the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Strong winds have stopped people from fighting the fire and forced a dozen firefighters to seek emergency shelter under tents after the fire moved at them.
Two homes, one mobile home, and one outbuilding have been destroyed.
Several other buildings damaged, and four firefighters were a bit hurt from the fire.
Damage estimates put the fire's cost at $5.5 million.
Slide or Green Valley Lake Fire
The Slide Fire has burned at Green Valley Lake, west of Lake Arrowhead.
The Green Valley Lake, Arrow Bear, and Running Springs communities are under evacuation.
Reports indicate water pressure in local systems was lost and conditions were too harsh for fighters to continue efforts in some areas.
The fire has burned a camp owned by the Boy Scouts of America's local council, the California Inland Empire Council, called "Camp Helendade."
Helendade was originally given to the council in 1960 to replace another camp that had been burned.
Grass Valley Fire
The Grass Valley Fire is burning just north of Lake Arrowhead.
An online appeal from firefighters near the blaze at Lake Arrowhead showed that resources were spread thin:
"Immediate threat to 100 structures and possible threat to thousands ... Multiple downed power lines.
IC (Incident Command) asking for resources from anywhere ... Lack of resources hindering suppression efforts.
Unable to fly aircraft.
All local engines are depleted."
Martin Fire
Walker Fire
This fire was in the Ontario, California area.
It damaged several buildings.
Devore and Glen Helen Fires or Cajon Fire
Together the fires made it a must to close Interstate 15 in the Cajon Pass.
One fire was started by an flipped-over semi-truck.
This fire has burned 250 acres.
It is currently 50 percent under control.
107 firefighters are assigned to this fire.
Little Mountain Fire
Santa Barbara County
Sedgewick Fire
The Sedgewick Fire was the farthest north of the October 2007 California wildfires.
It started around 6:00 a.m. PST on October 21, 2007 from a falling power line.
The fire burned a total of  near Los Olivos.
Approximately 2000 people were affected and 800 homes threatened before the fire was all under control around 5:00 p.m. on October 22.
Roca Fire
The Roca fire began at 3:52 p.m. on October 21 in Aguanga, and burned  east of Temecula.
The fire was 100% contained on October 22.
One home was destroyed and one injury was reported from the fire.
Rosa Fire
The Rosa fire began at 11:00 p.m. on October 22 in western Temecula and has burned .
There are people who have to leave and closed roads in this area.
The fire is 50% under control; 100% expected by October 24 at 6 p.m.
Wind and weather
The fires are occurring in a very dry area and they are being exacerbated by seasonal winds called the Santa Ana winds.
The San Diego Union Tribune reported, "Santa Ana winds blowing up to 60 mph combined with temperatures into the 90s to create in the worst possible fire conditions."
The Santa Ana winds  are warm, dry winds that characteristically appear in Southern California and Northern Baja California weather during autumn and early winter.
Santa Anas are a type of föhn wind, the result of air pressure buildup in the high-altitude Great Basin between the Sierra Nevada and the Rocky Mountains.
This high energy wind spills out of the Great Basin and is pulled by gravity into the surrounding lowlands.
The air circulates clockwise around the high pressure area bringing winds from the east and northeast to Southern California (the reverse of the westerly winds characteristic of the latitude).
The air heats up due to adiabatic heating while being compressed during its descent.
While the air has already been dried by orographic lift prior to reaching the Great Basin, the relative humidity of the air declines rapidly as it descends and warms in its final stages as it passes over the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges.
The air is then forced down the mountain slopes out towards the Pacific coast; the air mass is further heated by compression as it drops in altitude before reaching the Los Angeles Basin, western San Diego County and Tijuana (Baja California) at typical speeds of 35 knots.
The southern California coastal region gets some of its hottest weather of the year during autumn while Santa Ana winds are blowing.
During Santa Ana conditions it is typically hotter along the coast than in the deserts and the humidity plummets to less than 15%.
As the Santa Ana winds are channeled through the mountain passes they can approach hurricane force.
The combination of wind, heat, and dryness turns the chaparral into explosive fuel for the infamous wildfires the region is known for.
Wildfires fanned by Santa Ana winds burned 721,791 acres (2,921 km²) in two weeks during October 2003.
On October 21, the Harris Fire damaged and disabled the Southwest Power Link, a 500,000-volt power line from Arizona to San Diego.
Power outages were reported in Los Angeles, Orange, San Diego, and other counties on October 22 to 333,500 Southern California Edison customers, most being restored within 24 hours.
The power outage also affected the areas of Ojai, Oxnard, Simi Valley, Santa Clarita, Thousand Oaks, Rialto, Fontana, San Bernardino, Rancho Cucamonga, Mira Loma, Hesperia, Corona, Bloomington, Irvine, Calimesa and Rubidoux.
This outage also caused 230 people to be without power in Malibu.
The California Independent System Operator Corp, or California ISO, declared an energy transmission emergency in southern California on October 23, due to wildfires affecting the lines.
500,000-, 230,000- and 138,000-volt lines were disabled in San Diego, and some lines in other areas were also disabled.
24,992 lost power, due to lack of power from the power grid.
The San Diego Community College District on October 22, 2007 initially closed Miramar College, followed by Mesa College and selected Continuing Education sites in the northern area of the District.
Effective at 3:00 p.m. the same day all colleges, campuses and sites of the San Diego Community College District were closed and would remain so through at least October 23, 2007.
Students and faculty were urged to seek an update on possible closures on October 23 after 5:00pm local time.
Numerous other schools, businesses and universities have closed as well, including California State University, San Marcos, San Diego State University, UC San Diego, the University of San Diego and the San Diego Wild Animal Park.
Classes for Tuesday, October 23 have been canceled for all of San Diego Unified School District and Sweetwater Union High School District as well as all other districts in the county and all schools in the municipalities of Tijuana, Tecate and Rosarito, located across the border in Baja California, Mexico.
In the Santa Clarita area, classes and events were cancelled at College of the Canyons and CalArts; local public schools were cancelled as well.
All public schools were closed in Malibu, and there were some school closings in Orange County, Ventura County and San Bernardino County.
By mid-morning on October 22, 2007, thousands of evacuees were taking shelter in Qualcomm Stadium and other locations throughout San Diego.
On the afternoon of October 22, 2007, the Marines were evacuating some planes from Marine Corps Air Station Miramar to other military bases in California and Arizona.
The San Diego Wild Animal Park moved some animals to the on-site animal hospital for their protection.
As of October 22 2007, with Qualcomm Stadium still hosting evacuees, the San Diego State University football team was still planning to host their Saturday game against BYU in the stadium.
Some players and coaches have been affected by evacuations.
Numerous San Diego area high schools canceled games and practices at least through October 242007.
With many players from the San Diego Chargers affected by evacuations, the team has moved practices to Arizona and they may move their upcoming game there as well.
Government agencies and volunteers worked together to mitigate the effects of the fires.
According to the state of California's Consolidated Response web page, "There are 17 active fires in Southern California.
The priority for fighting fires as of 1930 on October 21 is the Buckweed, Witch, Harris, Canyon, Ranch, Santiago, and Sedgewick Fires."
With many businesses and schools closed, some people used their time off to help others.
Officials estimated that 10,000 people were gathered at Qualcomm stadium, the largest shelter point in San Diego.
Besides food, blankets and water, volunteers provided toys for children, massages, and a live rock and roll band performance.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints opened ten of its churches as temporary shelters and, at the request of the mayor of San Diego, delivered two truckloads of blankets and processed food to evacuees in Qualcomm Stadium.
The Navy and Marines were also helping in San Diego.
Six crews from the Navy's Helicopter Sea Combat Squadron 85 based at Naval Air Station North Island have been assigned to battle the Witch Creek fire.
They fly MH-60 Seahawk helicopters which have a 420-gallon water bucket and they are the only local Navy teams trained to fight fires from the air.
Marine Corps Air Station Miramar has contributed several aircraft as well as fire fighting trucks to operations based in Ramona.
President George W. Bush declared a federal disaster for the seven counties and scheduled a Thursday, October 25, 2007 visit to the region.
CNN updates
Los Angeles Times Breaking News
SanDiego.gov Emergency Fire Information
Google map showing fire locations and information on their size and containment
Google map with detailed information relevant to San Diego
SignOnSanDiego fire blog
Fire maps
State of California Consolidated Report on Fires
The San Bernardino Sun and Inland Valley Daily Bulletin fire blog
The San Bernardino Sun's Fire Updates
KPBS updates via Twitter
2007 in California
2000s disasters in North America
Natural disasters in the United States
Fires in the United States
Parasaurolophus is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of what is now North America, about 76.5–73 million years ago.
Its name means "near crested lizard".
It was given this name because when it was first discovered scientists thought it was related to Saurolophus.
It was a herbivore that walked both as biped and a quadruped.
It probably lived in herds.
Parasaurolophus was a hadrosaur.
They had a large head crest, which was a long curved tube.
It went upwards and back from the skull.
The crest has been much discussed by scientists.
They think its main functions were visual recognition of species and sex, acoustic resonance (making a loud sound), and thermoregulation.
Parasaurolophus is one of the rarer hadrosaurs: there are only a few good specimens.
Thai boxing (or Muay Thai) is a combat sport (martial art) that has been developed in Thailand.
It is known also as "the art of eight limbs", because both hands, elbows, knees, and legs can be used to attack an opponent.
Similar martial arts exist in Cambodia, Laos, Burma and Malaysia.
In the past, Thailand use to be part of Cambodia and Muay Thai inherited fighting techniques from old Cambodian martial arts.
In the competition, the high kicks in the head can seem to make a stronger effect.
In spite of this, the persons with special skills and knowledge of this sport declare that the low kicks, the elbows, an the knees are more causing destruction for the persons who fight.
A person, who takes part in the competition, does the long ceremony and the act established by custom before the fight.
They exist for religious reasons and they serve as stretching the muscles and as preparation.
The training for Thai boxing is known for its being strong and its firmness.
It aims to harden the eight members of the body, so that being hit with the shinbone of the Thai boxer is often compared to being hit with a baseball stick.
The Thai boxers usually kick with the shinbone instead of with the foot.
Almost every act of moving in Thai boxing use the whole body, while turning the hip to every kick and every blow with the fist.
As a result, the attacks and the defence in Thai boxing are slower but more powerful for example than those of boxing or of karate.
One of the pioneers of this sport is Tulgar Dursun.
Thai Boxing
FeelThailand Muay Thai Muay Boran
world amateur kickboxing organization (W.A.S.K.O.  kickboxing & muay thai)
Thai Boxing  at Muay Thai NYC Camp
Carrefour SA (IPA: /karfur/) is a French international  hypermarket chain.
It has many shops around the world.
It is the second largest retail group in the world in terms of revenue and sales figures after Wal-Mart.
Carrefour operates mainly in the European Union, Brazil, Argentina and Colombia.
It also has shops in Africa,  and Asia.
Carrefour means cross-road (the place where two roads meet) in French.
Companies of France
1957 establishments in France
Never S-A-Y Never is the second album by American R&B singer Brandy, released by Atlantic Records on June 8, 1998 in Europe and on June 9, 1998 in North America.
Chiefly produced by Rodney Jerkins, helped to make Jerkins' Timbaland-inspired production sound popular, which he later used for recordings by Whitney Houston, Destiny's Child, and others.
Never Say Never earned Brandy five Grammy Award nominations and became her biggest-selling album to date.
Brandy albums
The Soviet Occupation Zone (German: Sowjetische Besatzungszone (SBZ) or Ostzone , Sovetskaya zona Germanii, "Soviet Zone of Germany") was the area of eastern Germany occupied by the Soviet Union from 1945 on, at the end of World War II.
It became East Germany.
American forces first occupied some of the area.
The Americans withdrew in July 1945 to the agreed occupation zone boundaries.
The Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) and the Communist Party of Germany were merged into the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (which became the governing party of East Germany).
Finally, the SED created other parties, to weaken the Christian Democratic Union and Liberal Democratic Party of Germany.
Originally, Stalin wanted to Sovietize all of Germany, but when the West resisted this idea, he tried to work for a united Germany which would be neutral, but when the West again said no he decided to build a new country out of the Soviet occupation zone.
This became East Germany
The Soviet occupation zone included the central parts of Prussia.
After Prussia was dissolved by the allied powers in 1947, the area was divided between the German states of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt und Thuringia.
On October 8, 1949, the part of the Soviet zone west of the Oder-Neisse line became the German Democratic Republic, usually known simply as East Germany.
In 1952, the states were dissolved, and changed to 14 districts, plus East Berlin.
East Berlin was treated as part of the new East Germany, but technically was part of the Allied-controlled city of Berlin.
Allied Occupation Zones in Germany
1940s establishments in the Soviet Union
Need For Speed Most Wanted is the 11th installment in the Need for Speed series.
It is available for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, Xbox 360, GameBoy Advance, Nintendo DS and the GameCube.
The game was first released on November 15, 2005.
Another version called Need For Speed: Most Wanted: 5-1-0 was released for the PlayStation Portable.
The game consists of the player racing to make their way up the Blacklist until they finally challenge the top racer, Razor.
There are 15 blacklists (levels) you have to complete 1 - 15 blacklists to complete the game.
Iron Man, a popular comic book character
Iron Man 2020, a comic book villain and Iron Man's cousin
Ultimate Iron Man, a comic book miniseries
The term "Iron Man" is used in multiple sports for players with long streaks of consecutive games.
For example, the term "Iron Man of Baseball" refers to either Lou Gehrig or Cal Ripken, Jr..
NFL – Brett Favre, QB, Green Bay Packers (237 games, 16 seasons)
MLB – Miguel Tejada, SS, Baltimore Orioles (1080 games, 7 seasons)
NBA – Bruce Bowen, SF, San Antonio Spurs (425 games, 6 seasons)
NHL – Brendan Morrison, C, Vancouver Canucks (512 games, 6 seasons)
The term "iron man" can also be used to describe a game that is played by oneself whereas additional players would normally be required.
It is also used in the Arena Football League for any player that plays both offensive and defensive positions.
Travis Fulton, an American mixed martial arts fighter, known as "The Iron Man"
Ivan Stewart, an off road racing driver, known as "Ironman"
Ironman Triathlon, a long-distance Triathlon race held annually in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii
Ironman (surf lifesaving), a multi-disciplinary surf lifesaving event
Iron Man match, a type of a professional wrestling match
The Iron Man (novel), a 1968 novel by Ted Hughes
Iron Man (1930 novel), a novel by William R. Burnett
Ironman (1995 novel), a novel by Chris Crutcher
Iron Man (magazine), a bodybuilding and weight-training magazine
Iron Man (film), a 2008 American film based on the Marvel Comics character
Tetsuo: The Iron Man, a 1989 Japanese film
Man of Iron, a 1981 Polish film directed by Andrzej Wajda
"Iron Man" (song), a song by Black Sabbath from their 1970 album Paranoid
"Ironman", a 1988 cover of the above song by Sir Mix-a-Lot
Ironman (album), a 1996 album by Ghostface Killah
Iron Man (Eric Dolphy album), a 1963 album by Eric Dolphy
Iron Man (band), an American doom metal band established in 1988
The Iron Man: A Musical, a 1989 Pete Townshend album
A segment of the 1960s TV series The Marvel Superheroes Show featuring the Iron Man comic book character
Iron Man (TV series), an 1994 animated series
The Japanese title of the Americanized anime series Gigantor
Der Eiserne Mann, an iron pillar from the late Middle Ages, located in Germany
Iron: Man, a 1993 sculpture by Antony Gormley in Birmingham, England
Ironman Datalink, a version of Timex Corporation's watch marketed in conjunction with the Ironman Triathlon
"Iron Man" is the name of a song by Black Sabbath.
It was on their second album, Paranoid (1970).
The song is one of Black Sabbath's greatest hits.
"Iron Man" appears to be about a man who travels to the future and witnesses the Apocalypse.
On his way back, he is caught in Earth's magnetic field, and turned to steel.
When he comes back, he tries to warn the people about the Apocalypse, but they do not believe him, and shun him, so he takes his revenge by killing them all, thus bringing about the Apocalypse he saw.
It would appear that he died and came back to life, for "vengeance from the grave kills the people he once saved" is a line from the song.
"Iron Man" has been used many times, and is frequently performed at events.
Its riff has become one of the most easily recognizable riffs in music.
The 2008 movie Iron Man features portions of this song at the end of the movie.
For the novella by Thomas Mann see Der Tod in VenedigDeath in Venice is an opera by Benjamin Britten.
It is based on the story Death in Venice (Der Tod in Venedig'') by the German writer Thomas Mann.
The libretto (words) for the opera was written by Myfanwy Piper.
It was the last opera that Britten wrote.
It was first performed at Snape Maltings near Aldeburgh, England on June 16, 1973.
Britten was too ill to conduct it himself.
The main part of Aschenbach was sung by Sir Peter Pears.
The story is supposed to take place in the year 1911.
It starts in Munich, and then moves to Venice.
The opera is divided into two acts.
Aschenbach is a famous German writer.
He is getting old and starting to find it difficult to think of new ideas for stories.
As he is walking in Munich he stops in front of a cemetery.
He sees a traveller who is obviously from another country.
This makes him think he ought to travel somewhere to get new ideas for his books.
He takes a boat to Venice.
On the boat he watches a group of young people.
Their leader is showing off.
Aschenbach realizes that, although their leader looks young, he is in fact old.
He has dressed in clothes and used make-up to make him look young.
Aschenbach does not like him.
In Venice he is takes a gondola, but the boatman does not take him where he wants to go.
Aschenbach argues at first, but the boatman does not take any notice.
Aschenbach arrives at the hotel.
In the hotel he watches the people coming down to dinner.
Suddenly he sees Tadzio.
Tadzio is a young Polish boy who is unbelievably beautiful.
Aschenbach realizes it is stupid for him to feel love for the boy, but he cannot get the boy out of his mind.
Aschenbach watches Tadzio playing on the sandy beach.
When he notices that the boy (like many Polish people) hates the Russian guests, he realizes that the boy is not quite perfect after all.
Aschenbach walks along the streets of Venice.
Everywhere beggars are asking him for money.
There is a horrible smell coming from the water of the canals.
Aschenbach decides to leave Venice.
The hotel manager is very sorry that he going so soon.
Tadzio walks past Aschenbach.
Aschenbach goes to the train station, but his luggage has been put on the wrong train, so he goes back to the hotel.
He is annoyed, but he is also pleased because he can see Tadzio again.
Aschenbach sits in his chair on the beach, watching Tadzio and his friends play.
It makes him think of the Greek gods.
The boys do different sports on the beach: running, long jump, discus, javelin and wrestling.
Tadzio wins easily.
Aschenbach wants to congratulate him, but when the chance comes he cannot speak.
Aschenbach realizes that he loves the boy.
He goes to the barber for a shave.
The barber tells him that lots of people in Venice are getting sick.
Aschenbach wants to know whether it is something serious, but the barber says it is nothing to worry about.
Aschenbach is being rowed on the water.
He can smell disinfectant.
There are notices in the streets warning people to be careful of the sickness.
In a German newspaper he reads that the sickness in Venice is cholera.
It says that all German people should leave the city and return home.
Aschenbach does not want the Polish family to leave Venice.
He does not want them to know about the cholera.
He follows then to a café and to church, but he still cannot find the courage to speak to them.
After dinner the guests watch a group of actors.
Aschenbach notices that Tadzio, like himself, cannot laugh at their jokes.
Lots of the hotel guests are leaving.
An English clerk tells him that lots of people in the city have Asiatic cholera.
He tells him he ought to leave immediately before they stop everyone from leaving the city.
Aschenbach decides to warn Tadzio's mother of the danger of the illness, but he just cannot do it.
He has a dream about the Greek gods.
When he awakes he realises that these wild thoughts about Tadzio have gripped him.
He cannot do anything about it.
Again Aschenbach watches as Tadzio and his friends play a game on the beach; they soon leave.
Aschenbach goes to the barber.
He asks him to try to make him beautiful and young.
When he goes on a gondola he realises he is just like the old man he saw on the boat.
He follows the Polish family.
Tadzio starts to walk separately from his family.
He waits for Aschenbach and looks straight at him, but Aschenbach turns away.
He is pleased that Tadzio does not let his mother notice what happened.
Aschenbach is alone again, and buys some strawberries.
They are not fresh.
He thinks about the Greek gods again, and about the relationship between a writer and what he writes about.
The hotel manager organizes the departure of the last guests.
The Polish family are leaving.
Aschenbach watches Tadzio and another boy playing on the beach.
The game gets rough, and the other boy pushes Tadzio’s face into the sand.
Aschenbach tries to get up to help him, but he is too weak to get out of his chair.
Tadzio is left alone on the beach.
He gives Aschenbach a sign to follow him, but Aschenbach slumps back in his chair and dies.
Tadzio continues walking far out into the sea.
The cast and the music
The part of the boy Tadzio is a dancing part.
He and his family never speak or sing in the opera.
All the different characters that Aschenbach meets: the man by the cemetery, the old man dressed as a young man, the gondolier, the hotel manager, the barber, the leader of the actors and the voice of the God Dionysus are really like one character.
They are sung by the same singer, a bass-baritone.
Apart from him and Aschenbach (a tenor) the only other solo singer in the opera is the voice of Apollo, sung offstage by a countertenor as the boys play sport on the beach.
There are several choruses: the groups of young people, hotel staff, actors, church choir and tourists.
The whole sound of the opera is written with the voice of Peter Pears in mind.
Britten’s music is partly tonal but also uses twelve-tone music and gamelan music from the Far East.
When Aschenbach sings recitative (telling the story) he is just accompanied by the piano.
Britten deliberately uses a limited number of musical sounds.
This gives the opera a specially expressive character, particularly in the beautiful ending.
Compositions by Benjamin Britten
The Territory of the Saar Basin (, Saarterritorium; ) was usually called the Saar or the .
It was a territory governed by the League of Nations under the Treaty of Versailles for 15 years from 1920.
It was made up of parts of the Prussian Rhine Province and the Bavarian Palatinate of the Rhine.
It was slightly smaller than the modern German state of Saarland.
Commission of Government
According to Treaty of Versailles the highly industrialized Saarland was to be governed by the League of Nations for a period of 15 years, and its coalfields given to France.
The Commission of Government, which represented the League of Nations, had five members.
At least one member had to be French and one a native of the Saar.
At the end of the 15 year period, in 1935, the people of the Saar voted on how they wanted their country.
They voted to become a part of Nazi Germany.
Chairmen of the Commission
Victor Rault, France (26 February 1920 - 18 March 1926)
George Washington Stephens, Canada (18 March 1926 - 8 June 1927)
Sir Ernest Colville Collins Wilton, United Kingdom (8 June 1927 - 1 April 1932)
Sir Geoffrey George Knox, United Kingdom (1 April 1932 - 1 March 1935)
In 1933, many anti-Nazi Germans fled to the Saar, as it was the only part of Germany left outside the Third Reich's control.
As a result, anti-Nazi groups wanted the Saarland to remain under control of League of Nations as long as Adolf Hitler ruled Germany.
However, France had a lot of power in the Saar, including control of the coal mines.
Not many Saarlanders liked France, and in the plebiscite on 13 January 1935, 90% of the voters wished to join Germany, and 8.86% wanted to stay with the League of Nations.
Only 0.40% (that is, four voters in every thousand) wanted to join France.
Nazi rule
On 17 January 1935, the territory's re-union with Germany was approved by the League Council.
On 1 March, the Nazi Germany took over the region, and appointed Josef Bürckel as Reichskommissar für die Rückgliederung des Saarlandes, "Reich Commissioner for the re-union of Saarland".
When re-incorporation was completed, the governor became Reichskommissar für das Saarland, "Reich Commissioner of Saarland" on 17 June 1936.
Saarland The modern Land of Germany
Saar (protectorate), a protectorate under French control (1947-1956)
Sarre (département), a département of France (1798-1814)
Saarland in the page about Germany on WorldStatesmen.org
Part III - Political Clauses for Europe, Treaty of Versaille
League of Nations mandates
1935 disestablishments in Europe
Sir William Walton OM, (born Oldham, 29 March 1902; died Ischia, Italy, 8 March 1983) was a British composer and conductor.
He was one of the most important British composers of the mid-20th century, a period that included Benjamin Britten and Michael Tippett.
His music has very lively rhythms which are often jazzy.
Walton’s family were musical but they had very little money.
Both his parents sang, and Walton sang in the local church choir.
His father would hit him if he made a mistake.
This may be why in later life he was so careful about every note he wrote.
At the age of ten he joined the choir of Christ Church Cathedral in Oxford.
He learned the piano and violin.
He was only 16 years when he went to Oxford University where he was at Christ Church, Oxford.
Most of what he knew about composing he taught himself.
He studied the scores of works by Igor Stravinsky, Claude Debussy, Jean Sibelius and others.
He had some lessons from Hugh Allen, the cathedral organist.
At Oxford Walton became friends with two poets: Sacheverell Sitwell and Siegfried Sassoon.
Most of the music he wrote when he was very young has been lost, but the choral anthem A Litany, written when he was just fifteen, shows his musical talent with its modern harmonies.
Walton left Oxford in 1920 without a degree having failed his exams three times.
He went to live with the Sitwell family, who introduced him to many important people, including the composer Constant Lambert and song writer Noel Coward.
He also travelled with the Sitwells to Italy.
In 1923 he set one of Edith Sitwell’s poems to music.
The piece was called Façade.
The music was very jazzy and almost jokey, and it sounded very modern to many people at that time.
During the 1920s, Walton earned some money playing the piano at jazz clubs, but he spent most of his time composing in the Sitwells' .
The orchestral overture Portsmouth Point (which he dedicated to Sassoon) was the first work which shows Walton’s real style.
In 1929 the Viola Concerto started to make him really famous.
This was followed by Belshazzar's Feast (1931), the Symphony No.
1 (1935), the coronation march Crown Imperial (1937), and the Violin Concerto (1939).
All these works are very popular today.
During World War II, Walton did not have to do military service so he had time to compose music for propaganda films, such as The First of the Few (1942), and Laurence Olivier's adaptation of Shakespeare's Henry V (1944).
After composing a second string quartet (1946) Walton spent most of the next seven years writing his opera, Troilus and Cressida (1947 – 1954).
The opera was not very popular.
This was because his music was rather Romantic, very different from a lot of modern music that was in fashion in the 1950s, especially the music of Pierre Boulez and his followers.
Walton also composed the music for two more Shakespeare-Olivier films - the Academy Award-winning Hamlet, and Richard III.
Walton, however, did not win Oscars for any of his Shakespeare-based scores.
Walton then started to write more orchestral music: the Cello Concerto (1956), the Symphony No.
2 (1960), and the Variations on a Theme by Hindemith (1963).
He started to have many honours: He was knighted in 1951 and received the Order of Merit in 1968.
People liked his one-act comic opera The Bear, when it was performed at the Aldeburgh Festival in 1967, and he was asked by people from all over the world for new music.
His song-cycles from this period were given their first performances by famous singers such as Peter Pears and Elisabeth Schwarzkopf.
In his last years, Walton found composition more and more difficult.
He tried to compose a third symphony for André Previn, but later gave up.
His last works were mostly church music or reworkings of older pieces.. He had settled on the island of Ischia in Italy in 1949 with his Argentine wife Susana Gil.
He died there in 1983.
Since his death, Walton's music has been performed and recorded a lot.
People no longer think of him as old-fashioned, but as a composer who had a very strong personality which can be heard clearly in his music.
People from Oldham, Greater Manchester
Anton Pann (1790s–1854), wrote Romania's national anthem
Ciprian Porumbescu (1853–1883), 19th century composer
George Enescu (1881–1955), 20th century composer, violinist, pianist; spent much of his career in France
Grigoraş Dinicu (1889–1949), 20th century composer best known for his violin showpiece Hora staccato
Martian Negrea (1893–1975), composer, teacher and conductor.
His creation involves all musical formes and genres and is distinguished by a personal melodic inspiration.
Sabin Dragoi (1894–1968), composer and folklorist, is one of pioneers of scientific gathering of Romanian folklore.
Theodor Rogalski (1901–1954), composer, conductor and pianist, he had composed chamber and symphonic music.
He is one of the biggest Romanian masters of orchestration.
Paul Constantinescu (1909–1963), 20th century composer, best known for religious and vocal music, also wrote music for Romanian films
Tiberiu Brediceanu (1877-1968)-was a Romanian composer and folklorist;
Anatol Vieru (1926–1998), winner of the Herder Prize in 1986, his creation includes symphonic, chamber and choral music.
Ion Ivanovici (1845-1902),was the composer of The Waves of Danube waltz;
Gheorghe Cucu (1882-1932), was a Romanian folklorist and composer;
Filaret Barbu (1903-1984), was a Romanian composer, well known for the operetta Ana Lugojana;
Constantin Dimitrescu (1847-1928), was the composer of Peasant Dance.
Ion Voicu (1923-1997), was a Romanian violinist;
Sergiu Celibidache ( 1912-1996 )-was a Romanian composer and conductor;
Constantin Silvestri (1913-1969),was a composer, who lived in England;
Alexander Flechtenmacher (1823-1829),was not a Romanian composer, but lived in Romania; he composed the operetta Baba Harca
Eduard Caudella (1841-1924)-wrote the first Romanian opera, Petru Rares
Teodor Teodorescu -was the composer of the a cappella work Cucul
Mihail Jora (1891-1971)-was the Parent of Romanian ballet;important works:Intoarcerea din adancuri, La piata etc.
Dinu Lipatti (1917-1950) was a great Romanian pianist;
Nicolae Kirculescu (1903-1985) was a Romanian musician.
He composed theatre and film music, amongst which "Plutasul pe *Bistriţa", the theme of Teleenciclopedia.
George Grigoriu (1927-1999) was the composer of The Waves of the Danube operetta;
Nicolae Bretan (1887–1968) was an Romanian opera composer, also baritone, conductor and critic.
Paraschiv Oprea (1937-2004) was a Romanian conductor, musician and composer;
Cornel Trăilescu (1926-)is an Romanian opera composer and conductor.
Doina Rotaru (1951-) is a Romanian composer of mostly orchestral and chamber works that have been performed throughout the world.
Cristian Matei (1977-) is a Romanian composer.
Matei studied at the National University of Music in Bucharest, film music composition.
George Balint (1961-) is a Romanian composer.
Vladimir Cosma (1940-) is a composer and violinist, born in Bucharest, Romania.
Liviu Dănceanu (1954-)is a Romanian composer;
Dimitrie Cuclin (1885-1978) was a Romanian classical music composer, musicologist, philosopher, translator, and writer.
Valentin Gheorghiu (1928-) is a Romanian pianist and composer;
Ludovic Bacs (1930-) is a Romanian composer, conductor and instrumentalist;
Johnny Răducanu (1931-) is a Romanian jazz composer and conductor;
Matei Socor (1908-1980) was a composer and musician;
Mircea Hoinic (1910-1986) was a composer and conductor;
Ionel Perlea (1900-1970)-was a Romanian composer and conductor;
Cornel Ţăranu (1934-) is a Romanian composer from Cluj-Napoca;
Bogdan Bradu (1968-) is a Romanian composer, singer and violinist;
Octavian Nemescu (1940-) is a Romanian composer of orchestral, chamber, choral, electroacoustic, multimedia, metamusic, imaginary, and ritual works that have been heard throughout Europe and elsewhere.
Pascal Bentoiu (1927-) is a Romanian Modernist composer.
Lists of composers
The Free City of Danzig (; ) was a self-governing port on the Baltic Sea port and a city-state.
It was set up on January 10, 1920, by Part III Section XI of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, and put under League of Nations protection, with special rights reserved to Poland, because it was the only port in the Polish Corridor.
The Free City ceased to exist after 1939 when it was occupied and annexed by Nazi Germany.
After Germany's defeat in 1945 Danzig was occupied and annexed by Poland under the Polish name Gdańsk.
The Free City of Danzig included the major city of Danzig (Gdańsk) as well as Zoppot (Sopot), Tiegenhof (Nowy Dwór Gdański), Neuteich (Nowy Staw) and some 252 villages and 63 hamlets.
Polish rights
The Free City was represented abroad by Poland's ambassadors.
The railway line that connected the Free City with Poland was administered by Poland.
Similarly, the separated military post within the city's harbour, the Westerplatte (formerly a city beach), was also given to Poland.
There were also two post-offices, one for the Danzig Postal Service, the other was Polish-run.
League of Nations High Commissioners
League of Nations mandated territories, were run by member countries on behalf of the League.
But Danzig and the Saargebiet were run by the League of Nations itself, with representatives of various countries taking on the role of High Commissioner:
The Free City's population was 357,000 in (1919).
98% were German-speakers, with the rest mainly speaking either Kashubian or Polish.
The Treaty of Versailles, split Danzig from Germany.
The treaty made the people living in the city citizens of the Free City.
German inhabitants lost their German nationality, if they wanted to stay German they had to go and live outside the Free City's territory.
In May 1933, the Nazi Party won the local elections in the city.
But they had less than the two-thirds majority that would let them change the Constitution of the Free City of Danzig.
The government introduced anti-Semitic and also anti-Catholic laws against the Poles and Kashubian inhabitants.
Poland always refused to allow the status of Danzig to change.
In April 1939 the Polish Commissioner-General said that Poland was willing to fight if there was a change..
Second World War and aftermath
Around 90% of the city was reduced to ruins towards the end of the Second World War.
On March 30, 1945 the city was taken by the USSR.
It is thought that more than 90% of the pre-war population were either dead or had fled by 1945.
The Allied Powers were told at the Potsdam conference that the former Free State was now part of Poland. (
The Yalta conference was unclear whether the Free City would be recreated or not).
Danzig Corridor
Jewish community history
History of Gdansk/Danzig
Gdańsk history
In 1997 Gdansk celebrated his thousand anniversary
history & hallucination
The power of Gdansk
Former city-states
Surf's Up is a 2007 American computer-animated movie made by Sony Pictures Animation.
It stars Shia LaBeouf, Jeff Bridges, Zooey Deschanel, Jon Heder, Mario Cantone, James Woods, Rebecca Honig, Diedrich Bader, Rob Machado, Kelly Slater and Sal Masekela.
The movie is a cartoon of surfing documentaries, like The Endless Summer and Riding Giants.
Composed by Randy Newman.
Movies directed by Chris Buck
"Baby Boy" is a Middle Eastern-influenced R&B and dancehall song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch, Sean Paul, Robert Waller, and Shawn "Jay-Z" Carter for Knowles' first solo album, Dangerously in Love (2003).
It was produced by Knowles and Storch and was released to positive reception as the album's second single in July 2003.
The song (which features dancehall singer Sean Paul) reached number one in the U.S., becoming Beyoncé's second solo number-one single and Sean Paul's second; it also reached number two in the UK.
It was also recognized at the ASCAP awards by the label companies receiving the Publisher of the Year from EMI and Most Performed Songs award in 2003.
It was certified Platinum in the US for sales and shipments of over one million copies there. "
Baby Boy" finished at number 12 on the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 of 2003.
Official remixes/versions
Baby Boy Part 2 (feat.
Sean Paul)
Baby Boy (Acapella) (feat.
Baby Boy (Instrumental) (feat.
Baby Boy (Junior Vasquez Club Anthem Remix)
Baby Boy (Junior Vasquez Club Remix - Edit)
Baby Boy (Junior's Padapella Remix)
Baby Boy (Junior's Tribapella Remix)
Baby Boy (Junior's World Mixshow)
Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Dub Baby!)
Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Soul Remix)
Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Soul Remix - No Rap)
Baby Boy (Maurice's Nu Soul Remix - Video Edit)
Baby Boy (Jones & Conlin Vibelicious Club Mix)
Baby Boy (Jones & Cabrera Vibelicious Curry Spice Remix - Edit)
Baby Boy (Jones & Cabrera Vibelicious Curry Spice Remix)
Baby Boy (DJ Whoo Kid Steppin In Hotta Remix) (feat.
Lloyd Banks)
Baby Boy (Sandeep Chatterjee & DJ Wildbill DMC Remix)
Baby Boy (Jimbeamjr's Taj Mahal Mix)
The Free City of Danzig (German: Freie Stadt Danzig; Polish: Wolne Miasto Gdańsk) existed between 1920 and 1939.
The City had its own post office, currency and citizenship, but it was not independent: it was administered directly by the League of Nations, represented by a High Commissioner.
The city was governed by the Senate.
The head of state was the President of the Senate.
But Danzig and the Saargebiet were run by the League of Nations itself, with representatives of various countries being the High Commissioner:
In Germany most people call these dialects simply “Fränkisch”.
Although they have a lot in common there are many variations from one small region to another.
Historically Franconia (German: “Franken”) was a very large area covering a lot of Germany including parts of the Rhine as far as the Netherlands.
Today Franconia is the north part of Bavaria (German: “Bayern”) including what is known as Lower Franconia, Upper Franconia, Mid-Franconia and  parts of Upper Bavaria.
Examples of Franconian dialect
Typical for Franconian dialects is the voiceless consonants becoming voiced, i.e. “k” pronounced like “g”, “t” like “d”, “p” like “b” and “s” like English “z”.
In pubs one often hears on the public address system a request for a member of staff
”bidde dzur dege gommen”
English: Please come to the bar.
Vo da Dande a Bageed griing means:
English: “To receive a parcel from one’s auntie“
”die Hasen ‘Hoosn’ und die Hosen ‘Huusn’ haasn.”
i.e. ‘Hasen‘ (‘hares‘) are called ‘Hoosn‘ (‘Hosen’=’trousers’) and ‘Hoosn’ are called ‘Husen’. (
German “Hasen” has an “a” as in British “car”; “Hosen” has an “o” similar to “oa” in “boat”; “Husen”, which does not mean anything, has a “u” like British “oo” in “moon”).
”Der Hamml, der gscheerde, der ko wos erlehm, wenna haam kummd!”
English: “The rotten fellow will be in trouble when he gets home!“
“Fränkisch” by Jens Sobisch; Kauderwelsch 186, ASMB 3-89416-474-3
Port Arthur is a Texan city that was hit by Hurricane Alicia on August 18, 1983.
There was 57,755 people at the 2000 census.
City of Port Arthur, Texas
Historic Article on Port Arthur (WWII)
Lots of historical Port Arthur photos
Marta Colvin Andrade (born 22 June 1907 in Chillán, Chile, died 27 October 1995 in Santiago, Chile) was a sculptor.
Colvin began sculpting in Chillán years after marrying and forming a family.
After the 1939 earthquake, Marta Colvin lived in Santiago.
While there, she went to the Belle Arts School of the University of Chile.
Her teachers were Julio Antonio Vásquez and Lorenzo Domínguez.
In 1943, she worked as an instructor at the Vasquez Factory.
She became a professor there in 1950.
In 1948, she traveled to France to study at the Academy Grand Chaumiere with the sculptors Ossip Zadkine and Henri Laurens.
In 1951, she was invited by the British Council to study in the Slade School of the University of London, England.
Colvin spent the next thirty years working and studying in France.
Her talent was known world-wide.
In 1970, she was awarded the National Prize of Art.
http://www.portaldearte.cl/autores/colvin.htm
http://www.memoriachilena.cl/archivos2/pdfs/MC0015818.pdf "Premio Nacional de Arte"
Chilean sculptors
She was born on 4 December 1711 in Lisbon, Portugal and given the name Maria Madalena Bárbara Xavier Leonor Teresa Antónia Josefa de Bragança but she was usually called just Bárbara or Maria Bárbara, in honour of Saint Barbara, the saint of her birthday.
She had a fine education and loved music.
She could speak six languages and studied music for several years with Domenico Scarlatti, the famous Italian harpsichordist and composer.
In 1729, when she was 18 years old, she married the future King Ferdinand VI of Spain, in Badajoz, Spain.
She died on 27 August 1758 in Aranjuez, Spain.
Titles, styles, honours and arms
4 December 1711 – 19 October 1712 Her Royal Highness the Princess of Brazil
19 October 1712 – 20 January 1729 Her Highness the Infanta Barbara of Portugal
20 January 1729 – 9 July 1746 Her Royal Highness the Princess of Asturias
9 July 1746 – 27 August 1758 Her Majesty the Queen of Spain
1758 deaths
Princes and Princesses of Asturias
Spanish House of Bourbon
An Arizona hurricane is a tropical cyclone forming in the eastern Pacific Ocean that affects the state of Arizona in the United States.
Usually, the storm makes landfall in the Mexican states of Baja California or Sonora, with the remaining moisture normally having mild rainfall effects on the state.
However, a few storms have crossed into Arizona while they still had tropical storm strength.
It is extremely difficult for a hurricane to form in Arizona because the normal storms that form in the eastern Pacific Ocean move either parallel or away from the Pacific coast of Northwestern Mexico.
As a result, most storms that could affect Arizona, are carried away from the United States, and only 6% of all Pacific hurricanes enter US territory.
In average, Arizona experiences the effects of tropical cyclones once every five years.
Many, but not all, of these systems also affected California.
Tropical storms are one of Arizona's main sources of rainfall, and they infuse the monsoon over the southwestern United States.
However, all of the storms that have impacted Arizona have formed in the latter parts of the Pacific hurricane season, and no storm has affected the state before August.
Deadly storms
In August of 1935, the remnants of an unnamed tropical storm that landed on southern California causing heavy rains and flooding across Arizona, especially along the Santa Cruz River and Rillito Creek on Southern Arizona.
The rainfall due to the storm still holds the record rainfall at the National Weather Service office in Tucson.
In September of 1970, the remnants of Tropical Storm Norma became Arizona's deadliest storm when they contributed to the disaster known as the "Labor Day storm of 1970".
As Norma dissipated, moisture from the cyclone was captured in a large extratropical low.
The resulting rainfall created deadly floods that killed 23 people and caused huge damages.
Two years later, the remnants of Hurricane Joanne caused flooding that created damages up to $10 million (1972 USD) and eight deaths.
On September 11, 1976, Hurricane Kathleen killed a man when a gust of wind blew a palm tree down onto his mobile home.
Strong flooding and hailstorms also resulted.
A weather system, including moisture from Tropical Storm Octave, caused heavy rains over a ten-day period.
Fourteen people drowned, 975 were injured, and roughly 10,000 people were left homeless when the flooding ended.
The amount of damage from the disaster was put at 370 million (year unknown) USD.
hurricanes
Arizona hurricanes, List of
The mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) is the best-known and most recognizable of all ducks.
It can be found throughout most of North America, Europe, Asia, New Zealand and Australia.
It is the most common and widespread duck.
It can be found in almost any area with a wetland habitat, even in urban areas.
The mallard is a large and heavy looking duck.
It has a body and a long and a broad bill.
The male has a dark green head, a yellow bill, is mainly purple-brown on the breast and grey on the body.
The female is mainly brown with an orange bill.
It breeds in all parts of the Europe in summer and winter, wherever there are suitable wetland habitats.
It is scarcer in upland areas.
Naughty Girl is an R&B/disco song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch, Robert Waller, and Angela Beyincé for Knowles' debut solo album, Dangerously in Love (2003).
It was released as the fourth single.
It was also recognized at the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers 2005 Pop Music Awards by receiving the "Songwriter of the Year" —sharing with Scott Storch, Robert Walker, Angela Beyincé, and Donna Summer—and "Most Performed Songs" awards.
The remixes feature Lil' Flip, Lil' Kim, Grafh, and Redman.
The video for this song was directed by Jake Nava, who had risen to popularity after directing Beyoncé's first two videos, "Crazy In Love" and "Baby Boy."
The video pays tribute to Hollywood's Golden Era, as Beyoncé and the cast of the video are dressed in old fashioned, glamorous clothing and hairstyles.