the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In some word processors, like Microsoft Word, characters with accent marks could be found under a category named "Special Characters" or something similar.
Windows also has a program called "Character Map" that can be used to find and copy characters that could be pasted into other applications later on.
International Variants
Some languages use the similar AZERTY layout.
Some QWERTY keyboards for different languages and countries may look different.
Belgian and French
Some keyboards for the Czech language use QWERTZ keyboards.
They switch the Z and Y like the German version, but use "ů" to the right of L and ú next to P.  The row that normally has numbers has the accents ě, š, č, ř, ž, ý, á, í, é.
The user of the keyboard uses the shift key to make numbers.
Italian typewriter keyboards use a QZERTY layout where Z is swapped with W and M is at the right of "L".
Computers use a QWERTY keyboard with è to the right of P and ò to the right of L.
Portuguese keyboards maintain the QWERTY layout but add the key Ç after the L key.
The Spanish version has the letter Ñ, the Ç.
Romanian keyboards have a QWERTZ layout, swapping Y with Z; ă and î are added to the right of the letter P, while ș and ț are added to the right of the letter L; â replaces the backslash character.
Changes are also made to the upper number keys, the numbers remain the same, but some of the symbols are shuffled.
The most notable change is that hyphen (-) is swapped with slash (/).
A list is a part of a text, which has many words separated by commas (,) or a group of words going down the page that may use bullet points, letters, or numbers.
Semicolons (;) are also used sometimes to separate items in a list.
Antimatter is a term in particle physics.
Antimatter is a material composed of antiparticles.
These have the same mass as particles of ordinary matter but have opposite charge and properties, such as lepton and baryon number.
Encounters between a particle and an antiparticle lead to both of them being destroyed.
This gives rise to high-energy photons (gamma rays), neutrinos, and lower-mass particle–antiparticle pairs.
In physics, all the elementary particles, or the basic building blocks of the things we can touch, come in pairs.
Each particle has what is called an antiparticle.
This may look and act just like the regular particle, except for one major difference.
An example is the electron and the positron.
Other antimatter particles are the same way, where they have the same weight, and look and act the same as regular particles, but their electrical charge is the opposite of regular particles.
Antihydrogen, for example, has the positron, which is positively charged, orbiting around an antiproton, which is negatively charged, which is the opposite way regular hydrogen looks, which has the electron (negative charge), orbiting around a proton (positive charge).
Albert Einstein found a formula that can show how much energy a certain amount of something has, whether it is matter or antimatter.
This formula is , and is one of the most well known equations.
In simple terms, if you take the mass of something and then multiply it by the speed of light, and then multiply it by the speed of light again, you will get how much pure energy a given piece of something has.
Since the speed of light is such a big number, this means that even a small amount of matter can have a lot of energy (it has been projected to be 4 times more effective per mass than nuclear fission).
In 1928, the physicist Paul Dirac was looking for an equation that would predict how very fast particles should behave.
There was already another equation that could describe slow-moving particles, the Schrödinger equation, but Einstein's theory of special relativity said that fast particles could be very different from slow particles.
Dirac knew that particles like electrons were usually moving very fast.
He realized the old equation would not make good predictions for fast particles.
So he came up with a new equation that could describe particles moving close to the speed of light.
For fast particles, it is no longer true that the energy is .
Instead, Dirac's new equation worked for particles where the energy was given by .
In the new equation for energy, the symbol is called the momentum, and it measures how fast the particle is going and how hard it is to stop.
This equation says that very fast particles have more energy, so they are different from slow particles.
You can take the square root of each side of this equation, since both sides are equal.
However, any real square root has two answers, and .
You can think of the answer with negative energy as being antimatter.
The reason this is important to understand antimatter is because scientists found that when matter and antimatter touch each other, the amount of energy that is released comes very close to the amount of energy  says should be all together in those two pieces.
The reason is that each particle of matter, when it touches its antiparticle in the antimatter world, both change over into pure energy, or annihilate each other.
This release of such a high amount of energy is why a lot of science fiction writers use antimatter for fuel in their stories.
For example, author Dan Brown uses antimatter in "Angels and Demons" as a very powerful weapon.
It is also being looked at as a fuel source for real-life missions to outer space in the future.
Where is all the antimatter?
Many scientists think that in the first few moments after the Big Bang, which created the universe a very long time ago, both matter and antimatter mixed together.
If the Big Bang made equal amounts of matter and antimatter, then the two would annihilate and become energy.
After a long time, there would be no matter and no antimatter left, just energy.
But our universe today looks like it is almost all matter and hardly any antimatter.
Physicists do not yet know for sure that equal amounts of matter and antimatter were created, and because of this, they are also wondering where the antimatter went, and if any was left over from the beginning of the universe.
One explanation is that there was just a little bit more matter than antimatter in the beginning, so that whatever was left over after most of the matter and antimatter annihilated into energy became the mostly-matter universe we see today.
Another theory is that there is lots of antimatter on the other side of the universe, hidden far beyond our vision.
They could have formed their own galaxies and solar systems too.
Because antimatter can make so much energy, it can be used for a lot of things, such as fuel for going into outer space, or in our cars.
The problem is that antimatter is very expensive to make, and is almost as expensive to store, since it cannot touch regular matter.
It takes several hundred million dollars to make less than one-millionth of a gram of antimatter.
In fact, it is the most expensive and the rarest substance on Earth.
Since it is so expensive, this means that antimatter is not practical to use as a weapon or as an energy source, because so little of it is obtainable.
Recently, however, scientists have trapped antimatter for over 16 minutes (1000 sec.
total).
It does have a use in medicine, because a special kind of scanner called the PET, which stands for positron emission tomography, uses positrons to go into the human body.
Doctors can look at the way the positron changes into energy inside a person's body, and be able to tell if something is wrong inside a person.
This kind of machine works differently than an X-ray machine or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine, and can help doctors see things that those other machines cannot see.
Minsk or Miensk (Мінск (official spelling in Belarus), Менск; Минск ; Mińsk) is the capital and a major city of Belarus.
About 2 million people lived in the city as of 2021.
Minsk is also a headquarters of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
As a capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is also the capital of Minsk voblast (province) and Minsk raion.
Minsk is built next to the Svislach and Niamiha rivers.
The timezone in Minsk is GMT +2.
The oldest mentions of Minsk date back to the 11th century (1067).
In 1326 Minsk became a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and received its town privileges in 1499.
From 1569 it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodship in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
It was annexed by Russia in 1793 as a result of the Second Partition of Poland.
During 1919–1991 Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian SSR.
In 2019, Minsk hosted the European Games.
Photos of Minsk on GOMINSK.ORG
Photos on Globus.tut.by
Weather of Minsk - minsk.the.by
is a female first name, see Mercedes (name)
a German car manufacturer, see Mercedes-Benz
The Fraticelli pose a problem for the Roman Catholic church
In Europe, climate change leads to the Great Famine of 1315–1317
Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Osman I (1299-1326) to Orhan I (1326-1359)
Aradia de Toscano, is initiated into a Dianic cult of Italian Witchcraft (Stregheria), and discovers through a vision that she is the human incarnation of the goddess Aradia.
Known as La Bella Pelegrina amongst the outlaws near Lake Nemi, she becomes the leader of a religious anarchist movement.
The chancellor of Germany (German: Bundeskanzler, literally: federal chancellor) is the head of government of the Federal Republic of Germany.
The Chancellor of Germany is elected by the majority of the members of the Bundestag, the German parliament.
The chancellor is the German people's version of a Prime Minister or Premier.
The current chancellor is Olaf Scholz (SPD) since 08 December 2021.
Chancellors since 1949
Konrad Adenauer (CDU), 1949–1963
Ludwig Erhard (CDU), 1963–1966
Kurt Georg Kiesinger (CDU), 1966–1969
Willy Brandt (SPD), 1969–1974
Helmut Schmidt (SPD), 1974–1982
Helmut Kohl (CDU), 1982–1998
Gerhard Schröder (SPD), 1998–2005
Angela Merkel (CDU), 2005–2021
Olaf Scholz (SPD), since 2021
Reich Chancellor, chancellors of the German Reich
Mysore is a city in Karnataka, India.
Mysore is  south-west of Bangalore.
Travel time from Bangalore to Mysore is 2-3 hours by road or rail.
Mysore is the second largest city in Karnataka.
Mysore Palace, Jaganmohan Palace, Chamundi Hills, Brindavan Gardens, and Mysore Zoo are the places to see in Mysore.
Some people go to Mysore to see the Dasara procession.
Cities in India
Settlements in Karnataka
Kannada () is a language, and it is a script used for writing the language.
Most people in the southern Indian state of Karnataka speak Kannada, and there are speakers in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Kerala and Goa.
There are some differences in the way Kannada is spoken in these places.
There are about 44 million people who speak the language.
It had been since 2nd Century.
Language profile
Kannada is a Dravidian language, which is a different language family from the Indo-European or Aryan languages of the north, such as Hindi but close to the other southern languages like Telugu.
It has about 3000 years of written history.
The first version is known as the Old Kannada script.
By about 3000 it had morphed into the Kannada and Telugu scripts.
Printing presses introduced by Christian missionaries  at the beginning of the 19th century standardized the Kannada and Telugu scripts.
The Kannada script is a type of writing system called an alphasyllabary.
All consonants have a built-in vowel.
Other vowels are indicated with diacritics, which appear next to the consonants.
When they appear at the beginning of a syllable, vowels are written as separate letters.
When consonants appear together without intervening vowels, the second consonant is written as a special joint symbol, usually below the first.
The direction of writing: left to right in horizontal lines.
It has highest number of Janapeeta literary awards compared to any Indian language.
Kannada had a huge boost during the Vijayanagar period.
Shri Vinoba Bhave called "Kannada" script the "Queen of Kannada Scripts" not for all Language. "
Vishwa Lipigala Raani".
Kannada News
Kannada Newspaper
Online Kannada News
January 24 – Matthias I Corvinus becomes King of Hungary
Start of Magdalen College, University of Oxford
George of Podebrady becomes King of Bohemia
Pope Pius II becomes pope
Turks issue a decree to protect the Acropolis after they conquer Athens.
February 2 – Battle of Mortimer's Cross – Yorkist troops led by Edward, Duke of York defeat Lancastrians under Owen Tudor and his son Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke in Wales.
February 17 – Second Battle of St Albans – The Earl of Warwick's army is defeated by a Lancastrian force under Queen Margaret, who recovers control of her husband.
March 4 – The Duke of York seizes London and proclaims himself King Edward IV of England
March 29 – Battle of Towton – Edward IV defeats Queen Margaret to make good his claim to the English throne.
Thought to be the bloodiest battle ever fought in England.
Edward, Richard of York's son, crowned as Edward IV, King of England (reigns until 1483)
August 15 – The Empire of Trebizond, the last major Romano-Greek outpost falls to the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II after a siege of 21 days.
Louis XI of France succeeds Charles VII of France as king (reigns until 1483)
Leonardo da Vinci and Sandro Botticelli become students of Verrocchio
Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is founded by the Ottomans
François Villon: Le Grand Testament
Donatello: Judith and Holofernes
October 29 – Battle of Brusthem: Charles the Bold defeats Liege
Beginning of the Sengoku Period in Japan.
Circa this year, polyalphabetic cipher invented by Leone Battista Alberti.
Regent of Sweden Erik Axelsson Tott supports the re-election of deposed Charles VIII of Sweden to the throne.
Pope Paul II arrested and tortured some of the abbreviators, among them was Filip Callimachus.
The Arab League is an organization made up of countries in the Arab world in Northern Africa and Southwest Asia.
Most, though not all of these countries use Arabic as their official language.
The purpose is to find ways for the countries to have unity and to work together to solve their problems.
The organization uses the Arabic Language in its summits and all official papers, although it has never been stated by the League that Arabic is the Official Language.
The Arab League was founded following the Protocol of Alexandria signed in 1945 by seven Arab States: Egypt, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Iraq, Yemen, Trans-Jordan (Jordan).
Today the League has 22 members.
All countries having Arabic as an official language are among the members of the League, except for Israel, Eritrea and Chad which are not members.
Egypt - March 22, 1945 (Founder) (suspended, 1979-1989)
Iraq - March 22, 1945 (Founder)
Jordan - March 22, 1945 (Founder) (entered when still using the name "Transjordan")
Lebanon - March 22, 1945 (Founder)
Saudi Arabia - March 22, 1945 (Founder)
Syria - March 22, 1945 (Founder)
Yemen - May 5, 1945 (Founder)
Libya - March 28, 1953
Sudan - January 19, 1956
Morocco - October 1, 1958
Tunisia - October 1, 1958
Kuwait - July 20, 1961
Algeria - August 16, 1962
United Arab Emirates - June 12, 1971
Bahrain - September 11, 1971
Qatar - September 11, 1971
Oman - September 29, 1971
Mauritania - November 26, 1973
Somalia - February 14, 1974
Palestine - succeeding to the position held by the Palestine Liberation Organization since September 9, 1976
Djibouti - April 9, 1977
Comoros - November 20, 1993
List of Secretaries-General
Political organizations based in Asia
Politics of Africa
Politics of Asia
February 18 – George, Duke of Clarence, convicted of treason against his older brother Edward IV of England, is privately executed in the Tower of London.
April 26 – The Pazzi attack Lorenzo de' Medici and kill his brother Giuliano during High Mass in the Florence Cathedral.
December 28 – Battle of Giornico – Swiss troops defeat the Milanese.
Lorenzo de' Medici becomes sole ruler of Florence
Grand Prince Ivan III of Moscow conquers Novgorod
Vladislav II of Bohemia makes peace with Hungary
Eskender succeeds his father Baeda Maryam as Emperor of Ethiopia at the age of six.
January – Galileo observes Neptune, but mistakes it for a star and so is not credited with its discovery.
February 7 – An Assembly of the Russian Empire elects Mikhail Romanov to be Tsar of Russia, and establishes the Romanov Dynasty.
June 29 – Fire destroys London's Globe Theatre
Francesco Andreini's L'Adamo is published.
King James I of England successfully mediates the Peace of Knäred treaty between Denmark and Sweden.
The New River was opened, to supply London with drinking water from Hertfordshire
Adriaen Block's ship Tyger is destroyed by fire, forcing him and his crew to spend the winter on Manhattan
James I of England comdemns duels in his proclamation Against Private Challenges and Combats
Ottoman Empire invades Hungary
Locust swarm destroys La Camarque, France
Sultan Agung takes the throne of the kingdom of Mataram on Java.
December 6 death of Anton Praetorius
March 18 – Sissinios formally crowned Emperor of Ethiopia
May 14 – Protestant Union founded in Auhausen.
July 3 – Quebec City founded by Samuel de Champlain.
August 24 – The first official English representative to India lands at Surat.
October 2 – Dutch lensmaker Hans Lippershey demonstrates the first telescope in the Dutch parliament
Swedish troops enter Moscow
First cheques come to use in Netherlands
Quebec city is founded by Samuel De Champlain
March 17 – formation of the Cathay Company to send Martin Frobisher back to the New World for more gold
May 28 – Publication of the Bergen Book, better known as the Solid Declaration of the Formula of Concord, one of the Lutheran confessional writings.
The earlier version, known as the Torgau Book (1576), had been condensed into an Epitome; both documents are part of the 1580 Book of Concord.
September 17 – Peace of Bergerac signed between Henry III of France and the Huguenots
The church in San Pedro in the Atacama Desert in Chile was built.
November – The Great Comet of 1577 passed by Earth.
The invention of the telephone (1876) by Alexander Graham Bell.
The light bulb was invented.
The phonograph is invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison.
Ludwig Boltzmann's statistical definition of thermodynamic entropy
Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) results in the collapse of the Second French Empire and in the formation of both the French Third Republic and the German Empire
Continuing expansion of the British Empire; beginning of the New Imperialism
Bulgaria and Romania declare independence following the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
In the United States, continuation of post-Civil War reconstruction until its conclusion under President Rutherford B. Hayes in 1877
Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie (Canada)
Tongzhi Emperor (China)
Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli (United Kingdom)
Alexander becomes King of Poland.
The Safavid kingdom was established in northern Iran.
Martin Luther enters the University of Erfurt.
His mother was of German ancestry; his father was of Slovak ancestry.
Voight is the middle of three brothers: volcanologist Barry Voight was born in 1937; musician Chip Taylor was born in 1940.
People from Yonkers, New York
Eugene Joseph "Gene" McCarthy (March 29, 1916 – December 10, 2005) was a United States senator from Minnesota.
He ran for President of the United States five times.
He died from Parkinson's disease.
Eugene J McCarthy Lectureship at Saint John's University
Eugene McCarthy (1916–2005): The Legacy of the Former Senator and Anti-War Presidential Candidate
Eugene J. McCarthy, Senate Dove Who Jolted '68 Race, Dies at 89 — The New York Times
Minnesota senator shook world in '68  — Star Tribune of Minneapolis
United States senators from Minnesota
United States representatives from Minnesota
Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger (born July 30, 1947) is an Austrian-American former professional bodybuilder, actor, film producer, screenwriter, and director.
He was the governor of the American state of California from 2003-2011.
Schwarzenegger then moved to the United States in 1968 and eventually became an actor.
He has been in several big budget Hollywood movies including The Terminator series.
He eventually stopped acting in order to run for governor of California in 2003.
In 2003, Governor Gray Davis was removed as governor and Schwarzenegger was elected.
His term ended in early January 2011, and he was replaced by Jerry Brown.
Before becoming an actor, Schwarzenegger was also a bodybuilder and had won both the Mr. Olympia and Mr. Universe titles over 7 consecutive times.
Schwarzenegger has also set up his own official competition, Arnold Classic.
In 1986, Schwarzenegger married Maria Shriver, but they separated and divorced in 2011.
They have 2 daughters, Katherine and Christina, and also 2 sons, Patrick and Christopher.
Schwarzenegger also has a son with another woman.
Some people think that Arnold had cheated on his wife but, such statements have not been proven.
In 2013, Schwarzenegger returned to acting with a role in the movie Escape Plan.
Schwarzenegger.com - official website
Arnold Schwarzenegger Workout
Schwarzenegger bodybuilding
People from Styria
Austrian movie actors
Austrian television actors
Austrian voice actors
Austrian stage actors
Bodybuilders
The Holy Spirit was there from the beginning.
Genesis 1:2 says that the Holy Spirit helped create the Earth.
The second chapter of the book of Acts tells how on the 50th day after Passover (called Pentecost), and 10 days after Jesus ascended to Heaven, Jesus' followers were gathered at the feast.
While they were praying, the Holy Spirit came upon them.
They began to speak in other languages (tongues).
Holy Spirit baptism
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the most important communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying data across network boundaries.
It establishes the Internet.
In the past, IP did not provide the connectivity; It only specified how packets are supposed to be created.
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) allowed this functionality.
Since one could not perform its task without the other, they earned the name TCP/IP to show how they depend on each other.
Think of IP as something like the postal system.
It allows you to address a package and drop it into the system, but there is no actual direct link between you and the recipient.
Instead, there is a "web" of links interconnecting with each other.
This is where IP and TCP come in.
IP tells packets what their destination is and how to get there; TCP ensures a reliable connection, checking packets for errors, requesting a "re-transmission" if it detects one.
The Internet Protocol gets information from a source computer to a destination computer.
It sends this information in the form of packets.
There are two versions of the Internet Protocol currently in use: IPv4 and IPv6, with IPv4 being the version most used.
IP also gives computers an IP address to identify each other, much like a typical physical address.
The main purpose and task of IP is the delivery of datagrams from the source host (source computer) to the destination host (receiving computer) based on their addresses.
To achieve this, IP includes methods and structures for putting tags (address information, which is part of metadata) within datagrams.
The process of putting these tags on datagrams is called encapsulation.
Think of an analogy with the postal system.
IP is similar to the U.S. Postal System in that it allows a package (a datagram) to be addressed (encapsulation) and put into the system (the Internet) by the sender (source host).
However, there is no direct link between sender and receiver.
The package (datagram) is almost always divided into pieces, but each piece contains the address of the receiver (destination host).
Eventually, each piece arrives at the receiver, often by different routes and at different times.
These routes and times are also determined by the Postal System, which is the IP.
However, the Postal System (in the transport and application layers) puts all the pieces back together before delivery to the receiver (destination host).
Note: IP is actually a connectionless protocol, meaning that the circuit to the receiver (destination host) does not need be set up before transmission (by the source host).
Continuing the analogy, there does not need to be a direct connection between the physical return address on the letter/package and the recipient address before the letter/package is sent.
Originally, IP was a connectionless datagram service in a transmission control program created by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in 1974.
When format and rules were applied to allow connections, the connection-oriented Transmission Control Protocol was created.
The two together form the Internet Protocol Suite, often referred to as TCP/IP.
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) was the first major version of IP.
This is the dominant protocol of the Internet.
However, IPv6 is active and in use, and its deployment is increasing all over the world.
Addressing and routing are the most complex aspects of IP.
However, intelligence in the network is located at nodes (network interconnection points) in the form of routers which forward datagrams to the next known gateway on the route to the final destination.
The routers use interior gateway protocols (IGPs) or external gateway protocols (EGPs) to help with making forwarding route decisions.
Routes are determined by the routing prefix within the datagrams.
The routing process can therefore become complex.
But at the speed of light (or nearly so) the routing intelligence determines the best route, and the datagram pieces and datagram all eventually arrive at their destination
IP Packets
IP packets or datagram has two parts.
The first part is the header, which is like a label on an envelope.
The second part is the payload, which is like the letter inside an envelope.
The header contains the source and destination IP addresses, and some extra information.
This information is called metadata, and is about the packet itself.
Putting data in a packet with a header is encapsulation.
Every computer on a network does some kind of routing.
Dedicated computers talk with each other to figure out where to send packets.
These computers are called routers, and talk using routing protocols.
Along every hop in a packet's journey, a computer reads the header.
The computer sees the destination IP address and figures out where to send the packet.
ARPANET, the early ancestor of the internet, was designed to survive a nuclear war.
If one computer was destroyed, communication between all the other computers would still work.
Computer networks still follow this same design.
Computers talking to each other handle the "smart" functions to simplify computer networks.
The end nodes will check for errors instead of a central authority.
Keeping the "smart" things on the end computers or nodes follows the end-to-end principle.
The Internet Protocol sends packets out without ensuring they arrive safely.
This is best-effort delivery, and is unreliable.
Packets could get messed up, lost, duplicated, or received out of order.
Higher level protocols like the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) ensure packets are delivered correctly.
IP is also connectionless, so it does not keep track of communications.
Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) uses a checksum to check for errors in an IP header.
Every checksum is unique to a source/destination combination.
A routing node generates a new checksum when it gets a packet.
If the new checksum is different from the old one, the routing node knows the packet is bad and throws it out.
IPv6 assumes another protocol will check for errors and leaves out the checksum.
This is to improve performance.
In 1974, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers published a paper called "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication".
The paper described a way for computers to talk to each other using Packet Switching.
A big part of this idea was the "Transmission Control Program".
The Transmission Control Program was too big, so it split into TCP and IP.
This model is now called the DoD Internet Model and Internet Protocol Suite, or the TCP/IP Model.
IPv4 addresses will run out, because the number of possible addresses is running out.
To fix this, the IEEE made IPv6 which had even more addresses.
While IPv4 has 4.3 Billion addresses, IPv6 has 340 undecillion of them.
This means we will never run out of IPv6 addresses.
IPv5 was reserved for the Internet Stream Protocol, which was only used experimentally.
Internet protocols
Production of steel revolutionised by invention of the Bessemer process
Benjamin Silliman fractionates petroleum by distillation for the first time
First transatlantic telegraph cable laid
First safety elevator installed by Elisha Otis
Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species, putting forward the theory of evolution by natural selection
Epidemiology begins when John Snow traces the source of an outbreak of cholera in London to a contaminated water pump.
Discovery of Neandertal fossils in Neanderthal, Germany
Solar flares discovered by Richard Christopher Carrington
Crimean War (1854–1856) fought between Imperial Russia and an alliance consisting of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Second French Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire.
The majority of the conflict takes place around Crimea, on the northern coasts of the Black Sea.
The Indian Mutiny: revolt against the East India Company's British rule in India
Dissolution of the Mughal Empire by the British.
156 are killed in Paris in a failed assassination attempt on Napoleon III, Emperor of France
Moldavia and Wallachia are unified and form Romania.
Gideon T. Stewart attempts to create a Prohibition Party.
King Frederick William IV (Germany)
Queen Maria II (Portugal)
King Peter V (Portugal)
Emperor Nicholas I (Russia)
Queen Victoria, (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister Lord John Russell (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister Lord Aberdeen (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister Lord Palmerston (United Kingdom)
President Millard Fillmore (United States)
President Franklin Pierce (United States)
January 20 – Ferdinand II becomes king of Aragon and rules together with his wife Isabella, queen of Castile over most of the Iberian peninsula.
Together they take over Granada in 1492, ending 800 years of Moorish rule.
January 25 – Treaty of Istanbul between Ottoman Empire and Republic of Venice, in which Venice agrees to give land to the Ottomans and pay them 10,000 ducats a year.
August 7 – Battle of Guinegate – A French army sent to invade the Netherlands is defeated by Maximilian of Austria.
September 4 – Treaty of Alcáçovas ends War of Castilian Succession.
October 13 – Battle of Kenyérmező – The Hungarian army led by Pál Kinizsi and István Báthori defeats the Ottoman Turk army in Transsylvania, Hungary.
Christopher Columbus, a sailor and trader in the Genoese community in Portugal, marries Felipa Perestrelo Moniz and receives as dowry her dead father's maps and papers charting the seas and winds around the Madeira Islands and other Portuguese island colonies.
March 5 – Papal dispensation issued for the marriage of Henry VIII of England and Catherine of Aragon
Portuguese under Dom Lourenço d'Almeida reach Colombo, Sri Lanka and send envoys to King of Kotte.
June 27 – Henry VIII of England repudiates his engagement to Catherine of Aragon, at his father's command
King Alexander of Poland signed "Nihil novi" act – Poland became Nobles' Democracy
Poland prohibits peasants from leaving their lands, establishing serfdom
Christ's College, Cambridge founded.
Vasili III succeeds Ivan III as Grand Prince of Muscovy.
Idiosa III of Chardonnay murdered.
Arabs reach Comoros.
Judah Abravanel becomes personal physician to the viceroy of Naples.
(known simply as Akihito) is the former emperor of Japan from 1989 to 2019, He was the 125th emperor of his line according to Japan's traditional order of succession.
He is head of the Imperial House of Japan.
Akihito became emperor after the death of his father in 1989, who was Emperor Shōwa.
The current emperor's official reign name is Heisei (establishing peace).
The Japanese government announced in December 2017 that Akihito would abdicate on 30 April 2019.
He then did so in a brief ceremony on that date.
What the emperor does
The emperor has many duties and responsibilities.
For example, he regularly
takes part in affairs of according to the Constitution of Japan.
attends various events and ceremonies held at the Imperial Palace.
attends ceremonies in Tokyo.
makes appearances at a variety of ceremonies in various parts in Japan
visits welfare facilities.
visits regions where disasters hit
visits other countries
helps transmit the traditional culture of Japan
Television broadcast
Akihito directly addressed his subjects in a television broadcast after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.
This was the first time any emperor used television in this way.
23 December 1933 – 10 November 1952: His Imperial Highness The Prince Tsugu
10 November 1952 – 7 January 1989: His Imperial Highness The Crown Prince of Japan
7 January 1989 – 30 April 2019: His Majesty The Emperor of Japan
1 May 2019 – present: His Majesty The Emperor Emeritus
Order of the Chrysanthemum, Japan
Order of the Rising Sun, Japan
Order of the Sacred Treasure, Japan
Order of Culture, Japan
Order of the Garter, UK
Imperial Household Agency (English); (Japanese)
"Do Not Lose Hope" Address to the Nation, 2011 transcript and audio mp3 and video
KidsWebJapan,  "Emperor's Role"
天皇制を廃止すべき29の理由
コロナ禍機に君主制廃止検討を
People from Tokyo
Japanese imperial family
Crown Princes and Princesses of Japan
Geoffrey of Monmouth produces the Historia Regum Britanniae.
Construction of the Durham Cathedral is completed in England.
Construction of Exeter Cathedral begins in England.
June 4 – Lothair III is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Innocent II.
March 5 – Henry II of England (d. 1189
There is also the San Diego Aerospace Museum.
The Aero Space Museum is an airplane museum in Calgary in Canada.
The museum, founded in 1975, is near the Calgary Airport.
There are also peace-time airplanes made by Cessna and de Havilland, and a helicopter made by Sikorsky.
The museum also has a large library of flying information available for people to read and look at.
Aero Space Museum website
Aircraft museums
Museums in Canada
1975 establishments in North America
The Canadian Museum of Flight is an aircraft museum at the Langley Airport in Langley, British Columbia, Canada.
The museum has about 20 peace-time and war-time motor airplanes, gliders, and helicopters to see, six of which can still fly.
Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck Mk.3B
Beechcraft 3NMT Expeditor (C-45)
Bowlus Bumblebee BB1
Canadair (Lockheed) T-33AN Silver Star
Canadair CT-114 Tutor (used by the Snowbirds)
Canadian Quickie 1 (Homebuilt)
Douglas DC-3 "CF-PWH" "Spirit of the Skeena"
de Havilland DH100 Vampire Mk3
de Havilland DH82C Tiger Moth (Flying condition)
Fleet 16B Finch MkII  (Flying condition)
Lockheed CF-104D Starfighter
North American Harvard Mk IIB (Flying condition)
Mignet "Pou du Ciel"
Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5a (7/8 Replica) (Flying condition)
Sikorsky S-55
Sopwith Camel (Duplicate)
Struchen Ultralight Helicopter
Waco AQC-6 (Flying condition)
Waco INF (Flying condition)
Westland Lysander Mk III
Canadian Museum of Flight website
The Olympic Flight Museum is an aircraft museum at the Olympia Airport in Olympia, Washington, USA.
The museum has more than 20 airplanes and helicopters to see, most of which can still fly.
Olympic Flight Museum website
Museums in Washington
San Diego Aerospace Museum is an aircraft and space exploration museum in San Diego, California, USA.
It contains many original and copies of old aircraft and spacecraft, including:
A Lockheed A-12 Oxcart
A Ford Trimotor
A Supermarine Spitfire Mk.
A North American P-51 Mustang
The Apollo 9 command module "Gumdrop"
A SPAD VII.c.1
A Nieuport 28
A Curtiss JN4 Jenny
A Curtiss P-40 Warhawk
A North American F-86 Sabre
A Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 Fagot
A Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 Fresco
A McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II
A Bell AH-1 Cobra
A PBY-5A Catalina
San Diego Aerospace Museum website
Museums in California
Buildings and structures in San Diego, California
The Pearson Air Museum is an airplane museum at Pearson Field Airport in Vancouver, Washington, USA.
The museum and Pearson Field, and the Fort Vancouver National Historic Site, are all part of the Vancouver National Historic Reserve.
Planes shown
The Pearson Air Museum shows different kinds of unusual, special, and historic airplanes.
For example, an experimental and one-of-a-kind aircraft known as the "flying pickle" originally based at Watts Airport (or Bernard's Airport), is shown at the Pearson.
Alley reports on this special airplane based at Watts Airport in 1929, that was an experimental one-of-a-kind model.
In this aircraft the pilot sits in an open air compartment, behind a roomy enclosed passenger cabin.
Pearson Air Museum website
Newfoundland and Labrador () is a province on the East Coast of Canada, and is the farthest east of all Canadian provinces and territories.
The capital of Newfoundland and Labrador is St. John's.
In 2016, 519,716 people lived in Newfoundland and Labrador.
The province of Newfoundland and Labrador was originally called Newfoundland and joined Canada in 1949, becoming the newest province of Canada, after being a colony of the United Kingdom.
Until an agreement was reached in 1927, Quebec also claimed Labrador.
In 2001, the name of Newfoundland changed to its new official name, Newfoundland and Labrador, while the postal code abbreviation changed from NF to NL.
The island of Newfoundland, and part of Labrador, are in a time zone that is a half hour off from any other part of North America.
1949 establishments in Canada
The greenfinch (Chloris chloris), also known as the European greenfinch, is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae.
This bird is widespread throughout Europe, north Africa and southwest Asia.
The Greenfinch has also been introduced into both Australia and New Zealand.
Woodland edges, farmland hedges and gardens with relatively thick vegetation are favoured for breeding.
It nests in trees or bushes, laying 38 eggs.
This species can form large flocks outside the breeding season, sometimes mixing with other finches and buntings.
St. John's is the capital of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.
It is also the largest city in the province, with 108,860 people living there and 205,955 people in the St. John's Metropolitan Area.
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) has two campuses in St. John's and College of the North Atlantic (CNA) also has two (and a third in Seal Cove, within the St. John's Metropolitan Area).
MUN and CNA are the only two public higher education institutions in Newfoundland.
Given this, there are many students living in St. John's to pursue studies.
St. John's is home to the Newfoundland Growlers who play in the ECHL.
St. John's is also home to the St. John's Edge who play in the NBL
St. John's Stations
CBNT-DT CBC
CJON-DT NTV
A nest is place animals build to hold their eggs or provide a place to raise their babies.
They are most typical of birds, but many other vertebrates do make nests.
Nests may be composed of organic material such as twigs, grass, and leaves.
They may be a simple depression in the ground, or a hole in a rock, tree, or building.
Nests can be found in all types of habitat.
An egg results from fertilization of an ovum.
The egg is a container for the zygote.
It protects the zygote, and feeds the embryo.
The animal embryo develops until it can survive on its own, at which point the egg hatches.
Most fish, amphibians, reptiles, dinosaurs, birds, monotremes, arthropods and molluscs lay eggs outside the mother's body.
They are always in some kind of container, a shell or covering.
Reptiles, birds and monotremes lay cleidoic eggs:  bird eggs are an example.
These are a special kind of egg with a good supply of food and water.
They have an outside covering which lets through gases so that carbon dioxide can get out, and oxygen can get in it.
Live birth
Some animals, mostly mammals, keep the zygote inside their body where the embryo grows until it is ready to be born.
These are also cleidoic eggs, but all the development is done inside the mother's body, as with humans.
Most mammals, and a number of marine reptiles, give live birth.
Also, there are some invertebrates, such as scorpions, where the eggs develops inside the mother.
They also give birth to live young.
Largest egg
The ostrich has the largest eggs of all living animals.
Eggs, mostly bird eggs, are often eaten as food.
The shell of an egg is a hard calcareous (CaCO3) material.
The shell of an ostrich egg can support the weight of a fully grown human.
The Javan tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica) is 1 of 3 extinct types of tigers.
It lived on the island of Java in Indonesia.
It became extinct in the 1970s-1990s.
The last known sighting of one was in 1972.
It was small when compared with the subspecies from the Asian mainland.
However, it was larger than the Bali tiger and around the size of the Sumatran tiger.
It had numerous long, thin stripes.
A plague of tropical fire ants devastates crops on Hispaniola.
June 19 – Battle of Landriano – A French army in Italy under Marshal St. Pol is decisively defeated.
November 6 – Shipwrecked Spanish conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca becomes the first known European to set foot on Texas.
Andrea Doria revolts against the French and establishes the independence of Genoa.
Montenegro gains autonomy under Turk power.
Maya people drive Spanish Conquistadors out of Yucatán.
Spain takes direct control of Acapulco.
Bubonic plague breaks out in England.
Fourth major outbreak of the sweating sickness in England.
This time the disease also spreads to northern Europe
St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle completed.
Chateau Fontainebleau in France begun.
Cardinal Wolsey founds a college at Ipswich.
Michelangelo (Michelangelo Buonarroti) begins work on fortifications of Florence.
Baldassare Castiglione publishes The Book of the Courtier.
April 22 – Treaty of Saragossa divides the eastern hemisphere between Spain and Portugal, stipulating that the dividing line should lie 297.5 leagues or 17° east of the Moluccas.
March 7 or 9 – At the Battle of Shimbra Kure, Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, with 200 men armed with matchlocks, defeats the army of Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia.
May 10 – The Turkish army under Suleiman I leaves Constantinople to once again invade Hungary.
August 5 – Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor sign the Treaty of Cambrai
September 8 – Recapture of Buda by the invading Turkish forces.
September 8 – The city of Maracaibo in Venezuela is founded by Ambrosius Ehinger.
September 23 – Vienna is besieged by Turkish forces.
October 15 – With the season growing late, Suleiman abandons the siege.
Emperor Charles V and Francis I of France sign the Treaty of Cambrai, or the "Ladies' Peace".
Francis abandons his claims in Italy, but is allowed to retain Burgundy.
Thomas Wolsey, Archbishop of York, fails to bring about the divorce and annulment Henry VIII had sought and is forced to resign.
Aylesbury is granted the county town of Buckinghamshire in England by King Henry VIII.
Stephen Báthory becomes governor of Transylvania.
Boromrajathira IV succeeds Rama Thibodi II as king of Ayutthaya.
Fluorine is first described by Georg Agricola.
Giorgio Vasari visits Rome.
Pietro Bembo becomes historiographer of Venice.
Heinrich Bullinger becomes pastor of Bremgarten.
Diet of Speyer takes place.
An abacus is an old tool used for arithmetic.
It is still used in some parts of the world, and it is well suited for use in shops and street markets.
Sometimes blind people use an abacus, because they can feel the numbers easily.
The most common abacuses work by moving beads on rods.
Abacuses can do addition, subtraction, multiplication, division.
They can be used to find the square root of whole numbers.
Expert abacus users can sometimes do math faster than basic calculators.
There is a common Chinese abacus.
This abacus is split into two kinds of basic rows, the top is for the "5"s, and the bottom is for the "ones".
There are one or two beads in the top rows, and four or five beads in the bottom ones.
For example, 8 is one bead on top and 3 below, because 5 + 3 = 8.
Every column represents a different digit.
The use of the word abacus dates from before 1387 AD, when the word was got from Latin to describe a sandboard abacus.
The Latin word came from ancient Greek  (abax) which means something without base, or (improperly) any piece of rectangular board or plank.
Both abacuses' and abaci are used as plurals.
The user of an abacus is called an abacist (soft or hard 'c').
There is a Japanese version of the abacus called the 'soroban'.
It works in essentially the same way.
General and historical articles
Abacus Photos and Images
Roman abacus
Manual de uso del Abaco Japonés Soroban
Min Multimedia
Suan Pan
Abacus: Mystery of the Bead - an Abacus Manual
Abacus curiosities
Abacus in various number systems
Java applet of Chinese, Japanese and Russian abaci
An atomic-scale abacus
January 10 – Simon Marius, German astronomer (died 1624)
April 17 – Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria (died 1651)
April 26 – Marie de' Medici, queen of Henry IV of France (d. 1642)
July 15 – Inigo Jones, English architect (died 1652)
July 25 – Christoph Scheiner, German astronomer and Jesuit (died 1650)
September 28 – Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, Italian artist (died 1610)
October 6 – Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, English patron of the theater (died 1624)
October 7 – William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1645)
Ambrosius Bosschaert, Dutch painter (died 1621)
Pietro Carrera, Sicilian chess player, priest and painter (died 1647)
Robert Catesby, English leader of the Gunpowder Plot (died 1605)
Odoardo Farnese, Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in Italy (died 1626)
Ukita Hideie, Japanese daimyo (died 1655)
Richard Johnson, English romance writer (died 1659)
Johannes Junius, Burgomeister of Bamberg (died 1628)
John Kendrick, English merchant (died 1624)
Oeyo, wife of Tokugawa Hidetada
Juan Pujol, Catalan composer and organist (died 1626)
Charles de Valois, Duke of Angoulême, natural son of Charles IX of France (died 1650)
February 12 – John Winthrop, the Younger, Governor of Connecticut (died 1676)
March 3 – Edmund Waller, English poet (died 1687)
May 23 – Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz, Spanish writer (d. 1682)
May 25 – Saint Charles Garnier, Jesuit missionary (died 1649)
June 6 – Pierre Corneille, French writer (died 1684)
June 16 – Arthur Chichester, 1st Earl of Donegall, Irish soldier (died 1675)
June 19 – James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, Scottish statesman (died 1649)
July 15 – Rembrandt, Dutch painter (died 1669)
September 22 – Li Zicheng, Chinese rebel (died 1645)
November 12 – Jeanne Mance, French settler in Montreal (died 1673)
Richard Busby, English clergyman (died 1695)
Leonard Calvert, governor of Baltimore (died 1647)
Edmund Castell, English orientalist (died 1685)
William Davenant, English poet and playwright (died 1668)
Henry Pierrepont, 1st Marquess of Dorchester (died 1680)
Giovanni Francesco Grimaldi, Italian architect and painter (died 1680)
Thomas Harrison, English puritan soldier and Fifth Monarchist (died 1660)
Thomas Herbert, English traveller and historian (died 1682)
John Robartes, 1st Earl of Radnor (died 1685)
Pierre du Ryer, French dramatist (died 1658)
Joachim von Sandrart, German art-historian and painter (died 1688)
Tokugawa Tadanaga, Japanese nobleman (died 1633)
Thomas Washbourne, English clergyman and poet (died 1687)
1547 was a common year starting on a Saturday in the Julian calendar.
It was the 547th year of the 2nd millennium, the 47th year of the 16th century and the 8th year of the 1540s decade.
1547 was a year that marked the deaths of two powerful European Kings - Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France.
In England, Henry's nine-year-old son took over as Edward VI of England, while in France, Henry II became the next King.
Also, during this year, Ivan IV of Russia was crowned Tsar.
He later became better known as Ivan the Terrible.
January 2 - Giovanni Luigi Fieschi leads a failed revolt in Genoa against Andrea Doria.
January 16 – Grand Duke Ivan IV of Muscovy  becomes the first Tsar of Russia.
January 28 – Edward VI succeeds his father Henry VIII as King of England.
Henry VIII had been King since 1509.
February 20 – Edward VI of England is crowned at Westminster Abbey
March 31 – Henry II succeeds his father Francis I as King of France.