the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In 1884 he was playing the violin in the orchestra when the great Czech composer Dvořák was conducting.
In 1889 Elgar married.
His wife Caroline Alice Roberts came from a family who had more money than the Elgars, and she was 8 years older than he was.
Many people did not approve of the marriage, but she was a good wife to him and encouraged him in his efforts to be a successful composer.
In 1899 Elgar wrote an orchestral piece called the Enigma Variations.
There is a main tune, and then a series of variations on the tune.
Each variation describes one of his friends, but he did not say which friends they were: he only put their initials or nickname at the top of each variation.
This is why the piece is an enigma (a “puzzle” or “secret”).
People have managed to work out who each friend was, but the meaning of the main tune is still a puzzle.
This music made Elgar very famous.
The next work that he wrote is probably his greatest work: The Dream of Gerontius (1900).
It is an oratorio.
Gerontius is an old man who is dying and thinking about whether God will punish him for his sins or save him and take him to heaven.
Elgar wrote two other oratorios: The Apostles and The Kingdom.
He wrote two symphonies, a violin concerto, a cello concerto, Introduction and Allegro for Strings, Sea Pictures (five songs for mezzo soprano and orchestra) and chamber music including a violin sonata, a string quartet and a piano quintet.
Throughout his life his wife helped him by ruling neat manuscript lines on plain paper so that he could write his music.
After she died in 1920 Elgar was so sad that he stopped composing.
He died of colorectal cancer in Worcester.
Elgar’s most popular piece is the first of his Pomp and Circumstance Marches.
It has the tune which is sung to the words “Land of Hope and Glory” and the audience always join in singing it at the Last Night of the Proms.
Baronets
Musicians from Worcestershire
The printing press is a machine for printing.
It makes many copies of identical pages.
The printing press today is used to print books and newspapers.
It had a great influence on society, especially western society.
It was "one of the most potent agents... of western civilization in bringing together the scattered ideas of thinkers".
Woodcut printing has been done for several centuries.
That was whole pages cut into wood, words and pictures.
In the 15th century Johannes Gutenberg improved the process.
He used separate alloy letters screwed into a frame.
This way a large set of letters could make almost any page for printing.
This process was called typesetting.
Each letter was in a block of metal, fixed in a frame.
He could then move paper and ink over it, much like a stamp.
This method was called letterpress.
The letters would leave ink on the paper in the shape of the letters, creating text or illustrations.
Bigger and much faster presses were invented in the industrial revolution.
The main improvements were made in the 19th century.
Two ideas altered the design of the printing press entirely.
First was the use of steam power to run the machinery.
Second was the replacement of the printing flatbed with the rotary motion of cylinders.
Both were done by the German printer Friedrich Koenig between 1802 and 1818.
Having moved to London in 1804, Koenig got financial support for his project in 1807.
In 1810, Koenig patented a steam press "much like a hand press connected to a steam engine".
Soon other inventions were added, such as the making of cheaper paper by using wood pulp instead of rags.
Later in the 19th century came machines which speeded up typesetting, which was previously done by hand, letter by letter.
A machine for hot metal typesetting was designed by Linotype Inc. It turned molten lead into type ready for printing.
Many further developments in printing happened in the 20th century.
Today printing presses are controlled by special-purpose computers, and the material to be printed is prepared on computers.
As a consequence of these inventions, the cost of printing has fallen significantly compared to other commodities.
Now the price of a book or magazine is less determined by its  production, and more by other factors, such as marketing.
A mezzo-soprano is a female singer whose voice is a little lower than that of a soprano but not low enough to be called a contralto.
There are many roles in opera that need a mezzo-soprano voice, for example the role of Carmen in the opera Carmen by Georges Bizet or Cherubino in Le Nozze di Figaro by Mozart.
Famous mezzo-sopranos include: Marilyn Horne and Dame Janet Baker who have both now retired.
Alice Coote and Susan Graham are famous mezzo-sopranos today.
Georges Bizet (25 October 1838 – 3 June 1875) was a French composer of the Romantic period.
He is best known for his opera Carmen, which is the best-known of all French operas.
Musicians from Paris
Old age is when a person is near or beyond the usual life expectancy, usually from the age of 65 onwards.
Old people are usually retired from work and spend their time in other ways like helping take care of small children who are kin to them in some way.
Often people of old age have wrinkly skin.
They will move slower, and become constantly cold.
Old people have more health problems than young adults, and many of them take medicine.
The reason for this is that their bodies are slowly deteriorating, so they have more problems, especially with moving.
Osteoporosis weakens the bones, and is one of the problems that become more common with age.
Others include blindness and deafness.
Gerontology is the part of medicine that deals with these things.
Old people are also called "senior citizens" or "elders".
Elders are considered to be wise because they have had much experience in their long lives.
Many cultures view elders with respect and kindness, and depend upon them to pass down knowledge to the younger generations of people.
The Crystal Maze is a British game show on Channel 4.
It ran from 1990-1995 and was revived in 2016.
A team of six players completed challenges to win crystals.
It was presented by Richard O'Brien from series 1 to 4 and Ed Tudor-Pole in series 5 and 6.
Stephen Merchant presented an episode in 2016.
Richard Ayoade presents in 2017.
It was made by Chatsworth Television as an British version of the French show Fort Boyard.
There are four zones in the maze - Medieval, Aztec, Futuristic and Industrial.
In each zone, players attempt challenges to earn a crystal.
Each crystal gives them five seconds in the Crystal Dome.
After a while, the Industrial zone was replaced by an Ocean zone.
Crystal dome
The Crystal Dome is a large glass crystal where the players must go in at the end.
Small golden and silver tickets are blown around the dome and they must try and catch as many as they can.
For every gold token they put in the box, they get a point.
For every silver token they put in the box, they lose  a point.
If the team gets over 100 points, they win a big prize.
If they do not win, they get a small crystal to take home with them.
1990 British television series debuts
British television game shows
Channel 4 television programmes
The Counter-Reformation was a movement within the Roman Catholic Church which began in the 1500s.
It covered the following five areas:
Doctrine (ideology)
Ecclesiastical or Structural Reconfiguration
Religious orders
Spiritual Movements
Political Dimensions
The Counter-Reformation began after Martin Luther's Reformation.
In reaction, Catholics  reaffirmed some points of faith that the Protestants' objections had put in danger.
These included the validity of the seven sacraments.
The Protestants had reduced the sacraments to only two, Baptism and the Eucharist.
Protestants deny the doctrine of transubstantiation, which is seen as making Mass less important.
Some reformation era groups had rejected the Mass entirely.
Luther's view was somewhere between that of the more radical reformers and the Catholic view.
Luther wrote that without faith neither Baptism nor the Eucharist is sufficient for salvation.
The Counter-Reformation specifically re-affirmed the Catholic understanding of the mass.
On other issues, Catholics effectively accepted some of the Protestant complaints.
Penance  became a private confession and repentance from sin instead of outward actions.
This served to correct the corrupt practice of selling forgiveness.
This type of forgiveness, called Indulgence was the immediate cause of Luther's protests against abuses in the Catholic church.
As a result of the Counter Reformation, other abuses, such as Simony were also greatly curtailed.
Thus the Protestant movement served not only to create new expressions of the Christian faith, but also to correct problems in the Catholic church which led to its revitalization.
Catholic missionaries, especially Jesuits went across the world to spread the Catholic faith.
The Congregation of the Holy Office of the Inquisition was also created, to revitalize the work of suppressing heresy.
Vatican II
Decolonization is when a colony of any country becomes independent.
Thus, decolonization is the opposite of colonization.
Sometimes, a colony may not get full freedom, but may become part of another country or even the part of the country which colonized it.
This is also decolonization.
In some cases, decolonization may result after non-violent discussion.
In a relatively small number of cases, decolonization happens only after armed struggle and revolt.
Decolonization is different from the break-up of traditional empires like the Mongol Empire or the Ottoman Empire.
Decolonization generally means independence of non-Europeans from European rule.
Thus, the break-up of the Union of Sweden and Norway and the independence of Manchukuo from the Empire of Japan were not decolonization.
Major decolonization occurred in the 20th century.
It began with the independence of Pakistan and India in 1947 from the British Empire.
Soon after, many countries of Africa became independent from the rule of many countries of Europe.
The history of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991 covers the dissolution of the Soviet Union. ("
Dissolution" means ending or splitting up.)
The dissolution of the Soviet Union describes its end as a separate country.
The Soviet Union had many regions called "republics".
They all belonged to the Russian Empire before 1917.
All these "republics" were part of the Soviet Union, and the Soviet Union was one country.
After its dissolution, all of the republics became independent countries.
The names of these countries are: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Georgia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
Russia is a special case, because it still has a number of former republics inside its borders.
That is why the country is called the Russian Federation.
There are eight Federal Districts and 83 so-called "Federal Subjects" of the Russian Federation.
Siberia, for example, has two huge federal districts.
The Soviet Union ended with the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
At the time of dissolution of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev was the president of the Soviet Union.
He was in this position for a little over a year but he was leader of the Soviet Union from March 11th 1985.
On 25 December 1991, he quit the post of the president of the USSR.
By 31 December 1991, all organizations and departments of the Soviet Union stopped working.
On that date, the Soviet flag flew for the last time on the Kremlin.
During 1969 and 1982, very few changes took place in the politics and economy of the Soviet Union.
With the beginning of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, its relationship with the United States also deteriorated.
At that time Jimmy Carter, followed by Ronald Reagan was the President of the United States.
Jimmy Carter ended the policy of Détente - ending of unfriendly relationship.
Some historians believe that this may be one of the reasons for the Soviet Union to change its political and economic policies.
In March 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became the General Secretary of the CPSU.
Under him, a new group of officials and leaders started a process of changes in the politics and economy of the Soviet Union.
They also tried to improve relationships with Western countries like the US.
At that time, the Soviet economy was doing okay but it was slower than its competitors' economies in the West.
Also, the cost of maintaining the Soviet Union, as a superpower was huge.
These costs included running a large military; running the KGB networks; and giving money to countries close to the Soviet Union.
At the same time, the Soviet Union’s technological development had fallen behind.
For example: many of its factories used out-of-date technologies and it had fallen behind in the use of information technology.
Glasnost – meaning political openness.
Perestroika – meaning economic changes and restructuring.
Uskoreniye – meaning speeding up of the economic development.
Since the time of Vladimir Lenin in 1920s, the people of the Soviet Union did not have any right to own personal property and business.
The government owned almost everything.
In 1988, the government permitted the people to own some types of businesses in the service sector, manufacturing, and foreign trade.
A system of cooperative restaurants, shops, and manufacturers came into existence.
Glasnost gave a greater freedom of speech to the citizens and allowed them to criticise the government - something they had never been allowed to do.
The government reduced censorship and control on publication.
The government set free many political prisoners.
In January 1987, Gorbachev started a process of democratization of Soviet politics.
In June 1988, Gorbachev started a process to reduce the control of the CPSU on the different parts of the government.
In December 1988, the Supreme Soviet had approved the establishment of a Congress of People's Deputies, the Soviet Union's new legislative body.
In March and April 1989, elections to the Congress of People’s Deputies took place.
The members on 15th March 1990 elected Gorbachev as the first executive President of the Soviet Union.
Many steps taken by Gorbachev gave results different than the intended results.
Thus the perestroika and glasnost intended to make the Soviet economy stronger resulted into something very different.
Many factors and events combined and finally they resulted into the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Under the policy of glasnost (political openness), the Soviet government and the Communist Party lost control over the media.
A free media brought to notice of the public many bad aspects of the society and the economy of the Soviet Union.
These bad aspects included poor housing, alcoholism, drug abuse, pollution, out-of-date technologies in many factories, and corruption.
People also learnt of many crimes committed by Stalin.
For example, they learnt about prisoners at Gulags, agreement with Adolf Hitler, and large massacres of Stalin opponents.
Further, people also learnt details about such events as the ongoing Soviet war in Afghanistan and bad management of nuclear meltdown at Chernobyl (the Soviet Union didn't publicly admit to the meltdown until three days after it happened).
In short, people learnt about the negative aspects of the Soviet life.
People began to lose faith in their Soviet system and ideology of Communism.
By 1989, the Soviet government found it to be too difficult for the Soviet Union to keep its control over its Eastern European bloc and decided to let them choose their own futures.
After the end of the Second World War, with the support of the Soviet Union, communist governments were ruling all these countries.
The change in the policy of the Soviet Union resulted into fall of the communist governments in many such countries by 1990: in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania.
Seeing all these developments, many "republics" of the Soviet Union wanted to become independent.
The Glasnost policy also released long wanted nationalism in the "republics" that the Soviet government had suppressed and covered up.
Some republics tried to become independent.
The leaders had thought that the policy of perestroika was a bold step to improve the economy.
But, the steps were not very strong to improve the bad economic conditions of 1980s.
Despite many changes, Gorbachev and his team had left many aspects of the Soviet economy unchanged.
For example, price control, inconvertibility of the ruble, and government control over most means of production continued.
By 1990 the economic situation had become worse.
The examples include:
Government expenditure had increased.
Tax revenues had come down as the republics had stopped paying taxes.
Income from sale of vodka came down as many people had stopped drinking.
The government had to give money to support unprofitable farms and industries.
The government had removed many controls but did not bring forth other changes for smooth transition from state control to a free economy.
This resulted into many problems including low production.
The dissolution
On 7th February 1990, the Central Committee of the CPSU was forced to loosen its control over power.
At around the same time, different "republics" of the Soviet Union started to claim their right to become independent.
They stopped following the laws of the central government of the Soviet Union.
They also stopped paying taxes to the central authorities (of Moscow) of the Soviet Union.
These weakened the Soviet authority and economy.
During a 1990 visit of Gorbachev to Vilnius, capital of Lithuania, about 250,000 persons protested in a public meeting.
On 11th March 1990, leaders of Lithuania declared its independence from the Soviet Union.
However, the Soviet central-government demanded Lithuania to give up its independence and sent the Soviet Army continued to keep many troops in Lithuania.
The government said that it would have to follow the Soviet constitution if it wanted to leave.
The Soviet Union also did economic blockade of Lithuania.
Estonia and Latvia were also illegally taken by the Soviet Union in 1940.
On 30th March 1990, the leaders of Estonia declared that the control of their country by the Soviet Union from 1940 was illegal.
They also declared independence.
The leaders of Latvia also started process of independence on 4th May 1990.
On 17th March 1991, people of the Soviet Union voted to keep the existing Soviet Union in a slightly changed form.
The Baltic States (Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia), Armenia, Georgia and Moldova boycotted the voting.
In each of the other nine "republics" of the Soviet Union, a majority of the voters supported the retention of the Soviet Union.
In June 1991 an election took place in the Russian Republic of the Soviet Union.
Boris Yeltsin got 57% of the vote.
He was a critic of Mikhail Gorbachev.
Gorbachev’s preferred candidate, former Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov, got only 16% of the vote.
The "republics" of the Soviet Union had agreed to sign on 20th August 1991, an agreement making them almost independent republics but part of a federation, with a common president, foreign policy and military.
However, many persons disagreed, and they wanted a fast transition to market economy even if it meant dissolution of the Soviet Union.
There were many others in the CPSU and the military of the Soviet Union who supported continuation of the Soviet Union.
On 19th August 1991, some senior leaders of the Soviet Union formed a "State Committee on the State Emergency."
They prevented signing of the above-mentioned agreement on 20th August 1991.
These leaders included Gorbachev’s vice president Gennadi Yanayev, prime minister Valentin Pavlov, defense minister Dmitriy Yazov, KGB chief Vladimir Kryuchkov, and many other senior officials.
At that time Gorbachev was holidaying in Crimea).
These officials put him under house arrest.
They also issued orders banning all political activities and banned most newspapers.
This was like a coup.
The organizers had expected popular support for their action.
But, the people did not support them.
Instead, they supported "White House" (Yeltsin's office), then the symbolic seat of Russian sovereignty.
The organizers of the coup tried but failed to arrest Boris Yeltsin.
After three days, on August 21, the coup failed.
The authorities detained the organizers.
Gorbachev returned as president of the Soviet Union.
However, Gorbachev's real powers had reduced.
Through the autumn of 1991, the Russian government took over the union government, ministry by ministry.
In November 1991, Yeltsin issued an order banning the CPSU throughout the Russian republic.
As a result, many former CPSU personnel left CPSU to join the new positions in the new Russian government.
After the failure of the coup, the republics of the Soviet Union increased their efforts to become independent.
On 6th September 1991, the Soviet Union recognized the independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
On 1st December 1991, Ukraine declared its independence, after 90% of the voters opted for an independent Ukraine; this really destroyed any hopes of keeping the Soviet Union together since Ukraine was the second most powerful "republic" after Russia.
One by one, the remaining eleven "republics" of the Soviet Union also declared themselves as sovereign and independent states.
The CIS
As noted above, on 6th September 1991, the Soviet Union had recognized the independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
It may be note that twelve out of the fifteen republics of the Soviet Union had signed an international agreement (European Energy Charter) in the Hague on 17th December 1991.
The signing had indicated that these republics had practically become independent and sovereign countries.
Leaving apart already independent Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, the remaining 12 republics, all (except Georgia) joined the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
Many persons believed that with the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Soviet Union ceased to exist.
They believed that it was the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Many others think that with CIS, the Russia continues to have some control over the former republics of the Soviet Union.
On December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned as president of the USSR.
By December 31, 1991 all official Soviet institutions had stopped to function in different "republics" of the Soviet Union.
The individual governments of these republics started functioning.
The Soviet flag flew last time over the Kremlin.
The four principles had governed the Soviet Union: a chain of soviets; ethnic federation; state socialism; and supremacy of the Communist party.
Gorbachev's policies of perestroika and glasnost created a situation which weakened all the above four principles.
He repeatedly tried to form a circle of leaders to support his policies.
He tried to do all these as he and his team saw that the Soviet Union was moving toward a long-term stagnation.
Gorbachev’s policies made it possible for leaders of various Soviet republics to gain confidence and influence.
At the same time, he faced opposition from many including the nationalist forces and the traditional communists.
Some people accepted the reforms; some wanted the old system to continue; and some desired complete independence from the Soviet Union and central control.
In the end, Gorbachev was unable to ensure any common view among these forces.
Ultimately, this led to the collapse and dissolution of the Soviet Union.
After the dissolution
Immediately after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Yeltsin took many steps to change the economy of the Soviet Union from a socialist economy to a capitalist economy.
For example: he cut the payment of grants to money-losing farms and industries; he also removed control over prices; he took steps for convertibility of the Russian rouble.
He also allowed many people close to his circle, and other business people, to take possession of the businesses and industries earlier owned by the government, and to run them as private enterprises.
The planners and economists had thought that these changes would lead to a faster economic development.
However, nothing of this sort happened.
About 25% of the population of Russia is now very poor and live below the poverty line.
The life expectancy has come down.
This means people die at an early age.
The Gross Domestic Product had become about 50% of the earlier times.
Many Russians of older generation believe that the earlier system was better.
During 1990s, Russia faced many crises in political, social and economic matters.
Many persons still believe that the situation still continues to be worse compared to earlier times.
Reform, Coup and Collapse: The End of the Soviet State by Professor Archie Brown.
The Soviet Union Disintegrates by Frank E. Smitha
Helene Carrere D'Encausse, The end of the Soviet Empire: the triumph of the nations, Basic Books, 1992,
Ronald Grigor Suny, The revenge of the past: nationalism, revolution, and the collapse of the Soviet Union, Stanford University Press, 1993,
1990s in the Soviet Union
The Meiji Restoration (明治維新) was a time of great change in Japan.
In the Japanese language, Meiji-ishin is the term for the Meiji Restoration.
The term describes a series of events that changed the shape of Japan’s political and social systems.
These changes took place mainly in the three years from 1866 to 1869, at the beginning of the Meiji period.
End of the Shogunate
In 1866, the Tokugawa Shogunate was ruling Japan.
In the year 1866, two domains, the local government at that time, came together under an alliance.
The name of this alliance was the Sat-cho Alliance.
This was an alliance between the Satsuma Domain and the Chōshū Domain, and a person named Sakamoto Ryoma brought the two domains together.
These two domains supported the Emperor Meiji of Japan who, at the time, did not have much power.
With their support the emperor could regain much of his power.
The Tokugawa Shogunate’s rule ended on 9th November 1867, but they still retained some authority and power.
In the Boshin War of 1868, an army from Satsuma Province and Choshu defeated the forces of the Tokugawa Shogunate.
This completely ended the power of the Tokugawa Shogunate.
The Revolution of the country's system
After defeating the Tokugawa Shogunate, the leaders of the Meiji Restoration started to reform the system of the country.
They acted in the name of Japan’s emperor, to restore (that is, to return) the emperor’s powers.
But, the leaders also kept to themselves a number of powers.
In fact, even after the Meiji Restoration, an oligarchy, a small group, had the real power and ruled in the name of the emperor.
After the Meiji Restoration started, Japan’s progress was fast.
The revolution includes centralizing power, changing the tax system, starting the educational system, constructing factories and railways, etc.
Okubo Toshimichi (1830-1878)
Kido Takayoshi (1833-1877)
Saigo Takamori (1827-1877)
Iwakura Tomomi (1825-1883)
Ito Hirobumi (1841-1909)
Kuroda Kiyotaka (1840-1900)
Matsukata Masayoshi (1835-1924)
Oyama Iwao (1842-1916)
Saigo Tsugumichi (1843-1902)
Yamagata Aritomo (1838-1922)
Inoue Kaoru (1835-1915)
Saionji Kinmochi (1849-1940)
1860s in Asia
Countries, which are members of the Council of Europe agreed on certain points written in a document to ensure human rights written in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
These points became the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.
In its shorter form it is European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).
The Convention also established the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), and the sentence of this Court has a force legal power by its Article 46.
The ECHR has made many protocols, for example: protocol 2nd for right to education, 12th against all discrimination also by public authority and 13th for complete abolition of the death penalty.
Protocols are set of rules.
All member countries must follow these rules.
The ECtHR can give decisions on complaints or cases which come to it.
If a person thinks that a European country has abused his or her human rights, that person may take the matter to the judges of ECtHR.
The judges will listen to the complaint and give their decisions.
These decisions must be followed by the governments of the countries.
The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) hears and decides particular type of complaints.
These complaints relate to abuse of human rights.
ECoHR’s other popular name is "Strasbourg Court".
Member countries of the Council of Europe created ECoHR to arrange all such complaints, listen to the complaints, and to give decisions.
European Convention on Human Rights tells about many human rights.
ECoHR sees that people should enjoy all these human rights.
ECoHR' has a number of judges.
The number of judges is seven normally but at the case of dealing a great issue, the number will be 21 and the judges are equally from member countries of the Council of Europe.
At present, there are forty seven member countries of the Council of Europe.
Each country may have one judge in the ECoHR.
But, judges work independently for the ECoHR, and not for their country.
Ted Turner (born November 19, 1938 in Cincinnati, Ohio) is an American businessman who is best known for being the founder of the television networks Turner Broadcasting Station (TBS) and Cable News Network (CNN).
These were the first cable TV networks.
He is also famous for being the founder of professional wrestling company World Championship Wrestling (WCW), as well as the Captain Planet and the Planeteers.
He's made several war epics on the Civil War.
Ted Turner is known for saving MGM's film library, though that forced him to sell his company.
At one point, Turner gave a billion dollars to the United Nations.
Ted Turner was once married to Jane Fonda.
He was raised in Atlanta, Georgia and in Savannah, Georgia.
Turner is the largest private landowner in the United States a total of 1.75 million acres.
Turner's biggest ranch is Vermejo Park Ranch in New Mexico.
At , it is the largest privately owned, piece of owned land in the United States.
Turner supports the Public forum debate of the National Forensic League.
In a television interview with Piers Morgan on May 3, 2012, Turner said he had four girlfriends.
He then said that it was complicated but yet easier than being married.
One of Turner's children, Robert Edward "Teddy" Turner IV, announced on January 23, 2013, that he would run in the South Carolina Republican primary for the open Congressional seat.
He lost the primary to former Governor Mark Sanford.
Turner Foundation
Turner on Oprah Master Class, aired January 29, 2012
Businesspeople from Atlanta, Georgia
People from Savannah, Georgia
Taco Bell is a fast food restaurant that started in the United States in 1958.
There are restaurants now in certain parts of Canada, Asia, Europe, United Kingdom and Australia.
It serves Mexican-style food.
It was founded by Glen Bell and is a division of Yum!
Brands, Inc. Taco Bell's menu has items such as tacos, burritos, soft drinks, chalupas, gorditas, and nachos.
There are 5,845 Taco Bells in the United States.
Some Taco Bells are merged with KFCs.
Official Taco Bell website
1962 establishments in the United States
Companies based in California
Żagań is a town in the west part of Poland.
26,665 people lived there in 2004.
It is the main town of part of Poland called Żagań County.
It is now part of the in the Lubusz Voivodship (a Voivoidship is part of the way Poland is organised into areas), before it was in Zielona Gora Voivodship (1975-1998).
There is a castle called Sagan in the middle of an area that is  also called Sagan.
The castle belonged to Wallenstein, a soldier and politician of the Thirty Years' War.
Later, the castle belonged to the Bohemian family of Lobkowitz.
In 1786, the Sagan area was bought by Peter Biron, duke of Courland.
In 1843, it went to his daughter Dorothea, the wife of Edmond de Talleyrand.
An act of the king of Prussia on January 6, 1845 made her  Duchess of Sagan.
Napoleon III did the same in France, for her son Louis.
The double title, both Prussian and French, meant that the duc de Sagan was a neutral party in the Second World War.
His house (the Château de Valençay) was a safe place to keep pictures and other things from the Louvre when German soldiers were in France.
The web page of the town.
A map.
Zagan
Palatine Hill (Latin: Palatium) also named the Sun Hill was the hill that Rome was built on.
Rome later extended to include the seven hills:
According to Livy (59 BC – 17) the Palatine hill got its name from the Arcadian settlement of Pallantium.
The term palace itself stems from Palatium.
El Chupacabra (or El Chupacabras) is a cryptid said to live in Puerto Rico, Mexico, Chile, Brazil, Anaheim California.
Gilbert Arizona.
Texas to Florida, Michigan, Maine and even Oregon.
Its name comes from the Spanish translation of "goat sucker", because of its habit of attacking and drinking the blood of livestock, including goats.
The legend was started in 1987 when there was a huge, gruesome massacre of livestock all over.
All the animals had two puncture wounds on their neck in which the blood had been drained.
Chupacabra supposedly ate two humans and drained them of their blood.
Hydra (animal) are simple invertebrates, with two layers of body cells.
They live in fresh water.
Their body is radially symmetric.
They have a central cavity through which they take in food and expel waste.
As Cnidaria they have stinging cells on their tentacles.
They are hydrozoa, and belong to the same order as other polyps.
Most Hydra are microscopic in size.
Hydras can be found in almost any unpolluted body of water.
Hydras reproduce by budding.
In budding, the offspring forms as a lump on the parent and eventually becomes big enough to break off and live by itself.
They can move if they need to by a kind of slow somersaulting motion.
Recent research has found they produce an antimicrobial protein hydramacin, which protects their outer layer from bacterial infection.
The clownfish is a kind of fish.
Clownfish habitat usually is a coral reefs.
Clownfish live in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, from north west Australia, the coast of South East Asia as far north as Japan.
Often, they live in a symbiosis with other animals, for instance the sea anemone.
They live in anemones which are like plants under the sea.
Anemones eat fish by killing them with their tentacles which are poisonous.
Scientists believe that clown fish are protected from the poison because they are coated in a type of mucus.
Some kinds of clown fish can grow up and reach 18 centimeters (7.1 inches).
Sometimes clownfish only grow 10 centimeters (3.9 inches).
They can be orange, yellow or they may look a little red.
Clownfish eat small invertebrates that are dangerous to the anemones.
That helps the anemones and the clownfish.
This is called mutualism.
Many people like having clownfish in their aquarium because they are some of the easiest salt water fish to keep and care.
They became particularly popular after the film Finding Nemo.
There are 28 species of Clownfish.
Clownfish are born male but when they grow older some develop into females.
Lee is famous for making martial arts popular in the United States in the 1970s, when he played in a series of movies.
This included the first ever martial arts movie in the United States - called Enter the Dragon.
This was the most successful and famous, which was released after Bruce's death.
He died in 1973 during the production of a movie called, The Game of Death.
The movie was not finished, although some completed section were later released.
Almost 20 years later his son, Brandon Lee would also die while making a movie.
Lee also taught other people martial arts, including actors Huggo Chairres, Steve McQueen, James Coburn, and basketball player Kareem Abdul-Jabbar.
He inspired many other actors who are famous for using martial arts in their movies including Jackie Chan, Jet Li, and Chuck Norris.
Jackie Chan had a small part in 'Enter The Dragon' and Chuck Norris co-starred in Way of The Dragon.
Lee starred in five movies, including The Big Boss, Fist of Fury (also known as The Chinese Connection and The Iron Hand), The Way of the Dragon (also known as Return of the Dragon), Enter the Dragon and The Game of Death.
He is noted for his major contributions to both the Hong Kong and American movie industry during the 1970s, his martial arts movement and innovative ideas (including Jeet Kune Do), his philosophy, and his physical fitness ability.
He is considered to be a cultural icon and is considered to be one of the most influential martial artists ever by social critics and other martial artists alike.
On the night of July 20, 1973, Lee aged 32, died at his home from cerebral edema, which is a buildup of fluid around the brain.
This is believed to have been caused by a reaction to painkillers he was taking for a back injury.
Bruce Lee Foundation
Bruce Lee talk
Sketchu: Drawn portrait of Bruce Lee
Circle of Iron: Bruce Lee's Lost Movie
Bruce Lee quotes
Deaths from cerebral edema
Sir George Henry Martin, (3 January 1926 – 8 March 2016) was a British record producer, composer and musical arranger.
His most famous work was his recordings with The Beatles.
These were made at Abbey Road Studios during the 1960s.
He died in his sleep at his home in Wiltshire on the night of 8 March 2016 at the age of 90.
His cause of death is not known.
Martin grew up playing piano with only a few music lessons.
He began to compose music in his teens.
Martin played with his own band called the Four Tune-Tellers.
He dreamed of one day making soundtrack music for movies.
After serving in the Royal Air Force during World War II, Martin went to music school.
After he graduated, he worked for the BBC in London.
He began working for EMI in 1950.
Martin became an assistant at Parlophone Records, a small record label.
Parlophone mostly recorded classical music and original cast recordings of popular stage shows and plays.
Martin later became the chief of Parlophone Records.
He was also its staff producer.
Martin was in charge of recording sessions and chose songs for Parlophone artists to record.
He made comedy records (often working with Peter Sellers and Spike Milligan) along with his usual jobs, to help promote the label.
When rock and roll became popular in the mid-1950s, Martin began looking for rock groups or artists to join Parlophone.
He recorded several such artists, but none of their records became big hits.
In 1962, Beatles manager Brian Epstein brought Martin a demo (demonstration record) of his band.
Epstein had been trying for months to get the band a recording contract.
Martin liked what he heard.
He saw that the young band were willing to try different things, and gave them an audition (a studio tryout).
All the Beatles passed their audition, except for their drummer, Pete Best.
Martin was not happy with the skills Best showed.
He wanted to replace Best on their recordings.
When the band found out, they fired Best, replacing him with Ringo Starr.
Starr had played with them before when Best could not be with them to play.
Martin used a studio drummer on their first single, "Love Me Do".
He did this because there was no time to audition Starr before the record had to be made, but he never did so again.
With Starr as their drummer, and Martin as their producer (who sometimes joined them in playing, to give the records a bigger sound), the Beatles became the most popular act in the history of show business.
While Beatles John Lennon and Paul McCartney wrote most of the band's songs, they were musically untrained, as Martin had been earlier.
Martin helped develop their musical ideas.
He helped the band learn to talk to other musicians about the sounds they wanted to make, and added a classical touch to many of their songs.
His work with them made Martin famous.
He was able to leave EMI to become a "producer for hire".
He started his own company, called Associated Independent Recording (AIR), with some other producers.
When the Beatles began to break up in 1969, Martin felt the tension between the band's members.
He was sometimes criticized for not being able to "fix things", or solve their problems.
He began turning down sessions with the band.
He let the recording engineer or the members themselves do his job.
Martin returned to help make their last album (titled Abbey Road after the location of the studio), after all the Beatles promised to work with him "like the old days", and let Martin take charge of the sessions once more.
After The Beatles
Paul McCartney, the most "conventional" (normal) Beatle, worked with Martin several times after the Beatles ended in 1970.
John Lennon counted on Martin to turn his sometimes "way-out" ideas into finished records, but he did not always like the way Martin worked, and mostly produced his own solo recordings.
George Harrison, the youngest Beatle, found many of his songs and ideas rejected by Martin.
Martin later said "I was always rather beastly to George," in trying to make more hit records.
Harrison also produced (or co-produced) most of his own solo work.
He even built his own recording studio after years of making records at Abbey Road.
Martin praised Ringo Starr's "super-steady beat", and the sound his drums gave the Beatles records, but each later worked with other people.
Even years after they broke up, Martin still worked with and for the Beatles and the music they had made together.
He remixed many of their recordings for re-issues and compilation records.
He made several records of his own with classical and orchestral versions of Beatles tunes, and was the music producer for Sergeant Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, a fantasy movie based on their songs, which starred the Bee Gees and Peter Frampton.
Besides the Beatles, Martin worked with other recording artists, including Shirley Bassey, Bernard Cribbins, America, Kenny Rogers, the trio EL&P, Dudley Moore, and Little River Band.
He wrote a book, All You Need is Ears, that told his life story and explained how many of his most famous recordings were made.
During the 1990s, Martin was made a knight by the British government, for his work and his role in popular music.
Martin retired in 1999, and released an album titled In My Life, which featured many different artists performing Beatles songs.
The album included non-musicians like comedian Jim Carrey.
Martin died in his sleep on the night of 8 March 2016 at his house.
He was aged 90.
His death was announced by Ringo Starr on his Twitter account.
The cause of Martin’s death has not been released.
George Martin – Management biography
College of Arms.
The Arms of Sir George Martin, Kt.,
C.B.E.
"Produced by George Martin" DVD review
Interview at Hit Channel
George Martin interview on BBC Radio 4 Desert Island Discs, August 6, 1982
BBC people
British military personnel of World War II
Brian Samuel Epstein (; 19 September 1934 – 27 August 1967) was an English businessman.
Epstein was the manager of The Beatles, who became the most popular rock band in the world during the 1960s.
Epstein started out to become an actor, and went to school at RADA (the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art) with future movie stars Peter O'Toole and Susannah York.
He was not happy at school, though, and quit to work in his family's furniture stores in Liverpool.
He was a skillful salesman, and loved classical music.
When his family opened a record department in one of their stores, Epstein was put in charge.
The department was so successful that the family decided to open a whole store to sell music and records.
This was named NEMS, for North End Music Stores, and Epstein became its boss.
This store was also a big success.
Popular music, rock and roll especially, sold better than classical music, and Epstein wanted to sell what the public would buy most.
He began to stock rock and roll records, and record buyers around England liked Epstein and his store.
Some of his customers were members of bands, looking for new music to play or to pass the time, and came often to the store.
Among those bands were the early Beatles.
Late in 1961, when a fan asked Epstein about a record the Beatles had made in Germany, Epstein was unable to find it through his sources.
When he learned the band were playing at the Cavern Club not far away, Epstein visited them there, and was impressed by their act.
He found out what he needed to know to get the record, so NEMS could sell copies.
Epstein also discovered that the band had no manager, but they wanted one, and their main goal was to get a recording contract in England.
Epstein became their manager.
Epstein used his sales ability to get the band more and better jobs playing music.
He also used his position (as manager of one of the leading music stores in northern England) to make contact with different record labels, hoping to get the Beatles signed up.
An audition with Decca Records on New Year's Day 1962 sounded hopeful, but Decca decided to turn the band down, as did most of the labels Epstein approached.
Decca gave Epstein a copy of the band's demo (demonstration) tape, which he used to promote them, but could not find anyone interested.
He thought an actual record might work better than the tape, so he went to have a test record made.
The recording engineer who made the record told Epstein about George Martin, who worked for EMI's Parlophone Records and had been looking for a rock band to record.
Martin liked what he heard well enough to offer the band another audition.
The Beatles passed their EMI audition as a group, and signed a contract with Parlophone.
Drummer Pete Best did not meet Martin's standards, though, and Martin planned to use a studio drummer instead on their records.
When the band found out, they asked Epstein to fire Best, and they replaced him with Ringo Starr, who quit another band to join them.
Over the next year (1963), The Beatles became the most popular recording act in Britain and Europe, and then in America during 1964.
Following their success, Epstein signed up other bands and singers, including Gerry and the Pacemakers, Cilla Black, Billy J. Kramer and the Remo Four.
Each found success and hit records, but none became as popular as the Beatles.
Epstein started a management company, NEMS Enterprises (named after the music store), who later signed up the Bee Gees, Jimi Hendrix, and Cream.
Like many pop stars, Epstein also had fans, and gave away signed photographs of himself.
He published an autobiography (his life story) in 1964, with help from Derek Taylor, who was the Beatles's press agent.
Epstein was still interested in theater, and he bought the Saville Theatre in London, which presented plays and rock concerts.
As time went on, Epstein felt more and more stress in his working and personal lives, and turned to sleeping pills, to help him cope.
During 1967, he became afraid that the Beatles would not stay with him when their management contract expired (ended) that year, and his insomnia increased.
One weekend while the band was away in Wales, Epstein overdosed on sleeping pills, and died in his sleep.
An autopsy concluded that Epstein did not commit suicide, but accidentally took too many sleeping pills over a long period of time, without giving the pills a chance to clear out of his body.
The Beatles and all the artists he managed mourned his death.
It was said later that losing him was the beginning of the Beatles breakup, which happened in 1970.
British Jews
Drug-related accidental deaths in the United Kingdom
LGBT businesspeople
People from Liverpool
Jurong (裕廊) is a town in the western side of Singapore.
It used to be a swamp until the 1960s, when Goh Keng Swee, a minister, together with the United Nations, cleared the swamps, making Jurong an industrial estate (a place where industries are built to make goods).
Jurong is divided in Jurong East, where houses and shops are built and Jurong West, mainly an industrial estate.
Jurong East is under the Jurong Group Representation Constituency or Jurong GRC, while Jurong West is under the West Coast Group Representation Constituency.
Jurong is connected to Johor Bahru by the Second-Link at Tuas.
Jurong has the Jurong Bird Park and Chinese Gardens.
The Plastic Ono Band was a rock and roll band formed by Yoko Ono with husband (and former Beatle) John Lennon.
They were active from 1969 until 1974.
Lennon and Ono recorded their first single together, titled "Give Peace A Chance", in a Montreal hotel with a roomful of guests, including Tommy Smothers, Allen Ginsberg, Norman Mailer, Timothy Leary, and the local Hare Krishna chapter.