the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Arsacid Kings reigned intermittently throughout the chaotic years after the fall of the Artaxiad Dynasty until 62 when Tiridates I of Armenia secured Arsacid rule in Armenia.
An independent line of Kings was established by Vologases II of Armenia (Valarses/Vagharshak) in 180.
Two of the most notable events under Arsacid rule in Armenian history were the conversion of Armenia to Christianity by St. Gregory the Illuminator in 301 and the creation of the Armenian alphabet by Mesrop Mashtots in 405.
History of Education in Armenia - by Kevork A. Sarafian, G A Sarafean
The heritage of Armenian literature Vol.1 - by A. J. (Agop Jack) Hacikyan, Nourhan Ouzounian, Edward S. Franchuk, Gabriel Basmajian
Armenian History; Armenian Highland
Armenian History: Arshakuni Dynasty by Levon Zekiyan
The Arshakuni Dynasty of Armenia by Vahan M. Kurkjian
1st-century establishments
Hakob Karapetovich Kojoyan (1883 - 1959) was an Armenian artist.
He worked in genres of painting, landscapes, and applied art.
Hakob Kojoyan was awarded the designation of "People's Artist of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic."
He helped Armenian architect Alexander Tamanian to create the coat of arms for the Democratic Republic of Armenia.
Hakob Kojoyan was born in Akhaltsikhe (now in Georgia) to a family of Armenian jewelers.
As a boy he apprenticed to the goldsmith's craft and learned engraving.
At age 20 he went to study art in Munich, Germany, and in 1905 went to the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts in Russia, where he studied for two years.
He later spent time in Paris and Moscow, then in 1918 returned to Armenia.
Alexander Tamanian (, March 4, 1878, Yekaterinodar - February 20, 1936, Yerevan) was an Armenian neoclassical architect, who is remembered today for his work in the city of Yerevan.
Alexander Tamanian at Armeniapedia.org
Alexander Tamanian at TACentral.com
Ani (, Latin: Abnicum) is a ruined and uninhabited medieval city-site in Turkey.
It is in the province of Kars, beside the border with Armenia.
It was once the capital of a medieval Armenian kingdom that covered much of present-day Armenia and eastern Turkey.
At the height of its great times, Ani had a population of 100,000 - 200,000 people and was the rival of Constantinople, Baghdad and Cairo.
Long ago renowned for its splendor and magnificence, Ani has been abandoned and largely forgotten for centuries.
Armenian chroniclers first mention Ani in the 5th century AD.
They describe it as a strong fortress built on a hilltop and a possession of the Armenian Kamsarakan dynasty.
By the early 9th century the former territories of the Kamsarakans in Arsharunik and Shirak (including Ani) had been incorporated into the territories of the Armenian Bagratuni dynasty.
Their leader, Ashot Msaker (Ashot the Meateater) (806-827) was given the title of ishkhan (prince) of Armenia by the Caliphate in 804.
Other monuments
There are many other minor monuments at Ani.
These include a convent known as the Virgins' chapel; a church used by Chalcedonian Armenians; the remains of a single-arched bridge over the Arpa river; the ruins of numerous oil-presses and several bath houses; the remains of a second mosque with a collapsed minaret; a palace that probably dates from the 13th century; the foundations of several other palaces and smaller residences; the recently excavated remains of several streets lined with shops; etc.
Virtual Ani - has clickable maps, extensive history and photos
5th-century establishments in Asia
The Armenian SSR  or Soviet Socialist Republic of Armenia, came into being on 29 November 1920.
On 1 December 1920, the Prime Minister Simon Vratsian handed over control of the country to the Communist Party of Armenia.
The name was later changed to the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic.
20th century in Armenia
1920 establishments in the Soviet Union
Disestablishments in the Soviet Union
An extinct language is a language that no longer is the first language or the second language of anyone.
The opposite of a modern language, an extinct language is not spoken anymore and so no longer develops or changes.
The first recorded example in human history is Sumerian.
Recently-extinct languages
Adai: (late 19th century)
Akkala Sami: Marja Sergina (2003)
entire Alsean family
Alsea: John Albert (1942)
Yaquina: (1884)
Apalachee: (early 18th century)
Atakapa: (early 20th century)
Atsugewi: (1988)
Beothuk: Shanawdithit (a.k.a. "
Nancy April") (1829)
entire Catawban family:
Catawba: before 1960
Cayuse: (ca.
1930s)
Chemakum: (ca.
1940s)
Chicomuceltec: (late 20th century)
Chimariko: (ca.
Chitimacha: Benjamin Paul (1934) & Delphine Ducloux (1940)
entire Chumashan family: Barbareño language was last to become extinct.
Barbareño: Mary Yee (1965)
Ineseño
Island Chumash
Obispeño
Purisimeño
Ventureño
Coahuilteco: (18th century)
Cochimí (a Yuman-Cochimí language): (early 19th century)
entire Comecrudan family
Comecrudo: recorded from children (Andrade, Emiterio, Joaquin, & others) of last speakers in 1886
Garza: last recorded in 1828
Mamulique: last recorded in 1828
entire Coosan family
Hanis: Martha Johnson (1972)
Miluk: Annie Miner Peterson (1939)
Cornish: (Dolly Pentreath, last fluent speaker, died 1777) (undergoing attempts at revival)
all Costanoan languages (which make up a subfamily of the Utian language family): (ca.
Northern Costanoan:
Ramaytush
Chochenyo
Tamyen
Awaswas
Rumsen: last recorded speaker died 1939 in Monterey, California.
Cotoname: last recorded from Santos Cavázos and Emiterio in 1886
Esselen: report of few speakers left in 1833, extinct before end 19th century
Gabrielino (an Uto-Aztecan language): elderly speakers last recorded in 1933
Galice-Applegate (an Athabaskan language):
Galice dialect: Hoxie Simmons (1963)
Juaneño (an Uto-Aztecan language): last recorded in 1934
Kakadu (Gagadju): Big Bill Neidjie (July 2002)
entire Kalapuyan family:
Central Kalapuya:
Ahantchuyuk, Luckimute, Mary's River, and Lower McKenzie River dialects: last speakers were about 6 persons who were all over 60 in 1937
Santiam dialect: (ca.
1950s)
Northern Kalapuya:
Tualatin dialect: Louis Kenoyer (1937)
Yamhill dialect: Louisa Selky (1915)
Yonkalla: last recorded in 1937 from Laura Blackery Albertson who only partly remembered it.
Kamassian: (1989)
Karankawa: (1858)
Kathlamet (a Chinookan language): (ca.
Kitanemuk (an Uto-Aztecan language): Marcelino Rivera, Isabella Gonzales, Refugia Duran (last recorded 1937)
Kitsai (a Caddoan language): (ca.
Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie (an Athabaskan language): children of the last speakers remembered a few words, recorded in 1935 & 1942
Clatskanie dialect: father of Willie Andrew (ca.
1870)
Kwalhioqua dialect: mother of Lizzie Johnson (1910)
Lower Chinook (a Chinookan language): (ca.
Mahican: last spoken in Wisconsin (ca.
Manx: Ned Maddrell (December 1974) (but is being revived as a second language)
Mattole-Bear River (an Athabaskan language):
Bear River dialect: material from last elderly speaker recorded (ca.
Mattole dialect: material recorded (ca.
Mbabaram: Albert Bennett (1972)
Miami-Illinois: (1989)
Mochica: ca.
Mohegan: Fidelia Fielding (1908)
Molala: Fred Yelkes (1958)
Munichi: Victoria Huancho Icahuate (late 1990s)
Natchez: Watt Sam & Nancy Raven (early 1930s)
Negerhollands: Alice Stevenson (1987)
Nooksack: Sindick Jimmy (1977)
Northern Pomo: (1994)
Nottoway (an Iroquoian language): last recorded before 1836
Pentlatch (a Salishan language): Joe Nimnim (1940)
Pánobo (a Pano-Tacanan language): 1991
Polabian (a Slavic language): (late 18th century)
Salinan: (ca.
entire Shastan family
Konomihu
New River Shasta
Okwanuchu
Shasta: 3 elderly speakers in 1980, extinct by 1990
Siuslaw: (ca.
1970s)
Slovincian  (a Slavic language): (20th century)
Susquehannock: all last speakers murdered in 1763
Takelma: Molly Orton (or Molly Orcutt) & Willie Simmons (both not fully fluent) last recorded in 1934
Tasmanian: (late 19th century)
Tataviam (an Uto-Aztecan language): Juan José Fustero who remembered only a few words of his grandparents' language (recorded 1913)
Teteté (an Tucanoan language)
Tillamook (a Salishan language): (1970)
Tonkawa: 6 elderly people in 1931
Tsetsaut (an Athabaskan language): last fluent speaker was elderly man recorded in 1894
Tunica: Sesostrie Youchigant (ca.
mid 20th century)
Ubykh: Tevfik Esenç (October 1992)
all dialects of Upper Chinook (a Chinookan language) are extinct, except for the Wasco-Wishram dialect.
The Clackamas dialect began extinct in the 1930s, other dialects have little documentation. (
The Wasco-Wishram dialect is still spoken by 6 elders.)
Upper Umpqua: Wolverton Orton, last recorded in 1942
Vegliot Dalmatian: Tuone Udaina (Italian: Antonio Udina) (10 June 1898)
Wappo
Wiyot: Della Prince (1962)
Yana: Ishi (1916)
Yola related to English (mid 19th c.)
The Dodo's Fate: How languages become extinct (via Internet Archive)
Linguist List - List of Ancient and Extinct Languages &A list of ancient and extinct languages with temporary codes
An Armenian American is an American whose ancestry is from Armenia.
During the 2009 Census in the United States, 1,270,000 Americans indicated either full or partial Armenian ancestry.
The first Armenian known to have moved to America is nicknamed "Martin the Armenian".
He was one of the settlers in the Jamestown Colony in Virginia.
He arrived in Jamestown in 1618, when the colony was only 11 years old.
Martin was invited to the colony to raise silk worms.
Other Armenians were also brought to the colony but they went back to Europe.
Armenians began to arrive in the United States in high numbers in the late 19th century.
However, the influx was intensified when over 100,000 Armenian refugees came after World War I to flee the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire.
Information about Armenian-Americans in the United States
More Information about Armenian-Americans
Sir Thomas Cavendish (or Candish) (1560-1592) was an English sea explorer.
He was known as "the Navigator" because he led the third expedition to travel around (circumnavigate) the globe.
Cavendish was the first who set sail to do this.
Magellan and Francis Drake were the first two to circumnavigate the globe, but they did not intend to do so.
Cavendish died at sea on his second voyage around the world.
1592 deaths
William Saroyan () (August 31, 1908 - May 18, 1981) was an American author who wrote many plays and short stories about growing up impoverished as the son of Armenian immigrants.
These stories were popular during the Great Depression.
Saroyan grew up in Fresno, the center of Armenian-Americans in California, where many of his works are set (although he sometimes gave the city a fictional name).
Asked how to say his name, he told The Literary Digest "In Armenian it is sor-row'yan, accent on row.
In America it is mispronounced with... 'roy.'"
Saroyan was born in Fresno, California, the son of an Armenian immigrant.
His father moved to New Jersey in 1905 - he was a small vineyard owner, who had been educated as a Presbyterian minister.
At a certain point his father was forced to take farm-laboring work, and he died in 1911.
At the age of four, William Saroyan was placed in the Fred Finch Orphanage in Oakland, California, together with his brother and sister - an experience he later described in his writing.
Five years later the family reunited in Fresno, where his mother, Takoohi, had obtained work in a cannery.
"The writer is a spiritual anarchist, as in the depth of his soul every man is.
He is discontented with everything and everybody.
The writer is everybody's best friend and only true enemy - the good and great enemy.
He neither walks with the multitude nor cheers with them.
The writer who is a writer is a rebel who never stops." (
from The William Saroyan Reader, 1958)
"I should like to see any power of the world destroy this race, this small tribe of unimportant people, whose wars have all been fought and lost, whose structures have crumbled, literature is unread, music is unheard, and prayers are no more answered.
Go ahead, destroy Armenia.
See if you can do it.
Send them into the desert without bread or water.
Burn their homes and churches.
Then see if they will not laugh, sing and pray again.
For when two of them meet anywhere in the world, see if they will not create a New Armenia."
The William Saroyan Society
William Saroyan article on Armeniapedia.org
The William Saroyan Literary Foundation Intl.
on WilliamSaroyan.org
Raphael Lemkin (; 24 June 1900 – 28 August 1959) was a lawyer of Polish-Jewish descent.
Before World War II, Lemkin was interested in the Armenian Genocide and campaigned in the League of Nations to ban what he called "barbarity" and "vandalism".
He is best known for his work against genocide, a word he coined in 1943 from the root words genos (Greek for family, tribe or race) and -cide (Latin for killing).
Lemkin died of a heart attack at the public relations office of Milton H. Blow in New York City in 1959, at the age of 59.
Biographical sketch of Raphael Lemkin
Key writings of Raphael Lemkin on Genocide, 1933–1947
Raphael Lemkin at ArmeniaPedia
Belarusian Jews
Genocides in Europe
Jewish lawyers
Vakıflı Köyü ( — Vakif) is the only ethnic Armenian village in Turkey.
It is on the slopes of Musa Dagh in the Samandağ district of Hatay Province.
It has a view of the Mediterranean Sea.
From the village, people can see the Syrian border.
It has a population of about 130 people.
The Spanish colonization of the Americas began with the arrival in America of Christopher Columbus (Cristóbal Colón) in 1492.
This was the first part of the European colonization of the Americas.
The Spanish expanded their territories in America over the years until they included Central America, most of South America, Mexico, the South of what today is Southern United States, the Western part of what today is the United States, the Southwestern part of what today is British Columbia in Canada, and even reaching Alaska.
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Spanish possessions in America began a series of independence movements, which led to the complete separation from Spain by the mid 1820's of Mexico, and the colonies in Central and South America.
The remaining Spanish colonies, Cuba and Puerto Rico, were lost in 1898 as a consequence of the Spanish-American War
Spanish Exploration and Conquest of North America
Dr. Robert Jackson's Missions of South America
Spanish Colonial Missions Initiatve NPS/INAH
A Conquistador (English: Conqueror; : Conquistadores, or Conquistadors) was a Spanish soldier, explorer and adventurer.
The Conquistadors invaded and conquered much of the Americas and the Philippines Islands and other islands in Asia Pacific.
Many of them were hidalgos (noblemen of low category).
Their conquests brought these lands under Spanish colonial rule between the 15th and 17th centuries, starting with the 1492 settlement by Christopher Columbus in what is now the Bahamas.
They created what is now called Latin America.
The first immensely successful conquistador was Hernán Cortés.
Between 1520 and 1521, Cortés, along with native enemies of the Aztecs, conquered the mighty Aztec Empire.
Present day Mexico came under the dominion of the Spanish Empire, as New Spain.
Francisco Pizarro later found and conquered the similarly large Inca Empire.
List of Conquistadors
Alonso Dávila (México, 1520-1533)
Alonso del Castillo Maldonado
Alonso de Ojeda (Venezuela, Colombia, Guyana, Aruba)
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (United States, 1527-1536, 1540-1542)
Antonio de Aragón, Tucumán (Argentina)
Cristóbal de Olid (Honduras, 1523-1524)
Diego de Almagro (Perú, 1524-1535, Chile, 1535-1537)
Diego de Nicuesa (Panamá, 1506-1511)
Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar (Cuba, 1511-1519)
Domingo Martínez de Irala
Francisco de Montejo (Yucatán, México, 1527-1546)
Francisco de Orellana (Amazon River, 1541-1543)
Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán, México, 1517)
Francisco Pizarro (Perú, 1509-1535)
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado (United States, 1540-1542)
Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada (Colombia, 1536-1537, Venezuela, 1569-1572)
Gonzalo Pizarro (Perú, 1532-1542)
Hernán Cortés (México, 1518-1522, Honduras, 1524, Baja California, 1532-1536)
Hernando de Soto (United States, 1539-1542)
Hernando Pizarro, (Perú, 1532-1560)
Inés Suárez, (Chile, 1541)
Juan de Esquivel, (Jamaica, 1509-1512)
Juan de Salcedo, (North of Philippines, 1570-1576)
Juan de Grijalva (Yucatán, México, 1518)
Juan Pizarro, (Perú, 1532-1536)
Juan Ponce de León (Puerto Rico, 1508, Florida, 1513 and 1521)
Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo
Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón (United States, 1524-1527)
Martín de Goiti, (Manila, Philippines, 1570-1571)
Martín de Ursúa, (Petén, Guatemala, 1696-1697)
Miguel López de Legazpi, (Philippines, 1565-1571)
Nicolás de Federmann (Venezuela and Colombia, 1537-1539)
Pánfilo de Narváez (Florida, 1527-1528)
Pedro de Alvarado (México, 1519-1521, Guatemala, 1523-1527, Perú, 1533-1535, México, 1540-1541)
Pedro de Valdivia (Chile, 1540-1552)
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés (Florida, 1565-1567)
Sebastián de Belalcázar (Ecuador and Colombia, 1533-1536))
Sebastián Vizcaíno
Vasco Núñez de Balboa (Panamá, 1510-1519)
The Conquistadors - Start the Adventure (PBS): https://www.pbs.org/opb/conquistadors/home.htm
Shushanik Kurghinian (Popoljian) (1876-1927) was an Armenian poet.
Kurghinian received little or no recognition for her outstanding poems.
Although a socialist with some stirring poems of labour's rebellion to her name, she remained a dim star even in the Soviet era.
Today she is almost unknown, away from the literary canon in Armenia and the Diaspora.
Shushanik Kurghinian was born on August 18, 1876, in Alexandrapol, in the Yerevan province of Eastern Armenia, into a poor family of Popolji Harout.
In her autobiography Shushanik writes of her childhood: “Sometimes father would bring his [shoe-repair] ‘workstation’ home, in order to save money, and I would work for him – demanding my wages, every single kopek (Coin).
My mother, having been raised in a traditional household, would reprove my ‘ill behavior toward my parent,’and blamed those harmful books for corrupting me.”
`Whoever is without hope, dulled, without spirit,
alone and lacking faith...
bring them to me
my spirit is free
I will give them of my soul...'
(Selected Works, 1982 Yerevan p260)
`I Want to Live: Poems of Shushanik Kurghinian' or at ArmeniaPedia.org
Gyumri (Armenian:Գյումրի) is the capital and largest city of the Shirak province in northwest Armenia.
It is located about 75 miles from the capital Yerevan, and, with a population of 150,917 (2001 census), is the second-largest city in Armenia.
Surp Amenaprkich cathedral in Gyumri
Cities in Armenia
Arminianism is a school of soteriological thought in Protestant Christian theology founded by the Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius.
The Works of Jacob Arminius
What is an Arminian?
by John Wesley
The National Art Gallery of Armenia has a lot of branches in Yerevan and other towns of the republic.
The memorial-houses of the artist Hakop Kojoyan and the sculptor Ara Sarkissian are in the capital.
They exhibit the best works of the two far-famed men of arts.
National Gallery of Armenia is one of the biggest museums of the Republic.
NGA was founded in 1921 as an art section of the State museum.
The foundation of the section has been consisted of dozens of works purchased from Armenian painters’ exhibition organized in August 1921.
A decisive factor in the formation of the art section was the assignation of the rich collection of The Armenian Palace of Culture / The former  Lazarian Gymnasium/ and the donations of Armenian artists to it.
Already in 1925 there were exposed about 400 works of Armenian, Russian and European masters in the six halls of the art section.
In 1935 the art section was changed into Art Museum, in 1947 it was called State Museum of Armenia and from 1991 it was renamed as National Gallery of Armenia.
In 1978 a new 8 storey building was put into exploitation.
Now the collection of the NGA includes about 26.000 museum exhibits and the building has 56 exposition halls in which there are presented the museums treasures by temporary and permanent exhibitions.
Armenian art presents the considerable part of the exposition.
It begins with ancient and Medieval Art: Urartu frescoes, with valuable documental copies of Garni temple’s mosaics and Medieval wall-paintings and miniatures, also Clerical paintings of XVII-XIX centuries, silver book-covers of manuscripts, crosses, etc.
Russian art is representative in the collection of NGA.
Here you can see sacred images of XVI-XVII centuries and works of XVIII-XX centuries well known artists F. Rokotov, I.Argunov, F.Shubin, I.Repin,V.Serov,M.Goncharova,I.Mashkov,S.Konenkov,W.Kandinski,M.Chagal, etc.
In the halls of foreign art the exposition begins with the culture of Ancient World Egypt and Greece.
Here there are presented works by well-known artists of Italian, Holland, Flemish and French art schools /F. Guerchino, Jan Van Goyen, P. Claesz, E. M. Falconet, J. B.Greuze, T.Rousseau, A. Monticelli/.
The Oriental art is presented by highly artistic samples of Iranian, Chinese and Japanese decorative and applied art/ ornamented porcelain and faience service-set, objects made of stone, bone, metal and carved furniture/ by valuable Indian medieval fresco copies done after Armenian artist S. Khatchatrian  and by  Iranian paintings of XIX century.
The restoration and conservation studios operate in the gallery.
There is a library, an archive, cafeteria, souvenir and book store, also operates film and lecturing hall.
In different years the gallery directed R. Drambian /1925-1951/, R.Parsamian /1952-1962/, A.Chilingarian/1962-1967/, E.Isabekian/ 1967-1986/, A.TerGabrielian/ 1986-1990/, Sh.
Khatchatrian/ 1991-2002/ and P.Mirzoyan/2002/ noted artists who has great contribution to the enlargement of the collection in the field of popularization and scientific research.
In the 19th century, there was intellectual and spiritual awakening in Constantinople.
This awakening and enlightenment pushed the reformists to study the Bible.
Under the patronage of the Armenian Patriarchate, a school was opened, headed by Krikor Peshdimaljian, one of the leading intellectuals of the time.
The principal aim of this school was to train qualified clergy for the Armenian Apostolic Church.
Directory of Armenian Evangelical Churches, Institutions, Pastors and Christian Workers Worldwide
theiling.de: Learn the Armenian alphabet online
Armenian Apostolic (Orthodox) Church Library Online (in English, Armenian, and Russian)
stnersess.edu : Bedross Der Matossian on the use of Armeno-Turkish
Unicode Character Code Chart for Armenian
transliteration schemes for the Armenian alphabet (transliteration.eki.ee)
The Orontid Dynasty (in Armenian: Երվանդունիների թագավորություն) was the first Armenian dynasty.
The Orontids established their supremacy over Armenia around the time of the invasions by the Scythians and Medes in the 6th century BC.
The Yervanduni Dynasty-A. Richard Diebold Center for Indo-European Language and Culture
The Orontid (Ervanduni) dynasty
The apricot is native to China and spread to Europe through the Armenia Highlands.
It came to be known throughout the ancient world as the Armenian fruit.
Its botanical name Prunus armeniaca, derives from the Latin vernacular for apricot, armeniacum, which some scholars have linked to its Akkadian name .
The Armenian empire
The Armenian Quarter is one of the four quarters of the Old City of Jerusalem.
Although the Armenian people are Christians, the Armenian Quarter is distinct from the Christian Quarter.
Jerusalem Photos Portal - Armenian Quarter
Armenians in Israel
Neighbourhoods of Jerusalem
Paulo César Fonseca do Nascimento (born 13 January 1978) is a Brazilian football player.
He plays for Borussia Dortmund.
|1996||rowspan="3"|Grêmio||rowspan="3"|Série A||0||0
|1997||10||1
|1999||Kawasaki Frontale||J. League 2||24||8
|2000||Botafogo||Série A||17||1
|2001||rowspan="3"|Grêmio||rowspan="3"|Série A||11||2
|2002||22||2
|2003||32||2
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Sporting Portugal||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||11||0
|2004/05||9||0
|2005||rowspan="2"|Internacional||rowspan="2"|Série A||35||5
|2006||7||1
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Borussia Dortmund||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||31||4
|2007/08||33||4
|2008/09||27||1
|2009/10||||
Total||4||0
People from Porto Alegre
Lina Hahne (born January 23, 1984) was crowned Miss Sweden on June 26.
She represented the country in Miss Universe 2008.
Miss Sweden official homepage
Interview with Lina Hahne on TV4 morning news
Beauty pageant winners
Miss Universe is an international beauty contest.
It was started in 1952 and today has over 190 countries taking part.
About one billion people watch it on television every year.
The competition was first shown on American national television in 1955.
In 1960, the show moved from California to Florida.
Until 1971, the competition was held in the United States, and since 1972 - every year in a new country.
The pageant is owned by WME and IMG, with Fox owning the rights to broadcast the pageant on television.
Until 2015, it was owned by NBC and Donald Trump.
In 2015, Trump started his campaign for President of the United States and said he wanted to stop illegal immigrants from Mexico from coming into the US.
NBC then stopped working with him, and so Trump bought Miss Universe out, and sold it to its current owners a few days later.
After winning the 1951 Miss America competition, Yolanda Betbese refused to pose in Catalina swimwear from Pacific Mills, sponsor of the competition.
Because of this, in 1952 the company left the Miss America competition and organized an alternative national Miss USA competition, as well as an international Miss Universe competition.
Sponsored by the American airline Pan Am and the Universal Film Studio The Miss Universe pageant was first held on June 28, 1952 in Long Beach, California.
At the beginning of its existence, it was intended to promote beach fashion: for a month, applicants advertised beach products.
The first winner of the Miss Universe title was 17-year-old Armi Kuusela from Finland.
She was crowned with the wedding tiara of the Romanov dynasty.
The competition was attended by girls from 30 countries.
Miss Universe official homepage
1952 establishments
Frank Thomas (born May 27, 1968) is a former American Major League Baseball player who spent most of his career with the Chicago White Sox.
Near the end of his career, he also played with the Oakland Athletics and Toronto Blue Jays.
He hit his 500th career home run on June 28, 2007.
He was the 21st person to hit 500 home runs.
Chicago White Sox players
Oakland Athletics players
Toronto Blue Jays players
People from Columbus, Georgia
Northwest or north west is the direction halfway between North and West on a compass.
It is the opposite of Southeast.
Southeast or south east is the direction halfway between south and east.
It the opposite of northwest.
Silvia Night is a fictional (not real) character played by Eva Augusta from Iceland.
Silvia Night participated in Eurovision Song Contest 2006 in Greece.
She is famous for her larger than life and narcissistic persona.
Donald John Trump (born ) is an American businessman, media personality and politician.
He was the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021.
Before becoming president, he was a television personality.
Trump was the chairman and president of The Trump Organization.
Much of his money was made in real estate in New York City, Las Vegas, and Atlantic City.
He used to own the Miss Universe pageant.
He was the star in his own reality show The Apprentice.
In October 2019, Trump changed his official residency state from New York to Florida.
In June 2015, Trump announced that he would run for President of the United States in the 2016 presidential election, although most people did not expect him to win.
Starting mid-July, polls showed that Trump was the front-runner in the Republican field, ahead of Ted Cruz.
This was true even after much criticism from his party due to his comments on illegal immigration, Muslims, and ISIS.
His campaign gained support from mostly middle-class and rural working class families.
It gained opposition from Democrats, some Republicans, business people, some world leaders and the pope.
On May 4, 2016, Trump became the presumptive nominee after his remaining challengers, Texas United States senator Ted Cruz and Ohio Governor John Kasich, dropped out.
He became the president-elect November 9, 2016, after a close race with former Secretary of State, U.S. Senator, and First Lady of the United States Hillary Clinton.
Each of them needed 270 electoral votes to win.
Trump had 304 while Clinton had 227.
He was inaugurated as the 45th president on January 20, 2017, at 70 years old.
On September 24, 2019, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi announced that the House of Representatives would begin an impeachment inquiry into Trump.
On October 31, 2019, the House voted 232–196 to establish procedures for public hearings.
On December 16, the House Judiciary Committee released a report specifying criminal bribery and wire fraud charges as part of the abuse of power charge.
The house voted to impeach Trump in December 2019, making him the third president in American history to be impeached.
He was acquitted by the Senate in February 2020.
In November 2020, Trump lost his re-election bid to former Vice President Joe Biden following the 2020 election.
He became the first president since George H. W. Bush in 1992 to lose his re-election bid.
However, he refused to recognize his loss and claimed to have won the election by a big amount.
He  also sued states that went to Biden.
In January 2021, Trump controversially called Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger and this was reported as an attempt to reverse the election results.
A few days later, his supporters rioted at the United States Capitol, which killed five people.
This led the United States House of Representatives to impeach Trump for a second time.
This made Trump the only president to be impeached twice.
The United States Senate voted to acquit him of all charges.
Donald John Trump was born at Jamaica Hospital Medical Center in Queens, New York City.
He is the son of Fred Trump and his wife Mary Anne (née MacLeod).
They married in 1936.
His mother was born on the Isle of Lewis, off the west coast of Scotland.
Donald was one of five children.
Donald's oldest brother, Fred Jr., died in 1981 at the age of 43, due to an alcohol addiction.
Trump's sister, Maryanne, is a judge in New York.
Trump's father's parents were German immigrants.
His grandfather, Frederick Trump, immigrated to the United States in 1885.
He became a naturalized American citizen in 1892.
Frederick married Elisabeth Christ (October 10, 1880 – June 6, 1966) at Kallstadt, State of Bavaria, Germany, on August 26, 1902.
He studied at Fordham University until transferring to the University of Pennsylvania.
Trump was not drafted during the Vietnam War.
This was due to four college deferments and one medical deferment.
In an interview with The New York Times, he said his medical deferment was because of heel spurs.
Hotel developments
Trump began his career at his father's real estate company, Elizabeth Trump & Son.
He later renamed the company The Trump Organization, which has its headquarters at 40 Wall Street.
The company focused on middle-class rental housing in Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island.
One of Trump's first projects, while he was still in college, was the revitalization of the foreclosed Swifton Village apartment complex in Cincinnati, Ohio.
His father had purchased it for $5.7 million in 1962.
Trump became closely involved in the project.
With a $500,000 investment, he turned the 1200-unit complex with a 66 percent vacancy rate to 100 percent occupancy within two years.
In 1972, the Trump Organization sold Swifton Village for $6 million.
Trump has developed many real estate projects.
They include Trump International Hotel and Tower in Honolulu, Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago, Trump International Hotel and Tower in Toronto, and Trump Tower in Tampa.
In Fort Lauderdale, Florida, one Trump construction project was put on hold in favor of another (Trump International Hotel and Tower in Fort Lauderdale).
Trump Towers in Atlanta was being developed in the housing market, however the project fell after the 2008 recession and instead buildings that didn't belong to Trump were built.
In its October 7, 2007 Forbes 400 issue, "Acreage Aces", Forbes valued Trump's wealth at $3 billion.
Since 2011, his net worth has been estimated from $2 billion to $7 billion.
Forbes estimated his net worth at $3.1 billion in 2019.
Beauty pageants
Wrestling support
Trump is a WWE (World Wrestling Entertainment) fan, and a friend of WWE owner Vince McMahon.
In 1988–89 he hosted WrestleMania IV and V at Boardwalk Hall (dubbed "Trump Plaza" for storyline purposes) and has been an active participant in several of the shows.
Trump was inducted into the celebrity wing of the WWE Hall of Fame in 2013 at Madison Square Garden for his contributions to the promotion.
He made his sixth WrestleMania appearance the next night.
In 2003, Trump became the executive producer and host of the NBC reality show The Apprentice, in which a group of competitors battled for a high-level management job in one of Trump's commercial enterprises.
In 2004, Trump filed a trademark application for the catchphrase "You're fired!"
For the first year of the show, Trump earned $50,000 per episode (roughly $700,000 for the first season), but following the show's initial success, he was paid $1 million per episode.
In a July 2015 press release, Trump's campaign manager said that NBCUniversal had paid him $213,606,575 for his 14 seasons hosting the show.
On February 16, 2015, NBC announced that they would be renewing The Apprentice for a 15th season.
On February 27, Trump stated that he was "not ready" to sign on for another season because of the possibility of a presidential run.
On June 29, after a widespread negative reaction stemming from Trump's campaign announcement speech, NBC released a statement saying, "Due to the recent derogatory statements by Donald Trump regarding immigrants, NBCUniversal is ending its business relationship with Mr. Trump."
Trump was replaced by former Governor of California and actor Arnold Schwarzenegger.
Trump made a formal announcement of his candidacy for president of the United States for the 2016 elections on June 16, 2015.
He made the announcement at 11am EST from his headquarters in Trump Tower in New York City.
Trump launched his campaign saying, "We are going to make our Country Great Again" with a commitment to become the "greatest jobs president."
Trump's official campaign slogan was "Make America Great Again."
That was first used by Alexander Wiley, but Donald Trump trademarked it.
Border security and illegal immigration remarks
During his announcement speech he stated in part, "When Mexico sends its people, they're not sending their best.
They're sending people that have lots of problems, and they're bringing those problems with us.
They're bringing drugs.
They're bringing crime.
And some, I assume, are good people."
On July 6, 2015, Trump issued a written statement to clarify his position on illegal immigration, which drew a reaction from critics.
Trump has described his political leanings and positions in many ways over time.
Politico has called his positions as "eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory".
He has listed several different party affiliations over the years, and has also run as a Reform Party candidate.
The positions that he has revised or reversed include stances on progressive taxation, abortion, and government involvement in health care.
He has supported Christian groups in the U.S., claiming that he will reverse unfavorable tax treatments preventing them from expressing themselves in the political arena and promising to revive a more widespread use of the phrase "Merry Christmas" instead of "Happy Holidays" in department stores.
Other issues he highlighted include taking care of military veterans, making the military "strong", aggressive bombing of the Mideast terrorist group ISIS, surveillance of certain mosques in the U.S., and making trade agreements more favorable to American workers.
Trump entered a large field of candidates consisting of 16 other Republican candidates campaigning for the nomination, the largest presidential field in American history.
By early 2016, the race had mostly centered on Donald Trump and U.S. Senator Ted Cruz.
On Super Tuesday, Trump won the majority of the delegates and remained the front-runner throughout the primaries.
General campaign and election
After becoming the presumptive Republican nominee, Trump's focus shifted to the general election, urging remaining primary voters to "save [their] vote for the general election."
Trump began targeting Hillary Clinton, who became the presumptive Democratic nominee on June 6, 2016 after beating Bernie Sanders in the Democratic primaries, and continued to campaign across the country.
Clinton had established a significant lead in national polls over Trump throughout most of 2016.
In early July, Clinton's lead narrowed in national polling averages following the FBI's conclusion of its investigation into her ongoing email controversy.
On September 26, 2016, Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton faced off in the first presidential debate at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York.
Lester Holt, an anchor with NBC News, was the moderator.
This was the most watched presidential debate in United States history.
On November 8, 2016, Trump won the presidency with 306 electoral votes to Clinton's 232 votes, even though Trump won a smaller part of the popular vote than Clinton.
He is the fourth person to become president without winning the popular vote.
The final popular vote difference between Clinton and Trump is that Clinton finished ahead by 2.86 million or 2.1 percentage points, 48.04% to 45.95%, with neither candidate reaching a majority.
Trump's victory was considered a big political upset, as nearly all national polls at the time showed Hillary Clinton with a modest lead over Trump, and state polls showed her with a modest lead to win the Electoral College.
In the early hours of November 9, 2016, Trump received a phone call in which Clinton conceded the presidency to him.
Trump then delivered his victory speech before hundreds of supporters in the Hilton Hotel in New York City.
Presidential transition
Trump's transition team was led by Chris Christie until November 11, 2016, when Vice President-elect Mike Pence took over.
His nominees for cabinet and other positions include:
RNC chairman Reince Priebus as White House Chief of Staff
Businessman and media executive Steve Bannon as Counselor to the President.
Senator Jeff Sessions as Attorney General
Lieutenant General Michael Flynn as National Security Advisor (Resigned on February 13, 2017)
Education reform activist Betsy DeVos as Secretary of Education
Governor Nikki Haley as Ambassador to the United Nations
Attorney General of Oklahoma Scott Pruitt as Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.
Businesswoman Linda McMahon as Administrator of the Small Business Administration.
U.S. Representative Mick Mulvaney as Director of the Office of Management and Budget.
Lawyer Robert Lighthizer as United States Trade Representative.
Former Secretary of Labor Elaine Chao as Secretary of Transportation
U.S. Representative Tom Price as Secretary of Health and Human Services
Former campaign rival Ben Carson as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
Financier Steven Mnuchin as Secretary of the Treasury
Billionaire investor Wilbur Ross as Secretary of Commerce
Marine Corps General James Mattis as Secretary of Defense
Marine Corps General John F. Kelly as Secretary of Homeland Security
Businessman Andrew Puzder as Secretary of Labor (Withdrew nomination February 15, 2017)
CEO of ExxonMobil Rex Tillerson as Secretary of State
Former Governor Rick Perry as Secretary of Energy
U.S. Representative Ryan Zinke as Secretary of the Interior
U.S. Representative Mike Pompeo as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.
Under Secretary for Health David Shulkin as Secretary of Veterans Affairs
Former Governor of Georgia Sonny Perdue as Secretary of Agriculture
U.S. Senator Dan Coats as Director of National Intelligence.
On January 20, 2017, Trump was sworn in by Chief Justice John G. Roberts as President of the United States at his inauguration ceremony at the United States Capitol Building.
Within his first hour as president, he signed several executive orders, including an order to minimize "the economic burden" of the Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare.
On January 23, 2017 Trump signed the executive order withdrawing the United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), a trade agreement between the United States and eleven Pacific Rim nations—Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, and Vietnam that would have created a "free-trade zone for about 40 percent of the world's economy."
Two days later, he ordered the construction of the Mexico border wall.
He reopened the Keystone XL and Dakota Access pipeline construction projects.
On January 27, an order suspended admission of refugees for 120 days and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria and Yemen for 90 days, citing security concerns about terrorism.
Later, the administration seemed to reverse a portion of part of the order, effectively exempting visitors with a green card.
Several federal judges issued rulings that curtailed parts of the immigration order, stopping the federal government from deporting visitors already affected.
On January 30, 2017, Trump fired Acting Attorney General Sally Yates because of her criticisms of Trump's immigration suspension.
On January 31, 2017, Trump nominated Judge Neil Gorsuch to the United States Supreme Court to replace the late Justice Antonin Scalia.
Russian collusion accusations
After The Wall Street Journal reported that Trump's National Security Advisor Michael T. Flynn was under investigation by U.S. counterintelligence agents for his communications with Russian officials, Flynn resigned on February 13, 2017.
Two days later on February 15, Trump's Secretary of Labor-nominee Andrew Puzder withdrew his nomination due to not having support from Democrats or Republicans to confirm his nomination.
On May 9, 2017, Trump fired FBI Director James Comey after he reportedly asked for more information and funding for the investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.
The White House stated that this was not true and that Trump fired Comey in order to end the investigation.
Military actions
On May 4, 2017, the American Health Care Act of 2017 (AHCA) was passed narrowly to replace and repeal Obamacare by the United States House of Representatives with a vote of 217 to 213, sending the bill to the Senate for voting.
This is the second time the AHCA was voted in the House as the first version was not approved by the House in March 2017.
Paris Agreement withdrawal
On June 1, 2017, he announced that the United States would withdraw from the Paris Climate agreement, making the United States one of only three nations, including Syria and Nicaragua, to do so.
On June 16, 2017, President Trump announced that he was "cancelling" the Obama administrations deals with Cuba, while also expressing that a new deal could be negotiated between the Cuban and United States governments.
First actions to impeach
On July 12, 2017, California Representative Brad Sherman formally introduced an article of impeachment, H. Res.
438, accusing the president of obstructing justice regarding the investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election.
On July 26, 2017, Trump tweeted that the "United States Government will not accept or allow transgender individuals to serve in any capacity in the U.S. Military.
Our military must be focused on decisive and overwhelming victory and cannot be burdened with the tremendous medical costs and disruption that transgender in the military would entail."
Trump cited the alleged "disruption" and "tremendous medical costs" of having transgender service members.
Between August 11 and 12, 2017, there was a violent white supremacist rally in Charlottesville, Virginia regarding the removal of Confederate statues.
Trump did not speak out against white nationalists explicitly, instead condemning "hatred, bigotry, and violence on many sides" leading people to think he did not take a harsh approach on racism.
In late August, Trump dramatically escalated tensions against North Korea, warning that further threats against the U.S. will be met with "fire and fury like the world has never seen."
North Korean leader Kim Jong-un then threatened to direct the country's next missile test toward Guam.
Trump responded in his war-related service that if North Korea took steps to attack Guam, "things [would] happen to them like they never thought possible."
In March 2018, Trump fired United States Secretary of State Rex Tillerson and replaced him with Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Mike Pompeo.
Later that month, the White House confirmed that President Trump would accept a meeting invitation from Kim Jong-un.
Press secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders said that "in the meantime, all sanctions and maximum pressure must remain."
In September 2017, Trump controversially oversaw the rescinding of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals or "DACA" which removed protections for children immigrants and removed benefits.
The decision was announced by Attorney General Jeff Sessions.
Two injunctions in January and February 2018 allowed renewals of applications and stopped the rolling back of DACA, and in April 2018 a federal judge ordered the acceptance of new applications; this would go into effect in 90 days.
In February 2018, Trump praised the bill for increasing pay for millions, after announcements of bonuses from many companies.
These bonuses have been criticized by the bill's opponents as publicity stunts, and economists have said many of them would have happened anyway due to low unemployment.
First impeachment
On December 18, 2019, the House of Representatives voted to have Trump impeached for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress.
On February 5, 2020, the Senate found Trump not guilty of all charges.
2020 re-election bid
Trump announced his plans to run for a second term by filing with the FEC within a few hours of assuming the presidency.
This transformed his 2016 election committee into a 2020 reelection one.
Trump marked the official start of the campaign with a rally in Melbourne, Florida, on February 18, 2017, less than a month after taking office.
By January 2018, Trump's reelection committee had $22 million in hand, and it had raised a total amount exceeding $67 million by December 2018.
$23 million was spent in the fourth quarter of 2018, as Trump supported various Republican candidates for the 2018 midterm elections.
He made an official re-election campaign launch on June 18, 2019 in Orlando, Florida.
In the 2020 primaries, Trump faced primary challenges from former Massachusetts Governor Bill Weld and former U.S. Representatives Joe Walsh.
Former South Carolina Governor and former U.S. Representative Mark Sanford also campaigned against him, but withdrew from the race.
Trump lost re-election and refused to concede.
Defeat and attempts to overturn results
On November 7, Trump was defeated by former Vice President Joe Biden after Trump lost Pennsylvania and Nevada.
Trump claimed voter fraud through the mail-in voting and threatened to use the United States Supreme Court to stop the states from counting the vote.
He had unsuccessfully sued many states trying to make him the winner in Michigan, Pennsylvania, Arizona, Wisconsin and Georgia.
Many Republican representatives and senators planned to object the United States Congress's formally recognizing Biden's electoral college victory on January 6, 2021.
In early January 2021, Trump made a phone call to Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger in an attempt to find "11,780 votes" trying to remove Biden's victory in the state.
U.S. Capitol riots
After this, Trump got his Instagram, Facebook and Twitter accounts deleted.
On January 8, 2021, Trump was banned from Twitter.
The events from the Capitol riots led to new efforts to impeach Trump from the presidency.
Second impeachment
Trump has five children by three marriages, and has ten grandchildren.
Trump is a Presbyterian.
As a child, he began going to church at the First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica, Queens.