the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Louis-Claude Daquin (born Paris, 4 July 1694; died Paris 15 June 1772) was a French composer.
He was writing in the last part of the Baroque period and the early part of the Classical music period.
He wrote a lot of excellent music for organ and for harpsichord.
His most popular piece is called Le Coucou (The Cuckoo).
1772 deaths
Harpsichordists
John Bull (born 1562 or 1563; died March 15, 1628) was an English composer, musician, and organ builder.
He was famous for playing the harpsichord and organ.
Most of his compositions were written for keyboard instruments.
He became a Gentleman, and then organist, at the Chapel Royal.
He was also known for getting into trouble for adultery.
He went to Europe and may have worked as a spy.
Together with Sweelinck and William Byrd he was one of the great composers of keyboard music in the early 17th century.
Many of his works are in the collection called the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book.
1560s births
1628 deaths
Bull, John
Poliomyelitis, or polio, is a virus that causes a serious disease.
It is spread from person to person.
Most of the time, polio has no symptoms unless the polio virus gets into the blood.
It is uncommon for the virus to enter the brain or spinal cord.
If this does happen, it can cause muscles to become paralyzed.
Some people get better from the paralysis.
Others will be disabled.
Depending on which muscles have been affected, these people may need a mobility aid or a wheelchair; they may have difficulty using their hands; or they may even have trouble breathing.
About 15 out of every 10,000 adults who get polio die.
(This means an adult has a 0.015% chance of dying from polio.)
Vaccination with polio vaccines could stop the disease all over the world.
Organizations like the World Health Organization have been trying to vaccinate as many people as possible against polio.
Vaccinations have eliminated polio from most countries in the world.
Worldwide, polio has become much less common in the past few decades.
In 1988, there were about 350,000 cases of polio in the world.
By 2007, the number of cases of polio in the world had decreased by over 99.9%, to just 1,652 cases.
The 32nd President of the United States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, had polio.
So far, he is the only President of the United States to have had this disease.
A dystopia is the opposite of a utopia, and can mean a utopia that has become corrupt.
This can be seen in George Orwell's book 1984.
and Aldous Huxley's book Brave New World.
A dystopia often has many problems, such as poverty, pollution, or a cruel ruler.
Centre is one of the ten departments (French: départments, singular départment) of Haiti.
It is in the center of the country, along the border with the Dominican Republic.
It is the only department of Haiti that does not border the sea.
The Départment du Centre has an area of 3,675 km².
It is bordered to the northeast by the Nord-Est Department, to the northwest by the Nord Department, to the west by the Artibonite Department and to the south by the Ouest Department.
The mountain chains here run from west to east and the most important are the Montagnes Noires (in English, "Black Mountains").
There is also part of the Chaine du Trout d'Eau.
The department is divided into four arrondissements (like districts) and 12 communes (like municipalities).
The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are:
Cerca la Source
Cerca-la-Source
Thomassique
Cerca-Cavajal
Maïssade
Thomonde
Lascahobas
Belladère
Savanette
Mirebalais
Saut-d'Eau
Boucan-Carré
Burj Khalifa (, "Khalifa Tower") is an extremely tall skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates named after Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, and is the tallest building ever built, at .
Before the building opened, it was called Burj Dubai.
The building is 162 stories high.
Construction of the tower was started on 6 January 2004, and the building was officially opened on 4 January 2010, almost 6 years later.
It is the tallest structure made by humans in the world.
The building is more than  taller than Taipei 101.
Taipei 101 was the tallest building until 2010 before Burj Khalifa was built.
Adrian Smith designed the tower.
He worked with Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) until 2006.
It was built by Samsung Engineering & Construction, Besix, and Arabtec.
The tower cost US $1.5 billion to build.
The building is part of a  building project on Sheikh Zayed Road, Downtown Burj Khalifa.
It is near Dubai's main business district.
The building and planning
The main contractor was Samsung C&T of South Korea.
They also built the Taipei 101 and Petronas Twin Towers.
Other contractors who helped with the building included Belgian group Besix and Arabtec from the UAE.
The Turner Construction Company was chosen as the construction project manager.
The design architect, Adrian Smith, did not like the first design of the upper part of the building.
He added 27 new floors and an aluminium spire to the top of the plans.
The design of Burj Khalifa based on those used in Islamic architecture.
Burj Khalifa has been said to have had several other planned height increases since it was first built.
This has not been proven to be true yet.
The TV/radio communications mast was added to the tower's plans in 2007.
This was after building work had begun in 2006.
There are pressurized, air-conditioned refuge floors about every 35 floors.
These were put into the tower in case of an emergency or fire.
The unusual design and engineering problems of building Burj Khalifa have been shown in many television documentaries.
These include the Big, Bigger, Biggest series on the National Geographic and Five channels, and the Mega Builders series on the Discovery Channel.
The most important building material of Burj Khalifa is reinforced concrete.
A special concrete was needed because of the high pressures of the building's weight and the hot local climate of Persian Gulf temperatures that can reach .
Any major cracks could have caused a large amount of damage to the building.
The foundation of the building is  deep.
It was built with 192 columns being put into the ground.
Each column was  in diameter and  long.
of steel rebar was used in the construction of the tower.
It took 22 million man-hours to build.
A high density, low permeability concrete was used in the foundations of Burj Khalifa.
A cathodic protection system is used to lessen any bad effects from corrosive chemicals in local ground water.
The Dubai Fountain
A fountain system was built outside the tower.
It was designed by WET Design of California.
They built and planned out the fountains at the Bellagio Hotel Lake in Las Vegas.
The fountain cost UAEd 800 million.
It is lit by 6,600 lights and 50 coloured projectors.
The fountain is  long.
It shoots water  into the air to the sounds of classical and modern Arabic and world music.
On 26 October 2008, the fountain was named the Dubai Fountain.
Delays and late building work
Emaar Properties said on 9 June 2008 that construction of Burj Khalifa was slowed because of changes to finishes.
An Emaar official said that the luxury finishes that were decided on in 2004, when the tower was first planned, were being being replaced by better finishes.
The design of the apartments were also made better.
This was done to make them both look better and work better.
There were problems with the marble decorations, flooring, the top floors' sanitation system, broken glasswork and a poorly done wall mural of the Sultan of Oman.
A new ending date of 2 December, 2009, was then given.
Burj Khalifa opened on 4 January 2010.
Workers' disputes and strikes.
Burj Khalifa was built mainly by people from South Asia.
Press reports said in 2006 that skilled carpenters at the site earned UK£4.34 a day, and labourers earned UK£2.84.
According to a BBC investigation and a Human Rights Watch report, the workers lived in very bad conditions.
Often they were not paid for the work.
Their passports were taken by their employers.
It was said that they were working in dangerous conditions that caused high number of deaths and injuries.
Companies not paying workers has been reported to the authorities several times.
On 21 March 2006, about 2,500 workers protested.
They were mad about buses that were delayed for the end of their shifts.
They damaged cars, offices, computers, and construction equipment.
A Dubai Interior Ministry official said they caused almost UK£500,000 in damage.
Most of the workers who were part of the riot returned the following day but would not work.
Records set
The building is not only the tallest building in the world, it also holds the following records-
Tallest skyscraper to top of spire:  (previously Taipei 101 – )
Tallest structure ever built:  (previously Warsaw radio mast – )
Tallest freestanding structure:  (previously CN Tower – )
Building with most floors: 160 (previously Willis Tower – 108)
World's highest elevator installation
Highest vertical concrete pumping (for a building):  (previously Taipei 101 – )
Highest vertical concrete pumping (for any construction):  (previously Riva del Garda Hydroelectric Power Plant – )
The first world's tallest structure in history to include residential space
Highest outdoor observation deck in the world (126th floor), at about 440 m (1,440 ft).
World's highest installation of an aluminum and glass façade, at a height of .
World's highest swimming pool (125th floor)
Worlds highest restaurant (128th floor)
Beautiful Places in Dubai
http://www.widerview.ae/
Dubai Top Ten Hidden treasures
Burj Dubai Skyscraper.com
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP, architects
Emporis page on Burj Khalifa
(Irwin, Baker, June 2006) STRUCTURE magazine
(Erwin, etal, November 2006) STRUCTURE magazine
Otis Worldwide, Signature Projects, information on the project's elevators at the Otis Elevator Company
Wind and Other Studies  performed by RWDI
View from the top
2daydubai.com , Burj Khalifa Project Review
BBC report on Burj Khalifa opening with video and links
A map of its location (Google Maps)
2010 establishments in Asia
Buildings and structures in Dubai
Hotels in the United Arab Emirates
Skyscrapers in the United Arab Emirates
The Aswan Low Dam or Old Aswan Dam is a dam across the Nile River in Aswan, Egypt.
It is built of masonry and held in place just by gravity.
It was the first dam across the Nile, and was built by the British between 1899 and 1902.
When it was done, it was the largest masonry dam in the world.
This type of dam is called a buttress dam.
The dam was built at the former first cataract of the Nile, and is about 1000 km up-river and 690 km (direct distance) south-southeast of Cairo.
When initially constructed between 1899 and 1902, nothing of its scale had ever been attempted.
The dam was designed to provide storage of annual floodwater.
The water was used to help dry season flow and support more irrigation.
Its height was originally limited because of concern  for the Temple of Isis at Phillae (Philae Temple).
That temple was later moved to Agilkia Island in Lake Nasser.
The dam provided inadequate storage capacity for planned development and was raised twice, between 1907–1912 and again 1929–1933.
These heightenings still did not meet irrigation demands and in 1946 it was nearly over-topped by water in an effort to maximize pool elevation.
This eventually led to the construction of the Aswan High Dam  upstream.
The second function of the dam is to provide electricity.
The dammed water drives a water turbine and generator.
It still works today.
This technology (hydroelectricity) had been invented in the 19th century in England and Germany, and was by 1900 used in the USA and most European countries.
Egypt got access to the technology because she was, at that time, under British control.
The Khedive was Abbas II, who usually had to do what the British wanted.
Dams in Africa
1900s establishments in Egypt
Billboard is an American magazine that lists the top albums and singles of the week.
It is most famous for the Billboard charts.
The magazine was started on November 1, 1894 in Cincinnati, Ohio by William H. Donaldson and James Hennegan.
It was originally called Billboard Advertising.
Official Billboard website
He was born and grew up in Grand Forks, North Dakota.
His song "How to Grow a Woman from the Ground" was covered by Chris Thile, who released a 2006 album of the same name.
Right now, Brosseau is touring the United States playing his new album, Cavalier.
North Dakota (2002)
Late Night at Largo (2004)
What I Mean To Say Is Goodbye (2005)
Empty Houses Are Lonely (2006)
Tom Brosseau (2006)
Grand Forks (2007)
Cavalier (2007)
Tom Brosseau official website
Official MySpace page
Singers from North Dakota
Musicians from North Dakota
People from Grand Forks, North Dakota
The Strokes are an American band formed in 1998.
They became famous in the early 2000s as a leading group in the garage rock revival.
The members of the band are Julian Casablancas, Nick Valensi, Albert Hammond Jr., Nikolai Fraiture and Fabrizio Moretti.
The band has released six studio albums, but their first album, Is This It is their most famous.
Casablancas, Moretti and Valensi were the first members of the band and started playing together when they were still in high school.
In 1998, Hammond joined the band.
They spent two years playing live in New York City, but no one really listened to them.
They recorded some songs and sent them to record labels, but their offers were not accepted.
On October 2000, the band went to Gordon Raphael's studio and recorded songs, but with no extra effects.
Rough Trade Records founder Geoff Travis found out the songs and released them as The Modern Age EP.
The Strokes were also featured in a famous magazine, the NME.
Because of these, the band was noticed by a lot of people, but most of those people were in the UK.
Is This It (2001)
Room on Fire (2003)
First Impressions of Earth (2006)
Angles (2011)
Comedown Machine (2013)
The New Abnormal (2020)
The Strokes Official Website
The Strokes on imeem
The Strokes Official MySpace
NME Artist page
Guardian Unlimited bio from December 16, 2001
The Henry Head Battery is found on the La Perouse side of the inlet to Botany Bay near the edge of a cliff that drops down into the ocean on Henry Head, La Perouse, New South Wales, Australia.
This fort and bunker building was built in-between 1892 - 1895 with a large disappearing gun emplacement (a special hole in the ground that the cannon shoots from and then disappears into).
The fort was used until 1910, upon which the fort became useless.
The fort that had 2 six inch gun emplacements and special lookout positions was reused during World War II to protect the entrance to Botany Bay.
The underground bunker and tunnels inside the fort had vaulted weapons storage rooms with double walls and ceilings.
The doubling up of walls and ceilings was a special way of stoppng the walls from collapsing if the fort suffered a direct hit from a missile (rocket) fired from an enemy ship.
The battery is currently not in use.
Forts in Australia
The Georges Head Battery, also called the Georges Head Military Fortifications is a fort on the Georges Head, in the suburb of Mosman in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
The Georges Head fort is one of many forts that were built on Sydney Harbour meant to defend the colony of New South Wales, just encase another country tried to invade our country Australia.
The fort became the boss of all other forts in the 1890s organizing all of Sydney's harbour forts.
Georges Head fort was built in 1871 after the British Army decided to leave Australia in 1870.
When they left the responsibility for protecting Sydney and Sydney Harbour was now in the hands of rich colonies like New South Wales and Victoria who now had to organise its own defences.
Georges Head was near the entrance to Sydney Harbour and was meant to attack baddies (foreign ships that are not friendlies) before they could get into the harbour.
The fort was on a very good spot and was positioned high above sea level with clear views to the entrance of Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour/Sydney Heads).
Other forts were also on Middle Head, South Head, Shark Point and Bradleys Head, but none were ever used for fighting ships or troops from other countrys.
Georges Head was armed with four 80 pounder cannons and two 68 pounder cannons.
These cannons were 'muzzle-loading', which meant the cannonballs or bullets along with the explosive charge (T.N.T dynamite) were loaded into the front of the cannons barrel.
It took three months and 250 soldiers to roll the gun barrels all the way from North Sydney to the forts.
They came along a dirt road which later became Military Road.
Once they were put in place, the cannons had been placed so close together that it created the risk of one cannon firing upon another.
Also, the cannons and the men could be seen from ships in the harbour.
In 1877 large mounds of earth were placed between the pits to make sure the guns neither could fire upon each other and to help protect the gun crew from enemy fire.
When construction of the fort was finalised, there were a total of 41 gun emplacements around Sydney Harbour.
The planning of defence was planned using telescopes and plotters sitting in the middle of the second gun pit.
From the telephone exchange, the Port Jackson District Commandant could talk with all the other forts around the harbour.
Telephone wires ran through tunnels, down the cliff and under the harbour to forts on the other side.
Georges Head was later chosen as the best place to spy and fire mines which were laid underwater.
In 1888 Georges Head battery was upgraded for the latest in harbour defences in the form of submarine bombs.
Minefields were laid across the main shipping channels of Port Jackson from 1876 to 1922 and a base was built at Chowder Bay for the submarine miners.
From Georges Head, miners watched for ships entering the harbour.
Their job was to explode the mine closest to an approaching enemy ship.
Each underwater mine was attached to an electric cable that ran up the cliff to the firing post.
The work of the submarine miner was secretive, technical and dangerous.
During a demonstration in 1891, a crowd of several thousand watched as a terrible accident killed four miners and injured another eight.
www.harbourtrust.gov.au Middle Head history.
Australian Bunker and Military Museum.
Virgin Records is a British record label.
It was started by Richard Branson, Simon Draper, and Nik Powell in 1972.
They sold it to Thorn EMI.
In 2006, they came together with Capitol Records to become Capitol Music Group.
Death Cab for Cutie (Death Cab or DCFC) is an American indie band.
The band was started in 1997 in Bellingham, Washington.
The band members are Ben Gibbard (singer, guitar), Dave Depper (singer, guitar), Chris Walla (guitar, production), Nick Harmer (bass) and Jason McGerr (drums).
The band's name was taken from the song "Death Cab for Cutie", written by Neil Innes and Vivian Stanshall and performed by their band the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band in The Beatles' 1967 film Magical Mystery Tour.
Ben Gibbard - vocals, guitar, piano (1997-present)
Dave Depper - guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (2016-)
Nick Harmer - bass (1997-present)
Jason McGerr - drums (2003-present)
Zac Rae – keyboards, guitar (2016–present)
Nathan Good - drums (1997-1999)
Michael Schorr - drums (2000-2003)
Chris Walla - guitar, production, piano (1997-2014)
Something About Airplanes (1998)
We Have the Facts and We're Voting Yes (2000)
The Photo Album (2001)
Transatlanticism (2003)
Plans (2005)
Narrow Stairs (2008)
Codes and Keys (2011)
Kintsugi (2015)
Thank You for Today (2018)
Dave Matthews Band (DMB) is a band from the United States.
In 1991, Dave Matthews started the band in Charlottesville, Virginia.
The other band members are Stefan Lessard, Boyd Tinsley, and Carter Beauford.
Saxophone player LeRoi Moore was in the band until he died in 2008.
Since 1998, they usually performed with Butch Taylor, too.
Rashawn Ross also performed with the band from 2006-2007.
Dave Matthews Band has written 235 songs (included cover songs).
They have sold over 31 million albums in the United States, and are one of the Top 100 Highest Selling Music Acts of all time.
The Dave Matthews band has a unique style that stretches across many genres.
Thus, they have a fan-base that stretches across many generations and types of people.
Under the Table and Dreaming (1994)
Before These Crowded Streets (1998)
Everyday (2001)
Busted Stuff (2002)
Stand Up (2005)
Big Whiskey & the GrooGrux King (2009)
Away from the World (2012)
Come Tomorrow (2018)
Fużūlī (فضولی) was the pen name of the poet Muhammad bin Suleyman (محمد بن سليمان) (c. 1483 – 1556).
He is one of the greatest contributors to the Dîvân tradition of Turkish literature,
Fuzûlî wrote his collected poems (dîvân) in three different languages: Azerbaijani Turkish, Persian, and Arabic.
Although his Turkish works are written in Azerbaijani, he knew both the Ottoman and the Chagatai Turkish literary traditions as well.
He was also very able in mathematics and astronomy.
Fuzûlî was born around 1483 in what is now Iraq; he was probably born in either Karbalā’ or an-Najaf.
Fuzûlî's ancestors had been of nomadic origin, but his family had long since settled in towns.
Fuzûlî was educated by his father—who was a mufti in the city of Al Hillah — and then by a teacher named Rahmetullah.
It was during this time that he learned the Persian and Arabic languages in addition to his native Azerbaijani.
One of the few things that is known of Fuzûlî's life during this time is how he arrived at his pen name.
In the introduction to his collected Persian poems, he says: "In the early days when I was just beginning to write poetry, every few days I would set my heart on a particular pen name and then after a time change it for another because someone showed up who shared the same name".
Eventually, he decided upon the Arabic word fuzûlî—which literally means "impertinent, improper, unnecessary"—because he "knew that this title would not be acceptable to anyone else".
Despite the name's pejorative meaning, however, it contains a double meaning—what is called tevriyye (توريه) in Ottoman Divan poetry — as Fuzûlî himself explains: "I was possessed of all the arts and sciences and found a pen name that also implies this sense since in the dictionary fuzûl (ﻓﻀﻮل) is given as a plural of fazl (ﻓﻀﻞ; 'learning') and has the same rhythm as ‘ulûm (ﻋﻠﻮم; 'sciences') and fünûn (ﻓﻨﻮن; 'arts')".
In 1534, the Ottoman sultan Süleymân I conquered the region of Baghdad, where Fuzûlî lived, from the Safavid Empire.
Fuzûlî now had the chance to become a court poet under the Ottoman patronage system, and he composed a number of poems in praise of the sultan, and as a result, he was granted a stipend.
But he did not really get it.
Therefore he citicized bureaucracy in one of his best-known works, the letter Şikâyetnâme (شکايت نامه; "Complaint"):
سلام وردم رشوت دگلدر ديو آلمادىلر
Selâm verdim rüşvet değildir deyü almadılar.
I said hello, but they didn't accept it since it wasn't a bribe.
The loss of his stipend meant that Fuzûlî never became secure.
He died during a plague outbreak in 1556, in Karbalā’, either of the plague itself or of cholera.
Works in Azerbaijani
Dîvân ("Collected Poems")
Beng ü Bâde (بنگ و باده; "Hashish and Wine")
Hadîkat üs-Süedâ (حديقت السعداء; "Garden of Pleasures")
Dâstân-ı Leylî vü Mecnûn (داستان ليلى و مجنون; "The Epic of Layla and Majnun")
Risâle-i Muammeyât (رسال ﻤﻌﻤيات; "Treatise on Riddles")
Şikâyetnâme (شکايت نامه; "Complaint")
Works in Persian
Anîs ol-qalb (انیس القلب; "Friend of the Heart")
Haft Jâm (هفت جام; "Seven Goblets")
Rend va Zâhed (رند و زاهد; "Hedonist and Ascetic")
Resâle-e Muammeyât (رسال ﻤﻌﻤيات; "Treatise on Riddles")
Sehhat o Ma'ruz (صحت و معروض; "Health and Sickness")
Works in Arabic
Matla' ul-İ'tiqâd (مطلع الاﻋﺘﻘﺎد; "The Birth of Faith")
Fuzulî.
Fuzulî Divanı: Gazel, Musammat, Mukatta' ve Ruba'î kısmı.
Ali Nihad Tarlan.
İstanbul: Üçler Basımevi, 1950.
Leylâ ve Mecnun.
Muhammet Nur Doğan. .
Andrews, Walter G. "Fuzûlî" in Ottoman Lyric Poetry: An Anthology.
235–237. .
"Fozule, Mohammad b. Solayman".
Encyclopædia Iranica.
Retrieved 25 August 2006.
"Fuzuli, Mehmed bin Süleyman."
Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service.
23 Aug. 2006  <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035730>.
Kudret, Cevdet.
Fuzuli. .
Şentürk, Ahmet Atillâ. "
Fuzûlî" in Osmanlı Şiiri Antolojisi.
280–324. .
FUZULİ
Muhammed Fuzuli—a website with a brief biography and translated selections from Leylî vü Mecnûn
Fuzûlî in Stanford J. Shaw's History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
1480s births
1556 deaths
Azerbaijani poets
Suleiman I or Suleyman I (6 November 1494 – 5/6 September 1566), was the tenth Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.
He became sultan when he was 26 years old.
He reigned for 46 years, from 1520 to 1566, which was longer than any other Ottoman sultan.
He is known in the West as Suleiman the Magnificent and in the Islamic world, as the Lawgiver (in Turkish Kanuni; , al‐Qānūnī), because he reconstructed the Ottoman legal system.
He also led many wars in Europe, including wars in Hungary, the Mediterranean, and parts of North Africa.
Sultan Süleyman spent his childhood in the city of Trabzon, where he received a basic education from teachers assigned to him.
One of his first known teachers was Hayreddin Efendi.
By the age of ten he was expected to take over an administrative position (sancak) in the Ottoman government, but was held back by the sons of Beyazid II..
Sultan Suleyman Tomb
Kālidās (Devanāgarī: कालिदास), was the author of Meghadoot, Shākuntal, and other works in Sanskrit.
He has a similar place in Sanskrit as a poet and a dramatist, as Shakespeare in English.
There is very little known for certain about the life of Kālidās.
It is not clear where he lived, and the time he might have lived is anywhere from 130 BC to 600 CE.
Kālidās wrote three plays: Mālawikāgnimitra ("Mālavikā and Agnimitra"), Abhijñānashākuntala ("The Recognition of Shakuntala"), and Vikramorwasheeya ("Pertaining to Vikram and Urwashi").
Abhijñānashākuntala, that is regarded as a masterpiece was the first to be translated into English and German.
Mālawikāgnimitra tells the story of King Agnimitra, who falls in love with the picture of an exiled servant girl named Mālavikā.
When the queen discovers her husband's passion for a servant girl, she becomes very angry and orders that this girl is sent to prison; but it turns out that the girl is a princess, therefore the affair is accepted in the end.
Abhijñānashākuntala tells the story of a king, Dushyanta, who meets in the forests Shakuntalā, the adopted daughter of a wise man who lives with him in a cottage in the forests.
Dushyanta and Shakuntalā fall in love with each other and get married.
Dushyanta stays with Shakuntalā in the forests for while until he gets called back to his court for some pressing matter.
After many difficulties there follows a happy end.
Vikramōrwasheeya is more mystical than the above two plays.
Kālidās wrote two very good epic poems, Raghuvamsha ("Dynasty of Raghu") and Kumārasambhawa ("Birth of Kumar Kartikeya"), and the lyrical Meghadoota ("Cloud Messenger") and Rutusamhāra ("The Exposition on the Seasons").
ShrungaraTilaka
ShrungaraRasāshta
SetuKāwya
KarpuraManjari
PushpabānaWilāsa
ShyāmalaDandaka
PrashnottaraMālā
JyotirWiddyābharana
K.D. Sethna.
Problems of Ancient India, p. 79-120 (chapter: "The Time of Kalidasa"), 2000 New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.
(about the dating of Kalidasa)
Kalidasa: Translations of Shakuntala and Other Works by Arthur W. Ryder
Biography of Kalidasa
Kalidasa and Ancient India
Clay Sanskrit Library publishes classical Indian literature, including the works of Kalidasa with Sanskrit facing-page text and translation.
Also offers searchable corpus and downloadable materials.
Kalidasa at The Online Library of Liberty
The water organ or hydraulic organ is a kind of pipe organ.
As in the pipe organ, the sound is made by air blowing through the pipes, but power to make the air blow does not come from bellows or from electricity as in the modern organ, but from water, for example from a waterfall.
A hydraulis is an early type of pipe organ that was powered by water.
It was invented in the 3rd century B.C., probably by  the Hellenistic scientist Ctesibius of Alexandria.
It was the world's first keyboard instrument.
Many centuries later it developed into the modern pipe organ.
The water organ works by having water and air arriving together in the camera aeolis (wind chamber).
Here, water and air separate and the compressed air is driven into a wind-trunk on top of the camera aeolis, to blow the organ pipes.
Two perforated ‘splash plates’ or ‘diaphragms’ stop the water spray from getting into the organ pipes.
The water, having been separated from the air, leaves the camera aeolis at the same speed as it enters.
It then drives a water wheel, which in turn drives the musical cylinder and the movements attached.
To start the organ, the tap above the entry pipe is turned on and, given a continuous flow of water, the organ plays until the tap is closed again.
During the Renaissance many Italian gardens had water organs.
The most famous water organ of the 16th century was at the Villa d'Este in Tivoli.
It was about 6 metres high and was powered by a beautiful waterfall.
It could play three pieces automatically, but there was also a keyboard.
A user interface allows a user to interact with a machine.
User interfaces mainly provide two things:
input: The user can change things; he or she can change how the machine works, or give more information to the machine.
Output: After the user has given some input, the machine will do something, and then provide some output
Many machines can be very dangerous.
A machine should have a user interface that can be handled easily, even if the person operating the machine has panicked.
The user interface should therefore be intuitive, and simple to use.
An example of such a user interface is that of the kill switch.
A kill switch must shut off the machine at all costs — the idea is to avoid injury or harm to people.
This is very different from shutting off the machine at the end of the shift, or when it is no longer needed.
In many cases, such symbols are better, because some people are color blind.
They need to be explained, like warnings, though.
User interfaces are composed of one or more layers including a human-machine interface (HMI) using physical input devices such as keyboards, mice, and game pads as well as output hardware such as computer monitors, speakers, and printers.
User Interface (UI) Design focuses on anticipating what users might need to do and ensuring that the interface has elements that are easy to access, understand, and use to facilitate those actions.
UI brings together concepts from interaction design, visual design, and information architecture.
UI design is closely linked to user experience (UX) design.
Both are crucial for the success of a digital product, and both terms are often used interchangeably.
However, they’re not the same thing.
UI design is the process of creating interfaces with a focus on the surface, the looks, and style, while UX design covers the entire experience a user has with a website or app.
Pizza Hut is an American pizza restaurant, or pizza parlor.
Pizza Hut also serves salads, pastas and bread sticks.
In 2008, Pizza Hut serves chicken wings as a part of the Wingstreet restaurant franchise logo.
Pizza Hut is an American restaurant chain and international franchise founded in 1958 by Dan and Frank Carney.
The company is known for its Italian-American cuisine menu, including pizza and pasta, as well as side dishes and desserts.
Pizza Hut was founded in 1958 in Wichita, Kansas, by Dan and Frank Carvey.
The first Pizza Hut location was at a intersection in Wichita.
PiDubai website
Official Pizza Hut Indonesia website
An intersection is where two or more roads come together.
Intersections are also known as junctions.
At an intersection, there can be stop signs on one or both sides of the intersection.
There can also be a traffic light.
Kinds of intersections
Also called a T intersection, 3-way intersections make a T-like shape.
4-way intersection
4-way intersections make a cross- or +-like shape.
a container such as a box or parcel
Software package, in computing, a type of file format where software programs and installation material are grouped together
Java package, a concept in computer programming where related classes and interfaces are grouped together
Chip carrier, in electronics, the material added around a component or integrated circuit so it can be handled without damage and put into a circuit
Automotive package, in automobile building and advertising, a group of features all sold together
Package holiday, in tourism, a holiday or package tour where travel and accommodations are advertised and sold together
Movie packaging, in movie industry terminology, when a top talent agency starts a film or television project using its own talent
Media packaging, a set of clips about one particular story, often used in news broadcasts and narrated by an anchor or a field reporter
as a verb, meaning packing
A chrysalis is the pupa of a butterfly.
The word chrysalis comes from the Greek language word for gold because butterflies often have a brighter pupa than other insects.
Artibonite is one of the ten departments (French: départments, singular départment) of Haiti.
It is named Artibonite because the Artibonite river flows across the department from east to west.
Its capital is Gonaïves.
The independence of Haiti was proclaimed in the Place d'Armes of Gonaïves on 1 January 1804 by Jean Jacques Dessalines.
The Départment de l'Artibonite, with an area of 4,895 km², is the largest department of Haiti.
The main river of the department is the Artibonite.
Other rivers are Ennery, de l'Estère, Montrouis, Quinte.
The mountain chains here run from west to east and the most important are the Chaine de Terre-Neuve and the Montagnes Noires (in English, "Black Mountains").
There is also part of the Chaine des Mattheux.
It is bordered to the northwest by the Nord-Ouest Department, to the north and northeast by the Nord Department, to the east by the Centre Department and to the south by the Ouest Department.
The Gulf of Gonâve is to the west.
The department is divided into five arrondissements (like districts) and 15 communes (like municipalities).
Dessalines
Desdunes
Grande Saline
Petite Rivière de l'Artibonite
Estère
Anse Rouge
Terre-Neuve
Marmelade
Saint Michel de l'Attalaye
Saint-Marc
Verettes
The word was then used in the late 19th century (1800s) for poor painters, writers, musicians and actors who often travelled to Paris from other towns and tried to earn money.
Paris was a famous town for painters, writers, and musicians to gather, to learn from each other and to enjoy the life of the city.
In the 20th century the word "Bohemian" spread to other countries and was used to describe the lives of many different artists of different sorts.
The sort of behaviour that was thought of as "Bohemian" included whether a person had a regular job, how they dressed, their political views, their religious views, their sexual behaviour and the entertainment they liked.
People who were called "Bohemians" were often very poor, because they tried to live by painting, acting or writing.
It was hard to make a living.
They generally wore old or second-hand clothing, and could not afford a good hair-cut.
They often shared the room in the roof of a house, which was cheap, because it was cold in winter, hot in summer and often had birds living there as well.
In some ways the life of a bohemian artist was difficult, but it gave people freedom to express themselves, that was often not found in more conservative society, where everyone worried about what other people thought of them, and cared a lot about things like clothes and houses.
Sometimes students from richer families would come to live a "Bohemian life style", so that they could feel the same freedom to express themselves.
During the 20th century, many cities apart from Paris have areas where people have lived Bohemian lifestyles.
One of the problems is that these areas often become fashionable for rich people.
This soon drives away the poor artists and students, because they can no longer afford the rent.
Bohemian areas
Paris- Montmartre and Montparnasse
Istanbul- Pera (Beyoglu)
London- Chelsea, Camden Town, and Soho
Munich- Schwabing
Belgrade- Skadarlija
Madrid- Lavapiés in Madrid
Milan- Isola and Colonne di San Lorenzo
New York City- Greenwich Village, the East Village and Chelsea
Massachusetts- Provincetown
California- Carmel-by-the-Sea,
San Francisco- the Mission District
Chicago- Logan Square
New Orleans- the French Quarter
Toronto- Kensington Market
Mexico City- Coyoacán and Condesa
Sydney- Kings Cross and Newtown
Tokyo - Shimokitazawa
Vancouver- Commercial Drive
Bohemians in culture
Bohemian people and places have very often been shown in paintings.
Famous bohemian artists of Paris include Henri Toulouse-Lautrec, Vincent van Gogh and Maurice Utrillo.
is a movie by Baz Lurhmann.
Henry Willis (born: 27 April 1821, London - died: 11 February 1901, London) was a British builder of pipe organs.
He built a very large number of organs, many of them for big cathedrals and concert halls in Britain, such as St. Paul's Cathedral, Truro Cathedral, and the Royal Albert Hall.
He also built an organ for Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle.
Many of the organs that he built are in other parts of the world, especially in countries that belonged to the British Empire.
Many organists who gave organ recitals liked Henry Willis’s organs because they had lots of different sounds which helped to make the organ sound like an orchestra.
He made organs for churches where the architects were getting rid of the central screen so that the organ could be heard better in the main part of the church (the nave).
He used ideas that had been created by the French organ builder Cavaillé-Coll and by Barker.
He made several inventions himself, including the thumb piston, which made it possible for an organist to change the combination of stops without taking his hands off the keyboard.
Four generations of the Willis family continued the family tradition of organ building until 1997, when Henry Willis IV retired and the new Managing Director of the firm was not a member of the Willis family.
The Company, founded in 1845, Henry Willis & Sons, Ltd. still makes organs in Liverpool.
Henry Willis & Sons, Ltd., Organ Builders
Drug addiction, also called substance dependence or dependence syndrome, is a condition where a person feels a strong need to take a drug.
Addiction also involves other behaviours.
These include finding it difficult to control the need to use the drug and feeling the use of the drug to be more important than more normal things such as family or work.
When the person does not use the drug for an amount of time, they may suffer from withdrawal.
When a person is addicted, they are usually addicted to a class (a specific kind) of drug.
For example: Heroin is a drug that is in the Opiate class.
Which means that a person addicted to Heroin may also be seen to have an addiction to other opiates such as Morphine.
A person who may easily become addicted to drugs is said to have an addictive personality.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders defines drug addiction as a mental disorder.
Drug addiction is often linked with other mental disorders.
Neglecting responsibilities at school, work, or home in favor of drug.
Wanting to quit using drugs, but being unable to stop.
Experiencing significant cravings or irritability when not using drugs.
Using drugs despite the impact on relationships, jobs, finances, and physical and mental health it may cause.
Using more of a substance than intended, or needing to use more of a substance in order to achieve the same result/feeling as when you first began using, which is referred to as tolerance.
Experiencing mental and/or physical withdrawal symptoms when you stop using drugs, which is referred to as dependence.
The health effects of drug abuse are not just a concern for the individual using drugs.
In the case of a woman who is abusing drugs while pregnant, the long-term health of the child can be adversely affected as well.
A study from Pediatrics reports that babies born to women who abuse drugs during pregnancy may have physical, emotional, and mental health issues during childhood and even throughout their lives, including:
Slowed or impeded physical growth.
Delayed development of language abilities.
Slowed cognitive development, learning disabilities, and decreased intellectual capabilities.
Increased risk of behavioural issues, including hyperactivity, attention deficit, and delinquency.
Increased risk of mental health disorders later in life, including substance abuse.
Alcoholism - addiction to ethanol
Aristide Cavaillé-Coll (born Montpellier, 4 February  1811; died Paris, 13 October  1899) was a French organ-builder.
He invented many new mechanical devices and his organs changed the way that composers could write for the instrument.
César Franck, Alexandre Guilmant, and Charles-Marie Widor, in particular, were strongly influenced by the new type of organ that he was building.
Cavaillé-Coll grouped the stops of the organ into different families, so that the result was similar to the families of instruments in an orchestra.
He made the lowest of the manuals (keyboards) the most important one.
It was called the “Great” (French: “Grande Orgue”).
The other manuals - there were usually two others, but sometimes three - could be “coupled” to the Great.
He made changes to the English swell box, improved its operation, and divided the windchests on which the pipes were resting.
This made it possible to have louder reed stops because of the higher wind pressure.
Association Aristide Cavaille-Coll
Gottfried Silbermann (born Kleinbobritzsch, 14 January 1683; died Dresden, 4 August 1753) was a very important German builder of keyboard instruments.
He built harpsichords, clavichords, organs, and pianos.
He was born in Kleinbobritzsch and learnt organ construction from his brother in Straßburg.
In 1711 Silbermann opened his own workshop in Freiberg and then in 1723 got the title "Honorary Court and State Organ Builder to the King of Poland and Elector of Saxony'' from Frederick I. Gottfried Silbermann designed and built approximately 50 organs.
He had different ideas about organ building from Arp Schnitger who was an organ builder in the north of Germany.
Silbermann's organs were some of the best instruments in the south of Germany, some of them still exist.
The Hofkirche organ and that of Freiberg Cathedral are considered his greatest works.
Silbermann's pianos
Silbermann also played a big role in the history of the piano.
He constructed the first German fortepiano in 1732.
During the 1740s, King Frederick the Great of Prussia became acquainted with Silbermann's pianos and bought a number of them.
He employed Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach who was playing Silbermann fortepianos and wrote music for this particular fortepiano model.
They were also played by Johann Sebastian Bach during his visit to Potsdam where during his second visit Silbermann pianos met Bach's "complete approval".
In 2020 Paul McNulty made a copy of Gottfried Silbermann’s 1749 instrument for Malcolm Bilson.
www.silbermann.org  Gottfried-Silbermann-Society
1753 deaths
The Gulf of Gonâve () is a large gulf along the western coast of Haiti.
Port-au-Prince, the capital city of Haiti, is on the coast of the gulf.
Other cities on the gulf coast include Gonaïves, Saint-Marc, Miragoâne, and Jérémie.
Several islands are in the gulf; the largest is Gonâve Island, followed by the much smaller Cayemites.
The Artibonite River flows into this gulf.
Gonâve Island splits the gulf in two channels (a channel is a narrow part of the sea): the Saint-Marc Channel to the north and the Gonâve Channel to the south.
Arp Schnitger (2 July 164828 July 1719 (buried)) was a very important German builder of pipe organs.
He mostly worked in Northern Europe, especially the Netherlands and Germany, where a number of his instruments survive to the present day.
His organs are different from those of Gottfried Silbermann who worked in south Germany.
Arp Schnitger had great influence on later organ builders, in particular in the 20th century when people wanted a change from the Romantic 19th century organs and tried to make instruments that sounded like they had done in the Baroque period.
Examples of his work
Organs of Arp Schnitger
1648 births
Hello Kitty is a Japanese character of a cat.
It was made in 1974 by a Japanese company named Sanrio.
Her real name is Kitty White.
The character has a large head.
She usually has a red bow between her ears.
She has no mouth.
Sanrio said that she was not given a mouth because she communicates by using the heart instead of speaking one particular language.
Hello Kitty is known all over the world.
Hello Kitty became very popular with young school-girls during the 1980s.
Because a Japanese singer, Kahara Tomomi, who was very popular among young school-girls said openly that she loved Hello Kitty on the TV.
In the 1990s Sanrio made more products with the picture of the cat which would appeal to teenagers and young women.
During the later part of the first decade of the 21st century, Hello Kitty began targeting boys and young men with Hello Kitty for Boys.
The character uses darker colours and a dark bow when it is targeted to males.
Hello Kitty has become very successful.
The character's picture is on over fifty thousand products sold in most countries.
Sanrio’s amusement park Puroland opened in 1990.
It is visited by more than 1.5 million visitors each year.
Hello Kitty has been an animated character, such as in Hello Kitty’s Furry Tale Theatre, shown on United States television during 1987 and 1991.
Famous stars such as Mariah Carey and Britney Spears were photographed with products which had her picture.
Hello Kitty is an example of a Japanese Kawaii (cute in English) character.
Kitty White
Kitty was born in London, England on November 1st, and to this day she lives there with her family.
She likes the apple pie her mother makes.
Her mother has her wear a ribbon on her left ear, in order to tell the difference between twins Kitty and Mimmy.
She enjoys baking cookies and playing the piano; she aspires to be a pianist or a poet when she is older.
Her height is as same as five apples and her weight is as same as three apples.
Her boyfriend is Daniel Starr.
Mimmy White
She is the twin sister of Kitty White.
She wears a yellow ribbon on her right ear.
She is shy and feminine.
Daniel Star
He is Kitty's childhood friend, born on May 3rd.
He is often called "Dear Daniel", resembling "Hello Kitty".
He has a naive and sentimental personality.
His favorite foods are cheesecake and yogurt, and his talents include dancing and playing the piano.
He wishes to be a photographer someday.
Mary is Kitty and Mimmy's mother.
She is very generous and good at cooking, cleaning and washing.
Her birthday is September 14th.
George White
George is Kitty and Mimmy's father.
He is very reliable and humorous man.
His birthday is June 3rd.
The Independent, 21 May 2008 pp22–23.
Sanriotown website
Puroland
Fictional cats
Herman's Hermits were a rock band from England.
They were part of the "British Invasion" of bands during the 1960s, and were most popular in that decade.
Their business manager was an American named Allen Klein, who also worked for Donovan, The Animals, and later The Rolling Stones and The Beatles.
None of the members was really named Herman.
Lead singer Peter Noone (pronounced "noon") was nicknamed Herman, because his bandmates thought he looked like Sherman, from The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show.
Noone was an actor before he became a singer.
The other band members were Derek "Lek" Leckenby (guitar), Keith Hopwood (guitar, keyboards), Karl Green (bass guitar) and Barry Whitwam (drums).
The band began as amateurs, playing at parties for friends, but turned professional as they improved.
They made records, appeared on television, and also made movies.
The Hermits's hit records included "I'm Into Something Good", "Can't You Hear My Heartbeat?", "
There's A Kind Of Hush (All Over The World)", "I'm Henry VIII, I Am", "Listen People", and cover versions of "Silhouettes", "Sea Cruise", and "The End Of The World". "
Hold On" was the title song of their first movie. "
Mrs. Brown, You've Got A Lovely Daughter" was a hit song first, that was later fitted to a movie storyline.
Herman's Hermits stopped having hits as music trends changed, but their old songs were well loved.
They are still played today.