the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Also, tropical forests and overall forests have expanded by nearly 20% from the year 1992 to 2010, making it one of the few countries experiencing reforestation.
In El Salvador there are only two seasons.
The dry season starts in mid-October and it lasts until mid May.
During the dry season, it hardly ever rains.
The wet season starts in mid-May and ends in mid-October.
In this season it rains every day.
The dry season is called summer and the rainy season is called winter.
In September 2021, the country began accepting Bitcoin as an official currency, making it the first country to do so.
The civilization of El Salvador began around 1500 B.C., leaving an evidence that would be the Tazumal Ruins and Chalchuapa Ruins.
The first habitants were Pocomanes, Lencas and Pipiles; they stayed in the middle and east zone of El Salvador until about the eleventh century.
The Spaniard Andrés Niño led an expedition from Central America and arrived in Meanguera Island in the Gulf of Fonseca on May 31, 1522.
That was the first Salvadoran territory visited by Spaniard men.
In June of 1524, Pedro de Alvarado began a war of conquest against Cuzcatlán (Land of beautiful things) that was populated by native tribes of the country.
During 17 days of bloody battles many natives and Spaniard men died, including the native Atlacatl.
Pedro de Alvarado, deterred and injured, left the battle and set off to Guatemala, leaving his brother, Gonzalo de Alvarado, to continue the conquest of Cuzcatlan.
After this, their cousin, Diego de Alvardo established the San Salvador Ville on April 1525 in a site named La Bermuda, near Suchitoto City.
In 1546, Carlos I from Spain named San Salvador a city.
During the following years, the country grew under Spaniard control.
In 1810 a feeling of freedom formed between the countries of Central America.
On the morning of November 5th, 1811, the priest José Matías Delgado rang the bells of La Merced Church in San Salvador, calling for an uprising.
After many internal conflicts, the Declaration of Independence of Central América was signed in Guatemala on September 15th, 1821.
That day is the Independence day all around Central America.
El Salvador has a total area of .
As the smallest country in continental America, El Salvador is sometimes called Pulgarcito de America (the "Tom Thumb of the Americas").
The highest point in El Salvador is Cerro El Pital, at , on the border with Honduras.
El Salvador has a long history of destructive earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
The capital San Salvador was destroyed in 1756 and 1854, and it suffered heavy damage in the 1919, 1982, and 1986 tremors.
El Salvador has over twenty volcanoes.
Two of them, San Miguel and Izalco, have been active in recent years.
El Salvador has over 300 rivers.
The most important is the Rio Lempa.
Important lakes are Lake Ilopango (70 km²) and Lake Coatepeque (26 km²).
There are eight species of sea turtles in the world.
Of these six nest on the coasts of Central America, and four make their home on the Salvadoran coast: the leatherback turtle, the hawksbill, the Galapagos green turtle and the olive ridley sea turtle.
El Salvador is divided into 14 departments (departamentos).
These are divided into 262 municipalities (municipios).
Isabelle of Hainaut (5 April, 1170 - 15 March, 1190) was a Queen of France.
She was born in Lille on 5 April 1170.
Her father was Baldwin V of Hainaut and her mother was Margaret I of Flanders.
She married Philip II of France in 1180.
1170 births
1190 deaths
People from Lille
is the Latin name used in science for the genus of about 20 species of strawberries, plants in the rose family that grow small sweet red fruit.
The most well-known and most grown of these species is the strawberry Fragaria× ananassa.
The other species are informally known as the wildstrawberries.
Name is a Latin word for the group of "strawberry-like" plants, formed by putting  ("strawberry") together with the ending , which here means something close to the English "-like".
People have eaten different kinds of wild strawberries for thousands of years.
In Europe, people usually grew the woodland strawberry.
Dutch people learned how to eat them through most of the year by planting their seeds at different times, letting them harvest for 9 months out of 12.
The Alpine strawberry became popular around the 1650s because it was a little bigger and could grow in places with less strong sunlight, like the British islands in the late fall.
Today's bigger "garden" strawberry was first made around Brest in Brittany (northwest France) in the 1750s.
It was made by joining the Virginia strawberry from eastern North America to the European Hautbois and the Chilean strawberry from western South America.
The species of the genus  are:
Strawberry or garden strawberry ()
Woodland strawberry ()
Alpine strawberry ()
Virginia strawberry ()
Chilean strawberry ('')
The real fruit of the strawberries are the achenes, which people usually think of as the little seeds around the outside of the larger red "fruit".
What people think is the "fruit" is really the swollen stems between these fruit.
This kind of fruit, where different ovaries grow into a single larger fruit, is called an "aggregate fruit".
The Suez Canal begins to be built in Egypt.
January 24 - Wallachia and Moldavia are united under Alexander John Cuza under the name Romania (see December 1 1918 for the final unification, Transylvania and other regions are still missing at that time).
Paul Simon (born October 13, 1941) is an American musician and songwriter.
He is of Jewish descent and became famous as a member of Simon and Garfunkel, with his friend, Art Garfunkel.
He wrote their songs.
The two went their separate ways in the early 1970s and since then Simon has become a successful solo artist.
Paul Simon had his first success in 1958 when his song "Hey Schoolgirl" got to Number 49 on the US charts.
He was performing with his friend Art Garfunkel in an act called "Tom and Jerry".
His next success was in 1965 with "Sounds of Silence" which went to Number 1.
This was also performed with Garfunkel under the name "Simon and Garfunkel.
Some of Simon's most famous songs include "Slip Sliding Away", "American Tune", "Late in the Evening", "Still Crazy After All These Years", "Me and Julio Down By the School Yard" and "50 Ways to Leave Your Lover".
His 1986 album Graceland is very well-known.
He is still producing music.
His newest album is called Surprise.
Simon has received three honorary doctorates in music, including one from Yale University and one from Berklee College of Music.
In 2006, Time said that he was one of the 100 people who shape our world.
Paul Simon (WEA), 1972
There Goes Rhymin' Simon, (WEA), 1973
Still Crazy After All These Years, (WEA), 1975
One-Trick Pony, (Warner Bros.), 1980
Hearts and Bones, (Warner Bros.), 1983
Graceland, (Warner Bros.), 1986
Rhythm of the Saints, (Warner Bros) 1990
Songs from the Capeman, (Warner Bros.), 1997
You're the One, (Warner Bros), 2000
Surprise, (Warner Bros), 2006
Shirley Jones (b. March 31, 1934) is an American and singer and actress.
She appeared in movie musicals, singing a leading role in movies such as Oklahoma!,
The Music Man, and Carousel.
Jones had a supporting role in the movie Elmer Gantry, starring actor Burt Lancaster.
She is also famous for her role as Shirley Partridge on the television series The Partridge Family.
She was married to Jack Cassidy, from 1956 to 1977, and had three sons with him, Shaun, Patrick, and Ryan.
Her stepson is David Cassidy who co-starred with her on The Partridge Family.
After she divorced Cassidy she married Marty Ingels on November 13, 1977.
Their marriage would last until Ingels' death in October 2015.
http://www.shirleyjones.com
Singers from Pennsylvania
Kelley is most famous for his role as Dr. Leonard McCoy of the USS Enterprise in the television series Star Trek and the six movies that followed.
Also known as well as an older Admiral Dr. Leonard McCoy, Star Fleet Surgeon General Emeritus, in the Star Trek: The Next Generation television pilot, "Encounter at Farpoint".
Scott Bakula (October 9, 1954) is an American actor.
He is best known for his roles on the television shows, Quantum Leap and Star Trek: Enterprise.
Shenandoah at Ford's Theatre.
Scott Bakula 2000 Interview on Sidewalks Entertainment
Forestry means working to take care of forests.
Someone who has a job looking after forests is called a forester.
Forests are very important for the world today.
Much of the water cycle and carbon cycle goes through forests.
Many of them are disappearing because people destroy them for firewood or to make farms.
A forester makes sure the forest and all the animals that live there are healthy.
Foresters also make sure the forest is in good condition for people to use.
They makes sure that forests are not destroyed by wildfires before they are ready to use for timber production (cutting down trees to use the wood).
Forests are important for recreation (letting people enjoy them).
They are very important today because humans produce a lot of carbon dioxide and the trees in forests help to turn this back into oxygen, which we breathe to live.
Foresters also help the government figure out what to do about artificial forestry.
Many universities offer forestry courses.
Forestry students also study zoology, botany and ecology.
Cincinnati FC
Future teams
St. Louis City SC – starts play in 2023
USL Championship
Birmingham Legion
Loudoun United
Memphis 901
Colorado Springs Switchbacks
Portland Timbers 2
On hiatus
OKC Energy FC – plans to resume play in 2023
Queensboro FC – plans to start play in 202
Buffalo – plans to start play in 2023
Rhode Island – plans to start play in 2023
Des Moines – plans to start play in 2024
USL League One
One of three leagues that forms the current third level.
Greenville Triumph FC
Fort Wayne FC – plans to start play in 202
Lexington – plans to start play in 2023
Spokane – plans to start play in 2023
National Independent Soccer Association
Another third-level league.
MLS Next Pro
Formed in 2021, starting play in 2022, as a dedicated MLS developmental league also at the third level.
Of the 21 teams in the first season, only Rochester New York FC is not owned and operated by an MLS team.
Columbus Crew 2
Fort Lauderdale CF (Inter Miami)
New York City FC II
Philadelphia Union II
Rochester New York FC
Colorado Rapids 2
Houston Dynamo 2
Minnesota United 2
North Texas SC (FC Dallas)
Tacoma Defiance (Seattle Sounders FC)
USL League Two
Central Conference
Great Lakes Division
Chicago Fire Premier – reserve side of the MLS team
Chicago Inferno
Cincinnati Kings
Hamilton Rage (from Hamilton, Ontario)
Forest City London (from London, Ontario)
Flint City Bucks
River City Rovers (from Louisville, Kentucky)
Toronto Lynx
Heartland Division
Des Moines Menace
Kansas City Brass
Real Colorado Foxes (from Highlands Ranch, a suburb of Denver)
Springfield Demize
St. Louis Lions
Thunder Bay Chill
WSA Winnipeg
Mid-Atlantic Division
Baltimore Bohemians
Bermuda Hogges
Brooklyn Knights
Central Jersey Spartans
Jersey Express
Long Island Rough Riders
New Jersey Rangers
Ocean City Nor'easters
Reading United
Westchester Flames
Northeast Division
Boston Victory
Connecticut FC Azul
GPS Portland Phoenix
Ottawa Fury
Seacoast United Phantoms (from Portsmouth, New Hampshire)
Vermont Voltage
Western Mass Pioneers
Worcester Hydra
South Atlantic Division
Carolina Dynamo
Fredericksburg Hotspur
Nashville Metros
Northern Virginia Royals
Palmetto FC Bantams (from Greenwood, South Carolina)
Real Maryland Monarchs
Southern West Virginia King's Warriors (from Beckley)
Virginia Beach Piranhas
West Virginia Chaos (from Charleston)
Southern Conference
Mid-South Division
Austin Aztex
El Paso Patriots
Laredo Heat
New Orleans Jesters
Texas Dutch Lions
West Texas Sockers (from Midland)
Bradenton Academics
FC JAX Destroyers
Fort Lauderdale Schulz Academy
Mississippi Brilla (from Jackson)
Ocala Stampede
Orlando City U-23 – reserve side of the USL Pro team Orlando City
Panama City Beach Pirates
VSI Tampa Flames
Fraser Valley Mariners (from Abbotsford, British Columbia)
Kitsap Pumas (from Bremerton, Washington)
North Sound SeaWolves (from Everett, Washington)
Portland Timbers U23's – reserve side of the MLS team
Seattle Sounders U23's – reserve side of the MLS team
Vancouver Whitecaps Residency – reserve side of the MLS team
Victoria Highlanders
Washington Crossfire (from Seattle, plays home games in nearby Redmond)
BYU Cougars – owned and operated by Brigham Young University, but not part of the school's NCAA athletic department
Fresno Fuego
Pali Blues – reserve side of the USL Pro team Los Angeles Blues
Los Angeles Misioneros
Ogden Outlaws
Orange County Blue Star
Southern California Seahorses
Ventura County Fusion
Structure of women's soccer
The professional division of U.S. Soccer has had three different first-division women's leagues.
The first, the Women's United Soccer Association (WUSA), was founded in 2001, but folded due to large debts after the 2003 season.
The second, Women's Professional Soccer (WPS), was effectively a successor to WUSA, although it did not begin until 2009.
Like WUSA before it, WPS played three seasons, but also lost large amounts of money; it first decided not to play its planned 2012 season, and then completely folded in May of that year.
After WPS folded, the effective top level of women's soccer in the U.S. was WPSL Elite, a "semi-pro" league that had both professional and amateur teams.
WPSL Elite was created by the Women's Premier Soccer League, one of two second-division women's leagues, as an outlet for former WPS teams, as well as WPSL teams that wanted to play professionally.
WPSL Elite played in 2012 with eight teams; six were professional, and three once played in WPS.
The other second-division league was the W-League, part of the United Soccer Leagues.
WPSL Elite was planned as a temporary league before a possible return of WPS.
In late 2012, a totally new top-level league was created, known as the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL).
It was run by U.S. Soccer until 2020, and started play in 2013 with eight teams, four of which had been members of WPS.
The league added teams in 2014 and 2016 to become a 10-team league, making it the first professional women's league in the U.S. to have more than eight teams and last more than three seasons.
The league dropped to 9 teams in 2017, but returned to 10 in 2021 and further expanded to 12 for 2022.
Women's United Soccer Association
Atlanta Beat
Boston Breakers
Carolina Courage
Philadelphia Charge
San Diego Spirit
San Jose CyberRays
Atlanta Beat (joined WPS in 2010)
Boston Breakers (now in the NWSL)
Chicago Red Stars (dropped to the WPSL after the 2010 season; later in WPSL Elite, and now in the NWSL)
FC Gold Pride (from the San Francisco Bay Area; folded after the 2010 season)
Los Angeles Sol (folded after the 2009 season)
magicJack (formerly the Washington Freedom; played in South Florida)
Philadelphia Independence (joined WPS in 2010)
Saint Louis Athletica (folded during the 2010 season)
Sky Blue FC (from the New York City area; now in the NWSL as NJ/NY Gotham FC)
Washington Freedom (moved to South Florida after the 2010 season and renamed magicJack)
Western New York Flash (an offshoot of the WPSL's Buffalo Flash, and playing home games in Rochester; joined WPS in 2011, later moved to WPSL Elite, still later to the NWSL; now a youth-only operation)
WPSL Elite
ASA Chesapeake Charge (based in the Baltimore area)
Chicago Red Stars
FC Indiana (based in the Indianapolis area; plays throughout the state)
New England Mutiny (based in the Springfield, Massachusetts area)
New York Fury (based on Long Island)
Philadelphia Fever
National Women's Soccer League
Angel City FC
Kansas City Current
NJ/NY Gotham FC
OL Reign
Racing Louisville FC
San Diego Wave FC
Washington Spirit
Atlanta Silverbacks
Bradenton Athletics
Central Florida Krush
Charlotte Lady Eagles
Cocoa Expos
Hampton Roads Piranhas
Richmond Kickers Destiny
Chicago Gaels
Cincinnati Ladyhawks
Cleveland Internationals
Fort Wayne Fever
London Gryphons
Michigan Hawks
Minnesota Lightning
West Michigan Firewomen
Boston Renegades
Long Island Lady Riders
New Hampshire Lady Phantoms
New Jersey Wildcats
New York Magic
Northern Virginia Majestics
South Jersey Banshees
Western Mass Lady Pioneers
Northern Division
Hamilton Avalanche
Laval Comets
Sudbury Canadians
Toronto Lady Lynx
Vermont Lady Voltage
Fort Collins Force
Mile High Edge
Real Colorado Cougars
San Diego Gauchos
Professional indoor soccer
Indoor soccer is a form of soccer played inside a building, sometimes called an arena, instead of in a stadium on a grass field.
There is one league playing indoor soccer in North America, and that is the Major Arena Soccer League.
The MASL is part of the USSF.
It is also the only league in the United States to have a Mexican team.
Major Arena Soccer League (MASL)
Eastern Division
Baltimore Blast
Harrisburg Heat
Syracuse Silver Knights
Waza Flo
Central Division
Cedar Rapids Rampage
Milwaukee Wave
Kansas City Comets
St. Louis Ambush
Atletico Baja (Mexico)
Brownsville Barracudas
Las Vegas Legends
Saltillo Rancho Seco (Mexico)
Sacramento Surge
Turlock Express
Dallas Sidekicks
Ontario Fury
Sonora Suns (Mexico)
Tacoma Stars
United States soccer league system
U.S. Soccer Federation
United Soccer League, operator of:
USL W League
Women's Premier Soccer League
The poet, Homer is thought to have lived.
Dido, Queen of Carthage is thought to have lived.
804 BC - The empire of Assyria takes over the city of Damascus.
804 BC - The Egyptian ruler Pedubastis I dies.
Ancient Italian society develops.
Olmec people start to build pyramids.
Oregon is a state in the United States.
Salem is the capital (where most of the state government works), and Portland is the city with the most people.
Oregon was the 33rd state to join the United States, in 1859.
The state of Washington is to the north of Oregon.
California and Nevada are to the south.
Idaho is to the east.
The Pacific Ocean is to the west.
The Columbia River flows along most of the border with Washington.
The Snake River flows along much of the border with Idaho.
The highest mountain is Mount Hood ( high), part of the Cascade Range of mountains.
Another famous Cascade Mountain in Oregon is Mount Mazama, better known as Crater Lake.
Oregon was a long way from the United States of America, which was east of the Mississippi river in the 1830s and 1840s.
To get to Oregon, settlers had to cross the Great Plains, which were empty except for a few forts and groups of Native Americans.
Most people thought that it was impossible to farm there.
They called it the "Great American Desert", because crossing it was long and dangerous; however, thousands did anyway.
Mountain men (people who knew a lot about living in mountainous places) had found a passway over the Rocky Mountains, and they named it the South Pass.
This path helped many wagons to reach the west coast.
In 1836 a missionary named Marcus Whitman crossed through the pass with his wife to Oregon.
This proved that it was possible for others with women and families to go too, and because of this, Oregon suddenly became the place pioneers wanted to make a trip to.
Most of the settlers that came by the Oregon Trail had a very difficult trip.
The Trail began in Missouri, and they went in covered wagons pulled by animals like bulls.
They could only travel 100 miles in one week, and so the whole trip would take half a year.
But still, lots of pioneers traveled so much that it is still possible to see the wagon ruts in some places today.
Life on the trail was very hard for the pioneers.
Every day, they would break up and camp, travel all day, and set up camp again.
Food was usually beans and coffee, for every single day of the trip.
The travelers always searched for water, wood for fires, and something to catch and eat fresh.
But these were hard to find, and so sometimes they got mad at each other and fought with fists and guns.
The Trail was also dangerous.
Rivers could flood, washing away people and other things.
Native Americans could attack, oxen or horses could die, and diseases and injuries could strike.
By 1840, due to all the hard work of the pioneers, there were thousands of Americans in Oregon.
Towns and farms had been set up.
The area was part of British North America at the time.
But the British, however, only had a few hundred settlers in Oregon.
Because of this, the Americans began to plan to take over the whole land.
Many Americans wanted this as well.
They made up the slogan, "Fifty-four Forty or Fight!"
and wanted all of Oregon up to latitude 54 or they would go to war with Britain to get it.
They were so eager to have Oregon all for themselves, they supported James Polk as president because he claimed to have similar thoughts with them as well.
However, after President Polk was elected, he began to be more sensible.
He did not want to wage war with Britain, if it could be avoided.
The British also realized that the Americans would soon have enough settlers in Oregon to easily drive out the British defenders.
In 1846 the British offered to divide Oregon by giving most of the border land between the USA and what is now Canada.
President Polk accepted this, and so now the Americans had power over Oregon as well as the other states.
There are a number of colleges and universities in Oregon.
The four-year universities with the most students are Portland State University, Oregon State University, and the University of Oregon.
Official Oregon website
1859 establishments in the United States
Arkansas, nicknamed the Land of Opportunity or The Natural State, is a state in the United States of America.
Its capital and largest city is Little Rock.
It has been estimated by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2015 that around 2,978,204 people live in Arkansas.
Arkansas became the 25th state to enter the Union in 1836.
During the American Civil War, Arkansas was one of the Confederate states, however, it was the second state to be put back in to the U.S. in the Reconstruction.
Native Americans first settled in the state before the arrival of Europeans.
African American slaves were imported to Arkansas for slavery.
Arkansas borders Louisiana to the south, Texas to the southwest, Oklahoma to the west, Missouri to the north, and Tennessee and Mississippi on the east.
The United States Census Bureau classifies Arkansas as a southern state.
The Mississippi River forms most of Arkansas's eastern border, except in Clay and Greene counties.
There the St. Francis River forms the western boundary of the Missouri Bootheel.
Arkansas has many rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.
Arkansas has few natural lakes but many reservoirs such as Bull Shoals Lake, Lake Ouachita, Greers Ferry Lake, Millwood Lake, Beaver Lake, Norfork Lake, DeGray Lake, and Lake Conway.
Arkansas is home to many caves, such as Blanchard Springs Caverns.
More than 43,000 Native American living, hunting and tool making sites have been catalogued by the State Archeologist.
Arkansas is currently the only U.S. state in which diamonds are mined.
This is done by members of the public with primitive digging tools for a small daily fee, not by commercial interests.
Arkansas is home to a bunch of Wilderness Areas totaling around .
These areas are set aside for outdoor recreation and are open to hunting, fishing, hiking, and camping.
No vehicles are allowed in these areas.
Arkansas, like most other Southern states, is part of the Bible Belt.
It is mostly Protestant.
The largest denominations by number of followers in 2000 were the Southern Baptist Convention with 665,307; the United Methodist Church with 179,383; the Roman Catholic Church with 115,967; and the American Baptist Association with 115,916.
Education in Arkansas has been an issue.
Part of the problem has been low teacher salaries and small budgets for spending on students.
Other problems have been not wanting to integrate, and poor school facilities.
Arkansas has two university systems: Arkansas State University System and University of Arkansas System.
Some other public institutions are Arkansas Tech University, Henderson State University, Southern Arkansas University, and University of Central Arkansas.
It is also home to 11 private colleges and universities.
One of them being Hendrix College, one of the nation's top 100 liberal arts colleges, according to U.S. News & World Report.
Arkansas is notable for its bauxite mines.
Arkansas was also the first U.S. state where diamonds were found.
Notable Arkansans include Bill Clinton, who was governor of Arkansas before he became the President of the United States, Sam Walton, the founder of Wal-Mart, Johnny Cash, a famous guitarist known as "The Man In Black", and Rodger Bumpass, Who voices Squidward Tentacles on the Nickelodeon show SpongeBob SquarePants.
Arkansas is home to many areas protected by the National Park System.
Arkansas Post National Memorial at Gillett
Buffalo National River
Fort Smith National Historic Site
Hot Springs National Park
Little Rock Central High School National Historic Site
President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site
Clinton House Museum
1836 establishments in the United States
Robert Englund (born June 6, 1949 in Glendale, California) is an American actor.
He is most famous for playing Freddy Krueger in the A Nightmare on Elm Street movies.
Robert Englund's official website
Robert Englund interview with the Horror Asylum
Robert Englund interview by Ladyghost
Robert Englund interview by AOL Canada
Robert Englund interview with The Phantom Zone
Actors from Glendale, California
Henry IV (13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610), Henri-Quatre, was King of France from 1589 to 1610 and King of Navarre from 1572 to 1610.
He was part of the Capetian dynasty and the first king of the Bourbon family in France.
Henry IV was born in Pau.
He was the son of Antoine de Bourbon and Jeanne of Navarre.
He was baptised in a Catholic ceremony, but as he grew up, his mother led him to become a Protestant.
On 18 August 1572, Henry married Margaret of Valois.
She was the sister of Charles IX.
He became the King of Navarre in the same year.
Since 1562, there had been a a series of wars in France which were mostly fought between Catholics and Protestants, and sometimes with more than one groups of Catholics fighting each other.
In 1584, Henry became the heir to the throne of France.
Most people in France were Catholics, and many of them did not want a Protestant king.
This led to the War of the Three Henrys between Henry of Navarre, the existing Catholic king Henry III and Catholic League leader Henry, Duke of Guise.
Although both Henry III and Guise were Catholics, they did not get on with each other.
Guise was murdered in 1588 and Henry III was murdered the following year.
Henry of Navarre could now be crowned King of France, but he still faced opposition from the Catholic League.
After four years of fighting, he decided to convert to being Catholic.
He supposedly said "Paris is well worth a Mass." After this, the opposition to Henry died down.
In 1598, Henry made the Edict of Nantes.
This law allowed people in France to be Protestant, even though most people were Catholic.
In Europe at the time, a policy like this was unusual.
Most countries forced people to be either Catholic or Protestant.
However, the Edict did not make the Protestants fully equal.
Henry's children were Louis XIII and Henrietta Maria of France, who married Charles I and became the Queen of England.
He was a friend of Michel of Montaigne.
During his reign, he built the Grande Galerie onto the Louvre.
Two landmarks in Paris were started during his reign: the Pont Neuf and the Place des Vosges.
At first, many people in France did not want Henry to be king, because he was a Protestant.
Although this mostly ended once he joined the Catholic Church, some Catholics called him a liar, while some Protestants called him a traitor.
It was only after his death that he became known as Good King Henry (in French, le bon roi Henri) and one of France's most popular kings.
During the early years of the French Revolution, Henry IV was celebrated as an example of what a king should be.
He was also celebrated during the Bourbon Restoration.
Henry IV is remembered for being the king who ended the French Wars of Religion, and for his policy of allowing more than one church in his country, which was unusual in those days.
He was also known for trying to make sure that poor people had enough to eat.
He once said he wished that there could be "a chicken in every pot on a Sunday."
In 2010 scientists found part of his embalmed head and used forensic tests to prove that it was his.
It had been stolen from the tombs of the French kings and queens in Saint Denis in 1793 at the time of the French Revolution.
1553 births
1610 deaths
Her father was Henry II of France and her mother was Catherine of Medici.
She was also the sister of Francis II of France, Charles IV of France and Henry III of France.
Margaret was then married to Henry IV of France.
The author Alexandre Dumas, père wrote a book about Margaret called Queen Margot.
1615 deaths
French princesses
Queen Margot is a book written in 1845 by Alexandre Dumas, père.
It is a story about Margaret of Valois and Henry IV of France.
The same author wrote many other books including The Man in the Iron Mask, The Count of Monte Cristo and The Three Musketeers.
1845 books
Henrietta Maria of France (November 25, 1609 - September 10, 1669) was the youngest daughter of Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici.
She was born in the Louvre Palace in Paris on November 25, 1609.
She was a Roman Catholic.
1609 births
1669 deaths
People from Paris
Burials at the Basilica of St Denis
Mary (mother of Jesus), called "The Madonna".
Madonna (entertainer) - American singer, actress, and writer.
Madona, a city in Latvia.
Madonna Louise Ciccone, commonly known as Madonna (born August 16, 1958) is an American singer-songwriter, dancer, actress, author, director, philanthropist, businesswoman, record producer, film director, and humanitarian.
Madonna was born in Bay City, Michigan, but she moved to New York City in 1977 to pursue a career in modern dance.
During her career, she has sold over 300 million records worldwide and is the top-selling female artist of all time.
Some of her most famous albums are Like a Virgin, True Blue, Like a Prayer, Ray of Light and Confessions On a Dance-Floor.
She has won seven Grammy awards.
Madonna is considered the  "Queen Of Pop" due to her extremely successful career on music and for being the most selling female singer in history.
She has been in many movies; she received positive reviews for her role in Desperately Seeking Susan (1985).
Her later movies received mixed reviews.
She received critical acclaim and a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for Evita (1996).
She got harsh feedback for other performances.
1983–89:  Madonna, Like a Virgin, True Blue, and Like a Prayer
After the release of some dance hits she released her first album, Madonna, in 1983.
The album was a great success.
Her next album, Like a Virgin (1984), sold over 6 million copies in the United States only and overall 10 million copies worldwide.
Her album True Blue has sold 25 million copies.
Her album Like a Prayer caused controversy, as it had to do with Christianity but the album sold over 15 million records worldwide.
During the 1980s, Madonna was a huge fashion icon and was an idol for millions of girls and boys.
Songs like Like a Virgin, Material Girl, Into the Groove, Papa Don't Preach, Holiday, Lucky Star, La Isla Bonita, and Like a Prayer are believed to be classics.
1990–99:  The Immaculate Collection, Erotica, film success, Bedtime Stories, and Ray of Light
In 1990, she released her best selling greatest-hits album The Immaculate Collection which sold over 30 million copies, and this album became the most-sold greatest-hits album in music history.
She released a book of naked pictures called SEX in that year.
Her album Erotica was a big hit but was criticized by some, the album sold 5 million copies.
Madonna starred in the film A League of Their Own, alongside American actor Tom Hanks and comedienne Rosie O'Donnell.
In 1994, her album Bedtime Stories was released.
She also performed in the movie Evita, which was very successful and released a soundtrack album of the same name.
She also received the Golden Globe for Best Actress.
Her 1998 album Ray of Light is considered to be a masterpiece and sold over 18 million copies worldwide.
Some of her most famous and classic songs of the '90s are Vogue, This Used to Be My Playground, Erotica, Take a Bow, Don't Cry for Me Argentina, You Must Love Me, Frozen and Ray of Light.
2000–10:  Music, American Life, Confessions on a Dance Floor, and Hard Candy
In 2000, her album Music sold over 15 million copies worldwide, helped by the global hit song of the same name.
Music became her twelfth number-one song on the Billboard Hot 100.
She also released a successful greatest hits album titled GHV2.
Madonna acted in the film The Next Best Thing, along with Swept Away, which got bad reviews.
On October 22, 2002, a single called Die Another Day was released.
The music video for the single was the second most expensive music video ever to make.
The single reached number one in several countries.
Her 2003 album, American Life, reached #1 in many countries but it was criticized by some, as it was against war in Iraq and sold 5 million copies.
In 2005, her album Confessions on a Dance Floor, helped by the singles Hung Up and Sorry that reached #1 in 45 countries, sold 12 million copies.
In 2008 she released her album Hard Candy which reached #1 in almost every country in the world and has sold over 4 million copies worldwide.
The first single from the album, 4 Minutes, had Justin Timberlake singing in it.
2011–present:  W.E., MDNA, Rebel Heart, and Madame X
In 2011, W.E., the second movie directed by Madonna, was released.
It got bad reviews.
Madonna performed at the 46th Super Bowl on February 5, 2012.
She released her twelfth album, MDNA, in April of that year.
The album debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 album chart.
Trinidadian-born American rapper Nicki Minaj was featured on the lead single, Give Me All Your Luvin''', which reached the top ten in the United States and reached number one in Canada.
Minaj also raps on the album track I Don't Give A.
Madonna's thirteenth studio album, Rebel Heart, was released in March 2015.
It featured the singles Living For Love and Bitch I'm Madonna featuring frequent collaborator Nicki Minaj.
The Rebel Heart World Tour made $169.8 million.
Her fourteenth studio album, Madame X, was released on June 14, 2019, and became her ninth number-one album in the US.
It featured collaborations with Maluma, Quavo, Swae Lee & Anitta.
It has sold 90,000 copies in the US so far.
She will be going on a theatre-only tour to promote it.
Her tours during the 80's ("Who's That Girl Tour," "Blond Ambition Tour," etc.)
were very successful.
Her 1993 "The Girlie Show Tour" was very controversial—some thought of it as bad—but was a great success.
The "Drowned World Tour" and the "Re-Invention World Tour" were the most successful tours of their years.
The "Confessions Tour" was very successful and the "Sticky & Sweet Tour," with over $408 million earned, became the most successful tour of all time for a solo artist.
The Virgin Tour (1985) (US only): the tour grossed $33 million.
Who's That Girl World Tour (1987): the tour grossed $25 million.
Blond Ambition Tour (1990): the tour grossed $60 million.
The Girlie Show World Tour (1993): the tour grossed $70 million.
Drowned World Tour (2001): the tour grossed $75 million.
Re-Invention World Tour (2004): the tour grossed $125 million.
Confessions Tour (2006): the tour grossed $194 million.
Sticky & Sweet Tour (2008-2009): the tour grossed $408 million.
MDNA Tour (2012): the tour grossed $302 million.
Rebel Heart Tour (2015)Madame X Tour (2019)
Madonna (1983): 10 million copies sold.
Like a Virgin (1984): 21 million copies sold.
True Blue (1986): 25 million copies sold.
Like a Prayer (1989): 15 million copies sold.
Erotica (1992): 5 million copies sold.
Bedtime Stories (1994): 7 million copies sold.
Ray of Light (1998): 18 million copies sold.
Music (2000): 15 million copies sold.
American Life (2003): 4 million copies sold.
Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005): 12 million copies sold.
Hard Candy (2008): 4 million copies sold.
MDNA (2012): 2 million copies sold.
Rebel Heart (2015)
Madame X (2019)
Madonna has had 12 number-one songs on the Billboard Hot 100.
Like a Virgin Crazy for You Live to Tell Papa Don't Preach Open Your Heart Who's That Girl?
Like a Prayer Vogue Justify My Love This Used to Be My Playground Take a Bow Music''
Both Madonna's marriages ended in divorce.
She was married to Sean Penn from 1985 until 1989 and to Guy Ritchie from 2000 to 2008.
She has a daughter, Lourdes (born 1996), and son, Rocco (born 2000).
She adopted a Malawian son, David Banda, and a daughter, Mercy.
Actors from Michigan
American dance musicians
A tortilla is a flat bread used in Mexican cuisine.
They are used in burritos, enchiladas, and mainly as a wrap called taco.
They are normally made of maize (corn), but can also be made of wheat or potatoes.
In Spanish cuisine, tortillas are very different; they are closer to an omelette based on potatoes, usually mixed with other ingredients like onions, pork sausages or other vegetables; they can be baked or cooked in a frying pan.
Also many Latin-American countries call omelettes tortillas, and the ingredients can be different in every country, using their local ingredients and by choice of the chef.
In Armenian cuisine a tortilla is known as lavash which is a type of flat bread.
Flatbreads
A digit in binary notation, either 0 or 1.
This is like a light switch; either there is light or there is not.
A unit of measurement for the amount of data.
This will be a multiple of 1 bit; only integers are allowed.
As a unit of measurement for information.
In this context, 1 bit is the amount of information that is present in the selection of two equally probable options.
In this meaning, real values as multiples are possible.
A small amount of anything either literal or theoretical.
EastEnders is a British drama season TV soap opera in the United Kingdom.
It has been running since February 1985, and has had over 5700 episodes.
The programme is a rival of Coronation Street and Emmerdale.
It is shown on BBC One.
The programme is in a pretend area of East London, called Walford.
It is filmed in Elstree, a village in Borehamwood.
Like Coronation Street, most action is around a local pub.
The pub in EastEnders is called The Queen Vic.
BBC EastEnders website
1985 television series debuts
1980s British drama television series
1980s soap operas
1990s British drama television series
1990s soap operas
2000s British drama television series
2000s soap operas
2010s British drama television series
2010s soap operas
BBC television dramas
British soap operas
Television series set in London
Genetics, the science of heredity.
In this context, 'genetic' means passed on through heredity.
Genetic (linguistics), in linguistics, a relationship between two languages with a common ancestor language
Genetic algorithm, in computer science, a kind of search technique modeled on evolutionary biology
Philip II of Spain (May 21, 1527 – September 13, 1598) was, starting in 1556, king of Spain, and Burgundy, the Netherlands, Naples, Sicily, and overseas Spanish America.
He was born in Valladolid, and was the only son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and his wife to live until he was an adult.
He was Catholic.
His rule was filled with troubles.
His war against the Dutch Republic was expensive and unsuccessful and his Spanish Armada was defeated and destroyed.
This caused him to be harsh on his people.
For the first seven years of his life, Philip moved between different castles with his mother.
In 1534 he moved into a private house in Salamanca to start his schooling.
His mother died in 1539 and he took her body to Granada, where his great-grandparents Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella were buried.
He left Spain in 1547 and moved to the Netherlands, where his father's family was from.
His father wanted him to become more European but the people there thought he was too cold and serious.
He married his cousin, Maria of Portugal, in (1543), They were both 16 years old.
She gave him a son, Don Carlos of Spain (1545-1568) but died a few days later.
He wanted to marry an English queen, so he married Catholic Queen Mary I of England in 1554.
The marriage made him King Consort while she lived.
Her people did not like the marriage, and Philip saw it only as a political move.
On January 16, 1556, Philip became King of Spain when his father gave up the throne, but Philip chose to stay out of the country until his father died, two years later.
Mary died in 1558 without children.
At first Philip wanted to marry Mary's half-sister, Queen Elizabeth I of England, who was Protestant.
He did not marry her, for more than one reason.
Philip believed his son, Don Carlos had planned his death, so he put Don Carlos in jail.
The prince died soon after, so Philip's enemies said that he had ordered someone to kill him.
Some evidence shows this, but it was probably too much eating and drinking that killed Don Carlos.
Titles/styles/honors
In Burgundy: Lord of the Netherlands, Duke of Lothier, of Brabant, of Limburg, of Luxemburg, of Guelders.
Count of Flanders, of Artois, of Hainaut, of Holland, of Zeeland, of Namur, of Zutphen.
Margrave of the Holy Roman Empire, Lord of Frisia, Salins, Mechelen, the cities, towns and lands of Utrecht, Overyssel, GroningenCount Palatine of Burgundy from 10 June 1556; Count of Charolais from 21 September 1558
Duke of Burgundy
Dominator in Asia, Africa
Knight of the Golden Fleece: 1531 – 13 September 1598
Grand Master of the Order of the Golden Fleece:[75] 23 October 1555 – 13 September 1598
Grand Master of the Order of Calatrava: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598
Grand Master of the Order of Alcantara: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598
Grand Master of the Order of Santiago: 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598
Grand Master of the Order of Montesa: 8 December 1587 – 13 September 1598
Der Traum Philipps des Zweiten (English: The Dream of Philip II). '
Edgar Maas'
1527 births
1598 deaths
Kings and Queens of Spain
Counts and countesses of Flanders
William II of England (c. 1056–2 August 1100) was the second son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders.
He was King of England from 1087 until 1100.
He was a harsh ruler and was not very liked.
He did not have a wife or any children.
He died on 2 August 1100 in the New Forest when he was shot by an arrow while hunting with his brother-in-law, Walter Tirel (Tryyel) and other friends.
1056 births
1100 deaths
People buried in Winchester Cathedral
Mary I (18 February 1516 – 17 November 1558), also known as Mary Tudor, was  Queen regnant of England and Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death.
She was the oldest daughter of Henry VIII, and the only child of Catherine of Aragon who survived childhood.
Mary succeeded her short-lived half-brother, Edward VI, to the English throne.
She was the fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty.
Mary is remembered for briefly re-making England a Roman Catholic country.
Mary had almost 300 disagreeing religious people burned at the stake, which are recorded in John Foxe's Book of Martyrs.
Due to this, many called her "Bloody Mary".
Her half sister on her fathers side, Elizabeth I, came to the throne after Mary's death.
Elizabeth made England Protestant again and didn't kill as many people.
Mary Tudor was born on 18 February 1516, in the Palace of Placentia in Greenwich.
Unlike the other children of Catherine, she lived to be an adult.
Her godfather was the famous Cardinal Thomas Wolsey.
Although she was not the heir Henry VIII was looking forward to, she was loved by her parents.
When she was about 11, Henry decided to divorce Mary's mother, Catherine of Aragon, so he could marry Anne Boleyn.
After Anne Boleyn had a daughter, Henry VlII distrusted Mary and thought that her behavior came from her mother.
So he purposefully separated Mary and Catherine of Aragon.
He also banished them both from court and he removed Mary from the line of succession.
Mary had to become one of her servants.
After Anne Boleyn was killed by the King, Mary's half-sister also became a servant.
A month later, Henry VIII married Jane Seymour.
Queen Jane gave birth to Edward, Prince of Wales.
12 days later, Queen Jane died.
Mary lost a faithful friend and also her pride.
She had acknowledged her parents' marriage as invalid and herself an illegitimate daughter.
The rest of Mary's life with Henry VIII gave her a quick succession of stepmothers.
Henry VIII died soon after marrying his last wife, Catherine Parr.
Henry had decided that the young prince was to succeed him.
If he had no heirs then his older half-sister, Mary, was to be Queen.
If Mary did not produce a child, then Mary's half-sister, Elizabeth, was to be Queen.
After Elizabeth and her heirs, would come Henry's sister Mary Tudor's side of the family.
Edward succeeded to the throne as King of England and Ireland.
Edward began to show signs of a coughing disease.
Edward did not want Mary to succeed him.
Edward went ahead with a plan to let his Protestant cousin Lady Jane Grey become Queen after he died.
Lady Jane Grey was only queen of England for nine days.
Mary executed Jane Grey and married Philip II of Spain.
Mary had two phantom pregnancies, but had no child.
The phantom pregnancies were cancer in her liver.
After Mary died Elizabeth succeeded to the throne, becoming the new Queen Elizabeth I of England.
1516 births
1558 deaths
Kings and Queens consort of Spain
Edward was the son of Henry VIII of England and Jane Seymour.
His mother died 12 days after his birth.
He became king at the age of 9 when his father died.
Although he had two older sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, Edward was the next in line for the throne because he was male.
Because he was such a young king, the country was governed by nobles.
He had two advisors (or regents).
The first was his uncle, Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, who became Lord Protector.
For the first two-and-a-half years of Edward's reign, Lord Somerset advised and guided the young king.
Somerset was then replaced by John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland.
Edward was the first Protestant king of England.
Although his father, Henry VIII, had broken the Church of England away from the Roman Catholic Church, he had not changed much else.
Most of the major changes to the Church of England happened during Edward's reign.
They were led by Somerset, Northumberland and Archbishop Thomas Cranmer.
Also during his reign, England tried to take over Scotland.
After a good start, it ended in defeat.
His reign also saw economic problems and unrest.
He died when he was 15 and a half years old, probably from tuberculosis.
Before he died, Edward named his cousin, Lady Jane Grey, as his heir and excluded his half-sisters, Mary and Elizabeth.
He was trying to prevent Mary, a Catholic, from returning the country to Catholicism.
However, Mary overthrew Jane less than two weeks later and became the queen.
Mary undid the reforms of Edward's reign, but Elizabeth restored them in 1559.
Religious changes
Laws were passed to make churches more plain.
Catholic churches were rich in decorations and colour.
Now under Edward, stained glass windows and icons were removed from churches; the furniture within churches became very basic and plain.
The actual services became more plain and the common person could now understand what was being said at services – now called Holy Communion – were in English rather than Latin.
Archbishop Thomas Cranmer wrote the Book of Common Prayer also in English.
Priests did not have to dress in the bright clothing associated with the Catholic Church and under Edward.
They were also allowed to marry.
The king remained as Head of the Church.
All of these changes were a major break from the traditions of the Catholic Church.
In parts of Germany and Switzerland, religious groups had also broken away in protest against the wealth and corruption of the Catholic Church.
They became known as Protestant, and England under Edward, became a Protestant country with an independent Church of England.
Edward had never been a healthy boy and his health failed in 1553.
After the nine-day reign of Lady Jane Grey, his Catholic half-sister Mary became queen of England and the country went through another period of religious changes.
1553 deaths
British children