the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
South Asian Football Federation (SAFF) – represents nations in South Asia.
ASEAN Football Federation (AFF) – represents nations in Southeast Asia, plus Australia.
Council for East and Central Africa Football Associations (CECAFA) – represents nations generally regarded as forming the regions of East Africa and some nations of Central Africa.
Council of Southern Africa Football Associations (COSAFA) – represents nations generally regarded as forming Southern Africa, as well as island states off the coast of Southern Africa.
West African Football Union/Union du Football de l'Ouest Afrique (WAFU/UFOA) – represents nations in West Africa.
Union of North African Federations (UNAF) – represents nations regarded as forming North Africa.
Union des Fédérations du Football de l'Afrique Centrale (UNIFFAC) – represents some of the nations that form Central Africa.
CONCACAF (North America, Central America and the Caribbean)
Caribbean Football Union (CFU) – represents all nations in the Caribbean.
North American Football Union (NAFU) – represents the teams of Canada, Mexico and the USA.
Union Centroamericana de Fútbol (UNCAF) – represents the seven nations of Central America.
CONMEBOL (South America)
OFC (Oceania)
UEFA (Europe)
National teams not affiliated to FIFA confederations
The national football teams included in this section are not members of FIFA, or of any of its affiliated continental confederations.
The teams are not eligible to enter the FIFA World Cup or any continental confederation championships.
FIFA's statutes do not allow member teams to compete against these sides without FIFA's prior permission.
6 teams representing sovereign states who are members or observers of the United Nations.
6 teams representing states which are not members of the United Nations.
Unaffiliated United Nations states
There are seven United Nations member and observer states which are not members of FIFA or any of its affiliated continental confederations.
Six of them, however, have fielded national teams in unofficial friendlies, Olympic-level tournaments (such as the Pacific Games or Micronesian Games), or in tournaments held outside the auspices of FIFA.
Some of these teams have been run by a football federation in their country of origin, while others have only been organized informally.
1: National governing body is a member of ConIFA
2: The United Kingdom national team has only played unofficial friendly matches under the name "Great Britain".
Otherwise, the United Kingdom is represented in FIFA- and UEFA-organized football by the teams of its constituent countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales (these teams are listed in the UEFA subsection above).
See also Great Britain Olympic football team.
Unaffiliated non-UN states
There are eleven states with limited international recognition, de facto sovereign states, and associated states who are not members or observers of the United Nations.
Four of these have national teams which are listed above: the Republic of China, which is a member of FIFA and the AFC (as Chinese Taipei); the Cook Islands, which is a member of FIFA  and the OFC; Kosovo, which is a member of FIFA and UEFA; and Niue, who has no membership in FIFA but is an associate member of the OFC.
None of the remaining seven de facto sovereign or partially recognized states are members of FIFA or any of its affiliated continental confederations.
Six of them, however, have fielded national teams in non-FIFA football matches and unofficial friendlies:
1: in addition to participating in non-FIFA football tournaments and in unofficial matches against FIFA-affiliated nations, Northern Cyprus participated in the 1980 Islamic Games football competition.
The national associations representing all six of these teams are members of ConIFA, an organization for teams representing unrecognized states, subnational regions, and stateless minorities.
Another de facto sovereign state, Transnistria, is also a member of ConIFA.
The main condition for joining FIFA is thus general international recognition as a nation state and membership of the UN.
However, this rule is not applied retroactively, and 26 of FIFA's members are not internationally recognised sovereign nations.
Non-sovereign associations may still join FIFA or its affiliated confederations in specific circumstances.
FIFA have offered exceptions for associations representing a dependency where the application apply for membership is authorised by the association in its parent state.
The New Caledonia team was admitted under this regulation in 2004 on the grounds of the distance of New Caledonia from its 'parent' nation, France.
The applications for membership by Gibraltar, a territory of the UK and Kosovo, a sovereign state with limited international recognition, were both initially rejected by FIFA in line with the above policy.
However, the Court of Arbitration for Sport has rejected this decision  and both teams were accepted in May 2016.
A variety of other national, separatist, sub-national, pseudo-national, and ethnic teams have formed international football organizations outside FIFA's jurisdiction, and play in international tournaments against each other.
Two organisations have been created as alternatives to FIFA.
The older of the two, the N.F.-Board (Nouvelle Fédération-Board), was founded in 2001 to promote international football among sovereign nations, unrecognised nations, regions and stateless peoples that are not members of FIFA, and to assist in their possible future membership of FIFA.
A total of 49 member associations nations were listed on the N.F. Board's website as of March 2016, although at least one of these (Monaco) is no longer a member.
In 2013, a new organisation, the Confederation of Independent Football Associations (ConIFA), was founded to carry on this work, with a number of its members having previously been affiliated to the NF-Board.
ConIFA was founded with the aim of regularising non-FIFA international football, by having a two-year international tournament cycle, with the ConIFA World Football Cup in even numbered years, and continental tournaments in odd-numbered years.
In some cases, participation in non-FIFA football has been a first step for teams who later sought (and in some cases, achieved) the right to participate in matches sanctioned by FIFA or one of its affiliated continental confederations.
For example, both Kosovo and Gibraltar played in non-FIFA football tournaments before being recognized by FIFA and UEFA.
Similarly, the British Crown Dependency of Jersey, whose national team has been active in non-FIFA football for decades, has applied to join UEFA.
Former national football teams
These national teams no longer exist due to the dissolution of the nation or territory that they represented.
Only national teams that were once members of FIFA are listed below.
→  in 1960 →  in 1963 →  in 1971 →  in 1997
British Gambia →  in 1965
→  in 1966
→  in 1989
→  in 1970 →  in 1975 →  in 1979
→  in 1972
→  in 1958 →  in 2011
(1918–1939) →  Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in 1939 →  in 1945 →  in 1993
→  in 1975
→  in 1945
→  in 1950 →  in 1990
→  in 2003
FLN team →  in 1962
French Somaliland →  in 1977
→  in 1960
→  in 1957
→  in 1949
→  in 19831
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes →  Yugoslavia in 1929
Madagascar →  in 1958 →  in 1975
Middle Congo →  in 1960 →  in 1992
→  in 1980
→  in 1964
Portuguese Guinea →  in 1975
→  in 1923
→  in 1964 →  in 1980
Surinam →  in 1954
→  in 1971
→  in 1984
→  in 1996
1: Still commonly called Ivory Coast in English-speaking countries
Australia national football team is the national football team of Australia.
Its official nickname is "the Socceroos".
The team is under the control of the Football Federation Australia (FFA), which is a member of the Asian Football Confederation.
It has also been invited to join the ASEAN Football Federation.
Australia's Youth teams play in the ASEAN Youth Tournaments.
Australia has been the Oceania Football Confederation champion four times, and has been at three World Cup finals tournaments, in 1974, 2006 and 2010.
FIFA Rankings show the Australian National Football team is one of the strongest countries in Asia, and is currently ranked 20th in the world by FIFA.
Australia made it to the round of 16 in the 2006 World Cup held in Germany and were knocked out in controversial circumstances by eventual champions Italy.
Australia's 2010 world cup finals campaign was also blighted by controversial and mostly incorrect refereeing decisions and lead to the teams eventual elimination in the group stages despite a 2-1 win over a higher ranked Serbian team and a draw against Ghana.
Australia will now prepare for the Asian cup in early 2011 and the 2014 world cup qualification.
2010 World Cup
Shane Lowry
Michael Beauchamp
Josh Kennedy
Dario Vidosic
Nikita Rukavytsya
Carl Valeri
Adam Federici
Eugene Galekovic
Luke Wilkshire
Vince Grella
Scott Chipperfield
Scott McDonald
Tim Oar
Oceanian national football teams
Sport in Bhutan
Football in China
Football in Hong Kong
India national football team is the national football team of India.
It has won the AFC challenge Cup in 2008 and ranks 150 in FIFA ranking (2014).
The team is managed by Igor Stimac.
They have been runners up of Asian Nations Cup (1964).
Their best result is to feature in the fourth olympic football tournament's finals in 1956.
Football in India
Indonesia national football team represents Indonesia in association football.
Football in Iran
Sport in Iraq
Hitoshi Sasaki (1921)
Masujiro Nishida (1923)
Goro Yamada (1925)
Shigeyoshi Suzuki (1930)
Shigemaru Takenokoshi (1934)
Shigeyoshi Suzuki (1936)
Shigemaru Takenokoshi (1938-1940)
Koichi Kudo (1942)
Hirokazu Ninomiya (1951)
Shigemaru Takenokoshi (1951-1956)
Hidetoki Takahashi (1957)
Taizo Kawamoto (1958)
Shigemaru Takenokoshi (1958-1959)
Hidetoki Takahashi (1960-1962)
Ken Naganuma (1962-1969)
Shunichiro Okano (1970-1971)
Ken Naganuma (1972-1976)
Hiroshi Ninomiya (1976-1978)
Yukio Shimomura (1979-1980)
Masashi Watanabe (1980)
Saburo Kawabuchi (1980-1981)
Takaji Mori (1981-1985)
Yoshinobu Ishii (1986-1987)
Kenzo Yokoyama (1988-1991)
Hans Ooft (1992-1993)
Paulo Roberto Falcão (1994)
Shu Kamo (1994-1997)
Takeshi Okada (1997-1998)
Philippe Troussier (1998-2002)
Zico (2002-2006)
Ivica Osim (2006-2007)
Takeshi Okada (2007-2010)
Hiromi Hara (2010)
Alberto Zaccheroni (2010-2014)
Javier Aguirre (2014-2015)
Vahid Halilhodžić (2015-2018)
Akira Nishino (2018)
Hajime Moriyasu (2018-)
Japan Football Association website ;
Japanese National Footfall Team Database
The South Korea national football team is the national men's football team of South Korea.
Korea Republic is the most successful Asian football team in the history of the FIFA World Cup having participated in ten World Cup tournaments, which is the most amount of appearances for any Asian country.
Korea Republic became the first and only Asian team to reach the semi-final stages, at the 2002 tournament (Where it achieved 4th place), and also won the first two editions of the AFC Asian Cup.
Sport in Kuwait
Sport in Kyrgyzstan
The Lebanon national football team are a team who play association football for Lebanon.
They play most of their matches at the Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium.
The stadium is in Beirut, the capital city of Lebanon.
They have never qualified for the World Cup.
They have participated twice at the Asian Cup (in 2000 and 2019).
Sport in Lebanon
Malaysia national football team represents Malaysia in soccer.
Sport in Mongolia
Myanmar national football team represents Myanmar in soccer.
Sport in Nepal
Sport in Oman
Sport in Pakistan
Palestinian culture
Football in Qatar
Singapore national football team represents Singapore in international football.
Sport in Sri Lanka
Sport in Tajikistan
The coach is Alexandre Polking (as of 2021).
Football in Thailand
Timor-Leste national football team is the national football team of Timor-Leste.
Football in the United Arab Emirates
Football in Uzbekistan
Competitive records
Sport in Vietnam
The Yemen national football team is the national football team of Yemen.
Yemen has never been at a FIFA World Cup.
Competition records
AFC Asian Cup record
Gulf Cup of Nations record
Arab Nations Cup
Sport in Yemen
Football in Algeria
African national football teams
Sport in Angola
Burkina Faso national football team is the national football team of Burkina Faso.
Sport in Burkina Faso
The Cameroon national football team (French: Équipe nationale du camerounaise de football) is the national football team of Cameroon.
*Denotes draws including knockout matches decided on penalties.
**Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil.
Football at the Summer Olympics has been an under-23 tournament since 1992.
African Games
Football at the African Games has been an under-23 tournament since 1991.
The following 25 players were called up for the 2021 Africa Cup of Nations qualifying matches against Cape Verde and Rwanda on 26 and 30 March 2021.
Caps and goals are correct as  of: 16 November 2020, after the match against Mozambique.
Players in bold text are still active with Cameroon.
Sport in Cameroon
1982 establishments in Africa
The Côte d'Ivoire national football team (also known as the Ivory Coast national football team) is the national football team of Côte d'Ivoire.
Sport in Ivory Coast
Sport in Egypt
The team has never qualified for a World Cup.
Gabon has participated in 7 Africa Cup of Nations tournaments (1994, 1996, 2000, 2010, 2012, 2015 and 2017).
The team's home stadium is the Stade Omar Bongo in Libreville.
The stadium can fit 41,000 people.
Homepage of the national team
Gabon  at FIFA.com
Sport in Gabon
Sport in Ghana
Lesotho national football team is the national football team of Lesotho.
They are nicknamed the Likuena (Crocodiles).
Lesotho Football Achievements
COSAFA Cup :
Runners-up: 2000
1930 to 1970 - Did not enter
1974 - Did not qualify
1978 - Did not enter
1982 - Did not qualify
1986 to 1990 - Withdrew
1994 to 1998 - Did not enter
2002 to 2010 - Did not qualify
African Nations Cup record
1957 to 1972 - Did not enter
1976 - Withdrew
1980 to 1982 - Did not qualify
1984 - Withdrew
1986 - Did not enter
1988 - Withdrew
1990 to 1992 - Did not enter
1994 - Did not qualify
1996 - Withdrew during qualifying
1998 - Banned for withdrawing in 1996
2000 to 2010 - Did not qualify
2012 - Did not enter
2013 - Did not qualify
Sport in Liberia
Sport in Libya
Psalm 151 is a short psalm that is controversial because it is in some versions of the Bible but not others.
In particular, it is in several very old Greek translations of the Bible but is not in the Hebrew Bible.
There has been a lot of debate over whether or not the psalm should be considered part of the Bible.
Psalm 151 and the Dead Sea Scrolls
The psalm has been known about for a long time and the Greek version was used for study for hundreds of years.
When the Dead Sea Scrolls (which are in Hebrew) were found and translated, part of Psalm 151 was in them.
This surprised the researchers very much, but not as much as what they would find later on.
After studying the scrolls, they noticed that the Greek translator had actually made a mistake.
Two different pieces of two different psalms were treated like they were one big psalm when they were not.
There is a big change in the Greek version after the fifth line (where the second psalm fragment would begin) and is a lot more like a story than most of the other psalms, which are more like poems.
The Greek version of the psalm says that it was written by King David after his battle with Goliath.
It talks about how, even though David was the least of all his brothers, God chose him to be king.
It then talks about how David cut off Goliath's head with Goliath's own sword after killing him with his slingshot.
The Eastern Orthodox Church accepts Psalm 151 as part of the Bible, but Roman Catholics, most Protestants, and most Jews do not.
However, it can be found in some Catholic Bibles and in certain other Bible translations like the New Revised Standard Version.
The IET was started by the government of Uttar Pradesh in 1984, to teach people about technology and engineering.
The school is paid for by the government.
Yahoo Group
Colleges and universities in India
Kate Kelly was born in Beveridge, Victoria, Australia, in a house built by her parents, John "Red" Kelly and Ellen Quinn.
Kate was their seventh child.
The family moved to Avenel soon after her birth, where another child, Grace, was born.
Ellen Kelly then moved the family to her sister's house at Greta.
One year later, the family moved again, to a two-room hut on their own land at Eleven Mile Creek.
Kate helped her mother bring up the family, which included three more children by Ellen's second husband, George King.
The Fitzpatrick incident
The Kellys had already had a long history of trouble with the police.
Alexander Fitzpatrick, a young policeman, went to the house on 15 April 1878.
He was drunk, and said he wanted to arrest Dan Kelly for horse stealing.
He sexually assaulted Kate, and her family tried to help her.
Historians can not agree on what really happened next.
Fitzpatrick went back to Benalla Police Station and said that Ellen Kelly had hit him on the head with shovel.
He also said that Dan Kelly had hit him, and Ned Kelly had tried to shoot him.
William Skillion, Kate's brother-in-law, and William Williamson a neighbour of the Kellys, were also said to have hurt him.
Ned Kelly said that he was not at the house, but working on a farm 400 miles away, though most historians believe he was at the house with Joe Byrne.
Ellen Kelly was sent to prison for three years for trying to kill Fitzpatrick; Williamson and Skillion were sent for six year.
Ned and Dan Kelly hid at Bullock Creek, in the Wombat Ranges, so the police could not find them.
On the 25 October 1878, at Stringybark Creek, they met four policemen who had been sent to arrest them.
Three of the policemen were killed.
Ned, Dan, Joe Byrne and Steve Hart were made outlaws, and turned to bank robbery.
Brave Kate Kelly
With their mother in prison, and their brothers being hunted by the police, Kate Kelly and her sister Margaret looked after the younger children.
Kate also helped trick the police, leading the police away when they got close to her brothers.
She supplied the Kelly Gang with food, ammunition, and news about the police hunt.
The folk song, "Ye Sons of Australia" has a part about Kate helping the Kelly Gang;
The daring Kate Kelly how noble her mien
(The brave Kate Kelly who looked like a queen)
As she sat on her horse like an Amazon queen,
She rode through the forest revolver at hand
Regardless of danger, who dare bid her stand.
(She did not care about danger, who would try and stop her)
The daring Kate Kelly came forth from the crowd
(The brave Kate Kelly came out of the crowd)
And on her poor brother she called out aloud,
(And to her poor brother she called out loudly)
"Come forth my dear brother, and fight while you can"
But a ball had just taken the life of poor Dan
(But a bullet had just killed poor Dan)
Ned Kelly's capture
Following Ned's arrest, Kate would often visit him in prison, as well as raising money for legal costs.
She got people to sign petitions asking for mercy for Ned.
Kate begged on her knees in front of the Governor, His Excellency the Marquis of Normanby, to save her brother's life.
Ned was hanged on 11 November 1880.
Life after Ned
On the night of the hanging, Kate and her brother Jim Kelly, went on stage at the Appollo Hall in Melbourne.
People paid one shilling to see them sitting on the stage.
Kate and Jim went to Sydney and continued to appear on stage, with Jim riding Ned Kelly's horse.
The police stopped the shows.
She was seen performing as "Ada" in a Sydney "Wild West Show", and then in Adelaide under the names Ada Hennessey and Kate Ambrose.
She stopped performing due to ill health.
She worked for a short time at Hill Scott's Hotel in Adelaide, before her poor health forced her to return home to Greta.
She worked as a servant in Wangaratta, and a maid in Lanceby.
On 25 November 1888, she married William Henry Foster, a blacksmith, and lived in the town of Forbes.
They had six children, though three died when they were still babies.
On 6 October 1898, Kate was reported missing.
She was found drowned eight days later, in a swamp near Forbes.
Some historians think that she may have taken her own life because she had depression, brought on by the death of her sister, Maggie, two years earlier.
She was buried in the Forbes Cemetery, aged 35.
After her death, her three children, Frederick Arthur, Gertrude Eileen Ada, and Ethel Maude, went to live with Ellen Kelly at Eleven Mile Creek.
Frederick Arthur became a beekeeper in the town of Myrrhee and died in World War I. Gertrude married Arthur Cavanagh, a builder.
They lived in Wangaratta and looked after Ellen Kelly in her old age.
Ethel married Albert Hibbert, and also looked after Ellen Kelly.
Kate Kelly in movies, art and music
Australian artist, William Patrick Maroney, painted a picture of Kate Kelly which is kept in the National Library of Australia
The Kate Kelly Project by writer Merrill Findlay and composer Ross Carey.
This will be a community based music theatre event.
In the 2003 movie Ned Kelly, Kate is played by Irish actor Kerry Condon.
The Whitlams' song "Kate Kelly", from their album, Torch the Moon, is about Kate Kelly.
In nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of radioactive decay where a beta particle (an electron or a positron) is made and sent away, or emitted.
When it is an electron, it is called beta minus, and changes a neutron into a proton.
When it is a positron, it is beta plus and changes a proton into a neutron.
The weak force makes Beta decay possible.
Beta particles are electrons or positrons emitted by some radioactive nuclei such as potassium-40 or carbon-14 (which becomes nitrogen-14).
The beta particles emitted are a form of ionizing radiation sometimes called beta rays.
Henri Becquerel and Ernest Rutherford discovered beta rays in the 1890s.
Beta particles are made by beta decay.
When scientists write it in an equation, they are use the Greek letter beta (β).
There are two forms of beta decay, β- and β+, which make the electron and the positron.
β- is a single electron that has a negative charge of -1.
Both beta decays also turn a neutron into a proton.
A scientific law is an equation or statement that most scientists agree is true.
A hypothesis becomes a law if the hypothesis is tested many, many times and is almost always true.
In the center of each black hole is a singularity, a point where infinite density develops as spacetime approaches it.
Spacetime goes toward infinite curvature and matter is crushed to infinite density under the pull of infinite gravity.
At a singularity, space and time cease to exist as we know them and current laws of physics cannot be applied to this region.
Singularities form by a collapse of a star, where star with high enough mass (above 30 times the sun) would shrink under its own gravity and force until it becomes a single, one dimensional point.
When it forms, space and time would be infinite in there.
An example would be that if a person were to stand on a collapsing star right before the singularity forms, and they sent a signal every second to a nearby observer, time and space would slow down as the singularity is being formed.
The observer would hear the signal slowing down.
Let's say the singularity forms at 12:00 exactly.
The observer would receive all the signals, one after another, with each new signal slowing down at a very small rate until the 12:00 signal.
When the 12:00 signal was sent, time and space would be infinite -- in other words, it would take forever to get the signal.
To understand singularities, you have to think about infinite density, like how the original Big Bang started.
The Big Bang, most scientists believe, started from an earlier universe that was pulled together by gravity into a single point.
After that, it exploded and made all the matter in the expanding universe.
A black hole singularity is similar, except on a smaller scale.
Imagine if our sun decreased to the size of the nucleus of an atom.
It would be very dense.
However, our sun does not have a high enough mass to become a black hole.
It is well below the Chandrasekhar limit, which means it will shrink to a white dwarf, with radius of a few thousand miles.
It can't become a black hole, because it is too small.
(Paragraph 3-5 Based on "Brief History of Time" by Stephen Hawking)
A supermassive black hole (SMBH or less often SBH) is a black hole with a mass that is between 105 and 1010 the mass of the Sun.
Scientists are confident that almost all galaxies, including the Milky Way, have supermassive black holes at their centers.
How supermassive black holes get started is not yet known.
Astrophysicists agree that once a black hole is in place in the center of a galaxy, it can grow by attracting matter and by merging with other black holes.
Formation of ordinary (star-sized) black holes from the deaths of the first stars has been extensively studied and supported by observations.
Stellar-mass black holes, formed from collapsing stars, range up to perhaps 33 solar masses.
The minimal supermassive black hole is in the range of a hundred thousand solar masses.
Between these extremes there appear to be few intermediate-mass black holes.
Such a gap would suggest that the two types were formed by different processes.
Observations show that quasars were much more frequent when the Universe was younger.
Supermassive black holes of billions of solar masses had already formed when the Universe was less than one billion years old.
This suggests that supermassive black holes arose very early in the Universe, inside the first massive galaxies.
The Milky Way SBH
Astronomers are confident that our own Milky Way galaxy has a supermassive black hole at its center.
It is 26,000 light-years from the Solar System, in the direction of the constellation Sagittarius.
The region is called Sagittarius A*, and the evidence for its being a black hole is:
The star S2 follows an elliptical orbit with a period of 15.2 years and a pericenter (closest distance) of 17 light hours ( or 120 AU) from the center of the central object.
From the motion of star S2, the object's mass can be estimated as 4.1 million solar masses.
The radius of the central object must be significantly less than 17 light hours, because otherwise, S2 would either collide with it or be ripped apart by tidal forces.
In fact, recent observations indicate that the radius is no more than 6.25 light-hours, about the diameter of Uranus' orbit.
Only a black hole is dense enough to contain 4.1 million solar masses in this volume of space.
The Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, and the UCLA Galactic Center Group, have provided strong evidence that Sagittarius A* is the site of a supermassive black hole.
This is based on data from the ESO, and the Keck telescope.
Our galactic central black hole is calculated to have a mass of approximately 4.1 million solar masses, or about 8.2 × 1036 kg.
tr:Kara delik#Dev kara delikler
For the movie, see Event Horizon
In general relativity, an event horizon is the part of a black hole where light cannot escape.
Imagine the black hole to be like a ball that you could see in a large spot of emptiness.
The event horizon would then be an outer bubble that surrounds that ball, the space between the ball and the larger bubble would be the event horizon.
If an object goes past the event horizon, it can never get away from it.
Light that is emitted from inside of the event horizon near the black hole can never reach an observer on the other side.
If an observer saw an object fall into a black hole, it would look like the object was stuck at the event horizon forever.
The reason this happens is because of the gravity of the black hole slows down time around it, making it look like the object will take an infinite amount of time to reach it.
The Universe in a Nutshell by Stephen Hawking
A nanosecond (ns) is one billionth of a second.
It is equal to 10−9 seconds.
One nanosecond is equal to 1000 picoseconds.
1000 nanoseconds is equal to one microsecond.
Ten nanoseconds are sometimes called a shake.
Light travels about 29.9 centimeters in 1 nanosecond.
That is 3.33564095 nanoseconds to move 1 meter.
It takes a fusion reaction between 20 and 40 nanoseconds to finish in a hydrogen bomb.
It takes a nuclear reaction 10 nanoseconds to finish one generation with fast neutrons.
The half-life of a K meson is 12 nanoseconds.
A microsecond (sometimes shortened to μs) is one millionth of a second.
This page lists times between 10−6 seconds (1 microsecond) and 10−5 seconds (10 microseconds).
One microsecond contains 1000 nanoseconds.
There are 1000 microseconds in one millisecond.
1 microsecond – the amount of time it takes for a high-speed camera flash to finish.
2 microseconds – the life time of a muonium particle
2.68 microseconds – the amount of time subtracted from the Earth Day as a result of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.
3.33564095 microseconds – the time it takes for light to travel one kilometer in a vacuum
5.4 microseconds – the time it takes for light to travel one mile in a vacuum
15 microseconds – the amount of time added to an Earth year by the Moon every year.
38 microseconds  -  difference in GPS satellite time because of relativity
240 microseconds (0.24 milliseconds)  -  half-life of ununbium 277
45.9 microseconds - The time dilation of GPS satellites at 20,200 km for 24 hours.
A millisecond (sometimes shortened to 'ms')  is one thousandth of a second.
To help you understand how fast a milisecond is, try this video.
This page lists times between 10−3 seconds and 10−2 seconds (1 millisecond to 10 milliseconds).
One millisecond contains 1000 microseconds.
There are 1000 milliseconds in one second.
1 millisecond – the time it takes for a normal flash in a camera to finish.
1 millisecond – time taken for sound to travel 34 cm
1.000692286 milliseconds – time taken for light to travel 300 km in a vacuum
2 milliseconds – half life of hassium-265
3 milliseconds – a housefly’s wing flap
3.4 milliseconds – half life of meitnerium-266
5 milliseconds – a honeybee’s wing flap
8 milliseconds – 1/125 of a second (125), a camera shutter speed
9 milliseconds – normal seek time for a 7200rpm hard disk
33.3 milliseconds  -  the amount of time one frame lasts in 30fps video
30 to 100 milliseconds  -  normal latency for a broadband internet connection
100 milliseconds  -  the reaction speed of a human
102 milliseconds  -  half-life of bohrium-262
134 milliseconds  -  the amount of time it takes by light to travel around the earth's equator
200 to 670 milliseconds  -  the tempo of modern dance music (128 - 150 BPM)
300 to 400 milliseconds  -  the blink of a human eye
838 milliseconds  -  half-life of lithium-8
A decasecond is a unit of time equal to 10 seconds.
It can be written mathematically as 101 seconds.
2.7 decaseconds  -  half life of dubnium-261
3 decaseconds  -  half life of seaborgium-266
3 decaseconds  -  half life of Flerovium-289
3 decaseconds  -  normal amount of time that a TV commercial in the USA lasts
3.4 decaseconds  -  half life of dubnium-262
6 decaseconds = one minute
6.1 decaseconds  -  half life of rutherfordium-261
10 decaseconds = 1 minute 40 seconds
A hectosecond is equal to 100 seconds.
It can be written as 102 seconds.
There are 10 hectoseconds in a kilosecond, which is 1000 seconds.
There are 10 decaseconds in one hectosecond.
1 hectosecond  -  1 minute 40 seconds
1.02 hectoseconds  -  half-life of nobelium-253
1.2–1.8 hectoseconds = 2–3 minutes  -  normal time for cooking instant noodles or for boiling an egg
3.15 hectoseconds = 5.25 minutes after the Big Bang  -  the first nuclei form
5 hectoseconds = 8.333... minutes  -  amount of time it takes light to travel between the earth and the sun
8.86 hectoseconds  -  half-life of a free neutron
10 hectoseconds  -  about 16.7 minutes
A kilosecond is 1000 seconds.
It can be written as 103 seconds.
It is equal to 16 minutes, 40 seconds.
There are 86.4 kiloseconds in a day (24 hours).
2.7 kiloseconds = 45 minutes – the length of the Anglo-Zanzibar War, the shortest war in history
2.926 kiloseconds = 48 minutes 46 seconds – the change in time of moon rise from one day to the next
3.48 kiloseconds = 58 minutes – half-life of nobelium-259
3.6 kiloseconds = 60 minutes = one hour
5.4 kiloseconds = 90 minutes – the time needed for an object in low earth orbit to circle the earth
7.14 kiloseconds = 119 minutes – length of the movie Citizen Kane
19.872 kiloseconds = 5.52 hours – half-life of mendelevium-257
25.2 kiloseconds = 7 hours – one work day in France.
28.8 kiloseconds = 8 hours – one work day in many Western countries
28.8 kiloseconds = 8 hours – common human daily need for sleep
36 kiloseconds = 10 hours – one work day in ancient Egypt, according to the oldest definition of an hour
37.296 kiloseconds = 10.36 hours – half-life of erbium-165
86.164 kiloseconds = 23 hours 56 minutes 4 seconds – time for Earth’s rotation around its axis
86.4 kiloseconds = 24 hours = one day
91.404 kiloseconds = 25.39 hours – half-life of fermium-252
102.888 kiloseconds = 28.58 hours  -  half life of erbium-160
259.2 kiloseconds = 3 days  -  half-life of fermium-253
432 kiloseconds = 5 days  -  one work week
604.8 kiloseconds = 7 days = one week
799.2 kiloseconds = 9.25 days  -  half life of thulium-167
864 kiloseconds = 10 days  -  length of a new week (décade) in the French Revolutionary Calendar
A megasecond is one million seconds.
This page lists times between 106 seconds and 109 seconds, which is about 11.6 days and 0.0317 years.
One megasecond contains 1000 kiloseconds.
There are 1000 megaseconds in one gigasecond.
Ten megaseconds is equal to 115.74 days.
100 megaseconds is equal to 3.2 years.
1.21×106 seconds = 14 days – a fortnight
1.38×106 seconds = 15.9735 days – half life of vanadium-48
1.54×106 seconds = 17.81 days – half life of californium-253
2.36×106 seconds = 27.3217 days – sidereal month
2.39×106 seconds = 27.7025 days – half life of chromium-51
2.42×106 seconds = 28 days – length of February in non-leap years
2.51×106 seconds = 29 days – length of February in a leap year
2.59×106 seconds = 30 days – length of the months April, June, September, and November
2.68×106 seconds = 31 days – length of the months January, March, May, July, August, October, and December
4.45×106 seconds = 51.5 days – half life of mendelevium-258
5.23×106 seconds = 60.5 days – half life of californium-254
6.68×106 seconds = 77.27 days – half life of cobalt-56
7.24×106 seconds = 83.79 days – half life of scandium-46
7.54×106 seconds = 87.32 days – half life of sulfur-35
7.60×106 seconds = 87 days 23.3 hours – one orbit of Mercury around the Sun
8.04×106 seconds = 93.1 days – half life of thulium-168
8.68×106 seconds = 100.5 days – half life of fermium-257
128.6 days  -  half life of thulium-170
138 days  -  half life of polonium- 210
224.701 days  -  one orbit of Venus around the sun
271.79 days  -  half life of cobalt-57
280 days  -  normal length of a human pregnancy; about 24 million seconds
330 days  -  half life of vanadium-49
333.5 days  -  half life of californium-248
-  The value of pi times 107 seconds is sometimes given as an approximate year value; it works out to 363.61026 days.
More than a year
365 days  -  a regular year in many solar calendars; about 31.53 million seconds
365.2425 days  -  the normal length of a year in the Gregorian calendar
365.25 days  -  the normal length of a year in the Julian calendar
366 days  -  a leap year in many solar calendars; 31.62 million seconds
373.59 days  -  half-life of ruthenium-106
396.1 days  -  half-life of neptunium-235
462.6 days  -  half-life of cadmium-109
1.88 years  -  one orbit of Mars
1.92 years  -  half life of thulium-171
3.3 years -- half life of rhodium-101
4 years—full term of the President of the United States
4.37 years—the amount of time it takes for light from Alpha Centauri to reach Earth
5.2714 years—half life of cobalt-60
6 years—full term of a Senator in the United States
10 years—one decade = 3.16 × 108 seconds
11 years -- sunspot activity cycle (7.5 to 11 years)
11.87 years—one orbit of Jupiter around the sun
12.27 years—the amount of time Nazi Germany existed
13 years—the normal time is takes to complete K-12 education in the United States.
13.08 years—half life of californium-250
16.13 years—half life of niobium meta state Nb-93m
18.03 years -- Saros cycle, the period of solar eclipses and lunar eclipses
29 years—the longest a dog has ever been known to live
29.1 years—half life of curium-243
29.458 years—one orbit of Saturn around the sun
35 years (1.10 × 109 s) – The youngest a person can be and become the President of the United States
36 years (1.14 × 109 s) – the longest a cat has ever been known to live
63 years (1.99 × 109 s) – half-life of titanium-44
65 years (2.05 × 109 s) – a normal age for retirement
68.9 years (2.17 × 109 s) – half-life of uranium-232
74 years (2.34 × 109 s) – the amount of time communists controlled the Soviet Union
75 years (2.37 × 109 s) – average life span of humans in the First World
84.3 years (2.66 × 109 s) – one orbit of Uranus around the sun
100 years (3.16 × 109 s) – one century
100.1 years (3.16 × 109 s) – half-life of nickel-63
165 years (5.21 × 109 s) – one orbit of Neptune
190 years (6 × 109 s) – age of the oldest known tortoise
247.7 years (7.82 × 109 s) – one orbit of Pluto around the sun
269 years (8.49 × 109 s) – half-life of argon-39
310 years (9.8 × 109 s) – one orbit of Makemake around the sun
A gigasecond (symbol: Gs) is one billion seconds.
That is about 31.7 years.
It can be written as 109 seconds.
3.16 Gs is about 1 century (100 years).
31.6 Gs is about 1 millennium (1000 years).
Shorter times
351 years – half-life of californium-249
years – time since the Taj Mahal was built
years – age of the King James Bible
418 years – half life of silver-108
432.2 years – half life of americium-241
years – time since Christopher Columbus reached the New World
years – time since the printing of the first Gutenberg Bible
680 years – half life of niobium-91
790 years – amount of time the Zhou Dynasty lasted, the longest dynasty in Chinese history
898 years – half life of californium-251
969 years – alleged age of Methuselah at death
1000 years – one millennium = 3.16 x 1010 seconds
years – time since the volcanic destruction of Pompeii
years – time since the birth of Jesus Christ, according to Dionysius Exiguus
years – time since the assassination of Julius Caesar
years – time since the death of Alexander the Great
years – time since the death of Socrates
years – age of the Parthenon
years – time since Rome was founded, according to legend
3,200 years—time since the Greek Dark Ages and the beginning of the Iron Age
3,800 years—time since alphabetic writing started
4,200 years—time since the completion of Stonehenge.
4,569 years—time since the building of the Great Pyramid at Giza.
4,851 years—age of oldest living plant, a bristle-cone pine named Methuselah
5,715 years -- half-life of Carbon-14
6,500 years—time since the invention of the wheel
7,370 years—half life of americium-243
8,500 years—half life of curium-245
11,000 years—time since city of Jericho was founded
12,000 years—time since end of Pleistocene Epoch
12,000 years—time since beginning of Holocene Epoch
12,000 years—time since beginning of Neolithic Age
20,300 years -- half life of niobium-94
21,000 years—time since the Last Glacial Maximum
24,110 years -- half life of plutonium-239
29,000 years—time since the extinction of Homo neanderthalensis.
Longer times
A terasecond (symbol:  Ts) is one trillion seconds.
That is about 31,700 years.
It can be written as 1012 seconds.
1015 seconds = 1 petasecond = 31.7 million years
1018 seconds = 1 exasecond = 31.7 billion years
1021 seconds = 1 zettasecond = 31.7 trillion years
1024 seconds = 1 yottasecond = 31.7 quadrillion years
1027 seconds = 1 xennasecond = 31.7 quintillion years
1030 seconds = 1 dakasecond = 31.7 sextillion years
1033 seconds = 1 hendasecond = 31.7 septillion years
1036 seconds = 1 dokasecond = 31.7 octillion years
1039 seconds = 1 tradakasecond = 31.7 nonillion years
1042 seconds = 1 tedakasecond = 31.7 decillion years
1045 seconds = 1 pedakasecond = 31.7 undecillion years
1048 seconds = 1 exdakasecond = 31.7 duodecillion years
1051 seconds = 1 zedakasecond = 31.7 tredecillion years
1054 seconds = 1 yodakasecond = 31.7 quattuordecillion years
1057 seconds = 1 nedakasecond = 31.7 quindecillion years
1060 seconds = 1 ikasecond = 31.7 sexdecillion years
Teraseconds
75,000 years — time since the ancestors of the Indigenous Australians reached Australia
76,000 years — half-life of nickel-59
154,000 years — half-life of neptunium-236
159,200 years — half-life of uranium-233
200,000 years — age of Homo sapiens
211,100 years — half-life of technetium-99
250,000 years — age of Homo neanderthalensis
301,000 years — half-life of chlorine-36
340,000 years -- half-life of curium-248
379 000 years -- time after the Big Bang until cosmic microwave background radiation began
~700,000 years -- time since the earth's magnetic field last changed
1,000,000 years -- the lifespan of a blue supergiant star
1,530,000 years -- half-life of zirconium-93
2,600,000 years -- amount of time the Paleolithic era lasted
2,600,000 years -- half-life of technetium-97
3.74 million years -- half-life of manganese-53
4 million years -- time since the last ice age
4.2 million years -- half-life of technetium-98
6.5 million years  -- half-life of palladium-107
15.6 million years -- half-life of curium-247
20 million years -- time since the first forms of grass appeared
23.42 million years -- half-life of uranium-236
26 million years -- time since the first elephants were born
Petaseconds
34 million years -- time since the evolution of the cat
34.7 million years -- half-life of niobium-92
49 million years -- time since the whales returned to the water
60 million years -- time since the evolution of the first primates.
135 million years -- time since end of Jurassic and beginning of Cretaceous period
250 million years -- Galactic year - an orbit around the center of the Milky way of our Sun and the Solar system
251.4 million years -- time since the Permian mass extinction
280 million years -- time since end of Carboniferous and beginning of Permian Period.
390 million years - first fishapods
575 million years -  age of the oldest animal fossils
580 million years - time since the end of a possible Snowball Earth ice age
703.8 million years - half-life of uranium-235
750 million years - time since the beginning of a possible ice age
1277 million years - half-life of potassium-40
1.8-2.1 billion years - age of the earliest eukaryotes
2.3 billion years - time since the first known ice age
3.5 to 3.8 billion years  -  age of oldest records of life: stromatolites and  cyanobacteria
4.468 billion years  -  half-life of uranium-238
4.5 billion years  -  age of the Earth
13.7 ± 0.2 billion years (4e17 seconds)  -  age of the universe according to the Big Bang theory
20 billion years  -  time until the end of the universe in the Big Rip scenario
Exaseconds
100 billion (1011) years -- If the universe is closed, the lifetime of the universe
Some radioisotopes have very long half-lives:
(1.4 ± 0.4) × 1017 years – vanadium-50
(1.9 ± 0.2) × 1019 years – bismuth-209
(3.1 ± 0.4) × 1019 years – cadmium-116
(2.2 ± 0.3) × 1024 years – tellurium-128
A picosecond is an standard unit of measuring time.
It is equal to 10−12 of a second.
That is one trillionth, or one millionth of one millionth of a second, or 0.000000000001 seconds.
One picosecond contains 1000 femtoseconds.
There are 1000 picoseconds in one nanosecond.
10-10 seconds is 100 picoseconds.
10-9 seconds is 1 nanosecond.
One picosecond is the half-life of a bottom quark.
Ten picoseconds after the Big Bang, electromagnetism became its own force.
It takes light about 3.3 picoseconds to travel one millimeter.
It takes a common 3.0-gigahertz computer 3.3 × 100 picoseconds to add two integers together.
A femtosecond is one billionth of one millionth, or one quadrillionth of a second.
It can be written as 10-15 second.
Even shorter than this is an attosecond.
200 femtoseconds  -  the fastest chemical reactions
300 femtoseconds  -  how long it takes for the atoms of an iodine molecule to vibrate
An attosecond (as) is a very short period of time.
It is equal to one quintillionth of a second (or 0.000000000000000001 seconds).
It can also be written as 10−18 seconds.
Because it can be hard to think about how short this period of time is, on this page is a list of descriptions of periods of time longer than 1 attosecond, but shorter than one femtosecond (which is 10−15 seconds).
This should help when thinking about periods of time that have different orders of magnitude.
Here is a list of time spans shorter than 1 attosecond:
10−21 seconds = 1 zeptosecond
10−24 seconds = 1 yoctosecond
10−27 seconds = 1 xonosecond
10−30 seconds = 1 vecosecond
10−33 seconds = 1 mecosecond
10−36 seconds = 1 duecosecond
10−39 seconds = 1 trecosecond
10−42 seconds = 1 tetrecosecond
10−45 seconds = 1 pentecosecond
10−48 seconds = 1 hexecosecond
10−51 seconds = 1 heptecosecond
10−54 seconds = 1 octecosecond
10−57 seconds = 1 ennecosecond
10−60 seconds = 1 icososecond
1 attosecond: It takes 1 attosecond for light to travel the length of three hydrogen atoms.
1 attosecond: It takes 1 attosecond for an atomic nucleus to react when another particle hits it.
150 attoseconds: It takes 150 attoseconds for an electron to circle the nucleus of an atom.
320 attoseconds: It takes about 300 attoseconds for an electron to jump from one atom to another.
Click this link for times shorter than one attosecond.
An order of magnitude describes the link between two amounts.
The difference between each step is usually 10, with each order being either 10 times greater or 10 times smaller than the next amount.
This makes the scale easy to manipulate using logarithms.
For time, the difference between the smallest limit of time, the Planck time, and the next order of magnitude is larger than 10.
The Lycée Thiers is a public secondary school in the city center of Marseille and obtains the best results of the academy of Aix-Marseille.
It is considered one of the most demanding in France.
The law of May 1, 1802 decided the creation of 45 secondary schools in France.
The "Lycée de Marseille" was opened on December 22, 1802.
Under Napoleon III, it was called "Lycée Impérial".
In 1930, it took the name of "Lycée Thiers."
The Lycée Thiers is constituted by a college of 400 pupils and a lycee of 1900 pupils, with 980 pupils studying in the "classes préparatoires aux grandes écoles" (classes to prepare students for entrance to the élite grandes écoles)!
Paul Arène, writer
Gabriel Audisio, writer
Marcel Brion, writer
Ferdinand Brunetière, writer
Albert Cohen, writer
Joseph Méry, journalist
Marcel Pagnol, writer and filmmaker
Edmond Rostand, writer
Alain Connes, mathematician
Édouard Balladur, Politician
Marc Fumaroli, historian
Jonathan Gilad, pianist
Camille Jullian, historian and philologist
Henri-Irénée Marrou, historian
Pierre Tapie, director of " l'ESSEC"
Serge Tchuruk, Businessman
André Turcat, test pilot of the Concorde
Paul Veyne, historian and archaeologist
Jerome Guillen, director of car manufacturing at Tesla
FIFA Profile
Morocco national football team website
Football in Morocco
Sport in Namibia
Caps and goals current as of 17 November 2019 after the match against Lesotho.
Football in Nigeria
São Tomé and Príncipe national football team is the national football team of São Tomé and Príncipe.
Sport in Senegal
Somalia national football team is the national football team of Somalia.
They have never qualified for the World Cup or the African Cup of Nations.
Football in Tunisia
Sport in Zimbabwe
Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home was the fourth movie set in the Star Trek universe.
It was made in 1986 by Paramount Pictures.
James T. Kirk and his crew have to travel back in time in a Klingon space ship to save the Earth.
1986 science fiction movies
1930 to 1990 – Did not exist
1994 to 1998 – Did not enter
2002 to 2014 – Did not qualify
North American national football teams
Football in the United Kingdom
Antigua and Barbuda national football team is the national football team of Antigua and Barbuda.
Caribbean national football teams
Sport in Barbados
Central American national football teams
Sport in Belize
Canadian women's national soccer team
Sport in Cuba