the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In the first part, called Fall Gelb in German (called Case Yellow in English), German tank units pushed through the Ardennes to circle the Allied units that moved into Belgium.
Most of the British Expeditionary Force and many French soldiers escaped to England from Dunkirk during Operation Dynamo.
The second part of the battle, called Fall Rot in German (Case Red in English), started on 5 June, when German armed forces circled the Maginot Line to attack the rest of France.
Italy started its own invasion of southeastern France on 10 June.
The French government left Paris for Bordeaux, and the Germans took Paris on 14 June.
After the French Second Army Group surrendered on 22 June, France signed an armistice on 25 June.
The French Third Republic ended.
France was split into a German-occupied part in the north and west, a small Italian-occupied part in the southeast and a satellite state part in the south that was called Vichy France.
Southern France was taken over by Germany on 10 November 1942 until after the Allied return in 1944.
The Low Countries freed in 1944 and 1945.
Battle for Holland
Churchill, Winston S. The Second World War: Their Finest Hour (Volume 2).
Houghton Mifflin Company, Cambridge, 1949
Durand, Yves.
La Captivite, Histoire des prisonniers de guerre francais 1939 - 1945, Paris, 1981.
Best available study of the French prisoners of war in German captivity.
Frieser, Karl-Heinz Blitzkrieg-Legende—Der Westfeldzug 1940.
Oldenbourg, 2005.
Gunsburg, Jeffrey A., 'The Battle of the Belgian Plain, 12-14 May 1940: The First Great Tank Battle', The Journal of Military History, Vol.
Apr., 1992), pp.
207–244.
Harman, Nicholas. (
1980) Dunkirk; the necessary myth.
London: Hodder and Stoughton.
Hooton, E.R. (2007).
Luftwaffe at War; Blitzkrieg in the West.
London: Chervron/Ian Allen. .
Jackson, Julian T.. The Fall of France: The Nazi Invasion of 1940.
Oxford UP, 2003.
Krause, M. and Cody, P. (2006) Historical Perspectives of the Operational Art.
Center of Military History Publication.
Taylor, A.J.P. and Mayer, S.L., eds.
A History Of World War Two.
London: Octopus Books, 1974. .
Weal, John (1997).
Junkers Ju 87 Stukageschwader 1937-41.
Oxford: Osprey.
Weinberg, Gerhard L. A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II.
Cambridge UP, 1995.
Martin, J. and Martin, P. Ils étaient là: l’armée de l’Air septembre 39 - juin 40.
Aero-Editions, 2001.
Alexander, Martin.
Republic in Danger, General Maurice Gamelin and the Politics of French Defence, 1933-1940, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
An examination of Gamelin’s career and French military preparations during the 1930s.
Highly complimentary work stressing French rational preparations for the war.
This was the first detailed account of the B.E.F. in France.
The fight for survival finished with the return from France in the little ships
Bloch, Marc.
Strange Defeat, A Statement of Evidence Written in 1940, Hopkins, New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1968.
Written in 1940 by a veteran of the campaign.
Considered one of the early key works on understanding how the French saw this defeat.
Writer killed in 1943 by Gestapo due to resistance work.
Six nations locked in aerial combat - September 1939 to June 1940.
Doughty, Robert Allan.
The Seeds of Disaster: The Development of French Army Doctrine, 1919-1939, Archon, 1986.
Examination of errors the French made in military doctrine during the inter-war years and how this, not defeatism or lack of quality equipment, led to the defeat of 1940.
The Breaking Point: Sedan and the Fall of France, 1940.
Archon, 1990.
Classic study on the events of 13 and 14 May.
Gerard, Lt.
Robert M. Tank-Fighter Team, 1943
Horne, Alistair.
To Lose a Battle, 1940, Boston: Little Brown and Co., 1969.
Narrative account of the Fall of France in 1940.
Very readable but also dated in terms of its non-critical acceptance of the defeatism argument.
Keisling, Eugenia C. Arming Against Hitler: France and the Limits of Military Planning.
UP of Kansas, 1996.
Study stressing the weaknesses of the French reserve, mobilization and training system.
Rejects the defeatism interpretation.
Maier, Klaus A. Germany and the Second World War: Germany's Initial Conquests in Europe.
Oxford UP, 1991.
English translation of a thorough collective German academic study, giving a detailed account of all events.
May, Ernest R. Strange Victory: Hitler's Conquest of France.
Hill & Wang, 2001.
A modern account for the general public focusing on politics, strategy and intelligence.
Mosier, John.
The Blitzkrieg Myth: How Hitler and the Allies Misread the Strategic Realities of World War II.
HarperCollins, 2003.
Strongly revisionist interpretation, denying that the concept of Blitzkrieg can even be applied to this campaign.
Shepperd, Alan.
France 1940, Blitzkrieg in the West; Osprey Campaign Series #3, Osprey Publishing, 1990.
Shirer, William L.. Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent, 1934-1941.
Johns Hopkins UP, 2002.
In the period just before the surrender, Shirer worked for CBS News under Edward R Murrow, moving around Europe as events dictated.
This is his written account of the period.
Young, Robert J. In Command of France: French Foreign Policy and Military Planning, 1933-1940,  Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978.
BBC - History - WW2: Fall of France Campaign (Flash animation of the campaign)
Official German account of the Battle of France (as published in 1940)
Armistice Agreement Between Germany and France, 22 June 1940
In economics, different kinds of manufacturing and services are broken down into groups called industries.
The word comes from a Latin word meaning "working diligently at a task".
There are many different industries, like mining, farming and logging.
The industrial revolution made new industries.
An industy produces goods or services which are of a common set of qualities and which are indistinguishable (called homogeneous, in economics).
It uses standardised processes for production, mass production and divison of labor.
Slavery, which is forcing people to make goods and services, has happened since ancient times throughout the world as a way to have low-cost production.
It usually produces goods for which profit depends on economies of scale.
International law has declared slavery illegal.
The industrial revolution (from the mid-18th century to the mid-19th century) saw the development and popularization of using machines to make goods instead of using hands.
The industrial revolution played a role in the abolition of slavery in Europe and in North America.
William Jason "Jay" Reso (born November  30, 1973) is a Canadian professional wrestler and actor.
He is currently working for AEW under the ringname Christian Cage.
In WWE, Reso is a former World Heavyweight Champion, four-time Intercontinental Champion and nine-time World Tag Team Champion.
He is also known for his time in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) as Christian Cage from 2005 to 2008, where he won the NWA World Heavyweight Championship twice during his time in TNA, and was the last official holder of that title under the TNA name.
He is also a former 2 time ECW World Heavyweight Champion.
Reso also does a weekly podcast that is released every Friday with Adam Copeland known as “E&C’s Pod of Awesomeness”.
Shoot 'Em Up - Senator's guard (2007)
Dark Rising: Bring Your Battle Axe - Ricky (2007)
Bloodstained Memoirs - Himself (2009)
Medium Raw: Night of the Wolf - Officer Pete Gallant (2010)
Haven - McHugh (2014)
East Coast Wrestling Association
ECWA Heavyweight Championship (one time)
ICW Street Fight Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Sexton Hardcastle)
International Wrestling Alliance
IWA Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Earl The Orderly)
Pennsylvania Championship Wrestling
PCW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
Match of the Year (2000) (vs. The Dudley Boyz and The Hardy Boyz in a Triangle Ladder match at WrestleMania 2000)
Match of the Year (2001) (vs. The Dudley Boyz and The Hardy Boyz in a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match at WrestleMania X-Seven)
He was ranked #7 of the 500 best singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2007.
NWA World Heavyweight Championship (two times)
ECW Championship (two times)
WWF Light Heavyweight Championship (one time)
World Tag Team Championship (nine times) (with Edge (seven), Lance Storm (one) and Chris Jericho (one)
Twenty Third Triple Crown Champion
Tag Team of the Year (2000) (with Edge)
Worst Worked Match of the Year (2006) (TNA Reverse Battle Royal on the October 26, 2006 episode of TNA Impact!)
Coevorden is a city in the north-east of the Netherlands, in the province of Drenthe.
It has about 35,000 inhabitants (2016).
Emmen is a town and municipality in the northeast of the Netherlands.
Around 57,000 people live in Emmen (2013).
In Greek mythology, Pandora was the first mortal woman.
According to Hesiod, each god helped create her by giving her unique gifts.
Zeus ordered Hephaestus to mould her out of Earth.
This was part of the punishment of mankind, because Prometheus had stolen  the secret of fire.
All the gods helped by giving her seductive gifts.
Another name was found for her was Anesidora, she who sends gifts.
This name was found inscribed against her figure on a white-ground kylix in the British Museum.
According to the myth, Pandora opened a jar (pithos) and released all the evils of mankind.
With the exception of plagues and diseases, Hesiod does not specify the evils in detail.
When Pandora closed the jar again, only Hope was left inside.
The word pithos has been translated the wrong way, which may have led to the idea of "Pandora's box".
Pandora opened the jar because she was curious what was inside, and not because of malice.
The myth of Pandora is ancient, and there are several different Greek versions.
It has been interpreted in different ways.
In the literary versions, the myth is a kind of theodicy, it addresses the question why there is evil in the world.
The oldest versiion is that of Hesiod, who wrote it in the 7th century BC.
He shortly mentions it in his Theogony, in line 570, but does not name Pandora.
In his Works and Days he gives the oldest known literary version of the story.
There is an older story that tells that urns and jars can contain blessings and evils which is told in Homer's Illiad:
The immortals know no care, yet the lot they spin for man is full of sorrow; on the floor of Zeus' palace there stand two urns, the one filled with evil gifts, and the other with good ones.
He for whom Zeus the lord of thunder mixes the gifts he sends, will meet now with good and now with evil fortune; but he to whom Zeus sends none but evil gifts will be pointed at by the finger of scorn, the hand of famine will pursue him to the ends of the world, and he will go up and down the face of the earth, respected neither by gods nor men.
Hesiod's versions
The Pandora myth first appears in lines 560–612 of Hesiod's poem the Theogony.
This version does not give the woman a name.
Prometheus has stolen the gift of fire, and has given it to the humans.
Zeus is angry about this and decides to punish men, as a compensation for the gift.
He commands Hephaestus to make the first woman  from earth.
This woman is described as a "beautiful evil" whose descendants would torment the race of men.
After Hephaestus does so, Athena dressed her in a silvery gown, an embroidered veil, garlands and a crown of gold.
This woman is unnamed in the Theogony, but is probably Pandora.
Hesiod rewrote her myth in Works and Days.
When she first appears before gods and mortals, "wonder seized them" as they looked upon her.
But she was "sheer guile, not to be withstood by men."
Hesiod elaborates (590–93):
no helpmates in hateful poverty, but only in wealth.
yet, when he is dead, his kinsfolk divide his possessions amongst them.
At the end, Hesiod says that occasionally a man finds a good wife,  but still (609) "evil contends with good."
The more famous version of the myth comes from another of Hesiod's works, called Works and Days.
There, the myth is contained in lines 60 to 105.
Hesiod tells about Pandora's origin.
He also makes the scope of the misery she inflicts on mankind bigger.
As before, she is created by Hephaestus, but now more gods help completing her (lines 63-82): Athena taught her needlework and weaving (63–4); Aphrodite "shed grace upon her head and cruel longing and cares that weary the limbs" (65–6); Hermes gave her "a shameful mind and deceitful nature" (67–8); Hermes also gave her the power of speech, putting in her "lies and crafty words" (77–80) ; Athena then clothed her (72); next she, Persuasion and the Charites adorned her with necklaces and other finery (72–4); the Horae adorned her with a garland crown (75).
Finally, Hermes gives this woman a name: Pandora – "All-gifted" – "because all the Olympians gave her a gift" (81).
The story is written in such a way that Pandora's feminine and deceitful nature is a small problem for mankind, because she brings a pithos.
This word is usually translated as jar, sometimes as a box.
The box contains "burdensome toil and sickness that brings death to men" (91–2), diseases (102) and "a myriad other pains" (100).
Prometheus had warned his brother Epimetheus not to accept any gifts from Zeus.
But Epimetheus did not listen; he accepted Pandora, who promptly scattered the contents of her jar.
As a result, Hesiod tells us, "the earth and sea are full of evils" (101).
One item, however, did not escape the jar (96–9), hope:
fly away.
Before [she could], Pandora replaced the
lid of the jar.
This was the will of aegis-bearing
Zeus the Cloudgatherer.
Archaic and Classic Greek literature do not mention Pandora any more.
Sophocles wrote a satyr play Pandora, or The Hammerers, but very little is known of this play.
Sappho may have made reference to Pandora in a surviving fragment.
Later, people filled in small details, or they added postscripts to Hesiod's story.
Examples for this are Apollodorus and Hyginus: Each of them added a part to the story, that might have already been in Hesiod's version, even though it was not written down: Epimetheus married Pandora.
They each add that they had a daughter, Pyrrha, who married Deucalion and survived the deluge with him.
The problem of that version is that Hesiod's Catalogue of Women, fragment #2, had made a "Pandora" one of the daughters of Deucalion, and the mother of Graecus by Zeus.
In the 15th century, a monk named Annio da Viterbo said he had found a manuscript of a historian named Berossus.
Berossus had lived in the 3rd century BC.
According to the manuscript, "Pandora" was also named as a daughter-in-law of Noah.
This attempt to join pagan and Christian texts was later recognised as a forgery, though.
men no longer recognize the rules of conduct or acts of piety.
Theogonis seems to be referring to a different version of the myth: In that version, the jar contained blessings rather than evils.
This version seems to follow a tradition before Hesiod, which was preserved by 2nd century writer  Babrius.
According to Babrius, the gods sent a jar containing blessings to humans.
A "foolish man" (not Pandora) opened the jar, and most of the blessings were lost forever.
Only hope remained, "to promise each of us the good things that fled."
Difficulties of interpretation
There are many ways in which the figure of Pandora can be interpreted.
Erwin Panofsky wrote a monography on the subject.
According to M. L. West, the story of Pandora and the jar is older than Hesiod's versions.
This also explains the confusion and problems of Hesiod's version and that it is inconclusive.
According to West, Pandoora was married to Prometheus in these versions.
West cites Hesiod's Catalogue of Women, which preserved the older version.
In one version of the story, the jar may have contained only good things for mankind.
West also writes that it may have been that Epimetheus and Pandora and their roles were transposed in the pre-Hesiodic myths.
This is called a "mythic inversion".
He remarks that there is a curious correlation between Pandora being made out of earth in Hesiod's story, to what is in Apollodorus that Prometheus created man from water and earth.
Apollodorus, Library and Epitome, ed.
Sir James George Frazer.
Hesiod's myth of Pandora's jar, then, could be an summary of many different early myths.
There are different questions that need to be discussed.
The Greek original text speaks about elpis.
Usually, this word is translated into English as Hope, but it could be translated differently.
Expectation is another possible translation, which is more neutral.
One can expect good things, as well as bad things.
Hope has a positive connotation.
Elpis is everything that remains in the jar, when Pandora closed it again, so does the jar give elpis to mankind, or does it keep elpis away from it?
-Another question to ask is wheter  elpis remaining in the jar a good thing, or a bad one, for mankind?
The first question might confuse the non-specialist.
But as with most ancient Greek words, elpis can be translated a number of ways.
A number of scholars prefer the neutral translation of "expectation."
But expectation of what?
Classical authors use the word elpis to mean "expectation of bad," as well as "expectation of good."
Statistical analysis demonstrates that the latter sense appears five times more than the former in all of ancient Greek literature.
Others hold the minority view that elpis should be rendered, "expectation of evil" (vel sim).
How one answers the first question largely depends on the answer to the second question: should we interpret the jar to function as a prison, or a pantry?
The jar certainly serves as a prison for the evils that Pandora released – they only affect mankind once outside the jar.
Some have argued that logic dictates, therefore, that the jar acts as a prison for Elpis as well, withholding it from men.
If one takes elpis to mean expectant hope, then the myth's tone is pessimistic: All the evils in the world were scattered from Pandora's jar, while the one potentially mitigating force, Hope, remains locked securely inside.
This interpretation raises yet another question, complicating the debate: are we to take Hope in an absolute sense, or in a narrow sense where we understand Hope to mean hope only as it pertains to the evils released from the jar?
If Hope is imprisoned in the jar, does this mean that human existence is utterly hopeless?
This is the most pessimistic reading possible for the myth.
A less pessimistic interpretation (still pessimistic, to be sure) understands the myth to say: countless evils fled Pandora's jar and plague human existence; the hope that we might be able to master these evils remains imprisoned inside the jar.
Life is not hopeless, but each of us is hopelessly human.
In Human, All Too Human, philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche argued that "Zeus did not want man to throw his life away, no matter how much the other evils might torment him, but rather to go on letting himself be tormented anew.
To that end, he gives man hope.
In truth, it is the most evil of evils because it prolongs man's torment."
An objection to the hope is good/the jar is a prison interpretation counters that, if the jar is full of evils, then what is expectant hope – a blessing – doing among them?
This objection leads some to render elpis as the expectation of evil, which would make the myth's tone somewhat optimistic: although humankind is troubled by all the evils in the world, at least we are spared the continual expectation of evil, which would make life unbearable.
The optimistic reading of the myth is expressed by M. L. West.
Elpis takes the more common meaning of expectant hope.
And while the jar served as a prison for the evils that escaped, it thereafter serves as a residence for Hope.
West explains, "It would be absurd to represent either the presence of ills by their confinement in a jar or the presence of hope by its escape from one."
Hope is thus preserved as a benefit for humans.
All-giving Pandora: a mythic inversion
An incorrect etymology of Pandora's name, "all-gifted", was provided in Works and Days.
Pandora means "all-giving", but not "all-gifted."
Some paintings in vases, from the fifth century before Christ, indicate that the beliefs about the goddess Pandora lasted after the time of Hesiod.
Another name of Pandora was found in a kylix (circa 460 BC), Anesidora, that means "she who sends up gifts."
This vase painting depicts Hephaestus and Athenae finishing the touches on the first woman, like in the Theogony.
The epithet anesidora is also used to name Gaia or Demeter.
Pandora/Anesidora possibly would have taken on aspects of Gaea and Demeter.
Pandora would incarnate the fertility of the Earth and its capacity to bear grain and fruits for the benefit of the Humans.
Over time this "all-giving" goddess somehow devolved into an "all-gifted" mortal woman.
T. A. Sinclair, commenting on Works and Days argues that Hesiod shows no awareness of the mythology of such a divine "giver".
A.H. Smith, however, notes that in Hesiod's account Athena and the Seasons brought wreaths of grass and spring flowers to Pandora, indicating that Hesiod was conscious of Pandora's original "all-giving" function.
Jane Ellen Harrison sees in Hesiod's story "evidence of a shift from matriarchy to patriarchy in Greek culture.
As the life-bringing goddess Pandora is eclipsed, the death-bringing human Pandora arises."
Thus Harrison concludes "in the patriarchal mythology of Hesiod her great figure is strangely changed and diminished.
She is no longer Earth-Born, but the creature, the handiwork of Olympian Zeus." (
Harrison 1922:284) Robert Graves, quoting Harrison, asserts of the Hesiodic episode that "Pandora is not a genuine myth, but an anti-feminist fable, probably of his own invention."
H.J.Rose wrote that the myth of Pandora is decidedly more illiberal than that of epic in that it makes Pandora the origin of all of Man's woes with her being the exemplification of the bad wife.
The Hesiodic myth did not, however, completely obliterate the memory of the all-giving goddess Pandora.
A scholium to line 971 of Aristophanes' The Birds mentions a cult "to Pandora, the earth, because she bestows all things necessary for life".
In fifth-century Athens Pandora made a prominent appearance in what, at first, appears an unexpected context, in a marble relief or bronze appliqués as a frieze along the base of the Athena Parthenos the culminating experience on the Acropolis; there Jeffrey M. Hurwit has interpreted her presence as an "anti-Athena" reinforcing civic ideologies of patriarchy and the "highly gendered social and political realities of fifth-century Athens."
Interpretation has never come easy: Pausanias (i.24.7) merely noted the subject and moved on.
Jeffrey Hurwit has argued that Pandora represents an "anti-Athena", similarly a child of no mother, an embodiment of the need for the patriarchal rule that the virginal Athena, rising above her sex, defended.
Pithos into "box"
The humanist Erasmus of Rotterdam translated Hesiod from Greek to Latin, in the 16th century.
The Greek word pithos is used for a large jar, used for example for storing wine.
Pyxis, on the other hand, is a box.
Usually, it is said that Erasmus swapped the words when he translated, so Pandora's jar became Pandora's box.
In his notes to Hesiod's Works and Days (p. 168) - Martin Litchfield West has speculated that Erasmus may have confused the story of Pandora with the story found elsewhere of a box which was opened by Psyche; the Panofskys (1956) follow him in this speculation.
The phrase "Pandora's box" has endured ever since.
Athanassakis, A. Hesiod: Theogony, Works and Days, Shield (New York 1983).
Beall, E. "The Contents of Hesiod's Pandora Jar: Erga 94–98," Hermes 117 (1989) 227–30.
Harrison, Jane Ellen, Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion (1903) 1922, pp.
280–85.
Griffith, Mark.
Aeschylus Prometheus Bound Text and Commentary (Cambridge 1983).
Hesiod, Works and Days On-line text.
Hesiod, Works and Days, ed.
with prolegomena and commentary (Oxford 1978).
Hesiod, Theogony, and Works and Days (Oxford 1988).
Kenaan, Pandora's Senses: The Feminine Character of the Ancient Text (Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2008), pp.
xii, 253 (Wisconsin Studies in Classics).
Kirk, G.S., Myth: Its Meaning and Functions in Ancient and Other Cultures (Berkeley 1970) 226–32.
Lamberton, Robert, Hesiod, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. .
Chapter II, "The Theogony", and Chapter III, "The Works and Days", especially pp.
96–103 for a side-by-side comparison and analysis of the Pandora story.
Leinieks, V. "Elpis in Hesiod, Works and Days 96," Philologus 128 (1984) 1–8.
Moore, Clifford H. The Religious Thought of the Greeks, 1916.
Neils, Jenifer, The Girl in the Pithos: Hesiod’s Elpis, in "Periklean Athens and its Legacy.
Problems and Perspectives", eds.
J. M. Barringer and J. M. Hurwit (Austin : University of Texas Press), 2005, pp.
Nilsson, Martin P. History of Greek Religion, 1949.
Phipps, William E., Eve and Pandora Contrasted, in Theology Today, v.45, n.1, April 1988, Princeton: Princeton Theological Seminary.
Pucci, Pietro, Hesiod and the Language of Poetry (Baltimore 1977)
Rose, Herbert Jennings, A Handbook of Greek Literature; From Homer to the Age of Lucian, London, Methuen & Co., Ltd., 1934.
especially Chapter III, Hesiod and the Hesiodic Schools, p. 61
Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, 1870, sub "Pandora" On-line text
William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (1870) vol I:177, sub "Anesidora"  "Spender" is a misprint of "sender", often repeated.
Verdenius, Willem Jacob, A Commentary on Hesiod Works and Days vv 1–382 (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1985). .
This work has a very in-depth discussion and synthesis of the various theories and speculations about the Pandora story and the jar.
p. 62 and onwards.
Vernant, J. P., Myth and Society in Ancient Greece (New York 1990) 183–201.
Warner, M., Monuments and Maidens: The Allegory of the Female Form (New York 1985) 213–40
West, M. L. Hesiod, Theogony, ed.
with prolegomena and commentary (Oxford 1966).
West, M. L. Hesiod, Works and Days, ed.
Zeitlin, Froma.
Playing the Other: Gender and Society in Classical Greek Literature (Princeton 1995).
Story of Pandora's Jar at The Classics Pages
Pandora entry at Greek Myth Index
Theoi Project - "Pandora"
The corpus callosum is part of the brain in humans and other eutherian mammals.
It is the largest connective pathway in the brain.
Its over 200 million nerve fibers connect the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
The corpus callosum relates to the lateralization of brain function.
Because the two side of the brain communicate so intensively, they can afford to specialise in doing somewhat different things.
Only in higher mammals
The corpus callosum is found only in placental mammals (the eutherians).
It is absent in monotremes and marsupials, and other vertebrates such as birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.
Other groups do have brain structures that allow for communication between the two hemispheres.
The anterior commissure serves as the main cross-hemisphere communication in marsupials.
Victor Cristaldo is a former Australian Football (soccer) player of the 1980s and 1990s.
He played for the Melbourne Knights in Australia.
He also played for the Paraguayan teams Sport Colombia and Presidente Hayes.
Australian football managers
Paranthropus boisei was originally called Zinjanthropus boisei and then Australopithecus boisei until recently.
It was an australopithecine, the largest of the Paranthropus species.
It lived from about 2.6 until about 1.2 million years ago during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs in Eastern Africa.
It was 4' 6" tall for a male and 4' 1" for a female.
Paranthropus aethiopicus is an extinct species of hominid.
The fossil was discovered in 1985 in Lake Turkana, Kenya.
KNM WT 17000 is known as the "Black Skull" due to the dark colouration of the bone, caused by high levels of manganese.
It is one of the earliest examples of robust australopithecines from the Pliocene.
The skull is dated to 2.5 million years ago, before the other forms of robust australopithecines.
The curry tree (Murraya koenigii), also known as karivepallai, karivembu, karivepaku or kadipatta, is a kind of tree.
It is found mostly in hot climates, and is a native plant of India.
The leaves of the curry tree are called curry leaves or sweet Neem leaves.
Usually, curry trees grow to 4-6 metres tall, and their trunk grows to 40 centimetres in diameter.
Small black, shiny berries that grow on the tree can be eaten, but their seeds are poisonous.
The scientific name of the curry tree, Murraya koenegii, was chosen to celebrate the botanist Johann Gerhard König, who worked for a long time in India.
A species is called indigenous or native to a place when that species lives there because of the natural environment, not human change.
A species is an indigen if it lives in the wild and has not had artificial selection by humans.
If a species is in a place because it was moved by humans, the species is not indigenous to that place.
It is an introduced species.
Quicksand is a mixture of water and sand or silt.
It has the characteristic of thixotropy: it looks solid, but when pressure is applied it liquifies (acts like a liquid).
If animals or people stand on it, they sink into it.
However, a person does not drown in quicksand.
A human or animal does not sink entirely into quicksand due to the higher density of the fluid.
It can be difficult to get out: that is the real problem.
Quicksand may be escaped by slow movement of the legs in order to reduce viscosity of the fluid, and rotating the body so as to float on one's back (supine).
Water circulation underground can focus in an area with just the right mixture of fine sands and other materials such as clay.
The water moves up and then down slowly in a convection-like manner throughout a column of sand, and the sand remains a generally solid mass.
This lubricates the sand particles and makes them unable to support any significant weight, since they move around with very little friction.
They behave more like a liquid when exposed to stress.
Since the water does not usually go all the way up through the sand, the sand above does not appear to move at all, and can support leaves and other small debris.
This makes it difficult to distinguish quicksand from the surrounding environment.
Quicksand is a non-Newtonian fluid: when undisturbed it often seems to be solid ("gel" form), but a small (less than 1%) change in the stress on the quicksand causes it to turn liquid ("sol" form).
There is a sudden decrease in its viscosity.
Under his weight, the person then sinks into the sol (liquidised sand).
Someone stepping in it starts to sink.
Around the person dense regions of sand and sediment form and grip the person.
The viscosity of the quicksand seems to increase suddenly.
It is now a gel.
In order to move within the quicksand, a person or object must apply sufficient pressure on the compacted sand to re-introduce enough water to liquify it.
The forces required to do this are quite large: to remove a foot from quicksand at a speed of one centimeter per second would require the same amount of force as "that needed to lift a medium-sized car".
It was commonly believed that the behavior of quicksand was due solely to saturated or supersaturated suspensions of granules in water.
Pressure from underground sources of water would separate and suspend the granular particles, reducing the friction between them.
In 2005 it was been shown that the presence of salt is important.
The stability of the colloidal quicksand is changed by the presence of salt.
It increases the high viscosity regions of sediment responsible for quicksand's "trapping" power.
Another finding was that a human cannot be drawn into a saltwater quicksand entirely.
One region notorious for its quicksands is Morecambe Bay, Yorkshire.
As the bay is very broad and shallow, a person trapped by the quicksand would be exposed to the danger of the returning tide, which can come in rapidly.
Howstuffworks.com - How quicksand works
Quicksand in Fiction
Brainiac on Quicksand (Youtube)
A military organization is a way of making up the armed forces of a state as a need to offer military capability as needed by a national defence policy.
In some countries paramilitary forces are included in a nation's armed forces.
Armed forces that are not a part of the military or paramilitary organizations, such as insurgent forces, often mimic military organizations, or use ad hoc structures.
The SS-Verfügungstruppe (The Combat Support Force) (short: SS-VT) were combat divisions of the SS, trained to the same way as the normal German Armed Forces (Wehrmacht).
They were the precursor of the later-developed Waffen-SS.
On 24 September 1934, a special SS military unit was made up by a group of a few other Nazi and paramilitary units like units known as SS Special Detachments (SS-Sonderkommandos) and the  Guard known as the (SS-Stabswache) units.
The new group was to be trained as combat ready infantry.
The unit was called SS-Special Purpose Troops (SS-Verfügungstruppe) and was not the police or the Armed Forces but military trained men for the use by the Führer in war or peace.
The SS-Verfügungstruppe (known as SS-VT) was told to the public on 16 March 1935.
The SS-VT trained with Hitler’s body guards some of which later joined the SS-VT prior to the invasion of Russia in 1941
Some units of the SS-VT worked with the Wehrmacht during the take over of the Sudetenland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia, and took part in the invasion of Poland along with the campaign against the Allies in the West.
From the regiments that made up the SS-VT came the Waffen-SS (or Armed-SS) Divisions that fought in all German theaters in World War II.
Units making up the SS-VT were not known as the "Waffen-SS" until a speech by Adolf Hitler in July 1940.
The Hitler's  bodyguard (German: Leibstandarte)
The Death's-Head Battalions () that ran the concentration camps.
The Combat Support Force, (German: Verfügungstruppe) Up to 39 divisions in World War II that served as elite combat troops fighting with the German army Wehrmacht.
In 1941 the commander of the SS, Heinrich Himmler, said that more Waffen-SS Verfügungstruppe units would be made from non-German foreign nationals.
The goal was to get more soldiers from occupied nations.
Some of these foreign units included volunteers from Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Norway, and the Netherlands.
Countries like Spain, officially a neutral state, had by the end of the war given many volunteers to the Waffen SS (most of them with the SS Wallonien division) that took part in combat until the end of the European war in Berlin.
This and many other volunteers of non-German background were believers in the German cause.
A detachment (from the French word détachement) is a military unit.
It can be broken off from a bigger unit for a set reason or (as often seen in United States Army usage) can be a permanent unit smaller than a battalion.
The term is often used to refer to a unit that is sent to a different base from the parent unit.
A Cadet detachment usually consists of between 10 and 40 cadets.
Several detachments make up a cadet company.
A battalion is a military unit of around 500-1500 men often made up of from two to seven companies and often commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel.
More than one battalions often make up a regiment or a brigade.
A battalion is often the smallest military unit able to do movement on their own without being part of a larger unit.
The battalion is often part of a regiment, group or a brigade.
Commanding Officer (CO) (always a Lieutenant Colonel or even a full Colonel)
Second-in-Command (2i/c) (often a Major or a lieutenant Colonel if the battalion is commanded by a full Colonel)
Adjutant (a Captain or a Major)
Quartermaster (QM) (a Captain or a Major)
Regimental Medical Officer (RMO) (Army Medical Services a Captain or a Major)
Regimental Administrative Officer (RAO) (Adjutant General's Corps a Captain or a Major)
Padre (Royal Army Chaplains Department a Chaplain)
Regimental Intelligence Officer (RIO) (a Lieutenant or a Captain)
Regimental Signals Officer (RSO) (Royal Corps of Signals a Lieutenant or a Captain)
Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM) (a Warrant Officer Class 1)
Regimental Quartermaster Sergeant (RQMS) (a Warrant Officer Class 2)
French Infantry of the Napoleonic Wars
The Battalion Commander's Handbook, 1996, By Major General Richard A. Chilcoat, US Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania
The 1984 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1984 and ended on November 30, 1984.
Sometimes storms form outside these dates for example.
An example of this is Hurricane Lili, which formed on December 12.
Lili lasted until December 24.
This season was active, with 17 depression, 13 of them became a tropical storm, 5 of the tropical storms became hurricanes, and 1 of the hurricanes became a major hurricane.
Most of the cyclones were weak.
The only very damaging storm was Hurricane Diana.
Diana was the major hurricane of the season, and the only storm to affect land as a hurricane.
Tropical Depression Three
Tropical Storm Isidore
Kenyanthropus platyops is an extinct hominid species discovered in Lake Turkana, Kenya in 1999.
It was by Justus Erus, who was part of Meave Leakey's team.
The fossil 3.5 to 3.2 million year old.
It has a broad flat face with a toe bone that suggests it probably walked upright.
Teeth are intermediate between typical human and typical ape forms.
Leakey proposed that the fossil represents an entirely new hominine genus.
Others classify it as a separate species of Australopithecus, Australopithecus platyops, and still others interpret it as an individual of Australopithecus afarensis.
If some palaeoanthropologists are correct, Kenyanthropus may not even represent a valid taxon.
The specimen is so distorted by matrix-filled cracks that meaningful morphological characteristics are next to impossible to assess with confidence.
The Southern Vampire Mysteries is an adventure, mystery, and romance book series written by author Charlaine Harris.
In the story scientists have invented a fake blood for vampires to drink, giving them a chance to live with humans peacefully.
Sookie Stackhouse, the main character, meets a vampire in her hometown of Bon Temps (a made up place in Louisiana) and falls in love, however she must also solve the mysterious deaths in her town, using her ability to hear people's thoughts.
The book series was first published in 2001, and there are currently eight books all together.
In 2007 a television show was created about the books called True Blood, which is on HBO.
Dead Until Dark (2001)
Living Dead in Dallas (2002)
Club Dead (2003)
Dead to the World (2004)
Dead as a Doornail (2005)
Definitely Dead (2006)
All Together Dead (2007)
From Dead to Worse (2008)
Dead and Gone (2009)
A Touch of Dead (October 2009)
Dead in the Family (May 2010)
Charlaine Harris official website
Louisiana in fiction
Combot is a character made for the Tekken series.
Its first and only appearance was in "Tekken 4".
Combot is Mokujin's replacement in Tekken 4 (gameplay wise).
Combot didn't mimic a different character every round like Mokujin, instead it changed fighting styles every match.
Combot is a humanoid robot (a robot that was made to act like humans).
Lee entered it in the King of Iron Fist Tournament 4 and he used it so he could win.
He entered the tournament himself, disguising himself as a man named Violet
Combot is not like any other humanoid robot.
A powerful AI function lets it mimic any human motion it can see.
With this ability, Combot can do any job from childcare, housekeeping, service industries, and even military duty.
This Combot is a unique version made for fighting.
The making of Combot was very rushed so that it could be finished in time for The King of Iron Fist Tournament 4.
Lee Chaolan’s plan was to have Combot memorize different of fighting styles as it went through the tournament.
Lee was trying to create the most powerful fighting robot in the world and win the Mishima Zaibatsu at the same time.
The development team did not have enough time to get rid of Combot's problems.
As a result, a few bugs remained in its memory when the Tournament started.
These bugs stop Combot from mimicking more than one person’s moves each time it starts up.
In Combot's ending animation, when Combot wins the tournament, the crowd are cheering "Combo bot!"
instead of "Combot!".
Combot and Violet are the only two characters that appear only in Tekken 4 and not in any other games.
Combot can make metal sounds when hit by holding 'down' while the battle is loading just like Mokujin can make a wooden sound by doing the same.
When Combot is selected on the character roster, the announcer does not say his name, instead Combot says his own name.
en:List of Tekken characters#Combot
pt:Anexo:Lista de personagens de Tekken#Combot
The Lady of the Lake is a character of Arthurian legend.
Different writers give her different names.
Her roles include giving King Arthur his sword, Excalibur, taking Arthur to Camelot after the Battle of Camlann, raising Lancelot after the death of his father, and of enchanting Merlin.
She is called Nimue, Viviane, Elaine, Niniane, Nyneve or Nimueh, amongst others.
A disk buffer is a small amount of memory on a hard drive.
Sometimes it is also called cache buffer, or disk cache, but these words should not be used, a disk buffer is not  a cache.
In early 2015, hard disks usually have between 16 and 128 megabytes of such memory.
Reading or writing data
When writing data to the disk, the data needs to be written to a certain position on the disk.
This is done by a component called disk read/write head.
This head needs to be moved to (or near) the correct track.
After some settling time the read head begins to pick up bits.
Usually, the first sectors to be read are not the ones that have been requested by the operating system.
The disk's embedded computer typically saves these unrequested sectors in the disk buffer, in case the operating system requests them later.
The disk is attached to the computer by what is called an I/O interface.
This interface almost always works at a different speed than that of the hard disk platter.
In such a case, the disk buffer is used to store the data that comes from the disk, before it sent to the computer, or to store the data that comes from the computer before it can be written to the disk.
Command queuing
Modern disks often have a feature called command queuing (This is called TCQ in SCSI disks, and NCQ in SATA disks).
This means that many commands can be sent at the same time, and the hard disk will put them into the best order.
To store the commands and re-order them, the hard disk needs the disk buffer
|1992||rowspan="2"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||0||0||0||0
|1993||0||0||0||0||1||0||1||0
|1995||Brummell Sendai||Football League||14||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||15||1
|1996||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||22||3||3||2||4||1||29||6
|1997||29||6||2||0||6||1||37||7
|1998||rowspan="2"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||15||2||3||0||0||0||18||2
|1999||4||0||0||0||3||0||7||0
|1999||Vissel Kobe||J. League 1||8||1||0||0||0||0||8||1
|2000||rowspan="2"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||23||1||3||0||4||1||30||2
|2001||7||0||0||0||2||0||9||0
|2001||rowspan="3"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||7||0||0||0||0||0||7||0
|2002||2||0||1||0||1||0||4||0
|2003||15||0||0||0||6||0||21||0
|2004||rowspan="2"|Thespa Kusatsu||Football League||27||10||4||1||colspan="2"|-||31||11
|2005||J. League 2||28||4||1||0||colspan="2"|-||29||4
|2006||rowspan="2"|Sagan Tosu||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||39||3||2||0||colspan="2"|-||41||3
|2007||27||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||30||1
|2008||Machida Zelvia||Regional Leagues||6||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|1989/90||rowspan="3"|Yomiuri||rowspan="3"|JSL Division 1||10||2||||||||||10||2
|1990/91||17||4||||||2||2||19||6
|1991/92||2||0||||||1||0||3||0
|1992||rowspan="5"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||1||0||0||0||1||0
|1993||6||1||2||0||8||4||16||5
|1994||8||3||1||0||0||0||9||3
|1995||17||4||3||0||colspan="2"|-||20||4
|1996||5||0||0||0||5||0||10||0
|1996||rowspan="4"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||13||2||3||1||0||0||16||3
|1997||29||6||1||0||6||0||36||6
|1998||6||0||1||0||0||0||7||0
|1999||17||1||0||0||4||2||21||3
|2000||rowspan="3"|Vegalta Sendai||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||36||10||1||0||0||0||37||10
|2001||33||8||3||0||1||0||37||8
|2002||J. League 1||9||1||2||0||6||1||17||2
|2004||rowspan="3"|Ryukyu||Prefectural Leagues||6||7||1||0||colspan="2"|-||7||7
|2005||Regional Leagues||5||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|2006||Football League||31||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||31||1
|2007||rowspan="3"|New Wave Kitakyushu||Regional Leagues||20||7||0||0||colspan="2"|-||20||7
|2008||rowspan="2"|Football League||25||1||3||0||colspan="2"|-||28||1
|2009||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
Samuel Eto'o (born 10 March 1981) is a Cameroonian football player.
He has played for Internazionale Milano and Cameroon national team.
In September 2021, Samuel Eto'o, announced his candidacy for the presidency of the Cameroon Football Federation (Fecafoot).
|1997/98||Leganés||Segunda División||28||3||2||1||colspan="2"|-||30||4
|1998/99||Real Madrid||La Liga||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|1998/99||Espanyol Barcelona||La Liga||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|1999/00||Real Madrid||La Liga||2||0||0||0||3||0||5||0
|1999/00||rowspan="5"|Mallorca||rowspan="5"|La Liga||13||6||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||6
|2000/01||28||11||5||2||colspan="2"|-||33||13
|2001/02||30||6||1||1||9||3||40||10
|2002/03||30||14||6||5||colspan="2"|-||36||19
|2003/04||32||17||2||0||7||4||41||21
|2004/05||rowspan="5"|Barcelona||rowspan="5"|La Liga||37||24||1||0||7||4||45||28
|2005/06||35||26||0||0||11||6||46||32
|2006/07||17||11||2||1||3||1||22||13
|2007/08||18||16||3||1||7||1||28||18
|2008/09||36||30||4||0||12||6||52||36
Total||89||42
Mark Kinsella (born 12 August 1972) is a former Irish football player.
|1989/90||rowspan="8"|Colchester United||Fourth Division||6||0
|1990/91||||11||0
|1991/92||||42||3
|1992/93||rowspan="5"|Third Division||38||6
|1993/94||42||8
|1994/95||42||6
|1995/96||45||5
|1996/97||7||2
|1996/97||rowspan="6"|Charlton Athletic||rowspan="2"|First Division||37||6
|1997/98||46||6
|1998/99||Premier League||38||2
|1999/00||First Division||38||3
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Premier League||32||2
|2001/02||17||0
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Aston Villa||rowspan="2"|Premier League||19||0
|2003/04||1||0
|2003/04||West Bromwich Albion||First Division||18||1
|2004/05||rowspan="3"|Walsall||rowspan="2"|League One||22||0
|2005/06||10||0
|2006/07||League Two||11||1
Total||48||3
Yamada was born in Takatsuki on April 29, 1972.
After graduating from Shimizu Commercial High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Nissan Motors (later Yokohama Marinos) in 1991.
He became a regular player from 1992.
He played 159 matches for the club until 1997.
He played for Kyoto Purple Sanga in 1998 and Verdy Kawasaki in 1999.
In 2000, he moved to J2 League club Vegalta Sendai.
The club won the 2nd place in 2001 and was promoted to J1.
He retired end of the 2003 season.
|1990/91||rowspan="2"|Nissan Motors||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|1991/92||9||0||||||1||0||10||0
|1992||rowspan="6"|Yokohama Marinos||rowspan="6"|J1 League||colspan="2"|-||0||0||9||1||9||1
|1993||27||3||3||0||1||1||31||4
|1994||32||1||1||0||3||1||36||2
|1995||43||7||1||0||colspan="2"|-||44||7
|1996||23||1||0||0||9||2||32||3
|1997||25||6||0||0||5||0||30||6
|1998||Kyoto Purple Sanga||J1 League||29||1||1||0||0||0||30||1
|1999||Verdy Kawasaki||J1 League||27||1||3||0||2||0||32||1
|2000||rowspan="4"|Vegalta Sendai||rowspan="2"|J2 League||19||0||1||1||0||0||20||1
|2001||28||3||3||0||2||0||33||3
|2002||rowspan="2"|J1 League||18||0||2||0||2||0||22||0
|1997||rowspan="4"|Sagan Tosu||rowspan="2"|Football League||17||1||2||0||1||0||20||1
|1999||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||31||0||2||0||2||0||35||0
|2001||rowspan="2"|Vegalta Sendai||J. League 2||38||1||3||1||2||0||43||2
|2002||J. League 1||3||0||0||0||0||0||3||0
|1987/88||rowspan="5"|Sumitomo Metal||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|1989/90||rowspan="3"|JSL Division 2||4||0||||||0||0||4||0
|1990/91||10||0||||||0||0||10||0
|1991/92||9||0||||||0||0||9||0
|1992||rowspan="5"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||3||0||5||0||8||0
|1993||27||0||5||0||6||1||38||1
|1994||35||0||1||0||1||0||37||0
|1996||1||0||0||0||2||0||3||0
|1997||Yokohama Marinos||J. League 1||26||0||0||0||5||0||31||0
|1998||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||1||0||1||0