the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
In 1998, Phil Hartman was murdered by his wife.
In 2000, Ned Flander's wife, Maude Flanders was killed off.
Also in 2000, Barney Gumble became sober.
In 2002, the production of The Simpsons had switched from cels to digital ink and paint.
During that time, The Simpsons had suffering of franchise fatigue. "
Sneed's Feed and Seed" from the episode E-I-E-I-(Annoyed Grunt) became an internet meme.
The television show The Simpsons was originally shown as short shows on The Tracey Ullman Show.
Fox then decided to give them their own show in 1989.
Elements of the show
Chalkboard gag
Many episodes begin with a scene of Springfield Elementary School, where Bart Simpson is shown writing lines on a chalkboard as punishment for being bad.
For example, in one episode, Bart writes, "I will not conduct my own fire drills."
The line is supposed to be humourous.
Not every episode has a new one and sometimes the chalkboard gag may be cut (removed) because there is not enough time.
Couch gag
In the opening, all the Simpsons come home after work or school.
After Homer Simpson is almost or is hit by Marge's car, they all go into the living room, where something comical happens again.
These are called "couch gags".
On one couch gag Homer Simpson walked onto the screen like James Bond and shot the camera.
Sometimes if an episode is a short one, then the couch gag will be very long.
A couple of couch gags have been over one minute long.
Couch gags in earlier seasons were simple but then became more interesting in later seasons.
Ending credits
At the end of the show, the credits are shown.
Sometimes they might be changed.
In one episode, the ending showed Homer reading from a document about Dateline.
In another episode, where all of the character sung in song, the character Snake kept firing his gun in order to make the music that was playing stop.
A film based on the show, The Simpsons Movie, was released in 2007, specifically on the day that it was released.
It included the character Spider Pig as Homer's new pet after rescuing him from a chain restaurant, Krusty Burger.
TheSimpsons.com Official website
The Simpsons  at the Encyclopedia of Television
The Simpsons Wiki
The Simpsons Wiki at Wikia
1989 anime television series
1980s animated television series
1990s animated television series
1990s satirical television series
2000s animated television series
2000s satirical television series
2010s American sitcoms
2010s animated television series
2010s satirical television series
2020s American sitcoms
2020s animated television series
2020s satirical television series
Adult animated television series
American animated television series
American satirical television series
Fox television series
Teresa Heinz Kerry (born October 5, 1938) is a Portuguese-American businesswoman and philanthropist.
She was born in Maputo, Mozambique to Portuguese parents.
She is the wife of United States Senator John Kerry.
She was previously married to former U.S. senator H. John Heinz III, until his death.
She is a naturalized American citizen.
Businesspeople from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Portuguese writers
A museum is a building<ref>Alexander, Edward Porter et al. (
2008). [
https://books.google.com/books?id=owHSEk96qxQC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false  Museums in Motion: an Introduction to the History and Functions of Museums, p. 2]; excerpt, "Douglas Alan, former director of the Royal Scottish Museum in Edinburgh, said that 'a museum in its simplest form consists of a building to house collections of objects for inspection, study and enjoyment.
"</ref> which is open to the public.
It is also the institution where things are collected and then shown to people.
The oldest museum structure in the world is the Shōsō-in'' in Nara, Japan.
A museum acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits the  tangible heritage and the intangible heritage of humanity and the environment.
Some museums have things that visitors can do.
For example, ecomuseums exist.
Museums can be about different things such as art, national history, natural history, or science.
People go to museums sometimes to learn, or to simply have fun.
Temporary or changing exhibits
Exhibition which selects works along with some themes, e.g., a writer, a time, an area, etc.
Permanent exhibits
Exhibition which displays the works which the museum possesses.
History museums
Literature museums
Natural history museums
Open air museums
Museum ships
Simon, Nina K. (2010).
The Participatory Museum.
International Council of Museums website
Virtual Library Musems website
A camera is a device that takes pictures (photographs).
It uses film or electronics to make a picture of something.
It is a tool of photography.
A lens makes the image that the film or electronics "sees".
A camera that takes one picture at a time is sometimes called a still camera.
A camera that can take pictures that seem to move is called a movie camera.
If it can take videos it is called a video camera or a camcorder.
The majority of cameras are on a phone.
This is called a "Camera phone".
All cameras are basically a box that light can not get into until a photo is taken.
There is a hole on one side of the camera where the light can get in through the lens, and this is called the aperture.
On the other side is a special material that can record the image that comes through the aperture.
This material is the film in a film camera or electronic sensor in a digital camera.
Finally, there is also the shutter, which stops light from getting in until a photo is taken.
When a photo is taken, the shutter moves out of the way.
This lets light come in through the aperture and make a picture on the film or electronic sensor.
In many cameras, the size of the aperture can be changed to let in more light or less light.
The amount of time that the shutter lets light through can be changed as well.
This also lets in more light or less light.
Most of the time, electronics inside the camera control these, but in some cameras the person taking the picture can change them as well.
A ciné camera or movie camera takes a rapid sequence of photographs on image sensor or strips of photographic film.
Unlike a still camera the ciné camera takes a series of images, each one is called a "frame".
The frames are later played back in a ciné projector at a specific speed, called the "frame rate" (number of frames per second).
While viewing, human visual system merges the separate pictures to create the illusion of motion.
The first ciné camera was built around 1888.
By 1890 several types were being made.
The standard film size for ciné cameras was quickly established as 35mm film.
This remained in use until transition to digital cinematography.
A professional video camera (often called a television camera) is a high-end device for creating electronic moving images.
Their use includes music videos, movies, corporate and educational videos.
News is when people talk about current events (things that are happening right now).
News Media is a portrayal of current affairs, perspectives and social influence.
The news can be given in newspapers, television, magazines, or radio.
There are several news channels on cable television that give news all day long, such as Fox News and CNN.
There are several news magazines, such as Time, The Economist, and Newsweek.
A newsman is a person who helps out with the news.
For example, Brian Gotter is a  newsman.
News Media can be viewed in many forms, such as newspaper, television, and radio.
An export is a product that is sold to people outside of the country in which the product was made.
Canada exports maple syrup to the United States and to many other countries.
Tropical areas like the countries in the Caribbean send sugar cane to other countries.
An observatory is a place for making observations.
The term is most used for astronomical observatories, which are places for looking at the sky.
A modern astronomical observatory has a large telescope, or several.
It is usually high up on mountains or hills, because higher places have cleaner, clearer, dryer air.
Observatories also have to be away from places that have lots of light pollution, like cities.
Too much light can make it so that the astronomers cannot see out of the telescope very well.
An epidemic is a disease that spreads over a large area and affects many people at the same time.
Epidemics are when a disease spreads from person to person faster than doctors can control.
If the disease spreads over the whole world, sometimes it is called a pandemic.
Such diseases must be treated quickly and properly otherwise they can infect people on large scale and pose a danger to the world.
It is very important that timely vaccination and treatment is provided.
The study of epidemics is part of epidemiology.
George of the Jungle is an animated television series created by Jay Ward Productions in the late 1960s as a parody (pretending to be but in a way that makes fun of) of Tarzan.
In 1997, it was made into a live-action movie by Disney, with Brendan Fraser as the main character.
There was a sequel George of the Jungle 2 released direct-to-video in 2003.
There was and is a video game based on the film which was and is 2D Platformer game George of the Jungle by Ignition Entertainment/Crave in 2008.
Westminster Abbey is a large and famous Anglican church in Westminster, London.
It is the shrine of Edward the Confessor and the burial place of many kings and queens.
Since it was built it has been the place where the coronations of Kings and Queens of England have been held.
The present structure dates from 1245, when it was started by Henry III.
The status of the Abbey is that of a Royal Peculiar.
This means it is place of worship that falls directly under the jurisdiction of the British monarch, rather than under a bishop.
The concept dates from Anglo-Saxon times, when a church could ally itself with the monarch and therefore not be subject to the bishop of the area.
Technically speaking, it is not a cathedral, though it is regarded as one in practice.
Since the coronations in 1066 of both King Harold and William the Conqueror, coronations of English and British monarchs were held in the Abbey.
Henry III was unable to be crowned in London when he first came to the throne because the French prince Louis (later Louis VIII) had taken control of the city.
So the king was crowned in Gloucester Cathedral, but this coronation was deemed by the Pope to be improper, and a further coronation was held in the Abbey on 17 May 1220.
The Archbishop of Canterbury is the cleric in the coronation ceremony.
King Edward's Chair (or St Edward's Chair), is the throne on which British sovereigns sit when the crown is put on their heads.
It is kept in the Abbey, and has been used at every coronation since 1308.
From 1301 to 1996 (except for 1950 when it was briefly stolen by Scottish nationalists), the chair also housed the Stone of Scone upon which the kings of Scotland are crowned.
Although the Stone is now kept in Scotland, at future coronations the Stone will be returned briefy to St Edward's Chair for the moment of coronation.
Centre of learning
Until the 19th century, Westminster was the third seat of learning in Oxford and Cambridge.
It was here that the first third of the King James Bible Old Testament and the last half of the New Testament were translated.
The New English Bible was also put together here in the 20th century.
The Abbey contains the Westminster Retable, the oldest known panel painting altarpiece in England.
It was painted in the 1270s by some of the Plantagenet court painters, probably for the High Altar.
It was probably donated by Henry III of England as part of his Gothic redesign of the Abbey.
The painting survived only because it was incorporated into furniture between the 16th and 19th century and much of it has been damaged beyond restoration.
According to one specialist the "Westminster Retable, for all its wounded condition, is the finest panel painting of its time in Western Europe".
The Abbey contains "the oldest door in Britain".
Satellite view of Westminster Abbey at WikiMapia
Keith Short - Sculptor Images of stone carving for Westminster Abbey
A history of the choristers and choir school of Westminster Abbbey
Adrian Fletcher’s Paradoxplace Westminster Abbey Pages — Photos
Anglican Cathedrals
The Eagles are an American country rock/hard rock  band.
They formed in Los Angeles, California in 1971.
They are known worldwide for their hit songs Hotel California and Take it Easy.
In 2006 they held the record for most albums sold, with their Greatest Hits, Volume I
On January 18, 2016, Glenn Frey died of pneumonia at age 67.
His son Deacon replaced him in the band the next year.
1971 establishments in California
Musical groups established in 1994
1994 establishments in California
Musical groups disestablished in 2016
2016 disestablishments in the United States
Musical groups established in the 2010s
2017 establishments in the United States
2010s establishments in California
The west end is in Pakistan.
They run through Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh states in India, Nepal, and Bhutan.
The east end is in the south of Tibet.
They are divided into 3 parts Himadri, Himachal and Shiwaliks.
The 15 highest mountains in the world are in the Himalayas.
The main ones are Mount Everest,  Annapurna, and Nanga Parbat.
Mount Everest is the highest mountain on Earth, at 8,849 meters.
Of the fifteen highest mountain peaks in the World, nine are in the Nepali Himalayas.
The word "Himalaya" means House of Snow in Sanskrit, an old Indian language.
The Himalayas are so high that they kept the Indian and Chinese people separate from each other most of the time.
India is a peninsula that is cut off from the rest of Asia by the mountains.
It is often called the Indian subcontinent because it is larger and more isolated than other peninsulas.
North of the Himalayas is the Tibetan Plateau.
It is called “the roof of the world”.
However, the Tibetan Plateau is very dry because the plateau and the mountains act as a gigantic rain shadow.
The rain falls instead on the south side of the mountains.
This has greatly influenced the climate of the Indian subcontinent.
Not only does it block the extremely cold winter winds blowing from Central Asia from entering Subcontinent, it also forces the Bay of Bengal Monsoon branch to shed its moisture along NE and Northern Indian States, Bhutan, Nepal and Bangladesh.
Formation of the Himalayas
Geologically, the origin of the Himalayas is the impact of the Indian tectonic plate.
This travels northward at 15 cm per year, and joined the Eurasian continent about 40-50 million years ago.
The formation of the Himalayas resulted in the lighter rock of the seabeds of that time being lifted up into mountains.
An often-cited fact used to illustrate this process is that the summit of Mount Everest is made of marine limestone.
The Indian plate is still moving north at 67 mm per year.
Over the next 10 million years it will travel about 1,500 km into Asia.
About 20 mm per year of the India-Asia convergence is absorbed by thrusting along the Himalaya southern front.
This leads to the Himalayas rising by about 5 mm per year, making them geologically active.
The movement of the Indian plate into the Asian plate also leads to earthquakes from time to time.
The Himalayas are very popular for tourists because it has a lot of wildlife.
The types of plants and trees, which are common in the place, are Oak, Pine, Fir, Rhododendron, Birch, Juniper, and Deodar.
Common animals, which are seen mostly in the different parts of the Himalayas, are snow leopards, blue sheep, musk deer, tigers, elephants, wild boar, and crocodiles.
Even endangered species of animals and plants are also found there.
In the north part of the Himalayas where the temperature falls below freezing point, animals cannot survive well.
However, those who adapted can survive.
During the cold winters most of the animals migrate to the lower regions of the Himalayas while others like the brown bear hibernate instead.
The Yak is mostly seen in the cold desert.
They are like wild ox and they are the largest animals in this region.
In regions of Ladakh animals like Nyan, the wild and the most largest sheep are found.
Namdhpha National Park
The Royal Chitwan Park
Royal Bardia National Park
Great Himalayan National Park
Five main rivers
The five main rivers of the Himalayas are the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Satluj.
The rivers are the main source of human and animal life in those areas.
The river Jhelum came from a spring called Verinag, which is 80 km south of Srinagar.
It is known worldwide for its nine bridges.
It is a very wide river and the water is quite muddy and dirty due to pollution etc.
The two rivers Chandra and Bhaga come together to form the Chenab River.
The Chenab is in the Lahaur region of Himachal Pradesh.
It came from the melted snow that was on the foot of the main range of Himalaya in the Spiti and Lahaur district.
The lake of Chandra Tal also comes from these rivers.
The Ravi River has come out in many love legends.
The town of Chamba is on a mountain shelf on the right bank of the river.
The region is famous for handicrafts like embroidered handkerchiefs, silver and leather craft and woodcarving.
The valley of Kullu and Kangra is formed by river Beas.
The main force of this river is from the south of Larji.
There it enters the Mandi district and further still into Kangra.
Its water increases to a great extent during the monsoon season so much so that it causes floods in the villages around it.
The Pong Dam is made on the river to get hydroelectric power supply.
The River Sutlej comes from the southern slopes of the mountain Kailash, near the lake of Mansarovar.
It flows parallel to the Himalayas and in the end goes to the Shipki La Pass.
It cuts through the Zanskar range, and makes a deep well part at the base of the Kinner Kailash.
The BEST or the Brihanmumbai Electricity Supply and Transport is Mumbai's public transport service and electricity provider.
The government owned organisation, which was set up in 1873, operates one of India's largest bus fleets.
Originally setup as a tramway company, it branched out into supplying electricity to the city in 1905, and later into operating buses in 1926.
The BEST is run by the city's municipality as an autonomous body.
The bus transport service covers almost the entire city and extends its operations outside city limits.
In addition to buses, it also operates a ferry service.
The electricity division of the organisation is also one of the few electricity departments in India to garner an annual net profit.
Until 1995, BEST stood for Bombay Electricity Supply and Transport.
After the name of the city was formally changed from Bombay to Mumbai, this was also reflected with the adjustment to Brihanmumbai, which means "Greater Mumbai".
1873 establishments
Companies of India
1870s establishments in India
Gelderland or Guelders is a province in the east of the Netherlands.
The capital city is Arnhem, but Nijmegen and Apeldoorn are bigger.
Other important cities are Zutphen, Doetinchem, Harderwijk and Tiel.
About 2,097,000 people are living in Gelderland (2021).
The most important rivers are the Rhine (Rijn), the Waal, the IJssel and the Maas (border with North Brabant).
The border with Flevoland is formed by the so-called randmeer ("border lake") of the Flevopolder.
In the 11th century, Guelders was a county.
It was called Gelre in Dutch and Geldern in German.
In 1339, it became a duchy.
At first, it existed of the surroundings of the city of Geldern (now in Germany).
By the end of the 14th century, it included most of the modern province of Gelderland and parts of the province of Limburg and of the German District of Cleves.
It became part of the Habsburg Netherlands in 1543, one of the Seventeen Provinces.
interactive province map
another map, more up-to-date, but the map is not interactive
Detailed map
Canvas is a thick material usually made of woven cotton.
It is used for tents and sails on boats and other places where a sturdy material would be good.
It is similar to the material in blue jeans.
It is often a white or pale tan color.
It can also be used for painting or even making shoes.
Woven fabrics
A large format lens is a lens that can be used on a large format camera.
These cameras usually cover an area of 4x5 inches or more.
The picture taken is then recorded on photographic film, or as a digital image.
http://www.schneideroptics.com/info/vintage_lens_data/large_format_lenses/
http://www.kenrockwell.com/tech/4x5.htm
Ramones were an American punk rock group who formed in New York City in 1974 and broke up in 1996.
All the members of the group had stage names which replaced their real last names with "Ramone."
They were one of the first punk bands.
Some others were The Clash,  Sex Pistols, and The Damned.
Three of the four founding members of the Ramones died within eight years of the band breaking up.
The original lineup was made up of Joey on drums, Johnny on guitar and Dee Dee on bass and vocals.
Tommy was their manager.
Then Dee Dee said he was unable to sing while playing bass, so Tommy got Joey to sing and then played drums himself, leaving Dee Dee to backup sing.
Later, Tommy left the band and was replaced on drums by a new member, Marky.
Eventually Marky was fired and then replaced by another drummer, Richie.
After that, Dee Dee left the band to produce his own rap album.
C.J. joined the band as their new bassist.
Their first album "Ramones" is now a classic of early punk rock.
The songs are short, the melodies simple and the text is often made up of 2 or three phrases only.
Their live concerts were legendary, extremely loud and very short.
They played song after song, only interrupted by Dee Dee's (and later, C.J.'s)  shouts of "one, two, three, four!".
The Ramones never had big commercial success.
Among their best-known songs today are "Blitzkrieg Bop" and "I Wanna Be Sedated."
Now they are seen as one of the most important punk rock bands.
Several rock bands, including Nirvana and Green Day were influenced by the Ramones.
The Ramones had their first gigs at the club CBGB in New York.
The letters "CBGB" stand for Country, BlueGrass, Blues.
The club was opened in 1973 by Hilly Kristal.
CBGB, soon afterward, became a place where new wave and punk rock bands played.
These included Patti Smith Group, Blondie, Talking Heads and many others.
From the early 1980s onward, CBGB was known for hardcore punk.
1974 establishments in the United States
1996 disestablishments in the United States
Musical groups established in 1974
1970s establishments in New York (state)
1990s disestablishments in New York (state)
Olivia Newton-John (born 26 September 1948) is an Anglo-Australian singer and actress.
Her first successful song was "Let Me Be There".
The song made the top 10 on the U.S. pop chart.
She has since won four Grammy Awards.
Her first big acting role was in Grease.
It became the most successful movie of 1978.
Newton-John was born in Cambridge, England.
Her father was Welsh.
Her mother was from Berlin, the daughter of Max Born.
Newton-John is the youngest of three children.
In 1954, her family moved to Australia.
At age 12, she won a contest at school with girl group "Sol Four".
When she was 17 years old, she had her first appearance in a movie, Funny Things Happen Down Under (1965), where she sang "Christmas Time Down Under".
Shortly after she was in a talent contest and won first prize, a trip to England.
She got a record deal on Decca Records and released her first single, "Till You Say You'll Be Mine", in 1966.
Newton-John stayed in England and recorded a cover of the Bob Dylan song, "If Not For You".
It was the song which first caused her to be well known.
She released her first solo album, If Not For You, in 1971.
In 1973, her career began to do well.
The song made the top 10 on the US pop chart.
It also earned her a Grammy Award for Best Country Female.
More successful songs followed: "If You Love Me Let Me Know," "I Honestly Love You", "Have You Never Been Mellow", "Please Mr. Please" and many more.
Her first big acting role was with John Travolta in Grease.
Olivia has lived in California for decades.
She had breast cancer in 1992, and recovered.
She has a daughter by her first husband.
In May 2017, it was announced that Newton-John's breast cancer had returned and metastasized to her lower back.
In August 2019, it was also reported that the cancer was at Stage IV and spread to her bones.
Musicians from Cambridge
Naturalised citizens of Australia
Kansas is an American rock band.
They formed in Topeka, Kansas in 1970.
They are best known for songs including "Carry on Wayward Son" and "Dust in The Wind".
Kansas (1974)
Song for America (1974)
Masque (1975)
Leftoverture (1976)
Point of Know Return (1977)
Two for the Show (1978)
Monolith (1979)
Audio-Visions (1980)
Vinyl Confessions (1982)
Drastic Measures (1983)
The Best of Kansas (1984)
Power (1986)
In the Spirit of Things (1988)
Live at the Whisky (1992)
Freaks of Nature (1995)
Always Never the Same (1998)
King Biscuit Flower Hour Presents (1998)
The Best of Kansas [remastered] (1999)
Somewhere to Elsewhere (2000)
Early Recordings from Kansas 1971-1973 (Proto-Kaw) (2002)
Device, Voice, Drum (2002)
Before Became After (Proto-Kaw) (2005)
There's Know Place Like Home (2009)
The Prelude Implicit (2016)
The Absence of Presence (2020)
Musicians from Kansas
People from Topeka, Kansas
Styx is an American rock band.
They were one of the most popular groups of the 1970s and early 1980s.
They formed in Chicago in 1972.
They were the first band to have four platinum albums in a row.
They continued playing after reuniting in 1995.
1972 Styx
1973 Styx II
1973 The Serpent Is Rising
1974 Man of Miracles
1975 Equinox
1976 Crystal Ball
1977 The Grand Illusion
1978 Pieces of Eight
1979 Cornerstone
1981 Paradise Theater
1983 Kilroy Was Here
1990 Edge of the Century
1999 Brave New World
2003 Cyclorama
2005 Big Bang Theory
1984 Caught in the Act
1997 Return to Paradise
2000 Arch Allies: Live at Riverport (live) (with REO Speedwagon)
2001 Styx World: Live 2001 (live)
2001 Yesterday & Today (live)
2002 At the River's Edge: Live in St. Louis (live)
2003 21st Century Live (live)
1995 Styx Greatest Hits
1996 Styx Greatest Hits Part 2
2000 Extended Versions
2002 20th Century Masters
2004 Come Sail Away - The Styx Anthology
2005 The Complete Wooden Nickel Recordings
Styx career on A&M Records with gallery, international discography
1972 establishments in Illinois
Musical groups disestablished in 1984
1984 disestablishments in the United States
1990 establishments in Illinois
Musical groups disestablished in 1991
1991 disestablishments in the United States
1995 establishments in Illinois
Jethro Tull is a rock band.
They formed in Blackpool, England in 1967.
The singer and leader is Ian Anderson.
He also plays flute.
This band was highly successful and sung songs such as "Aqualung", "Locomotive Breath", "Living in the Past" and "Thick as a Brick".
This Was (1968)
Stand Up (1969)
Benefit (1970)
Aqualung (1971)
Thick as a Brick (1972)
A Passion Play (1973)
War Child  (1974)
Minstrel in the Gallery (1975)
Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die! (
Songs from the Wood (1977)
Heavy Horses (1978)
Stormwatch (1979)
A (1980)
The Broadsword and the Beast (1982)
Under Wraps (1984)
Crest of a Knave (1987)
Rock Island (1989)
Catfish Rising (1991)
Roots to Branches (1995)
J-Tull Dot Com (1999)
The Jethro Tull Christmas Album (2003)
The Zealot Gene (2022)
2010s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
21st-century disestablishments in England
Turtles are the reptile order Testudines.
They have a special bony or cartilaginous shell developed from their ribs that acts as a shield.
The order Testudines includes both living and extinct species.
The earliest fossil turtle comes from the early Upper Triassic of China, about 220 million years ago.
So turtles are one of the oldest surviving reptile groups and a more ancient group than lizards, snakes and crocodiles.
Molecular evidence shows they are definitely archosauromorphs, the group of diapsid reptiles which also includes the dinosaurs.box 5.1, p123/4
Turtles have been very successful, and have  almost world-wide distribution.
But, of the many species alive today, some are highly endangered.
Turtle, tortoise, or terrapin
Although the word turtle is widely used to describe all members of the order Testudines, it is also common to see certain members described as terrapins, tortoises or sea turtles, as well.
How these names are used, if at all, depends on the type of English.
British English describes these reptiles as turtles if they live in the sea; terrapins if they live in fresh or brackish water; or tortoises if they live on land.
American English tends to use the word turtle as a general term for all species. "
Tortoise" is used for most land-dwelling species, and oceanic species are usually referred to as sea turtles.
The name "terrapin" is typically reserved only for the brackish water diamondback terrapin, Malaclemys terrapin.
Australian English uses turtle for both the marine and freshwater species, but tortoise for the terrestrial species.
To avoid confusion, the word "chelonian" is popular among some who work with these animals, as a catch-all name.
Unfortunately, Chelonia is also the name of a particular genus of turtles, so this conflicts with its use for the entire order Testudines.
Ecology and life history
Although many turtles spend much of their lives underwater, all turtles and tortoises breathe air, and must surface at regular intervals to refill their lungs.
Some spend their whole lives on dry land.
Aquatic respiration in Australian freshwater turtles is being studied.
Some species have large cloacal cavities that are lined with many finger-like projections.
These projections, called papillae, have a rich blood supply, and increase the surface area.
The turtles can take up dissolved oxygen from the water using these papillae, in much the same way that fish use gills to respire.
Like other reptiles, turtles lay eggs which are slightly soft and leathery.
The eggs of the largest species are spherical, while the eggs of the rest are elongated.
Sea turtles lay their eggs on dry, sandy beaches.
Turtles can take many years to reach breeding age, and in many cases breed every few years rather than annually.
In some species, there is temperature-dependent sex determination.
Temperature determines whether an egg develops into a male or a female: a higher temperature causes a female, a lower temperature causes a male.
Large numbers of eggs are deposited in holes dug into mud or sand.
They are then covered and left to incubate by themselves.
When the turtles hatch, they squirm their way to the surface and head toward the water.
No turtle mother cares for its young.
Long-lived
Researchers have recently discovered a turtle’s organs do not gradually break down or become less efficient over time, unlike most other animals.
It was found that the liver, lungs, and kidneys of a centenarian turtle are almost identical with that of its young counterpart.
This has inspired genetic researchers to begin examining the turtle genome for longevity genes.
Neck folding
Turtles are divided into two groups, according to how they evolved a solution to the problem of withdrawing their necks into their shells.
The Cryptodira (hidden neck) can draw their necks in while contracting it under their spine.
The Pleurodira (side neck), now found only in fresh water environments in the Southern hemisphere, contract their necks to the side.
So, the important adaptation of head withdrawing evolved twice from ancestral turtles which did not have this ability.
Turtles have a hard beak.
Turtles use their jaws to cut and chew food.
Instead of teeth, the upper and lower jaws of the turtle are covered by horny ridges.
Carnivorous turtles usually have knife-sharp ridges for slicing through their prey.
Herbivorous turtles have serrated-edged ridges that help them cut through tough plants.
Turtles use their tongues to swallow food, but they cannot, unlike most reptiles, stick out their tongues to catch food.
The lower shell that encases the belly is called the plastron.
The carapace and plastron are joined together on the turtle's sides by bony structures called bridges.
The inner layer of a turtle's shell is made up of about 60 bones.
It includes parts of the backbone and the ribs, meaning the turtle cannot crawl out of its shell.
In most turtles, the outer layer of the shell is covered by horny scales called scutes that are part of its outer skin, or epidermis.
Scutes are made up of a fibrous protein called keratin that also makes up the scales of other reptiles.
These scutes overlap the seams between the shell bones and add strength to the shell.
Some turtles do not have horny scutes.
For example, the leatherback sea turtle and the soft-shelled turtles have shells covered with leathery skin instead.
Largest living
The largest chelonian is a marine turtle, the great leatherback sea turtle, which reaches a shell length of 200 cm (80 inches) and can reach a weight of over 900 kg (2,000 lb, or 1 short ton).
Freshwater turtles are generally smaller, but with the largest species, the Asian softshell turtle Pelochelys cantorii, a few individuals have been reported to measure up to 200 cm or 80 in (Das, 1991).
This dwarfs even the better-known alligator snapping turtle, the largest chelonian in North America, which attains a shell length of up to 80 cm (31½ in) and a weight of about 60 kg (170 lb).
The lagest fossil turtle, Archelon, was more than twice the length of the leatherback, at up to 4.5 metres.
The first fossil proto-turtles come from Upper Triassic of the Mesozoic era, about 220 million years ago.
Their shell evolved from bony extensions of their backbones and broad ribs that expanded and grew together to form a complete shell.
It offered protection at every stage of its evolution, even when the bony component of the shell was not complete.
This proved a long-lasting adaptation, and the group as a whole has survived many changes in the seas, and several extinction events.
Fossils of the freshwater Odontochelys semitestacea or "half-shelled turtle with teeth", from the later Triassic, have been found in southwest China.
Odontochelys displays a complete bony plastron and an incomplete carapace, similar to an early stage of turtle embryonic development.
By the Upper Jurassic, turtles had radiated widely, and their fossil history becomes easier to read.
Their exact ancestry has been a puzzle.
Early amniotes had no openings in the skull behind the eyes.
Openings developed in both Sauropsid and Synapsid skulls.
They made the skull lighter, gave attachment points for muscles, and gave room for muscle bulges.
But turtles do not have these skull openings.
They were called 'anapsids', meaning 'no openings'.
Eventually it was suggested that turtles evolved from sauropsids which had skull openings, but turtles lost them as part of their evolution towards heavy defensive armour.
All molecular studies have strongly upheld the placement of turtles within diapsids; some place turtles within Archosauria, or as a sister group to extant archosaurs.
The earliest known fully shelled turtles are the late Triassic Odontochelys, Chinlechelys and Proganochelys.
The first-named genus was aquatic, but the second was probably terrestrial.
They already had many advanced turtle traits, and thus probably had many millions of years of preceding turtle evolution and species in their ancestry.
They did lack the ability to pull their heads into their shell (and they had a long neck), and (Odontochelys) had a long, spiked tail ending in a club, a body form similar to that of ankylosaurs, resulting from convergent evolution.
Turtles are divided into two living suborders, the Cryptodira and the Pleurodira.
The Cryptodira is the larger of the two groups and includes all the marine turtles, the terrestrial tortoises, and many of the freshwater turtles.
The Pleurodira are sometimes known as the side-necked turtles, a reference to the way they withdraw their heads into their shells.
This smaller group mostly consists of freshwater turtles.
Rage Against the Machine, sometimes known as RATM or Rage, is a rock band from Los Angeles, California.
Rage Against the Machine are known for their mixing of funk, hip-hop, metal and rock music as well as their openly left wing politics.
The band members have been the same since they started in 1991.
The band members are rapper Zack de la Rocha, guitarist Tom Morello, bass player Tim Commerford and drummer Brad Wilk.
Morello, Commerford and Wilk were also in Audioslave with Chris Cornell.
RATM released their debut album in 1992.
It was called Rage Against the Machine.
The album sold a lot of copies and reached number 40 on the Billboard top 200 music chart.
The band did not do another album until Evil Empire in 1996.
The bands third album The Battle of Los Angeles was released in 1999 and shortly after in 2000 the band released a covers album, Renegades.
1991 establishments in California
Musical groups established in 1991
In mathematics, a product is a number or a quantity obtained by multiplying two or more numbers together.
For example:  4 × 7 = 28  Here, the number 28 is called the product of 4 and 7.
As another example, the product of 6 and 4 is 24, because 6 times 4 is 24.
The product of two positive numbers is positive, just as the product of two negative numbers is positive as well (e.g., -6 × -4 = 24).
Pi product notation
A short way to write the product of many numbers is to use the capital Greek letter pi: .
This notation (or way of writing) is in some ways similar to the Sigma notation of summation.
Informally, given a sequence of numbers (or elements of a multiplicative structure with unit) say  we define .
A rigorous definition is usually given recursively as follows
An alternative notation for  is .
( is pronounced " factorial" or "factorial of ")
(i.e., the usual th power operation)
(i.e.,  multiplied by itself  times)
(where  is a constant independent of )
From the above equation, we can see that any number with an exponent can be represented by a product, though it normally is not desirable.
Unlike summation, the sums of two terms cannot be separated into different sums.
That is,
Relation to Summation
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a declaration (something said in an important way) by the United Nations General Assembly.
It talks about basic human rights -- rights that all people have just because they are human.
It was adopted (agreed to) by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948.
The UDHR (initialism for Universal Declaration of Human Rights) is translated into over 300 languages.
This is more languages than any other document, according to the Guinness Book of World Records.
Important ideas
The UDHR may be broken into 30 parts or articles.
Each article says one idea about human rights.
Most people think these are the most important ideas:
All people are born free and equal, because they have reason and conscience.
Everyone has a right to life, liberty, and security of their person.
Everyone should be protected from any kind of discrimination.
Everyone has a right to have a nationality and change one's nationality.
Everyone has a right to an education.
Everyone has a right to get a job.
Everyone has a right to vote and take part in the government of one's own country.
Everyone has a right to take part in cultural life—to choose a way of life.
No person may be tortured, or treated in a cruel or unkind way.
Everyone has the right to seek and gain asylum from persecution.
Everyone has a right to have ideas or opinions, to decide what is right and what is wrong, and to choose a religion.
Everyone has a right to speak or write freely and right to join a peaceful group to express one's opinion.
Everyone has a right to security if suffering unemployment, disease, disability, old age or loss of a partner.
Everyone has duties to the community where one's personality can be developed freely.
No one can abuse the rights to destroy the freedom or rights in this Declaration.
We Are All Born Free & Equal.
We are all born free.
We all have our own thoughts and ideas.
We should all be treated in the same way.
Don’t Discriminate.
These rights belong to everybody, whatever our differences.
The Right to Life.
We all have the right to life, and to live in freedom and safety.
No Slavery.
Nobody has any right to make us a slave.
We cannot make anyone our slave.
No Torture.
Nobody has any right to hurt us or to torture us.
You Have Rights No Matter Where You Go.
I am a person just like you!
We’re All Equal Before the Law.
It must treat us all fairly.
Your Human Rights Are Protected by Law.
We can all ask for the law to help us when we are not treated fairly.
No Unfair Detainment.
Nobody has the right to put us in prison without good reason and keep us there, or to send us away from our country.
The Right to Trial.
If we are put on trial this should be in public.
The people who try us should not let anyone tell them what to do.
We’re Always Innocent Till Proven Guilty.
Nobody should be blamed for doing something until it is proven.
When people say we did a bad thing we have the right to show it is not true.
The Right to Privacy.
Nobody should try to harm our good name.
Nobody has the right to come into our home, open our letters, or bother us or our family without a good reason.
Freedom to Move.
We all have the right to go where we want in our own country and to travel as we wish.
The Right to Seek a Safe Place to Live.
If we are frightened of being badly treated in our own country, we all have the right to run away to another country to be safe.
Right to a Nationality.
We all have the right to belong to a country.
Marriage and Family.
Every grown-up has the right to marry and have a family if they want to.
Men and women have the same rights when they are married, and when they are separated.
The Right to Your Own Things.
Everyone has the right to own things or share them.
Nobody should take our things from us without a good reason.
Freedom of Thought.
We all have the right to believe in what we want to believe, to have a religion, or to change it if we want.
Freedom of Expression.
We all have the right to make up our own minds, to think what we like, to say what we think, and to share our ideas with other people.
The Right to Public Assembly.
We all have the right to meet our friends and to work together in peace to defend our rights.
Nobody can make us join a group if we don’t want to.
The Right to Democracy.
We all have the right to take part in the government of our country.
Every grown-up should be allowed to choose their own leaders.
Social Security.
We all have the right to affordable housing, medicine, education, and childcare, enough money to live on and medical help if we are ill or old.
Workers’ Rights.
Every grown-up has the right to do a job, to a fair wage for their work, and to join a trade union.
The Right to Play.
We all have the right to rest from work and to relax.
Food and Shelter for All.
We all have the right to a good life.
Mothers and children, people who are old, unemployed or disabled, and all people have the right to be cared for.
The Right to Education.
Education is a right.
Our parents can choose what we learn.
Copyright is a special law that protects one’s own artistic creations and writings; others cannot make copies without permission.
We all have the right to our own way of life and to enjoy the good things that art, science and learning bring.
A Fair and Free World.
There must be proper order so we can all enjoy rights and freedoms in our own country and all over the world.
We have a duty to other people, and we should protect their rights and freedoms.
No One Can Take Away Your Human Rights.
The United Nations Human Development Report (UNHDR) has been criticised by different people.
Mainly Islamic countries have pointed out that its understanding is mainly that of Christians or Jews.
Muslims could not implement certain parts of the declaration, without trespassing Islamic law.
On 30 June 2000, Muslim nations that are members of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference officially resolved to support the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, an alternative document that says people have  "freedom and right to a dignified life in accordance with the Islamic Shari’ah".
Text of the UDHR at the United Nations website explained in Plain English
Text of the UDHR at the United Nations website
Dolphins are part of the toothed whales.
Generally, they are among the smaller whales.
Most live in salt water oceans, but some live in rivers  there are oceanic dolphins and river dolphins.
Dolphins are from  to  long, but the largest dolphin, the killer whale (or orca), can be up to   long.
All dolphins live in groups called "pods".
They are social animals at all stages of their life.
They have some remarkable behaviours.
A speeding group of dolphins is a sight to see.
They "porpoise" in and out of the water at high speed.
The function of this is not known for sure.
It may be the fastest movement they are capable of.
What they eat, almost exclusively, is fish.
When they chase fish, the fish go into a "bait ball" to self-protect.
In turn, the dolphins attack in a group and eat as many fish as they can.
The name 'dolphin' comes from the Ancient Greek δελφίς (delphis) meaning "with a womb", because it was first thought to be a fish with a womb.
It is now known to be a mammal, and quite an intelligent mammal.
Dolphins breathe air.
A dolphin's nose is on top of its head so the dolphin can easily breathe on the surface of the water.
The skin of a dolphin has no scales.
It is soft and smooth.
However, it is very firm, due to how much muscle they have.
Dolphins use echolocation to find their food.
The skin of a bottlenose dolphin is gray, smooth, and rubbery.
They are always social.
They can help each other fight off predators.
Dolphins have fought off sharks in this way.
They can kill large sharks by ramming them over and over again with their snouts and heads.
They look after the young, when the mothers need to leave their calves to hunt for food.
The young need to breathe more often than the adults, and the food may be in deeper waters.
Oceanic dolphins are marine animals living in the sea.
They live in all of the oceans.
Three of the four species of river dolphins live in fresh water rivers.
The La Plata dolphin lives in saltwater estuaries and the ocean.
Water pollution and the loss of habitat are a threat to some dolphins, especially those living in rivers and estuaries.
Dolphins (and other cetaceans) sleep in the water.
There is danger from animals that eat dolphins.
Dolphins sleep differently than a person.
Dolphins have two sides of their brain, which they use to sleep.
One side sleeps, while the other side stays awake.
Dolphins do things while asleep:
Dolphins will keep one eye open to watch for animals that eat them while they sleep.
Dolphins also swim in circles when they are sleeping to look around for danger.
Dolphins get their nose out of the water to breathe.
Dolphin groups or species have their own way of sleeping.
Pinnipeds, like seals, can sleep like dolphins.
The brain of a dolphin is like a human brain in size and development.
Dolphins have reasonable eyesight.
They can watch a thing in the water, and they can see colors, too.
They can also see in dark places.
A dolphin's hearing is better than their sight.
There are small holes behind the eyes, and they are the ears of a dolphin.
Dolphins can hear a sound underwater.
They can know the direction of the sound very well.
Dolphins and humans
Dolphins have long played a role in human culture.
Dolphins are common in Greek mythology and there are many coins from ancient Greece which feature a man or boy or deity riding on the back of a dolphin.
The Ancient Greeks welcomed dolphins; spotting dolphins riding in a ship’s wake was considered a good omen.
In Hindu mythology, the Ganges River Dolphin is associated with Ganga, the deity of the Ganges river.
Dolphin meat is eaten in a few countries, including Japan and Peru (where it is referred to as chancho marino, or "sea pork").
Japan may be the best-known and most controversial example, but eating dolphin is not that common.
Dolphin therapy
Dolphin therapy is sometimes used for people with mental or physical handicaps.
It involves contact with trained dolphins.
It is not agreed whether this is any better than the usual treatments.
Oceanic dolphins (Delphinidae)
Genus Delphinus
Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis)
Genus Tursiops
Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
Genus Orcinus
Orca (Orcinus orca)