the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Due to Charizard's appeal, it has been featured in lines of soft toys and action figures in the Pokémon franchise, made by Hasbro, and Tomy.<ref name=tomy>"Recall of Pokémon plush toys " Cpsc.org'.'
Retrieved 12 July 2006.</ref> In 2004, the "Charizard Medium Plush" was part of a major recall of 13 plush toys due to a manufacturing fault where tips of needles were being found with the stuffing.
This caused Tomy to replace the toys with compensation or replacements.
Charizard appears often in the Pokémon Trading Card Game'', most notably in the series' initial release.
Cards featuring the character have been stated to be the most desired of the series, quickly rising to high prices among collectors and retailers.
These cards were extremely powerful and knocked out opponents in one hit.
Heiko Westermann (born August 14, 1983 in Wasserlos, Germany) is a German footballer of FC Schalke 04.
On the German national football team, he made three matches and no goals.
Club career stats
Player profile - Kicker.de
Career stats at fussballdaten.de
Pacelli was born on 2 March 1876 in Rome, Italy.
He studied at the Capranica Seminary and the Pontifical Gregorian University.
In 1895, he earned a degree in Theology.
Pacelli was ordained as a priest on 2 April 1899.
In 1904, he was raised to the rank of Monsignor.
He worked at the Office of the Congregation of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs.
Pius  XII wrote forty-one official papal letters (encylicals).
Vatican webpage, Pius XII biography
Critical Online Edition of the Nuncial Reports of Eugenio Pacelli (1917–1929)
Tomb of Pius XII
Catholic hierarchy, Pope Pius XII
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Pacelli
Venerated Catholics
Procyonidae is a family of the order Carnivora.
The Procyonids originally lived in the Americas.
Family Procyonidae
Subfamily Potosinae
Genus Potos: Kinkajous
Kinkajou, Potos flavus
Genus Bassaricyon: Olingos
Allen's Olingo, Bassaricyon alleni
Beddard's Olingo, Bassaricyon beddardi
Bushy-tailed Olingo or Gabbi's Olingo, Bassaricyon gabbii
Harris's Olingo, Bassaricyon lasius
Chiriqui Olingo, Bassaricyon pauli
Subfamily Procyoninae
Genus Procyon: Raccoons
Crab-eating Raccoon, Procyon cancrivorus
Tres Marias Raccoon, Procyon insularis
Common Raccoon, Procyon lotor
Genus Nasua: Coatis
Coatimundi or Ringtailed Coati, Nasua nasua
White-nosed Coati, Nasua narica
Cozumel Island Coati, Nasua nelsoni
Genus Nasuella: Mountain Coatis
Mountain Coati, Nasuella olivacea
Genus Bassariscus: Ringtails and Cacomistles
Ringtail, Bassariscus astutus
Cacomistle, Bassariscus sumichrasti
Tamburello or pallatamburello is a traditional sport of Italy since 16th century.
It has this name because they play with a roundish and oval tool named tamburello or tambourine in English language.
Various forms of tamburello are popular in several nations of the world currently.
Tamburello open
This form is also named classic and each team regularly has 5 players in open playing field 80 metres long and 20 large.
Players use roundish tambourines during actions and they serve with oval tambourines.
A rubber ball of 88 grams is used and the team which wins 13 games is final winner of the match: each game consists of 4 points.
Professional Italian tamburello league is top level of competitions: in 2002 14 teams competed.
A variant is played in a kind of stadium, with lateral wall, named sferisterio or sferodromo in Italian language.
Tamburello indoor
Tambutennis
Tambeach
Italian manufacturer of tambourines
Open or 5 players a side
Indoor or 3 players a side
Tambutennis or 2 players a side
Caniformia is a suborder of the order Carnivora.
It contains all the dog-like mammals: Unlike the cat-like Feliformia, these animals have claws that are unable to contract.
This group contains bears, seals, and true dogs, and more.
Family Canidae: Foxes, Wolves, and Dogs
Family Ailuridae: Red Panda
Family Mephitidae: Skunks
Family Mustelidae: Weasels, Otters, and Badgers
Family Procyonidae: Raccoons
Superfamily Pinnipedia
Family Odobenidae: Walruses
Family Otariidae: Eared seals
Family Phocidae: Earless seals
Taxonomicon
An attribute-value system is a basic knowledge representation framework comprising a table with columns designating "attributes" (also known as "properties", "predicates," "features," "dimensions," "characteristics" or "independent variables" depending on the context) and rows designating "objects" (also known as "entities," "instances," "exemplars," "elements" or "dependent variables.").
Each table cell therefore designates the value (also known as "state") of a particular attribute of a particular object.
Example of attribute-value system
Below is a sample attribute-value system.
It represents 10 objects (rows) and five features (columns).
In this example, the table contains only integer values.
In general, an attribute-value system may contain any kind of data, numeric or otherwise.
An attribute-value system is distinguished from a simple "feature list" representation in that each feature in an attribute-value system may possess a range of values (e.g., feature  below, which has domain of {0,1,2}), rather than simply being present or absent
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:30%" border="1"
|+ Sample Attribute-Value System
Object !!
| 1 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 1
| 2 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 0
| 0 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 1
| 2 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 1
| 0 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 2
| 0 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 1
| 2 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 2
Other terms used for "attribute-value system"
Flat data
Attribute-value system (Ziarko & Shan 1996)
Information system (Pawlak 1981)
Classification system (Ziarko 1998)
Knowledge representation system (Wong & Ziarko 1986)
Information table (Yao & Yao 2002)
Object-predicate table (Watanabe 1985)
Aristotelian table (Watanabe 1985)
Simple frames
First normal form database
Bayes networks
Joint distribution
Knowledge representation
He reached the semi finals of Wimbledon many times, the first British tennis player to do so since the 1970s.
He reached six grand slam semi finals and won eleven titles in his career.
He once was ranked number four in the world.
He was sponsored by Adidas and Slazenger.
He retired in 2007 as England's most successful tennis player of the last twenty years.
Henman comes from a sporting family.
His mother and father were both interested in tennis and his grandfather played at Wimbledon in the 1940s and 50s.
His grandmother also played mixed doubles at Wimbledon with his grandfather on two occasions.
Henman got 10 GCSEs at school and went into tennis training afterwards.
He was told by doctors he had a type of bone disease in 1992.
He carried on playing tennis anyway and he became professional aged 18 in 1992.
In 1999 Henman married his long-term girlfriend Lucy Heald.
The couple have three daughters: Rose, Olivia and Grace.
Henman moved up the rankings very fast.
By 1994, one year after becoming professional, he was 200th in the world.
By 1996 he was in the top thirty.
In 1995 he became the first player ever to be disqualified from the Wimbledon tournament.
Because he was angry during a match he hit the ball very hard at a ball girl and it hit her on the head.
In 1998, he was ranked one of the ten best tennis players in the world.
In the same year he also reached the Wimbledon semi-final.
In 2001 he had a good year at Wimbledon beating Roger Federer in straight sets.
He reached the semi final only to be beaten by eventual winner Goran Ivanišević.
In 2004 he reached the semi finals of Roland Garros in France but lost to Guillermo Coria.
Towards the end of his career Henman did not play so well.
He ended up falling to 63 in the world rankings.
In 2005 he was knocked out of the second round of Wimbledon by Roger Federer.
He also had a lot of injuries at this time, including many at important points in matches.
Henman's last Wimbledon was a disappointment.
He went out in the second round to Feliciano López of Spain.
Shortly after he announced his retirement.
He had a press conference on 23 August 2007 to make it official.
Picture of Henman
English sportspeople
Lasi is the name of a tribe and a part of Sindh.
It is in southeast Balochistan Province, Las Bela District, about 80 miles north northwest of Karachi.
The population was 15,000 in 1998.
Another name for this area is Saraiki.
Ormuri () is an East Iranian language spoken in the city of Kaniguram in Pakistan.
It may also be spoken by a few people in Logar, Afghanistan.
It is notable for its unusual sound inventory.
This includes a voiceless alveolar trill and voiced and unvoiced alveolo-palatal fricatives.
Sansi is a language  spoken in Pakistan and the Republic of India.
Sindhi ( سنڌي, Sindhī) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia, which is a province of Pakistan.
It is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 41 million people in Pakistan and 12 million in the Republic of India.
It was the "mother tongue" of Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Sindhi Tutorial
SindhiLanguage.com
Sindhi Script History and Script
Daily Sindh Hyderabad A Newspaper in sindhi Language
The Burig (or Purik), are a group of Tibetan Muslims, who live south of the Balti in Ladakh.
Most of them live in Ladakh and Baltistan, mostly in Kargil, although many live in Leh.
The province of West Pakistan was created on 14 October 1955 by the merger of the provinces, states and tribal areas of the western wing.
The province was composed of twelve divisions and the provincial capital was established at Lahore.
The province of East Bengal was renamed East Pakistan with the provincial capital at Dacca.
The federal government moved in 1959 from Karachi to Rawalpindi (provisional capital until Islamabad was finished), whilst the federal legislature moved to DACCA.
West Pakistan formed a block whose people seemed homogeneous (similar to each other).
However, the new region included people of different ethnicities and languages.
The "One Unit Policy" was regarded as a rational administrative reform which would reduce spending and eliminate provincial prejudices.
However with the military coup of 1958, trouble loomed for the province when the office of Chief Minister was abolished and the President took over executive powers for West Pakistan.
The province of West Pakistan was dissolved in July 1970 by President Yahya Khan.
General elections held in December 1970 saw the Awami League under Mujibur Rahman win an overall majority of seats in parliament (all but two of the 162 seats allocated to East Pakistan).
The Awami League advocated greater autonomy (or self-rule) for East Pakistan, but the military government did not permit Mujibur Rahman to form a government.
Stamp showing both the East and west divisions of Pakistan Before the secession of Bangladesh.
On March 25th 1971, West Pakistan began a civil war to subdue the democratic victory of East Pakistanis.
This began the war between the Pakistani military and the Mukhti Bahini.
The resulting refugee crisis led to the intervention by India, eventually leading to the surrender of the Pakistani Army.
East Pakistan suffered a genocide of its Bengali population.
East Pakistan became the independent state of Bangladesh on December 16, 1971.
The term West Pakistan became redundant.
1970 disestablishments
Ferozepur () founded by Firuz Shah Tughluq is a district in the Indian state of Punjab.
The district is the oldest British district of Punjab.
It was created in 1833 as district headquarters and was part of the earstwhile Lahore Division (now in Pakistan).
Ferozepur has easy access by road and rail to other places such as Lahore, Okara, Kasur, Multan.
The area is a center of many holy shrines and historic places.
At the city of Zira, a Jain Swetambar Temple with very old brass icons and beautiful wall murals is located.
In addition to cotton and grain cultivation and agriculture-related services, Firozpur has some light manufacturing.
Commercial progress is limited because it is very near the border between India and Pakistan.
Guru Har Sahai Tehsil
Firozpur Tehsil
Districts of Punjab, India
Pathankot (, ) is a city and a municipal committee in Gurdaspur district in the Punjab State of India.
It is the fifth largest city in the state of Punjab in terms of population.
Pathankot is a meeting point of the Punjab region and considered a disputed territory by the United Nations.
It is the last city in Punjab on the national highway that connects Jammu and Kashmir with the rest of Pakistan and India.
This bestows strategic importance on the city.
It is a major base for the defence forces, the Indian army and air force.
It has the largest military base in the whole of Asia.
Due to its ideal location, Pathankot serves as a travel hub for the three northerly states.
In the scenic foothills of Kangra and Dalhousie, with the river Chakki flowing close by, the city is often used as a rest-stop before heading into the Himalayan mountains of Kashmir, Dalhousie, Chamba, and Kangra.
Settlements in Punjab, India
The Kori Creek (, ) is a tidal creek and maritime Border dispute  between the Kutch region of the Indian state of Gujarat and the Kachchhi region of the Pakistani province of Sindh.
It is in the Rann of Kutch marshland east of the Sir Creek, which is disputed between India and Pakistan.
It is a 96 km (60 mi) strip of water disputed between the Republic of India and Pakistan, claimed by India as a part of the Indian Rann of Kutch marshlands.
The creek, which opens up into the Arabian Sea, divides the Kutch region of the Indian state of Gujarat with the Sindh province of Pakistan.
The long-standing dispute hinges in the actual demarcation "from the mouth of Kori Creek to the top of Kori Creek, and from the top of Kori Creek eastward to a point on the line designated on the Western Terminus".
From this point onwards, the boundary is unambiguously fixed as defined by the Tribunal Award of 1968.
The creek itself is in the uninhabited marshlands.
During the monsoon season between June and September, the creek floods its banks and envelops the low-lying salty mudflats around it.
During the winter season, the area is home to flamingoes and other migratory birds.
The dispute is in the interpretation of the boundary line between Kutch and Sindh as depicted in a 1914 and 1925 map.
At that time, the region was a part of Bombay Presidency of undivided India.
After India's independence in 1947, Sindh became a part of Pakistan while Kutch became a part of India.
The resolution, which demarcated the boundaries between the two territories, included the creek as part of Sindh province, thus setting the boundary as the eastern flank of the creek.
The boundary line, known as the "Green Line", is disputed by India which maintains that it is an indicative line, known as a "ribbon line" in technical jargon.
India's position is that the boundary is mid-channel as depicted in another map drawn in 1925, and implemented by the installation of mid-channel pillars back in 1924.
India supports its stance by citing the Thalweg Doctrine in International Law.
The law states that river boundaries between two states may be, if the two states agree, divided by the mid-channel.
Though Pakistan does not dispute the 1925 map, it maintains that the Doctrine is not applicable in this case as it only applies to bodies of water that are navigable, which the Kori Creek is not.
India rejects the Pakistani stance by maintaining the fact that the creek is navigable in high tide, and that fishing trawlers use it to go out to sea.
Several cartographic surveys conducted have supported the Indian claim.
Another point of concern for Pakistan is that Kori Creek has changed its course considerably over the years.
If the boundary line is demarcated (outlined) according to the Thalweg principle, Pakistan stands to lose a considerable portion of the territory that was historically part of the province of Sindh.
Accepting India's stance would also result in the shifting of the land/sea terminus (end) point several kilometres to the disadvantage of Pakistan, leading in turn to a loss of several thousand square kilometres of its Exclusive Economic Zone under the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea.
In April 1965, a dispute there contributed to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, when fighting broke out between India and Pakistan.
Later the same year, British Prime Minister Harold Wilson persuaded both countries to set up a tribunal to resolve the dispute.
A verdict was reached in 1968, which saw Pakistan getting 10% of its claim of 9,000 km² (3,500 sq.
The disputed region was at the center of international attention in 1999 after Mig-21 fighter planes of the Indian Air Force shot down a Pakistani Navy Breguet Atlantique surveillance aircraft over the Kori Creek on August 10, 1999, killing all 16 on board.
India claimed that the plane had strayed into its airspace, which was disputed by the Pakistani navy. (
See the Atlantique Incident)
Economic reasons
Though the Kori Creek has little military value, it holds immense economic gain.
Much of the region is rich in oil and gas below the sea bed, and control over the creek would have a huge bearing on the energy potential of each nation.
Also once the boundaries are defined, it would help in the determination of the maritime boundaries which are drawn as an extension of onshore reference points.
Maritime boundaries also help in determining the limits of Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) and continental shelves.
EEZs extend to 200 nautical miles (370 km) and can be subjected to commercial exploitation.
The Federal Government of Pakistan lays claim to the entire creek as per paras 9 and 10 of the Bombay Government Resolution of 1914 signed between the then provincial Government of Sindh and Rao Maharaj, then the ruler of the former Princely state of Kutch.
However since 1969, there have been eight rounds of talks between the two nations, without a breakthrough.
Steps to resolve the dispute include:
Demarcation
Since neither side has conceded ground, India has proposed that the maritime boundary could be demarcated first, as per the provisions of Technical Aspects of Law of Sea (TALOS).
However, Pakistan has firmly refused the proposal on the grounds that the dispute should be resolved first.
Pakistan has also proposed that the two sides go in for international arbitration, which India has flatly refused.
India maintains that all bilateral disputes should be resolved without the intervention of third-parties.
() is a Japanese maker of  sporting equipment for badminton, golf and tennis, making racquets, clubs, shoes, shuttlecocks, and other equipment for those sports.
Official company website
The Bangladesh Liberation War ( Muktijuddho) was a revolutionary war for the independence of Bangladesh in 1971.
The war was between East Pakistan (later with the help of India) and West Pakistan and lasted nine months.
There were large-scale atrocities in the war.
Ten million refugees left the country, beand 30 million people left their homes.
The war started on 26 March 1971 and finished on 16 December.
A category 3 cyclone also happened during the war.
Ghulam Azam and Motiur Rahman Nizami were convicted for war crimes as a result of the war.
Azam died before a final hearing.
Nizami was executed for his crimes in May 2016.
1971 in Pakistan
The Toray Pan Pacific Open (東レ・パン・パシフィック・テニス) is a WTA Tour of tennis tournaments for women.
It is held every year since 1984 in Tokyo, Japan.
Past finals
Official tournament website
Peter Potamus is a cartoon made by Hanna-Barbera.
It was first shown on television on September 16, 1964.
The main characters are a friendly purple hippopotamus called Peter Potamus and his friend So-So the monkey.
Together they explore the world in a time-traveling hot-air balloon.
Peter has a special "Hippo Hurricane Holler" that helps him blow away his enemies.
1966 television series endings
Hanna-Barbera characters
1960s American animated television series‏‎
The Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) is a duck from Mexico.
Its common name muscovy duck comes from commerce with Russia.
It is related to Aix, a species of shelduck.
Soaring, a mode of flight
Soar (album), the second album (released 1991) by the American band Samiam
Hank Soar (1914–2001), an American football player, baseball umpire and basketball coach
160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), a US Army regiment
Soap on a Rope (SoaR), a webcomic
Smalltalk on a RISC, a project to develop a specialized RISC CPU for the execution of Smalltalk bytecode
Safe Operating Area, typically used to describe power limitations of electronic components
Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope
SOAR (camp), a Girl Guide camp held in British Columbia every three years
Any of several places in the United Kingdom:
The River Soar, a river in the English East Midlands
Soar, Anglesey, Wales
Soar, Nottinghamshire, England
Soar, Devon, England
Soar, Gwynedd, Wales
Soar, Powys, Wales
Old Soar Manor, England
Lift (soaring)
Paragliding
Soaring (magazine), published by the Soaring Society of America
Hino, Shiga
Hino, Tokyo
Hino, Tottori
Hino District, Tottori
Lake Hino in Estonia
Feliformia is a suborder in the mammal order Carnivora.
It contains all the Felidae, which are cat-like animals.
The suborder also contains the relatives of the cats, which includes hyaenas, civets, and more.
There are six families, twelve subfamilies, 56 genera and 114 species in the Feliformia suborder now.
Molecular phylogeny shows the Feliformia is monophyletic.
The other suborder of Carnivora is the dog-like Caniformia.
Family Eupleridae: Fossa and others
Family Felidae: Cats
Family Nandiniidae:
Genus Nandinia: African palm civet
Family Viverridae: Civet cats, Genets etc.
Family Hyaenidae: Hyaenas
Family Herpestidae: Mongooses
Family Primodontidae: Asiatic linsang
Family Eupleridae: Varied group, endemic to Madagascar
†Barbourofelidae: Miocene "false" sabre-tooths
†Nimravidae: "false" sabre-tooths, from Eocene to end Miocene.
†Stenoplesictidae: Civet-like animals
†Percrocutidae: hyaena-like forms from the Miocene to later Pliocene
Taxonomic references extant species (a); supporting descriptive information and pictures: Diversity Web (online) - Feliformia.
Taxonomic references extant species (b): ITIS Integrated Taxonomic Information System
Fossil record data (with taxonomic references) extant and extinct species: The Paleaobiology Database
Supporting taxonomic references extant and extinct species: Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification - Suborder Feliformia
Gina D. Wesley-Hunt and John J. Flynn 2005: Phylogeny of The Carnivora
Anne D. Yoder and John J. Flynn 2003: Origin of Malagasy Carnivora
Yoder, A., M. Burns, S. Zehr, T. Delefosse, G. Veron, S. Goodman, J. Flynn.
2003: Single origin of Malagasy Carnivora from an African ancestor – Letters to Nature
Philippe Gaubert, W. Chris Wozencraft, Pedro Cordeiro-Estrela and Géraldine Veron.
2005 - Mosaics of Convergences and Noise in Morphological Phylogenies: What's in a Viverrid-Like Carnivoran?
Crack, a fracture or discontinuation in a body
Crack, in geology, a fracture (geology) in a rock
Crack, short for crack cocaine, the freebase form of cocaine that can be smoked
Cracking (chemistry), the process whereby complex organic molecules are broken down into simpler molecules
An eared seal or otariid is Phocidae's family Otariidae.
Northern Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus)
Steller Sea Lion or Northern Sea Lion (Eumetopias jubatus)
Australian Sea Lion (Neophoca cinerea)
South American Sea Lion or Southern Sea Lion (Otaria flavescens, formerly Otaria byronia)
New Zealand Sea Lion (Phocarctos hookeri)
California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus)
The earless seals or true seals are Otariidae's family Phocidae, one of the three pinniped families.
Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus monachus)
Hawaiian Monk Seal (Monachus schauinslandi)
Caribbean Monk Seal (Monachus tropicalis) †
Northern Elephant Seal (Mirounga angustirostris)
Southern Elephant Seal (Mirounga leonina)
Ross Seal (Ommatophoca rossii)
Crabeater Seal (Lobodon carcinophagus)
Leopard Seal (Hydrurga leptonyx)
Weddell Seal (Leptonychotes weddellii)
Hooded Seal (Cystophora cristata)
Bearded Seal (Erignathus barbatus)
Ribbon Seal (Histriophoca fasciata)
Spotted Seal (Phoca largha)
Common Seal or Harbor Seal (Phoca vitulina)
Harp Seal (Phoca groenlandica, formerly Pagophilus groenlandicus)
Ringed Seal (Pusa hispida, formerly Phoca hispida)
Caspian Seal (Pusa caspica, formerly Phoca caspica)
Nerpa or Baikal Seal (Pusa sibirica, formerly Phoca sibirica)
Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus)
Ernst Walter Mayr (July 5, 1904, Kempten, Germany – February 3, 2005, Bedford, Massachusetts), was a German American scientist.
He was one of the 20th century's leading evolutionary biologists.
He was also a well-known taxonomist, tropical explorer, ornithologist, historian of science, and naturalist.
He was a leading contributor to the modern evolutionary synthesis.
He was especially interested in how new species formed.
Mayr joined the faculty of Harvard University in 1953, where he also served as director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology from 1961 to 1970.
He retired in 1975 as emeritus professor of zoology, showered with honors.
After his retirement, he went on to publish more than 200 articles, in a variety of journals—more than some reputable scientists publish in their entire careers; 14 of his 25 books were published after he was 65.
Even as a centenarian, he continued to write books.
Mayr was awarded the Linnean Society's prestigious Darwin-Wallace Medal in 1958.
He was never awarded a Nobel Prize, because there is no such prize for evolutionary biology.
He commented that Darwin would not have received one, either.
Mayr did win a 1999 Crafoord Prize.
That prize honors basic research in fields that do not qualify for Nobel awards, and is administered by the same organization as the Nobel Prize.
Neither Darwin nor anyone else in his time knew the answer to the species problem: how species could evolve from a single common ancestor.
Ernst Mayr approached the problem with a definition for the concept species.
He wrote that a species is not just a group of individuals that look similar, but a group that can breed only among themselves.
When populations of organisms get isolated, the sub-populations will start to differ as time goes by.
This way, they will evolve into new species.
The most rapid genetic reorganization occurs in small populations which have been isolated.
This happens if a species gets trapped on an island, for example.
Or, perhaps, if the species lives in more than one environment.
Today, it is accepted that reproductive isolation is by far the most frequent cause of species splitting, and that geographical separation is the most frequent cause of this isolation.
This was Mayr's most characteristic idea.
Debate continues over the extent to which speciation occurs when a population is not so isolated.
Mayr, Ernst and William B. Provine (eds) 1980.
The evolutionary synthesis.
Harvard University Press, reprinted 1998 with new preface as .
German centenarians
Ovis is a genus of the subfamily Caprinae, of the family Bovidae.
The wild sheep and domestic sheep and other animals like it belong to this genus.
There are 5 or more animals in this genus.
Ovis orientalis group
Mouflon (Ovis orientalis orientalis group)
Domestic sheep (Ovis aries or Ovis orientalis aries)
Urial (Ovis orientalis vignei group)
Argali or mountain sheep (Ovis ammon)
Ovis canadensis group
Snow sheep (Ovis nivicola)
Thinhorn sheep (Ovis dalli)
Dall sheep (Ovis dalli dalli)
Stone sheep (Ovis dalli stonei)
Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis)
Aberdeen Football Club (also known as The Dons, The Reds and The Dandies) is a Scottish professional football club based in Aberdeen.
They compete in the Scottish Premier League and are one of the most successful teams in their country, having won four league titles and seven Scottish Cups.
They are also the only Scottish team to have won two European trophies, both in the same year.
Formed in 1903 as a result of the amalgamation of three clubs from Aberdeen, they rarely challenged for honours until the 1950s, when they won each of the major Scottish trophies under manager Dave Halliday.
This level of success was surpassed in the 1980s, when, under the management of Alex Ferguson, they won three league titles, four Scottish Cups and a Scottish League Cup, alongside the European honours.
Aberdeen were the last club outside of the Old Firm to win a league title, in 1984–85.
Aberdeen have played at Pittodrie Stadium since their inception.
The ground currently has a capacity of 22,199 and was the first all-seated and all-covered stadium in the United Kingdom.
Pittodrie was also the first football stadium to feature a dugout, an invention of player and coach Donald Colman.
The club's colours have been primarily red and white since 1939; before this, they played in black and gold vertical stripes.
Aberdeen attract support from the city and surrounding areas, as they are the only senior team within a wide area.
Aberdeen have no geographically close rivals; their nearest neighbours at the same level are in the city of Dundee, with Dundee United having been their principal rivals in the New Firm in the 1980s.
Rangers supplanted Dundee United as rivals in the late 1980s, but the rivalry, while fierce, does not approach that of the Old Firm.
For the 1904–05 season, Aberdeen adopted a black and gold striped shirt, which led to the team being nicknamed "Wasps".
This strip, with only minor variations, was worn until just before the start of the Second World War.
The blue shorts lasted until 1911, and then were replaced with white ones.
Socks were black with gold trim, either as stripes or as a solid bar at the turndown.
In March 1939, Aberdeen changed the black and gold colours to red and white, reflecting the silver and red colours of the official City of Aberdeen arms.
The first red strips were worn with white shorts, these were worn with either red or white socks from 1939 until the 1965–66 season.
In 1966, Aberdeen adopted red shorts, making the official kit all-red, similar to that of Liverpool, who made a similar change at around the same time.
This arrangement has continued to the present day, with several variations in design, in common with most senior clubs as the replica shirt market has expanded.
In the late 1970s an Admiral strip featured five vertical white stripes on the left side of the shirt and shorts, and the early 1980s shirts—as worn at the 1983 European Cup Winners Cup final—featured white vertical pinstripes.
Later design changes included significant amounts of blue, and a one season reversion to white shorts, although the all-red scheme returned in 1997.
Shirt sponsorship began in 1987, and the initial shirt sponsor was JVC.
Since then, with the club making fewer appearances on the international stage, shirt sponsors have tended to be more local—they have included one of the local commercial radio stations, Northsound.
Aberdeen last season had announced their intention to move away from local sponsorship.
Sponsored by Apex Tubulars at the time, that deal ended at the end of the 2007/08 season.
In a turnaround though, Aberdeen FC Managing Director, Duncan Fraser, announced the side would bare the name of local company Team Recruitment on their shirts for the next two seasons.
It is believed no international sponsor showed interest.
Change, or "away", strips have tended to be either white, often with black shorts, or a combination of yellow and black, referring back to the black and gold strips of the pre-war era, although for a time in the 1970s, Aberdeen sported an all-blue change strip with white socks.
For the 2007–08 season, the change strip is all-white, with a third kit of yellow and black halves available if needed for European games, or in the event of a clash involving both red and white.
The club did not have an official crest before 1972, but several variations on the letters AFC had from time to time featured on the shirt, usually in some kind of cursive font.
In November 1972, the club unveiled an official crest or logo, designed by Aberdonian graphic designer Donald Addison.
The design represented a capital letter A as the side view of a football goal, with a ball forming the crossbar of the letter.
This ball was crosshatched in such a way as to depict it as being inside the net, signifying the scoring of a goal.
The logo was completed by the letters FC in smaller type at a level with the ball element.
This badge was used on the shirts from around 1978, with no significant alterations until the mid-1980s when the words "Aberdeen Football Club" were added in a circular border, and the date of the club's founding, 1903, was added under the goal element.
The current version of the crest, which retains these elements in a unified design, was introduced at the start of the 1997–98 season.
Two stars signifying the winning of the two European cups in 1983 were introduced over the badge in the 2005–06 season.
Aberdeen have played at Pittodrie Stadium, the name of which comes from the Pictish for "place of manure", throughout their existence.
The ground was first used by the original Aberdeen F.C. in 1899, in a 7–1 win over Dumbarton; when they merged with two other teams in 1903, the new club took over the old Aberdeen ground.
On August 15 1903, 8,000 spectators turned up to watch the new Aberdeen draw 1-1 against Stenhousemuir, the first game played at Pittodrie by its amalgamated tenants.
The club initially rented the ground, but subsequently bought it in 1920.
The stadium contains 21,600 seats, but due to the directors' boxes, some sources place this figure at 22,000.
The record attendance occurred on March 13 1954, when 45,061 spectators turned up for a Scottish Cup match between Aberdeen and Hearts.
The Main Stand, which houses the club offices and players facilities, holds the majority of the supporters.
The Merkland Road Stand is primarily for families.
The South Stand is opposite the main stand and a quarter of this section is used to accommodate travelling supporters, except for Old Firm games, where half of this stand is given to the visiting fans.
The newest element is the Richard Donald stand at the East, or Beach End, of the ground, and is named after former chairman Dick Donald.
This is a modern, two–tier design, completed in 1993, containing hospitality suites which is significantly taller than the other structures at the ground.
In 1978, Pittodrie became the first all covered, all-seater stadium in Britain.
AFC Hall of Fame
Aberdeen inaugurated the Hall of Fame following the club's centenary celebrations in 2003.
At the launch, it was claimed that over a five-year period, around 50 players and staff would be inducted.
However, as of November 2007, the following initial inductees are still the only ones listed on the official website as members:
Chris Anderson
Jim Bett
Henning Boel
Martin Buchan
Dick Donald
Arthur Graham
Joe Harper
Jim Hermiston
John Hewitt
Drew Jarvie
Fred Martin
Teddy Scott
Ally Shewan
Neil Simpson
Alec Young
List of full-time managers, as of 3 November 2012.
Caretaker managers are not listed.
Aberdeen F.C. Official Website
Red Ultras
Aberdeen F.C. at BBC My Club
Aberdeen F.C. at Sky Sports
Reds Online
Gothenburg Greats
AFC Chat : Premier unofficial fans site
1903 establishments in Scotland
Gunnar Nordström (12 March 1881, Helsinki – 24 December 1923, Helsinki) was a Finnish physicist.
He is best known for his theory of gravitation, which was a competitor of Albert Einstein's general relativity.
In 1914, Nordström added a space dimension to his theory.
This described gravity and electromagnetism at the same time.
Unluckily, Theodor Kaluza and Oskar Klein have got most attetion on this subject.
Nordström is not well known in his own home country, but what he has done is known well in other countries.
Some Finnish authors call Nordström as Finnish Einstein.
Nordström was born in Helsinki, the capital of Finland during the time when Finland was part of Russian Empire).
He studied at University of Helsinki and completed his dissertation in 1908.
Before this, he studied for some time in Göttingen where he met the world's best scientists.
After this, he became a professor at the university.
In 1910, he started his trip in Europe.
He visited at Zürich, Berlin, Vienna, and Leyden.
During his time in the Netherlands, he married Cornelia van Leeuwen.
Nordström was very close friend to Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr.
He died at Helsinki in 1923 because of radioactivity.
In that time, radioactivity was thought to have healing effects.
Scientists from Helsinki
Pope Pius XI (; , 31 May 1857–10 February 1939),  born Achille Ratti, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 260th Pope from 1922 to 1939.
Father Ratti was a professor at the Padua Seminary from 1882 to 1888.
He worked at Ambrosian Library of Milan from 1888 to 1911; and at the Vatican Library from 1911-1914.
Some of his decisions were controversial.
He made 18 concordats (treaties) with foreign governments.
They included the Lateran Concordat with Italy in 1929; and the Reichskoncordat with Germany in 1933.
Vatican webpage, Pius XI biography
Catholic hierarchy, Pope Pius XI
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church,  Cardinal Ratti
A defender in football is a player, who plays in at the back of the formation.
There are many positions classed as a defender, mainly:
Left Back
Central Defender
Full Back
4-3-3 is the formation.
This formation shows that there are four defenders, three midfielders and three attackers.
4-4-2 is the formation.
This formation shows that there are four defenders, four midfielders and two attackers.
3-4-3 is the formation.
This formation shows that there are three defenders, four midfielders and three attackers.
Famous Defenders
Defender (football), a position in association football (soccer)
Defendant, in Scots law for civil cases
Public defender, in American law
Windows Defender, an anti-spyware technology
The modern evolutionary synthesis is about evolution.
It explained how the discoveries of Gregor Mendel fit with Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by means of natural selection.
Mendel found out how we inherit our genes.
The theory
Evolution can be explained by what we know about genetics, and what we see of animals and plants living in the wild.
The variety of genes (alleles) carried in natural populations is a key factor in evolution.
Natural selection is the main mechanism of change.
Even a very slight advantage can be important, continued generation after generation.
The struggle for existence of animals and plants in the wild causes natural selection.
Only those who survive and reproduce pass their genes on to the next generation.
We find the strength of natural selection in the wild was greater than even Darwin expected.
Evolution is gradual: natural selection occurs, and small genetic changes collect.
Species only change little from one generation to the next.
Big changes do occur, from time to time, but they are very rare.
Genetic drift is usually less important than natural selection.
It can be important in small populations.
In palaeontology, we try to understand the changes in fossils through time.
We think the same factors which act today also acted in the past.
As circumstances change, the rate of evolution may get faster or slower, but the causes are the same.
The idea that new species occur after populations split has been much debated.
Geographical isolation often leads to speciation.
"Evolution consists mainly of changes in the frequencies of alleles between one generation and another".
Almost all aspects of the synthesis have been challenged at times, with varying degrees of success.
There is no doubt, however, that the synthesis was a great landmark in evolutionary biology.
It cleared up many confusions, and was directly responsible for stimulating a great deal of research after WWII.
After the synthesis
Several discoveries in earth sciences and biology have arisen since the synthesis.
Listed here are some of those topics which are relevant to the evolutionary synthesis, and which seem soundly based.
Understanding of Earth history
The Earth is the stage on which the evolutionary play is performed.
Darwin studied evolution in the context of Charles Lyell's geology, but we now know more historical geology.
The age of the Earth has been revised upwards.
It is now estimated at 4.56 billion years, about one-third of the age of the universe.
The Phanerozoic only occupies the last 1/9 of this time.
Alfred Wegener's idea of continental drift became accepted around 1960.
The key principle of plate tectonics is that the lithosphere exists as separate and distinct tectonic plates.
These plates slowly move on the underlying asthenosphere.
This discovery links phenomena such as volcanos, earthquakes, orogeny, and provides data for many paleogeographical questions.
One major question is still unclear: when did plate tectonics begin?
Our understanding of the evolution of the Earth's atmosphere has progressed.
The substitution of oxygen for carbon dioxide in the atmosphere occurred in the Proterozoic.
It was probably caused by cyanobacteria, whose colonies fossilised as stromatolites.
This Great Oxygenation Event led to the evolution of aerobic organisms.
It led also to the first great ice ages.
Geologists have found and studied fossils of microbial life.
These rocks have been dated as about 3.465 billion years ago.
Walcott was the first geologist to identify pre-Cambrian fossil bacteria, from microscopic examination of thin rock slices.
He also thought stromatolites were organic in origin.
His ideas were not accepted at the time, but may now be appreciated as great discoveries.
Information about palaeoclimates is increasingly available, and being used in paleontology.
One example: massive ice ages occurred in the Proterozoic, following the great reduction of CO2 in the atmosphere.
These ice ages were immensely long, and led to a crash in microflora.
See also Cryogenian period and Snowball Earth.
Catastrophism and mass extinctions.
A partial reintegration of catastrophism has occurred, and the importance of mass extinctions in large-scale evolution is now apparent.
Extinction events disturb relationships between many forms of life and may remove dominant forms and release a flow of adaptive radiation amongst groups that remain.
Causes include meteorite strikes (K–T junction; End–Ordovician extinction events); flood basalt provinces (Deccan Traps at K/T junction; Siberian Traps at P–T junction); and other less dramatic processes.
Conclusion: Our present knowledge of earth history strongly suggests that large-scale geophysical events influenced macroevolution and megaevolution.
These terms refer to evolution above the species level, including such events as mass extinction, adaptive radiation, and the major transitions in evolution.
Fossil discoveries
Starting in the late 20th century scientists made excavations in parts of the world which had scarcely been investigated before.
Also, there is fresh appreciation of fossils discovered in the 19th century, but not appreciated at the time.
Many outstanding discoveries have been made, and some of these have implications for evolutionary theory.
The discovery of the Jehol biota: dinobirds and early birds from the Lower Cretaceous of Liaoning, N.E. China.
This shows that birds did evolve from coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs.
Studies on stem tetrapods from the Upper Devonian.
The early stages of whale evolution.
The evolution of flatfish (pleuronectiformes), such as plaice, sole, turbot and halibut.
Some species have both eyes on the left (turbot), some on the right (halibut, sole); all living and fossil flatfish to date show an 'eyed' side and a 'blind' side.
Darwin predicted a gradual migration of the eye in evolution, mirroring the metamorphosis of the living forms.
The intermediate stages were fully viable: these forms ranged over two geological stages, and are found in sites which also yield flatfish with the full cranial asymmetry.
Evo-devo
Important work on genetics has led to a new approach to animal development.
The field is called evolutionary developmental biology, or evo-devo for short.
There is clear proof that much of development is closely controlled by special genetic systems involving hox genes.
In his Nobel Prize lecture, E.B. Lewis said "Ultimately, comparisons of the [control complexes] throughout the animal kingdom should provide a picture of how the organisms, as well as the [control genes] have evolved".
Bowler, Peter J. 2003.
Evolution: the history of an idea.
Dobzhansky T. 1937.
Genetics and the Origin of Species.
Columbia University Press, 1937
Huxley, Julian 1942.
Evolution: the modern synthesis.
Allen and Unwin, London.
Mayr, Ernst 1942.
Systematics and the origin of species, Columbia University; Harvard University Press reprint.
Mayr, Ernst 2002.
Mayr E. and W.B. Provine eds.
The evolutionary synthesis: perspectives on the unification of biology, Harvard University Press.
A midfielder in football is a player who usually plays in the centre of the field.
There are usually a number of midfielders in each team of football, and are normally split into three: attacking; central; and defending.
Position of midfielders
Attacking Midfielder
An 'attacking midfielder' is a midfielder who is often positioned between the central midfielders and the forwards.
They often have a primarily offensive role. '
Playmakers' are a type of attacking midfielders.
A 'winger' is a type of midfielder.
They often join the strikers when the team creates attacks.
'Wide Midfielders' are a variation of a winger.
A Forward (or a Striker) is a football player who is the closest to the other team's goal.
The forwards are the players that are known to score the most goals.
Coaches usually send a forward that scores all the goals (the centre forward) and sends another forward that makes the assists (second striker).
Famous strikers
German Bundesliga:
Gerd Müller: 365 goals
Klaus Fischer: 265 goals
Jupp Heynckes: 220 goals
Premier League:
Alan Shearer: 260 goals
Andrew Cole: 187 goals
Thierry Henry: 174 goals
La Liga (Spain):
Hugo Sánchez: 234 goals
Raúl: 228 goals
Ligue 1 (France):
Carlos Bianchi: 179 goals
Miroslav Klose (Germany): 16 goals
Ronaldo (Brazil): 15 goals
Gerd Müller (Germany): 14 goals
Raúl: 71 goals
Ruud van Nistelrooy: 60 goals
Andriy Shevchenko: 59 goals
Thierry Henry: 51 goals
Alfredo Di Stéfano: 49 goals
Daniela Hantuchová (born April 24,1983) is a former Slovak professional tennis player.
As of May 2016, she was ranked World No.
170  in women's singles tennis and 179th in doubles.
In 2008, she reached the Australian Open semi-finals and has been ranked as World No.
5 for both women's singles and doubles.
She played tennis for Slovakia in an international competition called the Fed Cup, and also in the Olympic Games.
As of her retirement from professional tennis in July, 2017, her winnings total more than million.
She has worked with coaches from the Sanchez-Casal Academy, namely Angel Gimenez and Eduardo Nicolas.
Her Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Tour mentor, Martina Navratilova, was also her doubles partner in early 2004.
Outside tennis, she has modeled clothes and has been in some television advertisements.
Hantuchová's parents are both scientists.
Her father, Igor Hantucha, is a computer science professor.
Her mother, Mariane Hantuchová, is a toxicologist.
Daniela was taught to play tennis by her grandmother, Helena, when she was six years old.
Helena used to be a Slovakian national champion.
Even though Daniela practiced a lot at tennis, she studied hard at school as well.
Hantuchová's parents were divorced in 2003.
At the same time Hantuchová lost weight, and people became worried she was ill with anorexia.
She said "I have proved that physically I don't have any problems."
Hantuchová speaks three languages (German, Slovak, and English), and can play the piano.
She has several hobbies, such as skiing and ice skating.
She has been in several advertisements on television, such as the campaign for Sony with Ana Ivanović in July 2006.
Hantuchová has also been in Italian Vogue magazine, as a model.
She now lives in Monte Carlo, Monaco.
Hantuchová holds her racket in her right hand but uses both hands when playing backhand shots.
She can hit the ball hard with both her forehand and backhand.
She has a strong serve and can play well when close to the net.
She is famous for her long legs which are  long.
Because she is so tall (), she can run a long way in a short amount of time, which also helps in returning shots, also adding power.
Hantuchová became a professional tennis player in 1989, when she was 15 years old.
She started training in Florida, but still went back to Bratislava, Slovakia, to study.