the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Brive-la-Gaillarde-1 (1903)
Brive-la-Gaillarde-2 (1904)
Brive-la-Gaillarde-3 (1905)
Brive-la-Gaillarde-4 (1906)
Égletons (1907)
Haute-Dordogne (1908)
Malemort-sur-Corrèze (1909)
Midi Corrézien (1910)
Naves (1911)
Plateau de Millevaches (1912)
Saint-Pantaléon-de-Larche (1913)
Sainte-Fortunade (1914)
Seilhac-Monédières (1915)
Tulle (1916)
Ussel (1917)
Uzerche (1918)
L'Yssandonnais (1919)
The inhabitants of Corrèze are known, in French, as Corréziens (women: Corréziennes).
Corrèze has a population, in 2014, of 241,340, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Brive-la-Gaillarde, with 130,034 inhabitants, is by far the largest.
The other two, Tulle and Ussel, have respectively 78,408 and 32,898 inhabitants.
Official Corrèze tourism website
Run time is sometimes used to mean  runtime library, a library of basic code that is used by a particular compiler but when used in this fashion, runtime library is more accurate.
For example, a program written in Java calls for services from the Java Runtime Environment by issuing commands from which the expected result is returned by the Java Runtime.
By providing these services, the Java Runtime Environment is considered the runtime environment of the program.
Both the program and the Java Runtime Environment request services from the operating system.
The operating system kernel provides services for itself and all processes and software running under its control.
The Operating System may be considered as providing a runtime environment for itself.
Compile time and compiling
Run-time system
Jon Byous, Java technology: The early years.
Sun Developer Network, no date [ca.
Retrieved April 22, 2005.
James Gosling, A brief history of the Green project .
Java.net, no date [ca.
Q1/1998].
Retrieved April 29, 2007.
James Gosling, Bill Joy, Guy Steele, and Gilad Bracha, The Java language specification, third edition.
Addison-Wesley, 2005.
(see also online edition of the specification)
Tim Lindholm and Frank Yellin.
The Java Virtual Machine specification, second edition.
Addison-Wesley, 1999.
(see also online edition of the specification).
A Java virtual machine (JVM) is a set of computer software programs and data structures which use a virtual machine model for the execution of other computer programs and scripts.
The model used by a JVM accepts a form of computer intermediate language commonly referred to as Java bytecode.
The JVM is an important component of the Java Platform.
Because JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms, Java can be both middleware and a platform in its own right – hence the expression "write once, run anywhere."
The use of the same bytecode for all platforms allows Java to be described as "compile once, run anywhere", as opposed to "write once, compile anywhere", which describes cross-platform compiled languages.
Clarifications and Amendments to the Java Virtual Machine Specification, Second Edition includes list of changes to be made to support J2SE 5.0 and JSR 45
JSR 45 – Specifies changes to the class file format to support source-level debugging of languages such as JSP and SQLJ that are translated to Java
A decade after Java arrived, there have been improvements in the runtime performance of platform-independent virtual-machine based software.
Sun to build virtual machine for iPhone - ComputerWorld
In addition to protecting the established key from an attacker, the STS protocol uses no timestamps and provides perfect forward secrecy.
It also requires two-way explicit key confirmation, making it an Authenticated key agreement with Key Confirmation (Acronym: AKC) protocol.
Internet Key Exchange (IKE or IKEv2) is the protocol used to set up a security association (SA) in the IPsec protocol suite.
IKE uses a Diffie-Hellman key exchange to set up a shared session secret, from which cryptographic keys are derived.
Public key techniques or, alternatively, a pre-shared key, are used to mutually authenticate the communicating parties.
RFC 2407 defined The Internet IP Security Domain of Interpretation for ISAKMP.
RFC 2408 Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP)
RFC 2409 defined The Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
IKE was updated to version two (IKEv2) in December 2005 by RFC 4306.
IKEv2 has been further expanded by RFC 4301 (Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol) through RFC 4310 (DNS Security Extensions Mapping for the EPP).
More RFCs are being added all the time as the need arises to further develop the features of the protocol.
RFC 2407 The Internet IP Security Domain of Interpretation for ISAKMP, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
RFC 2408 Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP), Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
RFC 2409 The Internet Key Exchange (IKE), Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
RFC 4306: Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) (obsoletes RFC 2407, 2408, 2409)
Overview of IKE (from Cisco)
OpenIKEv2,
IKEv2,
Racoon2  from the KAME project.
In cryptography, a shared secret is a piece of data only known to the parties involved in a secure communication.
The shared secret can be a password, a passphrase, a big number or an array of randomly chosen bytes.
The shared secret is either shared before parties start to communicate; in this case it can also be called a pre-shared key.
Or it is created at the start of the communication session by using a key-agreement protocol, for-instance using public-key cryptography such as Diffie-Hellman or using symmetric-key cryptography such as Kerberos.
To make unique session and message keys the shared secret is usually combined with an initialization vector (IV).
An example of this is the derived unique key per transaction method.
Handbook of Applied Cryptography by Menezes, van Oorschot and Vanstone (2001), chapter 10 and 12.
Pagoda Tree or Chinese Scholar Tree (Styphnolobium) is a genus of flowering plants in the Fabaceae family.
After the segregation of Sophora, this genus comprises 9 species.
http://www.about-garden.com/a/en/3806-sophora-japonica-pendula-japanese-pagoda-tree/
Horsforth is a town and civil parish within the City of Leeds, in West Yorkshire, England, lying about five miles north-west of Leeds city centre.
Historically within the West Riding of Yorkshire, it has a population of 18,895 according to the 2011 Census.[1] Horsforth was considered to have the largest population of any village in the United Kingdom during the latter part of the 19th century.
It became part of the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in 1974.
In 1999 the community created a civil parish to cover the area, which voted to rename itself a town council.
The area sits within the Horsforth ward of Leeds City Council, which also includes the southern part of Rawdon.
In cryptography, a pre-shared key or PSK is a shared secret which was previously shared between the two parties using some secure channel before it is used.
Such systems almost always use symmetric key cryptographic algorithms.
The characteristics of this secret or key are determined by the system which uses it; some system require that such keys be in a specific format.
It can be a password like 'bret13i', a passphrase like 'Idaho hung gear id gene', or a hexadecimal string like '65E4 E556 8622 EEE1'.
The secret is used by all systems involved in the cryptographic processes used to secure the traffic between the systems.
The term is used in Wi-Fi encryption such as WEP or WPA, where both the wireless access points (AP) and all clients share the same key.
Since one weakpoint of the crypto system is the encryption algorithm's key, the key strength is important, and since the strength of a key is in part dependent on the key length, it is important to choose a key whose length is cryptographically secure (see password strength).
There are several tools available to help one choose a strong key.
The Diceware method is one example.
Corse-du-Sud is a department in the south of France.
Its prefecture is Ajaccio.
As of 2006, about 125,000 people live there.
Departments in Corsica
Haute-Corse is a department in the south of France.
Its prefecture is Bastia.
Haute-Corse has a population of about 148,000 (2006 estimation).
Côte-d'Or (literally, "Slope of Gold", "Golden Slope") is a department in the eastern France.
It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution and one of the eight departments of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region.
Its prefecture (capital) is the city of Dijon.
The inhabitants of the department are called Costaloriens (women:Costaloriennes) or Côte-d'Oriens (women:Côte d'Oriennes).
Côte-d'Or is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790.
It was formed from part of the old province of Burgundy.
It was divided in seven districts: Arnay-le-Duc, Beaune, Châtillon-sur-Seine, Dijon, Is-sur-Tille, Saint-Jean-de-Losne and Semur-en-Auxois.
In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the seven districts were changed into four arrondissements: Dijon, Beaune, Châtillon-sur-Seine and Semur-en-Auxois.
In 1926, the arrondissement of Montbard was made with the arrondissements of Châtillon-sur-Seine and Semur-en-Auxois.
Côte-d'Or is the only French department who was not named after a geographical feature: a river, a mountain, and so on.
The name was chosen by Charles-André-Rémy Arnoult, member of the National Constituent Assembly of 1789, who suggested the name, inspired by the golden hue that took the vineyards of the region in the autumn.
The French word côte means, in this case, a slope that geologists usually name with the Spanish word cuesta.
Côte-d'Or is part of the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.
The department borders with 7 departments that are part of 2 regions:
Aube (north)
Haute-Marne (northeast)
Haute-Saône (east)
Jura (southeast)
Saône-et-Loire (south)
Nièvre (southwest)
The department has an area of .
The highest point of the department is Mont de Gien (),  high; it is in the commune Ménessaire.
The lowest point of the department,  high, is where the river Saône leaves the department, in the commune Chivres.
A chain of hills called the Plateau de Langres runs from north-east to south-west through the department to the north of Dijon and continues south-westwards as the Côte d'Or escarpment, which takes its name from that of the department (without the hyphen).
It is the south-east facing slope of this escarpment which is the site of the celebrated Burgundy vineyards.
To the south-east of the plateau and escarpment, the department lies in the broad valley of the middle section of the river Saône.
The Seine, with its source in the southern end of the Plateau de Langres, in the commune Source-Seine.
The Aube, right tributary of the Seine.
The Armançon and the Serein, tributaries of the Yonne which is a left tributary of the Seine.
The Saône, an important tributary of the Rhône.
It flows through several communes of the Côte-d'Or department and some of the tributaries are Vingeanne, Tille, Bèze and Ouche.
The Arroux is a right tributary of the Loire.
The department is managed by the Departmental Council of Côte-d'Or in Dijon.
There are 3 arrondissements (districts), 23 cantons and 704 communes (municipalities) in Côte-d'Or.
Arnay-le-Duc (2101)
Auxonne (2102)
Beaune (2103)
Brazey-en-Plaine (2104)
Châtillon-sur-Seine (2105)
Chenôve (2106)
Chevigny-Saint-Sauveur (2107)
Dijon-1 (2108)
Dijon-2 (2109)
Dijon-3 (2110)
Dijon-4 (2111)
Dijon-5 (2112)
Dijon-6 (2113)
Fontaine-lès-Dijon (2114)
Genlis (2115)
Is-sur-Tille (2116)
Ladoix-Serrigny (2117)
Longvic (2118)
Montbard (2119)
Nuits-Saint-Georges (2120)
Saint-Apollinaire (2121)
Semur-en-Auxois (2122)
Talant (2123)
Côte d'Or has a population, in 2014, of 531,380, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Dijon, with 373,574 inhabitants, is by far the one with more inhabitants.
The other two, Beaune and Montbard, have respectively 97,107 and 60,699 inhabitants.
Pays Beaunois
Côtes-d'Armor is a department found in the west of France.
Its prefecture is Saint-Brieuc and its population is about 561,000 ().
It is one of the 83 first French departments made during the French revolution.
Departments in Brittany
Creuse () is a department in central France in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine.
It is named after the Creuse river that flows through the department.
Creuse is one of the 83 French departments made during the French revolution, on 4 March 1790.
It was created mainly with lands of the old province of County of La Marche.
The new department had seven districts: La Souterraine, Guéret, Boussac, Évaux, Felletin, Bourganeuf and Aubusson.
The capital (now prefecture) was Guéret alternating with Aubusson, but soon only Guéret remained as capital.
In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the seven districts were changed into four arrondissements: Guéret, Aubusson, Bourganeuf and Boussac.
On 10 September 1926, the arrondissements of Bourganeuf et Boussac were eliminated.
Creuse is part of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.
Corrèze department
Cher department
Indre department
Allier department
The department is in the northwestern part of the Massif Central; the Millevaches plateau is in the southeastern part of the department.
The highest point is in Forêt de Châteauvert (), "commune" of Saint-Oradoux-de-Chirouze, southeastern of the department and in northeastern Massif Central; it is   high; the lowest point is in the valley of the Creuse river,  high.
The department is managed by the Departamental Council of the Creuse in Guéret.
Creuse is part of the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine.
There are 2 arrondissements (districts), 15 cantons and 258 communes (municipalities) in Haute-Vienne.
Ahun (2301)
Aubusson (2302)
Auzances (2303)
Bonnat (2304)
Bourganeuf (2305)
Boussac (2306)
Dun-le-Palestel (2307)
Évaux-les-Bains (2308)
Felletin (2309)
Gouzon (2310)
Le Grand-Bourg (2311)
Guéret-1 (2312)
Guéret-2 (2313)
Saint-Vaury (2314)
La Souterraine (2315)
The inhabitants of Creuse are known, in French, as Creusois (women: Creusoises).
Creuse has a population, in 2014, of 120,581, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Guéret, with 83,458 inhabitants, is by far the largest.
The other arrondissement, Aubusson, has 37,123 inhabitants.
Tourism office of Creuse
Dordogne () is a department in the southwest of France.
It is named after the Dordogne river that runs through the department.
The department is in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine.
It is between the valley of the Loire river and the Pyrenees.
Its prefecture (capital) is Périgueux.
Dordogne was formed during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with parts of the old province of Périgord.
It was divided into nine districts: Belvès, Bergerac, Excideuil, Montignac, Montpon, Nontron, Périgueux, Ribérac and Sarlat.
Dordogne is part of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.
It is the third largest department of Metropolitan France, after Gironde and Landes.
The main river in the department is the Dordogne that gives its name to the department.
It runs from east to west through the department.
Other rivers are the Isle and the Vézère, both tributaries of the Dordogne.
The highest point in the department is the southwestern summit of the Forêt de Vieillecour (), in northwestern Massif Central near the border with the Haute-Vienne department, with an altitude of .
The lowest point is in the valley of the Dordogne river and is  high.
Dordogne is part of the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine.
It is managed by the Departamental Council of Dordogne in Périgueux.
There are 4 arrondissements (districts), 25 cantons and 520 communes (municipalities) in Dordogne.
Bergerac-1 (2401)
Bergerac-2 (2402)
Brantôme (2403)
Coulounieix-Chamiers (2404)
Le Haut-Périgord Noir (2405)
Isle-Loue-Auvézère (2406)
Isle-Manoire (2407)
Lalinde (2408)
Montpon-Ménestérol (2409)
Pays de la Force (2410)
Pays de Montaigne et Gurson (2411)
Périgord Central (2412)
Périgord Vert Nontronnais (2413)
Périgueux-1 (2414)
Périgueux-2 (2415)
Ribérac (2416)
Saint-Astier (2417)
Sarlat-la-Canéda (2418)
Sud-Bergeracois (2419)
Terrasson-Lavilledieu (2420)
Thiviers (2421)
Trélissac (2422)
Vallée Dordogne (2423)
Vallée de l'Isle (2424)
Vallée de l'Homme (2425)
The inhabitants of Dordogne are known, in French, as Dordognais (women: Dordognaises).
They are also known as Périgordins or Périgoudins.
in 2014, the department of Dordogne had a population of 416,350, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Périgueux, with 189,301 inhabitants, is by far the largest.
The other three, Bergerac, Nontron and Sarlat-la-Canéda, have respectively 111,875, 40,508 and 74,666 inhabitants.
Comité Départamental du Tourisme de la Dordogne
Doubs is a department in eastern France.
It is in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region.
It is named after the Doubs river.
Doubs is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790 with Besançon as its capital.
It was formed from part of the old province of Franche-Comté.
It was divided in six districts: Besançon, Baume-les-Dames, Saint-Hippolyte, Pontarlier, Quingey and Ornans.
In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the six districts were changed into four arrondissements: Besançon, Baume-les-Dames, Pontarlier and Saint-Hippolyte.
In 1816, the subprefecture of Saint-Hippolyte is moved to Montbéliard.
On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of Baume-les-Dames was eliminated.
Doubs is part of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region.
The Doubs department is partially on the Jura Mountains, mainly the eastern part of the department on the border with Switzerland.
The highest point in the department is Mont d'Or (),  high; it is on the border between the communes Jougne and Longevilles-Mont-d'Or at about  to the south of the city of Pontarlier.
The lowest point is where the Ognon leaves the department,  high.
The average temperature for the year in Besançon is .
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Besançon is .
Doubs is managed by the Departmental Council of Doubs in Besançon.
There are 3 arrondissements (districts), 19 cantons and 578 communes (municipalities) in Saône-et-Loire.
Audincourt (2501)
Baume-les-Dames (2502)
Bavans (2503)
Besançon-1 (2504)
Besançon-2 (2505)
Besançon-3 (2506)
Besançon-4 (2507)
Besançon-5 (2508)
Besançon-6 (2509)
Bethoncourt (2510)
Frasne (2511)
Maîche (2512)
Montbéliard (2513)
Morteau (2514)
Ornans (2515)
Pontarlier (2516)
Saint-Vit (2517)
Valdahon (2518)
Valentigney (2519)
The inhabitants of Doubs are known, in French, as Doubistes, or Doubiens (women: Doubiennes).
Doubs had a population, in 2014, of 534,710, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Besançon, with 248,199 inhabitants, is the arrondissement with more inhabitants.
The Citadel of Besançon.
The Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans.
The castle of Montbéliard.
The Fort de Joux.
The village of Lods.
Doubs Tourisme
Drôme () is a French department in southeastern France in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region and named after the Drôme river.
Its prefecture is the city of Valence.
Drôme is one of the 83 French departments made during the French revolution, on 4 March 1790; it was made with part of the old French province of Dauphiné.
It was divided in 6 districts: Romans, Valence, Die, Buis, Montélimar,and Crest.
The capital was Chabeuil but in the same year the capital was moved to Valence.
With the creation of the arrondissements, the 6 districts became four arrondissements: Valence, Die, Montélimar and Nyons.
In 1926, the arrondissement of Montélimar was eliminated.
Hautes-Alpes (east)
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence (southeast)
Vaucluse (south)
Ardèche (west)
Isère ( north and east)
A region with hills.
The plain of Valence to the west.
The Vercors Massif to the east.
The central part of the department formed by the valley of the Drôme river and the highest mountains in the department.
The Drôme provençale to the south.
The highest point in the department is Rocher Rond, ().
It is  high it is on the border with the Hautes-Alpes department.
Rhône, in the western part of the department; in the department, it is only  long.
Drôme river, a tributary of the Rhône.
Isère river, another tributary of the Rhône.
The average temperature for the year in Valence, at an altitude of , is .
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Valence is .
Drôme is part of the region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes.
The department is managed by the Departamental Council of the Drôme in Valence.
There are 3 arrondissements (districts), 23 cantons and 353 communes (municipalities) in Drôme.
Bourg-de-Péage (2601)
Crest (2602)
Dieulefit (2603)
Le Diois (2604)
Drôme des collines (2605)
Grignan (2606)
Loriol-sur-Drôme (2607)
Montélimar-1 (2608)
Montélimar-2 (2609)
Nyons et Baronnies (2610)
Romans-sur-Isère (2611)
Saint-Vallier (2612)
Tain-l'Hermitage (2613)
Le Tricastin (2614)
Valence-1 (2615)
Valence-2 (2616)
Valence-3 (2617)
Valence-4 (2618)
Vercors-Monts du Matin (2619)
The inhabitants of Drôme are known, in French, as Drômois (women: Drômoises).
Drôme has a population, in 2014, of 499,159, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Valence, with 314,233 inhabitants, is by far the largest.
The other two, Nyons and Die, have respectively 141,971 and 42,955 inhabitants.
The city with more people living in it is the capital, Valence (62,150 inhabitants).
The subprefectures of Nyons and Die have, respectively, 6,641 and 4,516 inhabitants.
Drôme Tourisme
IPsec is a collection of protocols for securing Internet Protocol (IP) communications by authenticating (and optionally encrypting) each IP packet of a data stream.
IPsec also includes protocols for establishing mutual authentication between agents at the beginning of the session and negotiation of cryptographic keys to be used during the session.
IPsec can be used to protect data flows between a pair of hosts (e.g. computer users or servers), between a pair of security gateways (e.g. routers or firewalls), or between a security gateway and a host.
RFC 2406
IPsec is an end-to-end security solution and operates at the Internet Layer of the Internet Protocol Suite, comparable to Layer 3 in the OSI model.
Other Internet security protocols in widespread use, such as SSL, TLS and SSH, operate in the upper layers of these models.
This makes IPsec more flexible, as it can be used for protecting all the higher level protocols, because applications do not need to be designed to use IPsec, whereas the use of TLS/SSL or other higher-layer protocols must be built-in the application.
The term "IPsec" is officially defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
This definition includes the form of capitalization used for the term; it is often incorrectly spelled IPSec.
IP Security Protocol Official Charter, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
IPsec WG still has important active drafts
All IETF active security WGs
IETF BTNS WG (chartered to work on unauthenticated IPsec, IPsec APIs, connection latching)
Securing Data in Transit with IPsec
IPsec at the Open Directory Project
Microsoft IPsec Diagnostic Tool
Data Communication Lectures of Manfred Lindner - Part IPsec
RFC 2401: Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol (IPsec overview)
RFC 2404: The Use of HMAC-SHA-1-96 within ESP and AH* RFC 2367: PF_KEY Interface
RFC 2409: The Internet Key Exchange
RFC 2411: IP Security Document Roadmap
RFC 4306: Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol
RFC 4718: IKEv2 Clarifications and Implementation Guidelines
RFC 4835: Cryptographic Algorithm Implementation Requirements for Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) and Authentication Header (AH)
Eure is a department found in the northwest of France in the Normandy region.
Its prefecture is Évreux.
Eure has a population of about 557,000 (2006 estimation).
Eure-et-Loir is a department in north-central France in the Centre-Val de Loire region.
It is named after the two main rivers that flow through the department: Eure and Loir.
The department was created mainly from parts of the former provinces of Orléanais (Beauce) and Maine (Perche), but also parts of the old Île-de-France.
The new department had six districts: Chartres, Châteaudun, Châteauneuf-en-Thymerais, Dreux, Janville and Nogent-le-Rotrou.
The capital (now prefecture) was Chartres.
In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the six districts were changed into four arrondissements: Chartres, Châteaudun, Dreux and Nogent-le-Rotrou.
On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of Nogent-le-Rotrou was eliminated but in 1943 Nogent-le-Rotrou became again an arrondissement of the department.
Eure-et-Loir is part of the Centre-Val de Loire region.
Pays de la Loire region
Normandy region
The highest point of the department is the Butte de Rougemont (), in the commune of Vichères, and that is  above sea level.
The watershed of the Seine to the north of the department, with its tributary the Eure river.
The watershed of the Loire river to the south of the department, with its tributary the Loir river.
The average amount of precipitation for the year in Chartres is .
The average temperature for the year in Chartres is .
The department is managed by the Departmental Council of the Eure-et-Loir in Chartres.
Eure-et-Loir is part of the region of Centre-Val de Loire.
There are 4 arrondissements (districts), 15 cantons and 375 communes (municipalities) in Eure-et-Loir.
Anet (2801)
Auneau (2802)
Brou (2803)
Chartres-1 (2804)
Chartres-2 (2805)
Chartres-3 (2806)
Châteaudun (2807)
Dreux-1 (2808)
Dreux-2 (2809)
Épernon (2810)
Illiers-Combray (2811)
Lucé (2812)
Nogent-le-Rotrou (2813)
Saint-Lubin-des-Joncherets (2814)
Voves (2815)
The inhabitants of Eure-et-Loir are known, in French, as Euréliens (women: Euréliennes).
Eure-et-Loir has a population, in 2014, of 433,762, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2.
The arrondissement of Chartres, with 207,869 inhabitants, is by far the largest.
In cryptography, a key-agreement protocol is a cryptographic protocol by which two or more parties can agree on a key in such a way that both have an effect on the results.
Finistère is a department found in the west of France in the Brittany region.
Its prefecture is Quimper.
Finistère has a population of about 874,000 (2006 estimation).
1780s 1790s 1800s 1810s 1820s
The decade of 1800s featured the 1800–1809 Atlantic hurricane seasons.
While info for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline were had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings.
Each season was an ongoing event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin.
Most tropical cyclone formation is between June 1 and November 30.
1800 Atlantic hurricane season
On August 27 and August 28, a hurricane struck Exuma in the Bahamas.
During September 9 and September 10 a hurricane impacted Bermuda. (
from Beware the Hurricane)
Between October 2 and October 5, a hurricane lingered across South Carolina.
V. The ship, Galgo, was sunk during a hurricane on October 9 over the southwest Atlantic.
All 25 crew members were rescued.
On October 31, a hurricane struck Jamaica before moving onward to Cuba and the southwest Atlantic.
During November 4 and November 5, Bermuda experienced this hurricane.
A lighthouse begun in 1795 on Wreck Hill was abandoned after this storm, as it was then determined to be an unsuitable site. (
1801 Atlantic hurricane season
I. Nassau, Bahamas experienced a hurricane on July 22.
120 sails were wrecked onshore.
The system moved westward into the Gulf of Mexico.
On August 15 and August 16, this hurricane made landfall near Mobile, Alabama.
1802 Atlantic hurricane season
1803 Atlantic hurricane season
I. In August, a hurricane hit the West Indies.
It continued through Jamaica, moved northward, and eventually hit England later in the month.
It caused 121 deaths.
A hurricane hit near the Chesapeake Bay on August 29, causing at least one death.
In addition, a minimal hurricane right on its heels hit near New Bern, North Carolina on August 31 and September 1.
This type of tropical cyclone succession up the coast is similar to the Connie/Diane East coast landfalls of 1955.
During October 2 and October 3, a hurricane reportedly impacted Norfolk, Virginia.
1804 Atlantic hurricane season
A hurricane was first spotted near the Leeward Islands on September 3.
It moved northwestward, and hit Georgia as a major hurricane on September 7.
It continued slowly through South Carolina and North Carolina, leaving the mainland on the 9th before striking New England on September 12.
The hurricane caused 500 deaths.
Between September 22 and September 24, a tropical storm tracked from Cuba northward to South Carolina.
Storm of October 1804
Later in the season, a major hurricane moved northwestward across the Western Atlantic to the north of Puerto Rico.
It hit near Atlantic City, New Jersey on October 9, and turned northeastward.
As it crossed New England, cool air was entrained in the circulation, and it became extratropical.
The storm brought heavy snow across the Northeast, in some areas up to 2–3 feet, and killed 8 people.
This was the first observation of snow from a landfalling hurricane, but not the last.
1805 Atlantic hurricane season
On September 30, a hurricane struck Mantanzas, Cuba then moved northward into Maine by October 3.
1806 Atlantic hurricane season
I. A tropical cyclone was noted near the northeastern Lesser Antilles on August 17.
Moving west-northwest, the cyclone strengthened into a major hurricane which hit the southern North Carolina coast on August 23 and led to 42 deaths.
It moved out to sea, disrupting British and French ships involved in the Napoleonic Wars.
A tropical cyclone moved through the Mona Passage on August 26 before moving just offshore the East Coast of the United States through September 3.
A hurricane hit Dominica on September 9, resulting in 457 casualties.
The cyclone subsequently moved through the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico, striking Mississippi by September 18.
On September 15, a hurricane hit northeast Florida, destroying several houses but leading to no deaths.
On September 28, a minimal hurricane hit the Outer Banks of North Carolina, destroying one ship.
During October 2, a tropical cyclone was witnessed at Jamaica.
Moving northward, it struck South Carolina by October 9.
1807 Atlantic hurricane season
On September 1, another tropical cyclone moved through the Lesser Antilles, striking Trinidad de Cuba on September 5.
Between October 16 and October 20, this hurricane moved from the extreme southeastern Caribbean Sea to the west of Jamaica.
1808 Atlantic hurricane season
1809 Atlantic hurricane season
Another hurricane hit Puerto Rico on August 17.
A tropical storm affected the northern Leeward Islands between October 9 and October 13.
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadly.shtml
http://garnet.acns.fsu.edu/~jelsner/HHITProject/HHITyears/
http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/Chenoweth/chenoweth06.pdf
1790s 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s
The decade of 1810s featured the 1810–1819 Atlantic hurricane seasons.
1810 Atlantic hurricane season
On August 12 a hurricane hit Trinidad, causing heavy damage.
The system apparently moved to Jamaica by the 15th.
A tropical storm hit near Charleston, South Carolina between September 11 and 13, causing minor damage.
A tropical cyclone impacts eastern Cuba on September 28.
V. The "Salty Storm" strikes Cuba on October 24 and 25 before continuing onward into the southwest Atlantic.
The pressure at Havana falls to 29.35"
1811 Atlantic hurricane season
On October 4 a major hurricane hit near St. Augustine, Florida.
Many homes were destroyed, and 35 people drowned in the sinking of a U.S. Gunboat.
On October 11 a hurricane impacts Pensacola, Florida and Fort Stoddard, Alabama.
A hurricane moved through the western Caribbean west of Jamaica to Cuba between October 20 and 25.
On October 26 a Spanish ship is lost at Elliot Key from a hurricane.
1812 Atlantic hurricane season
A tropical cyclone impacted Puerto Rico on July 23.
On August 8, a tropical storm moved into South Carolina.
Great Louisiana hurricane
A tropical cyclone was sighted east of Jamaica on August 14.
By August 19, it struck southeast Louisiana as a major hurricane after raking the Caribbean Islands.
It passed just to the west of New Orleans, almost destroying the levee north of town.
The hurricane caused severe flooding, damaged 53 boats, caused $6,000,000 in damage, and 100 deaths.
The British fleet in the War of 1812 was disrupted.
Later in the season, a hurricane hit Jamaica on October 12, affecting the island into the 14th.
It continued northwestward, hitting Cuba on the 14th before moving into the southwest Atlantic east of Bermuda by October 17.
It destroyed 500 houses and many ships.
1813 Atlantic hurricane season
I. On July 22, a hurricane hit Barbados, killing 18 there.
It continued through the islands, affecting Puerto Rico on the 23rd, causing more damage and deaths along its path.
This is likely the same storm that struck the Bahamas as a major hurricane on July 26 and recurved west of Bermuda by July 29.
After moving through the Leeward Islands on July 29, this storm struck Jamaica from July 31 – August 1, leading to many lives lost.
The hurricane was last seen moving into Belize on August 3.
Between August 3 and 7, a tropical cyclone passed nearby Bermuda, with a bulk of the impact occurring on August 4 and early August 5.
It was the worst hurricane to impact the island since 1793 and forced the construction of a breakwater to prevent a similar harbor disaster from recurring; more than 30 ships were driven ashore by the "violent gale."
Winds were estimated at  during the cyclone's passage. (
from the book Beware the Hurricane)
A powerful hurricane hit Dominica and Martinique beginning August 25, causing 3000 deaths.
The cyclone moved south of Jamaica by August 28.
V. A system that affected the Caicos Islands on August 24 moved northwest to strike as a compact major hurricane near Charleston, South Carolina on August 27, causing many deaths due to drowning.
The system passed northward through the Mid-Atlantic States by August 29.
Northeast Florida/Southeast Georgia was hit by a major hurricane on September 16, causing strong storm surge and 50 casualties.
1814 Atlantic hurricane season
A hurricane impacted Dominica and Puerto Rico between July 22 and 24.
A hurricane made landfall near Washington, D.C., including a tornado that "tore through the center", curtailing the Burning of Washington by the British.
A hurricane affected Bermuda for four days around October 10. (
1815 Atlantic hurricane season
I. Cape Lookout, North Carolina was hit by a major hurricane on September 3.
It moved northeastward across the state, reaching the Atlantic Ocean near Maryland.
It weakened over land to a tropical storm, but still brought gusty winds to New England.
It caused at least 4 deaths.
Three weeks later, another major hurricane was located off the coast of Virginia moving northward.
It hit Long Island, New York on September 23, causing damage and destruction throughout New England.
At least 20 deaths occurred, though "The loss of life was so heavy that the newspapers did not have space enough to give all the details of the marine disasters."
A tropical storm was located off the coast of South Carolina on September 28, but did not make landfall.
From October 17 until October 19 Jamaica was hit by a hurricane.
It drifted over the island, causing 100 deaths.
V. A minor hurricane hit Saint Bartholomew on October 18.
It turned northwestward, and moved up the Chesapeake Bay on October 24, delaying ships' arrivals.
1816 Atlantic hurricane season
Records from ship logs have determined both 1815 and 1816 were active hurricane seasons, with at least 12 tropical cyclones ascribed to 1816 alone.
This is some evidence that a northward-displaced Intertropical Convergence Zone appears to be partially responsible for the increased 1816 tropical cyclone activity.
I. June 5–8: A hurricane brushed the Florida Keys, causing the loss of 5 ships.
Interestingly, it appears to have been lured northward by an unusual June snowstorm across New England
Haiti, around Port-au-Prince, was struck by a hurricane on August 18
Martinique, eastern Cuba, and South Carolina were impacted by a hurricane between September 3 and 11.
A tropical storm affected Virginia on September 18 before moving northeast into New York.
The tropical storm caused heavy flooding in the James River area.
V. There is record of a hurricane moving by Dominica and Barbados on September 15 before devastating Puerto Rico on September 18.
The cyclone then recurved between the United States East coast and Bermuda by September 25.
On October 16–17, a severe gale was experienced in Dominica and Martinique.
1817 Atlantic hurricane season
I. A hurricane was first observed near Tobago on August 1 before continuing through the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico by August 6.
It crossed over Florida, and when it reached the western Atlantic, it paralleled the coastlines of Georgia and South Carolina.
It moved inland over southern North Carolina, and brought heavy rain to the Norfolk, Virginia area, delaying mail delivery and causing flooding through the mid-Atlantic as it moved northward into Pennsylvania by August 9.
Its track appears similar to that of Hurricane Charley of August 2004.
Barbados was struck by a hurricane on October 21, causing 250 deaths as it moved through the Lesser Antilles.
The hurricane subsequently moved into Nicaragua by October 26.
1818 Atlantic hurricane season
I. A hurricane passed through the central Atlantic east of Bermuda to south and east of the Azores between August 26 and September 5.
It reportedly silted at Hamilton Harbor on Bermuda. (
A hurricane passed by the Cayman Islands in early September.
It crossed the Yucatán Peninsula, and turned northwest when it reached the Bay of Campeche.
The hurricane intensified to a Category 2-3 before hitting Galveston, Texas on September 12 and continuing onward to Mississippi.
The hurricane was "quite severe", destroying all but six houses on Galveston Island.
A tropical cyclone seriously affected Puerto Rico on September 22.
It possibly recurved sharply offshore the Eastern Seaboard, as the frigate Macedonian encountered a hurricane on the 26th and 27th to the east-northeast of Bermuda.
The breeze freshened that afternoon as the ship lay near 35.6N 55.7W. By sunset, waves increased to nine feet, and southeast gales lashed the system after midnight on the 27th.
Winds continued to increase into that afternoon, as seas increased to .
One man fell overboard by 5 p.m. and drowned.
The hurricane reached its full violence by 10 p.m., splitting the storm staysails, and making the rigging useless.
The main mast cracked under the strain by 2 a.m. on the 28th, and the mizzenmast followed suit by 4 a.m.. Seawater poured into the ship from all sides, as the wooden hull twisted under the force of the  waves.
The ship finally cleared the storm without capsizing by noon, and finally got to see a sunset by the evening of the 29th (from Chronicles of the Frigate Macedonian 1809-1922 p. 129-139).
An October 12–14 hurricane affected Jamaica and the central Bahamas.
1819 Atlantic hurricane season
Bay St. Louis Hurricane
The exact origin of this hurricane is unknown, but it likely formed off the coast of Cuba before heading on a west-northwest track towards the Gulf Coast.
A small hurricane, it reached an estimated Category 3-4 strength before making landfall on July 27 in southeastern Louisiana, bringing heavy winds and a 5–6 ft storm surge.
The hurricane continued northeastward, making a second landfall in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi before dissipating inland.
Known as one of the most destructive hurricanes to affect the United States during the first half of the 19th century, the Bay St. Louis Hurricane caused severe damage across Alabama, Louisiana, and Mississippi, leaving behind the remains of shattered buildings and uprooted trees.
Several vessels (from small boats to 60-ton brigs) were driven ashore by the hurricane's storm surge.
One of them was the capsizing of the U.S. warship Firebrand, drowning 39 sailors.
Several U.S. solders were caught off guard by the hurricane and died in its midst.
There were also reports of people being attacked by alligators, snapping turtles, and snakes, which further added to the death toll.
The hurricane caused over $100,000 dollars (1819 US dollars) in damage, and killed between 43 and 175 people, some of them later found washed up across the Gulf Coast.
A tropical storm hit between New Orleans and Apalachicola in September.
Between September 19 and 26, a hurricane tracked through the northeast Lesser Antilles and southwest of Bermuda.
During September 21 and 22, this hurricane hit the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico, causing heavy damage and loss of life.
From October 13 to 15, a hurricane passed through the Leeward Islands.
David Longshore. "
Bay St. Louis Hurricane."
Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons and Cyclones.
David Longshore.
New York: Facts on File, 1998, p. 33-34.
James Tertius De Kay.
Chronicles of the Frigate Macedonian 1809-1922.
New York: W. W. Norton, 2000, p. 129-139.
Terry Tucker.
Beware the Hurricane!
The Story of the Gyratory Tropical Storms That Have Struck Bermuda.
Bermuda: Hamilton Press, 1966, p. 77-87.
http://www.treasurelore.com/florida/hurricanes.htm
http://www.sephardim.org/jamaica/main.html
1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s The decade of 1820s featured the 1820–1829 Atlantic hurricane seasons.
1820 Atlantic hurricane season
I. A minimal hurricane moved from Florida on September 8 northward to hit near the border of North Carolina and South Carolina on September 10.
A hurricane was sighted at Dominica on September 26 before moving west-northwest through Hispaniola, then across the southwest Atlantic to South Carolina on October 1.
1821 Atlantic hurricane season
Norfolk and Long Island Hurricane
The Norfolk and Long Island Hurricane was a deadly hurricane that rapidly moved up the Atlantic coast during the first few days of September.
It included a hurricane landfall within the modern borders of New York City, the only recorded case of a hurricane eyewall moving directly over the city.
It caused 200 deaths, and is estimated to have been a Category 4 hurricane.
Later in September, from the 15th-17th, a strong hurricane hit Mississippi.
This was a very large storm, bringing storm surge flooding from Mobile to what is now Wakulla and Taylor Counties, Florida.
11 of the 13 vessels in the harbor at Pensacola Bay were lost, causing 35 deaths.
1822 Atlantic hurricane season
This hurricane moved north-northwest from the Bahamas on September 25 to hit Charleston, South Carolina on September 27.
It claimed the lives of hundreds of slaves who found themselves trapped in the low-lying Santee Delta, miles from higher ground and with no shelter.
It caused 300 (or more deaths), but managed to break a drought in the Richmond area.
From October 20 to the 22nd, a hurricane hit Virginia, causing heavy damage and winds in the Richmond area.
A rare December hurricane moved through the eastern Caribbean Sea and eventually into Venezuela between December 13 and December 22.
1823 Atlantic hurricane season
A tropical storm moved south of Jamaica on August 2 and August 3.
A hurricane which formed in the west-central Gulf of Mexico on September 11 moved slowly northeast, striking the central Gulf coast on September 14.
1824 Atlantic hurricane season
I. A severe hurricane was sighted at Guadeloupe on September 7 and moved across the northeast Lesser Antilles and the southwest Atlantic to hit Georgia and South Carolina on September 14, causing 100 deaths.
It washed out all bridges between Darien and Savannah.
Moving northward, it hit Savannah and South Carolina before going out to sea.
Those who did not evacuate saw the destruction caused by this strong hurricane.
This is likely one of the strongest hurricanes to hit Georgia in its history.
Between September 26 and September 27, a tropical storm moved south of Jamaica.
1825 Atlantic hurricane season
I. A tropical storm formed south of Santo Domingo on May 28.
It moved across Cuba on the 1st, and while moving across Florida it caused heavy winds.
When it reached the western Atlantic it rapidly strengthened, hitting Charleston as a hurricane, but it lost strength over the northwestern Atlantic Ocean.
On July 6, a moderate hurricane hit Puerto Rico, destroying 6 villages.
Two weeks later, on July 26, a powerful hurricane hit near Guadeloupe.
It continued west-northwestward to hit Puerto Rico, causing 1,300 deaths, before tracking to the west of Bermuda by August 2.
A hurricane struck Haiti on September 28 and moved northwestward into northeast Florida by October 3.
1826 Atlantic hurricane season
A tropical storm spotted near Dominica on August 31 moved west-northwest to Jamaica before moving northward to the Grand Banks by September 10.
1827 Atlantic hurricane season
A hurricane formed over the Windward Islands on August 18.
It moved northwest through the Bahamas on the 21st, and hit Cape Hatteras on August 24.
It moved up the Chesapeake Bay, causing higher than normal tides, and eventually through New England by August 27.
This is known as the St. Kitts Hurricane.
This hurricane moved through the northern Leeward Islands a week after the last storm on August 27 before continuing westward into the eastern Gulf of Mexico, recurving northward to strike northwest Florida by September 5.
A tropical storm moved through the southwest Atlantic between the West Indies and Bermuda from August 29 to September 8.
1828 Atlantic hurricane season
A hurricane moved from the northern Lesser Antilles on September 15 northward by Bermuda on September 19, where it caused a "severe gale" and sank 3 ships, before moving into the north Atlantic shipping lanes.
and from "Beware the Hurricane!"
1829 Atlantic hurricane season
A strong tropical storm moved through South Carolina and the Outer Banks of North Carolina before moving northwest of Bermuda during the last week of August.
On September 10, a hurricane hit the mouth of the Rio Grande.
Port Isabel and Brazos Santiago saw great destruction, while other towns had higher than normal tides.
A hurricane hit Saint Barthemelow on October 26, possibly sinking one ship.
Bermuda: Hamilton Press, 1966, p. 87-89.
http://www.wavy.com/Global/story.asp?S=90814
http://www.lbi.net/rlw/hurrican.asp
http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/roth/vaerly19hur.htm
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/lch/research/txearly19hur.htm
http://www.srh.noaa.gov/lch/research/laerly19hu.htm
1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s The decade of 1830s featured the 1830–1839 Atlantic hurricane seasons.
1830 Atlantic hurricane season
Atlantic Coast Hurricane
First noted in the Leeward Islands on August 11, a hurricane moved into the Caribbean in the middle of August.
It moved west-northwestward, and approached the coast of Florida.
It came close to present-day Daytona Beach on August 15, but recurved northeastward before landfall, although land was not spared from effects.
It made landfall near Cape Fear on the 16th and went out to sea that night, eventually well to the north of Bermuda just offshore the Canadian Maritimes.
The hurricane broke a three-month drought, but caused heavy crop damage in the process.
A hurricane tracked north of the Leeward Islands on August 19 through the southwest and western Atlantic by August 26.
A hurricane moved from north of Puerto Rico on September 29 to well northeast of Bermuda on October 1.
1831 Atlantic hurricane season
A hurricane moved from south of Barbados to the Yucatán Peninsula between June 22 and June 28.
Great Barbados Hurricane
The Great Barbados Hurricane was an intense Category 4 hurricane that left cataclysmic damage across the Caribbean and Louisiana in 1831.
It left 2,500 people dead and $7 million (1831 dollars) in damage.
A strong tropical storm/hurricane struck western Louisiana between August 27 and August 30.
1832 Atlantic hurricane season
I. Early in the season, a hurricane moved through the Bahamas around June 5, causing 52 deaths.
The gale began June 6 at 8 p.m. at Bermuda from the northeast, with the center passing quite close to the island as the wind shifted to southwest at 10:30 p.m. The storm lasted until 3 a.m. on June 7.
Two schooners were damaged during the system. (
On August 12, this hurricane was noted near Key West.
The cyclone moved across the eastern Gulf of Mexico striking northwest Florida, then recurving through the Southeast to move through South Carolina by August 18.
On August 21 a tropical storm was witnessed to the west-southwest of the Cape Verde Islands in the eastern tropical Atlantic.