the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
It can also be used in photographic film.
Silver iodide is toxic.
It can stain skin.
It is not as toxic as other silver compounds that dissolve in water.
The iodide also is toxic.
Kasana are a part of the Gurjar clan.
They mostly live in Pakistan, India, and Afghanistan.
Drosera regia, also known as the King sundew, is a carnivorous plant of the sundew family.
In the wild, it only grows in two places in a single valley in South Africa.
Its leaves can grow to a size of 70 cm in length.
It also has features which are not found in many other sundews, such as wooded rhizomes and special covered pollen.
These features have been combined with a genetic analysis, and it was found that D. regia is among the older species of sundew.
The Venus Flytrap, another carnivorous plant, shares some of the features, which suggests a close relationship between the two.
The leaves of the plant are covered with tentacles.
They are able to capture large prey, such as beetles, moths and butterflies.
The tentacles of all Drosera species are specialized glands, capable of producing sticky mucus.
The leaves are active flypaper traps: they capture prey by surrounding it.
In its native habitat, the plants compete for space with native marsh grasses and low evergreen shrubs.
There are two known populations of the plant in the wild.
The higher-altitude site is overgrown, and D. regia no longer grows there.
On the lower-altitude site, there are about 50 mature plants.
For this reason, D. regia is the most endangered Drosera species, since it is threatened with extinction in the wild.
It is often grown by people who like carnivorous plants and a single cultivar, "Big Easy", has been registered.
Traction motor refers to a type of electric motor.
A traction motor is used to make rotation torque on a machine.
It is usually changed into a straight line motion.
Traction motors are used in electrically powered rail vehicles such as electric multiple units and electric locomotives.
They are also used in electric vehicles, such as electric milk floats, elevators, and conveyors.
Vehicles with electrical transmission systems such as Diesel-electric locomotives, electric hybrid vehicles and battery powered electric vehicles.
Railroads first used DC motors.
These motors usually ran on about 600 volts.
High-powered semiconductors were developed to control the switching of AC motors.
They have made AC induction motors a better choice.
An induction motor does not require contacts inside the motor.
These AC motors are simpler, and more reliable than the old DC motors.
AC induction motors known as asynchronous traction motors.
Before the mid-20th century, a single large motor was often used to drive multiple wheels through connecting rods.
This was the same way that steam locomotives would turn their drive wheels.
Now, the normal practice is to use one traction motor to drive each axle through a gear drive.
Usually, the traction motor is mounted between the wheel frame and the driven axle.
This is called a "nose-suspended traction motor".
The problem with this mounting is that some of the motor's weight is on the axle.
This causes the track and frame to wear out faster.
The "Bi-Polar" electric locomotives built by General Electric for the Milwaukee Road had direct drive motors.
The DC motor is made in two parts; the rotating armature and the fixed field windings.
The field windings, also called the stator, surrounds the armature.
The field windings are made of tightly wound coils of wire inside the motor case.
The armature, also called the rotor, is another set of coils of wire wound round the central shaft.
The armature is connected to the field windings through brushes.
The brushes are spring loaded contacts pressing against the commutator.
The commutator sends the electricity in a circular pattern to armature windings.
A series-wound motor has the armature and the field windings connected in series.
A series-wound DC motor has a low electrical resistance.
When voltage is applied to the motor, it makes a strong magnetic field inside the motor.
This produces a high amount of torque, so it is good for starting a train.
If more current than needed is sent to the motor, there would be too much torque and the wheels would spin.
If too much current is sent to the motor, it could damage the motor.
Resistors are used to limit the current when the motor starts.
As the DC motor starts to turn, the magnetic fields inside start to join together.
They create an internal voltage.
This electromagnetic force (EMF) works against the voltage sent to the motor.
The EMF controls the current flow in the motor.
As the motor speeds up, the EMF falls.
Less current flows into the motor, and it makes less torque.
The motor will stop increasing its speed when the torque matches (is the same as) the drag on the train.
To accelerate the train, more voltage must be sent to the motor.
One or more resistors are removed to increase the voltage.
This will increase the current.
The torque will increase, and so will the speed of the train.
When no resistors are left in the circuit, full line voltage is applied directly to the motor.
On an electric train, the train driver originally had to control the speed by changing the resistance manually.
By 1914, automatic acceleration was being used.
This was achieved by an accelerating relay in the motor circuit.
This was often called a notching relay.
The relay would watch the fall of current and control the resistance.
All the driver had to do was select low, medium or full speed.
These speeds are called shunt, series and parallel from the way the motors were wired.
Road vehicles
Traditionally road vehicles (cars, buses and trucks) have used diesel or gasoline engines with a transmission.
In the latter part of the 20th century, vehicles with electrical transmission systems began to be developed.
These vehicles have a source of electricity from batteries or fuel cells.
They may also be powered by an internal combustion engines.
A benefit from using electric motors is that some types can generate energy.
They act as a dynamo during braking.
This helps improve the efficiency of the vehicle.
Because of the high power levels used by traction motors, they create a lot of heat.
They usually require cooling, often with forced air.
"Deconstructing a traction motor - Associated Rewinds (Ireland) Limited"
Image of a nose mounted traction motor on an R46 New York City Subway car.
The motor can be clearly seen behind the axle with the gear box with the writing on it in the center.
Another nose mounted traction motor on a wrecked R38 Subway car.
Coney Island Truck Repair shop; many pictures regarding traction motors
Detached truck with Traction Motors.
Information About Electric Vehicles
Morelia viridis, also called the green tree python, is a species of python found in New Guinea, islands in Indonesia, and Cape York Peninsula in Australia.
There are some materials which offer some resistance to the current flow; they are not good Electrical conductors or good Electrical insulators.
They are resistive materials, for example graphite, iron, and certain synthetic materials.
The magnitude that represents this characteristic is the resistance, and it is measured in ohms.
An ohm (referred to by the Greek letter Ω (Omega)) is the SI unit of resistance (R).
It can be defined by Ohm's law and the equation:
where  is resistance in ohms,  is voltage in volts, and  the current in amperes.
Resistors Basics : Everybody is able to understand electronics
The Cathedral Prep Events Center is an outdoor multi-purpose sports stadium in Erie, Pennsylvania.
It is home to the Cathedral Prep Ramblers.
The field name is Dollinger Field.
It has an official seating capacity of 1,800.
That makes it the second largest football stadium in the City of Erie.
Buildings and structures in Pennsylvania
2010s establishments in Pennsylvania
Quotation marks or inverted commas (informally known as quotes and speech marks) are punctuation marks used in pairs to mark a section of text as speech, a quotation, a phrase, or an unusual word.
They are used in groups of 2, as a pair of opening and closing marks.
They are used in either of two forms:  or .
Depending on the typeface, the opening and closing quotation marks may be identical in form (called “vertical” or “straight” or “typewriter” quotation marks), or they may be distinctly left-handed and right-handed (“typographic” or, colloquially, “curly” quotation marks).
The closing single quotation mark is identical or similar in form to the apostrophe, and similar to the prime symbol.
However, these three characters have quite different purposes.
See also: ditto mark.
Quotations and speech
Quotation marks show that part of the text is either a person speaking or a quotation.
Double quotation marks are used as a rule in the United States, while both single and double quotation marks are used in the United Kingdom and other commonwealth countries.
A publisher’s or author’s style can be considered as more important than national preferences.
However, the style of opening and closing quotation marks must be matched:
‘Good morning, Frank,’ said HAL.
“Good morning, Frank,” said HAL.
Frank reported that ‘HAL said, “Good morning, Dave,”’.
Frank reported that “HAL said, ‘Good morning, Dave,’”.
Sometimes, quotations are nested in more than two levels.
Nesting levels up to five can be found in some translations of the Bible.
In these cases, questions arise about the form (and names) of the quotation marks to be used.
The most common way is to simply alternate between the two forms, thus:
“…‘…“…‘ …   … ’……’…”
In most cases, quotations which span multiple paragraphs should be set as block quotations, and thus do not require quotation marks.
Quotation marks are used for multiple-paragraph quotations in some cases, especially in narratives.
The convention in English is to put an opening quotation mark at the first and each subsequent paragraph, but use a closing quotation mark only for the final paragraph of the quotation, as in the following example from the book Pride and Prejudice:
As noted below, in some older texts, the quotation mark is repeated every line, rather than every paragraph.
The Spanish convention uses closing quotation marks at the beginning of all subsequent paragraphs beyond the first.
When quoted text is interrupted, such as with the phrase he said, a closing quotation mark is used before the interruption, and an opening quotation mark after.
Commas are also often used before and after the interruption, more often for quotations of speech than for quotations of text:
“HAL,” noted Frank, “said that everything was going extremely well.”
It is incorrect to use quotation marks for paraphrased speech.
This is because a paraphrase is an indirect quote, and in the course of any composition, it is important to document when one is using a quotation versus when one is using a paraphrased idea.
Incorrect: HAL said that “Everything was going extremely well.”
Correct: HAL said that everything was going extremely well.
He shared his “wisdom” with me.
The lunch lady plopped a glob of “food” onto my tray.
She attempted to use her “strength” to lift the weight.
Quotes indicating irony, or other special use, are sometimes called scare quotes.
They are sometimes gestured in oral speech using air quotes.
Signaling unusual usage
Crystals somehow “know” which shape to grow into.
In addition to conveying a neutral attitude and to call attention to a neologism, or slang, or special terminology (also known as jargon), quoting can also indicate words or phrases that are descriptive but unusual, colloquial, folksy, startling, humorous, metaphoric, or contain a pun:
distance the writer from the terminology in question so as not to be associated with it.
For example, to indicate that a quoted word is not official terminology, or that a quoted phrase presupposes things that the author does not necessarily agree with.
indicate special terminology that should be identified for accuracy’s sake as someone else’s terminology, for example if a term (particularly a controversial term) pre-dates the writer or represents the views of someone else, perhaps without judgement (contrast this neutrally-distancing quoting to the negative use of scare quotes)
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS), 15th edition acknowledges this type of use but cautions against overuse in section 7.58, “Quotation marks are often used to alert readers that a term is used in a nonstandard, ironic, or other special sense […] They imply ‘This is not my term,’ or ‘This is not how the term is usually applied.’
Like any such device, scare quotes lose their force and irritate readers if overused.”
Cheese is derived from milk.
“Cheese” is derived from a word in Old English.
Cheese has calcium, protein, and phosphorus.
Cheese has three es in the spelling.
When discussing ‘use’, use “use”.
The logic, for this form, derives from the need to distinguish use forms, coupled with the mandate to retain consistent notation for like use forms.
The switching between double and single quotes in nested citation quotes reveals the same literary device for reducing ambiguity.
The French word canif ‘pocketknife’ is borrowed from Old English cnif ‘knife’.
Titles of artistic works
Quotation marks, rather than italics, are generally used for the titles of shorter works.
Whether these are single or double is again a matter of style; however, many styles, especially for poetry, prefer the use of single quotation marks.
Short fiction, poetry, etc.:
Arthur C. Clarke’s “The Sentinel”
Book chapters: The first chapter of 3001: The Final Odyssey is “Comet Cowboy”
Articles in books, magazines, journals, etc.: “
Extra-Terrestrial Relays”, Wireless World, October 1945
Album tracks, singles, etc.:
David Bowie’s “Space Oddity”
Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet
Dahl’s “Taste” in Completely Unexpected Tales
Nicknames and false titles
Emphasis (incorrect usage)
Quotes are sometimes used incorrectly for emphasis in lieu of underlining or italics, most commonly on signs or placards.
For example, For sale: “fresh” fish, “fresh” oysters, could be construed to imply that fresh is not used with its everyday meaning, or indeed to indicate that the fish or oysters are anything but fresh.
And again, Cashiers’ desks open until noon for your “convenience” might mean that the convenience was for the bank employees, not the customers.
Typographical considerations
With quotation marks that are next to other punctuation marks, there are two main systems.
They are called “American” and “British,” but some American writers and organizations use the British style and vice versa.
Both systems have the same rules for question marks, exclamation points, colons, and semicolons.
They have different rules for periods and commas.
Did he say, “Good morning, Dave”?
No, he said, “Where are you, Dave?”
There are three definitions of the word “gender”: colloquial, sociological, and linguistic.
In British style, which is sometimes called logical punctuation, the rule is the same as for question marks and exclamation points: the comma or period goes outside if it is for the whole sentence but inside if it is for just the quoted words.
This is called “placement according to sense.”
“Carefree,” in general, means “free from care or anxiety.” (
American practice)
“Carefree”, in general, means “free from care or anxiety”. (
British practice)
Bruce Springsteen, nicknamed “The Boss,” performed “American Skin.” (
Eric Clapton, nicknamed “God”, performed “Layla”. (
For quoting direct speech, American rules place periods and commas inside the quotation marks all the time.
In fiction, both styles are the same.
In non-fiction, British publishers may permit placing punctuation that is not part of the person’s speech inside the quotation marks but prefer that it be placed outside.
According to the Cambridge Handbook for Editors, Copy-editors and Proofreaders, periods and commas that are part of the person’s speech are permitted inside the quotation marks regardless.
“Today,” said Cinderella, “I feel free from care and anxiety.” (
both major styles)
“Today”, said former Prime Minister Tony Blair, “I feel free from care and anxiety.” (
British non-fiction only)
“I feel happy,” said Bjork, “carefree, and well.” (
To use a long dash on Wikipedia, type in “&mdash;”.
In the first two sentences above, only one punctuation mark is used at the end of each.
Regardless of its placement, only one end mark (?, !,
can end a sentence in American English.
Only the period, however, cannot end a quoted sentence when it does not also end the enclosing sentence, except for literal text:
“Hello, world,” she said.
“Hello, world!”
she exclaimed.
“Is there anybody out there?”
she asked into the void.
“Goodnight, stars.
Goodnight, moon,” she whispered.
The name of the song was, he replied, “Moonlight,” which many already knew.
References: Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition; Hart’s Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford; Merriam-Webster’s Guide to Punctuation and Style, second edition.
In English, when a quotation follows other writing on a line of text, a space precedes the opening quotation mark unless the preceding symbol, such as a dash, requires that there be no space.
When a quotation is followed by other writing on a line of text, a space follows the closing quotation mark unless it is immediately followed by other punctuation within the sentence, such as a colon or closing punctuation. (
These exceptions are ignored by some Asian computer systems that systematically display quotation marks with the included spacing, as this spacing is part of the fixed-width characters.)
There is generally no space between an opening quotation mark and the following word, or a closing quotation mark and the preceding word.
When a double quotation mark or a single quotation mark immediately follows the other, proper spacing for legibility requires that a non-breaking space be inserted.
So Dave actually said, “He said, ‘Good morning’ ”?
Yes, he did say, “He said, ‘Good morning.’
Non-language related usage
Straight quotation marks (or italicized straight quotation marks) are often used to approximate the prime and double prime.
For example, when signifying feet and inches, arcminutes and arcseconds, or minutes and seconds, where the quotation mark symbolises the latter part of the pair.
For instance, 5 feet and 6 inches is often written 5' 6", and 40 degrees, 20 arcminutes and 50 arcseconds is written 40° 20' 50".
When available, however, the prime should be used instead (e. g., 5′ 6″, and 40° 20′ 50″).
Prime and double prime are not present in most character sets, including ASCII and Latin-1, but are present in Unicode, as characters U+2032 (dec.
8242) and U+2033 (dec.
8243), and as HTML entities &prime; and &Prime;.
Double quotation marks are also often used to represent the ditto mark.
Straight single and double quotation marks are used in most programming languages to delimit strings or literal characters.
In some languages (e. g. Pascal) only one type is allowed, in some (e. g. C and its derivatives) both are used with different meanings and in others (e. g. Python) both are used interchangeably.
In some languages, if it is desired to include the same quotation marks used to delimit a string inside the string, the quotation marks are doubled.
For example, to represent the string eat 'hot' dogs in Pascal one uses 'eat ''hot'' dogs'.
Other languages use an escape character, often the backslash, as in 'eat \'hot\' dogs'.
Typing quotation marks on a computer keyboard
Standard English computer keyboard layouts inherited the single and double “straight” quotation marks from the typewriter (the single quotation mark also doubling as an apostrophe), and they do not include individual keys for left-handed and right-handed typographic quotation marks.
However, most computer text-editing programs provide a “smart quotes” feature (see below) to automatically convert “straight” quote marks into typographic punctuation.
Generally, this “smart quote” feature is enabled by default.
Some websites do not allow typographic quotation marks or apostrophes in posts (one such example being YouTube).
One can skirt these limitations, however, by using the HTML character codes or entities.
To make typographic quotation marks easier to enter, publishing software often automatically converts typewriter quotation marks (and apostrophes) to typographic form during text entry (with or without the user being aware of it).
This is known as the “smart quotes” feature.
Quotation marks that are not automatically altered by computer programs are known as “dumb quotes”.
Some implementations incorrectly produce an opening single quotation mark in places where an apostrophe is required, for example, in abbreviated years like ’08 for 2008.
In the first centuries of typesetting, writers showed quoted speech by saying who was speaking.
Some versions of the Bible still do it this way.
During the Renaissance, writers showed quoted speech by using a typeface different from the main body text, like we use italics today.
Long quotations were also set this way, at full size and full measure.
Quotation marks were first cut in metal type during the middle of the sixteenth century, printers were using them a lot by the seventeenth.
In some Baroque and Romantic-period books, quotation marks would be repeated at the beginning of every line of a long quotation.
When printers stopped doing this, they still kept the empty margin, which is where we get our modern practice of indenting before block quotation.
In Early Modern English, quotation marks were used only to denote pithy comments.
Writers first began to use them for direct speech in 1714.
By 1749, writers were using single quotation marks, or inverted commas, for direct speech.
Okina - an accent mark used in words from Hawaii
ISO 8859-1 - document of the International Organization for Standardization
Typewriter conventions
Bringhurst, Robert (2002).
The Elements of Typographic Style, version 2.5.
Vancouver, Hartley & Marks. .
Butcher, Judith (1992).
Copy-editing: The Cambridge Handbook for Editors, Authors and Publishers, third edition.
pp 264–266.
Curling Quotes in HTML, SGML, and XML
Quotation marks in the Unicode Common Locale Data Repository
ASCII and Unicode quotation marks – detailed discussion of the ASCII `backquote' problem
The Gallery of “Misused” Quotation Marks
The “Blog” of “Unnecessary” Quotation Marks
Commonly confused characters
Smart Quotes
Quotation marks -Citizendium
Haute couture (pronounced 'OHT koo-TOOR') is a French term for high fashion.
It refers to the creation of exclusive custom-fitted clothing.
The term refers to:
the fashion houses or fashion designers that create exclusive and often trend-setting fashions.
the fashions created by them.
Haute couture is made to order for a specific customer.
It is usually made from high-quality, expensive fabric and sewn with extreme attention to detail and finish by the most experienced and capable seamstresses, often using time-consuming, hand-executed techniques.
Couture is a common abbreviation of haute couture.
In France, haute couture is une appellation juridiquement protégée (a legally protected name).
It may only be used by firms which meet certain well-defined standards.
However, the term is also used to describe all high-fashion custom-fitted clothing in other 'fashion capitals' such as Milan, London, New York, Tokyo and Madrid.
The couturier Charles Frederick Worth (13 October 1826–10 March 1895), is widely considered the father of haute couture as it is known today.
Although born in Lincolnshire, England, Worth made his mark in the French fashion industry.
He revolutionized how dressmaking was organised.
Worth made it so the dressmaker became an artist: a fashion designer.
He created one-of-a-kind designs to please his titled or rich customers.
More importantly, he prepared designs which were shown on live models at the House of Worth.
Clients selected a design, specified colours and fabrics, and had a version tailor-made in Worth's workshop.
Worth combined individual tailoring with a standardization more characteristic of the ready-to-wear clothing industry, which was also developing during this period.
Chambre syndicale
To earn the right to call itself a couture house and to use the term haute couture, members of the Chambre syndicale de la haute couture must follow these rules:
Design made-to-order for private clients, with one or more fittings.
Have a workshop (atelier) in Paris that employs at least fifteen people full-time.
Each season (that's twice a year), present a collection to the Paris press, with at least thirty-five runs/exits with outfits for both daytime wear and evening wear.
Membership is seldom given.
Outside the Chambre syndicale are many successful fashion houses which deal in prêt-à-porter (the French term for ready-to-wear fashion).
They have their own Chambre syndicale du prêt-à-porter.
House of Worth
Joanna Caroline Newsom is an indie singer and a harpist.
She was born in Nevada City, California in 1982.
Newsom was not allowed to watch television or listen to the radio when she was a child.
She went to a Waldorf school.
After high school Newsom studied composition and creative writing at Mills College in Oakland, California.
Newsom's first album The Milk-Eyed Mender was released by Drag City on the 23rd of February 2003.
Pitchfork gave the album a score of 8 out of 10.
Newsom's second album Ys was given a score of 9.4 out of 10.
The Milk-Eyed Mender (Drag City, 2004)
Ys (Drag City, 2006) US #134, UK #41
Have One on Me (Drag City, 2010) US #75, UK #28
Divers (Drag City, 2015)
Early unofficial recordings
Walnut Whales (self-released, 2002)
Yarn and Glue (self-released, 2003)
Joanna Newsom and the Ys Street Band (Drag City, 2007) UK #135
"Sprout and the Bean" (Drag City, 2004)
"What We Have Known" (Drag City, 2011)
When Night is Falling is a 1995 Canadian romantic drama movie.
It is about a university professor dealing with a bad relationship who gets confused when she starts having romantic feelings for a female circus performer.
The MPAA rated the movie as NC-17.
The movie was released without a rating rather than deal with the problems of being rated as NC-17.
The movie was later released with two versions: the original unrated version, and an R rated version.
Patricia Rozema directed the movie.
1995 LGBT movies
1995 romance movies
Canadian romance movies
Canadian LGBT movies
Hurricane Bob was an Atlantic tropical cyclone during August 1991.
It was one of the costliest hurricanes in the history of New England.
The storm began from an area of low pressure near the Bahamas.
The area steadily became stronger and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Bob later on August 16.
It curved to the north-northwest at first.
However, after the storm became a hurricane, it turned to the north-northeast on August 17.
The track of Hurricane Bob by August 18 and 19 was similar to 1954's Hurricane Carol, another storm that affected North Carolina and New England.
Bob brushed eastern North Carolina on August 18 and early on the 19th.
The storm moved up the Mid Atlantic on August 19; it passed just east of Long Island.
The storm then crossed Block Island, Rhode Island, and later hit near Newport that afternoon.
While Bob affected Rhode Island, the strong winds moved westward into Connecticut.
In that state, winds peaked near 75 mph.
The most damage happened in Massachusetts.
Total damage there was $1 billion.
Damage from Bob totaled $1.5 billion.
Eighteen people were killed as a result of the storm.
The name Bob was retired in the spring of 1992 and replaced with Bill.
1991 in Canada
The way of cursing was supposed to be, to cut a horse's head from its body, and put it on top of the pole.
Cursing words were carved into the wood, too.
This was done to stop the soul of a cowardly person, or "Nithing".
Also, the terrible shame of the coward was called "Nith".
Imber is a village in Wiltshire, England, which has no people.
It is on Salisbury Plain, a flat area in Southern England.
The people of Imber were moved out in 1943, and rehoused elsewhere.
The whole area was needed as a training ground for the military.
Imber is now part of the British Army's largest training area in England.
The area around Imber has been settled since the Iron Age, before the Romans came to Britain.
The first mention of the village was in Saxon times, in 967.
The village is also listed in the Domesday Book.
At that time, around fifty people lived there.
The village has a church that was built in the 13th century.
In the 14th century, about 250 people lived in the village.
In 1851, the population reached its peak at about 440 people.
When they left in 1943, about 150 people had to move.
Google Satellite mapThe link does not deliver to the exact place, The actual area is north-west of the green arrow, and best got by typing "Imber, Wiltshire" into the Google search box.
An emoticon () is a written symbol, often as 2 or 3 punctuation characters, that stands for the writer's mood or facial expression.
Some examples are: a smile ":-)" or wink ";-)" or frown ":(" or dog nose ":O" or le meme arrow ">" (see many other examples in text below).
Emoticons are often used to tell a reader about the general tone of a statement, and can change or improve the reading of plain writing.
Over the years, many kinds of emoticons have been created, and now there are hundreds of known emoticons.
The word "emoticon" is a blend of the English words emotion (or emote) and icon.
In web forums,  instant messengers and online games, text emoticons are often automatically replaced with small pictures, which came to be called emoticons as well.
Certain complex character combinations can only be accomplished in a double-byte language, giving rise to very complex forms, sometimes known by their romanized Japanese name of kaomoji.
The use of emoticons can be traced back to the 19th century, and they were commonly used in casual or humorous writing.
In 1912, a smiling mouth (or snigger point) was shown in typewriter text as "\___/!".
Digital forms of emoticons on the Internet were written in an email during 1982.
In April 1857, the National Telegraphic Review and Operators Guide wrote about the use of the number 73 in Morse code to mean "love and kisses" (later changed to "best regards").
A few years later, Dodge's Manual talked about a new way to show "love and kisses", the number 88.
A New York Times transcript of an 1862 speech given by Abraham Lincoln contains ";)" (now known as a winky-face).
There is some debate as to whether it is a typo, a legitimate form of punctuation, or an emoticon.
Typographical emoticons were published in 1881 by the U.S. satirical magazine Puck.
In 1912, Ambrose Bierce created something called a "snigger point". "
It is written thus \___/!
and presents a smiling mouth."
In 1963 the "smiley face", a yellow button with two black dots representing eyes and an upturned thick curve representing a mouth, was created by freelance artist Harvey Ball.
This smiley probably inspired many later emoticons; the most basic picture that shows this is in fact a small yellow smiley face.
In a New York Times interview in April 1969, Alden Whitman asked writer Vladimir Nabokov: "How do you rank yourself among writers (living) and of the immediate past?"
Nabokov answered: "I often think there should exist a special typographical sign for a smile – some sort of concave mark, a supine round bracket, which I would now like to trace in reply to your question."
Pre-1980 emoticons
As early early as 1973 or earlier, teletype machine users used "emoticons" to express themselves.
Teletypes were limited to the keys of a standard typewriter keyboard plus a few special characters.
Teletype operators developed a sort of shorthand to communicate among themselves.
These shorthand notations became the foundation of "emoticons" as video terminals began to replace teletypes in general use.
By the early 1970s, people on the PLATO System were using emoticons.
They had many of the advantages of later character-based emoticons because they could be used anywhere that you could type text.
They also had many of the advantages of later graphical emoticons because they used character overstriking which created graphical images.
Several Internet websites –such as BT's Connected Earth– assert that Kevin Mackenzie proposed -) as a joke-marker in April 1979, on the  MsgGroup ARPANET mailing list.
The idea was to indicate tongue-in-cheek, with the hyphen represented a tongue, not a nose:
15-Apr-79 12:05:26-PST,1142;000000000000
Mail-from: MIT-MC rcvd at 12-Apr-79 1740-PST
Date: 12 APR 1979 1736-PST
From: MACKENZIE at USC-ECL
Subject: MSGGROUP#1015  METHICS and the Fast Draw(cont'd)
To:   ~drxal-had at OFFICE-1
cc:   msggroup at MIT-MC, malasky at PARC-MAXC
In regard to your message a few days ago concerning the loss
of meaning in this medium:
I am new here, and thus hesitate to comment, but I too have
suffered from the lack of tone, gestures, facial expressions
May I suggest the beginning of a solution?
Perhaps we could
extend the set of punctuation we use, i.e:
If I wish to indicate that a particular sentence is meant
with tongue-in-cheek, I would write it so:
"Of course you know I agree with all the current
administration's policies -)."
The "-)" indicates tongue-in-cheek.
This idea is not mine, but stolen from a Reader's Digest article
I read long ago on a completely different subject.
I'm sure there
are many other, better ways to improve our punctuation.
Others used :-) for tongue-in-cheek, with the colon representing teeth.
Also used was -:) to indicate sticking out your tongue, in derision or anger.
Although similar to a sideways smiling face, the intended interpretation was different and this does not appear to have inspired the later smileys.
In the late sixties, the APL programming language and timesharing environment, with its rich character set with backspace and overstrike capability provided a fruitful arena for interactive and creative symbol invention.
Union-backspace-dieresis (∪̈) was a recognised and upright smiley in the early seventies.
Creation of :-) and :-(
From: Scott E  Fahlman <Fahlman at Cmu-20c>
Read it sideways.
Actually, it is probably more economical to mark
things that are NOT jokes, given current trends.
For this, use
Many variations on the theme were immediately suggested by Scott and others.
Graphical  replacement
In web forums, instant messengers and online games, text emoticons are often automatically replaced with small corresponding images, which also came to be called "Emoticons."
Similarly, in some versions of Microsoft Word, the Auto Correct feature replaces basic smileys such as :-) and :-( with a single smiley-like character.
Originally, these image emoticons were fairly simple and replaced only the most straightforward and common character sequences, but over time they became so complex that the more specialized emoticons are often input using a menu or popup windows, sometimes listing hundreds of items.
Emoticons have also expanded beyond simple cartoon facial expressions to a variety of still or moving images.
Some of these graphical emoticons do not actually represent faces or emotions; for example, an "emoticon" showing a guitar might be used to represent music.
Further, some instant messaging software is designed to play a sound upon receiving certain emoticons.
Many applications use text codes, which become replaced with a graphical emoticon.
For example, :dance: or (dance) could be replaced with a graphical dancing emoticon.
A web-forum software package which performed this transformation was Proxicom Forum, developed in 1996.
An August 2004 issue of the Risks Digest (comp.risks on USENET) pointed out a problem with such features which are not under the sender's control:
It's hard to know in advance what character-strings will be parsed into what kind of unintended image.
A colleague was discussing his 401(k) plan with his boss, who happens to be female, via instant messaging.
He discovered, to his horror, that the boss's instant-messaging client was rendering the "(k)" as a big pair of red smoochy lips.
Many sites use GIF or PNG graphic files, because of their transparency and small file size capabilities.
Files can be created using a raster graphics editor.
Many emoticon artists design their emoticons pixel by pixel.
Some emoticons are made in vector format, such as SVG, and automatically processed using a graphics library.
This allows SVG files to be automatically rendered as a GIF or PNG file, which is compatible with most browsers, which SVG is not.
Western style
Traditionally, the emoticon in Western style is written from left to right, the way one reads and writes in most Western cultures.
Thus, most commonly, emoticons have the eyes on the left, followed by the nose and mouth.
To more easily recognize them, tilt your head toward your left shoulder (or occasionally toward your right shoulder if the "top" of the emoticon is toward the right).
Common western examples
There are also some possible variations to emoticons to get new definitions, like changing a character to express a new feeling, or slightly change the mood of the emoticon.
For example, :( equals sad and :(( equals very sad or weeping.
A :"> blush can be expressed as :"u blushing for you or a surprised blush, o///o .
Others include wink ;) a grin :D smug :-> and tongue out :P for disgust or simply just to stick the tongue out for silliness, such as when blowing a raspberry.
An often used combination is also <3 for a heart, and </3 for a broken heart.
A cute and sometimes gamine smile can be expressed like this: :3
An equal sign is often used for the eyes in place of the colon, without changing the meaning of the emoticon.
In these instances, the hyphen is almost always either omitted or, occasionally, replaced with an 'o' as in =O) .
In most circles it has become acceptable to omit the hyphen, whether a colon or an equal sign is used for the eyes, e.g. :) .
In some areas of usage, people prefer the larger, more traditional emoticon :-) .
In general, similar-looking characters are commonly substituted for one another: for instance, o, O, and 0 can all be used interchangeably, sometimes for subtly different effect.
In some cases, one type of character may look better in a certain font and therefore be preferred over another.
Some variants are also more common in certain countries because of reasons like keyboard layouts, for example the smiley =) is common in Scandinavia where the keys for = and ) are placed right beside each other.
Also, sometimes, the user can replace the brackets used for the mouth with other, similar shapes, such as ] and [ instead of ) and ( .
Diacritical marks are sometimes used.
An O or U with an umlaut, Ö, Ü can be seen as an emoticon, as the upright version of :O (meaning that one is surprised) and :D (meaning that one is very happy).
nwn (Meaning one is super happy).
Asian style
Users from East Asia popularized a style of emoticons that can be understood without tilting one's head to the left.
This style arose on ASCII NET of Japan in 1986.
Similar looking emoticons were used by Byte Information Exchange (BIX) around the same time.
These emoticons are usually found in a format similar to (*_*).
The asterisks indicate the eyes; the central character, commonly an underscore, the mouth; and the parentheses, the outline of the face.
Two separate studies, in 2007 at Hokkaido University and in 2009 at Glasgow University, showed that Japanese and other East Asians read facial expressions by looking mainly at the eyes, and the researchers noted that this is reflected in East Asian emoticons which put emphasis on the eyes, compared to Western emoticons which emote mainly with the mouth.
Different emotions such as (")(-_-)("), are expressed by changing the character representing the eyes, for example ' T ' can be used to express crying or sadness (T_T).
The emphasis on the eyes is reflected in the common usage of emoticons that use only the eyes, e.g. ^^. Looks of stress are represented by the likes of (x_x) while (-_-;) is a generic emote for nervousness, the semicolon indicating sweat that occurs during anxiety.
Repeating the /// mark (///) can indicate embarrassment by symbolizing blushing.
Characters like hyphens or periods can replace the underscore; the period is often used for a smaller, "cuter" mouth or to represent a nose, e.g. (^.^).
Alternatively, the mouth/nose can be left out entirely, e.g. (^^).
The parentheses also can often be replaced with braces, e.g. {^_^}.
Many times, the parentheses are left out completely, e.g. ^^, >.<, o_O, O.O, <.<;, though this is more likely in Western culture.
A quotation mark ", apostrophe ', or semicolon ; can be added to the emoticon to imply apprehension or embarrassment, in the same way that a sweat drop is used in anime.
Microsoft IME 2002 (Japanese) or later supports the use of both forms of emoticons by enabling Microsoft IME Spoken Language Dictionary.
In IME 2007, it was moved to Emoticons dictionary.
Common eastern examples
Korean Style
In South Korea, emoticons using Korean Hangul letters have been getting popular lately as well.
Korean styles of face emoticons are similar to those of Japan's, but they contain Korean jamos (letters) instead of other characters.
There are countless number of emoticons that can be formed with such combinations of Korean jamos, but popular choices include letter ㅅ or ㅂ as the mouth/nose component and ㅇ,ㅎ,ㅍ for the eyes.
For example: ㅇㅅㅇ, ㅇㅂㅇ, -ㅅ-, ㅡㅡ, ㅡ6ㅡ. Faces such as 'ㅅ', "ㅅ", 'ㅂ','ㅇ', using quotation marks " and apostrophes ' are also commonly used combinations.
Vowel jamos such as ㅜ,ㅠ can be used in substitute to T, when depicting a crying face.
Example: //ㅅ//, ㅜ_ㅜ, ㅠ_ㅠ. Sometimes the underscore is omitted, and the two letters can be mixed together, as in ㅜ_ㅠ, ㅡ^ㅜ, ㅜㅇㅡ .
Also, semicolons are used a lot in Korean emoticons.
Example: ㅡㅡ;;;;, ㅇㅅㅇ;;;, ㅂㅇㅂ;, ㅎㅇㅎ;;;;.
Single or multiple ; (Semicolons) are often used together with faces depicting embarrassment, for an added effect.
Also, other characters may be added to indicate hands, similar to the Japanese emoticons; but usually they are only attached on the right.
Example: -ㅅ-a (scratching one's head), 'ㅅ'b (Thumbs up), 'ㅅ'ㅗ (The finger)
In some cases, like ㅎ_ㅎ, the emoticon can mean an emotion even when it is not depicting a face of any specific emotion.
Letters ㅎ and ㅋ are widely used in Korean internet as a sign of laughter (similar to the usage of "w" in Japanese Web)for example ㅋㅇㅋ, ㅎㅇㅎ, ㅋㅅㅋ, ㅋ-ㅋ, ㅎ_ㅎ; and so the emoticons using those letters as the eye component can be interpreted as a laughing face.
Western use of East Asian style
English-language anime forums adopted those emoticons that could be used with the standard ASCII characters available on western keyboards.
Because of this, they are often called "anime style" emoticons in the English-speaking Internet.
They have since seen use in more mainstream venues, including online gaming, instant-messaging, and other non-anime related forums.
Emoticons such as <(^.^)>,<(^_^<),<(o_o<),<( -'.'- )
>,<('.'-^),(.ㅅ.), which include the parentheses, mouth or nose, and arms (especially those represented by the inequality signs < or >) also are often referred to as "Kirbies" in reference to their likeness to Nintendo's video game character, Kirby.
The parentheses are usually dropped when used in the English language context, and the underscore of the mouth may be extended as an intensifier, e.g. ^__^ for very happy.
People also use >< or : ).
Usually on MSN, people use O.O or : ( "Screw you" is represented by a smiley showing middle finger(s) .!._(Ò_ó)_.!..
Mixture of Western and East Asian style
Exposure to both Western and East Asian style emoticons or emoji through web blogs, instant messaging, and forums featuring a blend of Western and Asian pop culture, has given rise to emoticons that have an upright viewing format.
The parentheses are similarly dropped in the English language context and the emoticons only use alphanumeric characters and the most commonly used English punctuation marks.
Emoticons such as -O-, -3-, -w-, '_', ;_;, T_T, :>, and .V., are used to convey mixed emotions that are more difficult to convey with traditional emoticons.
Characters are sometimes added to emoticons to convey an anime or manga-styled sweat drop, for example: ^_^' or !
>_<!
or ^3^' or v3v; as well as: <@>_<@>;; ;O; and *u*
There are also more faces along those lines like >o<; using the ; as a sweat mark, and the "o" as a mouth, and the inequality signs as the eyes, it shows stress, or slight confusion.
The amount of emoticons that can be made are limitless, and all have their own meaning.
2channel style
The Japanese language is usually encoded using double-byte character codes.
As a result, there is a bigger variety of characters that can be used in emoticons, many of which cannot be reproduced in ASCII.
Most kaomoji contain Cyrillic and other foreign letters to create even more complicated expressions analogous to ASCII art's level of complexity.
To type such emoticons, the input editor that is used to type Japanese on a user's system has a dictionary of emoticons, after which the user simply types the Japanese word (or something close to it) that represents the desired emoticon to convert the input into such complicated emoticons.
Such expressions are known as Shift JIS art.
Users of 2channel in particular have developed a wide variety of unique emoticons using obscure characters.
Some have taken on a life of their own and become characters in their own right, like Mona.
Posture emoticons
Orz (also seen as Or2, on_, OTZ, OTL, STO, JTO, _no, ＿冂○, 囧rz, O7Z, _|7O, Sto, and Jto) is a Japanese emoticon representing a kneeling or bowing person, with the "o" being the head, the "r" being the arms and part of the body, and the "z" being part of the body and the legs.
This stick figure represents failure and despair.
It is also commonly used for representing a great admiration (sometimes with an overtone of sarcasm) for someone else's view or action.
It was first used in late 2002 at the forum on Techside, Japanese personal website.
At the "Techside FAQ Forum" (TECHSIDE教えて君BBS(教えてBBS) ), a poster asked about a cable cover, typing "＿|￣|○" to show a cable and its cover.
Others commented that it looked like a kneeling person, and the symbol became popular.
These comments were soon deleted as they were considered off-topic.
However, one of the first corresponding reactions can be found on the thread on , on December 23, 2002.
By 2005, Orz spawned a subculture: blogs have been devoted to the emoticon, and URL shortening services have been named after it.
In Taiwan, Orz is associated with the phrase "nice guy"–that is, the concept of males being rejected for a date by girls they are pursuing with a phrase like "You are a nice guy."
Multimedia variations
A portmanteau of emotion and sound, an emotisound is a brief sound transmitted and played back during the viewing of a message, typically an IM message or e-mail message.
The sound is intended to communicate an emotional subtext.
Many instant messaging clients automatically trigger sound effects in response to specific emoticons.
In 2007, MTV and Paramount Home Entertainment promoted the "emoticlip" as a form of viral marketing for the second season of the show The Hills.
The emoticlips were twelve short snippets of dialogue from the show, uploaded to YouTube, which the advertisers hoped would be distributed between web users as a way of expressing feelings in a similar manner to emoticons.
The emoticlip concept is credited to the Bradley & Montgomery advertising firm, which hopes they would be widely adopted as "greeting cards that just happen to be selling something".
In 2008 an emotion-sequence animation tool, called FunIcons was created.
The Adobe Flash and Java-based application allows users to create a short animation.
Users can then email or save their own animations to use them on similar social utility applications.
Emoticons and intellectual property rights
In 2000 Despair, Inc. obtained a U.S. trademark registration for the "frowny" emoticon :-( when used on "greeting cards, posters and art prints."
In 2001, they issued a satirical press release, announcing that they would sue Internet users who typed the frowny; the joke backfired and the company received a storm of protest when its mock release was posted at technology news website Slashdot.
They subsequently issued another press release a month later in response to the reaction their claim had generated.
A number of patent applications have been filed on inventions that assist in communicating with emoticons.
A few of these have issued as US patents.