the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The cheese was created in the 1930s by cheese-maker Henri Androuët.
Brillat-Savarin is produced all year round, mainly in Normandy.
It comes in 12–13 cm wheels and approximately 4 cm thick, and is aged for one to two weeks.
It is also available as a fresh cheese (non affine) that resembles rich cream cheese.
It is a triple cream Brie that is  creamy and faintly sour.
It goes well with medjool dates and also champagne.
Because of its creaminess combined with its Brie aroma and slight sharpness, it has been described as "Dairylea for grownups" or "what Dairylea tastes like in heaven".
Pairing with red wines is difficult, as any mushroominess or "mouldy" taste will bring out the tannins of the wine.
Brillat-Savarin is also quite salty when ripe, which may disturb the taste of red wine.
It does pair well with Pale Ale and Champagne.
The carbonation wipes the fattiness from the palate and the malts enhance the creaminess of the cheese.
The French cheese making company Rouzaire also produces an older Brillat Savarin under the name Pierre Robert.
The extra aging time concentrates the proteins and salt in the cheese, resulting in deeper earthy flavours and more intense salty taste.
Wheels of Pierre Robert are physically shorter (due to loss of moisture), yet creamier than the regular-aged Brillat-Savarin.
List of cheeses
Poularde Albufera, (Chicken Albufera) is a chicken dish named in honour of the Duke of Albufera.
It sometimes credited to French chef Adolphe Dugléré, who invented several other dishes.
However, as Dugléré was only ten years old when Albufera fell out of favour with the king, and had his French title of nobility taken away, it is  more likely that Poularde Albufera was created by Antonin Carême, who trained Dugléré
The guppy (Poecilia reticulata), is a species of freshwater aquarium fish.
It is one of the most popular aquarium fish species.
The guppy is also called the millionfish or rainbow fish.
It is a small member of the Poeciliidae family (females 4–6 centimeters (1.6–2.4 in) long, males 2.5–3.5 centimeters (1.0–1.4 in) long).
Like all other members of the family, it is live-bearing.
Guppies are popular aquarium kept fish because of their inexpensive needs and beautiful color ranges
Guppies, like all fish, have gills.
The heart of a guppy is very different from that of a mammal, for instance there are two compartments instead of four.
They are called the auricle and ventricle.
When the fish breaths the ventricle contracts and blood is forced out to the gills which act as lungs.
This is where the gas exchange happens.
The blood receives oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.
The blood that now carries oxygen goes through the dorsal artery, which divides into smaller and smaller vessels and go all over the body to then distribute the oxygen and gets carbon dioxide and waste.
Then, the blood is carried to the heart by veins and lymph vessels.
Then the cycle repeats over and over.
A guppy's nervous system is highly centralized around its spinal cord and brain.
The cerebellum controls the body's movements, and the olfactory bulbs and cerebrum controls its sense of smell.
Albufera sauce (known in French as Sauce Albuféra) is a minor sauce whose  mother sauce is velouté.
It was probably created by Antonin Careme, to accompany Poularde Albufera, which he also created.
It was named in honour of the Duke of Albufera.
Escoffier gives a recipe in Le Guide culinaire which consists of a base of  Suprême Sauce to which is added meat glaze in order to lend the latter an ivory-white tint which characterizes it.
It is served chiefly with poultry and  sweetbreads.
Jack in the Box is an American fast food restaurant chain.
It was founded in 1951 by Robert O. Peterson.
Peterson opened his restaurant in Long Beach, California on the Pacific Coast highway.
It featured a clown's head on top of the building.
Instead of using carhops like other drive-in restaurants, Peterson used a two-way intercom.
He also pioneered the drive-through.
It allowed a customer to place their order while the car ahead of them was picking up their order.
This made service much faster and Jack in the Box became known for fast service.
Jack in the Box has over 2,200 restaurants in 21 states and Guam.
At first the menu was simple.
Only 15 items were offered including hamburgers, cheeseburgers, french fries and soft drinks.
Today the menu is expanded to include items such as onion rings, chicken tacos and shrimp.
They also offer ice cream, shakes and hot apple turnovers.
Bihari Muslims are people originating and tracing descent from the Indian State of Bihar, who practice Islam as their religion.
Bihari Muslims mainly practice Sunni Islam of the Hanafi creed, though a small Shia minority exists.
About 3 millions of Bihari Muslims migrated to the newly created State of Pakistan and the former East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) because of Muslim League politics.
Those who settled in Pakistan were deemed a sub-caste of Muhajirs.
Those who lived in Bangladesh were deemed Stranded Pakistanis.
In medieval times Bihar lost its prestige as the political and cultural center of India.
The Mughal period was a period of unremarkable provincial administration from Delhi.
The only remarkable person of these times in Bihar was Sher Shah, or Sher Khan Sur, an Afghan.
Based at Sasaram which is now a town in the district of the same name in central-western Bihar, this jagirdar of the Mughal King Babur was successful in defeating Humayun, the son of Babur, twice - once at Chausa and then, again, at Kannauj (in the present state of Uttar Pradesh or U.P.) Through his conquest Sher Shah became the ruler of a territory that, again, extended all the way to the Punjab.
He was noted as a ferocious warrior but also a noble administrator - in the tradition of Ashok and the Gupta kings.
Several acts of land reform are attributed to him.
The remains of a grand mausoleum that he built for himself can be seen in today's Sasaram (Sher Shah's maqbara.)
The majority of educated Bihari Muslims formally speak Urdu, while in the vernacular speak in the Bihari language.
The Muslims of Bihar have wealth rates comparable to rest of the Republic of India.
Margaret LeAnn Rimes Cibrian (born August 28, 1982), known professionally as LeAnn Rimes, is an American country and pop singer.
Her first album Blue was released in 1996.
She has won many major industry awards.
"Can't Fight the Moonlight" (2000)
Blue (1996)
You Light Up My Life: Inspirational Songs (1997)
Sittin' on Top of the World (1998)
LeAnn Rimes (1999)
Twisted Angel (2002)
What a Wonderful World (2004)
This Woman (2005)
Whatever We Wanna (2006)
Family (2007)
Lady & Gantlemen (2011)
Spitfire (2013)
Today Is Christmas (2015)
Remnants (2016)
Ashanti Shequoiya Douglas (born October 13, 1980), better known as Ashanti, is an American singer-songwriter, record producer, model and actress.
She became famous in the early 2000s.
Ashanti released her debut album Ashanti in 2002.
It released three singles: "Foolish", "Happy", and "Baby". "
Foolish" reached number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. "
Happy" and "Baby" reached the top twenty.
Ashanti's first album sold 503,000 copies the first week.
She then became the first "new female artist" to sell that many records in one week.
She outsold artists including Alicia Keys and Lauryn Hill.
She also became the first female artist to have two singles "Foolish" at number one and "What's Luv?" (
with Fat Joe) at number two.
Ashanti also became the first artist to have three top ten songs ("Foolish", "What's Luv?"
and "Always on Time") on the Hot 100 the same week.
She was the first women and second artist, behind The Beatles, to do this.
Her first album also won a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Album.
Later that year, her duet with Ja Rule on "Mesmerize" reached number two on the Hot 100.
Her next album, Chapter II (2003) debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart.
It sold 326,000 copies the first week.
The album was given three Grammy nominations for Best Contemporary R&B Album, Best Female R&B Vocal Performance, and Best R&B Song.
Chapter II was certified platinum by the RIAA.
This means that 1 million copies of the album were shipped in the United States.
The two singles "Rock wit U (Awww Baby)" and "Rain on Me" reached the top ten in the US.
Her holiday album Ashanti's Christmas (2003) reached number 160 on the Billboard 200.
Ashanti's third album, Concrete Rose (2004), debuted at number seven on the Billboard 200 chart.
It sold 254,000 copies the first week.
The album was certified platinum in a month of its release.
The singles "Only U" was a top ten hit in the US, while "Don't Let Them" did not do so well.
The single became the worst charting song in Ashanti's career.
Her first greatest hits album Collectables by Ashanti (2005) reached number 59 on the Billboard 200 chart.
It was a top ten hit on the Hot R&B Albums chart.
The only single to be released from that album was "Still on It".
It reached number 15 on the Hot Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart.
Ashanti's second greatest hits album, Can't Stop, was released in 2006.
It only charted in Japan at number 259.
Ashanti took a short break from recording music.
Her fourth album, The Declaration, was released in 2008.
It reached number six on the Billboard 200 chart.
It sold 86,000 copies the first week.
The singles "The Way That I Love You" reached the top 40 on the Hot 100.
The single "Good Good" reached number 30 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.
In 2009, The Vault was released.
The album contained 12 songs recorded by Ashanti that were not released.
It reached number 110 on the Japan Albums chart.
Ashanti's fifth album Braveheart was set to be released on August 28, 2012.
The lead single, "The Woman You Love" reached number 59 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart in December 2011.
Ashanti has starred in several movies.
These include The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005) and John Tucker Must Die (2006).
As of 2008, she has sold more than 27 million records worldwide.
Ashanti (2002)
Chapter II (2003)
Concrete Rose (2004)
The Declaration (2008)
BraveHeart (2014)
The Muppets' Wizard of Oz (2005)
Coach Carter (2005)
John Tucker Must Die (2006)
Resident Evil Extinction (2007)
Coach Carter 2
Sabrina, the Teenage Witch (2002)
Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV Series) (2003)
WrestleMania XIX (Opening: America the Beautiful) (2003)
The Proud Family (voice) (2003)
Pepsi Smash (Commercial) (2003)
Punk'd (2004)
Oxygen: Custom Concert (2004)
Las Vegas (TV series) (2005)
2007 World Series (Opening: 'God Bless America') (2007)
NFL Thanksgiving Classic CBS (Opening: 'National Anthem') (2007)
BET Awards Nomination Special "I Wanna Thank My Mama" (host) (2008)
Extreme Makeover: Home Edition (2010)
The Wiz (2009)
Beerwah () is a town in the Budgam District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Budgam () is part of the Budgam District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.
As of 2011, Budgam had a population of 15,338.
It is the district headquarter of Budgam.
Khansahib () is part of the Budgam District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Banihal () is part of the Doda District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Doda () is part of the Doda District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Ranbir Singh Pora () is in the Jammu District region of Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Hajira () is part of the Poonch District of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan.
Rawalakot () is part of the Poonch District of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan.
Mandi () is a major city in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh.
It is the capital of the Mandi District.
It was formerly called Mandav Nagar, and is also known as Sahor.
It is located  north of state capital, Shimla.
It is in the north-west Himalayas.
The average altitude is about 1,044 metres (3,425 ft),
Official site of the Municipal Council of Mandi
The famous Vaishno Devi shrine is located in this disctrict.
Surankote () is part of the Poonch District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Matanuska-Susitna Valley (known locally as the Mat-Su or The Valley) is an area in Southcentral Alaska.
It is south of the Alaska Range about  from Anchorage, Alaska.
It includes the valleys of the Matanuska River, the Knik River, and the Susitna River.
The Matanuska Valley has become a suburban community for many people who work in  Anchorage.
It is now one of the most crowded areas in Alaska and includes the towns of Palmer, Wasilla,  Big Lake, Houston, Willow and Talkeetna.
There are three mountain ranges in the area.
They are the Alaska Range, the Talkeetna Mountains and the Chugach Mountains.
There are both working and old gold mines in the mountains.
Like many parts of Alaska, the Matanuska-Susitna Valley was carved by glaciers  which left many lakes.
Both the Matanuska and Susitna Rivers have lots of salmon.
The local government is called the  Matanuska-Susitna Borough.
Most of the United States is divided into counties, but Alaska uses "boroughs" instead, and some parts of it are not even in a borough.
A few hundred Alaska Natives were joined by small numbers of "Alaska sourdoughs" between 1900 and 1930 when hundreds of "colonists" were moved there by the United States Federal Government in the early 1930s.
In the 1970's lots of newcomers to Alaska came to Anchorage.
Later on a lot of them moved to the Matanuska Valley to live an  "Alaskan country" lifestyle.
The three rivers in the area have large amounts of glacial silt that is good for farming.
The valley is one of the few areas in Alaska which supports big farms.
Alaska Census data
Matanuska-Susitna Borough website
Kathua () is part of the Kathua District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Billawar () is part of the Kathua District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Basohli () is part of the Kathua District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Hiranagar () is part of the Kathua District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Karnah () is an administrative tehsil of the Kupwara district in Jammu and Kashmir, India.
It has 58 villages and is  away from the main town of Kupwara.
Karnah tehsil has a total population of 60,129 as per the Census 2011, of which 34,471 are males while 25,658 are females, giving a sex ration of 744 females per 1,000 males.
In 2011 there were total 11,422 families residing in Karnah Tehsil.
Paharis form a majority population in the tehsil.
As per Census 2011 out of total population, 25.8% live in urban areas while 74.2% live in rural areas.
The average literacy rate in urban areas is 68.4% while that in the rural areas is 58.9%.
Also the sex ratio of urban areas in the tehsil is 587 while that of rural areas is 807.
The Chugach Mountains in southcentral Alaska are the farthest north of the mountain ranges that make up the Pacific Coast Ranges of western North America.
The range is about 500 km (300 mi) long.
Its highest point is Mount Marcus Baker, at , but most of its summits are not very high.
Because of the wet weather on the coast, these mountains get a lot of snow.
There are several parks in and around the mountains, like Chugach State Park the Chugach National Forest, and the Kenai National Wildlife Refuge.
They are popular destinations for outdoor activities.
The World Extreme Skiing Championship is held yearly in the Chugach near Valdez.
Three highways run through the Chugach Mountains.
There is also a tunnel from Portage that lets cars and trains go under the mountains to Whittier.
The name "Chugach" is from the Eskimo tribal name Chugachmiut recorded by the Russians and written by them "Chugatz" and "Tchougatskoi"; in 1898 U.S. Army Captain W. R. Abercrombie spelled the name "Chugatch" and applied it to the mountains.
Mount Marcus Baker
Mount Michelson
Mount Palmer
Flattop Mountain
Polar Bear Peak
The Wrangell Mountains are a high mountain range of eastern Alaska in the United States.
Much of the range is in the Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park and Preserve.
The Wrangell Mountains were made by volcanoes.
The second and third tallest volcanoes in the United States, Mount Blackburn and Mount Sanford are there.
The range takes its name from Mount Wrangell, which is one of the largest shield volcanoes in the world.
It is also the only mountain in the range that is an active volcano.
The Wrangell Mountains are just to the northwest of the Saint Elias Mountains and northeast of the Chugach Mountains.
There are so many mountains there that they block the warm moist air over the Pacific Ocean.
Because of this places north of the Wrangell Mountains are some of the coldest areas of North America during the winter.
Major peaks
Mount Blackburn, , and East Summit,
Mount Sanford], , and South Peak,
Mount Wrangell, , and West Summit,
Atna Peaks,
Regal Mountain,
Mount Jarvis, , and North Peak,
Parka Peak,
Mount Zanetti,
The Wrangell Mountains are named after an explorer who was also president of  the Russian-American Company, Admiral Ferdinand von Wrangel.
American folk singer John Denver wrote a song, "Wrangell Mountain Song", in reference to the range.
Wrangell-St. Elias National Park & Preserve
Wrangell Mountains Center
Q fever is a disease caused by Coxiella burnetii, bacteria that affect humans and other animals.
It is not common but can be found in cattle, sheep, goats, and other household animals, including cats and dogs.
People can get infected if they inhale endospores or touch the milk, urine, feces, vaginal mucus, or semen of infected animals.
The disease is rarely carried by ticks.
A human can be infected by a single bacterium.
Q fever at the CDC
Alprazolam, probably better known by its trade name Xanax, is a short-acting drug.
Xanax and other benzodiazepines first entered the market in 1960.
Although it may have other illegal or nonclinical uses, Xanax is legally prescribed to treat anxiety disorders, panic disorder, and anxiety caused by depression.
It works by decreasing abnormally high levels of excitement in the brain, which helps you feel more relaxed and increases feelings of calmness.
Xanax (and all benzodiazepines) stimulate neurons in the brain that release or have receptors for the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and neurons for GABA are prevalent throughout the cerebral cortex.
An inhibitory neurotransmitter reduces the firing of other types of neurotransmitters in the brain when it’s released.
Thus, Xanax acts as a central nervous system depressant by way of its agonistic effect on GABA neurons in the brain.
Taking Xanax leads to a decrease in the excitability of other neurons in the brain, and this produces a reduction in anxiety and an increased feeling of relaxation.
Xanax and other benzodiazepines are frequently abused because they are so commonly prescribed and therefore easily available.
The severe withdrawal syndrome associated with Xanax abuse can make it difficult for people to stop using.
Overdose may occur from Xanax alone, but the risk of overdose is higher when combined with other substances, such as opioids and alcohol, as this can increase the chance of respiratory depression.
This is a significant concern for many people, as benzodiazepines and opioids are commonly prescribed together.
Respiratory depression causes slow and ineffective breathing, potentially causing a person to die in their sleep.
Xanax side effects
weak or shallow breathing;
a light-headed feeling, like you might pass out;
a seizure;
hallucinations, risk-taking behavior;
increased energy, decreased need for sleep;
racing thoughts, being agitated or talkative;
double vision; or
jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes).
Increased salivation
Difficulty urinating
The Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) is the largest stock exchange in Canada, the third largest in North America and the eighth largest in the world by market capitalisation.
Unwritten is an album by Natasha Bedingfield.
This record was released in the United Kingdom in September 2004 and in the United States on August 2, 2005.
It had five singles.
One of these was the title track.
This album was released in North America again during 2006, with new album artworks and a slightly different track listing.
Natasha Bedingfield albums
N.B. is the second studio album from Natasha Bedingfield.
It was released in United Kingdom on 30 April 2007 to mixed reviews by critics.
The album was released in Canada and the United States during January 2008 as Pocketful of Sunshine.
The US version's title single became a top 5 hit.
Another track, "Love Like This", became a top twenty hit.
The reviews from United States critics for this record were mixed.
A Polish American is a citizen of the United States with ancestors from Poland.
There have been Polish people living in North America since the earlier 1600s.
Many live in the city of Chicago, which has more Polish people than any city in the world other than Warsaw, Poland.
Hallucinogens are chemical substances which temporarily change the way people see the world.
Hallucinogens cause hallucinations.
People no longer perceive reality as it is, but they see a reality that is distorted by their emotions.
A person who is under the influence of a hallucionogen is said to be having a trip.
Hallucinogens have probably been used in the context of a cultic or religious function as long as there were humans.
There are different kinds of hallucinogens:
Psychedelic drugs: these are the "classic hallucinogens"
Dissociatives: They make people feel as if they were no longerpart of their surroundings.
Deliriants produce a state of delirium, or confusion.
Most hallucinogens are highly addictive.
This means that the user will want to take the drug over and over again.
It also means that there will be some effect of getting used to the drug.
In the long run, more and more of the drug will need to be taken, to get the same effect.
People that are under the unintended influence of a hallucinogen may need immediate help, as in a medical emergency.
Paul Frappier (May 8, 1977-February 11, 2011) was a Canadian rapper and producer better known by his stage name, Bad News Brown.
He was of Haitian descent.
Bad News Brown was found in an industrial area in Montreal where he was beaten and then shot.
Bad News Brown's Official website
James Ambrose Johnson Jr. (1 February 1948 - 6 August 2004) also known as Rick James, was an American singer, songwriter, recording artist and producer.
He was very popular during the late 1970s and 1980s, scoring four number one hits on the US R&B charts.
In 1978 James released his first single "You and I".
He produced Eddie Murphy's 1985 single "Party All the Time".
In 1990 he sued MC Hammer.
In 1991 James was arrested with his girlfriend for kidnapping a woman.
He made her have sex with his girlfriend.
In 1994 he was sentenced to five years and four months in prison.
He was released in 1996.
Singers from Buffalo, New York
Writers from Buffalo, New York
Christopher George Latore Wallace (May 21, 1972 – March 9, 1997), better known by his stage name, The Notorious B.I.G., Biggie Smalls, or Biggie, was an American rapper.
He admitted that he was a crack cocaine dealer.
The Notorious B.I.G. released 2 studio albums in his lifetime and two after his death*:
(*) albums and songs were released posthumously (after death).
The Show (1995) as himself
Rhyme & Reason (1997 documentary) as himself
Biggie & Tupac (2002 documentary) archive footage
Tupac Resurrection (2004 documentary) archive footage
Notorious B.I.G. Bigger Than Life (2007 documentary) archive footage
Notorious (2009) archive footage
All Eyez on Me (2017) archive footage
Quincy (2018 documentary) archive footage
Biggie: The Life of Notorious B.I.G. (2017 documentary) archive footage
Biggie: I Got a Story to Tell (2021 documentary) archive footage
New York Undercover (1995) as himself
Martin (1995) as himself
Who Shot Biggie & Tupac? (
Unsolved (2018)
Wallace was killed in a drive by shooting in Los Angeles, California after leaving a party hosted by Vibe magazine and Qwest Records for the Soul Train Music Awards.
on March 9, 1997.
The murder was similar to Tupac's Murder.
Wallace was driving a GMC Suburban, a man in a Chevy Impala SS stopped on side of Wallace's SUV and fired shots at the Suburban.
Four bullets hit Wallace's chest.
His murder is still unsolved.
Notorious B.I.G at atlanticrecords.com
The Central Hockey League (CHL) was a mid-level professional hockey league in the United States.
It is owned by Global Entertainment Corporation.
The first CHL season was in 1992-1993.
It started with six teams, including the Oklahoma City Blazers, the Tulsa Oilers, the Wichita Thunder, the Memphis RiverKings, the Dallas Freeze and the Fort Worth Fire.
The CHL commissioner is now Duane Lewis, who succeeded Brad Treliving on an temporary basis after Treliving took a position with the NHL's Phoenix Coyotes following the 2006-2007 season.
Treliving co-founded the WPHL in 1996, and after the 2001 merger, served with the CHL for seven years.
Lewis was named the permanent commissioner in June 2008.
The CHL is divided into two Conferences.
Teams compete every year for the Ray Miron President's Cup.
League champions
1993 - Tulsa Oilers
1994 - Wichita Thunder
1995 - Wichita Thunder
1996 - Oklahoma City Blazers
1997 - Fort Worth Fire
1998 - Columbus Cottonmouths
1999 - Huntsville Channel Cats
2000 - Indianapolis Ice
2001 - Oklahoma City Blazers
2002 - Memphis RiverKings
2003 - Memphis RiverKings
2004 - Laredo Bucks
2005 - Colorado Eagles
2006 - Laredo Bucks
2007 - Colorado Eagles
2008 - Arizona Sundogs
2009 - Texas Brahmas
2010 - Rapid City Rush
Central Hockey League website
The Missouri Mavericks is an American minor-league ice hockey team in the Central Hockey League (CHL).
They play their home games at the Independence Events Center in Independence, Missouri, which is near Kansas City, Missouri.
In April 2009, the CHL announced that Independence would get a new team to start play that fall.
In June, the team said that it would be called the Mavericks.
Yip Man (18931972), also known as Ip Man, was the first teacher to teach martial arts Wing Chun openly.
He taught Hong Kong students, who spread Wing Chun around the world.
Later, Ip Man was the teacher of Bruce Lee, Chu Shong-tin (who taught then-Australian Jim Fung) and others.
Nowadays, Wing Chun is taught around the world.
Many children do Wing Chun.
The festival of San Fermín is held each year in the city of Pamplona (Navarre, Spain).
Other names for the festival are Sanfermines or Sanferminak.
It starts at noon on 6 July with the setting off of a rocket.
It ends at midnight on 14 July with the singing of the Pobre de Mí.
A bullfight is also part of the celebrations.
The festival honors Saint Fermin, the co-patron of Navarre.
San Fermín has become the most famous Spanish festival.
More than 1,000,000 people watch this festival.
The Running of the Bulls is held the 6th - 14th of July every year.
By midnight on July 6th Pamplona is already swarming with locals and tourists all waiting for the fireworks display that marks the start of the fiesta.
The day begins with the "encierro" or running of the bulls, when only the brave and foolish dash ahead of the bulls that are let loose to run through the narrow streets to the bullring where they will be fought later in the day.
The runners are usually clad in the typical white trousers and shirt, with a red scarf tied at their neck, and a red beret on their head.
Before and after the daily bullfights, held each evening at 6 pm, bands of music, "txistularis", regional dancing and processions with big giant heads roam the streets.
The Sanfermines festival of the running of the bulls in Pamplona is not the only one celebrated in Navarre, although it is the most well-known.
Unofficial website on San Fermin
Unofficial website on encierro
A Bellini is a long drink cocktail that originated in Venice.
It is a mixture of sparkling wine (traditionally Prosecco) and peach purée often served at celebrations.
It is one of Italy's most popular cocktails.
Transduction is a science term.
Transduction (engineering)
Friedensreich Hundertwasser (born 15 December 1928, died 19 February 2000) was an Austrian artist.
He often called himself Friedensreich Regentag Dunkelbunt Hundertwasser (Land-of-Peace Rainy-Day Dark-Colourful Hundred-Water) .
Hundertwasser became known for designing buildings, but he also created stamps, painted, designed posters, and other works.
He even designed a new flag for New Zealand, based on a local fern frond, called the Koru.
Hundertwasser was born in Vienna as Friedrich Stowasser.
His mother, Elsa, was Jewish, so the Second World War was a difficult time for them.
They pretended to be Catholic during the war, and to escape notice, Friedrich even joined the Hitler Youth.
After the war ended, he changed his name from Friedrich Stowasser to Friedensreich Hundertwasser.
Part of the meaning of Friedensreich is peaceful realm (country).
He studied briefly at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, but when his money ran out, he started to travel a lot.
He began to develop his own style, and in 1952, he exhibited his paintings for the first time.
Hundertwasser married twice - in 1957 and 1962 - but both marriages ended in divorce.
He had one daughter, Heidi Trimmel, who was born in 1982.
In 1975, Hundertwasser left Europe and went to live in a small town called Kawakawa in New Zealand, where he could live mostly self-sufficiently.
The artist bought several properties, joined them together to give himself enough access to nature, built solar panels and a water purification plant, and grew his own food.
He lived there until he died of a heart attack in 2000.
He was buried at home in New Zealand.
On top of his grave, a tree was planted.
Hundertwasser said in 1989, A dead person is entitled to reincarnation in the form of... a tree that grows on top of him and through him.
As a result of his experience of being persecuted by the Nazi regime, Hundertwasser developed an anti-totalitarian position early on.
His early fears of the square marching battalions associated with dictatorships may have led him to oppose any "geometrization" of people and their architecture.
In a letter in 1954 Hundertwasser described the square as "geometric rectangles compressed columns on the march".
Artistic styles and themes
Hundertwasser had a lively imagination; his art was unruly and chaotic.
In his work, he used spirals, organic forms, wavy lines, bright colours, and a strong individualism.
He wanted humans to live in harmony with nature, where there are no straight lines.
Once, he called straight lines "something cowardly drawn with a ruler, without thought or feeling."
Hundertwasser believe that a person has three 'skins.
First, her 'epidermis', her skin.
Second, her clothes.
And finally, her house or home.
Later on in the 1970s, he added two more skins: social environment (family, friendships, nation) and the planet (environment, the ecology, nature).
You can see examples of Hundertwasser's paintings here.
Colour is a large part of Hundertwasser's art.
He didn't select colours for any special significance; instead he used bright, fierce, burning colours, and combined colours to form competing patterns.
While he began as a painter, later in life the third skin - the home, or architecture - greatly interested Hundertwasser.
He hated the way most buildings had straight lines and angles.
He felt that buildings should fit and represent those who lived inside them.
His building designs use natural forms, and often fit around nature rather than trying to bend nature to fit them.
In the Hundertwasserhaus, an apartment building in Vienna, Austria, the floors aren't flat and even: they undulate.
Hundertwasser used nature in his buildings, which often have roof gardens.
Grass roofs also have ecological, health and insusaltion advantages.
A grass roof produces oxygen and makes life possible.
It absorbs dust and dirt and converts the earth.
Body and soul of man is at ease, both, who looks at it as well as who lives beneath it. (
Hundertwasser 1991)
The artist also believed in a human's right to a window.
He thought that "Some people say houses consist of walls.
I say houses consist of windows.
"The repetition of identical windows next to each other and above each other as in a grid system is a characteristic of concentration camps.
Windows in rank and file are sad, windows should be able to dance.
A person in a rented apartment must be able to lean out of his window and scrape off the masonry within arm's reach.
And he must be allowed to take a long brush and paint everything outside within arm's reach, so that it will be visible from afar to everyone in the street that someone lives there who is different from the imprisoned, enslaved, standardised man who lives next door. (
Hundertwasser 1990)Hundertwasser wanted to allow the residents of his building to personalise their windows.
In the late 1970s, Hundertwasser was asked by City of Vienna to build a housing project - housing for poorer citizens who could not afford it otherwise.
Inside, there were wavy, undulating floors ("an uneven floor is a divine melody to the feet"), a roof covered with earth and grass, and large trees growing from inside the rooms, with limbs extending from windows.
Hundertwasser took no payment for the design of the house, declaring that it was worth it, to prevent something ugly from going up in its place.
Within the house there are 52 apartments, four offices, 16 private terraces and three communal terraces, and a total of 250 trees and bushes.
The Hundertwasser House is one of Vienna's most visited buildings and has become part of Austria's cultural heritage.
In Kawakawa, New Zealand, where Hundertwasser lived between 1975 and 2000, he designed the public toilets.
Coach-loads of tourists visit every day to see these toilets, which are designed according to the artist's strict beliefs.
All of the plants and vegetation which were displaced by the toilet were replanted on the roof, and it was built from recycled bricks from an old bank, and the residents' used glass bottles.
Peter Schamoni: Hundertwasser Regentag (Hundertwasser's Rainy Day, 1972).
An award-winning German documentary about the artist rebuilding an old wooden ship called Regentag (Rainy Day).
Hundertwasser Museum, Vienna
Hundertwasser's stamps
Bad Blumau - hot spring resort designed by Hundertwasser
Austrian artists
Edgar Degas (, ; born Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas, ; 19 July 183427 September 1917) was a French artist.
He is famous for his paintings and sculptures: he was one of those who started Impressionism, although he rejected the term, and preferred to be called a realist.p31
A superb draughtsman, he is identified with the subject of the dance, and over half of his works depict dancers.
These display his mastery in the depiction of movement, as do his racecourse subjects and female nudes.
His portraits are notable for their psychological complexity and the way they show human isolation.p11
He began to paint early in his life.
Because his father wanted it, he went to university to become a lawyer in 1853.
Edgar did not like this, and he went to study at the École des Beaux-Arts, an important art-school in Paris in 1855.
In 1856 he traveled to Naples in Italy, he stayed there for 3 years.
He studied famous painters like Michelangelo and Raphael and learnt by copying their work.
In 1859 he came back to Paris.
He started his first important painting The Bellelli Family, and also started on a few paintings on historical myths, like Alexander and Bucephalus and The Daughter of Jephthah.
In 1861 he visited Normandy and made his first drawings of horses which were an important subject for his paintings.
After the start of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, Degas worked for the National Guard.
He did not have time to paint.p29 After the war he went to stay with his brother Rene in New Orleans, Louisiana.
In 1873 he went back to Paris and in 1874 his father died.
He then found out his brother had large business debts.
Edgar had to sell the house and a collection of art he had inherited.
He now had to depend on his paintings for his income.
He created a lot of great paintings in next 10 years.p33 With the money he earned, he bought paintings by painters he liked a lot.
Examples are Manet, Paul Cézanne, Pissarro, Gauguin, Van Gogh and others.
In 1874 Edgar Degas and a group of other painters started to organise their own art exhibition.
Their exhibitions were called "Impressionist Exhibitions".
At the end of the 1880s, he started to take photographs of his friends.p26 Other photographs, of dancers and nudes, were used as an example for some of his later paintings.p34
As the years passed, he became isolated.
They think that he made sculptures up until 1910.
He probably stopped working in 1912.
He never married, and he was nearly blind at the end of his life.
He died in Paris in 1917.p41
Luigi Russolo (30 April 1883 – 4 February 1947)  was a painter and musician from Italy.
He was part of the Futurism movement and built his own musical instruments.
His instruments were destroyed in World War II in Paris, because the Germans bombed the city, others have simply disappeared.
Such beneficial plasmids may be considered bacterial endosymbionts.
Other elements, however, may be viewed as bacterial parasites and conjugation as a mechanism evolved by them to allow for their spread.
The basic conjugative plasmid is the F-plasmid, or F-factor.
The F-plasmid is an episome (a plasmid that can integrate itself into the bacterial chromosome) with a length of about 100,000 base pairs.
There can only be one copy of the F-plasmid in a given bacterium, either free or integrated, and bacteria that possess a copy are called F-positive or F-plus (denoted F+).
Cells that lack F plasmids are called F-negative or F-minus (F-) and can function as recipient cells.
Inter-kingdom transfer
The nitrogen fixing Rhizobia are an interesting case of inter-kingdom conjugation.
For example, the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid of Agrobacterium and the root-tumor inducing (Ri) plasmid of A. rhizogenes contain genes that are capable of transferring to plant cells.
These genes turn plant cells into factories producing chemicals used by the bacteria for nitrogen and energy.
Infected cells form crown galls or root tumours, respectively.
The Ti and Ri plasmids are thus endosymbionts of the bacteria, which are in turn endosymbionts (or parasites) of the infected plant.
Conjugation is a convenient means for transferring genetic material to a variety of targets.
In laboratories successful transfers have been reported from bacteria to yeast, plants, mammalian cells, and isolated mammalian mitochondria.
Conjugation has advantages over other forms of genetic transfer.
In plant engineering, Agrobacterium-like conjugation complements other standard vehicles such as tobacco mosaic virus (TMV).
While TMV is capable of infecting many plant families these are primarily herbaceous dicots.
Agrobacterium-like conjugation is also primarily used for dicots, but monocot recipients are not uncommon.
The term plasmid was first introduced by the American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg in 1952.
Plasmids are double stranded and, in many cases, circular.
Plasmids usually occur naturally in bacteria, but are sometimes found in eukaryotic organisms (e.g., the 2-micrometre-ring in Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
Plasmid size varies from 1 to over 1,000 kilobase pairs (kbp).
The number of identical plasmids within a single cell can range from one to thousands.
Plasmids are often associated with conjugation, a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer.
Plasmids are transferable genetic elements, or "replicons", capable of independent self copying in a suitable host.
Plasmids can be found in all three major domains, Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya.
Similar to viruses, plasmids are not considered a form of "life" as it is currently defined.
Unlike viruses, plasmids are "naked" DNA and do not encode genes necessary to encase the genetic material for transfer to a new host.
Microbial transformation with plasmid DNA is neither parasitic nor symbiotic in nature, since each implies the presence of an independent species living in a commensal or detrimental state with the host organism.
Rather, plasmids provide a mechanism for horizontal gene transfer within a population of microbes and may provide a selective advantage under a given environmental state.
Plasmids may carry genes that provide resistance to naturally occurring antibiotics in a competitive environmental niche, or alternatively the proteins produced may act as toxins under similar circumstances.
Plasmids also can provide bacteria with an ability to fix elemental nitrogen or to degrade difficult organic compounds.
This may provide an advantage under conditions of nutrient deprivation.
The construction of first recombinant DNA emerged from linking of a gene encoding antibiotic resistance with a native plasmid.
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) (or Lateral gene transfer) is any process in which an organism gets genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism.
By contrast, vertical transfer occurs when an organism gets genetic material from its ancestor, e.g., its parent or a species from which it has evolved.
Most thinking in genetics has focused on vertical transfer, but there is a growing awareness that horizontal gene transfer is a significant phenomenon.
Amongst single-celled organisms it may be the dominant form of genetic transfer.
Transformation, the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the introduction, uptake and expression of foreign genetic material (DNA or RNA).
This process is relatively common in bacteria, but less so in eukaryotes.
Transformation is often used in laboratories to insert novel genes into bacteria for experiments or for industrial or medical applications.
Transduction, the process in which bacterial DNA is moved from one bacterium to another by a bacterial virus (a bacteriophage, or 'phage').
Bacterial conjugation, a process in which a bacterial cell transfers genetic material to another cell by cell-to-cell contact.
A gene transfer agent or 'GTA' is a virus-like element which contains random pieces of the host chromosome.
They are found in most members of the alphaproteobacteria order Rhodobacterales.
They are encoded by the host genome.
GTAs transfer DNA so frequently that they may have an important role in evolution.
A 2010 report found that genes for antibiotic resistance could be transferred by engineering GTAs in the laboratory.
Integrons, a bacterial "kit" for transferring gene cassettes.
"Increasingly, studies of genes and genomes are indicating that considerable horizontal transfer has occurred between prokaryotes".
The phenomenon appears to have had some significance for unicellular eukaryotes as well.
As Bapteste et al.
observe, "additional evidence suggests that gene transfer might also be an important evolutionary mechanism in protist evolution".
There is some evidence that even higher plants and animals have been affected.
Richardson and Palmer (2007) state: "Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has played a major role in bacterial evolution and is fairly common in certain unicellular eukaryotes.
However, the prevalence and importance of HGT in the evolution of multicellular eukaryotes remains unclear".
Transduction how a virus moves DNA from one bacterium to another.
Joshua Lederberg and his graduate student Norton Zinder showed in 1952 that bacteriophages could transfer genetic information between bacteria in Salmonella.
This explained how bacteria of different species could gain resistance to the same antibiotic very quickly.
Transduction also refers to the process whereby foreign DNA is introduced into another cell via a viral vector.
This is a common tool used by molecular biologists to introduce a foreign gene into a host cell's genome.
When bacteriophages infect a bacterial cell, they usually reproduce by using the replicational, transcriptional, and translation machinery of the host bacterial cell to make many complete viral particles, including the viral DNA or RNA and the protein coat.
Errors in this process can result in the virus carrying over DNA from one bacterium to another.
Ferdinand Marie, Vicomte () de Lesseps, GCSI (19 November 1805 – 7 December 1894) was the French developer of the Suez Canal, which joined the Mediterranean and Red Seas in 1869.
He also tried to build a Panama Canal during the 1880s, but malaria and yellow fever was so bad that he gave up and the Panama Canal Company went bankrupt.
A different canal was later built by the United States and completed in 1914.
Ferdinand de Lesseps was born at Versailles, Yvelines, in 1805.
His first years were spent in Italy, where his father was a diplomat.
In 1828 de Lesseps was sent as an assistant vice-consul to Tunis, where his father was consul-general.
He aided the escape of Youssouff, pursued by the soldiers of the Bey, of whom he was one of the officers, for violation of the seraglio law.
In 1832 de Lesseps was appointed vice-consul at Alexandria, and in 1833 he became consul in Cairo, and soon afterwards given the management of the consulate general at Alexandria, until 1837.
Near the end of 1837 he returned to France, and on 21 December married Agathe Delamalle (Garches, Hauts-de-Seine, 15 October 1819 – Paris, 13 July 1853), daughter of the prosecuting attorney at the court of Angers.
In 1839 he was appointed consul at Rotterdam, and in the following year transferred to Málaga, the ancestral home of his mother's family.
In 1842 he was sent to Barcelona, and soon afterwards promoted to the grade of consul general.
From 1848 to 1849 he was minister of France at Madrid.
In 1849 the government of the French Republic sent him to Rome to negotiate the return of Pope Pius IX to the Vatican.
He tried to negotiate an agreement whereby Pope Pius could return peacefully to the Vatican but also ensuring the continued independence of Rome.
But during negotiations, the elections in France caused a change in the foreign policy of the government.
De Lesseps then retired from the diplomatic service, and never again occupied any public office.
In 1853 he lost his wife and his son Ferdinand Victor at a few days' interval.
In 1854, the accession to the viceroyalty of Egypt of Said Pasha gave de Lesseps a new impulse to act upon the creation of a Suez Canal.
De Lesseps died at Château de La Chesnaye in Guilly, Vatan, Indre, on 7 December 1894.
He was buried in the Père Lachaise cemetery in Paris.
His name was used in a speech by Egyptian President Gamal Nasser as the codeword to order the raiding of the Suez Canal Company's offices on 26 July 1956, the first step to its nationalization.
In the course of the raid and seizure of the canal by Nasser, the statue of de Lesseps at the entrance of the Suez Canal was removed from its pedestal, to symbolize the end of European ownership of the waterway.
The statue now stands in a small garden of the Port Fouad shipyard.
Smith, G Barnett The Life and Enterprises of Ferdinand de Lesseps (London, 1893)
de Lesseps, Ferdinand, Souvenirs de quarante ans (trans.
by CB Pitman).
McCullough, David, The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal 1870-1914 Simon & Schuster, 1977.
Mellander, Gustavo A. (1971) The United States in Panamanian Politics: The Intriguing Formative Years.
OCLC 138568.
Mellander, Gustavo A.; Nelly Maldonado Mellander (1999).
Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Editorial Plaza Mayor. .
OCLC 42970390.
Parker, Matthew.
Panama Fever: The Epic Story of One of the Greatest Human Achievements of All Time - the Building of the Panama Canal.
New York: Doubleday,
Simon, Maron J. The Panama Affair Charles Scribner's Sons, 1971.
Ferdinand de Lesseps (1887).
Recollections of forty years.
From Internet Archive.
André Gill (1867). "
Ferdinand de Lesseps", caricature painting of Ferdinand de Lesseps.
The De Lesseps Family :  This page focuses on Viscount de Lesseps' family.
The A.B. Nichols archival collection  of documents and materials related to the Panama Canal includes a number of references to the French project, including photographs of de Lesseps and his house in Panama.
Associació de Veïns i Comerciants de la Plaça Lesseps, Gràcia, Barcelona, Catalonia
Transformation occurs naturally in some species of bacteria, and can also be done artificially.
Bacteria that are capable of being transformed, whether naturally or artificially, are called competent.
Transformation is one of three processes by which outside genetic material may be brought into bacterial cells.
The other two are conjugation (transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact), and transduction (injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage into the host).
Transformation may also used to describe the insertion of new genetic material into nonbacterial cells, such as animal and plant cells.