the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Although casinos later discontinued this peculiar payout, the name 'blackjack' or 'black jack' remained, as the game is known today.
Five of Clubs: "Watson’s card".
The name has nothing to do with Sherlock Holmes but refers to a famous gambler who is supposed to have won £10,000 at Faro through his wager in connection with this card.
Blackjack was not conceived by any one person at one definite point of time.
On the contrary, blackjack has evolved over centuries; it continues to evolve and grow even today, thanks to the Internet.
Fuelling its popularity the online casino industry has developed various versions of the game which has truly revolutionized it.
Now a few reputed casino operators have started an innovative and far more enjoyable concept of this game: live blackjack game with real dealers.
Live Blackjack is the most advanced way to play your favourite casino game right in the comfort of your home, without having to go a long way to a field-based casino.
This is an example of a Blackjack game.
Players are named by gambling chip colour: white, brown, blue and black.
The dealer has given two cards each to the four players who are betting.
One of the dealer's two cards is face-up so all the players can see it (an Ace), and the other is face down.
Black gets an Ace and 2 which is worth either 13 or 3, and asks for a hit and gets a King (worth 10) which takes black to 13; black hits again, gets 16 and decides to stand.
Blue gets a King and Jack which are worth 20 together and of course chooses to stand. (
Splitting a K and J may be possible in some games although it is unusual to split a 20 because it is such a high hand)
Brown gets a 10 and 4, and asks for a hit, gets 2 which takes brown to 16.
Another hit and they get a 10, which means they are bust at 26 and the dealer takes the chips.
Normally the cards would be taken away immediately with the bet.
White gets two 5s, so they double the bet and split the cards, the dealer gives them a 5 and a 7 for each.
They ask for hits in both cases and get a 9 and 6, taking them to 21 and 16 respectively.
The dealer turns their card over and gets a 6, together with the Ace takes them to 17, and stands because the dealer must stand on 17. (
In this case the dealer must stand on a "soft" 17).
Results:
Black loses their chips because the dealer's 17 beats black's 16
Blue is paid the same amount of chips they bet because blue's 20 beats the dealer's 17
Brown has already lost their chips when they went bust
White's 21 is paid at 2:1, which means that white receives double and a half the amount of chips white bet for one of the splits, however white loses the other half of chips bet on the 16 which is beaten by the dealer's 17.
Most games do not pay 2:1 for a hand of 21 however.
The strongest scoring 21 would be an ace card and any other 10-point card.
You can actually get to 21 in many different ways, but the ace and 10-point card combination will beat those variations.
Base (American): with one dealer's open card and one hole card.
With an open ace or a dozen (in some variations only with ace), the dealer looks at the hidden card and, if the blackjack dealer, the game ends.
European: the dealer takes the second card after all players finish the set.
In the case of a blackjack dealer, the players are returned all additional bets (except for "insurance"),
On the basis of Blackjack, numerous versions have been created, with their own names such as Blackjack in the open (Double Exposure), 3-Card Blackjack, Blackjack Switch, Spanish 21, Caribbean 21, Super Fan 21, Pontoon, etc.
The Phanerozoic eon is the current eon on the geologic timescale.
It is the one in which abundant animal life has existed.
It covers about 541 million years, and goes back to the time when hard-shelled animals first appeared.
It was once thought that life began in the Cambrian, the first period of this eon.
The time before the Phanerozoic, formerly called the Precambrian, is now divided into the Hadean, Archaean and Proterozoic eons.
The exact time of the boundary between the Phanerozoic and the Proterozoic is slightly uncertain.
In the 19th century, the boundary was set at the first abundant metazoan fossils.
But several hundred kinds of Proterozoic metazoa have been discovered in the Ediacaran.
Study of the Ediacaran biota started in the 1950s.
There are three dividing points at the Proterozoic-Phanerozoic boundary.
It might be where the first trilobites and archaeocyatha appear; or at the first appearance of signs of burrowing; or at the first appearance of the 'small shelly fauna'.
The three different dividing points are within a few million years of each other.
the rapid emergence of animal phyla;
the evolution of these phyla into diverse forms;
the emergence of terrestrial plants;
the development of complex plants;
the evolution of fish;
the emergence of terrestrial animals; and
the development of modern faunas.
Skip-Bo is a children's card game.
You try and match numbers, colours, etc.
It is similar to the card game Uno.
The Ordovician is the second period of the Paleozoic era and the Phanerozoic eon.
It lasted from about 485.4 million years ago (mya) to 443.4 mya.
It follows the Cambrian period and is followed by the Silurian period.
The Ordovician was named after the Welsh tribe of the Ordovices.
It was defined by Charles Lapworth in 1879.
He recognized that the fossils in the disputed strata were different from those of the Cambrian or the Silurian.
Therefore, he reasoned, they should be placed in a period of their own.
Recognition of the Ordovician period was slow in Britain, but elsewhere it was quickly accepted.
In 1906 it was adopted as an official period of the Paleozoic era by the International Geological Congress.
The Ordovician ended with a series of extinction events that, together amount to the second greatest extinction of the Phanerozoic.
This was the EndOrdovician extinction event.
Palaeogeography
Sea levels were high during the Ordovician.
Shallow (<50 metres) inland seas were the greatest for which evidence is preserved in the rocks.
During the Ordovician, the southern continents collected into a single continent called Gondwana.
Gondwana started the period in equatorial latitudes and, as the period progressed, drifted toward the South Pole.
Early in the Ordovician, the continents Laurentia (present-day North America), Siberia, and Baltica (present-day northern Europe) were still independent continents.
For most of the Ordovician, life continued to flourish, but near the end of the period the EndOrdovician extinction event seriously affected planktonic forms like conodonts, graptolites, and some groups of trilobites.
Brachiopods, bryozoans and echinoderms were also heavily affected, and the cone-shaped nautiloids died out completely, except for rare Silurian forms.
On the whole, the fauna that emerged in the Ordovician set the scene for the rest of the Palaeozoic.
The fauna was dominated by suspension feeders, mainly with short food chains.
The ecological system reached a new level of complexity far beyond that of the Cambrian fauna.
Though less famous than the Cambrian explosion, the Ordovician featured an adaptive radiation, which was no less remarkable.
Marine genera increased fourfold, resulting in 12% of all known Phanerozoic marine fauna.
Another change in the fauna was the strong increase in filter feeding organisms.
The articulate brachiopods, cephalopods, and crinoids took over.
Articulate brachiopods, in particular, largely replaced trilobites in shelf communities.
This illustrates the greatly increased biodiversity of carbonate shell-secreting organisms in the Ordovician compared to the Cambrian.
Although solitary corals date back to at least the Cambrian, reef-forming corals appeared in the early Ordovician.
Molluscs, which appeared during the Cambrian or even the Ediacaran, became common and varied, especially bivalves, gastropods, and nautiloid cephalopods.
Now-extinct marine animals called graptolites thrived in the oceans.
Some new cystoids and crinoids appeared.
It was long thought that the first true vertebrates (fish — Ostracoderms) appeared in the Ordovician, but recent discoveries in China show they probably originated in the Lower Cambrian.
The very first Gnathostomata (jawed fish) appeared in the Upper Ordovician.
During the Middle Ordovician there was a large increase in bioeroding (shell and rock-boring) organisms.
This is known as the Ordovician Bioerosion Revolution.
It is marked by a sudden abundance of hard substrate trace fossils.
In the Lower Ordovician, trilobites were joined by many new brachiopods, bryozoans, planktonic graptolites and conodonts, and many types of molluscs and echinoderms, including the ophiuroids ("brittle stars") and the first sea stars.
Nevertheless the trilobites remained abundant, with all the Late Cambrian orders continuing, and being joined by the new group Phacopida.
The first evidence of land plants also appeared.
Trilobites in the Ordovician were very different from their predecessors in the Cambrian.
Many trilobites developed bizarre spines and nodules to defend against predators such as primitive sharks and nautiloids.
Other trilobites evolved to become swimming forms.
Some trilobites even developed shovel-like snouts for ploughing through muddy sea bottoms.
Some trilobites such as Asaphus kowalewski evolved long eyestalks to assist in detecting predators whereas other trilobite eyes in contrast disappeared completely.
Recent discovery of Burgess Shale types
The renowned Burgess Shale fauna disappears in the Middle Cambrian.
It is now known that it did not go extinct, but survived, and thrived where the circumstances were right.
A recently discovered lagerstätte (a deposit of exceptionally preserved fossils) has been found in the Fezouata Formation, Morocco.
The site contains remarkable fossils of soft-bodied animals from a muddy ocean floor.
The fauna also includes some hard-bodied animals such as horseshoe crabs.
Probably low oxygen conditions kept predators and scavengers to a minimum.
The Silurian was the period from the end of the Ordovician, about 443.4 million years ago (mya) to the beginning of the Devonian period, about 419 mya.
It is the third period of the Paleozoic era and the Phanerozoic eon and the shortest period in the Paleozoic.
As with other geologic periods, the rock beds that define the period's start and end are well identified, but the exact dates are uncertain by several million years.
The base of the Silurian is set at a major extinction when 60% of marine species were wiped out, the End-Ordovician extinction event.
First terrestrial biota
The Silurian was the first period to see macrofossils of biota on land, in the form of moss forests along lakes and streams as well as millipedes and scorpions colonizing the land later in the period.
The fossil record of Sea Scorpions reached its greatest extent in the middle Silurian, about 430 million years ago.
The first fossil records of vascular plants, appeared in the second half of the Silurian period.
The earliest known representatives of this group are the Cooksonia (mostly from the northern hemisphere) and Baragwanathia (from Australia).
A primitive Silurian land plant with xylem and phloem but no differentiation in root, stem or leaf, was much-branched Psilophyton.
This plant reproducied by spores and respired through stomata on every surface, and probably photosynthesized in every tissue exposed to light.
Some evidence suggests the presence of primitive predatory arachnids and myriapods in later Silurian rocks.
Predatory invertebrates would indicate that simple food webs were in place which included non-predatory prey animals.
The Devonian is the fourth period of the Paleozoic era and the Phanerozoic eon.
It lasted from about 419 million years ago (mya) to about 359 mya.
It is named after Devonshire, England, where rocks from this period were first studied.
Sea levels were high, and there was a great variety of fish and other marine organisms.
The Devonian fish included the Agnatha (jawless fish), the Acanthodii (spiny fish), the Placoderms (armoured fish), the Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish), and the early Osteichthyes (bony fish).
The Devonian strata are divided into lower, middle and upper subdivisions.
During the Devonian the evolution of fish into tetrapods occurred.
Various terrestrial arthropods also became established.
The first seed-bearing plants spread across dry land, forming huge forests.
The supercontinent of Gondwana was to the south, and the continent of Siberia to the north.
The early form of the small continent of Euramerica was in between.
The supercontinent Pangaea was just starting to form.
By the late Devonian, the land had been colonized by plants and insects.
In the oceans, massive reefs were built.
Euramerica and Gondwana were beginning to converge into what would become Pangaea.
Period ended with extinctions
Tectonic and volcanic activity was high.
A series of extinction events occurred towards the end of the Devonian, including a major event at the Frasnian-Famennian boundary in the Late Devonian, about 364 mya.
A major extinction occurred at the start of the last phase of the Devonian period, the Frasnian-Famennian boundary, about 372.2 mya.
Almost all the fossil agnathan fishes suddenly disappeared.
A second strong extinction closed the Devonian period.
The late Devonian extinction was one of five major extinction events in the history of the Earth.
The cause or causes are not known.
The Proterozoic eon comes before the Phanerozoic.
It was a period before the first abundant complex life on Earth.
The name Proterozoic comes from the Greek "earlier life".
The Proterozoic Eon extended from 2500 million years ago (mya) to 541 mya.
It is the most recent part of the former Precambrian.
Palaeoproterozoic: 2500 to 1600 million years ago
Mesoproterozoic: 1600 to 1000 mya
Neoproterozoic: 1000 to 542 mya
Several glaciations, including the Snowball Earth during the Cryogenian period in the late Neoproterozoic.
Rapid crustal segments collect into continents.
Supercontinents Laurentia (Palaeoproterozoic) and Rodinia (Neoproterozoic) form.
Early plate tectonics.
Oxygenation of the atmosphere, the Great Oxygenation Event.
Clean (unchanged by metamorphosis) sand and carbonate deposits occur for the first time.
First eukaryote fossil at 2.1 billion years.p57
The Ediacaran period (635 to 542mya) which is characterized by the evolution of abundant soft-bodied multicellular organisms.
The Cainozoic (Cenozoic) is the current geological era.
It began 66 million years ago and continues today.
Before it was the Mesozoic.
During the Cainozoic the continents moved into their present positions.
The climate started warm, but cooling continued steadily.
Finally ice ages occurred.
The word Cainozoic is derived from Greek kainos = "new", and zoe = "life". '
Cainozoic' may be spelled 'Cenozoic'.
It has three periods, and the periods are split into stages.
Previously, what is now the Cainozoic was divided into two periods, the Tertiary and the Quaternary.
The Tertiary corresponded to the Palaeogene+Neogene.
Now, the term 'Tertiary' is not used.
Officially, it is 'deprecated'.
On land, the Cainozoic is the era of mammals, and of birds and flowering plants.
Grassland became a major habitat.
Aquatic mammals took over the roles of predatory reptiles like the mosasaurs and plesiosaurs.
As a result, the ecological landscape of the Cainozoic has become quite different from the Mesozoic.
William Clyde Elliott (born October 8, 1955) is an American racecar driver.
He drove in the Sprint Cup Series He won the 1988 Sprint Cup, and was inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2007.
In 2014, Elliot was voted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame.
He was inducted into the Hall of Fame in January of 2015.
Dolhasca is a town in southeastern Bukovina, in Suceava County, Romania.
11,000 people were living in Dolhasca as of 2002.
It became a town in 2004.
Siret is a town of Suceava County in northeast Romania.
The town is found on the right bank of the Siret River.
Ukraine borders Siret to the north.
9,358 people were living in Siret as of 2002.
Token passing is a communication protocol used in telecommunications.
The system uses a signal called a token to limit when a device can transmit on the network.
Only the device with the token can transmit.
When that device is done, the token is sent to the next device.
With large transmissions, the token may move to the next station before the transmission is finished.
The device has to wait until it gets the token back before it can continue to send data.
The most well known examples of token passing are token ring and ARCNET.
Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) is a Media Access Control (MAC) protocol.
When transmitting on a medium that is shared by many transmitters, the transmitter first checks to see that nothing else is already transmitting.
Examples of shared transmission medium include an electrical bus, or part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
"Carrier Sense" means that a transmitter uses feedback from a receiver to know if the medium is already in use before trying to send.
That is, it tries to find a signal from another station before trying to transmit.
If a signal is found, the station waits for that transmission to end before starting its own transmission.
"Multiple Access" means that many stations send and receive on the medium.
Transmissions are usually received by all other stations using the medium.
The Archaean (or Archean) eon is the geological period after the Hadean and before the Proterozoic.
It is one of the four main time periods (eons) of Earth history.
The Archaean lasted from 4,000 million years ago (mya) to 2,500 mya.
It contains the first sedimentary rocks, and the first fossil life forms, which were cyanobacteria, and acritarchs.
Most of the rocks which survive are volcanic (igneous) and metamorphic in origin.
Volcanic activity was everywhere.
When the Archaean began, the Earth's heat flow was nearly three times higher than it is today.
It was still twice the current level when the Archaean ended, 2,500 mya.
This high level of heat flow may have made plate tectonics more vigorous than today.
The question of when plate tectonics began is a major research area.
The large supercontinent Vaalbara formed in the Archaean.
There were oceans already, before the Archaean.
The atmosphere almost entirely lacked free oxygen, and instead, it was mostly methane and CO2.
Fossil bacterial mats, called stromatolites, are found throughout the Archaean after about 3,500mya.
These were formed by cyanobacteria, which used photosynthesis and gave off oxygen as a by-product.
Initially, this oxygen was absorbed by combining with iron ions in solution.
Not until much later did oxygen build up in the atmosphere.
Fossil raindrop marks have been found in the later Archaean, 2,700 mya.
The rocks were discovered in Ventersdorp in the North West Province of South Africa in the 1980s.
Line 1, shortened to L1 and known as "Hospital de Bellvitge - Fondo", coloured red and often simply called Línia vermella ("Red Line"), is the second oldest metro line in Barcelona, after L3.
It is operated by Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB).
1926 - Bordeta-Catalunya section opened.
1932 - Bordeta-Santa Eulàlia and Catalunya-Arc de Triomf sections opened.
1933 - Arc de Triomf-Marina section opened.
1951 - Marina-Clot section opened.
1952 - Clot-Navas section opened.
1954 - Navas-Fabra i Puig section opened.
1968 - Fabra i Puig-Torras i Bages section opened.
1983 - Torras i Bages-Santa Coloma and Santa Eulàlia-Torrassa sections opened.
Bordeta station closed.
1987 - Torrassa-Avinguda Carrilet section opened.
1992 - Santa Coloma-Fondo section opened.
Bellvitge
Carrilet  (L8)
Rambla Just Oliveras  (RENFE)
Torrassa  (L9, L10)
Santa Eulàlia
Mercat Nou
Plaça de Sants  (L5)
Espanya  (L3, L8)
Rocafort
Urgell
Universitat  (L2)
Catalunya  (L3, L6, L7, RENFE)
Urquinaona  (L4)
Arc de Triomf  (RENFE)
Marina  (T4)
Glòries  (T4)
Clot  (L2, RENFE)
Sagrera  (L5, L9, L10)
Fabra i Puig  (RENFE)
Sant Andreu  (RENFE)
Torras i Bages
Trinitat Vella
Baró de Viver
Santa Coloma
Fondo  (L9)
Trenscat.com
The Hadean is the geological eon before the Archaean.
It began at the Earth's formation about 4.6 billion years ago, and ended 4 billion years ago.
The name "Hadean" comes from Hades, Greek for "Underworld", due to the conditions on the Earth at the time.
The geologist Preston Cloud first used the term in 1972.
Meteorite bombardment, volcanism and high temperatures were very widespread on the early Earth.
There are no sedimentary rocks from the Hadean at all.
The earliest geological objects on Earth are some zircons, dated to about 4,400 million years ago (mya).
Oceans would probably have formed as soon as the temperature allowed.
It is thought that constant bombardment kept the Earth in a molten state until about the end of the eon.
Early in Earth history, the Moon was torn out by a massive collision with a proto-planet.
The evidence for this giant impact hypothesis is:
the remarkable similarity between the Earth's crust and the Moon's composition,
the low iron concentration in the Moon's centre, and
the high angular momentum of the Earth-Moon system.
An explanation for the general lack of Hadean rocks (older than 3800 mya) is the large amount of rocky and icy debris present in the early Solar System.
After the eight planets formed, large numbers of leftover protoplanets, asteroids, and comets pursued eccentric orbits throughout our system, bombarding the early Earth and the other planets and moons until approximately 3800 mya.
This activity may have prevented any large crustal fragments from forming by literally shattering the early protocontinents.
A barrage of particularly large impacts known as the Late Heavy Bombardment represents the climax of this violent era.
No life forms are known from this eon.
The early atmosphere contained carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen, but almost no oxygen.
The Permian is a geological period which started about 299 million years ago (mya), and ended about 252 mya.
It is the sixth and last period of the Paleozoic era and the sixth period in the Phanerozoic eon, and ended in the largest mass extinction known to science.
Oxygen content of atmosphere: 23% (115% of modern level).
Average CO2 content: 900 ppm (3 times pre-industrial level)
Average surface temperature: ~16oC (2oC above modern level)
Sea level: 60 metres above present day level; plummeting during the middle Permian to a constant minus 20 m in the late Permian.
At the start of the Permian, the Earth was still at the grip of an Ice age from the Carboniferous.
Glaciers receded around the mid-Permian period as the climate gradually warmed, drying the continent's interiors.
In the late Permian period, the drying continued although the temperature cycled between warm and cool cycles.
During the Permian, tetrapod life, (amphibians, Sauropsids and Synapsids) which evolved in the Carboniferous, became widespread and diverse.
The first modern trees (conifers, ginkgos and cycads) appeared in the Permian.
The Permian was also a period of adaptive radiation in insects.
Beetles (Coleoptera) appeared; so did flies (Diptera).
22 out of a total of 36 known orders of insects are known from the Permian.
Some became extinct in the end-Permian event, but more radiation followed in the Mesozoic.
Insects were probably, by the end of the Permian, the largest phylum, in terms of number of species.
Early relatives of cockroaches (Blattopterans) were the most common insects.
and dragonflies ruled the air.
True Odonata appeared in the Permian.
All the major land masses were collected together in the super-continent Pangaea.
At the end of the period, the greatest flood basalt lava flows in the Phanerozoic raised world temperatures, and damaged the environment.
These formed the extensive Siberian traps.
The causes of the Permian/Triassic extinction event are not yet agreed between scientists.
Trilobites, once a dominant life-form in the ocean, became extinct, together with 90% of all marine species.
A circus is a special kind of entertainment that can be enjoyed by children and adults.
Circuses are a group of performers that may include acrobats, clowns, trained animals, trapeze acts, musicians, hoopers, tightrope walkers, jugglers and other artists who perform stunts.
Circuses usually travel about to different parts of the country or to different countries.
They perform in a huge tent called the “Big Top”.
There may be room for hundreds of people in the audience.
The seating is tiered (the seats at the back are higher than those in front).
In the middle is the circular area where the artists perform.
This area is called the “ring”.
The person in charge of the whole show is the “ringmaster”.
Not all circuses travel about.
A few circuses perform in their own way.
There are many different acts in circuses.
Some people do acrobatics and gymnastics.
Often a group of gymnasts will finish up standing on top of one another in a pyramid.
The gymnasts may also do jumping acts on trampolines.
Some people are jugglers, throwing things in the air and catching them.
There may be people who walk on stilts or who ride on unicycles.
They may perform magic which may include swordswallowing, knife throwing or fireeating.
There are always clowns who do funny things to make people laugh.
They trip over things and fall over, throw buckets of water over one another or put custard pies into one another’s faces.
Sometimes these clowns are also very skilful acrobats, musicians or jugglers.
They may pretend to be stupid at first, but they often show that they are very clever.
Animal acts
During the last two centuries, and until recently, the modern circus used many kinds of animals.
There were wild animals such as lions, tigers or bears.
There may also have been camels, horses, elephants, sea lions and domestic animals such as dogs.
In recent years people have changed their ideas.
They think that it is unkind to make wild animals perform tricks that are unnatural to them.
Many of their trainers used cruel methods to teach these animals to do tricks, e.g. hitting the animals, giving them electric shocks or causing pain in other ways.
The animals were always touring around, living in tiny cages.
Many countries now do not want to see wild animals in circuses.
In Ancient Rome the circus was a round or oval building for showing horse and chariot races, horse shows, staged battles, acts with animals, jugglers and acrobats.
The Roman circus had tiered seats.
The important people sat at the bottom, near the action.
The Latin word circus comes from the Greek word kirkos, meaning “circle" or "ring”.
The first circus in Rome was the Circus Maximus, in the valley between the Palatine and Aventine hills.
At first it was made of wood.
It was rebuilt several times; the last building of the Circus Maximus could seat 250,000 people.
After the period when Rome was powerful, Europe did not have a circus tradition.
In China there were shows with acrobatic performances, but they did not influence the Western circus, which started to be popular towards the end of the 18th century.
In London there were circuses with horse-riding.
These were started in 1768 by Philip Astley.
A “Royal Circus” was set up in Lambeth, London by John Hughes.
Circuses grew in size and had lots of animals.
They were a bit like a zoo.
They had wild animals such as lions and elephants.
In 1793 a circus building was opened in Philadelphia, USA.
Circuses became popular in the USA, especially the circus of Dan Rice.
In 1840 Thomas Cooke brought his circus with horses from the USA to England.
The circus started to become popular in many countries all over the world.
The Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show On Earth toured from 1897 to 1902.
They showed animal acts and human acts.
There were even shows with freaks (people who were physically unusual, e.g. dwarfs and giants).
During most of the 20th century this is what circuses were mostly like.
In 1919, Lenin, head of the USSR, said he wanted the circus to be treated as a serious art form, just like opera and ballet.
The Moscow Circus School, which was started in 1927, is still one of the best circuses today.
The artists are very skilful acrobats, gymnasts etc.
Chinese circuses also have artists who are some of the world’s best gymnasts.
Children’s Britannica 1973;
Markham, Ontario is a city in Regional Municipality of York, in the Greater Toronto Area of Southern Ontario, Canada.
There are twice as many people there as in 1990.
261,573 people live in Markham.
It is the 4th largest town in the Greater Toronto Area, after Toronto, Mississauga, and Brampton.
Before playing in the NHL, Stajan played 3 seasons with the Belleville Bulls of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL).
He was drafted with the 57th overall pick by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft.
On January 31, 2010, the Maple Leafs traded Stajan along with Niklas Hagman, Ian White and Jamal Mayers in exchange for Dion Phaneuf, Fredrik Sjöström and Keith Aulie.
He is married to his wife Katie and they live in Calgary.
Their first child named Emerson, died on March 3, 2014 shortly after birth.
Cajvana is a town of Suceava County in the southern part of Bukovina in Romania.
Mount Athos is a mountain in the Greek province of Macedonia.
It is also commonly referred to as the Self-governed Monastic State of the Holy Mountain, which is an autonomous part of Greece.
There are twenty Eastern Orthodox monasteries inside this state.
The peninsula is the easternmost "leg" of the larger Halkidiki peninsula.
It protrudes into the Aegean Sea for some  at a width between 7 and 12 km and covers an area of , with the actual Mount Athos and its steep, densely forested slopes reaching up to .
The seas around the end of the peninsula can be dangerous.
The peninsula is only accessible by boat.
There is a limit on the number of visitors.
People visiting need to get a special permit.
Only men are allowed to enter.
Monks call Mount Athos the "Garden of the Virgin"-.
Orthodox Christians take precedence in the permit issuing procedure.
Only males over the age of 18 who are members of an Eastern Orthodox Church are allowed to live on Athos (?).
A large number of Albanian Muslims work in the Holy Mountain.
There is a small number of unarmed, religious guards (Σερδάρηδες), who are not monks, for keeping order.
Police and Coast Guard presence is very discreet.
Any other people not monks are required to live in the peninsula's capital, Karyes (?)
Most workers live at the place where they work.
Small low class hotels exist at Karyes (administrative center) and Dafni (main port).
The 2001 Greek national census recorded a population of 2,262 inhabitants.
Line 9 (Línia 9 in Catalan) is the newest line in the Barcelona Metro network, currently under construction, with only five complete stations, all in Santa Coloma de Gramenet.
These first five stations opened on 13 December 2009.
The complete line is a railway project to build a subway line with two branches spanning a good deal of the metropolitan area of Barcelona through Barcelona, Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Badalona, l'Hospitalet de Llobregat and El Prat de Llobregat.
TMB is the company operating the line and handled by the division line in two: Line 9 and Line 10.
(Keep in mind all of them are currently under construction)
Aeroport-T1 (Barcelona International Airport, RENFE)
Ciutat Aeroportuària
Aeroport-T2 (Barcelona International Airport, RENFE)
Mas Blau
Sant Cosme
El Prat
Estació del Prat (L1, RENFE)
Centre Direccional
Verge de Montserrat
Mercabarna
Parc Logístic
Fira 2-Pedrosa (L2)
Europa-Fira (L8)
Can Tries
Torrassa (L1, RENFE)
Collblanc (L5)
Campus Sud (T1, T2, T3)
Zona Universitària (L3)
Campus Nord
Manuel Girona
Sarrià (L6)
Mandrí
El Putxet (L7)
Lesseps (L3)
Muntanya
Sanllehy
Guinardó (L4)
Maragall
Sagrera-Meridiana (L1, L4, RENFE)
Estació de la Sagrera (L4, RENFE-AVE)
Onze de Setembre
Bon Pastor
Can Peixauet
Fondo (L1)
Església Major
Singuerlín
Can Zam
It links the Zona Franca with Badalona, through Barcelona proper, sharing a good deal of the area covered by L9.
L9/10 will be the deepest line in the network, and the longest line in Europe.
Originally expected to be ready by 2008, ongoing problems with its construction are going to delay its completion until as late as 2013.
Polígon Pratenc
Zona Franca ZAL
Zona Franca Port
Zona Franca Litoral
Foc Cisell (L2)
Foneria
Ildefons Cerdà (L8)
Provençana
Zona Universitària (L4)
Llefià
La Salut
Gorg (L2, T5, T6)
Avui article, part 1
Avui article, part 2
Line 2, also known by the names of its termini, currently Paral·lel - Pep Ventura, is a metro line in Barcelona operated by TMB, coloured purple and sometimes simply called línia lila.
1995 - Sant Antoni-Sagrada Família section opened.
1996 - Sant Antoni-Paral·lel section opened.
1997 - Sagrada Família-La Pau section opened.
2002 - La Pau-Pep Ventura section moved from L4 to this line.
Colour on map: Purple
Number of stations: 17
Type: Conventional metro
Rolling stock: 2100, 5000 and 9000 series
Journey time: 24 minutes
Track gauge:
Traction: Electricity
Power supply: Rigid overhead wire
Open-air sections: No
Mobile phone coverage: Partial
Depots: Verneda (Triangle Ferroviari)
Operator: TMB
Terminal D (L9)
Ciutat Aeroportuària (L9)
Terminals A-B-C (L9)
Sant Cosme (L9)
El Prat Centre (L9)
Estació del Prat (L1, L9, RENFE)
Centre Direccional (L1, L9)
Verge de Montserrat (L9)
Mercabarna (L9)
Parc Logístic (L9)
Fira 2-Pedrosa (L9)
Foc Cisell (L10)
INEF
Fira 1
Poble Sec (L3)
Paral·lel  (L3, Funicular de Montjuïc)
Sant Antoni
Universitat  (L1)
Passeig de Gràcia  (L3, L4, RENFE)
Tetuan
Sagrada Família  (L5)
Encants
Clot  (L1, RENFE)
Bac de Roda
Sant Martí
La Pau  (L4)
Verneda
Artigues-Sant Adrià
Sant Roc (T5)
Gorg  (T5, L10)
Badalona Centre (L1)
Casagemes
Canyadó
Morera (L13)
Sam Cooke (January 22, 1931–December 11, 1964) was an American soul singer and songwriter.
He was born Sam Cook but later changed the spelling of his name.
He was very important in the beginning of soul music.
He had many hit songs in America.
Some of his most famous songs were "You Send Me", "A Change Is Gonna Come", "Chain Gang", "Wonderful World", and "Bring It on Home to Me".
Cooke started his own record label and publishing company.
He was an important part of the Civil Rights Movement, helping African-American people to get civil rights.
Cooke died in 1964.
He was shot and killed by a hotel manageress called Bertha Franklin.
She told the police that she shot Cooke in self-defense.
He was buried in Glendale, California.
Hear Sam Cooke on the Pop Chronicles
Catherine Morland is the principal character in Jane Austen's book Northanger Abbey.
She enjoys reading the mysterious and frightening gothic novels that were popular in her time.
She often has a tendency to blur the lines between fiction and reality, which causes her a great deal of trouble.
She is the neighbor of Mr. Allens, a rich man, and goes with him to Bath, a city in Northeastern Somerset, England.
Jane Austen used her to mock the obvious classics where the perfect heroes fall in love with the heroines, and they marry and live "happily ever after".
The book Northanger Abbey begins with, "No one who had ever seen Catherine Morland in her infancy, would have supposed her born to be an heroine."
Her father, Richard, is a clergyman (pastor) who, even though he is not rich, is not poor; her mother is "a woman of useful plain sense, with a good temper, and, what is more remarkable, with a good constitution."
Catherine is called "plain" when she is young, with "a thin awkward figure, a  skin without colour, dark  hair, and strong features..." She likes to play boy's games more than playing with dolls, and does not like lessons, though she does like stories and fables.
Catherine likes "tinkling the keys of the old  spinnet (piano)," but she hates learning music, and "the day which dismissed (sent away) the music-master was one of the happiest in Catherine's life."
She does not draw well; she did not like writing, or accounts, or French.
However, she is usually nice to her brothers and sisters, and listens to her parents.
Catherine becomes "almost pretty" at 15, when she grows plumper, cleaner, and more .
She begins reading better books, like those that Pope, Gray, Thompson, and Shakespeare's.
Mrs. Allen invites her to come to Bath with her, and she agrees.
There, she is always very polite to Mrs. Allen, and is humbly satisfied when a few men call her a "pretty girl."
She falls in love with Henry Tilney, and even though they misunderstand each other some times, they quickly become good friends.
She also becomes friends with  Eleanor Tilney, and she is invited to Northanger Abbey.
General Tilney, Henry's father, is kind to her, and she is happy.
But sometimes she is too imaginative: for instance, she thinks General Tilney murdered his wife.
Henry's gentle talk with her soon makes her more clear-sighted.
The sudden rudeness of General Tilney makes her very sad until Henry comes and proposes to her; he also explains the General's first attentions, and later rudeness: the General had at first thought Catherine was very rich, and later thought Catherine was really poor.
Actually, Catherine is neither - she lives quite comfortably.
At the end of the book, they marry happily.
Character analysis by SparkNotes
Child abuse is the abuse, mistreatment or hurt done by adults to children.
It often means abuse done by a child's parents or another caregiver.
Injuries to the skin like bruises are one of the signs of child abuse.
Talking about these things and helping children who suffer from child abuse is very important, but some people do not believe it could happen in their country, neighbourhood or family.
They like to think these crimes are far away and so they cannot see if a child nearby is in danger.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines child abuse and child maltreatment as "all forms of physical and/or emotional ill-treatment [...] or other exploitation, resulting in actual or potential harm to the child's health, survival, development or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power."
In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) uses the term child maltreatment to refer to both acts of absue and neglect.
According to the WHO, the term abuse includes  "words or overt actions that cause harm, potential harm, or threat of harm to a child"; neglect means  "the failure to provide for a child's basic physical, emotional, or educational needs or to protect a child from harm or potential harm".
The United States federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act defines child abuse and neglect as, at minimum, "any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation" or "an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm".
Types of child abuse
Child abandonment - when an adult put away with a child neglecting the duty to care
Child labour - when an adult forces a child to work like adult
Child prostitution - when an adult make a child prostitute like adult
Child sexual abuse — when an adult makes a child do sexual things, including sexual touching, kissing or sexual intercourse.
These things cause terrible harm to the child for a very long time, maybe forever.
Some of the harm is not felt by the child until he/she grows up.
Psychological abuse of children - Treating children badly so that develop a trauma.
The Revised Julian calendar is a variation of the Julian calendar.
It is mainly used by Eastern Orthodox churches.
Some Eastern Orthodox churches introduced it in 1923.
Leap years
If the year number can be divided by four without rest, the year is a leap year (same as Julian calendar and Gregorian calendar).
If the year can be divided by 100, it is not a leap year (same as Gregorian calendar).
If dividing the year by 900 leaves a remainder of 200 or 600, the year is a leap year.
Hakha Chin is a language spoken in southern Asia by 446,264 people.
The total figure includes 2,000 Zokhua, and 60,100 Lai speakers.
The speakers are largely concentrated in eastern India in addition to Myanmar/Burma and Bangladesh.
Kamtapuri or Rajbanshi or Kamatapuri is an Indo-Aryan language.
It is spoken in India, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Nepal.
Sources disagree about how many people speak it.
A 1991 census said it was spoken by 5 million people.
It is a Bengali-Assamese language spoken by the Rajbongshi people in India and Bangladesh.
Together with Rajbanshi, it forms the KRNB lects.
This is the native language of people of Cooch Behar, Lower Assam, Jalpaiguri, North Dinajpur, South Dinajpur, Terrai of Darjeeling, Upper Maldah, a portion of Bihar, some parts of Bhutan, Bangladesh & Nepal.
Recently, "Kamtapuri Bhasha Academy" (2017) is formed by West Bengal Government.
A teen idol is a celebrity or famous person who is very popular with teenagers.
Teen idols are often young, but are not always teenagers themselves.
They are often pop singers or actors.
People started to call celebrities teen idols in the 20th century.
Some early teen idols were Rudolph Valentino, Frank Sinatra, Judy Garland, Elvis Presley and James Dean.
In the 1960s and 1970s some pop singers became known as teen idols, like The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Monkees, Donny Osmond and David Cassidy.
In the 1990s, bands like New Kids on the Block and Backstreet Boys were very popular with teenagers.
In the 21st century, some teen idols have been Britney Spears, Miley Cyrus and the Jonas Brothers.
is a city located in Aomori Prefecture, Japan.
Hachinohe means "the 8th area" in north of Tohoku region from the Middle Ages era.
There was "the places of 8th" for making horses for a war in Hachinohe.
Hachinohe has a famous industrial area, and has a bigger fishing port more than most of other cities.
The main industries in Hachinohe are manufacturing and services.
Most of people in Hacnihohe work in manufacturing.
In Hachinohe, the fishing industry is famous.
Hachinohe brings in the most squid and saba in Japan.
Two rivers run through Hachinohe.
One is the Mabechi River, which runs from the south to the east, and flows into the Pacific Ocean.
The other is the Nida River, which runs from the south to the north.
Gonohe
Karumai
Gerbstedt is a little town at the Mansfeld-Südharz rural district, Saxony-Anhalt in Germany.
It is  north of Eisleben.
The little river Lobach flows through it.
Gerbstedt is about 30 km northwest of Halle, Saxony-Anhalt.
It was first mentioned in 985 as Gerbizstidi.
In the area of Gerbstedt, there is copper schist.
It is mined since 1730.
Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26, 1926 – September 28, 1991) was an American jazz trumpeter, bandleader and composer.
He was very important to 20th century music.
He helped to develop several different styles of jazz, like cool jazz, hard bop, free jazz, and fusion.
As a bandleader he worked with other famous musicians like John Coltrane, Herbie Hancock, Bill Evans, Wayne Shorter, Chick Corea, John McLaughlin, Cannonball Adderley, Gerry Mulligan, Tony Williams, George Coleman, J. J. Johnson, Keith Jarrett, John Scofield and Kenny Garrett.
In 1959 he released an album called Kind of Blue.
That album became very famous and popular.
In 2008, it had sold 4 million copies.
In 2006 Davis was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and described as "one of the key figures in the history of jazz".
Davis was born in 1926 in Alton, Illinois.
His father, Miles Dewey Davis, Jr., was a dentist.
In 1927, the family moved to East St. Louis.
They also owned a big ranch in northern Arkansas, where Davis learned to ride horses.
Davis's mother, Cleota  Mae (Henry) Davis, wanted him to learn to play the piano.
She was a good blues pianist but did not tell her son this.
Davis started to learn music when he was 13, when his father gave him a trumpet and arranged for him to have lessons with local musician Elwood Buchanan.
Buchanan taught Davis to play the trumpet without vibrato, and Davis always played like this.
Buchanan was said to slap Davis's knuckles every time he started using heavy vibrato.
Davis later said "I prefer a round sound with no attitude in it, like a round voice with not too much tremolo and not too much baseline bass.
Just right in the middle.
If I can’t get that sound I can’t play anything."
When he was 16, Davis played the trumpet professionally when he was not at school.
At 17, he played in bandleader Eddie Randle's band for a year.
Saxophone-player Sonny Stitt tried to persuade Davis to join the Tiny Bradshaw band, but Davis's mother wanted Davis to finish his final year of high school.
In 1944, the Billy Eckstine band visited East St. Louis.
Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker were in the band, and Davis joined them as third trumpet player when trumpeter Buddy Anderson was out sick.
When the band left to finish the tour, Davis' parents still wanted him to finish his studies.
New York years (1944–48)
When he arrived in New York, he spent most of his time trying to get in contact with Charlie Parker, even though some people had told him that he should not.
When he found Parker, Davis became involved in jam sessions that took place every night in two of Harlem's night clubs, Minton's Playhouse and Monroe's.
Other famous musicians like Thelonious Monk and Kenny Clarke also tookpart in these sessions.
Davis left Juilliard early, having first asked permission from his father.
He did not like the classes at Juilliard because he thought they focused too much on classical European and "white" music.
He also said that his Juilliard classes helped him to understand music theory.
He began playing professionally in many jazz groups, performing in several 52nd Street clubs with Coleman Hawkins and Eddie "Lockjaw" Davis.
In 1945, he went into a recording studio for the first time, as a member of the group of Herbie Fields.
In 1946 he made his first recording as a bandleader, with a group called "Miles Davis Sextet plus Earl Coleman and Ann Hathaway".
He did not make many recordings as a bandleader at this time.
Around 1945, Dizzy Gillespie stopped working with Parker and Parker hired Davis as Gillespie's replacement in his quintet.
Also in the group were Max Roach at the drums, Al Haig (replaced later by Sir Charles Thompson and Duke Jordan) at the piano, and Curley Russell (later replaced by Tommy Potter and Leonard Gaskin) as bass player.
With Parker's quintet, Davis recorded several times.
He had a solo on Parker's signature song, "Now's the Time".
This solo led to the beginning of a style of jazz called "cool jazz".
The group also toured the United States.
During a tour in Los Angeles, Parker had a nervous breakdown and went to the Camarillo State Mental Hospital for several months.
Davis found himself stuck in L.A. He stayed with, and played music with jazz musician Charles Mingus.
Later he got a job with Billy Eckstine on a California tour that brought him back to New York.
In 1948, Parker returned from Los Angeles, and Davis joined his group again.
The musicians in Parker's group were not getting on very well.
Parker's behavior was unpredictable because of his drug addiction.
Davis and Roach did not agree with Parker hiring Duke Jordan as a pianist and would have preferred Bud Powell).
In December 1948, Davis left the group after an argument with Parker at the Royal Roost.
He began to work more independently with different groups in New York.
Birth of the Cool (1948–49)
In 1948 Davis grew close to the Canadian composer and music arranger Gil Evans.
Davis used to meet other musicians at Evans' house, like Roach, the pianist John Lewis and the baritone saxophone player Gerry Mulligan.
Evans had been the arranger for the orchestra of Claude Thornhill and it was the sound of this group, as well as Duke Ellington's example, that inspired the creation of a large group including a french horn and a tuba.
Davis took a very active role in the project, and it soon became "his project".
They tried to achieve a sound similar to a human voice, over carefully arranged compositions.
The group first played in the summer of 1948 at the Royal Roost.
They were active to the end of 1949 and had several changes of musician.
There were many white musicians in the group and this made some African American jazz players angry.
Many of them were unemployed at the time.
Davis did not listen to them.
The group got a recording contract with Capitol Records and they had several recording sessions between January 1949 and April 1950.
This music was released on an album called Birth of the Cool.
This album gave its name to a new style of jazz called "cool jazz".