the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Miss Leigh wrote long letters to her husband then during the shooting of GWTW, complaining about the script, the change of director from George Cukor to Victor Fleming.
The change was made at the insistence of Clark Gable, who felt that Cukor was devoting too much time and attention to directing Miss Leigh and her co-star, Olivia de Havilland.
Miss Leigh also complained in her letters of Gable's bad breath due to his dentures.
When her divorce was final, she married Olivier (she referred to him as her husband until she died, although they had been divorced for many years).
Leigh believed that Olivier was the best actor of his (or any) generation, and worked very hard to be worthy of acting with him - on stage, of course.
Leigh believed, as did Olivier, that the only place "real" acting took place was on the stage.
Her movie career reflects her lack of enthusiasm for that medium, concentrating instead on acting with Lord Olivier in live theatre.
Many critics, however, did not feel that she had the "presence" and vocal prowess that Olivier possessed and her reviews were often (perhaps unfairly) negatively compared to her husband.
Leigh was considered to be beautiful and this sometimes meant that she thought that she was not taken seriously as an actress.
However her ill health was often a bigger problem.
Leigh suffered from bipolar disorder and often had tuberculosis.
These meant that her career went through period of decline and that she was sometimes considered difficult to work with.
She died of tuberculosis in London.
The prayer to the Sacred Heart of Jesus is a Roman Catholic devotion.
A devotion is something that people do or say to show their love for God and Jesus.
Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque wrote the prayer.
When Roman Catholics pray to the Sacred Heart of Jesus they are praying for a part of Jesus that they believe is divine.
The devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus  is also popular among some Anglo-Catholic Anglicans (Anglicans who use many of the same practices as Catholics).
Early devotion
Early Christians, for example John the Evangelist and Paul of Tarsus, wrote the first devotions or prayers to the love of God.
The earliest devotions to the Sacred Heart of Jesus were from the Benedictine or Cistercian monasteries.
St. Bernard of Clairveaux from the Cistercian religious order was the first person to write a devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus, but some people believe that the first person was St. Anselm.
The devotion of the Sacred Heart of Jesus started to be more popular between the 13th century and the 16th century.
Some religious orders, for example the Franciscans, Dominicans, and Carthusians practised the devotion.
But, the devotion of the Sacred Heart of Jesus was most common with individual Christians.
For many the devotion was a mystical devotion - similar to an experience in mysticism.
In the sixteenth century, there was a change in the way people practised the devotion of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
The devotion started to be part of Christian Asceticism and stopped being part of Christian Mysticism.
In the sixteenth century, the devotion also started to use special written prayers and exercises.
For example, the devotion used the writings of Lanspergius (d. 1539) of the Carthusians of Cologne and of Louis of Blois (Blosius; 1566), who was a Benedictine and Abbot of Liessies in Hainaut.
The devotion also used or followed the writing of John of Avila (d. 1569) and St. Francis de Sales, who lived in the 17th century.
In the 17th century, writers who followed Christian Asceticism wrote about the devotion of the "Sacred Heart of Christian Jesus".
For example, Ascetic writers from the Society of Jesus wrote about the devotion many times.
The image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus became very common.
It was popular because many people used the image in the Franciscan devotion to the "Five Wounds" (explanation needed).
The image also became popular because many Jesuits - members of the Society of Jesus- put the image on the first page of their books and on the walls of their churches.
But, the devotion of the Sacred Heart of Jesus continued to be a private and mostly individual devotion.
Jean Eudes (1602-1680) made it a public devotion, gave it a religious Office (needs explanation), and created a Feast for it.
Père Eudes was the apostle of the Heart of Mary; but in his devotion to the Immaculate Heart there was a share for the Heart of Jesus.
Little by little, the devotion to the Sacred Heart became a separate one, and on August 31, 1670, the first feast of the Sacred Heart was celebrated in the Grand Seminary of Rennes.
Coutances followed suit on October 20, a day with which the Eudist feast was from then on to be connected.
The feast soon spread to other dioceses, and the devotion adopted in various religious communities.
It gradually came into contact with the devotion begun at Paray, and resulting in a fusion of the two.
Visions of St. Margaret Mary
The most significant source for the devotion to the Sacred Heart in the form it is known today was a nun of the religious congregation of the Visitation of Mary Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque (1647-1690), who claimed to have received visions of Jesus Christ.
There is nothing to indicate that she had known the devotion prior to the revelations, or at least that she had paid any attention to it.
These alleged revelations were numerous, and the following apparitions are especially remarkable:
On December 27, probably 1673, the feast of St. John, Margaret Mary reported that Jesus permitted her, as he had formerly allowed St. Gertrude, to rest her head upon his heart.
He then disclosed to her the wonders of his love, telling her that wanted them known to all mankind and to spread the treasures of his goodness, and that he had chosen her for this work.
During the octave of Corpus Christi, 1675, probably on June 16, the vision known as the "great apparition" reportedly took place, where Jesus said, "Behold the Heart that has so loved men ... instead of gratitude I receive from the greater part (of mankind) only ingratitude ...", and asked Margaret Mary for a feast of reparation of the Friday after the octave of Corpus Christi, bidding her consult Father de la Colombière, then superior of the small Jesuit house at Paray.
Solemn homage was asked on the part of the king, and the mission of propagating the new devotion was especially confided to the religious of the Visitation and to the priests of the Society of Jesus.
A few days after the "great apparition", Margaret Mary reported everything she saw to Father de la Colombière, and he acknowledging the vision as an action of the spirit of God, consecrated himself to the Sacred Heart and directed her to write an account of the apparition.
He also made use of every available opportunity to circulate this account, discreetly, through France and England.
At his death, February 15, 1682, there was found in his journal of spiritual retreats a copy in his own handwriting of the account that he had requested of Margaret Mary, together with a few reflections on the usefulness of the devotion.
This journal, including the account and an "offering" to the Sacred Heart, in which the devotion was well explained, was published at Lyons in 1684.
The little book was widely read, even at Paray.
Margaret Mary reported feeling "dreadful confusion" over the book's contents, but resolved to make the best of it, approving of the book for the spreading of her cherished devotion.
Outside of the Visitandines, priests, religious, and laymen espoused the devotion, particularly a Capuchin, Margaret Mary's two brothers, and some Jesuits, among the latter being Fathers Croiset and Gallifet, who promoted the devotion.
The death of Margaret Mary, October 17, 1690, did not dampen the zeal of those interested; on the contrary, a short account of her life published by Father Croiset in 1691, as an appendix to his book "De la Dévotion au Sacré Cœur", served only to increase it.
In spite of all sorts of obstacles, and of the slowness of the Holy See, which in 1693 imparted indulgences to the Confraternities of the Sacred Heart and, in 1697, granted the feast to the Visitandines with the Mass of the Five Wounds, but refused a feast common to all, with special Mass and Office.
The devotion spread, particularly in religious communities.
The Marseilles plague, 1720, furnished perhaps the first occasion for a solemn consecration and public worship outside of religious communities.
Other cities of the South followed the example of Marseilles, and thus the devotion became a popular one.
In 1726 it was deemed advisable once more to importune Rome for a feast with a Mass and Office of its own, but, in 1729, Rome again refused.
However, in 1765, it finally yielded and that same year, at the request of the queen, the feast was received quasi-officially by the episcopate of France.
On all sides it was asked for and obtained, and finally, in 1856, at the urgent entreaties of the French bishops, Pope Pius IX extended the feast to the Catholic Church under the rite of double major.
In 1889 it was raised by the Catholic Church to the double rite of first class.
On May 15, 2006, Pope Benedict XVI sent a letter to FatherPeter Hans Kolvenbach, the Superior General of the Society of Jesus, on the 50th Anniversary of the encyclical "Haurietis Aquas", about the Sacred Heart, by Pope Pius XII.
In the letter, the Pope reaffirmed the importance of the devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
Worship and devotion
The Catholic acts of consecration, reparation and devotion were introduced when the feast of the Sacred Heart was declared.
In his Papal Bull "Auctorem Fidei", Pope Pius VI praised devotion to the Sacred Heart.
Finally, by order of Leo XIII, in his encyclical "Annum Sacrum" (May 25, 1899), as well as on June 11, he consecrated every human to the Sacred Heart.
The idea of this act, which Leo XIII called "the great act" of his pontificate, had been proposed to him by a religious woman of the Good Shepherd from Oporto (Portugal) who said that she had supernaturally received it from Jesus.
Since c. 1850, groups, congregations, and States have consecrated themselves to the Sacred Heart.
Peter Coudrin of France founded the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary on Dec 24, 1800.
A religious order of the Roman Catholic Church, the order is best known for its missionary work in Hawaii.
Worship of the Sacred Heart mainly consists of several hymns, the Salutation of the Sacred Heart, and the Litany of the Sacred Heart.
It is common in Roman Catholic services and occasionally is to be found in Anglican services.
The Feast of the Sacred Heart is a holy day in the Roman Catholic liturgical calendar, and is celebrated 19 days after Pentecost.
As Pentecost is always celebrated on Sunday, the Feast of the Sacred Heart always falls on a Friday.
The Enthronement of the Sacred Heart is a Catholic ceremony in which a priest or head of a household consecrates the members of the household to the Sacred Heart.
A blessed image of the Sacred Heart, either a statue or a picture, is then "enthroned" in the home to serve as a constant reminder to those who dwell in the house of their consecration to the Sacred Heart.
The practice of the Enthronement is based upon Pope Pius XII's declaration that devotion to the Sacred of Jesus is "the foundation on which to build the kingdom of God in the hearts of individuals, families, and nations..."[4]
Institution names
Sacred Heart is still a widely used name for many Catholic institutions, including schools, colleges, and hospitals in many countries around the world.
It is also the name of many Catholic parishes, religious orders, and stores selling Catholic goods.
Sacred Heart imagery
Religious imagery depicting the Sacred Heart is frequently featured in Catholic, and sometimes Anglican homes.
Sometimes images display beneath them a list of family members, indicating that the entire family is entrusted to the protection of Jesus in the Sacred Heart, from whom blessings on the home and the family members are sought.
The prayer "O Sacred Heart of Jesus, I place all my trust in Thee" is often used.
One particular image has been used as part of a set, along with an image of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
In that image, Mary too was shown pointing to her Immaculate Heart, expressing her love for the human race and for her Son, Jesus Christ.
The mirror images reflect an eternal binding of the two hearts.
Many members of the Carlist military forces of the 19th and 20th centuries in Spain wore detentes or amulets with an image of the Sacred Heart.
These Catholic monarchists believed the image would protect them against wounding by the enemy firearms.
Some non-Catholics, including Charismatic Protestants, have criticized devotion to the Sacred Heart as idolatry in that worship is directed towards a body part.
The response of Catholics is to contend that the Sacred Heart is a traditional symbol depicting Christ's holy blood as a fountain.
Some Catholics have been critical of the overly sentimental nature of such devotion,[5] but most of these critics concede that the images essentially reflect the core Christian tenet of love.
Vatican endorsement
Year Date
2002 June 7
2003 June 27
2004 June 18
2005 June 3
2006 June 23
2007 June 15
2008 May 30
2009 June 19
2010 June 11
2011 July 1
2012 June 15
2013 June 7
2014 June 27
2015 June 12
2016 June 3
2017 June 23
2018 June 8
2019 June 28
2020 June 19
Marian prayers or Marian devotions are acts of asking for the intercession of the Mary, the mother of Jesus.
It is mainly something done by Roman Catholics but it is also used by Anglo-Catholics.
Marian prayer is not worship.
It is asking Mary to pray, or intercede for you and/or other people.
When asking for Mary's intercession, you are honouring her and not worshipping her.
It is to ask her to help you communicate better with her son, Jesus.
They do believe she was created perfect, or without sin.
They are still following the second commandment, because they are not worshipping, only asking for intercession in their lives.
Many novenas and prayers can be said in her honour.
There are in fact many common ways in doing so but there is a simplistic yet symbolical prayer called the rosary, the reciting pray for the intervening of mother Mary.
This is said in honour and praise of her as well as to ask of her help.
Another example is yet commonly said during the rosary itself and is called the "hail holy queen".
William Clark Gable (February 1, 1901 – November 16, 1960) was an American actor.
He is best known for playing the part of Rhett Butler in the 1939 movie version of Gone with the Wind.
Gable won an Academy Award for playing Fletcher Christian in the 1935 movie version of Mutiny on the Bounty.
He also starred in It Happened One Night with Claudette Colbert and Mogambo with Grace Kelly and Ava Gardner.
Gable was born on February 1, 1901 in Cadiz, Ohio.
The last movie that Gable starred in was The Misfits, in 1961.
This movie also starred Marilyn Monroe and was written by Arthur Miller.
Gable died shortly afterwards in Los Angeles, California, after having had a fourth coronary thrombosis.
1960 deaths
Nyctosaurus was a pterosaur from the Upper Cretaceous.
It had a wing span of 1 meter and a very big crest.
It was in the Pterodactyloidea and related to Pteranodon.
Marilyn Monroe (born Norma Jeane Mortenson; June 1, 1926 – August 4, 1962) was an American actress, writer, model, singer and filmmaker.
Between 1946 and 1962, she made 44 movies.
Famous for playing comic "blonde bombshell" characters, she became one of the most popular sex symbols of the 1950s and was emblematic of the era's attitudes towards sexuality.
Although she was a top-billed actress for only a decade, her films grossed $200 million by the time of her unexpected death in 1962.
Marilyn Monroe was born as Norma Jeane Mortenson or Norma Jeane Baker, on June 1, 1926 at LAC+USC Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, United States.
When she was seven years old, her mother, Gladys (Monroe) Baker Mortenson, was hospitalized after being diagnosed as a paranoid schizophrenic, a severe mental condition.
Norma was left in a series of foster homes and the Los Angeles Orphans' Home Society.
The constant move from one foster home to another resulted in Norma's "sketchy" educational background.
After Norma's sixteenth birthday, her foster parents had to move from California.
To avoid an orphanage or a new foster home, Norma chose to get married.
On June 19, 1942, Norma married James Dougherty, but the marriage would all but end when he joined the U.S. Merchant Marines in 1943.
Though her difficult childhood and early failed marriage would make Norma Jean a strong and resilient woman, these experiences would also add to her insecurities and flaws—things that would ultimately shape her into a great tragic figure of the twentieth century.
Marilyn Monroe became famous, starring in a number of hit movies during the 1950s and early 1960s.
She also became famous for modeling for photographers and singing in her musical movies.
One time, she sang "Happy Birthday" to President John F. Kennedy.
It turned out to be one of her last appearances.
The 16-year-old Norma Jeane married James Dougherty on June 19, 1942.
After the wedding, he joined the navy.
At this time, Norma met an army photographer, David Conover.
She began a career as a model.
She changed her name to Marilyn Monroe.
She and Dougherty divorced on September 13, 1946.
Monroe married the baseball star Joe DiMaggio on January 14, 1954.
The marriage lasted for nine months.
She had met DiMaggio on a blind date, during the filming of the movie Monkey Business in 1952.
The marriage was closely followed by the public.
DiMaggio retired from baseball, and Marilyn became very famous.
DiMaggio was sad that his career as a baseball star was ending, and was jealous of Marilyn for being admired.
He spent most of his time watching television and Monroe found it boring.
They separated on October 31, 1954.
From 1961, they became friends again.
DiMaggio said that he gave Marilyn a rose every week for 10 years.
Marilyn married Arthur Miller on June 29, 1956.
She had met him during the filming of As Young As You Feel in 1951.
She was so happy with him and they tried to have children together.
Marilyn had three miscarriages, because of her endometriosis.
Miller wrote the screenplay for the movie The Misfits.
The filming caused many problems between Marilyn and Arthur and they separated on January 20, 1961.
Dangerous Years (1947)
Scudda Hoo!
Scudda Hay!
Ladies of the Chorus (1948)
Love Happy (1949)
A Ticket to Tomahawk (1950)
The Asphalt Jungle (1950)
All About Eve (1950)
The Fireball (1950)
Right Cross (1951)
Home Town Story (1951)
As Young as You Feel (1951)
Love Nest (1951)
Let's Make It Legal (1951)
Clash by Night (1952)
Don't Bother to Knock (1952)
Monkey Business (1952)
O. Henry's Full House (1952)
Niagara (1953)
Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953)
How to Marry a Millionaire (1953)
River of No Return (1954)
There's No Business Like Show Business (1954)
The Seven Year Itch (1955)
Bus Stop (1956)
The Prince and the Showgirl (1957)
Some Like It Hot (1959)
Let's Make Love (1960)
The Misfits (1961)
Something's Got to Give (1962 - unfinished)
1951 Henrietta Awards: The Best Young Box Office Personality
1952 Photoplay Award: Fastest Rising Star of 1952
1952 Photoplay Award: Special Award
1952 Look American Magazine Achievement Award: Most Promising Female Newcomer of 1952
1953 Golden Globe Henrietta Award: World Film Favorite Female.
1953 Sweetheart of The Month (Playboy)
1953 Photoplay Award: Most Popular Female Star
1954 Photoplay Award for Best Actress: for Gentlemen Prefer Blondes and How to Marry a Millionaire
1956 BAFTA Film Award nomination: Best Foreign Actress for The Seven Year Itch
1956 Golden Globe nomination: Best Motion Picture Actress in Comedy or Musical for Bus Stop
1958 BAFTA Film Award nomination: Best Foreign Actress for The Prince and the Showgirl
1958 David di Donatello Award (Italian): Best Foreign Actress for The Prince and the Showgirl
1959 Crystal Star Award (French): Best Foreign Actress for The Prince and the Showgirl
1960 Golden Globe, Best Motion Picture Actress in Comedy or Musical for Some Like It Hot
1962 Golden Globe, World Film Favorite: Female
Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame 6104 Hollywood Blvd.
1999 she was ranked as the sixth-greatest female star of all time by the American Film Institute in their list AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars.
The Official Marilyn Monroe Website
Gallery: The Life of Marilyn Monroe
Marilyn Monroe Quotes
Drug-related deaths in the United States
Jewish models
Models from Los Angeles
Eliot is an American town in the state of Maine.
The population was 5,954 at the 2000 census.
The schools in Eliot are a part of MSAD35.
It is around an hour away from Boston.
1810 establishments in the United States
19th-century establishments in Maine
Troodon (or Troödon) is an genus of relatively small, bird-like dinosaurs, from the later part of the Cretaceous period, 75–65 million years ago.
The alternate spelling Troödon shows that the 'o's are pronounced separately, as in 'zoology'.
They were probably carnivorous, but details of their teeth are a bit unusual.
Some experts suggest they may have included plant material in their diet, but this is not a majority view.
Discovered in central Montana in 1855, it was among the first dinosaurs found in North America.
Its species ranged widely, with fossil remains recovered from as far north as Alaska, and the Judith River formation of Alberta, and as far south as Wyoming and even possibly Texas and New Mexico.
Troodon had a large brain in proportion to its body weight.
It had a sickle claw, an enlarged and retractable second toe claw bone.
Troodon had 122 teeth.
The size and shape of the leg bones show that the Troodon would have been a fast runner.
The view that Troodon was a predator is supported by its sickle claw on the foot and apparently good binocular vision.
Troodons size ranged widely.
In general, individuals that lived further north were larger than those that lived in more southern areas.
Troodons in Alaska were especially large, up to 12 feet long, 5 feet tall, and weighing up to 175 pounds.
Meanwhile, Troodons that lived in more southern locations were only around 7 feet long, 3 feet tall, and weighed up to 50 pounds, about the size of a Velociraptor.
Very likely Troodon had feathers, but no fossil evidence for feathers has yet been found.
There has been a lot of debate about which specimens, all very incomplete, should be called Troodon.
The genus now includes specimens previously classified as Stenonychosaurus.
Troodon nests full of eggs have been found in Montana.
When scientists CAT-scanned them, they found baby Troodon skeleton embryos inside of them.
They found skeletons of a small plant-eating dinosaur named Orodromeus with the eggs, as well as a skeleton of an adult Troodon.
At first, it was believed that the eggs had belonged to the Orodromeus, and that the Troodon was there intending to rob the nest.
However, it was later discovered that the eggs belonged to the Troodon when baby Troodon embryos were found inside the eggs.
It is now believed that the adults had killed the Orodromeus and brought them back to feed their babies.
Troodons laid up to 24 eggs in their nests which were earth mounds.
They were able to lay two eggs at a time, so large clutches would take two weeks to lay.
A 2017 description had redeemed the validity of Stenonychosaurus and had created a new genus from separate bones naming them Lateniventrix, limiting Troodon to a few teeth.
Saurornithoides was a fast running dinosaur from 79 million years ago.
It was related to Troodon.
Its fossils have been found in Mongolia and China.
Like its cousin Troodon, Saurornithoides was an intelligent predator, with large eyes and good vision.
It had a retractable, sickle-shaped claw on the second claw of each foot that was used for attacking prey.
Saurornithoides probably fed on small prey, such as lizards, frogs, insects, and small mammals.
It may also have hunted in packs to bring down other dinosaurs.
Saurornithoides was discovered in the Gobi Desert on an expedition in the 1920s.
The dinosaurs Velociraptor, Protoceratops, and Oviraptor were also discovered during these expeditions to the Gobi Desert.
Reining is a competitive way of riding a horse.
In reining, the horse performs spins, sliding stops, rollbacks and lead changes.
Reining has twelve patterns the rider normally has to follow.
The rider can perform freestyle where they make up their own pattern and ride it to music.
This is all done under a western saddle.
History of the sport
Horses have been used by humans for thousands of years, and the skills associated with riding horses have been gradually developed throughout this history.
The skills used today in reining originate from tasks done with work horses like to gather cattle together.
What is reining
In competition, the riders need to do many manoeuvres at a gallop.
They need to guide precisely the horses with one hand through a complex pattern that includes stops, spins, rollbacks and circles.
There are twelve different patterns.
The rider and the horse are judged on various criteria.
First, points can be given or removed for the obedience of the horse if it seemed easy and fluid for the rider to control him or if the horse showed some resistance.
The show is also judged for the execution of the manoeuvres and the control of the rider.
For example, if the manoeuvre was executed correctly no point are given and no point are removed, if the manoeuvre was executed badly the judge decides on how many points he removes and if the manoeuvre was executed I an excellent way, the judge can give points.
The rider executing is pattern and the judge evaluating it takes about five minutes and after that, the judge gives mark on a total of seventy points for the execution of the choreography by the rider and the horse.
British Reining - the governing body for the sport in Great Britain
National Reining Horse Association
The American Quarter Horse Association.
sample reining pattern
United States Equestrian Federation
Video about Reining
The American Quarter Horse Association of the United Kingdom
Great Life
Manikarnika was born into a Maratha family.
She was married to Raja Gangadhar Rao, the Maharaja of Jhansi, in 1842, and became the Rani of Jhansi.
After her marriage, Manikarnika became Lakshmibai, named in honour of the goddess Lakshmi.
Before her marriage, she was known as Chabili (meaning "jolly ways").
In September 1851, Rani Lakshmibai had a son, Damodar Rao.
He died at the age of four months.
On the day before the Raja's death in November 1853, he adopted his cousin's child.
His name was Anand Rao but, was renamed Damodar Rao, after their actual son.
The Raja wrote a letter to the British government of India requesting that his widow should be recognised as the ruler of Jhansi after his death during her lifetime.
After the death of her husband the head of the British government refused to allow her adopted son to become raja and Jhansi was ruled by the British.
This was done by the "Doctrine of lapse" - if an Indian ruler died without a male child his adopted son would not succeed him; but the personal property of that king goes to his adopted son.
After all the British in Jhansi had been killed by Indian troops in June 1857 the Rani took over the administration provisionally until the British returned.
She had to form an army to defeat the invading forces of Orchha and Datia.
In March 1858, British forces led by Sir Hugh Rose came to Jhansi to take back the city from the Rani who now wanted independence.
Jhansi was besieged and taken after strong resistance.
Many of the people of the city were killed in the fighting and afterwards.
The Rani escaped to Kalpi and jointly with the Maratha general Tantya Tope then seized Gwalior.
In the battle of Kotah ki Serai in which their army was defeated Rani Lakshmibai was wounded and died on 18th June 1858.
Edwardes, Michael (1975) Red Year: the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
London: Sphere; pp.
111-126
Meyer, Karl E. & Brysac, Shareen Blair (1999) Tournament of Shadows.
Washington, DC: Counterpoint; pp.
138-145
Timeline from the birth of Lakshmibai until her death
Lakshmibai, Rani of Jhansi
Rani Laxmi Bai
19th century in India
1858 deaths
History of Hryvnia
National Bank of Ukraine announcement of Hryvnia Sign
Proposed symbols for hryvnia during design competition
Pictures of hryvnia bills introduced in 1997
First Ukrainian Money
Ukraine monetary reform.
How hryvnia was born
Chronos (Ancient Greek: , "time", also written as Khronos or Chronus) is the Greek God of time.
He is the personification of time in philosophy before Socrates, and in later literature.
Chronos controls the past, present, and future of everything.
Without Chronos, the other Greek Gods would have never existed.
In the Orphic cosmogony, Chronos never ages.
He gives birth to Aether and Chaos, and made a silvery egg in the divine Aether.
It produced the god Phanes, who is a hermaphrodite.
Phanes gave birth to the first generation of gods and is the creator of the cosmos.
Speyer (English formerly Spires) is a city in  the state of Rhineland-Palatinate with about 50,000 inhabitants on the Rhine river.
It lies  south of Ludwigshafen and Mannheim.
Around the year 500 the town gets the name Spira, named after the stream Speyerbach which flows into the Rhine river here.
The center of Speyer is dominated by the cathedral.
Here are the tombs of several of the Salian emperors: the bodies, however, are believed to have gone missing during one of the French invasions during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
speyer.de  the city website (partly in English)
museum.speyer.de Historical Museum of the Palatinate (in English)
dom-speyer.de website of Speyer Cathedral (in German)
Model Map of Medieval Speyer
Technical (Transport) Museum
1294 establishments
1792 disestablishments
Disestablishments in Germany
The Goethe University Frankfurt (German: Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main) opened in 1914.
With 38.000 students it belongs to the five largest universities in Germany and has the biggest library of them.
The university has more than 600 teaching and researching professors; 16 faculties offer 170 courses of study.
Thayer Academy is a private school that prepares people for college.
It is in Braintree, Massachusetts.
People from Grades 6–12 can become students there.
The school was made in 1871, at the request of General Sylvanus Thayer.
Thayer Academy is one of Greater Boston's most well respected private school's.
Well known students
Tiffany Kelly, Miss Massachusetts USA 2006
Tony Amonte, professional hockey player
Jeremy Roenick, professional hockey player
Mike Jones, college basketball player
John Cheever, Pulitzer Prize winning writer
Dave Silk, 1980 US Olympic hockey team member (gold medal)
Sally Weston, Famous interior designer
Brooks Orpik, Professional ice hockey player (Pittsburgh Penguins)
School Web page
1870s establishments in Massachusetts
This page is about the character in the book called the Nibelungenlied.
For Wagner's opera see Siegfried (opera).
Sigurd (Old Norse: Sigurðr) is a strong hero in the Nibelungenlied, a epic poem written about the year 1200.
He killed the dragon Fafnir and took its treasure, the Nibelungenschatz.
After killing the dragon, he bathed in its blood and so changed his skin, so that he could not be wounded any more.
The earliest extant representations for his legend come in pictorial form from seven runestones in Sweden and most notably the Ramsund carving (c. 1000) and the Gök Runestone (11th century).
Siegfried wants to marry Kriemhild, the sister of Gunther, kin of the Burgundians in Worms.
But before he is allowed to marry her he has to help Gunther to win against Brünhild, the queen of Iceland.
He does it with the help of a cloak which lets him become invisible.
After their marriage Siegfried and Kriemhild live in Siegfried's kingdom for some years.
Then they come to visit Worms and Kriemhild's family again.
Brünhild, the wife of Gunther, and
Kriemhild argue about who is of higher rank.
Now Kriemhild tells Brünhild that Siegfried helped Gunther in his fight against her and that he gave a proof of this victory to Kriemhild.
Therefore, Brünhild becomes so furious that she decides that Siegfried must be killed.
This is done by Hagen, one of Gunther's men, while Siegfried is drinking from a well during a hunt in the Odenwald.
Hagen also takes the treasure of Siegfried from Kriemhild and throws it into the Rhine.
Siegfried appears in two of the four operas in Wagner's Ring cycle: the third opera is called Siegfried and the fourth one is called Götterdämmerung'' although originally Wagner called it "Siegfrieds Tod" ("The Death of Siegfried").
Wagner makes several changes to the story.
James II and VII (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701) was king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1685 to 1688.
He was King James II in England and Ireland, and King James VII in Scotland.
He was also Duke of Normandy from 31 December 1660.
He lost his kingdoms in the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
He did not succeed in taking them back in a war, and he spent the rest of his life in France.
He was the last Roman Catholic king in the British Isles.
Some of his people did not like his religious ideas, leading a group of them to disobey and fight against him.
This was called the Glorious Revolution in England and Scotland.
King James and his son, James Francis Edward went into exile.
The king was replaced by his Protestant daughter, Queen Mary II, and her husband King William III and II.
They became rulers in 1689.
The belief that James, not William III or Mary II, was the one true ruler became known as Jacobitism (from Jacobus or Iacobus, Latin for James).
James made one serious attempt to recover his throne when he landed in Ireland in 1689.
After his defeat at the Battle of the Boyne in the summer of 1690, he returned to France, living the rest of his life under the protection of King Louis XIV.
His son James Francis Edward Stuart (The Old Pretender) and his grandson Charles Edward Stuart (The Young Pretender and Bonnie Prince Charlie) attempted to restore the Jacobite line after James's death, but failed.
1633 births
1701 deaths
Kings and Queens of Ireland
Jacobite pretenders
The Fichtelgebirge is a mountain range in northeastern Bavaria, Germany.
It extends from the valley of the Red Main River to the Czech border, where it is continued by the much higher Ore Mountains.
The highest mountain is the Schneeberg (1051 m).
Rivers rising from the Fichtelgebirge are the White Main (German: Weißer Main), the Saxon Saale, the Ohře (German: Eger) and the Fichtelnaab which later joins the Waldnaab.
Cities on the edge of the mountains include Bayreuth and Hof.
The Ore Mountains (German Erzgebirge, Czech Krušné hory) are a mountain range in Germany and the Czech Republic.
They form the border between both countries for 150 km, extending from the western border of Saxony to the Elbe river.
They are named for their plentiful metal ores.
The Ore Mountains are famous for many Christmas traditions.
As the ores silver and tin were not found any more in the mines, former miners had to look for new ways to feed their families.
In addition to lace making and weaving, the inhabitants went into wood carving.
Nutcrackers, "smoking men", "pyramids" (carousels with figures of the Christmas story or from mining) and Schwibbogen (wooden arcs with candles in the windows, symbolising the opening of a mine) are some of many Christmas goods made in the Ore Mountains.
Seiffen in the East Ore Mountains was a centre of the wooden toy industry.
Mountain ranges
A manifest or ship's manifest is a document that lists the cargo, passengers, and crew of a ship, aircraft, or vehicle.
It is made for the use of customs and other officials.
If the list is just a list of passengers, it is a passenger manifest or passenger list.
A list of cargo is a cargo manifest or cargo list.
The manifest may be used by people having in interest in the transport to insure that passengers and cargo listed as having been placed on board the transport at the beginning of its passage continue to be on board when it arrives at its destination.
A 2017 description had redeemed the validity of Stenonychosaurus and had informalised the genus "Troodon", synonymising it with Latenivenatrix.
Stenonychosaurus was a small dinosaur, up to  in height,  in length, and up to  in mass.
They, like most related dromaeosaurs such as Velociraptor and Deinonychus had retractable sickle-like claws on their feet.
Henry IV (April 3 1367 – March 20 1413) was a King of England.
He was born at Bolingbroke Castle in Lincolnshire, which is why he was often called "Henry Bolingbroke".
His father, John of Gaunt, was the third son of King Edward III, and  had a lot of power in the reign of King Richard II.
Henry and Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk argued in 1398.
King Richard ordered Henry to live outside England for ten years (with the approval of Henry's father, John of Gaunt) but Thomas de Mowbray was exiled from England for life.
The next year John of Gaunt died, and Richard would not allow Henry to inherit Gaunt's land.
Instead, Henry had to ask for the lands from Richard.
Henry met with the exiled Thomas Arundel, former Archbishop of Canterbury.
Henry and Arundel returned to England while Richard was on a military campaign in Ireland.
Henry gained enough power and support to have himself declared King Henry IV.
He sent King Richard to prison (who mysteriously died in prison) and by-passing Richard’s seven-year-old heir presumptive Edmund de Mortimer.
Henry was crowned on 13 October 1399.
It was the first time since the Norman Conquest in 1066  that the monarch made a public speech in English.
Henry consulted with Parliament frequently, but was sometimes at odds with them, especially over religious matters.
On Arundel's advice, Henry was the first English king to allow the burning of heretics, mainly to suppress the Lollard movement.
1367 births
1413 deaths
House of Lancaster
15th century in England
Thalassodromeus was a pterosaur found in northern Brazil.
It was 60 cms long and had a wingspan of 1 metre and a head crest on its skull.
An oratorio is a piece of music for orchestra, choir and solo singers.
It usually tells a story from the Old Testament.
An oratorio may be about two hours long: a whole concert.
It is rather like an opera, but whereas an opera is acted out in costume on a stage, an oratorio is sung and played in a concert hall or church.
The oratorio as we know it was created in the 18th century.
The words were normally in the composer’s own language, not in Italian like most operas were at that time.
The word "oratorio" had been used many centuries ago for music-dramas performed in churches in western Europe.
In Italy oratorios and operas were both being composed in the 17th century.
In Germany composers like Heinrich Schutz and, later, Johann Sebastian Bach were writing Passions which tell the story of the crucifixion.
These are not usually called “oratorios” but they are similar.
The first important composer of oratorios was George Frideric Handel.
Handel, who was born in Germany, had become English.
Handel had written a lot of operas, but in 1732 he started to write oratorios instead and quite suddenly people became very interested in oratorios.
He used the same sort of music as in his operas: the work would start with an overture (an introduction on the orchestra) and then there would be recitative (the bits that told the story), arias (songs for the solo singers) and choruses for the choir.
The chorus was very important in oratorios: they got more to sing than in most operas.
This meant that choral societies became very popular, and this tradition spread from England (where Handel lived) to other countries in Europe.
Handel’s most famous oratorio is Messiah.
Unlike most of his other oratorios, the story is not from the Old Testament.
It tells the story of the birth, life and death of Jesus.
In Britain Handel’s Messiah is traditionally performed around Christmas.
Other oratorios by Handel include: Deborah, Saul, Samson, Judas Maccabaeus and Solomon.
Handel composed all these oratorios to English texts.
In the 19th century the oratorio was very popular.
At the turn of the century Joseph Haydn wrote some of his best music in his two oratorios:  Die Schöpfung (The Creation) (1798) and Die Jahreszeiten  (The Seasons) (1801).
Mendelssohn wrote St Paul, Elijah and the Hymn of Praise.
Dvořák, Berlioz and Gounod are among the most important Romantic composers of oratorio, and in the 20th century famous oratorios include Elgar’s Dream of Gerontius (1900), Walton’s Belshazzar’s Feast (1931) and Tippett’s Child of our Time (1941).
Pterodactylus was a small pterosaur.
It lived in the later Jurassic period, at the same time as many dinosaurs.
Pterodactylus is typical of the short-tailed pterosaurs.
The sub-order continued to the end of the Cretaceous, but Pterodactylus is only known from the latest Jurassic.
The first specimens were found at Solnhofen in Bavaria, Germany.
Also found in these strata was the famous Archaeopteryx.
These carbonate strata formed in warm lagoons.
Pterodactylus may have lived on small islands in the lagoon, or on the coast.
Perhaps it lived further inland and was blown here in a storm.
The high salinity would support little life, so the pterosaurs would have fed in some other area.
The first specimen was found in the 18th century, and a description published in 1784.
Later, Georges Cuvier worked out that it was a flying reptile.
A juvenile pterosaur came to light in 1817, and showed clearly that Cuvier had been right.
Now, 30 specimens of the genus are known.
Rutiodon was a type of phytosaur.
Phytosaurs were crocodile-like animals that lived during the time of dinosaurs.
Its nostrils were far back on the head, close to the eyes.
It was shown in the movie When Dinosaurs Roamed America trying to catch a Coelophysis.
It jumped out of the water.
and roared without warning.
When Dinosaurs Roamed America is a 2001 television movie from the Discovery Channel.
The movie is narrated by John Goodman.
This movie tells us about species of dinosaurs that lived in North America through the ages of the Mesozoic era.
The backgrounds of the movie are real places of America.
Featured creatures
Late Triassic Segment
Desmatosuchus
Icarosaurus
Traversodon
Unidentified mammal, probably Morganucodon or Megazostrodon
quoll (live-acted, probably appeared by accident)
locust (animated)
Early Jurassic Segment
Megapnosaurus (identified as Syntarsus, which it was called at the time)
Anchisaurus (in terms of size and general appearance it resembles a Massospondylus)
Unidentified pterosaur, probably Pterodactylus
Middle Cretaceous Segment
Nothronychus
Dromaeosaurus (identified as dromaeosaur)
Coelurosaurus (identified as coelurosaur)
Late Cretaceous Segment
Anatotitan
Purgatorius (live-acted by opossum)
Ornithomimus (not identified, revealed on web)
Spider (live-acted)
2001 movies
A cigar is a form in which tobacco is smoked.
It is usually larger than a cigarette.
Cigars are made of different types of tobacco which are cured in many different way to produce unique flavors and fragrances.
Most quality cigars are rolled using a tobacco leaf, though more and more cigars have been rolled using different types of paper to replace the tobacco leaf.
This results in a cleaner looking cigar.
Commercially produced cigars are rolled and packed using machinery, and quality control and smokeability cannot be truly verified.
Hand rolled cigars prove to still be the best option, but are more costly.
Cuba is known worldwide for their cigars.
Many other countries also produce cigars, most notably in the Central America and Caribbean island areas.
The Life of Bahá'u'lláh – A Photographic Narrative
1817 births
People from Tehran
`Abdu'l-Bahá was a Persian man who was born on May 23, 1844 and died on November 28, 1921.
His father was Bahá'u'lláh who founded the religion known as the Bahá'í Faith.
`Abdu'l-Bahá spent most of his adult life in prison or under arrest, because of his father's new religion.
Bahá'u'lláh called him the "Expounder" of his word, meaning that only `Abdu'l-Bahá had the right to say what Bahá'u'lláh's writings mean.
This was to prevent different people from splitting the religion up because they thought Bahá'u'lláh meant different things, the way many other religions have split up.
Bahá'ís
Shoghi Effendi (1 March 1897-4 November 1957) was a Persian man.
He was the great-grandson of Bahá'u'lláh who founded the religion known as the Bahá'í Faith.
After Bahá'u'lláh died, Shoghi Effendi's grandfather, `Abdu'l-Bahá lead the Bahá'ís.
`Abdu'l-Bahá died, he left a "will and testament" that said that Shoghi Effendi was the "Guardian", and that his job was to guard and lead the Bahá'í Faith.
`Abdu'l-Bahá's will said that only Shoghi Effendi could interpret `Abdu'l-Bahá's or Bahá'u'lláh's books and letters.
This was to prevent different people from splitting the religion up because they thought Bahá'u'lláh or `Abdu'l-Bahá meant different things, the way many other religions have split up.
A will or testament is a legal document that explains the last wishes of someone after they die.
It is sometimes called a "last will and testament".
A person writes a will and testament before they die, and usually writes what they want to happen to their estate (money and their things) after they die.
A will may also provide for other issues including,
Stating preferences for funeral arrangements,
Designating a guardian for a minor child,
Preventing will contests, and
Making gifts to charities.
When a person passes away, the person's will may be probated, meaning that a probate court will authorize a representative to carry out the deceased person's wishes.
Depending upon where probate occurs, the representative may be called a personal representative, executor or administrator.
Uhlan is the name for a type of Polish soldier of light cavalry, armed with lance (a kind of spear).
The respect for such Polish troops caused that in the beginning of the 19th century great part of European armies created similar military units.
In most European armies, the units of that kind took the name of lancers.
In the Russian, Austrian, and German armies, the units of Polish lancers had kept the original name of Uhlans.
... Not!,
an expression used to contradict a statement before it, popular during the early 1990s
Negation, unary operator in logic depicted as ~, ¬, or !
NOT gate, a digital logic gate (commonly called an inverter)
And (disambiguation)
Negative (disambiguation)
The chin is the bottom part of the face.
It is under the mouth and is the forward part of the jaw.
The chin is unique to present-day humans, our species.
It is not present in the anthropoid apes, nor in any other hominin.
Neanderthals did not have a human-type chin.
In medical anatomy, the chin is called the "mental eminence".
Its absence in Homo floresiensis is grounds for thinking that small hominin was not of our species.
It is thought that our chin may have become shaped like this to improve the muscle attachments of the lips and tongue.
Chins can be larger or smaller, depending on the person.
Even though chin sizes vary a lot, it is usually further forward than the rest of the face in normal humans.
Anne of Great Britain (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714) became Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland on 8 March 1702.
On 1 May 1707, when England and Scotland combined into a single kingdom, Anne became the first sovereign of the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
1665 births
1714 deaths
Kind means a group of things or people that/who have same features or category.
Kind means friendly.
A knot is a fixed looping of a piece of string or rope.
Knots are often used for binding things together.
While a knot is often made from rope, it can also be made from many other things.
In fact, a knot is actually the condition a long flexible object is in.
For example, hair can be tied in a knot.
The ends of balloons are tied in a knot to prevent the air from escaping.
The average person over 5 or so years of age is likely capable of tying a knot; most of these knots people tie are probably with their shoelaces.
Ribbons are also tied in a knot so as to appear pretty, as when wrapped around a gift.
In addition, knots are also made by sailors in many different forms and for many different purposes.
There are even people who have adopted knot-making as a hobby.
Flensburg (Danish and Low Saxon: Flensborg, Frisian: Flensburch, North Frisian: Flansborj) is a city in Germany, next to the border to Denmark.