the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In the next few years, Canon became very important in creating new camera products and making them better.
The name Canon came from the company's first 35 mm camera.
It was named "Kwanon" after the Buddhist goddess of mercy.
Canon is now an international company.
Canon has buildings in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and the South Seas.
This article concerns the electric multiple unit used by South Western Railway.
For the diesel multiple unit used by Northern Ireland Railways see NIR Class 450
The British Rail Class 450 third rail DC EMU (or 4Des) began service during 2003.
They are a part of the Siemens Desiro modular train family and are more popularly known as the 'Blue Desiro'.
In standing with requirements of all new rolling stock for the South East region, provision has been made for future conversion to 25 kV AC overhead supply or dual voltage, although at present no trains have been fitted with a pantograph.
Used for outer suburban services, the Class 450 is fitted with Standard and First accommodation.
The unit has a maximum speed of .
Stephen III of Moldavia or Stephen III ( 1433 - July 2, 1504), also known as Stephen the Great (; Ştefan cel Mare şi Sfânt, "Stephen the Great and Holy" in more modern versions) was Prince of Moldavia between 1457 and 1504 and the most prominent representative of the House of Muşat.
The British Rail Class 455 is a type of electric multiple unit drawing power from a 750 V DC third rail.
Built by BREL at York works in the early and mid-1980s, they were initially categorised as Class 510 as the successor to the Class 508.
They are used on suburban services in South London, by South West Trains and Southern.
Serbs (Serbian: Срби, Srbi) are a South Slavic people living in the Balkans and Central Europe, mainly in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and in Croatia, in Krajina region.
The Slovaks or Slovakians are a western Slavic people that mainly live in Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is closely related to the Czech language.
The British Rail Class 456 electrical multiple units were passenger trains that were built by BREL at York Works from 1990-91.
24 two-car units were built as direct replacements for the elderly Class 416 2EPB units which operated on the Central Division of the Southern Region of British Rail.
Units were delivered into traffic painted in Network SouthEast blue, red and white livery.
These will be replaced by the new Bombardier Class 701 in 2021.
Czechs (, , archaic  ) are a western Slavic people of Central Europe.
Most live in the Czech Republic.
Small amounts of Czechs also live in Slovakia, Austria, U.S., Brazil, Argentina, Canada, Germany, Russia and other countries.
They speak the Czech language, which is closely related to the Slovak and Upper Sorbian language.
The phylum Ctenophora, the comb jellies, is a phylum of marine invertebrates.
They are part of the plankton, and there are also pelagic species.
The phylum includes the sea gooseberry (Pleurobrachia pileus) and Venus' girdle (Cestum veneris).
The phylum was grouped with Cnidaria (jellyfish) in the former Coelenterata phylum.
Ctenophores are the most basal known type of animals.
Even though they look like jellyfish, they are zoologically not related to them.
They lack the characteristic nematocysts (stinging cells), but have colloblasts, sticky cells that snare small victims.
They have eight rows of cilia which look like the teeth of a comb, hence Ctenophore = comb-bearer.
Ctenophores have connective tissues and a nervous
There are about 150 described species of ctenophora spread throughout the world's oceans, from shallow estuarine waters to the deep sea.
Although there are a few benthic species, most are gelatinous zooplankton and form a considerable proportion of the entire planktonic biomass worldwide.
A few species, such as the sea gooseberry, native to the North Sea, have reached such high populations that they clog fishermen's nets, while of other species only a few examples are known.
The fragile makeup of ctenophores makes research into their way of life extremely difficult.
For this reason their lifespan is not known, but ctenophores begin to reproduce at an early age.
Many planktonic ctenophores produce a rainbow effect, which is not caused by bioluminescence but by diffraction, the scattering of light, as the cilia on the combs beat.
Most species are also bioluminescent, but the light is usually blue or green and can only been seen in darkness.
However some groups appear incapable of bioluminescence.
Ctenophores
Minor phyla
Croats () are a South Slavic ethnic group mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries.
There are around 5 million Croats living in the southern Central Europe region, along the east bank of the Adriatic Sea and an estimated 9 million throughout the world.
Large Croat communities exist in a number of countries, including Chile, the United States, Argentina, Australia, Germany, New Zealand and South Africa.
Croats are noted for their unique culture, which comes from their location on the edge of the Western world which subjected them to various non European influences.
The Croats are predominantly Catholic and their language is Croatian.
| group = Poles  Polacy
| image = Matejko Christianization of Poland.jpg
| caption = The Baptism of Poland.
Detail from Jan Matejko's Christianisation of Poland AD 966.
| popplace = 38,000,000
| pop1 = 10,600,000
| pop2 = 3,000,000
| region3 =
| pop3 = 2,850,000
| ref3 =
| pop4 = 1,250,000 (ancestry, passport eligible); 202,300 (citizenship)
| region5 =
| pop5 = 1,010,705
| ref5 =
| pop6 = 1,000,000
| pop7 = 911,000
| ref7 = British Office for National Statistics
| pop8 = 500,000
| region9 =
| pop9 = 295,000
| ref9 =
| pop10 = 273,000
| pop11 = 216,056
| pop12 = 164,000
| region13 =
| pop13 = 144,130
| ref13 =
| region14 =
| pop14 = 122,515
| ref14 =
| region15 =
| pop15 = 120,000
| ref15 =
| region16 =
| pop16 = 109,018
| ref16 =
| region17 =
| pop17 = 75,323
| ref17 =
| region18 =
| pop18 = 70,600
| ref18 =
| region19 =
| pop19 = 70,606
| ref19 =
| region20 =
| pop20 = 69,898
| ref20 =
| region21 =
| pop21 = 60,000
| ref21 =
| region23 =
| pop23 = 44,783
| ref23 =
| region24 =
| pop24 = 37,876
| ref24 =
| region25 =
| pop25 = 34,057
| ref25 =
| region26 =
| pop26 = 30,000
| ref26 =
| region27 =
| pop27 = 20,305
| ref27 =
| region28 =
| pop28 = 16,748
| ref28 =
| region29 =
| pop29 = 14,500
| ref29 =
| region30 =
| pop30 = 14,145
| region31 =
| pop31 = 10,540
| ref31 =
| region32 =
| pop32 = 9,000
| ref32 =
| region33 =
| pop33 = 7,000
| ref33 =
| languages = PolishKashubianSilesian
| rels = Christianity: Predominantly Roman Catholicism
| related = Other West Slavs: Silesians, Kashubs, Czechs, Slovaks, Moravians, Sorbs, Hanoverian Wends(†), Obotrites(†), Veleti(†)
| region34 =
| pop34 = 5,730
| ref34 =
| region35 =
| pop35 = 4,174
| ref35 =
| region36 =
| pop36 = 3,671
| ref36 =
| region37 =
| pop37 = 3,084
| ref37 =
| region38 =
| pop38 = 3,000
| ref38 =
| region39 =
| pop39 = 2,166
| ref39 =
| region40 =
| pop40 = 1,747
| ref40 =
| native_name_lang = pl
| population =
The Polish people, or Poles (, singular Polak'') are a Slavic nation and ethnic group native to Poland, they are bounded by the Polish language, which belongs to the Lechitic subgroup of west slavic languages of Central Europe, living mainly in Poland.
Their religion is mainly Roman Catholic.
They use modified Latin alphabet.
There are about 60 million Poles in the world.
Besides Poland, many live in the United States, Australia, Brazil, Germany, Canada, France, the United Kingdom, Ukraine and elsewhere.
The Histories of Herodotus of Halicarnassus is considered the first work of history in Western literature.
Written about 440 BC in the Ionic dialect of classical Greek, The Histories tells the story of the Greco-Persian Wars between the Achaemenid Empire and the Greek city-states in the 5th century BC.
The ancient Thracians were a group of Indo-European tribes who spoke the Thracian language - a rare branch of the Indo-European language family.
Those peoples lived in Thrace: the eastern, central and southern part of the Balkan peninsula, and the adjacent parts of Eastern Europe.
The South West Trains Class 458 (or 4JOP) electrical multiple units were built by Alstom at Washwood Heath between 1998 and 2000.
These units are part of Alstom's Juniper family of units, which also includes Classes 334 and 460.
The British Rail Class 460 (or 8Gat) electrical multiple units were built by Alstom at Washwood Heath between 1999 and 2001.
These units were part of Alstom's "Juniper" family of units, which also includes Classes 334 and 458.
When Titus died (he was struck down by a fatal illness in 81), the next day Domitian was declared emperor by the Praetorian Guard.
This started a reign which lasted fifteen years – longer than any man who ruled since Tiberius.
As emperor, Domitian strengthened the economy by revaluing the Roman coinage.
He expanded the border defenses of the empire, and started a massive building program to restore the damaged city of Rome.
Domitian's rule was totalitarian.
He saw himself as the new Augustus, as an enlightened despot destined to guide the Roman Empire into a new age.
Religious, military, and cultural propaganda fostered a cult of personality.
As a consequence, Domitian was popular with the people and army but considered a tyrant by members of the Roman Senate.
Domitian's reign came to an end in 96 when he was assassinated by court officials.
The same day, he was succeeded by his advisor Nerva.
After his death, Domitian's memory was condemned to oblivion by the Roman Senate, while senatorial authors such as Tacitus, Pliny the Younger and Suetonius published histories showing Domitian as a cruel and paranoid tyrant.
Modern history has rejected these views.
Now we see Domitian as a ruthless but efficient autocrat, whose cultural, economic and political program provided the foundation of the peaceful second century.
51 births
96 deaths
The British Rail Class 465 "Networker" electric multiple units were built by Metro Cammell and BREL between 1991 and 1993, and by ABB Rail between 1993 and 1994.
They were brought into service from 1991 onwards.
They are mostly used on suburban routes serving the South East of England, now operated by Southeastern.
Dacian Wars can be either of two wars by the Roman Empire along its Danube River against the north bank kingdom of Dacia and the Dacian king Decebalus:
Domitian's Dacian War
Trajan's Dacian Wars
The Class 466 750V DC third rail electric multiple unit (EMU) is a suburban EMU, which operates with Class 465 EMUs in southeast London and Kent on the Southeastern network.
It is a member of the Networker family of trains.
The 1992 Tube Stock is the type of train used on the Central line and Waterloo & City line of the London Underground.
The trains were built by BREL (later Adtranz and now Bombardier Transportation).
They were built after three 1986 tube stock prototype trains were tested to find out what the public wanted on the new trains.
London Underground electric multiple units
Carol I of Romania, original name Prince Karl Eitel Friedrich Zephyrinus Ludwig of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, later simply of Hohenzollern (April 20th, 1839 - ), German prince, was elected Domnitor (Prince) of Romania on  April 20th, 1866, following the overthrow of Alexandru Ioan Cuza.
Online edition of Carol's 1899 book Reminiscences of the King of Roumania
The British Rail Class 483 electrical multiple units were originally built by Metro-Cammell as 1938 tube stock units for London Underground.
They were extensively refurbished between 1989 and 1992 by Eastleigh Works, for use on services on the Isle of Wight's Island Line.
This was despite having already worked for nearly fifty years on the London Underground.
The units replaced the even older  and life-expired Class 485 and Class 486 units, which were introduced in 1967, but were originally built as 'Standard' stock units for the London Electric Railway in 1923.
Official website of the operator of Class 483 EMUs
The Pechenegs or Patzinaks (, ,  or ,  /in Hungarian diplomas) were a semi-nomadic Turkic people of the Central Asian steppes speaking the Pecheneg language which belonged to the Turkic language family.
The First Bulgarian Empire (Old Bulgarian: ц︢рьство бл︢гарское, ts'rstvo bl'garskoe) was a medieval Bulgarian state founded in AD 632 in the lands near the Danube Delta and which disintegrated in AD 1185 after its annexation to the Byzantine Empire.
History of Bulgaria
12th-century disestablishments in Europe
1185 disestablishments
Basarab I (c. 1310/1319–1352) was an early ruler of the principality of Wallachia from perhaps as early as 1310 until 1352.
He is sometimes referred to as Întemeietorul ("The Founder"), given his role in the creation of the state, together with his position as common ancestor of rulers in the Basarab dynasty.
1310s births
1352 deaths
Dragoş (Drágfi of Béltek) was a Maramureş Voivode ruling over the lands of what was to become Moldavia (between 1351 and 1353).
He left Maramureş by orders from the Hungarian King Louis I, in order to establish a defense line against the Golden Horde.
He was succeeded by his son, Sas (Szász or Sas of Béltek) (ruled 1354-1358).
The High Middle Ages was the part of European history in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries (AD 1000–1299).
Before the High Middle Ages came the Early Middle Ages (from the 5th century to approximately AD 1000).
After the High Middle Ages came the Late Middle Ages (about AD 1300–1500).
The Kingdom of Hungary (short form:  Hungary), which existed from 1000 to 1918, and then from 1919 to 1946, was a considerable state in Central Europe.
The Principality of Transylvania was a semi-independent state.
It was ruled by mostly Calvinist Hungarian princes.
The Principality existed as a semi-independent state from 1571 to 1711.
It was a part of the Habsburg Monarchy / Austrian Empire from 1711 to 1867.
The British Rail Class 485 (or 4Vec) and British Rail Class 486 (or 3Tis) electrical multiple units were originally built for the London Electric Railway from 1923-31 as their 'Standard' tube stock.
They were purchased by British Rail in 1967 and transported to the Isle of Wight to work 'mainline' services on the newly electrified Ryde to Shanklin line.
At the time the units had already worked for over forty years on the London Underground, but their introduction allowed the final steam locomotives on the line to be withdrawn.
A suzerain can also mean a feudal lord.
Vassals must pay tribute to the feudal lord.
Principality of Serbia
tributary state
The British Rail Class 488 are unpowered trailer sets, converted from Mark 2F coaches for the Gatwick Express service from London Victoria to Gatwick Airport.
The British Rail Class 489 (or GLV) is a type of electrical multiple unit, specially converted for use on Gatwick Express trains, from London Victoria to Gatwick Airport.
Second-class citizenry is usually seen as a violation of human rights.
African-Americans who lived in the United States during segregation, Indian natives during British rule in India, and black Africans who lived in South Africa under apartheid, were often described in this way.
Other groups of people that have been or still are being treated as second class citizens are the Dalit of India, and Arab Christians.
British Rail allocated Class 499 to a fleet of six luggage vans used in electric multiple unit formations on boat train services between London and Dover.
They were allocated Southern Region class TLV (meaning Trailer Luggage Van).
The British Rail Class 501 electric multiple units were built in 1957/58 for use on the former LNWR/LMS suburban electric network of the London Midland Region.
A total of 57 three-car units were built.
The British Rail Class 502 was a type of electric multiple unit originally built by the London Midland and Scottish Railway at their Derby Works workshop.
Introduced in 1940 and withdrawn by 1980, they spent the whole of their working lives on the electrified railway lines of north Liverpool.
British Rail Class 503 trains were 70mph (110km/h) electric multiple units.
They were introduced in two batches — in 1938 by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) with a further batch (built to a similar design) in 1956 by the then nationalised British Railways (BR).
The British Rail Class 504 was a unique type of electric multiple unit that ran on 1200 V DC third rail with side-contact current collection.
The type was used only between Manchester and Bury.
Alexander Joan Cuza (a common English rendition of Alexandru Ioan Cuza; March 20, 1820 – May 15, 1873) was a Moldavian-born Romanian politician who ruled as the first Domnitor of the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia between 1859 and 1866.
British Railways Class 505 were 1,500 V DC electric multiple units (EMUs) introduced in 1931 by the Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway (MSJAR).
Although assigned to TOPS Class 505 by British Railways, these units were withdrawn before the TOPS numbering system came into common use for multiple units, and the Class 505 designation is very rarely used.
The House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen is the cadet branch of the senior Swabian branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty, less known than the Franconian branch which became Burgraves of Nuremberg and later ruled Brandenburg-Prussia and the German Empire.
The state which the cadet branch ruled was the County of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (), which later became a principality (Fürstentum Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen).
1570s establishments in Europe
1850 disestablishments
1850s disestablishments in Europe
The British Rail Class 506 was a 3 carriage electric multiple unit (EMU) built for local services between Manchester, Glossop and Hadfield on the Woodhead Line.
The 8 units were introduced in 1954.
They had air-operated sliding doors.
The EMUs had a single diamond-shaped pantograph, mounted over the driver's cab and adjacent guard's compartment at the outer end of one of the driving carriages (unlike other British EMUs, where the pantograph is mounted over one of the middle carriages).
British Rail Class 507 electric multiple units were built by BREL at York works from 1978 to 1979.
They were the third variety of British Rail's then-standard 1972 design for suburban EMUs, which eventually encompassed 755 vehicles and five Classes (Class 313/314/315/507/508).
The 507s were the first variant to be 750V DC third rail only.
They have worked on the Merseyrail network from new, and continue to do so, now refurbished by Alstom's Eastleigh Works.
Class 508
The British Rail Class 508 electric multiple units ("EMUs") were built by BREL at York works in 1979-80.
They were the fourth variety of BR's then-standard 1972 design for suburban EMUs, eventually encompassing 755 vehicles and five classes (313/314/315/507/508).
They have mostly worked on the Merseyrail network since 1983, and continue to do so, now refurbished by Alstom's Eastleigh Works.
Iaşi is a city in the northeastern part of Romania.
It is the second largest city in Romania as of the year 2007.
Iaşi used to be the capital of Moldavia.
Alexandru Lăpuşneanu changed the capital of Moldavia from Suceava to Iaşi in 1564.
One of the first churches to be built in Moldavia was built by the Greek adventurer Prince Ioan Iacob Heraclid.
The Tatars burned the city down in 1513.
The Ottoman Empire also burned the city down in 1538 and people from the Imperial Russian army did so again in 1686.
The plague spread throughout the city in 1734.
The Russo-Turkish War of 1787 was stopped when the Peace of Iaşi happened.
Alexander Ypsilanti and the Filiki Eteria came into the city and took it in 1822.
Iaşi was the capital of Moldavia from 1568 to 1859.
When World War I happened, Iaşi became the capital of Romania.
This happened when the Central Powers took Bucharest on 6 December 1916.
Bucharest became the capital again when Imperial Germany was defeated.
Iaşi can be found on the Bahlui River, which is a tributary of the Jijia.
Forests and uplands are very common.
These woods and hills include the monasteries of Cetăţuia, Frumoasa, and Galata.
People have thought that Iaşi was built on seven hills (Cetăţuia, Galata, Copou-Aurora, Bucium-Păun, Şorogari, Repedea and Breazu in Romanian).
1859:  50,000
1900:  78,000
1930: 102,872
1948:  96,075
1966: 161,023
1977: 265,002
1992: 344,425
2002: 320,888
2004: 317,812 (Since July 4, 2004, the second-biggest city)
2006: 306,000 (the third-biggest city)
2007 (July 1st): 315,214 (second biggest city)
Chişinău, Moldova.
Assiut, Egypt.
Atlanta, United States.
Filacciano, Italy.
Forano, Italy.
Ilioupoli, Greece.
Isfahan, Iran.
Jericho, Palestine.
Ramleh, Israel.
Kozani, Greece.
Monterrey, Mexico.
Morlupo, Italy.
Nazzano, Italy.
Padua, Italy.
Peristeri, Greece.
Poitiers, France.
Rhodes, Greece.
Quebec City, Canada.
Sant'Oreste, Italy.
Torrita Tiberina, Italy.
Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
Vinnytsia, Ukraine.
Xi'an, China.
Iasi City Hall website
Official site of the Iaşi police inspectorate
Events in Iaşi
Iasi Map
Class AM1 was allocated to the prototype AC electric multiple units, converted from fourth-rail DC electric stock in 1952 and used on the Lancaster/Morecambe/Heysham route.
This route had been electrified by the Midland Railway at 6.6 kV, 25 Hz AC, but the frequency was changed to 50 Hz in 1953 to test the prototype AM1 stock.
AM1
The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian Empire's goal of recovering territorial losses that it had suffered because of the Crimean War.
1870s in Europe
The Kingdom of Romania (or 'Romania' after 1969) was a constitutional monarchy which existed between 13 March 1881 and 30 December 1947, specified by the First (in 1866), and respectively, the Second Constitution of Roumania.
Thus, the Kingdom of Romania began with the reign of King Carol I of Romania.
From 1859 to 1877, Romania evolved from a personal union of two vassal principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia) to a full-fledged independent kingdom.
During 1918-20, at the end of World War I, Transylvania, Eastern Moldavia (Bessarabia), and Bukovina were united with the Kingdom of Romania.
In 1940, Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, Northern Transylvania and Southern Dobruja were ceded to the Soviet Union, Hungary and Bulgaria.
In 1947 the last king was compelled to abdicate from throne.
Socialist republic ruled by the Romanian Communist Party replaced the monarchy.
Hungary lost World War I and so the treaty made two thirds of its land and one third of its population go to neighbouring countries like Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
The partition of Hungary irredentism since many of the lost lands wanted to stay in Hungary.
Also, the treaty forced Hungary to pay reparations and to limit the size of the its army.
1920s in Ukraine
The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye was signed on 10 September 1919 by the winning Allies and the new Republic of Austria on the other.
Austria lost large amounts of territory to the Allies after it lost World War I.
The 1920 Treaty of Paris was an act signed by Romania and the Principal Allied Powers of the time (France, United Kingdom, Italy and Japan) whose purpose was the recognition of Romanian sovereignty over Bessarabia.
The treaty however never came into force because Japan failed to ratify it.
Paris 1920
Bessarabia is the word for the area in Eastern Europe between Romania and Ukraine.
It shares borders with Dniester River on the east and the Prut River on the west.
During the 19th century it was sometimes part of Romania and sometimes in the Russian Empire.
It was again part of Romania most of the first half of the 20th century.
The Soviet Union occupied the region after 1944.
Today, most areas of Bessarabia belong to the Republic of Moldova.
Bukovina is a historical region in both Romania and Ukraine.
It can be found by the northeastern Carpathian Mountains.
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation CP to the fleet of AC electric multiple units used on the former London, Brighton and South Coast Railway lines in the Crystal Palace area.
SR CP
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation CW to the fleet of AC electric multiple units used on the lines to Coulsdon and Wallington.
They were planned by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway but were delayed by the Grouping and were introduced by the Southern Railway.
SR CW
The Midland Railway (MR) experimented with electrification on its Heysham-Morecambe-Lancaster line.
Electric trains started to run over this route in 1908.
The system used was 6,600 Volt, 25 Hz alternating current from overhead lines.
Power was generated at the MR's own power station in Heysham.
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation SL to the fleet of AC electric multiple units used on the former London, Brighton and South Coast Railway South London Line.
SR SL
Total Operations Processing System, or TOPS, is a computer system for managing the locomotives and rolling stock (railroad cars) owned by a rail system.
It was originally developed by the Southern Pacific Railroad and was widely sold; it is best known in the United Kingdom for its use by British Rail.
BEMU
Dobruja is an area between Bulgaria and Romania.
It can be found between the Danube and the Black Sea.
The Romanian part of Dobruja, Dobrogea, is made up of the counties of Constanţa and Tulcea.
The Bulgarian part of Dobruja, Dobrudzha, is made up of the regions of Dobrich and Silistra.
In Dobruja live a Muslim minority since Ottoman Empire times, this are Turkish people, Crimean Tatars and Turkish speaking Xoraxane Roma.
Many of them left Romania and settled in Turkey.
They was also once settlemants of the Dobruja-Germans from 1840 until 1940, when they went back to Germany.
In 1937 the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) ordered a fleet of articulated electric multiple unit (EMU) passenger trains for use on the Tyneside Electric lines, which linked the English city of Newcastle upon Tyne with the coast at North Shields and South Shields.
The order also included some single-unit motor parcel vans and motor luggage vans.
LNER
Kingdom of Romania under the King Ferdinand I
During 1909-1922, the London and North Western Railway embarked on a large-scale project to electrify their whole London inner-suburban network, encompassing the lines from London Euston to Watford and the North London Railway from London Broad Street to Richmond.
This also included branch lines such as Watford to Croxley Green (where a depot was built to house the electric units), and links to what was to become the London Underground network.
For this reason, the lines were electrified using the fourth rail 630V DC system, the electricity being generated at the LNWR's own power station in Stonebridge Park.
The first electric passenger trains ran in 1914, limited to the West London line route (Willesden to Earls Court), and full services over the whole network did not begin until 1922, work having been delayed by the First World War.
The London, Midland and Scottish Railway extended the network in 1927 by electrifying the branch to Rickmansworth.
LNWR
Golaniad was a protest in Bucharest, Romania.
It started in April 1990.
Protests in the 20th century
Liverpool to Southport
The line between Liverpool and Southport began using electric multiple units (EMUs) on 22 March 1904.
Power was supplied from a third rail at 625 Volts direct current.
Connections were built with the Liverpool Overhead Railway (LOR) at Seaforth & Litherland railway station to a new station beside LOR's Seaforth Sands station.
Also from the North Mersey Branch route to Aintree.
From 2 July 1905 LOR trains began to run through to Seaforth and Litherland.
In 1906 the L&YR electrified the line to Aintree.
Liverpool to Ormskirk
Bury to Holcombe Brook
From 1913 an experimental electric service operated between Bury and Holcombe Brook.
The equipment was provided by Dick, Kerr & Co. of Preston, which was developing its products for export.
The system used was 3,500 Volts DC from overhead lines.
In 1918 the line was converted to the 1,200 V DC system chosen for the Manchester to Bury line.
Manchester to Bury
After the Holcombe Brook service, the L&YR decided to electrify the Manchester to Bury line.
The system used was 1,200 V DC from a side-contact third rail.
The purpose of this unusual arrangement was to prevent the service being affected by ice forming on the live rail.
Sixty-six cars were built at Newton Heath works.
The electrical equipment was supplied by Dick, Kerr & Co. The first public services ran on 17 April 1916,
LYR
The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was a duchy in the Baltic region.
It existed from 1562 through 1795.
It was a vassal state of Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later of Poland-Lithuania.
It became independent in 1791, but was annexed by Russian Empire in 1795 during Third Partition of Poland.
It had its own empire.
One of its colonies was modern day Trinidad and Tobago.
Livonian Confederation
1562 establishments
There are 706 communes in the Calvados département in France.
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation 2Nol to the electric multiple units built during the 1930s from old London and South Western Railway carriage bodies on new underframes.
None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class.
SR 2Nol
Ion Victor Antonescu (15 June 1882 in Piteşti – 1 June 1946) was the  fascist prime minister of Romania from 4 September 1940 to 23 August 23 1944.
After the war he was tried and executed by firing squad for war crimes.
Eastern Orthodox Christians
European military people
Military personnel of World War I
Prime Ministers of Romania
Recipients of the Knight's Cross
Ablon is a commune.
It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Communes in Calvados
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation 2SL to the small fleet of electric multiple units dedicated for use on the South London lines.
SR 2SL
Acqueville is a former commune.
On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Cesny-les-Sources.
Former communes in Calvados
Agy is a commune.
Aignerville is a former commune.
It is in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France.
On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Formigny La Bataille.
Airan is a former commune.
On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Valambray.
Amayé-sur-Orne is a commune.
It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Amayé-sur-Seulles is a commune.
Amblie is a former commune.
On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Ponts sur Seulles.
Amfreville, Calvados is a commune.
Anctoville is a former commune.
On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Aurseulles.
Angerville, Calvados is a commune.
It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Angoville is a former commune.
Anguerny is a former commune.
On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Colomby-Anguerny.
Anisy is a commune.
Annebault is a commune.
Arganchy is a commune.
Argences is a commune.
Arromanches-les-Bains is a commune.
Asnelles is a commune.
Asnières-en-Bessin is a commune.
Auberville is a commune.
Aubigny, Calvados is a commune.
Audrieu is a commune.
It is found in the region Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Aunay-sur-Odon is a former commune.
On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Les Monts d'Aunay.
Auquainville is a former commune.
On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.
Authie, Calvados is a commune.
Auvillars is a commune.
Avenay is a commune.
Balleroy is a former commune.
On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Balleroy-sur-Drôme.
Banneville-la-Campagne is a commune.
Banneville-sur-Ajon is a former commune.
On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Malherbe-sur-Ajon.
Banville is a commune.
Barbery, Calvados is a commune.
Barbeville is a commune.
Barneville-la-Bertran is a commune.
Baron-sur-Odon is a commune.
Barou-en-Auge is a commune.
Basly is a commune.
Basseneville is a commune.
Bauquay is a former commune.
Bavent is a commune.
Bayeux is a commune.
It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the Northwest of France.
The town is famous for its  tapestry.
It is one of the oldest complete tapestries in the world.
The inhabitants are called Bajocasses ou Bayeusains.
Bayeux is a sous-préfecture of the Calvados  department.
Bayeux is the capital of the Bessin which was called Bajocasses before.
Bessin was a province of France before the French Revolution.
The name of the city comes from the Celtic tribe which lived in the Bajocasses region.
The Vikings distroyed the town in 890, but it was rebuilt by Bothon at the beginning of the 10th century.
The bishop Hugues II, and his successor, Odon de Conteville (Guillaume le Conquérant's half brother) insisted the town needed a new cathedral.
In 1077, a new one was built.
However it is around that time that the town lost a lot of influence.
Guillaume le Conquérant decided to make Caen his capital, in 1050.
The Bayeux Tapestry was made around that time
The Renaissance didn't really mark the town.
The most notable building from that period is the Saint-Patrice Church.
It was built between 1544 and 1548.
Bayeux was the first city in France to be liberated after the Battle of Normandy.
On 16 June 1944, General Charles de Gaulle made his first major speech in Bayeux.
The buildings were not damaged much during the Battle of Normandy as the German forces were defending Caen at the same time.
The Bayeux War Cemetery is the largest British cemetery dating from the Second World War in France.
There are 4648 graves: 3935 are British and 466 are German.
Bayeux is seven kilometres from the English Channel and the D-Day Landing Beaches.
It is about 30 kilometres northwest of Caen.
The town's elevation varies from 32 to 67 metres (with an average of 46 metres).
The river Aure passes through it.
The table below gives the temperatures and precipitation for 2007 (Recorded at the station Caen-Carpiquet) :
La Bayeux Train station is on the Paris-Saint-Lazare>Cherbourg line.
The TER line is from Caen to Rennes.
The Bybus goes around the town and to the communes of Saint-Martin-des-Entrées and Saint-Vigor-le-Grand.
There is one main line (Chojnice / St-Martin-des-Entrées) and three minor one's toward the different districts.
The Bus verts invented by the Conseil général is a way to get to the surrounding communes (lines 30, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74).
3000 parking spaces in the town center make it an easy place to park.
Furthermore, most car parks are free.
The By-pass is Bayeux's ring road.
The first part was built after the Battle of Normandy by British soldiers.
The roads in the town center were too narrow for the Tanks to get through.
The By-pass used to be the Route nationale 13 until a motorway was built (A13 autoroute).
Twin and sister towns
Bayeux is the fourth biggest town in Calvados by population.
The three biggest are Caen, Hérouville-Saint-Clair and Lisieux.
Bazenville is a commune.
Beaufour-Druval is a commune.
Beaulieu, Calvados is a former commune.
On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.
Beaumais is a commune.
Beaumesnil, Calvados is a commune.
It is in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in northwest France.
Beaumont-en-Auge is a commune.
Bellengreville, Calvados is a commune.
Bellou is a former  commune.
Benerville-sur-Mer is a commune.
Bernesq is a commune.
Bernières-d'Ailly is a commune.
Bernières-le-Patry is a former commune.
On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valdallière.
Bernières-sur-Mer is a commune.
Beuvillers, Calvados is a commune.
Beuvron-en-Auge is a commune.
Billy, Calvados is a former commune.
On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Valambray.
Bissières is a former commune.
On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Méry-Bissières-en-Auge.
Biéville-Beuville is a commune.
Biéville-Quétiéville is a former commune.
On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Belle Vie en Auge.
Blainville-sur-Orne is a commune.
Blangy-le-Château is a commune.
Blay is a commune.
Blonville-sur-Mer is a commune.
Boissey, Calvados is a former commune.
On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.
Bonnebosq is a commune.
Bonnemaison is a commune.
Bonneville-la-Louvet is a commune.
Bonneville-sur-Touques is a commune.
It is in the region of Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.
Bonnœil is a commune.
Bons-Tassilly is a commune.
Bougy is a commune.
Boulon is a commune.
Bourgeauville is a commune.
Bourguébus is a commune.
Branville is a commune.
Bretteville-l'Orgueilleuse is a former commune.
On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Thue et Mue.
Bretteville-le-Rabet is a commune.
Bretteville-sur-Dives is a former commune.
Bretteville-sur-Laize is a commune.
2Wim was the designation given, by Southern Railway (SR), to a small fleet of electric multiple units, dedicated for use on the West Croydon to Wimbledon Line.
SR 2Wim
Conceived by Oliver Bulleid for the Southern Railway's Dartford commuter route, the two 4DD electric multiple units were the only double-deck trains to run on the main line railway network in Britain.
The upper-level seats were squeezed in between the lower-level seats to ensure that the overall height of the unit was within the clearances necessary to pass through tunnels and under bridges.
The 4DD was somewhat unsuccessful because the upper level compartments were cramped and poorly ventilated (the upper level windows could not be opened due to tight clearance).
Also dwell times at stations were increased because of the increased number of passengers per door.
To obtain the extra seating capacity that was being sought, it was instead decided to lengthen trains from eight cars to ten.
SR 4DD
Network SouthEast (NSE) was one of three passenger sectors of British Rail created in 1982.
NSE principally operated commuter trains in the London area and inter-urban services in densely populated South East England.
Before 1986, the sector was known as London & South Eastern.
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation 4Lav to the electric multiple units built to work the semi-fast services on the route between London and Brighton.
SR 4Lav
The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designations 6Pul, 6Cit and 6Pan to electric multiple units built to work the routes between London and Brighton, West Worthing and Eastbourne.
None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class number.
The 6Pul units were designated 6Cor until 1935 (the Cor designation was later used for 4Cor units).
SR 6Pul
British Rail's third fundamental design of carriage was designated Mark 3, and was introduced in 1976 primarily for use on the High Speed Train (HST).
The coaches were also used as conventional loco-hauled stock as part of the West Coast Main Line (WCML) northern electrification scheme in the mid 1970s, designated Mark 3A and 3B.  The final batch was built in 1988, but Mark 3-based multiple units continued to be built until the early 1990s.
Class 43 power cars
The Desiro can be made as a diesel or electric multiple unit (DMU or EMU).
It is normally made as two and three-car trainsets.
Although there are many differences between single trains, the basic body design is the same.
These trains are mostly used for regional services, and belong to a new generation of light, modular trains which have become common in many European countries.
They are sometimes thought as light regional railcars.
They are mostly cheap to make and work.
Their fast acceleration makes them good for services with short intervals between stations.
However, they are sometimes complained by people for their poor passenger comfort.
In Austria, the ÖBB (Austrian Federal Railways) is right now using about 60 diesel-powered Desiro trains called ÖBB 5022.
These are based on the Class 642 used by Deutsche Bahn, but have added more safety stuff.
In 2005 and 2006, in Bulgaria, the Bulgarian State Railways begin working Desiro trains as part of a €67-million deal with Siemens AG for a total of 25 Diesel multiple units.
As of 22 March 2006, 16 trains had been delivered, with many of them working on the Sofia-Kyustendil-Sofia line.
Another €117-million deal for 25 EMUs has also been signed with Siemens AG.
The EMUs were fitted out in Varna, where BDŽ and Siemens AG are thinking about making a joint venture company.
The EMUs are classes 30 and 31 and are servicing traffic in the Sofia and Plovdiv areas.
In Denmark, DSB rented 12 Desiro trains since 2002.
The train is mostly used between Odense and Svendborg and between Odense and Fredericia.
On July 2, 2009 DSB signed a contract of eight trains from Siemens for Grenaabanen for delivery late 2010.
Nordjyske Jernbaner used Desiro trains since 2004 on all its working rails.
Germany's Deutsche Bahn first showed two-car Desiro DMUs for local services in 2000.
With a top speed of 120 km/h, these Class 642 units are mostly used on branch lines and regional lines.
Besides the 234 units bought by DB until 2007, many private German rail companies are also using Desiro DMUs.
The Class 642 has two MAN diesel engines with an output of 275 or 315 kW each and hydro-mechanical transmission with retarders.
It normally has 100 seats.
When linked together with Scharfenberg couplers, up to three trainsets can be worked together.
The Desiros are quite popular with most passengers, thanks to their good acceleration.
Because they have often replaced push/pull trains, their shorter journey times, such as on the Müglitzbahn, have made greater passenger numbers.
At first, DB was going to work together modern DMUs bought from different makers, but because of software trouble, this proved to be impossible.
Therefore the Class 642 can only be mechanically coupled with other DMUs like the Class 643.
Right now in Hungary, 31 diesel Desiros are in service with MÁV (counting 8 units from Greece), mostly as suburban trains on the secondary line between Budapest-Esztergom and Budapest - Lajosmizse and as an InterCity between Budapest and Baja.
On weekends, the units also used as top inter-city trains from Budapest to Baja and Sátoraljaújhely and as fast trains from Budapest to Tapolca.
During the summer months (when fewer units are used on the Budapest suburban routes) Desiros appear on some local train diagrams on the norther shore of the Lake Balaton.
The 57km KLIA Ekspres and KLIA Transit airport rail link uses the Desiro ET 425 M four-car Electric Multiple Units.
There are 12 trainsets right now working in Malaysia.
Eight trains are used for the non-stop Express Rail Link service between Kuala Lumpur's central station and Kuala Lumpur International Airport.
Four trains serve five stations on the Commuter Rail Service.
Căile Ferate Române (CFR), Romania's national railway worker, is one of the largest users of the Siemens Desiro trainsets.
CFR, which is right now undergoing modernisation, has bought many Desiro trainsets and uses them for all types of train: "Regio", "InterRegio" and "InterCity" inter-city services, but mostly on its "InterRegio" express trains.
There was some criticism of the use of Desiros for CFR's long-distance services because they were thought to be uncomfortable.
CFR has recently refitted them, and is now using Desiros mostly on its medium and short-distance routes.
Ljubljana (-Litija, -Zidani Most, -Sevnica) -Dobova
Ljubljana-Maribor
Ljubljana-Jesenice
Ljubljana (-Sežana)-Koper
SBB-CFF-FFS works double-decker (bilevel cars) EMU's.
They are designated as class SBB RABe 514.
They are used as commuter trains in Zürich, where 61 four-car sets have been working since 2006.
Electrostar is the name given to a group of similar electric multiple unit passenger trains made by Bombardier Transportation, formerly ADtranz.
Since the privatisation of British Rail, it has become the most common new EMU type in Britain, with different variants referred to as Class 357, Class 375, Class 376, Class 377, Class 378, Class 379, Class 387.
They are most common on the high-volume commuter routes in South London and to the Sussex, Kent & South Essex coasts.
It shares the same bodyshell and core structure as the Turbostar, which is in turn the most common post-privatisation diesel multiple unit family.
All of the Electrostar fleet were assembled at Bombardier’s Derby works.
British Rail electric multiple units
Bretteville-sur-Odon is a commune.
Bricqueville is a commune.
Brouay is a former commune.
Brucourt is a commune.
Brémoy is a commune.
Bréville-les-Monts is a commune.
Bucéels is a commune.
Burcy is a former commune.
Bures-les-Monts is a former commune.
Bénouville, Calvados is a commune.
It is in the Basse-Normandie  region in the Calvados department in north France.
Bény-sur-Mer is a commune.
Cabourg is a commune.
Cagny, Calvados is a commune.
Cahagnes is a commune.
Cahagnolles is a commune.
Cairon is a commune.
The Coradia Juniper series is a family of Electric Multiple Unit trains built by Alstom Transport Birmingham, subcontractor: Ganz Hunslet, Hungary (project for 120 bodyshells in 1998-2000, project manager at Ganz Hunslet; Gabor Honthy)  for use on the railway network in Great Britain.
The family is related to the Coradia 1000 series of diesel multiple unit.
There are currently three types in service with various TOCs.
Cambes-en-Plaine is a commune.
Cambremer is a commune.
On 1 January 2019, Saint-Laurent-du-Mont became a part of the commune Cambremer.
Campagnolles is a commune.
Campandré-Valcongrain is a former commune.
Campeaux, Calvados is a former commune.
Campigny, Calvados is a commune.
Canapville, Calvados is a commune.
Canchy, Calvados is a commune.
Canteloup, Calvados is a commune.
Carcagny is a commune.
The Networker is a family of trains which operate on the UK railway system.
They were built in the late 1980s and early 1990s by BREL and  Metropolitan Cammell  which later became ABB.
The trains were built for the Network SouthEast sector of British Rail.
They are all multiple unit trains.
Cardonville is a commune.
Carpiquet is a commune.
It is  in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France.
Cartigny-l'Épinay is a commune.
Carville is a former commune.
Castillon, Calvados is a commune.
Castillon-en-Auge is a commune.
Castilly is a former commune.
On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the commune of Isigny-sur-Mer.
Caumont-l'Éventé is a former commune.
On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Caumont-sur-Aure.
Caumont-sur-Orne is a former commune.
On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Le Hom.
Cauvicourt is a commune.
Cauville is a commune.
Cernay, Calvados is a commune.
Cerqueux is a former commune.
Cesny-Bois-Halbout is a former commune.
Cesny-aux-Vignes is a commune.
Champ-du-Boult is a former commune.
On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Noues de Sienne.
Cheffreville-Tonnencourt is a former commune.
Cheux is a former commune.
On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Thue et Mue.
Chicheboville is a former commune.
On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Moult-Chicheboville.
Chouain is a commune.
Chênedollé is a former commune.
Cintheaux is a commune.
Clarbec is a commune.
Clinchamps-sur-Orne is a former commune.
On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Laize-Clinchamps.
Clécy is a commune.
Cléville, Calvados is a commune.
Colleville-Montgomery is a commune.
Colleville-sur-Mer is a commune.
Colombelles is a commune.
Colombiers-sur-Seulles is a commune.
Colombières is a commune.
Colomby-sur-Thaon is a former commune.
Combray is a commune.
Commes is a commune.
Condé-sur-Ifs is a commune.
Condé-sur-Noireau is a former commune.
On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Condé-en-Normandie.
Condé-sur-Seulles is a commune.
Conteville, Calvados is a former commune.
Coquainvilliers is a commune.
Corbon, Calvados is a former commune.
On 1 January 2015, it was merged with the commune of Notre-Dame-d'Estrées to the new commune Notre-Dame-d'Estrées-Corbon.
Cordebugle is a commune.
Cordey is a commune.
Cormelles-le-Royal is a commune.
Cormolain is a commune.
Cormolain flea market held by an English.
Cossesseville is a commune.
Cottun is a commune.
Coudray-Rabut is a former commune.
On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune of Pont-l'Évêque.
Coulombs, Calvados is a former commune.