||3||0||colspan="2"|-||35||5
|2003||rowspan="2"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="2"|J1 League||19||0||0||0||3||0||22||0
Kiyokazu Kudo (born 21 June 1974) is a Japanese football player.
|1993||Yamaha Motors||Football League||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|1994||rowspan="5"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||9||0||1||0||0||0||10||0
|1995||15||2||2||0||colspan="2"|-||17||2
|1996||20||0||1||0||1||0||22||0
|1997||12||1||2||0||8||1||22||2
|1998||9||0||0||0||1||0||10||0
|1998||Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 1||8||1||3||2||0||0||11||3
|1999||rowspan="2"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||20||0||0||0||4||0||24||0
|2000||rowspan="6"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||11||0||3||0||2||0||16||0
|2001||12||1||0||0||0||0||12||1
|2002||J. League 2||35||3||4||1||colspan="2"|-||39||4
|2003||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||26||1||5||0||3||0||34||1
|2004||23||1||0||0||4||0||27||1
|2005||29||0||4||0||8||0||41||0
|2006||rowspan="5"|Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 1||29||1||0||0||4||1||33||2
|2007||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||43||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||45||1
|2008||34||4||1||0||colspan="2"|-||35||4
|2009||34||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||35||3
Austria national football team managers
Nithsdale Wanderers F.C. is a football club which plays in Scotland.
Their home ground is Lorimer Park.
Michiki was born in Nagasaki Prefecture on August 25, 1973.
After graduating from Kunimi High School, he joined Sanfrecce Hiroshima in 1992.
He mainly played as left side-back.
The club won the 2nd place at 1995 and 1996 Emperor's Cup.
Although he moved to Yokohama Marinos (later Yokohama F. Marinos) in 1998, his opportunity to play decreased.
He moved to Urawa Reds in 1999.
In 2003, although he moved to Vissel Kobe in January, he resigned in February.
Although he signed with Oita Trinita in April, he resigned in June.
In July 1996, Michiki was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 1996 Summer Olympics and he played in all matches.
In first match against Brazil, he assisted Teruyoshi Ito's goal and Japan won Brazil (1-0).
On October 13, 1996, he debuted for Japan national team against Tunisia.
He was selected Japan for 1996 Asian Cup in December, but he did not play in the match.
He played 4 games for Japan until 1997.
|1992||rowspan="6"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="6"|J1 League||colspan="2"|-||0||0||5||0||5||0
|1994||12||0||0||0||0||0||12||0
|1995||44||5||3||0||colspan="2"|-||47||5
|1996||17||2||5||0||8||1||30||3
|1997||26||1||2||0||0||0||28||1
|1998||Yokohama Marinos||J1 League||18||0||3||0||4||0||25||0
|1999||Yokohama F. Marinos||J1 League||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|1999||rowspan="4"|Urawa Reds||J1 League||15||0||2||0||4||0||21||0
|2000||J2 League||14||0||0||0||0||0||14||0
|2001||rowspan="2"|J1 League||16||0||4||0||3||0||23||0
|2002||10||0||0||0||6||0||16||0
|2003||Vissel Kobe||J1 League||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|2003||Oita Trinita||J1 League||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|1991/92||All Nippon Airways||JSL Division 1||12||0||||||0||0||12||0
|1992||rowspan="7"|Yokohama Flügels||rowspan="7"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||1||0||1||0
|1993||20||0||4||0||5||0||29||0
|1994||35||0||2||0||2||0||39||0
|1996||22||1||2||0||14||2||38||3
|1997||27||0||5||0||10||0||42||0
|1998||32||0||4||0||4||0||40||0
|1999||rowspan="7"|Kashiwa Reysol||rowspan="7"|J. League 1||28||0||4||0||8||0||40||0
|2000||28||0||2||0||2||0||32||0
|2001||26||1||1||0||4||0||31||1
|2002||28||0||1||0||5||0||34||0
|2003||24||0||0||0||1||0||25||0
|2004||8||0||1||0||0||0||9||0
|2005||19||0||1||0||3||0||23||0
Tetsuya Enomoto (born 2 May 1983) is a Japanese football player.
|2002||rowspan="9"|Yokohama F. Marinos||rowspan="9"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|2003||15||0||0||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||19||0
|2004||0||0||1||0||3||0||1||0||5||0
|2005||23||0||1||0||2||0||4||0||30||0
|2006||16||0||3||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||24||0
|2007||33||0||2||0||9||0||colspan="2"|-||44||0
|2008||31||0||4||0||8||0||colspan="2"|-||43||0
|2009||14||0||0||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|1996||rowspan="4"|Bellmare Hiratsuka||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|1997||9||0||0||0||0||0||9||0
|1999||10||0||1||0||1||0||12||0
|2000||rowspan="6"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||2||0||4||0||2||0||8||0
|2001||29||0||2||0||2||0||33||0
|2002||30||0||1||0||5||0||36||0
|2003||29||0||3||0||6||0||38||0
|2004||17||0||1||0||5||0||23||0
|2005||21||0||0||0||5||0||26||0
|2006||rowspan="4"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
His brother Masato Otake is also a former footballer.
Otake was born in Shizuoka on October 18, 1968.
After graduating from Juntendo University, he joined Japan Soccer League club All Nippon Airways (later Yokohama Flügels) in 1991.
The club won the champions in 1993 Emperor's Cup.
He played 188 matches as regular center back until 1997.
In 2001, the club won the champions and was promoted to J1 in a year.
He retired end of 2001 season.
On September 27, 1994, Otake debuted for the Japan national team against Australia.
He was also a member of the Japan team that won the 1992 Asian Cup but did not play in the match.
|1990/91||rowspan="2"|All Nippon Airways||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 1||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|1992||rowspan="6"|Yokohama Flügels||rowspan="6"|J1 League||colspan="2"|-||||||8||1||8||1
|1993||33||0||5||0||0||0||38||0
|1994||40||1||2||0||2||0||44||1
|1995||39||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||41||0
|1996||30||0||2||0||14||0||46||0
|1997||24||0||0||0||10||0||34||0
|1998||rowspan="4"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="3"|J1 League||31||1||2||0||4||0||37||1
|2000||23||0||1||0||7||0||31||0
|2001||J2 League||18||2||0||0||1||0||19||2
Latino Moderne (L.M.) is a language made by David Th.
Stark in the 1980s.
It was first published on the internet in 1996.
The language is a revision of the grammar of the IALA's constructed (made-up) language Interlingua, using the first creator's words with little change.
Applying the same principles that were used in developing the international vocabulary for Interlingua to developing a grammar, L.M. restores personal endings on its verbs and has gender and number agreement between its nouns and their adjectives and articles.
The language also has a more clear system for showing case differences with its pronouns.
This lets L.M. have a more free word order than Interlingua.
Most of the changes that L.M. makes to Interlingua are suggestions were really offered first by the creators of Interlingua -- for this reason, L.M. should be viewed as the next step for the IALA project, not as something in competition with it.
It is hoped that the spread and use of Latino Moderne may assist in solving some of the communication problems that exist in the European Union and throughout the modern world.
In this respect it shares the same goals as Interlingua, Esperanto, etc.. The developer of the language hopes that L.M. will be received and used as a suggested model language to help promote better international communication and friendship among nations.
No community is presently established for the Latino Moderne (L.M.) project.
Its developer, David Th.
Stark, welcomes any activity in this area by other interested parties. "
The language, Latino Moderne, belongs to all those who desire to use it."
The developer's website and a basic (1996) grammar with lessons for LM may be found at: http://www.oocities.org/athens/3150/latinomodernecontents.html
And about simplified Interlingua also called Modern Latin
The region is administered by Subprefeitura da Sé Encompassing the neighborhoods and districts Bela Vista, Bom Retiro, Cambuci, Consolação, Aclimação, Bras, Liberdade, República, Sé and Santa Cecília.
Not to be confused with the region known as Downtown Expanded, used eventually by the city government in actions urban planning, which also includes parts of the subdistricts of the Mooca, Lapa, Pinheiros and Vila Mariana or with Historic Center São Paulo Which includes only the oldest part of the central region.
Grandpa Never Lies is a children's book written by Ralph Fletcher with pictures drawn by Harvey Stevenson.
It was first published in 2000.
A young girl describes her special bond with her grandfather over four seasons.
The Grandfather tells creative stories in answer to her questions.
Each story is followed by her saying "And Grandpa never lies, so I know it's so".
Then Grandma suddenly dies and the little girl and her grandfather are sad and comfort each other.
BookCrossing (also: BC, BCing or BXing) is defined as "the practice of leaving a book in a public place to be picked up and read by others, who then do likewise."
The term comes from bookcrossing.com, a free online book club which began in order to further the practice, with the goal to "make the whole world a library."
The 'crossing' or exchanging of books may take many different forms, including wild releasing books in public, direct swaps with other members of the website, or "book rings" in which books travel in a set order to people who want to read that book.
The community aspect of BookCrossing.com has grown in ways that were not expected at the start, in the form of blog or forum discussions, mailing lists and yearly conventions all over the world.
Ron Hornbaker came up the idea for what is now known as BookCrossing in March 2001.
About four weeks later, on April 17, he started the website, which has grown all over the world.
By April 2003 the website had over 113,000 members, and in 2004 the Concise Oxford Dictionary included the word "bookcrossing".
In the same year, BookCrossing was featured as a part of a storyline in the Australian soap opera Neighbours.
As of 30 September 2009, Bookcrossing.com had over 814,000 members, with over 5,800,000 registered books.
In July 2007 Singapore became the first official BookCrossing country in the world.
2,000 locations within the country were designated as 'hotspots', similar to Official BookCrossing Zones.
In 2008, BookCrossing was introduced to Abu Dhabi as part of a joint venture with the Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture and Heritage.
In May 2005 BookCrossing.com won two People's Voice awards in the Webby Awards for best community website and best social/networking website.
BookCrossing was also featured in a BBC Radio project broadcast as 84 Book Crossing Road , which involved releasing 84 copies of Helene Hanff's book 84 Charing Cross Road around the world.
The show was produced by Tim Heffer and Alan Hall of Falling Tree Productions, and was nominated for a Sony Radio Academy Award in 2006.
Anyone who wishes to "release" books, whether leaving it in a public place or passing it on to a friend, must register on the BookCrossing.com website, although there is the option to remain hidden when "catching" the find of a book.
BookCrossing.com users can 'go hunting', where a member will go to the website to view a list of books that have just been "released", then go to the place it was left to "catch" it.
Books may also be left at Official BookCrossing Zones" (OBCZs), which are located in certain coffee shops, cafes, restaurants and other public places.
The purpose of these places is to get members in the area to leave books to share with the public.
This also promotes BookCrossing and creates more members.
BookCrossing.com
Bukit Timah is an area in Singapore and a hill in that area.
Bukit Timah Hill stands at an altitude of  and is the highest point in the city-state of Singapore.
Bukit Timah is near the centre of Singapore island.
Bukit Timah is 10 kilometres (6 miles) from Singapore's business district.
Etymology and history of Bukit Timah Hill
Bukit Timah, which means "tin-bearing hill" in Malay, was on the 1828 map by Frankin and Philip Jackson as Bukit Timah.
The hill was on the map as the eastern source of the Kranji River.
In December 1843, a road was built up to the hill.
The hill was an "excellent sanatorium", as the air was "cooler and fresher than the plain, producing an agreeable exhilaration of spirits".
For some, it is synonymous with the Singapore Turf Club, where members and paying visitors flock on race days.
This course is closed to the public, unlike the former course (now Farrer Park) where the general public enjoyed watching the king's sport for free.
The 25-km long Bukit Timah Road, the longest road in Singapore, running north and south of the island, takes its name from this hill.
The road to Kranji was completed in 1845.
Apparently, the area was so infested with tigers that it constituted a serious threat to human life.
In 1860, nearly 200 people were reported to have been killed by tigers in and about the gambier and pepper plantations.
The first ride on horseback across the island was along Bukit Timah Road in 1840; it took four days and was made by Mr Thomson and Dr Little.
Bukit Timah Road is known as tek kha kang a kinn in Hokkien, which means "the side of the stream in the tek kha (or Selegie Road) district".
This only refers to the lower end of the Bukit Timah Road.
The Wayang Satu and Bukit Timah village parts are differently called.
The Hokkiens also refer to Bukit Timah as be chia lo bue, meaning "end of the horse carriage road".
During World War II, the British Army lost Bukit Timah to the Japanese on February 11th, they knew they had little chance of winning the war as most of their food and supplies were stored there.
On 15 February 1942, the head of the Allied forces, Lieutenant General A.E. Percival surrendered to Lieutenant General Tomoyuki Yamashita at the Ford Factory in Bukit Timah.
During the Japanese Occupation, the Japanese troops built a Syonan-to Shinto shrine (Syonan-to was the Occupation name for Singapore), similar to the National Shinto in Japan but of a smaller size, at Bukit Timah Hill.
Two war memorials dedicated to the Japanese war dead and surprisingly, to the deceased British troops who died defending Singapore, were built at the site.
Students, Japanese commanders, British POWs' representatives would gather there regularly to commemorate the dead during the Occupation.
It was only shortly before the Japanese surrender, the Japanese forces hastily destroyed the Shinto Shrine, on fears that returning British forces will demolish it in an bad manner.
The present site where the Shinto Shrine existed, lied at a grey area between the Nature Reserve and Singapore Armed Forces restricted area.
Several historians have been down at the site, and an episode from then Television Corporation of Singapore (TCS) history documentary show, "Hey Singapore", was on the mysterious Shinto Shrine.
Since then, the Singapore Government has erected the place as "Historical Site".
No plans have been indicated to restore the site, on speculations of angry responses from the People Republic of China (PRC) and abroad.
The Japanese war dead were brought back to the controversial Yasukuni Shrine, while the remains of the British troops were instituted at the British Commonwealth's Kranji War Memorial in Singapore.
Nothing of the Syonan-to Shinto shrine remains, except for the Holy Cleansing Pond and several Japanese stone pavements left at the site.
After the Japanese Occupation, the farms and plantations in Bukit Timah gave way to industrial buildings and high-rise flats.
In the 1960s and 1970s, Bukit Timah was a major industrial center.
Today, these have been replaced with luxury bungalows, terraces and condominiums, making Bukit Timah Singapore's premier residential district.
The Bukit Timah area is a particularly prominent location with a high land value.
The area of Bukit Timah has an extensive flora and forest compared to the parts of Singapore, and contains Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, which is partially responsible for its high land value.
The nature reserve was established in 1883.
The nearby area houses many bungalows, traditionally expensive in land-scarce Singapore, as well as high rise condominiums.
Many expatriates and well heeled Singaporeans tend to stay in this region.
The rise in land prices has led to development of new condominiums.
For example, the Copthorne Orchid Hotel in Dunearn Road is being redeveloped into condominiums for sale.
This region was later extended and Upper Bukit Timah (District 21) was formed.
The Keretapi Tanah Melayu from Malaysia has a passing loop station here along its rail network from Johor Bahru to Tanjong Pagar.
Victor R Savage, Brenda S A Yeoh (2003), Toponymics - A Study of Singapore Street Names, Eastern Universities Press,
National Heritage Board (2002), Singapore's 100 Historic Places, Archipelago Press,
Interactive 360° VR tour of the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve
Geography of Singapore
Rossall is a suburb of the town of Fleetwood on the Fylde coast in Lancashire, England.
Settlements in Lancashire
Armenia and Turkey's relations have been strained for a number of years mostly concerning the Nagorno-Karabakh area and Armenias claim of genocide by the Ottoman Empire.
Turkey also has taken a stand for Azerbaijan in their conflict.
However, on October 10, 2009 both Turkey and Armenia signed an accord that aimed to lead to a new relationship between the two countries and an opening of the borders.
However, those diplomatic efforts to ease the relations have stopped, as Armenia suspended the process.
Lytham St Annes () is a seaside resort area in Lancashire, England.
It is on the coast of the Fylde district.
It is next to Blackpool.
Beaches of Europe
Poulton-le-Fylde  is a town in the Wyre borough of Lancashire, England.
As of 2001, 19,480 people lived there.
Coppa Italia is an annual Italian football cup competition.
The 2017 Coppa Italia was played between Lazio and Juventus at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome, Italy, which saw Juventus winning by 2-0.
Winners by year
Anna Anka born April 28, 1971 in Poland is an American model, actress and author and wife of singer Paul Anka.
Anna Anka – earlier Anna Åberg – was born in Poland and was later adopted to a Swedish family in Bjuv, Skåne.
In 1993 she left Sweden for the U.S and appeared in movies like Dumb and Dumber and Drop Zone, she also appeared twice in the TV-series Baywatch.
During late 2009 she appeared in the Swedish reality show (Svenska Hollywoodfruar) which followed three Swedish women who had left Sweden for a life in Hollywood.
Anka received American citizenship in 2009.
Super Sweet 16: The Movie is an MTV television movie, based on the series My Super Sweet 16.
Full release dates
United States: July 9, 2007 on MTV
United States: July 10, 2007 on DVD
New Zealand: October 13, 2007 on MTV
Australia: October 13, 2007 on MTV
Paraguay: November 24, 2007 on MTV
The Netherlands: December 26, 2007 on MTV
Stacy Madeleine Schiff (born October 26, 1961) is a Pulitzer Prize-winning American nonfiction author and guest columnist for The New York Times.
Schiff is a graduate of Phillips Academy.
She earned her degree from Williams College in 1982.
She was a Senior Editor at Simon & Schuster until 1990.
Her stories have been published in The New Yorker, The New York Times Book Review and The Times Literary Supplement.
Schiff won the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for her biography of Vera Nabokov, wife and muse of Lolita and Pale Fire author Vladimir Nabokov.
She was also a in the final running for the 1995 Pulitzer Prize for Saint-Exupéry: A Biography about Antoine de Saint Exupéry.
Schiff's A Great Improvisation:  Franklin, France, and the Birth of America won the 2006 George Washington Book Prize, the Ambassador Award in American Studies, and the Institut Français’s Gilbert Chinard Prize.
Schiff has received fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation and the National Endowment of the Humanities, and was a Director’s Fellow at the Center for Scholars and Writers at the New York Public Library.
She was awarded a 2006 Academy Award in Literature from the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
Currently a guest writer at The New York Times, Schiff resides in New York City and Edmonton, Alberta.
Schiff wrote a New Yorker profile of Wikipedia ("Know It All" column, July 31, 2006), the correction of which in February 2007 sparked the Essjay controversy.
(Nominated for the 1995 Pulitzer Prize)
(Winner of 2000 Pulitzer Prize)
(Winner of the George Washington Book Prize in 2006)
(Published in the UK as )
(In preparation)
Selected essays and articles
"Desperately Seeking Susan."
New York Times, October 13, 2006.
(Review of )
"An Interview with Stacy Schiff" by Suellen Stringer-Hye, published in April 1999 by Random House.
Tenure is normally used for jobs, usually academic high-ranking jobs like professors.
It is to protect professors who are teaching something that their employer, the university, might not agree with.
Tenure means that these people cannot be fired without a very good reason- the job is for life.
The reason for tenure is to help professors be bold about what they teach and research, so that new ideas will be developed.
Or a teacher can also have a tenure.
It depends how long their term has to be.
Sometimes judges also get tenure.
This is so that they can make decisions based on the evidence, even if this means saying that the government, which is their employer, is wrong.
Katsuya was educated at and played for Shimabara Commercial High School and Osaka University of Commerce.
After graduating in 1984, he joined Japan Soccer League side Honda.
He was selected Best Eleven in 1985/86 and 1986/87.
But he moved to fellow JSL side Nissan Motors (later Yokohama Marinos) in 1991.
He was transferred to Júbilo Iwata in 1994, then to Cerezo Osaka in 1998, and retired from the game at the end of the 1998 season.
In September 1985, Katsuya was selected the Japan national team for 1986 World Cup qualification.
At this qualification, on September 22, he debuted against Hong Kong.
He also played 1986 Asian Games and 1988 Summer Olympics qualification in 1987.
In 1992, Katsuya was selected Japan for the first time in 5 years.
He was a member of the Japan won the 1992 Asian Cup.
He played 3 matches in the competition.
In 1993, he was also selected Japan for 1994 World Cup qualification.
At this qualification, he filled in for injured left back Satoshi Tsunami in the Final round.
He was on the pitch when Japan's hope to play in the finals was dashed by an injury-time Iraqi equaliser in the last qualifier, the match that the Japanese fans now refer to as the "Agony of Doha" (ドーハの悲劇).
He played 27 games for Japan until 1993.
After retirement, Katsuya started coaching career at Cerezo Osaka in 1999.
He mainly served as an assistant coach and scout.
|1984||rowspan="7"|Honda||rowspan="7"|JSL Division 1||16||1||||||||||16||1
|1985/86||22||0||||||||||22||0
|1986/87||19||1||||||||||19||1
|1987/88||22||1||||||3||0||25||1
|1988/89||18||0||||||1||0||19||0
|1989/90||22||2||||||2||1||24||3
|1990/91||21||1||||||4||0||25||1
|1991/92||Nissan Motors||JSL Division 1||20||0||||||3||0||23||0
|1992||rowspan="2"|Yokohama Marinos||rowspan="2"|J1 League||colspan="2"|-||0||0||6||0||6||0
|1993||25||0||1||0||0||0||26||0
|1994||rowspan="4"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="4"|J1 League||22||1||1||0||0||0||23||1
|1995||35||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||35||1
|1996||27||0||1||0||13||1||41||0
|1997||15||0||2||0||4||0||21||0
|1998||Cerezo Osaka||J1 League||14||0||0||0||0||0||14||0
Yoshida was born in Kariya on March 8, 1962.
After graduating from Kariya Technical High School, he joined Japan Soccer League side Yamaha Motors (later Júbilo Iwata) in 1980.
The club won 1982 Emperor's Cup and 1987/88 Japan Soccer League.
He never moved to any other club and retired as an Iwata player after the 1995 season.
He played total 275 league matches and scored 35 goals for club.
Yoshida was capped 35 times and scored 2 goals for the Japan national team between 1988 and 1993.
He made his international debut in a friendly against China on June 2, 1988.
He played twice in the tournament.
|1980||rowspan="14"|Yamaha Motors||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 1||1||0||||||0||0||1||0
|1981||9||1||||||0||0||9||1
|1982||JSL Division 2||14||7||||||3||2||17||9
|1983||rowspan="9"|JSL Division 1||16||2||||||1||0||17||2
|1984||18||7||||||||||18||7
|1985/86||21||3||||||1||0||22||3
|1986/87||12||1||||||1||0||13||1
|1987/88||22||3||||||2||2||24||5
|1988/89||21||3||||||2||0||23||3
|1989/90||22||4||||||5||1||27||5
|1990/91||12||0||||||0||0||12||0
|1991/92||21||3||||||1||0||22||3
|1992||rowspan="2"|Football League||12||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||14||1
|1993||16||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||17||0
|1994||rowspan="2"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="2"|J1 League||34||0||0||0||1||0||35||0
|1995||24||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||24||0
Total||35||2
Anthony Vanden Borre (born 24 October 1987) is a Belgian football player.
He plays for Portsmouth and Belgium national team.
|2003/04||rowspan="4"|Anderlecht||rowspan="4"|First Division||8||0
|2005/06||22||3
|2007/08||Fiorentina||Serie A||2||0
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Genoa||rowspan="2"|Serie A||6||0
|2008/09||25||0
Total||22||1
Danubio was founded by two brothers, Miguel and Juan Lazaroff on 1 March 1932 together with other youths from a school in Montevideo.
The club name is a reference to the Danube river, a major waterway in Europe.
1932 establishments in South America
Thornton is a town on the Fylde, in Lancashire, England.
It is about four miles north of Blackpool and two miles south of Fleetwood.
It is in the borough of Wyre.
It is linked to the town of Cleveleys by Victoria Road.
Lancashire County Council is the local authority for the county of Lancashire, England.
They meet in the County Hall.
Central Pier is one of three piers in the town of Blackpool, England.
John Isaac Mawson designed the pier.
The pier was opened 30 May 1868.
Stefan Ishizaki (born 15 May 1982) is a Swedish football player.
He plays for Elfsborg and Sweden national team.
|1997||rowspan="2"|Rågsved||||15||0
|1998||||18||0
|1999||rowspan="5"|AIK Solna||rowspan="5"|Allsvenskan||0||0
|2000||21||3
|2001||18||3
|2002||25||5
|2003||24||2
|2003/04||Genoa||Serie B||4||0
|2004||AIK Solna||Allsvenskan||15||4
|2004/05||Genoa||Serie B||3||0
|2005||Vålerenga||Premier League||15||2
|2006||rowspan="5"|Elfsborg||rowspan="5"|Allsvenskan||25||4
|2008||21||8
|2009||22||6
|1989/90||rowspan="3"|All Nippon Airways||rowspan="3"|JSL Division 1||22||0||||||||||22||0
|1990/91||19||0||||||4||0||23||0
|1991/92||19||0||||||0||0||19||0
|1992||rowspan="4"|Yokohama Flügels||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||9||0||9||0
|1993||34||1||5||0||6||0||45||1
|1994||38||0||2||0||0||0||40||0
|1995||38||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||38||0
|1996||rowspan="3"|Avispa Fukuoka||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||20||0||2||0||14||0||36||0
|1997||8||0||3||0||0||0||11||0
|1998||32||1||3||0||4||0||39||1
|1988/89||rowspan="4"|Toshiba||JSL Division 2||||||||||||||||
|1989/90||rowspan="3"|JSL Division 1||20||2||||||||||20||2
|1990/91||22||3||||||2||0||24||3
|1991/92||19||0||||||2||0||21||0
|1992||rowspan="5"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||3||0||11||2||14||2
|1993||30||8||0||0||4||1||34||9
|1994||20||2||1||0||0||0||21||2
|1995||29||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||29||2
|1996||6||3||0||0||1||0||7||3
|1997||rowspan="5"|Kawasaki Frontale||rowspan="2"|Football League||21||10||2||0||colspan="2"|-||23||10
|1998||14||2||2||1||1||0||17||3
|1999||J. League 2||16||0||3||1||0||0||19||1
|2000||J. League 1||8||1||1||0||1||0||10||1
|2001||J. League 2||11||1||1||0||1||0||13||1
Junji Nishizawa (born 10 May 1974) is a former Japanese football player.
|1994||7||1||0||0||0||0||7||1
|1995||8||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0
|1996||12||0||0||0||9||0||21||0
|1997||rowspan="3"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||21||0||3||0||1||0||25||0
|1998||26||1||0||0||4||0||30||1
|1999||8||1||2||0||0||0||10||1
|2000||Kawasaki Frontale||J. League 1||19||1||1||0||7||0||27||1
|2001||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||17||0||1||0||4||0||22||0
|2002||2||0||0||0||0||0||2||0
|2002||Kashima Antlers||J. League 1||7||0||1||0||0||0||8||0
|2003||rowspan="6"|Consadole Sapporo||rowspan="5"|J. League 2||21||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||21||1
|2004||36||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||40||0
|2006||10||0||7||0||colspan="2"|-||17||0
|2007||38||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||38||0
|2008||J. League 1||18||0||0||0||1||0||19||0
Sanada was born in Shizuoka on March 6, 1968.
After graduating from Juntendo University, he joined All Nippon Airways in 1990.
He played as regular goalkeeper from first season.
In 1992, he moved to new club Shimizu S-Pulse based in his local.
Although he played in all matches in 1992, he battles with Sidmar for the position from 1993.
After Sidmar retired end of the 1995 season, Sanada became completely regular goalkeeper.
The club won the champion in the 1996 J.League Cup which is first major title in the club history.
In 1999, the club won the 2nd place in J1 League.
He was also selected Best Eleven.
In Asia, the club won the champions 1999–2000 Asian Cup Winners' Cup which is their first Asian champions.
From 2001, his opportunity to play decreased behind young goalkeepers Keisuke Hada and Takaya Kurokawa.
He retired end of the 2004 season.
In 1988, when Sanada was a Juntendo University student, he was selected the Japan national "B team" for 1988 Asian Cup.
After the retirement, Sanada became a goalkeeper coach at Shimizu S-Pulse in 2005.
In 2008, he moved to JEF United Chiba.
In 2011, he returned to S-Pulse.
However he rested for health problem from September 2.
|1990/91||rowspan="2"|All Nippon Airways||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 1||20||0||||||4||0||colspan="2"|-||24||0
|1991/92||16||0||||||1||0||colspan="2"|-||17||0
|1992||rowspan="13"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="13"|J1 League||colspan="2"|-||3||0||11||0||colspan="2"|-||14||0
|1993||19||0||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||20||0
|1994||14||0||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|1995||34||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||35||0
|1996||30||0||3||0||16||0||colspan="2"|-||49||0
|1997||32||0||3||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||41||0
|1999||30||0||3||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||37||0
|2001||4||0||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|2002||13||0||0||0||3||0||1||0||17||0
|2003||4||0||4||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0
|2004||0||0||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|2000/01||Atlético Madrid||Segunda División||2||0
|2000/01||Universidad Las Palmas||Segunda División||9||1
|2001/02||Real Jaén||Segunda División||16||1
|2002/03||Atlético Madrid||La Liga||0||0
|2003/04||Elche||Segunda División||6||1
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="2"|La Liga||1||0
|2005/06||17||1
|2006/07||Albacete Balompié||Segunda División||15||1
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Recreativo Huelva||rowspan="2"|La Liga||11||0
Kojima was born in Nogata on December 12, 1977.
After graduating from Higashi Fukuoka High School, he joined Gamba Osaka in 1996.
He played many matches as forward from 1997.
Around this time, many young players Tsuneyasu Miyamoto, Junichi Inamoto and Ryuji Bando got an opportunity to play in the club.
However his opportunity to play decreased behind Kota Yoshihara in 2001.
From 2002, he played for Consadole Sapporo (2002), Omiya Ardija (2002), Oita Trinita (2003) and Vissel Kobe (2003-05).
At Vissel Kobe, he was converted to mainly defensive midfielder in 2004.
He moved to Regional Leagues club FC Gifu in 2006.
|1996||rowspan="6"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="6"|J1 League||9||1||3||1||2||0||14||2
|1997||20||1||3||0||6||1||29||2
|1998||34||17||1||0||4||3||39||20
|1999||21||6||2||2||3||1||26||9
|2000||30||9||4||2||3||0||37||11
|2001||17||2||3||0||2||0||22||2
|2002||Consadole Sapporo||J1 League||5||0||0||0||2||1||7||1
|2002||Omiya Ardija||J2 League||11||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||11||3
|2003||Oita Trinita||J1 League||0||0||0||0||1||0||1||0
|2003||rowspan="3"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="3"|J1 League||6||0||3||1||1||0||10||1
|2004||21||2||0||0||5||0||26||2
|2005||11||0||1||0||0||0||12||0
|2006||rowspan="3"|FC Gifu||Regional Leagues||11||6||3||2||colspan="2"|-||14||8
|2007||Football League||28||7||3||0||colspan="2"|-||31||7
|2008||J2 League||27||2||2||0||colspan="2"|-||29||2
|2001||rowspan="3"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||J. League 2||8||0||1||0||0||0||9||0
|2002||rowspan="7"|J. League 1|||22||0||5||0||5||0||32||0
|2003||25||0||0||0||3||0||28||0
|2004||rowspan="3"|Nagoya Grampus Eight|||22||4||1||1||6||0||29||5
|2005||22||1||1||0||3||1||26||2
|2006||Kyoto Purple Sanga||18||1||1||0||1||0||20||1
|2007||Nagoya Grampus Eight||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|2007||rowspan="4"|Kyoto Sanga||J. League 2||41||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||42||0
|2008||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||24||1||2||0||3||0||29||1
|2009||29||0||2||0||4||1||35||1
|2011||rowspan="2"|Vegalta Sendai||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||||||||||||
Ram Narayan (born 25 December 1927 in Udaipur, British Raj) is an Indian musician.
He plays the instrument sarangi and is well known for playing in Europe and the United States.
Ram Narayan's website
|2005||rowspan="6"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||8||0||5||0||1||0||14||0
|2006||34||9||3||0||6||2||43||11
|2007||28||3||3||0||2||1||33||4
|2008||30||8||3||1||11||4||44||13
|2009||32||6||2||0||10||3||44||9
|1993||rowspan="2"|PJM Futures||rowspan="2"|Football League||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|1994||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|1995||rowspan="2"|Tosu Futures||rowspan="2"|Football League||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|1996||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|1997||rowspan="4"|Sagan Tosu||rowspan="2"|Football League||30||0||3||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||36||0
|1998||30||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||33||0
|1999||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||34||0||3||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||38||0
|2000||37||0||3||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||42||0
|2001||JEF United Ichihara||J. League 1||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|2002||rowspan="2"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||1||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0
|2003||0||0||0||0||0||0||3||0||3||0
|2004||rowspan="2"|Oita Trinita||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||20||0||2||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||27||0
|2005||3||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|2006||Nagoya Grampus Eight||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
Euller (born 15 March 1971) is a Brazilian football player.
|1991||rowspan="3"|América-MG||rowspan="2"|Série B||0||0||||||||||0||0
|1992||0||0||||||||||0||0
|1993||Série A||13||5||||||||||13||5
|1994||São Paulo||Série A||12||1||||||||||12||1
|1995||rowspan="2"|Atlético Mineiro||rowspan="2"|Série A||20||2||||||||||20||2
|1996||22||9||||||||||22||9
|1997||Palmeiras||Série A||29||6||||||||||29||6
|1998||Verdy Kawasaki||J. League 1||16||12||0||0||0||0||16||12
|1999||Palmeiras||Série A||10||0||||||||||10||0
|2000||rowspan="3"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="3"|Série A||8||1||||||||||8||1
|2001||14||7||||||||||14||7
|2002||rowspan="2"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||14||7||5||4||2||2||21||13
|2003||22||4||0||0||3||1||25||5
|2004||São Caetano||Série A||35||3||||||||||35||3
|2005||Atlético Mineiro||Série A||27||7||||||||||27||7
|1992||rowspan="4"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||11||1||11||1
|1993||32||1||3||1||7||0||42||2
|1994||43||2||2||0||3||0||48||2
|1995||50||6||3||0||colspan="2"|-||53||6
|1996||rowspan="3"|Consadole Sapporo||rowspan="2"|Football League||23||7||3||0||colspan="2"|-||30||7
|1997||27||1||3||2||5||0||35||3
|1998||J. League 1||11||0||0||0||3||0||14||0
Dan Calichman (born February 21, 1968) is a former American soccer player.
He has played for the United States national team.
|1990/91||rowspan="2"|Mazda||JSL Division 2||26||1||||||3||1||29||2
|1991/92||JSL Division 1||11||0||||||0||0||11||0
|1992||rowspan="2"|Sanfrecce Hiroshima||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||6||1||6||1
|1993||13||0||0||0||1||0||14||0
|1995||New York Centaurs||A-League||0||0||||||||||0||0
|1996||rowspan="3"|Los Angeles Galaxy||rowspan="3"|Major League Soccer||28||0||||||||||28||0
|1997||32||0||||||||||32||0
|1998||8||0||||||||||8||0
|1999||rowspan="2"|New England Revolution||rowspan="2"|Major League Soccer||25||0||||||||||25||0
|2000||4||0||||||||||4||0
|2000||San Jose Earthquakes||Major League Soccer||16||0||||||||||16||0
|2001||Charleston Battery||USL A-League||30||1||||||||||30||1
Kerrea Gilbert (born 28 February 1987) is an English football player.
He plays for Peterborough United.
|2005/06||Arsenal||Premier League||2||0||2||0||4||0||1||0||9||0
|2006/07||Cardiff City||League Championship||24||0||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||26||0
|2007/08||Southend United||League One||5||0||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|2008/09||Leicester City||League One||34||1||2||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||38||1
|2009/10||Arsenal||Premier League||0||0||0||0||2||0||1||0||3||0
|2009/10||Peterborough United||League Championship||||||||||||||||||||
The Vikings were a Scandinavian people from Northern Europe who were known as great seamen and warriors.
From the 8th to the 11th centuries they traveled to Europe in their long ships, attacking and then settling in areas that are now modern Great Britain, Germany, France, Spain, and Italy.
The people of the far north, later called Vikings, were first noticed by the Romans around the year 100 BC.{{efn|The Romans of the time believed the Baltic sea was a part of the ocean and lands north of the Baltic were islands.
Early writers mentioned an island called Thule.<ref>Barry Cunliffe, The Extraordinary Voyage of Pytheas the Greek: The Man Who Discovered Britain (New York: Walker & Company, 2002), p. 126</ref> It lay beyond the known world of the time but it is thought now to be Norway.
They did not come into contact with Germanic tribes north of the Danube until the 1st century AD.
About 98 AD, Tacitus wrote Germania which was an account of the German peoples..}} This is when the Cimbri and the Teutons moved into southern Gaul.
The Romans believed these war-like tribes came from Jutland.
But the Romans suspected they were only a part of a greater threat located further north.
The Roman historians Jordanes described the destructive Ostrogoths and Visigoths as having come from Gotland.
The northern menace survived the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
The Frankish Empire that succeeded them in Gaul became more and more aware of the northern threat.
As the later Carolingian Empire expanded into northern Germany they came into contact with the Danish people.
This is when the Vikings first entered into written history.
The first recorded raid in the west was at Lindisfarne in 793.
Why the Vikings suddenly began raiding is not completely clear.
But a popular theory is the populations had grown to the point there was not enough food to feed everyone.
The earliest raiders did not seem to want to move out of Scandinavia.
They turned to looting, then returning home.
These hit and run raids were made possible because the Vikings were master boat builders and they created flat bottomed boats ideal for journeys up rivers, where many monastic sites lay, ready for plundering.
This seems to indicate there was space enough for everyone.
Because they found raiding so easy, it became more and more popular among the Vikings.
Three different groups of Vikings can be identified.
They took three different, sometimes overlapping, routes.
Danes raided England, Gaul, and followed the Atlantic coast of Europe south into the Mediterranean to Italy.
Swedes went eastward into the Baltic Sea.
They followed the Volga and Dnieper Rivers south as far as the Black Sea.
One group, called the Rus', founded the settlement of Kiev.
They called it Russland (later known as Russia).
Norwegians raided England but preferred Ireland and Scotland.
They also traveled to Greenland and about the year 1,000 AD landed at a place they called Vinland (North America).
Vikings in Europe
Europeans were scared of the Vikings because of their strong weapons, swift attacks, and cruel fighting tactics.
They were known for their bad treatment of women, children and monks in the places where they fought.
When the Vikings came to England, the English kings paid them to leave the country, but the Vikings took their money and sometimes fought them anyway.
These payments were called Danegeld.
From the 9th century to 1066, when the French Duke of Normandy, who became King William I of England, conquered it, Danish and Norwegian Vikings ruled large parts of England.
Because of their longships, which could float in 4 feet (1.3m) of water, the Vikings were able to make their way up rivers and land deep inside a country.
For example they sailed up the River Shannon in Ireland and built a harbour 60 miles (100 km) from the coast.
There was a difference in who led Viking raids.
In the 9th century Viking Age raids were led by men who may have been exiles in their own countries.
The later Viking raids in the late 10th century and early 11th century and were led by Kings.
Some of the early leaders tried to become kings with the riches they plundered from Europe and Russia.
Some were successful but most were not.
In Russia and the Mediterranean
The Vikings were called Rus' by the peoples east of the Baltic Sea.
The Vikings who settled in Kiev formed the first Russian state.
The Vikings (Rus') who served the Byzantine Emperors were called Varangians.
They became the personal bodyguards to the Emperor and were called the Varangian Guard.
The Vikings traveled through Russia, the Mediterranean Sea, southern Europe, northern Africa and south-western Asia.
Some Vikings sailed across the Atlantic Ocean via Iceland and Greenland and may have explored places in North America.
The ruins of a Viking settlement have been found at L'Anse-aux-Meadows, Newfoundland.
Archaeologists used radiocarbon dating to find out how old the settlement was.
Their tests gave them a range of dates from about AD 700 to about AD 1000.
Some English words, and many place names, came from the Scandinavian and Viking language (Norse).
For example, the words skirt and shirt came from the word skyrta, meaning a tunic.
As English changed, the semantics altered to give us the separate words 'skirt' and 'shirt' we know today.
Skin came from the Norse word skinn (which meant to strip the meat off something).
Some place-names in the areas the Vikings conquered are still in use.
For example, in Yorkshire places ending with thwaite meant a clearing and dale meant a valley.
The word thorpe meant new village, such as Scunthorpe.
The Anglo-Saxons called the Vikings pagans.