the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
New South Wales (except Broken Hill and Lord Howe Island)
Northern Hemisphere -  as standard time (winter)
Primorsky Krai   (including Vladivostok)
Sakhalin Island
Khabarovsk Krai
Sakha Republic (central portion)
Northern Hemisphere -  as daylight saving time
Amur Oblast
Chita Oblast
Sakha Republic (western portion, incl.
Yakutsk)
Find cities currently in UTC+10:00
Mount Erebus is a volcano on Ross Island in Antarctica.
It is the most southern active volcano in the world.
Erebus is  high.
On November 28, 1979, an airplane, Air New Zealand Flight 901, crashed into Mount Erebus during a storm.
All 257 people in the airplane died.
Mountains of Antarctica
Air New Zealand Flight 901 was a flight that operated from 1977 to 1979.
The flight did not stop in Antarctica.
It was a sightseeing flight to Antarctica.
It was supposed to loop between Auckland, New Zealand, and Antarctica.
The flight's route had been changed without the crew's knowledge shortly before the plane took off.
Because the weather conditions of the Antarctic were so bad (severely limiting visibility), and the crew believed they were following the original flight plan-the plane crashed straight into Mount Erebus.
None of the 257 people on board the plane survived the crash.
The original investigation showed it was the pilot's fault, but people protested and it led to an inquiry into the crash.
The conclusion was the accident was caused by a correction made to the route the night before the disaster, and they failed to inform pilot Captain Jim Collins and co-pilot Greg Cassin.
Aviation disasters in the 1970s
Amborella trichopoda is a small, evergreen shrub.
It occurs only in the moist, shaded understory of montane forests on the South Pacific island of New Caledonia.
The genus is the only member of the family Amborellaceae and contains only this single species.
Amborella is of great interest to plant systematists because molecular phylogenetic analyses put it at or near the base of the flowering plant lineage.
Since Amborella is apparently basal among the flowering plants, the features of early flowering plants can be inferred.
This is done by comparing derived traits shared by other angiosperms but not present in Amborella.
These traits are assumed to have evolved after the divergence of the Amborella lineage.
The Amborellaceae are a line of flowering plants that diverged very early on (about 130 million years ago) from all the other living species of flowering plants.
Among living flowering plants, it is the sister group to all other flowering plants.
Sandon, British Columbia is a mining town in British Columbia, Canada.
It is also the place where Cecil 'Tiny' Thompson was born.
UTC+11:00 means a time zone that is 11 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time or UTC.
Kosrae, Pohnpei, and surrounding area
Sakha Republic  (central portion)
Southern Hemisphere - as daylight saving time
(Australian Eastern Daylight Time)
New South Wales (except Broken Hill; but including Lord Howe Island, which is UTC+10:30 in winter)
Find cities currently in UTC+11:00
es:Huso horario#UTC+11:00, L
"God is dead" (German: ) is a well known phrase by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.
It is also known as the death of God.
The phrase is not meant literally.
Instead it is about what value destruction has done to people's belief in Christianity.
Some religious thinkers do take it literally though.
Nietzsche wrote this phrase in his book The Gay Science ().
It is in the section called "The Madman".
He also used the phrase in his book Thus Spoke Zarathustra (), which is most responsible for making the phrase popular.
"God is dead" does not mean that Nietzsche believed in an actual "God" who had died literally.
Nietzsche is also not saying that atheists are right.
Instead, the phrase means that everything built on Christianity will fall apart because "the belief in the Christian God has become unbelievable".
This becomes a deep sadness because it includes all European morality as well.
For Nietzsche, the destruction of Christian morality is  something to celebrate.
It is also  something to confidently replace with a non-Christian morality. "
God is dead" is an attack on anyone who thinks that a non-Christian morality can support the morals that people take for granted.
Many philosophers still think this way and Nietzsche says they are wrong.
He says it is impossible to have a Christian or pseudo-Christian morality without the belief in God.
This was a problem he had with many modern sceptics.
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy says that even though the basis of Christianity was meant to have been unbreakable, it is already broken.
In fact, it has been much more  than anyone could ever understand.
This also means that without God, morals are not unquestionable or undoubtable anymore.
Nietzsche says that when these morals are shown to be false they are also shown to be harmful.
Also, trying to remove these harmful morals causes even more harm.
This is because people have become dependent on them.
He also says that the most harmful parts of morality have taken control of how we understand ourselves.
Therefore, we don't know how to live without this harmful morality.
Because of this, the death of God leads to many kinds of nihilism.
Nietzsche says that Christianity itself is a kind of nihilism.
Jean-François Le Sueur was born in a tiny village called Plessiel, near Abbeville.
His great-uncle was the painter Eustache Le Sueur.
He started his musical training by singing in the choir at the church of Abbeville, then at the cathedral of Amiens.
Le Sueur became chorus master at the cathedral of Sées.
He went to Paris to study harmony.
His teacher was Abbé Nicolas Roze, chorus master at the church Saints-Innocents.
Le Sueur got jobs at Dijon (1779), Le Mans (1782), Tours (1783) and then took over Roze’s job at the Saints-Innocents at Paris.
In 1786 he was made music director at the famous church Notre-Dame de Paris.
At Notre Dame he started to use orchestras to play the music for some of the special services.
The priests did not like this.
Le Sueur replied by writing a little book about music for big religious celebrations.
It was a bad time in France financially and the church had to make savings, so Le Sueur could not have his orchestra any more, so he resigned from his job.
Le Sueur spent some time in London, 1788–92, then returned to Paris where the revolution was going on.
Three of his operas were performed, and he became professor at the École de la Garde Nationale, and then at the Conservatoire which was very new at the time.
There he taught basic music theory.
He was unable to get any more operas of his performed.
He wrote a book saying how music should be taught in France, and criticizing the Conservatoire and its director.
Because of that he lost his job at the Conservatoire.
Le Sueur now had no job and so he was very poor.
Then, in 1804, Napoleon made him maître de la chapelle at the Tuileries in the place of Giovanni Paisiello.
He was then able to have his most famous work performed at the Opéra.
It was called Ossian ou Les bardes.
Napoleon liked it very much and gave Le Sueur the cross of the Légion d'honneur.
Le Sueur composed the Triumphal March for the coronation of Napoleon.
In 1813, he was given a position at the Académie des Beaux-Arts, replacing André Grétry.
At the Bourbon Restoration, he was named composer of the royal chapel and conductor of the orchestra of the Opéra.
From the beginning of 1818, he taught composition at the Conservatoire.
He stayed there many years.
His most famous pupils were Hector Berlioz, Ambroise Thomas and Charles Gounod.
Anton Reicha (born 26 February 1770; died 28 May 1836) was a Czech-born  composer who became naturalized French.
He was a lifelong friend of Beethoven.
Reicha is now best remembered for the large number of quintets that he wrote for wind instruments, and for his work as a music teacher.
Franz Liszt and Hector Berlioz were both pupils of Reicha.
Reicha wrote several books about music theory and composition.
British Rail's Class 01 diesel locomotives were a short wheelbase 0-4-0 diesel-mechanical design intended for use in areas with tight curves and limited clearance.
The British Rail Class 02 were a class of twenty 0-4-0 diesel-hydraulic shunting locomotives.
They were built by the Yorkshire Engine Company in 1960 (first ten, D2850-D2859) and 1961 (D2860-D2869).
They were built for use in places of restricted loading gauge and curves such as docks.
They had the door to the cab at the rear, with a railed veranda behind the cab.
This feature was very unusual on British Rail locomotives.
It was used on many Yorkshire Engine Co. designs and was/is quite normal in North American practice.
YEC locomotives
The British Rail Class 03 locomotive is, together with Class 04, one of BR's most successful smaller 0-6-0 diesel-mechanical shunters.
There are 230 members of the class and it was built by British Railways' Swindon and Doncaster works in 1957-1962.
They are numbered D2000-D2199 and D2370-D2399 (later 03004 to 03399).
D2370 and D2371 were used as departmental locomotives and originally numbered 91 and 92 respectively.
The British Rail Class 04 0-6-0 diesel-mechanical shunting locomotive class was built between 1952 and 1962.
It was the basis for the later Class 03 built in the British Railways workshops.
The Class 04 locomotives were supplied by the Drewry Car Co., which at the time (and for most of its existence) had no manufacturing capability.
Drewry sub-contracted the construction work to two builders.
Both of these built other locomotives under the same arrangement.
Early locomotives were built by Vulcan Foundry and later examples were built by Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns.
| group = Tajiks
| image = Afghan children in Badakhshan Province-2012.jpg
| caption = Tajik children from Badakhshan Province of Afghanistan
| population =  18–27 million
| region1 =
| pop1 = 9,450,000–11,550,000 (2014) 27–33%
| ref1 =
| region2 =
| pop2 = 6,787,000 (2014)
| ref2 =
| region3 = <small>
| pop3 = 1,420,000 (2012, official)other, non-official, scholarly estimates are 8 – 11 million
| region4 =
| pop4 = 39,642
| ref4 =
| region6 =
| pop6 = 201,000
| ref6 =
| region7 =
| pop7 = 52,000
| ref7 =
| region8 =
| pop8 = 47,500
| ref8 =
| region10 =
| pop10 = 15,870
| ref10 =
| region11 =
| pop11 = 4,255
| ref11 =
| region12 =
| pop12 = unknown
| ref12 =
| languages = Persian ({{smaller|varieties of Dari and Tajiki}})
| religions = Sunni IslamShia Islam minorities
Tajiks ( Tājīk) are a Persian-speaking Iranian ethnic group who are mostly found in what is now Tajikistan, including in parts of Afghanistan, Uzbekistan and China.
Alternative names for the Tajiks are (Eastern) Persian, Dehqan, and Farsiwan.
After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, some Tajik refugees escaped to live in neighboring Iran and Pakistan.
Most Tajiks are Sunni Muslims, but a few in remote mountain areas follow Shia Islam alongside pockets in cities such as Herat and Kabul.
The name Tajik being used for this group of people began in the early 20th century by the Russians.
Before that, they were called Sarts.
The name Tajik refers to the traditionally sedentary people who speak a form of Persian language called Tajiki in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, and officially called Dari in Afghanistan.
It is generally accepted that the origin of the word Tajik is Middle Persian Tāzīk "Arab" (New Persian: Tazi), or an Iranian (Sogdian or Parthian) cognate word.
Some Turks of Central Asia adopted a variant of this word, Täžik'', to designate the Persian Muslims in the Oxus basin and Khorasan, who were the Turks' rivals.
Historians believe that the Tajiks may be connected to ancient Aryans who lived in the region for thousands of years.
They were the heirs and transmitters of the Central Asian sedentary culture that diffused in prehistoric times from the Iranian plateau into an area extending roughly from the Caspian Sea to the borders of China.
The Aryans constituted the core of the ancient population of Khwarezm, Sogdiana and Bactria, which formed part of Transoxania.
They were included in the empires of Persia and Alexander the Great, and they mixed with later invaders like the Mauryans, Kushans and Hepthalites.
Over the course of time, the language that was used by these ancient people eventually gave way to Farsi, a western dialect now officially spoken in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan.
In the 13th century, Genghis Khan and his Mongol army settled in many of the popular Persian cities after wiping out the Persian population.
These Mongols later adopted the Persian language and the religion of Islam, the Persian-speaking Hazaras claiming partial descent from them.
Tajiks usually reject a Mongol or Turkic origin and claim to be descended from the ancient Iranians of Central Asia.
However, historically, there has been heavy intermixing between the sedentary Turkic-speaking Central Asians and the Persian-speaking Central Asians
From the Alleyways of Samarkand to the Mediterranean Coast (The Evolution of the World of Child and Adolescent Literature,Tajikistan, Poopak Niktalab , printed 2019 , Faradid Publishing
TAJIK i. THE ETHNONYM: ORIGINS AND APPLICATION, Encyclopædia Iranica, Last Updated: July 20, 2009, www.iranica.com
"Heart-Shaped Box" is a song by the American grunge band Nirvana.
It was written by lead singer and guitarist Kurt Cobain.
It was released on August 23, 1993 as the first single from their third studio album In Utero.
The British Rail Class 05 is a class of 0-6-0 diesel-mechanical shunters built by Hunslet Engine Company from 1955 to 1961.
At first they were numbered 11136-11176 and later on were numbered D2550-D2619.
The British Rail Class 06 is a class of 0-4-0 diesel-mechanical shunters built by Andrew Barclay from 1958 to 1960 for use on the Scottish Region of British Railways.
They were originally numbered D2410-D2444 and later given the TOPS numbers 06001-06010.
Paul Ivan Thompson (born November 2, 1906 in Calgary, Alberta – September 13, 1991) was a Canadian ice hockey player.
He was a left wing.
Thompson started playing in the National Hockey League (NHL) in 1926.
He played for the New York Rangers and the Chicago Black Hawks.
He stopped playing in 1939.
He was part of the All-Star team two times.
He won the Stanley Cup three times.
He won in 1928 with New York and in 1934 and 1938 with Chicago.
Junior ice hockey, most often referred to as junior hockey, describes many levels of ice hockey play for players generally between the ages of 16 and 20 years old.
The British Rail Class 07 diesel locomotive is an off-centre cab dock shunter.
They were used in Southampton Docks, to replace SR USA Class steam locomotives.
It is a 0-6-0 diesel-electric shunter built by Ruston & Hornsby in 1962.
They were originally numbered D2985-D2998 and later given the TOPS numbers 07001(D2985)-07013(D2997), D2998.
Ruston & Hornsby locomotives
The 'Memorial Cup is the trophy for the winners of the Canadian Hockey League (CHL).
Every year, winning teams from the three CHL  leagues, the Western Hockey League (WHL), the Ontario Hockey League (OHL), and the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL), and the hosting team, compete in a tournament.
The Spokane Chiefs are the most recent winners.
The British Rail Class 08 is a class of diesel locomotive designed for shunting.
It was the standard BR diesel-electric shunter.
It was based on the LMS 12033 series (later TOPS Class 11).
Production started in 1953 and when it finished in 1962, the class had become the most numerous of all British classes, numbering 996 in total.
There were also 26 of the near-identical but higher geared Class 09, and 171 similar locomotives fitted with different engines and transmissions (some of which became Class 10), which together brought the total number of outwardly-similar machines to 1193.
Yellow fever is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes.
The illness can cause bleeding problems.
It is called yellow because it makes the skin and the eyes yellow in color, like jaundice.
There is a vaccine which can stop the disease, but many people in Africa and South America are not vaccinated against it.
The World Health Organization say that 200,000 people are made ill with yellow fever every year, and that 30,000 people die from it.
Yellow fever peaked in 1842, killing hundreds of people.
There was an outbreak in Philadelphia in 1793.
Yellow fever is spread through the bite of an infected mosquito.
The name of the mosquito which commonly carries the virus is Aedes Aegypti.
The female carries the disease.
Alexandra Imelda Cecelia Ewan Burke (born 25 August 1988 in Islington, London, England) is a British soul singer.
She is known for winning the 2008 UK series of The X Factor.
She had the 2008 Christmas number one single in the United Kingdom with a cover of Leonard Cohen's Hallelujah.
The  Opéra-Comique is an opera house and opera company in Paris.
Its full name is théâtre national de l’Opéra-Comique (National Opéra Comic Theatre).
The Opéra-Comique company was started in 1714 to give somewhere to perform French operas.
At the time operas throughout Europe were nearly always in Italian.
Opéra-comique (literally: Comic opera) was a French tradition.
The operas in this tradition were performed with spoken dialogue between the musical numbers.
This is why the opera house and company were given that name.
The Opéras-Comiques were more popular and less formal that the traditional Italian operas that were performed at the Académie Royale de Musique.
During the three centuries of its existence there have been several changes to it.
For a time the Opéra-Comique and the Opéra were organized by the same institution.
The Opéra-Comique put on first performances of many famous operas, especially Bizet's Carmen on 3 March 1875 and Debussy's only opera, Pelléas et Mélisande, on 30 April 1902.
Berlioz's The Damnation of Faust was also first performed there on 6 December 1846.
That first performance was a disaster.
The building in which the Opéra-Comique performs is called the "salle Favart,".
It is not the same building as in 1714.
Two previous buildings were burnt down in 1838 and 1887.
The present building was built in 1898.
Opéra-Comique website
Opera houses in France
Opera companies
Scott was the first English-language author to have a truly international career in his lifetime.
As adventures, Ivanhoe, and Rob Roy are very well-known, and both were made into films.
Waverley is important because it is the first historical novel.
It was, for most readers, their first encounter with Highland culture.
Scott wove together history and fiction.
What he started with Waverley, he continued with his other novels.
Scott's output was huge.
Though many of his works are little read now, they sold well in their day, and paid for his great house, Abbotsford.
Of his poetry The Lady of the Lake is best liked.
Scott was also an advocate, judge and legal administrator by profession.
Throughout his career he combined his writing and editing work with his daily occupation as Clerk of Session and Sheriff-Depute of Selkirkshire.
Education and early life
Scott was educated at Edinburgh High and the University of Edinburgh, graduating in 1783.
After spending some time in his father's office he became a barrister in 1792.
In 1797 he married Charlotte Charpentier and in 1799 was appointed deputy Sheriff of Selkirkshire.
He now began to write books in earnest.
In 1821 he was made a baronet.
His house is now a public museum visited by many tourists each year.
Financial problems and death
In 1825 and 1826, a banking crisis swept through the cities of London and Edinburgh.
The Ballantyne printing business, in which he was heavily invested, crashed.
Scott was ruined.
He placed his house and income in a trust belonging to his creditors, and set out to write his way out of debt.
He kept up his huge output of fiction, as well as producing a biography of Napoleon Bonaparte.
By  1831 his health was failing.
Still, he did a grand tour of Europe, where he was welcomed wherever he went.
He returned to Scotland and, in September 1832, died at Abbotsford, near Melrose in the Roxburghshire.
Though he died owing money, his novels continued to sell well.
The debts of his estate were eventually discharged.
The British Rail Class 09 is a class of 0-6-0 diesel locomotive designed primarily for shunting but also short distance freight trips along branch lines.
For this reason, though similar to the existing Class 08 shunting locomotives, Class 09s were re-geared to give a maximum top speed of 27.5 mph (44 km/h) at the expense of a lower tractive effort.
They originally operated in the Southern Region of British Railways, though following privatisation in 1997 they have been distributed much farther afield.
The British Rail Class 10 diesel locomotive was a variation on the Class 08 diesel-electric shunter.
A Blackstone diesel engine was fitted instead of one made by the English Electric company.
Traction motors were by either the General Electric Company plc (GEC) or British Thomson-Houston (BTH).
The locomotives were built at the BR Works in Darlington and Doncaster over the period 1953-62.
Early batches were classified D3/4 (those with GEC motors) and D3/5  (those with BTH motors).
The British Rail Class 11 is a diesel shunting locomotive built from April 1945 to December 1952.
They are based on a similar earlier batch built by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) between 1934 and 1936.
This was the second batch of standard Southern Railway shunters based on the English Electric 6KT 350 hp (260 kW) diesel engine.
These locomotives (BR numbers 15201-15203) were built by the SR in 1937 and were later classified D3/12.
The Class 12 locomotives were built at the BR Ashford Works over the period 1949–1952.
They were numbered 15211–15236 and became Class 12.
No locomotives survived long enough to acquire Class 12 TOPS numbers though.
The British Rail Class 13 was formed in 1965.
The Tinsley Marshalling Yard needed more powerful shunters to move vehicles around.
This was provided by permanently coupling together two Class 08 shunters as a ‘master and slave’ (or ‘cow and calf’) unit.
The second of the two units had its cab taken off.
Both units were ballasted to improve traction.
At first the units were coupled cab-to-cab but it was easier to couple Master nose to Slave cab.
The thinking behind adopting this dual locomotive design is that a larger, rigid locomotive could not be used due to the risk of grounding on the hump.
The British Rail Class 14 is a type of small diesel-hydraulic locomotive built in the mid-1960s.
Twenty-six of these 0-6-0 locomotives were ordered in January 1963, to be built at British Railways Swindon railway works.
The anticipated work for this class was yard shunting, trip work (between local yards) and short distance freight trains.
The order was expanded to 56 in mid-1963, before work had started on the first order.
The British Rail Class 15 diesel locomotives, also known as the BTH Type 1, were designed by British Thomson-Houston, and built by the Yorkshire Engine Company and the Clayton Equipment Company, between 1957 and 1961.
The British Rail Class 16, originally known as the North British Type 1 was a type of diesel locomotive ordered under British Railways' 1955 Modernisation Plan.
Like other Type 1 designs, they were relatively small locomotives intended primarily for local freight traffic.
The British Rail Class 17, originally known as the Clayton Type 1, was a class of diesel locomotive operated by British Railways.
The British Rail Class 20, originally known as an English Electric Type 1, is a class of diesel electric locomotive.
228 locomotives in the class were built by English Electric between 1957 and 1968.
The large number was partly to do with the failure of other early designs in the same power range, and reliable locomotives being needed.
The locomotives were originally numbered D8000–D8199 and D8300–D8327.
They are known by railway enthusiasts as "Choppers", a name taken from the distinctive beat the engine produces under load which resembles the sound of a helicopter.
The pawn (♙♟) is the weakest piece in the game of chess.
They represent infantry.
Each player starts the game with eight pawns, one on each square of the second row (or rank) from the view of the player.
In the white pawns start on a2, b2, c2, ..., h2, while the black pawns start on a7, b7, c7, ..., h7.
Pawns move differently than other pieces.
Unlike all the other pieces, pawns cannot move backwards.
Most of the time, a pawn moves by going up a single square, but the first time each pawn is moved from its starting place, it can go forward two squares.
Pawns cannot use the first two-square move to jump over a square with another piece on it or to capture.
Any piece in front of a pawn, white or black, stops its moving.
If a pawn touches the other side it is exchanged for one of the players pieces that got captured.
The white pawn at e4 can capture either the black rook at d5 or the black knight at f5, but not the bishop at e5, which blocks its straight way forward.
Unlike other pieces, the pawn does not capture in the same way as it moves.
A pawn captures diagonally, one square forward and to the left or right.
In the diagram to the left, the white pawn can capture either the black rook or the black knight.
An even more unusual move is the en passant capture.
En passant happens when a pawn uses its first-move option to move two squares forward instead of one.
If it passes over a square guarded by an enemy pawn, that pawn can take the first pawn "in passing" as if the first pawn had moved forward only one square.
The taking pawn moves into the empty square over which the first pawn moved.
The first pawn is removed from the board.
To capture en passant can only be done on the move right after the double-square pawn advance.
Otherwise the chance is lost.
The en passant move was added in late fifteenth-century Europe, to make up for the then newly added two-square first move rule.
We have no record of why the rule was added, but it is easy to see that it works to prevent the position becoming blocked and uninteresting.
Once a pawn reaches the other side of the board and cannot move further, it is promoted, meaning it can become any other piece on the board, except the king.
Players usually promote their pawns to a queen because it is the next most-powerful piece on the board.
As the simplest piece in chess, the pawn was in the oldest version of chess, Chaturanga.
It is present in all other types of chess around the world.
''This is article is about diesel locomotives built 1958-1960.
For 2007-era locomotives, see Vossloh G1206.
The British Rail Class 21, originally known as the North British Type 2 diesel-electric, was a type of  diesel locomotive built by the North British Locomotive Company in Glasgow for British Railways in 1958-1960.
The British Rail Class 22, originally called the North British Type 2 diesel-hydraulic, was a class of diesel-hydraulic locomotives designed for the Western Region of British Railways and built by North British Locomotive Company.
They were very similar in appearance to the Class 21 diesel-electrics.
The Class 22 was nicknamed "Baby Warship" because of its similarity to the British Rail Class D20/2.
NBL locomotives
Category:Locomotives by builder
British Rail Class 23, originally called English Electric Type 2, was a class of ten diesel-electric locomotives built by the English Electric Company in 1959.
They were numbered from D5900 to D5909.
The power unit was a Napier Deltic T9-29 9 cylinder engine of 1,100 bhp.
This drove an EE generator, which powered the four traction motors.
The Class 23 was nicknamed "Baby Deltic" because of its similarity to the Class 55.
The British Rail Class 24 diesel locomotives, originally known as the British Railways Type 2, were built from 1958 to 1961.
One hundred and fifty-one of these locomotives were built at Derby, Crewe and Darlington.
The first twenty locomotives were part of the 1955 British Rail modernisation plan.
This class was used as the basis for the more powerful Class 25 locomotives.
The final survivor, no.
24081, was withdrawn from Crewe depot in 1980.
The British Rail Class 25 diesel locomotives were originally known as British Railways Type 2.
They were nicknamed Rats.
327 locomotives of this type were built between 1961 and 1967.
The British Rail Class 26 diesel locomotives, originally known as BRCW Type 2, were built by the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company (BRCW) at Smethwick in 1958-59.
Forty seven examples were built, and the last were withdrawn from service in 1993.
The British Rail Class 27 was a diesel locomotive built by the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company (BRCW) during 1961 and 1962.
They were a development of the earlier Class 26.
Both were originally classified as BRCW Type 2.
There were 69 locomotives in the class.
The British Rail Class 28, originally known as Metropolitan-Vickers Type 2, diesel locomotives were built as part of the British Railways Modernisation Plan.
The locomotives had a Co-Bo wheel arrangement.
There was a 6-wheel bogie at one end a 4-wheel bogie at the other end.
This wheel arrangement was unique in British Railways practice but not uncommon in some other countries, notably Japan.
This affected their route availability, due to the different axle loading at each end of the loco, and made maintenance more complicated.
The maximum tractive effort  was unusually high for a Type 2 locomotive but, as there were five (not four) driving axles, the risk of wheelslip was minimal.
The British Rail Class 29 consisted of 20 diesel locomotives which were rebuilt from the North British Class 21.
The original licence-built MAN engines of the Class 21s had proved unreliable, so in 1963 locomotive D6123 was sent to Paxman's Colchester works to receive a new Paxman Ventura V12 engine.
A further 19 were re-engined in 1964–1965 at Polmadie Works, with other changes made at the same time.
This included the fitting of four-character headcode displays in the nose ends.
After rebuilding, they returned to service from Eastfield depot in Glasgow.
Although these offered more power and much improved reliability over the original Class 21s, they did not survive much longer, due to their small class size and the use of a non-standard high-speed diesel engine.
D6108 was withdrawn in May 1969 and scrapped by McWilliams of Shettleston in 1971, while the other 19 were withdrawn between April and December 1971 and scrapped at BR's Glasgow Works in 1971–72.
No Class 21 or Class 29 locomotives survive today.
In the board game chess, each player starts with 16 Chess pieces.
The moves of the pieces are defined by tradition, and by the international chess federation, FIDE.
1 king
1 queen
2 rooks
2 bishops
2 knights
8 pawns
Pawn - A pawn can only move ahead, to the far end of the board.
A pawn is placed in each square on the second row away from each player at the beginning of a game, right in front of all of their other pieces, so each player begins with eight pawns.
Most times, a pawn can only move to one square, the square in front of it.
But a pawn that has not moved yet in the game can move ahead two squares, or just one.
If an enemy piece is straight in front of a pawn, the pawn cannot capture that piece.
Pawns have a special way to capture.
A pawn can capture an enemy piece which is on the diagonal square to the left or right of the square in front of it.
This is the only time a pawn can move to a square that is not straight in front of it.
If a pawn moves two squares on its first move, it may be taken (on the opponent's next move only) by an enemy pawn as if it had moved only one.
This is called "en passant" (French for "in passing").
A pawn is worth 1 point.
Bishop - A bishop can move any number of squares diagonally, meaning, if you pretend the bishop is in the middle of a big X, it can move to any square along the lines of the X. Because of this, a bishop will be on the same color of squares for the whole game.
At the start, a bishop is placed on the third from the left and third from the right of the row of pieces closest to each player.
A bishop is worth 3 points.
Knight - The knight is special because it is the only piece than can jump over other pieces.
When a knight moves, first it goes two squares in one of the four ways a rook can move.
Then the knight ends its move by going one square to the side.
The knight is said to move in the shape of an L. See the picture (picture is coming).
It "jumps over" the pieces on its way to its new square, and does not capture them, but the knight will capture an enemy piece if it lands on one.
Knights are placed at the second and seventh squares on the rows closest to each player, between the rooks and the bishops.
A knight is worth 3 points.
Rook - A rook can move any number of squares: left or right on the ranks, and up & down on the files.
Rooks start at the far left and far right squares in the row closest to each player, next to the knights.
A rook is worth 5 points.
Queen - The queen combines the moves of a bishop and a rook.
The queen is placed next to the king on a square of its own colour.
Thus the two queens exactly face each other at the start.
The queen is worth 9 points.
King - The king starts next to the queen.
The king can move to one of the eight squares around it.
It is limited as an active piece, but always is vulnerable to attack.
No numerical value can be put on it.
A king may perform a special move known as "castling".
This is when a king moves two spaces towards a rook, and the rook moves to the square on the other side of the king.
This may not be done if:
there are any pieces (friend or enemy) between the king and castling rook
either the king or rook have moved during the game
the king, or any square the king moves through, is threatened by an enemy piece.
The king must not castle into check.
The Solanales are an order of flowering plants, included in the asterid group of dicotyledons.
The British Rail Class 31 diesel locomotives, also known as the Brush Type 2 and originally as Class 30, were built by Brush Traction from 1957–62.
A1A-A1A locomotives
The British Rail Class 35 is a class of mixed traffic B-B diesel locomotive with hydraulic transmission.
On account of their Mekydro-design hydraulic transmission units, the design became known as the Hymeks.
The type was developed for the Western Region of British Railways, which had opted for lightweight locomotives with hydraulic transmission when allocated funds under the British Railways Modernisation Plan of 1955.
One hundred and one of the class were built between 1961 and 1964 when it became apparent that there was a requirement for a medium power diesel-hydraulic design for both secondary passenger work and freight duties.
They were allocated to Bristol Bath Road, Cardiff Canton and Old Oak Common.
Withdrawal from service began in 1971, and by 1975 all had been withdrawn.
Their early withdrawal was caused, primarily, by BR classifying the hydraulic transmission as non-standard.
Four examples survived into preservation.
The British Rail Class 37 is a diesel-electric locomotive.
It is also known as the English Electric Type 3.
The Class was ordered as part of the British Rail modernisation plan.
The Class 37 became a familiar sight on many parts of the British Rail network.
They were on Inter-City services in East Anglia and within Scotland.
The Class 37 is known by railway enthusiasts as a "Tractor".
This nickname came from the similarity of the sound of the locomotive.
The British Rail Class 40 is a type of British railway diesel locomotive.
Built by English Electric between 1958 and 1962, and eventually numbering 200, they were for a time the pride of the British Rail early diesel fleet.
Despite their initial success, by the time the last examples were entering service they were already being replaced on some top-link duties by more powerful locomotives.
As they were slowly relegated from express passenger uses, the type found work on secondary passenger and freight services where they worked for many years, the final locomotives being retired from regular service in 1985.
In the APG II system, for the classification of flowering plants, asterids are a clade of eudicots.
That means they are a monophyletic group.
Eudicots or eudicotyledons are a group of flowering plants.
They are one of two major clades, the non-magnoliid dicots.
Their sister group is the Magnoliids, a much smaller group.
The dicots and monocots are the flowering plants which took over in the long Cretaceous period.
They largely replaced the earlier types of plants.
Of the old forests of the Mesozoic era, only the conifers are still common today.
The big groups of eudicots are the rosids and asterids (together 70% of angiosperms).
Monocots make up most of the rest.
A few examples of eudicots are forget-me-not, cabbage, apple, dandelion, buttercup, maple and macadamia.
The tree forms of flowering plants evolved during the Cretaceous period.
These began to displace the conifers during the Tertiary era (66 to 2 million years ago).
Forests covered much of the globe before the climate cooled.
Caryophyllales is a flowering plant order that includes the cacti, carnations, amaranths, ice plants, and most carnivorous plants.
Many members are succulent, having fleshy stems or leaves.
Order Caryophyllales
Family Achatocarpaceae
Family Aizoaceae
Family Amaranthaceae
Family Ancistrocladaceae
Family Asteropeiaceae
Family Basellaceae
Family Cactaceae
Family Caryophyllaceae
Family Didiereaceae
Family Dioncophyllaceae
Family Droseraceae
Family Drosophyllaceae
Family Frankeniaceae
Family Molluginaceae
Family Nepenthaceae
Family Nyctaginaceae
Family Physenaceae
Family Phytolaccaceae
Family Plumbaginaceae
Family Polygonaceae
Family Portulacaceae
Family Rhabdodendraceae
Family Sarcobataceae
Family Simmondsiaceae
Family Stegnospermataceae
Family Tamaricaceae
The Prototype 'Warship Class' locomotives
The Prototype High Speed Train power cars
British Railways' (BR) Type 4 "Warship" class diesel-hydraulic locomotives were introduced in 1958.
It was apparent at that time that the largest centre of expertise on diesel-hydraulic locomotives was in Germany.
The Western Region of British Railways (in view of post-World War II sensibilities) negotiated a licence with German manufacturers to scale down the German Federal Railway's "V200" design to suit the smaller loading gauge of the British network, and to allow British manufacturers to construct the new design.
The resultant design bears a close resemblance both cosmetically and in the engineering employed.
They were divided into two batches: examples built at BR's Swindon works were numbered in the series D800 to D832 and from D866 to D870, had a maximum tractive effort of 52,400 pounds force and are the British Rail Class 42 of this article.
33 others, D833-865, were constructed by the North British Locomotive Company and became British Rail Class 43.
They were allocated to Bristol Bath Road, Plymouth Laira, Newton Abbot and Old Oak Common.
The NBL 'Warship Class' locomotives
The Production High Speed Train power cars
The British Rail Class 44 or Sulzer Type 4 diesel locomotives were built by British Railways' Derby Works between 1959 and 1960.
They were named after British mountains, and were then nicknamed Peaks.
The British Rail Class 45 also known as the Sulzer Type 4 diesel locomotives were built by British Rail at their Derby and Crewe Works between 1960 and 1962.
They were the successors to the Class 44 locomotives.
When initially put into service the locomotives were fitted with multi-unit working and steam heating boilers for passenger service.
In the early 1970s fifty were fitted with electric train supply in place of their steam heating boilers, and assigned to work services on the Midland Main Line from London St Pancras to Nottingham, Derby and Sheffield.
All were withdrawn from service by 1989.
The British Rail Class 46 is a class of diesel locomotive.
They were built from 1961–1963 at British Railways' Derby Works and were initially numbered D138-D193.
With the arrival of TOPS computer system they were renumbered to Class 46.
The first was withdrawn in 1977 and all of them were withdrawn by 1984.
The Class 46 design was structurally the same as the earlier Class 45 build, and had the same Sulzer engine.
It differed in the fitment of a Brush generator and traction motors, in place of the Crompton Parkinson equipment fitted to the Class 45.
The British Rail Class 47 (Originally Brush Type 4) is a class of British railway diesel-electric locomotive that was developed in the 1960s by Brush Traction.
A total of 512 Class 47s were built at Crewe Works and Brush's Falcon Works, Loughborough between 1962 and 1968, which made them the most numerous class of British mainline diesel locomotive.
They were fitted with the Sulzer 12LDA28C  twelve-cylinder diesel engine producing  (later derated to 2580 bhp to improve reliability), and have been used on both passenger and freight trains on Britain's railways for over 40 years.
Despite the introduction of more modern types of traction, as of 2008 a significant number are still in use, both on the mainline and on heritage railways.
As of December 2008, 103 locomotives still exist, with 29 working on the mainline.
The British Rail Class 48 was a diesel locomotive class which consisted of five examples, built at Brush Falcon Works in Loughborough and delivered between September 1965 and July 1966.
They were part of the British Rail Class 47 order, but differed from their classmates by being fitted with a Sulzer V12 12LVA24 power unit producing , as opposed to the standard 12LDA28C twin-bank twelve-cylinder unit of the remaining fleet.
The British Rail (BR) Class 50 is a diesel locomotive built from 1967–68 by English Electric at their Vulcan Foundry Works in Newton-le-Willows.
Fifty of these locomotives were built to haul express passenger trains on the, then non-electrified, section of the West Coast Main Line between Crewe, Carlisle and Scotland.
They were originally hired from English Electric Leasings, not being purchased outright by BR until around 1973.
Under the pre-1968 classification system these locomotives were known as the English Electric Type 4.
The class were affectionately nicknamed "Hoovers" by rail enthusiasts because of their distinctive engine sound, caused by the centrifugal air filters originally fitted.
These proved unreliable, and were later removed, but the "Hoover" nickname stuck.
British Rail assigned Class 52 to the class of 74 large Type 4 diesel-hydraulic locomotives built for the Western Region of British Railways between 1961 and 1964.
All were given two-word names, with the first word being Western, and thus the type became known as Westerns.
British Rail gave the name Class 53 to the single Brush Traction-built example train Falcon.
Although it worked, the idea of Class 53 was made old by new locomotive technology (like the power from single low-speed diesel engines) and was never made twice.
The British Rail Class 55 is a class of diesel locomotive built between 1961 and 1962 by English Electric.
They were designed for the high-speed express passenger services on the East Coast Main Line between London King's Cross and Edinburgh.
They gained the name "Deltic" from the prototype locomotive, DP1 Deltic, which in turn was named for its Napier Deltic power units.
22 locomotives were built, and they dominated services on the line until their withdrawal at the end of 1981.
Six locomotives were preserved and are still running today.
The British Rail Class 56 is a type of diesel locomotive designed for heavy freight work.
It is a Type 5 locomotive, with a Ruston-Paxman power unit developing 3,250bhp (2,423kW), and has a Co-Co wheel arrangement.
The fleet was introduced between 1976 and 1983.
The first thirty locomotives (Nos.56001-56030) were built by Electroputere in Romania, but these suffered from poor construction standards, and many were withdrawn from service early.
The remaining 105 locomotives were built by BREL at Doncaster Works (Nos.56031 to 56115) and Crewe Works (Nos.56116 to 56135).
Enthusiasts nicknamed them "Grids", likely due to the grid-like horn cover on the locomotive's cab ends.
The 'Grid' name was given due to the fact that class 56 locomotives were the main motive power used on merry-go-round coal deliveries to national grid power stations.
BREL locomotives
The British Rail Class 57 diesel locomotives is a diesel locomotive that was built by Brush Traction between 1997 and 2004.
They are rebuilds, with new engines, of older Class 47 locomotives, originally introduced in 1964–1965.
They are known as "bodysnatchers", or "Zombies" to enthusiasts, because the shell (body) of the class 47 has been stripped, rewired and re-engined.
The first ever class 57 named was “Freightliner Envy” after the first one entering Freightliner.
The British Rail Class 58 is a class of Co-Co diesel locomotive designed for heavy freight.
Introduced in 1982, they followed American practice of modularisation.
From new they were painted in grey Railfreight Sector livery, instead of BR blue.
EWS withdrew them in 2002 after 20 years in service, though 30 were subsequently hired abroad—four to the Netherlands, eight to Spain, and twenty to France.
The Class 59 Co-Co diesel locomotives were built and introduced between 1985 and 1995 by General Motors Electro-Motive Diesel (EMD) for private British companies, initially Foster Yeoman.
They were designed for hauling heavy freight and designated JT26CW-SS.
The British Rail Class 60 is a class of Co-Co diesel locomotive designed for heavy freight work.
While they remain the most powerful diesel locomotives in the UK fleet they have suffered from poor reliability throughout their service life.
The Class 66 locomotive is a development of the Class 59 and used both on British and European railway networks—where it is marketed as EMD Series 66.
The Class 67 locomotives are a type of diesel electric locomotives built from 1999 to 2000 by Alstom in Valencia, Spain under sub-contract from General Motors Diesel in Canada.
The British Rail class 70 was a class of three 3rd rail Co-Co electric locomotives.
The initial two were built by the Southern Railway at Ashford Works in 1941 and 1945 and were numbered CC1 and CC2.
Electrical equipment was designed by Alfred Raworth and the body by Oliver Bulleid.
CC2 was modified slightly from the original design by C. M. Cock who had succeeded Raworth as Electrical Engineer.
The third was built by British Railways in 1948 and numbered 20003.
The Class 70 is a British designation for a type of diesel locomotive made by General Electric, which calls the type PowerHaul.
The first were built for Freightliner (UK) by General Electric in a country in the  USA.
Balaenoptera omurai is a species of whale.
Little is known about it.
It is called the dwarf fin whale, the little fin whale, or Omura's whale.
It gets up to 11.
5 meters (about 38 feet) long.
It lives in the Indo-Pacific.
Balaenoptera omurai is one of the Bryde's whales, a group of closely related and similar whales.
A rook (from Persian رخ rokh) is a piece in the board game of chess.
It gets its name from its name in the old Indo-Arabic game (see History of chess).
Each player starts the game with two rooks.
When recording games, it is shortened to R, and when printed a figurine is used.
Starting place and moving
In chess notation, the white rooks start on the a1 and h1 squares, and the black rooks start on the a8 and h8 squares.
The rook moves forward or back on the files through any number of squares without other pieces on them, and sideways on the ranks.
This is shown in the diagram below.
Like other pieces, it captures by going into the square on which an enemy piece stands.
Angels and Airwaves (AvA) is an American alternative rock band.
It was formed by former Blink-182 singer and guitarist, Thomas DeLonge.
The members of the band were Atom Willard, former Offspring drummer; Matt Wachter, former bassist of 30 Seconds to Mars; and David Kennedy, former guitarist of Hazen Street and Boxcar Racer.
DeLonge created the band angels and airwaves to bring good music to people ears.
The band performed amazing live performances and was well liked by Delonge's fans.
Most of the songs have long built up intros with guitars, synthesizer, drums and keyboards.
Delonge showed over time that his live voice had improved since his time singing for Blink 182.
Angels and Airwaves released their first album, We Don't Need To Whisper in 2005.
The second studio album, I-Empire was released in October 2007.
It was a more lighthearted album with a faster beat.