the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Double basses usually play pizzicato when playing with jazz groups.
One special effect can be made by pulling the string hard and letting it go so that it snaps against the fingerboard.
Bartók used this effect several times.
This is not the same as jazz bass players who slap the strings at the end of a note (“slap bass”).
Pizzicato in music history
In orchestras composers used pizzicato in the 17th century.
Monteverdi used it in his opera Il combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda.
In the 19th century the Romantic composers often asked for pizzicato.
Tchaikovsky’s Symphony no 4 has a whole scherzo movement for pizzicato strings.
Johann Strauss wrote a Pizzicato Polka and in the 20th century Britten wrote a whole movement for pizzicato strings in his Simple Symphony.
Long pieces of classical music are often divided into movements.
They are like different sections of the piece.
Movements can be quite short, or extremely long.
If you listen to a symphony it may often be divided into four movements.
In the time of Haydn and Mozart the four movements were normally: a fast movement, a slow movement, a dance-like movement (minuet) and a fast movement to end the work.
Concert programmes usually show how many movements there are in the work that is being performed.
It may show this using Italian musical terms (e.g. Allegro meaning fast, Presto meaning very fast or Andante meaning a gentle walking pace).
Robert Schumann:   Symphony no 4 in D minor op.120
Andante con moto – Allegro di molto
Romanze: Andante
Finale: Allegro vivace - Presto
Sometimes an orchestra will take a minute or two to retune their instruments, especially in a symphony by Mahler or Shostakovich where one movement might be as long as 25 minutes.
At other times the conductor or performer will want to go almost straight on with hardly any break.
Sometimes the composer shows that there should be no break at all between movements.
The German word for “movement” (in this musical sense) is “Satz” which really means “sentence”.
A movement is like a sentence: a collection of things that belong together to make sense.
All the movements together are like several sentences: they tell the whole story.
Port Hedland is a city on the north coast of Western Australia.
It has 13,000 people living there.
It is the largest city in the Pilbara Region.
It has a very large mineral port, because of one of the world's biggest iron deposits.
Cities in Western Australia
Worms (pronounced /voɐms/) is a city in southwestern Germany in the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz).
It lies on the River Rhine.
Worms is famous for its local Liebfraumilch wine.
It is an industrial center, producing chemicals and metal goods.
At the end of 2004, it had 85,829 inhabitants.
Along with Cologne and Trier, Worms is one the oldest cities in Germany.
But, there is a disagreement which of the three is actually the oldest.
The town is mentioned in the Nibelungenlied, an old Germanic saga.
The town was also very important because of Martin Luther who defended his case against the emperor Charles V in Worms.
The Cathedral of Saint Peter is a very large church in the town.
It is one of only three Romanesque cathedrals in Germany.
The other two are in Mainz and Speyer.
The Worms cathedral is one of the most important Romanesque buildings in Germany.
The Official website  of the town of Worms (in English)
Nibelungenmuseum website (in English)
wormser-dom.de, website of the Worms Cathedral with pictures (in German; click on the "Bilder" link in the left pane)
A transistor is an electronic component that can be used as part of an amplifier, or as a switch.
It is made of a semiconductor material.
Transistors are found in most  electronic devices.
The transistor was a major advancement after the triode tube, with using much less electricity, and lasting many years longer, to switch or amplify another electronic current.
The transistor can be used for a variety of different things including amplifiers and digital switches for computer microprocessors.
Digital work mostly uses MOSFETs.
Some transistors are individually packaged, mainly in order to handle high power.
Most transistors are inside integrated circuits.
Transistors have three terminals: the gate, the drain, and the source  (on a bipolar transistor, the wires can be called the emitter, the collector, and the base).
When the source (or emitter) is connected to the negative terminal of the battery, and the drain (or collector) to the positive terminal, no electricity will flow in the circuit (if you have only a lamp in series with the transistor).
But when power flows through the gate (or base), the transistor will allow electricity through.
This is because when the gate is positively charged, the positive electrons will push other positive electrons in the transistor letting the negative electrons flow through.
The transistor can also work when the gate is just positively charged, so it doesn't need to be touching the drain.
An easy way to think of how a transistor works is as a hose with a sharp bend that stops the water from going through.
The water is the electrons, and when you positively charge the gate, it unbends the hose, letting water flow.
The basic Darlington transistor circuit is formed from two bipolar transistors wired emitter to base so they act as one transistor.
One of the transistors is connected so that it controls the current to the base of the other transistor.
This means that you can control the same amount of current with a very small amount of current going into the base.
When the gate of a P-channel MOSFET is positively charged, electricity will flow through, this is useful for electronics that require a switch to be turned on, making it an electronic switch.
This rivals the mechanical switch, which requires a constant force pressing on it.
Transistors are made of semiconductor chemical elements, usually silicon, which belongs to the modern Group 14 (formerly Group IV) in the periodic table of elements.
Germanium, another group-14 element, is used together with silicon in specialized transistors.
Researchers are also studying transistors made from special forms of carbon.
Transistors can be also made from compounds like gallium arsenide.
The transistor was not the first three terminal device.
The triode served the same purpose of the transistor 50 years earlier.
Vacuum tubes were important in household technology before transistors.
Unfortunately, tubes were big and fragile, used a lot of power, and didn't last very long.
The transistor solved these problems.
The transistor is a very important component today.
If not for the transistor, devices such as cell phones and computers would be very different, or they might have not been invented at all.
Transistors have been made very small (dozens of atoms wide) so that billions of them can be put into a small computer chip.
[http://www.audiouk.com/info/transistor.htm AudioUK's Milestones] .
Photograph of first working transistor
[http://www.sciencefriday.com/pages/1997/Dec/hour1_121297.html 50 Years of the Transistor] .
From Science Friday, December 12 1997
[http://users.arczip.com/rmcgarra2/index.html Bob's Virtual Transistor Museum & History] .
Treasure trove of transistor history
How transistors work
Transistor - Citizendium
A sex toy is a device that helps humans get more pleasure when they have sex or when they masturbate.
Sometimes these devices are also called Adult toy, or Marital aid.
Marital aid can also apply to certain herbs or drugs that have such an effect.
Herbs with such an effect are called aphrodisiac.
Compsognathus was a small carnivorous theropod dinosaur, from the end of the Jurassic period, 144 million years ago.
It was about a metre long, and ran on two legs, using its long tail to keep its balance.
Compsognathus is known from two nearly complete specimens, one from Germany (89 cm 35 in long), and another from France (125 cm 49 in long).
The German specimen was found in the Solnhofen limestone in Bavaria, over 150 years ago.
The larger French specimen (MNHN CNJ 79) was discovered in 1972 in the Portland limestone, near Nice in southeastern France.
Although originally described as a separate species called Compsognathus corallestris, others have since renamed it as another example of Compsognathus longipes.
It is one of the few dinosaurs whose diet is known with certainty: the remains of small, agile lizards are preserved in the bellies of both specimens.
Also it was once the smallest dino on earth but now that belongs to the Micropachycephalosaurus
Historical importance
Thomas Henry Huxley ("Darwin's bulldog"), who was a comparative anatomist, made a study of it nearly 150 years ago.
He compared the first fossil bird, Archaeopteryx, with Compsognathus.
These two fossils were found in the same rocks: Solnhofen limestone in Bavaria, Germany.
The strata come from the end of the Jurassic, about 144 million years ago.
Huxley showed that the two were almost identical, except for the front limbs and feathers of Archaeopteryx.
He showed the basic affinity of birds and reptiles, which he united them under the title of Sauropsida.
The remains of a lizard in the German specimen's thoracic cavity show that Compsognathus preyed on small vertebrates.
Marsh, who examined the specimen in 1881, thought that this small skeleton inside Compsognathus belly was an embryo, but in 1903, Franz Nopcsa concluded that it was a lizard.
Ostrom identified the remains as belonging to a lizard of the genus Bavarisaurus, which he concluded was a fast and agile runner owing to its long tail and limb proportions.
This in turn led to the conclusion that its predators, Compsognathus, must have had sharp vision and the ability to rapidly accelerate and outrun the lizard.
The Bavarisaurus is in a single piece, indicating that the Compsognathus must have swallowed its prey whole.
The French specimen's gastric contents consist of unidentified lizards or sphenodontids.
Comsognathus was once thought to be the smallest dinosaur.
However, if we assume the smaller specimen was a juvenile, then there are other slightly smaller species.
The smallest dinosaur is probably Anchiornis; other candidates are: Micropachycephalosaurus; Caenagnathasia; Microraptor; and Parvicursor.
Micropachycephalosaurus, a tiny thick headed lizard, is a genus of ornithischian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous.
It was a herbivore, and lived in what is now Shandong, China.
It was one of the smallest dinosaur ever discovered, just over a meter long, but with the longest name.
Before it was discovered Compsognathus was the smallest known dinosaur.
The lack of the skull roof means the fossil cannot be placed at family level.
It might or might not be a pachycephalosaur.
Butler and Zhao therefore classified it as an indeterminate member of the Cerapoda.
In 2011, cladistic analysis showed that Micropachycephalosaurus is a basal member of the Ceratopsia.
In this context, basal does not mean 'ancestral'; the fossil is far too late for that.
It means simply 'unspecialized', or lacking derived traits.
Cerapods
Velociraptor  was a predatory dromaeosaur of the Upper Cretaceous, about 75–71 million years ago.
It was a slender, lightly built carnivore.
It was about two meters long (nearly seven feet) and 0.62 meters tall at the hip, which is bigger than the size of the common chimpanzee.
Velociraptor had one sickle-shaped claw on its foot which measured 6.5 centimeters along its length, and a smaller one on each hand.
Velociraptor was warm blooded and had feathers.
Fossils of Velociraptor were first found in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia in 1922.
In 1988, scientists from China found Velociraptor skeletons in northern China.
A famous Velociraptor, discovered in 1971, was found attacking a Protoceratops in a fossil from Mongolia.
In September 2007 researchers found quill knobs on the forearm of a Velociraptor found in Mongolia.
These bumps on bird wing bones show where feathers anchor, and their presence on Velociraptor indicate it also had feathers.
Turner and colleagues interpreted the presence of feathers on Velociraptor as evidence that the ancestors of dromaeosaurids could fly, making Velociraptor and other large members of this family secondarily flightless.
This idea has since been discarded; the unmodified forearms count against it.
Therefore, the feathers in the ancestors of Velociraptor had another function.
The feathers of the flightless Velociraptor may have been used for display, for covering their nests while brooding.
Velociraptor was not able to fly.
V. mongoliensis in Mongolia
V. osmolskae in Inner Mongolia, China
Films such as Jurassic Park and some of The Land Before Time films helped make Velociraptor popular.
However, the raptors in Jurassic Park were far larger than the real thing.
They were the size of Utahraptor, a really large member of the same clade.
The films also exaggerate its probable intelligence.
Rhea (; ), does known as Tomatoosaurus, a portmanteau of tomato + Tyrannosaurus, is Saturn's second largest moon.
It is made of ice and rock.
Rhea may have a thin ring system with three narrow bands in a disk of solid particles.
These would be the first rings seen around a moon.
The discovery was announced in the journal Science on March 6, 2008.
Mimas (from the Greek Μίμᾱς) is one of Saturn's largest moons.
It is also called Saturn I. Mimas is best known for its large crater, Herschel.
In the centre of the crater is a very high mountain.
Mimas was discovered by the English astronomer William Herschel on September 17, 1789.
The moon is believed to have created the Cassini Division.
This is a 4,800 km gap between Saturn's A and B rings.
Mimas was discovered in 1789 by William Herschel.
He discovered it on September 17.
Herschel discovered it along with another Saturnian moon, Enceladus
Mimas was named after one of the Titans in mythology.
Mimas was the giant.
Mimas is full with craters like our Moon.
But unlike the craters on the Moon, Mimas has icy craters like going through an icy object.
Mimas has craters, but the most famous is the Herschel crater.
It is 130 km (80 mi) in diameter.
The diameter of Herschel is about 1/3 of Mimas.
If a comet or asteroid that hit Mimas were to hit Earth, the crater would be seen from space with all the Earth shown in view.
An aphrodisiac is a type of food or drink that gives one a higher libido.
The name comes from the Greek goddess Aphrodite.
A food or drink that makes a person less aroused is called an anaphrodisiac.
Protoceratops was a ceratopsian dinosaur from Mongolia.
It was shown in a fossil being attacked by a Velociraptor.
Víðarr (Old Norse: "the wide ruling one") is the god of vengeance in Norse mythology.
A member of the Æsir, he is the son of Odin and the giantess Gríðr.
During Ragnarök, when the monstrous wolf Fenrir swallows Odin whole, Víðarr is told to avenge his father's death, as he takes Fenrir by the jaw and tears his head apart, killing Fenrir.
He will ultimately survive Ragnarök, as he will then meet with his brother Váli in Iðavöllr, where Asgard once lay; there they are joined by their brothers, Höðr and Baldr, as well as Thor's sons, Magni and Móði.
After Ragnarok Víðarr will rule after Odin.
Anchisaurus was a small sauropod dinosaur from the early Jurassic.
It was shown in the movie When Dinosaurs Roamed America getting attacked by a pack of Megapnosaurus and eaten by a Dilophosaurus.
Sauropods
Segisaurus was a small dinosaur from the Triassic.
It was a relative of Coelophysis.
is a small ceratopsian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of what is now Asia, about 130 to 100 million years ago.
It was more basal than other members of the Ceratopsia: it was bipedal, and had no horns or frill on its head.
What made it a ceratopsian was its beak.
It is notable for being the most species-rich dinosaur genus, but there is no general agreement on these species.
Nine to eleven  species are named for fossils found in different regions of China, Mongolia and Russia, with a possible additional species from Thailand.
All species of Psittacosaurus were gazelle-sized bipedal herbivores with a high, powerful beak on the upper jaw.
At least one species had long, quill-like structures on its tail and lower back, possibly with a display function.
Psittacosaurs were early ceratopsians.
They developed  adaptations of their own, but they also shared features with later ceratopsians, such as Protoceratops and the elephant-sized Triceratops.
Zuniceratops was a ceratopsian dinosaur.
It grew up to 13 feet (or 4 meter long.
His dinosaur family came from Asia.
His scientific name is Zuniceratops christopheril, had 2 tons.
Quilmesaurus was a predatory dinosaur from the Cretaceous period.
It lived 95 million years ago.
Tetanurans
Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich Romanov (12 August 1904 – 17 July 1918) was the heir apparent of Russia during the Russian Revolution.
He would have become Tsar Alexei II.
He was the youngest of five children and the only son of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Alexandra Fyodorovna.
His sisters were Olga, Tatiana, Maria, and Anastasia.
He had the disease hemophilia.
He inherited the disease from his mother.
The disease can be traced back to his great grandmother Queen Victoria.
His father gave up the throne in 1917 and his family was exiled and then murdered in Ekaterinburg in 1918.
When Alexei was struggling with hemophilia a Russian Orthodox monk named Grigori Rasputin, commonly known as Rasputin, healed Alexei better than any doctor could.
This might have led to the family's murder, because they were so fond of Rasputin.
Once Rasputin was murdered, Alexei and his family were murdered only two years later.
In 2008 his body was one of those found near the site where the family was murdered.
DNA tests proved all 5 of the Tsar's children had been killed.
AkexeiRomanov.org includes Articles on Alexei, 3D images and more
FrozenTears.org A media library of the last Imperial Family.
The Romanov Memorial
The Murder of Russia's Imperial Family, Nicolay Sokolov.
Investigation of murder of the Romanov Imperial Family in 1918.
Account of Alexei's life, told in first person
Tsarevich Alexei
Russian Orthodox saints
House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Zalmoxes is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Romania.
It was a relative of Iguanodon and, like all its order, it was a herbivore.
Ornithopods
Oviraptor is a genus of dinosaur that is today Mongolia.
Oviraptor was a relatively large-brained dinosaur which cared for its eggs.
In 1924, an Oviraptor fossil was found on top of some eggs, and some thought that it had been eating the eggs.
Others thought that the fossilized Oviraptor was probably a parent of the eggs in the nest, and not an egg thief.
Oviraptor lived in the Upper Cretaceous period, about 75 million years ago.
Only one definite specimen is known (with associated eggs), from Mongolia, though a possible second specimen (also with eggs) comes from the northeast region of Inner Mongolia, China.
Oviraptor is usually drawn with a distinctive crest, similar to that of the cassowary.
However, re-examination of  several oviraptorids show that this well-known, tall-crested species may actually belong to a relative of Oviraptor, the genus Citipati.
It is likely that Oviraptor did have a crest, but its exact size and shape are unknown due to crushing in the skull of the only recognized specimen.
Judging by its relatives, Oviraptor probably had feathers.
It had a toothless beak, but its feeding habits are unknown.
The only Oviraptor fossil preserved the remains of a lizard in the region of its stomach cavity, implying that the species was at least partially carnivorous.
In 1976, Barsbold put six more brooding (nest sitting) specimens into the genus Oviraptor, but these were later reclassified in the new genus Conchoraptor.
Another specimen, IGN 100/42, is perhaps the most famous, owing to its well-preserved complete skull and large size.
This specimen was referred to the genus Oviraptor by Barsbold in 1981, and was presented as Oviraptor in popular magazines and scientific studies.
However, this specimen, with its distinctive tall, cassowary-like crest, was re-examined by the scientists who described the nesting oviraptorids, and found to resemble them more closely than the original specimens of Oviraptor.
For this reason, they removed IGN 100/42 from the genus Oviraptor, suggesting it was a species of Citipati.
Oysters are a family of bivalves with rough, thick shells, the Ostreidae.
Some other types of shellfish are also called 'oyster'.
Many species are edible, and are usually served raw.
They are also good when cooked.
In the past, they were an important food source, especially in France and Britain.
They used to grow in huge oyster beds, but were "overfished" in the 19th century.
Nowadays they are more expensive, so eaten less often.
Oysters are usually harvested before they are fully grown.
Left to themselves, they do grow quite large.
A recent example was an oyster which was 11 inches long (29cm) and 3.7 lbs in weight (1.7kg).
The BBC report says "The family (firm) estimated it could be between '15 and 20 years old' due to its size.
The world's largest oyster was 13.97 inches long (35.5cm) and  4.21 inches (10.7cm) in width.
It was found in Denmark in December 2013, Guinness World Records said".
Oysters are picked up from their muddy beds by dredging.
The oysters are "shucked" from their shells before sale.
Shucking is done with a short knife inserted between the upper and lower shell.
The adductor muscle, which holds it closed, is cut away, and that releases the oyster.
The oyster is sold loose but within its shell.
Shucking method:
Insert the blade, with moderate force and vibration if necessary, at the hinge between the two valves.
Twist the blade until there is a slight pop.
Slide the blade upward to cut the adductor muscle which holds the shell closed.
The seawater the oysters were in does not stay in the oyster.
Oysters (and shellfish generally) are purified while still alive before sale.
That starts after they are harvested.
The oysters are put into tanks pumped with clean water for 48 to 72 hours.
That protects the consumer from any foul bacteria that the oyster might have picked up from the sea or river water.
Some of the unrelated 'oysters' are the pearl oyster, Pinctada, which is a clam, and a few mussels which look a bit like oysters when they are taken out of their shells.
Bivalves
Mirrors made of glass backed with a tin sheet replace those made entirely of metal.
Kushan king Kanishka, who was king when his kingdom was most powerful, sends messengers to Rome to plan a surprise attack against Parthia.
Musonius Rufus, Roman philosopher.
Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB is a mobile phone manufacturer.
The company is a joint venture that was established in 2001 by Japanese consumer electronics company Sony and the Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson.
The two companies no longer make mobile phones independently.
Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications
Telephone companies
2001 establishments in Sweden
2001 establishments in Japan
The Australian dollar (AUD) is the official currency of the Commonwealth of Australia.
It has been in use since February 14, 1966.
The Australian dollar is also used on Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Norfolk Island, and the independent Pacific Islands of Kiribati, Nauru and Tuvalu.
In Australia the dollar symbol $ is usually used.
The signs A$ or AU$ are often used to show that it is the Australian dollar.
It is subdivided into 100 cents.
In 2011 the Australian dollar was the fifth-most-traded currency in world.
The most traded currencies were the US dollar, the Euro, the yen, and the pound sterling.
The Australian dollar is liked by people who trade in currencies.
This is because Australia has high interest rates and little government control on currency trading.
Australia's economy and political systems are also seen to be stable.
From 1966, coins were made in amounts of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 cents.
One-dollar coins were made from 1984.
Two-dollar coins were made from 1988.
The one- and two-cent coins were not made after 1991 and are no longer used.
Cash sales are made to the nearest five cents.
All coins have the image of the head of state, Queen Elizabeth II on the back.
They are made by the Royal Australian Mint in Canberra.
Australia has often made special 50-cent coins.
The first was in 1970, to honor Captain Cook's finding the east coast of  Australia.
In 1977 a coin was made for Queen Elizabeth II's Silver Jubilee.
In 1981 a coin was made for the wedding of Charles and Diana.
The Brisbane Commonwealth Games had a special coin in 1982.
Another one was made for the Australian Bicentenary in 1988.
There have been many more special coins made since the 1990s.
They are popular with people who collect coins.
Australia has also made special 20-cent and one-dollar coins.
Australia has made special  five-dollar coins, of aluminium/bronze and bi-metal, and many silver and gold bullion coins in bigger values.
These are not normally used, although they are legal tender.
Current Australian 5-, 10- and 20-cent coins are the same size as the old Australian, New Zealand and British sixpenny, shilling and two shilling (florin) coins.
In 1990.
the UK replaced these coins with smaller versions, as did New Zealand in 2006 - at the same time discontinuing the five-cent coin.
The Australian 50-cent coin is a large coin.
It weighs 15.55 grams and is 31.51 mm across.
First series
The first paper banknotes in Australian dollars were printed in 1966.
The one, two, ten and 20-dollars notes matched the old pound banknotes.
The five-dollar note was printed in 1967, after the public were used to decimal currency.
The one-dollar note was replaced by a coin in 1984.
The two-dollar note was replaced by a coin in 1988.
The 50-dollar note was first printed in 1973.
In 1984 Australia printed the 100-dollar note.
Notes are different sizes depending on their value.
This is to help people are visually impaired (unable to see properly).
They are the same height but different lengths.
The $5 is the smallest, $100 the largest.
Notes are also colour coded: $5 pink (there are two designs); $10 blue; $20 red; $50 yellow; and $100 green.
Polymer series
In 1988, the Reserve Bank of Australia gave out plastic, (polypropylene) polymer banknotes (produced by Note Printing Australia), to celebrate 200 years of European settlement in Australia.
All Australian notes are now made of polymer.
To make it hard to copy these notes, they have see through windows with a picture image of Captain James Cook.
Every note also has a seven-pointed star which has only half the printing on each side.
Australian banknotes were the first in the world to use such features.
The banknotes of Australia
Currency of Australia
A washing machine is a machine that washes dirty clothes.
It contains a barrel into which the clothes are placed.
This barrel is filled with water, and then rotated very quickly to make the water remove dirt from the clothes.
Most washing machines are made so that detergent (liquids or powders) can be put into the machine.
These can help make the clothes cleaner.
Washing machines have ways to control how the machine operates.
Some of the possible controls are:
temperature of the water
time of the wash cycle (before the soapy, dirty water is rinsed out)
number of wash cycles before completing
Types of washing machines
Semi-Automatic Washing Machines
Semi-automatic washing machines have separate sections for Dryer and Washer.
These washing machines are often termed as semi-manual as here you have to manually put clothes into washer tub, put water & detergent according to your laundry size, and once washing is finished, you again have to manually put washed clothes for drying in dryer section.
These are mostly cheaper machines.
Fully-Automatic Washing Machines
Fully-automatic washing machines are easier to use.
They have only one section for washing and for spin-drying.
Once you put clothes in a fully-automatic washing machine, it automatically takes required quantity of water, detergent and just with one click provided your washed & dry clothes.
Front loading
A front loading washing machine has a door in the front.
The clothes to be washed have to be put in and the door closed before the barrel can fill with water.
This type of machine can have a clothes drying machine stacked on top to save space on the floor.
Because of the water used, the washing machine is heavier than the dryer so the washer is at the bottom.
Top loading
With a top loading washing machine, the opening is at the top.
The barrel can be filled with water and soap before the clothes are put in for washing.
This type of machine can not have anything placed on top of it because of the opening there.
Stacked washer and dryer
Sometimes a washing machine and a clothes dryer are put together.
The washing machine is usually on the bottom of the stack because the water in it makes the machine heavier than the dryer.
In this arrangement the washing machine may be front-loading or top-loading.
For the top-loading washing machine, room must be left to open the door at the top to add the clothing to be washed.
A front-loading washing machine can have the dryer sitting on top of it.
The word benign is often used to refer to a medical condition that will not become life-threatening if it is not treated, but can also mean that something is not harmful.
It is often used in relation to tumours that do not metastasise to other parts of the body.
Tumours that are referred to as being benign may still be life-threatening because of other reasons.
Because of this, the term applies mainly to their biological behaviour.
Tumors that are benign may be at risk of changing into malignancy.
These are termed "premalignant".
The Frankfurt U-Bahn is an underground railway network in the city of Frankfurt, Germany.
It is run by the Verkehrsgesellschaft Frankfurt, short VGF.
It has 9 lines and a network of 65 kilometers (40 miles) and has exactly 86 stations, apart 27 underground and 59 above ground.
Two lines, the U2 and the U3 crosses the city border in Oberursel and Bad Homburg.
Geraldton is a city and port in Western Australia 424 km north of Perth.
29,996 people live there, which makes it the fifth-largest city in Western Australia.
Frankfurt Airport ( ) is the biggest airport in Germany, the third largest in Europe in terms of passengers, and second-largest in Europe in terms of cargo.
It is in Frankfurt.
Until 2005, the Rhein-Main Air Base was in the south of the civil airport.
Frankfurt airport recorded its all-time hottest temperature in July 2015 at 101.8 °F (38.8 °C).
Buildings and structures in Frankfurt
Marki is a town near Warsaw, in Poland.
About 23,300 people live there.
William Harvey was an English medical doctor.
He was born in Folkestone, Kent, England on 1 April 1573.
He was the first to explain how blood was moved through the body by the heart.
He died on 3 June 1657 in Roehampton.
A hospital in Ashford, Kent is named after Harvey.
He went to The King's School, Canterbury, then Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.
He then went to University of Padua where he graduated in 1602.
When Harvey returned to England he married Elizabeth Browne, the daughter of Elizabeth I's royal physician.
He became a doctor at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London from 1609 until 1643.
William Harvey is famous for his idea on blood being pumped around the body by the heart.
He was the first to describe correctly and in detail the circulation and its properties.
A few men knew about the lesser circulation of the blood through the lungs, but their work was lost.
One 16th century work on theology, entitled Cristianismi restitutio, was written by Miguel Serveto.
After he had been burnt at the stake for heresy (by Calvin), his book was destroyed.
Three copies survived.
A century and a half later, long after Harvey, someone noticed he had said something about the blood circulating.
Harvey announced his discoveries about the circulatory system in 1616 during a series of lectures (his lecture notes still exist).
He wrote a book (Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et sanguinis in Animalibus) about it in 1628.
He said that blood was pumped around the body in a closed system.
Blood was pumped by the heart through the body before coming back to the heart to repeat the process.
This went against what was believed at the time to be true.
The Roman doctor, Galen believed that there were two systems in the body dealing with blood.
It was thought at the time that the dark red blood in veins came from the liver and the bright red blood in arteries came from the heart.
It was believed that the liver and heart made the blood and it was used up by the body parts it was pumped to.
Harvey's ideas came from dissecting human bodies.
Harvey found that the liver would have to make 540 pounds of blood every hour for Galen to be right.
This showed him that the blood was not being used up.
It was being reused by the body.
He said blood flowed through the heart in two loops.
One loop went to the lungs and got oxygen.
The other loop went to the organs and body tissue giving them the oxygen.
He said the heart was just a pump that pumped blood around the body.
"Ex ovo omne vivum"
Harvey made another great discovery.
He said (in Latin) "Every living thing comes from an egg".
At that time it was not known that mammals came from eggs.
It was not known until Karl Ernst von Baer discovered the eggs of mammals in 1827.
The fusion of sperm with egg was first seen by Oskar Hertwig in 1876.
William Harvey info
William Harvey info from the (US) National Health Museum
1573 births
1657 deaths
British anatomists
People from Folkestone
Zoey 101 is an American television series.
It was on Nickelodeon from 9 January 2005 until 2 May 2008.
It is about on the lives of teenagers at a boarding school, Pacific Coast Academy (PCA).
The main character is Zoey Brooks, played by Jamie Lynn Spears.
It was nominated for an "Outstanding Children's Program" Emmy Award in 2005.
Zoey 101 was the most expensive production ever for Nickelodeon series.
It was shot completely on location in Malibu.
It was also Nickelodeon's best performance for a series premiere in almost eight years.
However, many critics have made negative comments about the show.
Jamie Lynn Spears has been playing Zoey for 3 years from 2005 till 2008.
Zoey Brooks goes to a once all-boys boarding school in California, where she must fit in, even though she is a girl.
The series focuses on normal problems that a teenage girl may have to deal with.
Zoey has two best friends called Lola and Quinn.
Zoey Brooks is a 14-year-old freshman student, and the main character of the show.
She is the best friend of Nicole and very good at the school.
Since the first day is Chase in love with Zoey.
She is also in love with Chase, but this is seen in the sequence "Lola likes Chase".
Dustin Brooks is Zoey's younger 11-year-old brother.
He doesn't like it, if Zoey mothered him.
He is still childish.
He is afraid of frogs and squirrels.
Chase Matthews is Zoey's best friend.
Michael Barett is another good friend of Chase and Logan.
Logan Reese is an inconsiderate, self-centered popular boy.
All the girls have a crush on him, except Zoey and her friends.
Dana Cruz is Zoey's former best and headstrong and straightforward friend from season one.
She does not like to be told what to do and can easily get into an argument.
Nicole Bristow is a hyper girl from Kansas from seasons 1-2 and is Zoey's primary best friend.
She has OMGD (Obsessive Male Gender Disorder) and has to go to an all girls school later on in season 3.
Quinn Pensky is a smart, yet strange girl who is very interested in science who bunks with Zoey.
Lola Martinez joins in season 2, replacing Dana.
She is fashionable and attractive, and wants to be an actress.
Lola is a bad female.
Lola is best friends with Zoey.
Several video games based on the television series were developed by THQ.
They were published by Barking Lizards.
The original was released on 2 March 2007 for Gameboy Advance.
Players play mini-games in trios for three semesters (levels), with a final game at the end.
Players must successfully complete each mini-game, then a dare, and then a challenge.
Dares and challenges are randomly chosen from three games.
Mini-games can only be unlocked in story mode.
The game received negative reviews from sites such as Nintendo World Report and Common Sense.
Game Rankings had a percent of 40% based on 2 reviews.
Zoey 101: Field Trip Fiasco was released for Nintendo DS.
It was released in the U.S. on September 11, 2007.
The plot involves Zoey wanting to do a documentary movie about the local national park.
The player controls Zoey.
The player has to go around the Pacific Coast Academy delivering things to people, or collect objects scattered around the school before time runs out.
A map can be pulled out to help.
After finishing fetch quests, the player plays a Minigame.
Minigames require Scribbling on the touch screen to hose off cars or picking up Frisbees.
Minigames last about 2 minutes.
This game also received bad reviews.
Metacritic had a score of 31/100 and Game Rankings had a score of 41.25% both based on 4 critics.
2005 television series debuts
THQ games
Velocisaurus was a theropod dinosaur related to Ceratosaurus.
Its remains were found in Patagonia, in strata from the Cretaceous period.
This animal is known only from its leg and feet bones.
Velocisaurus was probably around 1.2 meters long (4 ft).
The foot is unique in that the middle (third) metatarsal (foot bone) was the main weight-bearing element.
Its upper end has thickened and the shafts of the adjoining second and fourth metatarsals have thinned considerably.
Such a condition is unknown for other theropods, including birds, but a similar set-up occurred in three-toed horses (like Mesohippus).
José Bonaparte explained it as an adaptation for a cursorial (running) lifestyle.
He suggested that Velocisaurus was itself an omnivore, because the sole claw found, of the fourth toe, was not curved, but relatively straight.
Valdosaurus ("Weald Lizard") is a type of dinosaur.
It walked on two legs and ate plants.
It was found on the Isle of Wight and other places in England.
It lived during the Lower Cretaceous.
It is part of the Dryosauridae family.
It is related to the Iguanodonts.
The Great Famine, Great Hunger, or Potato Famine is the name given to the famine in Ireland in the years 1845-1852.
Outside Ireland, it is usually called the Irish Potato Famine.
The famine was caused by "the potato blight", a  fungus-like organism which quickly destroyed the potatoes in Ireland, and throughout Europe.
The effect was particularly bad in Ireland because potatoes were the staple food for most Irish people at the time.
It is believed that between 1 million to 1.5 million people died in the three years from 1846 to 1849 because of hunger or disease.
Another million became refugees because of the famine.
Many people who left Ireland moved to Great Britain, (mostly to the nearby town of Liverpool), the United States, Canada and Australia.
In Ireland this time is referred to as "the starvation".
The potato was the only crop affected, yet Ireland continued to produce corn, wheat, barley, and beef.
However, the mostly English landlords made a bigger profit by selling these food products elsewhere.
By the late 17th century, potatoes had become common as a supplementary rather than a major food.
The diet was mainly around butter, milk, and grain products.
Potato became a base food of the poor, especially in winter.
The lack of genetic variability among the potato plants in Ireland caused the emergence of Phytophthora infestans which had devastating effects in Ireland.
Another factor is that holdings were so small that no crop other than potatoes would be able to feed a family.
Starting in 1801, Ireland had been directly governed, under the Act of Union as part of the United Kingdom.
In the 40 years after the union, British governments grappled with the problems of governing the country.
One historian calculated that, between 1801 and 1845, there had been 114 commissions and 61 special committees enquiring into the state of Ireland. "
Without exception their findings prophesied disaster.
Ireland was on the verge of starvation, her population rapidly increasing, three-quarters of her labourers unemployed, housing conditions appalling and the standard of living unbelievably low".
It was caused by monoculture because they only planted one main crop and let its disease infest all other potatoes in the Irish territory.
Irish Potato Famine at The History Place
1840s in Europe
1850s in the United Kingdom
Disasters in the United Kingdom
Wannanosaurus is the smallest known ornithischian dinosaur.
Its length is estimated at just less than a metre.
It lived in the Upper Cretaceous, about 80 million years ago, and was found in Anhui, China.
It is known from a single partial skeleton, including a partial skull roof and lower jaw, an upper leg and lower leg, part of a rib, and other fragments.
It was herbivorous, but may also have eaten insects.
Wannosaurus means Wanno lizard.
It is one of several pachycephalosaurs with flat-topped skulls.
Their kids are called chihuahua puppies.†
They can reach a height of 6-9 inches (12.7–20.3 cm) and a weight of 2–6 pounds (0.9–2.7 kg).
Chihuahuas can have a long or short coat, and come in many different colors.
These are black, white, beige, brown, and dark brown.
They only need grooming once a week if short coat or it may be twice if you have a long coat.
Chihuahuas can have up to six puppies because of their small bodies.
The Chihuahua's start goes back to Mexico as the descendants of the Techichi, a long haired and silent dog.
The Techichi was liked by the Toltec people, one of the indigenous (original) people of Mexico.
Chihuahuas are believed to have been made by breeding the Techichi and Chinese Crested Dogs (a type of small hairless dog) to form today's Chihuahuas.
Another possible start for Chihuahuas was the breeding of Techichis with Spanish terriers, which were well liked at the time and were known for their small body and black and tan colors.
Mating with another type of dog increased the loudness of the Techichi's bark while making it smaller.
Chihuahuas were named after the Chihuahua state in Mexico.
The word Chihuahua comes from the Na'huatl word "xicuagua", which means "sandy, dry place".
A recent cladistic analysis suggests that Minmi is the most basal known ankylosaur.
That does not mean it was the ancestor of the group; it is far too late for that.
It means its body is not specialized, and is relatively unchanged from whatever was the ancestral group.
Two good specimens of Minmi have been described, including a mostly complete skeleton, and additional fragments may belong to this genus.
The dinosaur grew to about 2 m (6.5 ft) long (Holtz), or 3 m long and weighed about 300 kilograms (Paul).
It was roughly 1 m (3 ft) tall to the top of the shoulder.
Minmi is classified in the Ankylosauria, but is too 'primitive' (basal) to be included in either the Ankylosauridae or Nodosauridae.
As with other ankylosaurians, Minmi was herbivorous  Unlike most herbivorous dinosaurs, there is direct evidence of the diet of Minmi: gut contents are known from the well-preserved nearly complete specimen.
The gut contents consist of fragments of fibrous or vascular plant tissue, fruiting bodies, spherical seeds, and tissue (possibly from fern sporangia).
The most common remains are the fibrous or vascular fragments, which have clean cut ends.
Because of the small size of the fragments, they are probably nibbled from plants or chopped in the mouth.
These small fragments may have come from twigs or stems, but their size is more suggestive of vascular bundles in leaves.
The clean cuts, and lack of gastroliths, suggest that the animal relied on chewing to grind food.
The seeds (0.3 mm [0.01 in] across) and fruiting bodies (4.5 mm [0.18 in] across) were apparently swallowed whole.
When compared to gut contents and scat from modern herbivorous lizard, emu and goose, this shows Minmi had a more sophisticated process for cutting up plant material.
It had bony protrusions on its head, back, abdomen, legs and along the tail.
Several types of armour are known in place in Minmi, including small ossicles, small keeled scutes on the body, large scutes without keels on the snout, large keeled scutes on the neck, shoulders, and possibly tail, spike-like scutes on the hips, and a combination of ridged and keeled scutes and triangular plates on the tail.
There was one preserved ring of scutes around the neck.
The arrangement of armour is unclear on the tail, although the triangular plates may have run on the sides of the tail, with long scutes forming a row along the top of the tail.
However, unlike other ankylosaurians, Minmi had horizontal plates of bones that ran along the sides of its vertebrae (hence its species name, M. paravertebra).
Rugops was a dinosaur related to Carnotaurus.
It lived in what is now Africa, about 95 million years ago.
It was a medium-sized carnivorous dinosaur, up to 27 feet long.
Rugops lived at the same time Spinosaurus, Carcharodontosaurus, and Deltadromeus, in the Upper Cretaceous.
Rugops was a carnivore, with weak jaws and small teeth.
It may have been a scavenger, feeding on dead animals.
It also may have preyed on sauropods, such as Paralititan and Aegyptosaurus, and ornithopods, such as Ouranosaurus.
The name "Rugops" means "wrinkled face".
The bony wrinkles on its snout may have helped to support a structure, such as horny crest or a wattle, like on a rooster or a turkey.
Abrictosaurus was a heterodontosaurid dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of what is now southern Africa.
It was a small bipedal herbivore or omnivore, about 1.2 meters (4 feet) long, and weighing less than 45 kilograms (100 pounds).
Abrictosaurus is usually thought to be the most basal member of the family Heterodontosauridae.
Lycorhinus and Heterodontosaurus both had high-crowned cheek teeth, which went over each other in the jaw, making a continuous chewing surface analogous to those of Cretaceous hadrosaurids.
Abrictosaurus had more widely-split cheek teeth, with lower crowns, more similar to other early ornithischians.
The family as a whole has canine-like tusks.
Tusks were clearly present on one of the two specimens of Abrictosaurus.
The upper caniniform measured 10.5 millimeters (0.4 inches) high, while the lower reached 17 mm (0.67 in).
Abrictosaurus had smaller, less powerful forelimbs than Heterodontosaurus and one fewer phalanx bone (finger joint) in both the fourth and fifth digits of the forelimb.
Heterodontosaurs
It lived in the Lower Jurassic of South Africa, 200–190 million years ago.
It was related to Abrictosaurus.
It had three different kinds of teeth.
Camarasaurus (meaning "chambered lizard") was a large plant-eating sauropod.
It was about 18 meters long and weighed about 18 metric tones.
Its name comes from its skull, which is in the shape of an arch.
It lived during the late Jurassic, between 155 and 145 million years ago.
These dinosaurs may have lived in herds.
It was first discovered in 1877 in Colorado by Oramel W. Lucas.
Its fossil remains have been found in the Morrison Formation of Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming.
C. grandis ("grand chambered lizard")
C. lentus
C. lewisi
C. supremus ("biggest chambered lizard")
It was shown in the movie When Dinosaurs Roamed America.
Camarasaurus is among the most common and frequently well-preserved sauropod dinosaurs.
The maximum size of the most common species, C. lentus, was about 15 meters (50 ft) in length.
The largest species, C. supremus, reached a maximum length of 23 meters (75 ft) and maximum estimated weight of 47 tonnes (51.8 tons).
The arched skull of Camarasaurus was remarkably square and the blunt snout had many fenestrae (openings).
It was sturdy and is often found in good condition by paleontologists.
The 19 centimeter long (7.5 in) teeth were shaped like chisels (spatulate) and arranged evenly along the jaw.
The strength of the teeth indicates that Camarasaurus probably ate coarser plant material than the slender-toothed diplodocids.
There is a fossil record of two adults and a 12.2 meter (40 ft) long juvenile that died together in the late Jurassic leriod, about 150 million years ago (northeast Wyoming).
It is assumed that their bodies were washed to their final resting place, in river mud.
This suggests that Camarasaurus traveled in herds or, at least, 'family' groups.
Also, recovered camarasaur eggs have been found in lines, rather than in neatly arranged nests as with some other dinosaurs, which appears to suggest that, like most sauropods, Camarasaurus did not tend its young.