the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
On a baseball field, there are four bases.
The bases form a diamond that goes around the field to the right from the starting base.
The starting base is called home plate.
Home plate is a pentagon, which is a shape that has five sides.
First base is on the right side of the field, second base is at the top of the infield, third base is on the left side of the field, and home plate is at the back of the field, where the catcher plays.
The game is played in innings.
Professional baseball games have 9 innings.
In an inning, each team has one turn to bat and try to score runs, adding one point.
When one team hits the ball, the other team defends and tries to get three players on the other team out.
The team that is playing defense always has the ball.
This is different from other team sports.
When the team on defense gets three players out, it is their turn to try and score runs.
Then the team that was batting starts playing defense, and the team that was playing defense starts batting.
After nine innings, the team that has the most runs is the winner.
If the teams have the same number of runs, they play more innings until one team wins.
At the start of the game, the home team pitches, while players on the visiting team bat.
Only one player can bat at a time.
The baseball field, or diamond, has two main parts, the infield and the outfield.
The infield is where the four bases are.
The outfield is beyond the bases, from the view of home plate.
The lines from home plate to first base and home plate to third base are the foul lines, and the ground outside of these lines is called foul territory.
A ball that is hit with a bat and flies between the foul lines is a fair ball, and the batter and runners can try and run around the bases and score.
A ball that is outside the foul lines is a foul ball.
If the ball hits the ground in  the foul area  rather than being caught in the air, the batter continues to bat, and any runners must return to the base that they were on before the ball was hit.
If the batter has fewer than two strikes, a foul ball counts as a strike.
If the batter already has two strikes, and the foul ball is not caught in the air, then the batter continues to hit.
If a ball is caught by a fielder in fair or foul ground, the batter is out.
The most important part of the game is between the pitcher and the batter.
The pitcher throws, or pitches, the ball towards home plate.
The pitcher normally throws the ball close enough for the batter to hit it.
If the pitcher throws the ball in the strike zone, which is the area  over home plate and between the hitter's knee and chest, the pitch is a "strike", unless the batter hits the ball.
The pitch is always a strike, regardless of where it is, if the batter swings the bat and misses, so the batter must have good aim with the bat.
Three strikes are a "strikeout", and this is one way to make an "out".
A pitch that the batter does not swing at, and which is not called a strike, is a "ball."
On the fourth "ball" thrown by a pitcher, the batter "walks" to first base, so it is important to pitch well.
The catcher for the pitcher's team waits behind the batter, and catches any ball that the batter does not hit.
The catcher uses signals to tell the pitcher where to throw the ball.
If the pitcher does not like what the catcher says, he will shake his head, which signals "no".
If he agrees with what the catcher has signaled, he will nod his head, which signals "yes".
There are many ways to get batters out, and runners can also be gotten out.
Some common ways to get batters out are catching a batted ball in the air, whether in fair or foul territory, throwing the ball to the defensive player at first base (an out if it gets there before the batter), and a strikeout.
A runner can be put out by tagging the runner while the runner is not on a base, and by "forcing him out" (when a base is touched before a player can get there, with no base for the runner to go back to).
When the fielding team has put out three of the batting team's players, the half-inning is over and the team in the field and the team at bat switch places.
The batting team wants to get runs.
In order to get a run, a player must bat, then become a base runner, touch all the bases in order, and then touch home plate without being called out.
So first, the batter wants to make other players get to home plate, or to run the bases himself.
Runners can not pass each other while running the bases.
A base runner who touches home plate after touching all previous bases in order, and without getting out, scores a run.
If the batter hits the ball over the fence (between the foul lines) without touching the ground, it is a home run.
The batter, and any base-runners, are allowed to advance to the home plate and score a run.
The fielding team can do nothing to stop them.
Fielding team
The team on the field tries not to let the team who's batting get any runs.
The fielding team has a pitcher and a catcher.
The remaining seven fielders can stand anywhere in the field.
However, there are usually four people that stand around the infield close to the bases and three outfielders who stand around the outfield.
The four infielders are the first baseman, second baseman, shortstop, and third baseman.
The first baseman and third baseman stand close to first base and third base.
The second baseman and the shortstop stand on either side of second base.
The first baseman's job is to make force plays at first base.
In a force play, another infielder catches a ball that has touched the ground, and throws it to the first baseman.
The first baseman must then touch the batter or the base with the ball before the batter can touch first base.
Then the batter is out.
First basemen need to have quick feet, stretch well, be quick and know how to catch wild throws.
First base is one of the most important positions as a significant number of plays happen there.
The second baseman's job is to cover the area to the right of second base and to back the first baseman up.
The shortstop's job is to cover the area between second and third bases.
This is where right-handed batters usually hit ground balls.
The shortstop also covers second or third base and the near part of left field.
The shortstop is usually the best fielder on the team.
The third baseman needs to have a strong throwing arm.
This is because many times the batter will hit a ball toward third base.
The third baseman must throw the ball very quickly to the first baseman, to get the runner out.
Because the balls that go to third base are usually hit very hard, the third baseman must also be very quick.
The three outfielders are called the left fielder, the center fielder, and the right fielder, because they stand in left field, center field and right field.
Left field and right field are on the left and right sides, if you look out from home plate.
Center field is straight ahead from home plate.
Center field is very big, so the center fielder is usually the fastest.
The team can decide where to put the infielders and outfielders.
Players often stand at slightly different places on the field between some plays.
These changes are called "shifts".
The fielders may shift at any time.
Players can shift for many reasons.
One of the more popular ones is the defensive shift, where players move in the infield.
They do this because they know that some batters can only hit a ball a certain direction.
It can also be easier to make a double play when fielders are moved a certain way.
Teams can change pitchers during a game.
Teams change their pitchers often because it is hard for a pitcher to throw a full game of nine innings.
A pitcher can sometimes throw a no-hitter where no one on the opposite team gets an earned hit.
A team can use as many pitchers as it wants to, but it is rare to use more than eight in a game.
The ways that a pitcher throws the ball are called pitches.
Many professional pitchers use two or more different pitches.
Pitchers change which  pitch they throw so that the batter will be tricked and not know what pitch to expect.
This makes it more difficult for the batter to hit the ball.
Pitchers can make the ball move differently: faster or slower, closer or farther from the batter, higher or lower.
There are also many types of pitches, such as the slurve, curve, slider, splitter, sinker, screw, 2-seam cut, 2-seam screw, knuckle, knuckle curve, change-up, circle change-up, palm ball, and others.
When throwing the ball, the pitcher must touch the pitchers mound with his foot.
The pitcher's rubber is on top of the mound.
The pitcher cannot take more than one step forward when he throws the ball.
That makes the pitcher throw the ball slower.
Many major-league pitchers can throw the ball up to 100 miles per hour (145 km/h).
Throwing a baseball that fast can be bad for the body.
Pitchers can end up with a lot of injuries.
Doctors often will perform Tommy John surgery on a pitcher with an elbow injury.
The operation is named after Tommy John, the first pitcher to have the surgery.
Today, pitchers are able to recover from their injuries much more often than before Tommy John surgery.
The batting team
The batting team sends its players up to home plate in a special order.
This order is called the lineup.
Each team chooses its lineup at the start of the game.
After the game starts, the team cannot change the order.
But the team can use a player who was not on the lineup.
The new player has to change with an original player.
The new player's name is written in the lineup where the original player's name was.
After the ninth player has batted, the first player in the lineup starts again.
If a runner comes to home plate, he scores a run.
Then he is not a base runner.
After scoring a run, the player must leave the field until it is his turn again.
So a player can only score one run for each time he bats.
Since people began to have more free time, baseball has become the national pastime of America.
About 12 million people play baseball in the United States.
Baseball terms
See the image above for a diagram of the playing field.
Base: Four points on the field the players must run to.
The player starts at Home plate and must go to each of the other bases in order and return to Home plate to score a run.
The other bases are named First base, Second base and Third base.
Home plate is a piece of hard rubber and the other bases are made of cloth.
In professional baseball, the bases are 90 feet from each other.
The bases on the field are in the shape of a diamond.
Baseline: the line between each of the bases in order.
For example, from home plate to first base, from first base to second base, and so on.
Base path: The area along the baseline where the players run from base to base.
Ball: A pitch that was thrown outside the strike zone and that the batter did not swing at.
Strike: A pitch that was thrown inside the strike zone and that the batter did not swing at, a pitch that the batter swung at and missed, or a ball that the batter hit into foul territory.
Dugout: the place where the players and coaches who are not on the field sit.
Bullpen: the place where the pitchers watch the game and warm up before they start playing or when they are not playing.
Outfield: where three players play, typically where the best arm, the fastest and the second best arm play
Grounder: A ball that bounces and rolls on the ground after being hit.
Pop Fly: A ball that goes high in the air after being hit.
It can be caught for an out or it can fall for a hit
Double Play: When the defense gets two outs on one play.
Often happens when a ground ball is hit to an infielder with a runner on base.
Bunt: when the batter holds his bat out to try and hit the ball rather than swinging it.
A bunted ball does not go far usually.
Pitchers often bunt because they are not as good at hitting.
A bunt is also often used when trying to advance another runner already on one of the bases.
This is called a "sacrifice" or "sacrifice bunt."
Hit: When the batter hits the ball (thrown by the pitcher) in fair territory.
Home Run: When the batter hits the ball outside the baseball field, he (and any runners on base) gets to run all of the bases and scores at home plate.
Dickson, Paul.
The Dickson Baseball Dictionary, 3d ed. (
W. W. Norton, 2009).
Fitts, Robert K. Remembering Japanese Baseball: An Oral History of the Game (Southern Illinois University Press, 2005).
Gillette, Gary, and Palmer.
Pete (eds.).
The ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia, 5th ed. (
Sterling, 2008).
Peterson, Robert.
Only the Ball was White: A History of Legendary Black Players and All-Black Professional Teams (Oxford University Press, 1992 [1970]).
Reaves, Joseph A. Taking in a Game: A History of Baseball in Asia (Bison, 2004).
Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns.
Baseball: An Illustrated History (Alfred A. Knopf, 1996).
World Baseball Softball Confederation
"Baseball".
Society for American Baseball Research
Baseball Heritage Museum at League Park in Cleveland, Ohio
An antonym is a word that has the opposite meaning of another word.
The first known use of the word antonym was in 1857.
Properly defined it means a word of opposite meaning and is a noun.
Synonym - two words similar to each other
Contronym - word that has two meanings
In Judaism, God is known by many names.
The most important of these names is the Tetragrammaton, or "Four-lettered word": YHVH, YHWH, or י - ה  וה.
Jews are not allowed to say this name, and instead say Adonai.
Even Adonai is only used by some Jews in prayer.
Most Jews would refer to God as Hashem, or "The Name".
Jews are not allowed to erase the Tetragrammaton, so they rarely write it down outside of their most holy books, such as the Torah.
Other names include Elohim, El, Shaddai, Tzeva-ot, ‘Elyon, and Ehyeh-Asher-Ehyeh  which are respectively pronounced by observant Jews as  Elokim, Kayl, Shakkai, Tzeva-Kot.
Certain names, such as Shalom, are pronounced as written, but when written one letter, in this case the last letter, is omitted.
The last of the above "other" list is often said as Ek-yeh Asher Ek-yeh.
Other Jewish names of (or references) to God include
Emet (Truth)
Tzur Yisrael (The Rock of Israel)
Elohei Avraham, Elohei Yitzchak, v'Elohei Yaacov (God of Abraham, God of Isaac, God of Jacob)
Ehiyeh sh'Ehiyeh (I Am That I Am)
Avinu Malkeinu (Our Father, our King)
Ro'eh Yisrael (Shepherd of Israel)
Ha-Kadosh, Baruch Hu (The Holy One, Blessed be He)
Melech ha-Melachim (The King of Kings)
Makom (literally, "the place"; meaning "The Omnipresent")
Magen Avraham (Shield of Abraham)
Shalom: of Peace
YHWH-Jireh: The Lord will provide (Genesis 22:13, 14).
YHWH-Rapha: The Lord that healeth (Exodus 15:26).
YHWH-Nissi: The Lord our Banner (Exodus 17:8-15).
YHWH-Shalom: The Lord our Peace (Judges 6:24).
YHWH-Ra-ah: The Lord my Shepherd (Psalms 23:1).
YHWH-Tsidkenu: The Lord our Righteousness (Book of Jeremiah 23:6).
YHWH-Shammah: The Lord is present (Book of Ezekiel 48:35).
The EFL Championship, commonly known as The Championship, is the name of the English second division of football.
2021–22 clubs
Former champions
English Premier League
Football in England
1888 establishments in England
Birmingham ( ) is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England.
It is the second-largest metropolitan area and city in the United Kingdom.
About 1.1 million people live in Birmingham.
Around 4.3 million people live in its metropolitan area.
Many people call it the "second city" of the United Kingdom..
Birmingham was an important stagwine-post in the Victorian industrial canal system.
Today it is the northern terminus of the Grand Union Canal to London.
Heavy goods (as coal surely is) are most economically moved on water.
No other form of transport is so efficient.
Motorways
The M40 motorway connects to London via Oxford.
The M6 motorway also connects Birmingham to London (via the M1) and to the north-west of England and Scotland.
Junction 6 of the M6 is also one of Birmingham's landmarks, and probably the most notable motorway junction in the UK, Spaghetti Junction, officially called the Gravelly Hill Interchange.
Other motorways are:
The A38(M) which links Spaghetti Junction to the city centre
The M5, connecting Birmingham to the south-west of England
The M42, which connects Birmingham to Tamworth and the East Midlands
The M6 Toll, which enables through traffic on the M6 to bypass Birmingham and Wolverhampton.
Birmingham, unlike London and Manchester, does not have a single orbital motorway.
Instead, three motorways form a box which surrounds most of the city.
The M42 to the south and east.
In the middle, the M40 ends.
It has priority for traffic going from the M40 to the M42 west.
The M40 goes off south to Warwick, Oxford, High Wycombe, Uxbridge and London.
The M5 which forms the western section.
The M6 which forms the northern section.
The M5 ends on the M6.
The A34 from Manchester to Winchester
The A38 from Mansfield to Bodmin
The A41 from London to Birkenhead
The A45 from Birmingham to Thrapston (formerly to Felixstowe)
The A47 from Birmingham to Great Yarmouth
The A4540 'Middleway' ring road
The A4040 Outer Ring Road
Many industries were developed in Birmingham during the 18th and 19th centuries.
These included making weapons and food.
Birmingham manufacturing industry played a big role in the war effort in World War I and World War II.
The WWII spitfire aeroplane was made in Birmingham.
In 2000, a statue of stylised spitfires was erected next to the old factory site.
The factory now makes Jaguar cars.
Birmingham had a large car making industry.
It has declined since the 1980s.
It remains the home town for Jaguar and Land Rover cars.
Famous people from Birmingham
Gabriel Agbonlahor, footballer
Geoff Bunn, artist
Geezer Butler, musician and Black Sabbath member
Jasper Carrott, comedian
Tony Iommi, musician and Black Sabbath member
Jeff Lynne, musician and record producer, co-founder of Electric Light Orchestra
Bill Oddie, television personality
Ozzy Osbourne, singer, and Black Sabbath member
James and Oliver Phelps, actors, famous for playing Fred and George Weasley in the Harry Potter film series
J.R.R. Tolkien, author
Julie Walters, actor
Steve Winwood, musician
Matthew Stansfield - member of the conservatives party
Richard Hammond - Motoring journalist, TV presenter
Famous pop and rock groups from Birmingham
Black Sabbath, heavy metal rock group
Dexys Midnight Runners, pop group
Duran Duran, pop group
Judas Priest, rock group
Moody Blues, pop group
The Move, pop group
UB40, pop group
Wizzard, pop group
Birmingham City Council
Birmingham tourism site
Richmond () is the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia, in the United States.
It is an independent city and not part of any county.
The population within the city limits was 204,214 in 2010, with an estimated population of 1,258,251 for the Richmond Metropolitan Area — making it the third largest in Virginia.
Richmond is at the fall line of the James River,  south of Washington DC,  east of Charlottesville, Virginia, and  west of Williamsburg, Virginia.
Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties, the city is at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64, and encircled by Interstate 295 and Virginia State Route 288.
Richmond began as an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy, and was briefly settled by English colonists from Jamestown in 1609, and in 1610–11.
English settlers returned to found a permanent town in 1737.
It became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780.
During the Revolutionary War period, the city was known for Patrick Henry's "Give me liberty or give me death" speech in 1775 at St. John's Church, and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson.
During the American Civil War, Richmond served as the capital of the Confederate States of America.
The city entered the 20th century with one of the world's first successful electric streetcar systems.
Richmond's economy is primarily driven by law, finance, and government.
It has federal, state, and local governmental agencies in its downtown.
The downtown also has offices for legal and banking firms.
The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, one of 13 federal appellate courts, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, one of 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks.
Dominion Resources, Carmax, Genworth Financial, and MeadWestvaco, Fortune 500 companies, along with Massey Energy and Universal Corporation, Fortune 1000 companies, are headquartered in the city.
The historic sites in the area bring tourists.
County seats in Virginia
1737 establishments
1730s establishments in Virginia
The American Civil War (1861–1865) was a civil war in the United States of America.
It was fought when 11 Southern states left the United States and formed the Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy).
The US government and the states that remained loyal to it were called the Union.
The main cause of the war was slavery, which was allowed in the South, including all 11 Confederate States.
Slavery was illegal in most of the North.
The Confederate States tried to leave the Union after Abraham Lincoln, who disliked slavery, was elected US president.
The Union believed that it was illegal for the states to break away.
There were five states that allowed slavery which stayed in the Union.
The war began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter, a fort in South Carolina that was held by Union soldiers.
The war lasted four years and caused much damage in the South.
Most battles were in northern states until 1862 and in southern states after 1862.
After four years of fighting, the Union won the war, and soon, slavery was made illegal everywhere in the United States of America.
When the United States of America was founded in 1776, most states allowed slavery.
However, over the next 84 years, the Northern states decided that slavery was a bad thing and banned it.
The Southern states kept slavery legal.
Slaves from Africa grew tobacco, cotton and other cash crops in those states.
It was very different in the North, where the Industrial Revolution led to more people working in factories instead of on farms.
The United States became divided into slave and free states.
By 1860, those groups were angry at each other.
Few people wanted to end slavery in the South and so Americans argued on whether slavery should be allowed to spread to the territories and new states in the west.
In the late 1850s, there was fighting in Kansas over whether the territory should allow slavery.
Abraham Lincoln from the Republican Party won the 1860 United States presidential election.
He then did not want to ban slavery in the states.
Like nearly everyone else, he believed that the US Constitution did not allow the federal government to ban slavery (the amendment to ban slavery was passed later, in 1865).
He also thought that banning it suddenly would anger the South.
Instead, Lincoln and his Republican Party thought that slavery should be banned in US territories.
They thought that slavery would die out if it could not go to new places.
Lincoln became president on March 4, 1861.
In the four months between the election and the day that Lincoln became president, seven Southern states declared their independence from the Union.
The outgoing US president, James Buchanan, said that was against the law but he could do nothing to stop them.
The Republican Party treated secession as a rebellion.
No country in the world ever recognized the Confederacy as a separate nation.
That was because of diplomacy on the part of the Union, anti-slavery feelings in Europe and the northern blockade of southern ports, and of war against the United States.
The first seven states to join the Confederacy were South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.
Four others joined after the fighting began: Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina.
The Confederacy claimed Kentucky and Missouri belonged to them, but they never joined the Confederacy.
Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland were slave states that tried to avoid taking sides.
Delaware supported the Union although it was a slave state.
Also, the western counties of Virginia chose to remain in the Union and created a new state, West Virginia.
Fighting begins
Fighting started when the Confederates shot and threw bombs at Fort Sumter, a Union Army fort in South Carolina.
Lincoln then asked the Union states to bring soldiers to fight the Confederates.
The Confederates said that all forts and other federal buildings in the South belonged to them.
Fort On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces attacked the fort and forced the Union soldiers in it to surrender.
Lincoln then asked every Union state for volunteers to join the Union Army.
Four more southern slave states joined the Confederates, rather than supply forces to fight against them.
The US Navy stopped other ships from going in or out of southern ports.
That stopped the Confederacy from selling its cotton and other goods and also made it harder for the South to buy weapons and military supplies.
The American Civil War was fought in three important land areas, or "theaters."
The Eastern Theater was the land east of the Appalachian Mountains.
The Western Theater included everything between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River and along the river.
The Trans-Mississippi Theater included territory west of the Mississippi River.
Both the United States and the Confederacy had their capital cities in the Eastern Theater.
Washington, DC, had been the US capital since 1800.
When the South seceded, its first capital was Montgomery, Alabama, but it moved the capital to Richmond, Virginia.
Both cities are only about 90 miles (145 km) apart.
One of the first battles of the war was fought in Virginia.
The First Battle of Bull Run, on July 21, 1861, was a Confederate victory.
The Union Army of the Potomac then tried to capture Richmond in the Peninsula Campaign during the spring of 1862, but Robert E. Lee became leader of the Army of Northern Virginia and defeated the Union Army.
He then won the Second Battle of Bull Run in August 1862.
Lee tried to win the war by invading Maryland, but he lost the Battle of Antietam and retreated to Virginia.
There was much fighting between ships in the war, but the Union had a stronger and bigger navy.
Lincoln put the Confederates under a blockade and so the Union Navy would not let any ships into or out of southern ports.
The Confederates used ships called blockade runners to bring things from Europe like weapons.
The navies of each side also fought on the rivers.
The ships included ironclads, which were protected by iron on their sides, and cottonclads, which used cotton along their sides.
During the Battle of Hampton Roads, the Confederate ironclad Virginia fought against the Union ironclad Monitor.
It was the first time in world history that two ironclads fought each other.
In the Western Theater, much of the fighting happened along the Mississippi River.
Ulysses S. Grant was an important Union general in the West.
The Confederates tried to send their soldiers into the state of Kentucky in the summer of 1861.
In the early months of 1862, the Union Army made the Confederates retreat from Kentucky and from western Tennessee.
They tried to recapture western Tennessee by attacking Grant's army at the Battle of Shiloh, but Grant won the battle.
The Confederates then tried to send their soldiers into eastern Kentucky in the fall of 1862 but lost the Battle of Perryville and then left Kentucky.
The North won control of almost all of the Mississippi River by capturing the cities along the river in the fall of 1862 and the spring of 1863.
However, the Confederacy still held Vicksburg, an important city and fort.
If they held, the Confederates could move soldiers and supplies from one side of the river to the other.
Grant started the Siege of Vicksburg during the month of May 1863.
The siege continued until July 4, 1863, when the Confederates there surrendered to Grant.
That was one of the turning points in the war by dividing the Confederacy into two parts.
There were also battles west of the Mississippi River Valley in the Trans-Mississippi Theater.
For example, two important battles were the Battle of Wilson's Creek and the Battle of Pea Ridge.
The Confederates tried to invade New Mexico in February and March 1862 but they were defeated at the Battle of Glorieta Pass.
After the Union captured Vicksburg, the area became separated from the rest of the Confederate States.
Other battles happened in the area after the capture of Vicksburg.
During the Siege of Vicksburg in the west, another turning point came in the east.
After winning some battles, Lee decided to invade the North again.
Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia went into Pennsylvania.
The Confederate Army met the Union Army near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania and fought the Battle of Gettysburg, which lasted from July 1 to 3, 1863.
More soldiers died at Gettysburg than in any other Civil War battle, which the Union won.
Lee and his troops were pushed back into the South and could no longer invade the North.
Lincoln then decided that Grant was his best general and put Grant in control of all Union armies.
Lincoln also made William Tecumseh Sherman the general in charge of the Union troops in Georgia.
Grant led many attacks on Lee's army.
The battles were made up the Overland Campaign.
Meanwhile, Sherman burned Atlanta and Savannah to try to weaken the South and to make it harder to supply the Confederate Army.
He then marched north through South Carolina and North Carolina.
Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston attacked Sherman at the Battle of Bentonville.
Sherman won the battle.
Even in the 20th century, Southerners remember Sherman's march as destroying many homes, farms, and railroads, but his soldiers are blamed for things that they could not have done since they were too far away.
Eventually, Lee decided that he had too few soldiers to keep on fighting the Union, which had more soldiers and supplies.
He surrendered to Grant on April 9, 1865 near Appomattox Court House.
Later, many other Confederate armies surrendered as well.
The last Confederate general to surrender was Brigadier General Stand Watie, who surrendered on June 23, 1865, in Oklahoma.
After the war ended, Lincoln pardoned all of the Confederate soldiers and so they could not be arrested or punished for fighting against the Union.
The South would be allowed to rejoin the United States but only later.
Some Confederates did not want to return to the United States and moved to places like México or Brazil.
Why the Union won
Historians have had different ideas about whether the Confederacy could have won the war.
Most of them, such as James McPherson, say that it would have been difficult but possible.
The Union had far more people, money and industry.
By most estimates, the Union had over 2 million soldiers while the Confederacy had 1 million.
One advantage the Confederacy had was that they only needed to defend their land, whereas the Union could only win if they took full control the Confederate states.
Furthermore, the Union could only fight the war if their people wanted them to keep fighting.
Lincoln had opponents in the North (the Copperheads) who wanted the war to end.
If the Confederacy had defended itself for long enough, it may have led to more people in the Union turning against the war and supporting the Copperheads.
However, Lincoln held on to his support and won the 1864 election.
The Union Navy blocked ships from going into the Confederate ports.
Although some ships managed to get past, most could not.
The Confederacy had big money problems because they could not sell cotton and other goods to other countries.
The Confederacy collected less taxes than the Union, so they printed money to pay for the war.
This caused inflation (rising prices).
Another factor was that the Confederacy could not get help from outside.
They had hoped that Britain and France would support the Confederacy because they wanted to buy their cotton.
However, Britain and France did not give them help.
There were three reasons for this.
Firstly, they thought that slavery was wrong.
Secondly, they did not want to become enemies of the United States.
Thirdly, they could get cotton from elsewhere.
Most historians also think that Abraham Lincoln was a better leader than Jefferson Davis.
Don E. Fehrenbacher says that Lincoln's skills helped keep the Border States and ordinary people on his side.
Lincoln left his generals alone if they did a good job and fired them if they did not.
Davis lacked a clear plan, tried to do too many tasks at once and often chose people to do jobs just because they were his friends.
He annoyed his generals and other Confederate politicians.
William Cooper says that better leadership helped the Union, but they were already more likely to win.
Many soldiers on both sides died during the war.
Most of the war was fought in the South.
Many railroads, farms, houses and other things were destroyed, and most people there became very poor.
The period after the war, called Reconstruction, lasted from the end of the war to 1877.
The Union Army stayed in some Southern states and made them occupied territory.
Three important amendments were added on to the US Constitution.
The amendments were proposed (or suggested) by the US government.
Although not every American supported them, they got enough support to pass:
The Thirteenth Amendment says that slavery is not allowed anywhere in the United States, which completed the work of the Emancipation Proclamation.
The Fourteenth Amendment makes it clear that all people born in the United States are citizens, and all citizens have equal rights.
The Fifteenth Amendment says that people in the United States could not be kept from voting because of their race.
After the war, some of the Union Army's leaders went into politics.
Generals Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Harrison, and McKinley became US presidents.
Other veterans were elected to other offices.
The Southern states were allowed to ask to rejoin the union.
When they were accepted, that could send senators and representatives to the US Congress again and make their own state laws.
During Reconstruction, black Americans built schools and other social infrastructure.
Some of the schools became the historically-black colleges that still exist.
After southern states rejoined the Union, most of them made laws that limited what black people could do.
The Amnesty Act of 1872 restored the rights to vote and to hold political office for most former members of the Confederacy.
Some of them also became politicians.
Gibboney, Douglas Lee.
Tragic Glory: A Concise, Illustrated History of the Civil War.
Fredericksburg, Virginia: Sergeant Kirkland's, 1997. .
Roland, Charles P. An American Iliad: The Story of the Civil War.
New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002. .
Civilwar.com
American Civil War Citizendium
Wars involving the United States
Rebellions in North America
19th century rebellions
Tutankhamun (Tutankhaten, Tutankhamen)  was a Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
He reigned from when he was nine years old (1334 BC) to when he died (1323 BC).
He became Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty (royal family) during the New Kingdom.
Tutankhamun ruled for 9 years and died very young, at 19, so he is known as The Boy King.
He was married to his half-sister Ankhesenamun, daughter of Queen Nefertiti, his step mother.
In his third year of his reign, Tutankhamun reversed several changes made during his father's reign.
He ended the worship of the god Aten and restored the god Amun to supremacy.
The ban on the cult of Amun was lifted and traditional privileges were restored to its priesthood.
The capital was moved back to Thebes and the city of Akhetaten abandoned.
This is when he changed his name to Tutankhamun, "Living image of Amun", reinforcing the restoration of Amun.
In 1922 Howard Carter found Tutankhamun's tomb.
Tutankhamen was believed to carry a curse.
Actually, the archeologists who visited his tomb died from natural causes.
Recent studies of his body using CT scans and DNA tests show that he had two children, but they died very young.
Scientists now believe he died from a broken leg, made more complicated by bone disease and malaria.
Before this discovery there were many theories about his early death, including murder.
It is quite certain that he was infected by several strains of malaria, and very likely that he had some genetic defects caused by inbreeding.
His parents were brother and sister.
The final cause of his death is still unclear.
New galleries in Cairo Museum
Pharaohs
The word independence means "not dependent", or not having to depend on anyone or anything else.
It also means being strong and able to survive alone.
Anything can be dependent or independent.
When people talk about independence, it may be about people or countries, where it is often being spoken about as a good thing.
For places, it may mean sovereignty or autonomy.
In science, as in independent variable the word does not mean it is good or bad.
In countries
A country gets its independence when it is no longer part of another country.
Sometimes countries get their independence in a war, as when the United States left the British Empire in the American War of Independence.
Countries can also get their independence peacefully, like Canada and Norway did.
Help from another country may be needed to get independence, like in World War II, when the allies freed many countries that had been controlled by the Axis powers and, temporarily, vice versa.
Attempts to gain independence may lead to civil war and may be unsuccessful.
Singapore gained independence from Malaysia in 1965.
The newest country to get its independence was South Sudan.
Other countries that became independent not long ago are Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992, Eritrea in 1993 and East Timor in 2002.
However, some countries have political parties that discuss whether their country should become independent.
Some examples of these are the Scottish National Party (SNP) or the Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP).
Anubis is the protector of the gates to the Underworld, Osiris replaced him as the god of the dead.
He looks like a man with the head of a jackal (an animal, native to Africa, similar to wolves).
Anubis's Purpose
Anubis, as the god of death and the afterlife, was closely associated with mummification and burial rites.
Egyptian jackals had an association with the dead, as well.
They were often found digging up buried bodies and eating them, which may be why Anubis was depicted as part jackal.
The priests who mummified the dead kings (called pharaohs) wore costumes to make them appear like jackals.
The Egyptian people believed that Anubis helped decide the fate of the dead in the afterlife.
The heart of the dead was weighed against the feather of truth (representing the goddess Ma'at), to see if the deceased was worthy of entering the afterlife.
If the person had lived an evil life, his or her heart would be heavy with evil, and he or she would be eaten by Ammit (the Devourer).
If a person was kind and good, the heart would be light, he or she could continue on to the afterlife safe and sound to meet Osiris.
In Greece and Rome
In later times, during the Ptolemaic period, as their functions were similar, Anubis came to be identified as the Greek god Hermes, becoming Hermanubis.
The centre of this cult was in uten-ha/Sa-ka/ Cynopolis, a place whose Greek name simply means "city of dogs".
In Book XI of  "The Golden Ass" by Apuleius, we find evidence that the worship of this god was maintained in Rome at least up to the 2nd century.
Indeed, it was revealed that Hermanubis also appeared in the alchemical and hermetical literature of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
Egyptian gods and goddesses
Atum was the creator of everything in ancient Egyptian mythology.
He represented the very first history; nothing existed yet except for him.
According to the myth, he rose up out of the chaotic waters of Nu and used his own female side to create Shu (air) and Tefnut (moisture).
For a while, his two children were lost at sea.
Atum sent his removable eye, the Udjat Eye, to go look for them.
When they returned, Atum cried tears of joy.
Where these tears hit the ground is where men formed.
Out of the two elements water and air, the other gods and goddesses were born.
The Egyptians believed he was the father of all the gods.
Antisemitism is the hatred of or prejudice against Jews.
Antisemitism has a long history, but the most well-known act of anti-semitism is the Holocaust perpetrated by Germany, also known as the Final Solution, a genocide which happened between 1933 and 1945.
The plan was to totally get rid of the Jewish people in Europe, and up to 60-75% of them were killed.
Around six million European Jews were killed because of the Nazi leader Adolf Hitler.
He said that Jews were a racial group with naturally bad features.
Antisemitism is still common today.
In a 2011 survey by the Pew Research Center, all of the Muslim-majority Middle Eastern countries polled had very bad opinions of Jews.
Only 2% of Egyptians, 3% of Lebanese Muslims, and 2% of Jordanians reported having a good view of Jews.
In a 2013 survey of 5,847 Jewish people in Europe, 76% thought that antisemitism has increased in the past five years and 29% had thought about moving countries because they felt unsafe.
Some related words include Judeophobia and Israelophobia.
In the United States, antisemitic views are common as well.
A 2017 survey showed that 14% of Americans had antisemitic feelings.
Anti-Semitism in the Bible
He was born in Boyacá, Colombia.
When he was 8 years old he ran away from home and he joined the army.
He won many medals and in 1902 he became general.
In 1900 he lost an arm when he fired a cannon.
In 1903 he was one of the people who made Panama independent.
A year later president Manuel Amador forced Huertas to retire because he was afraid Huertas wanted to become dictator.
Huertas died in Panama City in 1943.
Panamanian people
1876 births
1943 deaths
Panama  is a country in Central America.
Its official name is the Republic of Panama, and it is most famous for the Panama Canal.
Countries bordering Panama are Costa Rica in the Northwest and Colombia in the Southeast.
Panama is between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean.
Most of the people in Panama are Roman Catholic (about 80%).
The Caribbean coastline has many good natural harbors.
However, Cristóbal, at the Caribbean terminus of the canal, had the only important port facilities in the late 1980s.
The many islands of the Archipiélago de Bocas del Toro, near the beaches of Costa Rica, made an extensive natural roadstead and shield for the port of Almirante.
The over 350 San Blas Islands, near Colombia, are spread out for more than  along the sheltered Caribbean coastline.
The population of Panama is about 3,405,813 in May 2010.
The ethnic makeup of Panama is:
50.1%: Multiracial (European, African, Native American, Others).
22.0%: Black African (Bantu-Congo 42%, Akan-Igbo 20%, Mandinga-Wolof 20%, Yoruba 10%, Others 8%).
6.7%: Native American (Embera, Wounaan, Ngobe bugle, Kuna, Naso, Bribri).
8.6%: White European (Spanish-Canarian 74%, German 13%, Italian and Others 13%).
5.5%: Asian (Chinese 93%, Korean and Japanese 7%).
7.1%:  Other.
In 2011 Panama had an unemployment rate of 2.7%.
Panama also had a food surplus in August 2008.
Panama was ranked at number 60 on the Human Development Index in 2008.
Panama's economy has experienced an economic boom in recent years.
Real gross domestic product (GDP) growth was over 10.4% from 2006–2008.
The Panamanian economy has been one of the fastest growing and best managed in Latin America.
Latin Business Chronicle has predicted that Panama will be the fastest growing economy in Latin America in the five-year period of 2010–14.
Panama is impacted by the global financial crisis.
It threatens to damage the social gains made in the past few years.
Panama is divided into nine provinces.
Also, there are five Comarcas (literally: "Shires") populated by a variety of indigenous groups.
Chiriquí
Coclé
Colón
Darién
Panamá Oeste
Veraguas
Emberá
Kuna Yala
Ngöbe-Buglé Comarca
Kuna de Madugandí
Kuna de Wargandí
Official site of the presidency of Panama
Official site of Panama Tourism
Site of Panama Tourism with videos and photos
Pictures from Panama
CoolPanama.com Panama Portal Long list of online radio stations from Panama, also webcams and television stations
Panama Travel Guides Panama's best attractions, travel guides, news and product reviews
1903 establishments in North America
Spanish (Spanish: español, pronounced "Eh-span-yole", IPA: /espaɲol/), also called Castilian, is a Romance language.
It is the most spoken Romance language in the world.
As of December 2021, over 489 million people in the world spoke Spanish as their first language.
The language Spanish or previously known as Castilian is originally adopted from a dialect of spoken Latin.
At the beginning of 218 BC, it was brought to the Iberian Peninsula by the Romans, and after evolving and improving for centuries, today with over 489 million native speakers, it is the world’s 4th most spoken language, after English, Mandarin Chinese, and Hindi.
Spanish is used by many people in the world today, partly because Spain traveled and colonized many different parts of the world and created many new countries and governments.
The countries with Spanish as an official language are called the Hispanic countries.
Most of them are in the Americas, which make up Latin America.
They include the following:
The Dominican Republic
Related languages
The Spanish language was originally the language of Castile.
When the Western Roman Empire collapsed, Latin changed in different ways in different provinces.
The Latin spoken in the Iberian Peninsula developed into the Ibero-Romance language in the 6th century.
Castilian and Portuguese became separate languages around the 12th century.
In Spain, there are other languages that also came from Latin that are connected to Spanish, like Catalan, and Galician.
Basque, also called Euskera or Euskara, is spoken in the Basque region of northern Spain and the southern region of France.
Very different from Spanish, Basque is a language isolate since it is not known to have descended from any language family.
Spanish is sometimes called Castilian because Castile is the region in Spain that is the origin of the language.
Castile is the region that is considered to speak the most proper form of Spanish.
The Spanish word for Spanish is "español", and the Spanish word for Castilian is "castellano".
In the other Romance languages spoken on the Iberian Peninsula, such as Galician, Catalan, Asturian, and others, Spanish is usually called "Castellán" or "Castellà" instead of "Spanish".
In Spain, the name of the subject in schools is "lengua castellana" (Castilian language).
However, in the regions of Spain in which people speak only Spanish, people call their language Spanish.
In Portuguese, the word "castelhano" is common to mention Spanish, however, in informal language, the most preferred name for the language is "espanhol".
Portuguese, which is spoken in Portugal and Brazil, has many similarities to Spanish.
In 2009, for the first time in history, Spanish was the most common "mother tongue" language of the western world, more than English.
It was also the second most common language on Earth, after Chinese.
As of 2016, the three most common languages in the world are:
Chinese: Spoken by about 1.305 billion people
Spanish: Spoken by about 427 million people in 34 different countries
English: Spoken by 339 million people in 108 different countries
Ethnologue report for Spanish
Spanish phrasebook on Wikivoyage
The Project Gutenberg EBook of A First Spanish Reader by Erwin W. Roessler and Alfred Remy.
Spanish to English  online translation
The first people to speak Nahuatl were indigenous peoples in central Mexico.
The Aztecs and the Toltecs spoke an early form of Nahuatl.
Nahuatl has changed since the end of the Aztec Empire.
Over time, many different dialects of Nahuatl have developed.
Today, people who speak different Nahuatl dialects do not always understand each other.
Use today
Today, most people who speak Nahuatl live in central Mexico.
but  A few live in other parts of Mexico or in the United States.
Nahuatl is one of the official languages of Mexico.
However, most people who speak Nahuatl now also speak Spanish.
Many phrases that are unique to Mexican Spanish come from Nahuatl, according to John Lipski.
The unique phrases are called "Mexicanisms."
An example is ándale, which often means "let's go."
Another example is the word Bueno?