the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Fidel Castro, President of Cuba from 1959 to 2008
Raul Castro, President of Cuba from 2008
Johannes Rau, President of Germany from 1999 to 2004
Horst Koehler, President of Germany from 2004 to 2010
Gerhard Schröder, Chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005
Angela Merkel, Chancellor of Germany from 2005
Tony Blair, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007
Gordon Brown, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2007 to 2010
Saddam Hussein, President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003
Jalal Talabani, President of Iraq from 2006 to 2014
Nicolas Sarkozy, President of France from 2007 to 2012
Hu Jintao, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 2002 to 2012
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, President of Indonesia from 2004
John Howard, Prime Minister of Australia from 1996 to 2007
Kevin Rudd, Prime Minister of Australia from 2007 to 2010
Hugo Chávez, President of Venezuela from 1999 to 2013
Robert Mugabe, President of Zimbabwe since 1987 to 2017
Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali, President of Tunisia from 1987 to 2011
Muammar Gaddafi, Leader of Libya from 1969 to 2011
Ali Abdullah Saleh, President of Yemen from 1990 to 2012
Bhumibol Adulyadej, Monarch of Thailand from 1946 to 2016
Michel Suleiman, President of Lebanon from 2008 to 2014
Thabo Mbeki, President of South Africa from 1999 to 2008
Klagema Motlanthe, President of South Africa from 2008 to 2009
Jacob Zuma, President of South Africa from 2009
Omar al-Bashir, President of Sudan from 1989
Hafez al-Assad, President of Syria from 1971 to 2000
Bashar al-Assad, President of Syria from 2000
Ezer Weizman, President of Israel from 1993 to 2000
Moshe Katsav, President of Israel from 2000 to 2007
Shimon Peres, President of Israel from 2007 to 2014
Benjamin Netanyehu, Prime Minister of Israel from 2009
Ehud Barak, Prime Minister of Israel from 1999 to 2001
Ariel Sharon, Prime Minister of Israel from 2001 to 2006
Ehud Omert, Prime Minister of Israel from 2006 to 2009
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, President of Liberia from 2006
Queen Beatrix, Monarch of Netherlands from 1980 to 2013
King Albert II, Monarch of Belgium from 1993 to 2013
King Abdullah II, Monarch of Jordan from 1999
Juan Carlos I, Monarch of Spain from 1975 to 2014
Stuttgart (; Swabian:  ) is a city in Germany.
It is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg and of the Administrative District of Stuttgart (Regierungsbezirk).
Stuttgart is on the river Neckar.
In December 2011, 613,392 people lived there.
This makes it the most populous city in Baden-Württemberg.
Stuttgart is the sixth largest German city and Stuttgart Region is the nation's third largest region.
The city is divided into 23 city districts.
Stuttgart is the home of two car manufacturers: Mercedes Benz and Porsche.
Porsche is in Zuffenhausen (North) and Mercedes in Untertürkheim (Southeast).
Stuttgart has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).
Stuttgart has 613,392 people within city limits.
It is the 6th largest city in Germany after Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne and Frankfurt am Main.
According to a 2005 estimate, the Stuttgart urban area had between 1,238,000 and 1,250,000 people.
Its metropolitan area has a population of 5.3 million (2008).
stuttgart.de
pictures of metropolitan area stuttgart
Schwerin (, , ; Mecklenburgian Low German: Swerin; Latin: Suerina, Suerinum) is the capital city of the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.
It has a population of 97,000.
It is the second biggest city (behind Rostock) in the state.
It is the smallest capital of a German state.
States of the Holy Roman Empire
Urban districts of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania
German state capitals
Schwyz was one of the first cantons of Swiss canton (Urkanton).
The capital is Schwyz and the main language is German (91%).
It has an area of 908 km² and 130200 inhabitants.
Schwyz is near to Lucerne.
Districts and Municipalities
District Schwyz
with municipalities Schwyz, Arth, Ingenbohl, Muotathal, Steinen, Sattel, Rothenthurm, Oberiberg, Unteriberg, Lauerz, Steinerberg, Morschach, Alpthal, Illgau, Riemenstalden
District Einsiedeln with municipality Einsiedeln
District Gersau with municipality Gersau
District Höfe
with municipalities Wollerau, Freienbach, Feusisberg
District Küssnacht with municipality Küssnacht am Rigi
District March
with municipalities Lachen, Altendorf, Galgenen, Vorderthal, Innerthal, Schübelbach, Tuggen, Wangen, Reichenburg
Company formation in Schwyz (English)
1291 establishments
Establishments in Switzerland
1290s establishments in Europe
Russia (), officially called the Russian Federation () is a country in Eastern Europe and North Asia.
It is the largest country in the world, with a population of about 146.7 million people.
It is the most populous country in Europe, and Moscow is its capital city, which is also Yekaterinburg is its the largest city in Europe.
Russia's official language is Russian, the most spoken language in Europe, as well as the most widely spoken Slavic language.
This is the largest country in the world, covering most of its inhabitable landmass, followed by Canada, the United States, and China.
Russia shares land borders with 16 countries, in both Europe and Asia: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea.
It has links with 16 seas, and 3 oceans; and is the country the most land borders in the world.
The Eastern Orthodox Church is the largest religion in Russia.
Russia is a very large and diverse country.
From 1922 to 1991, it used to be the main part of the Soviet Union.
It was a country based on Communism, but today its government is a federal semi-presidential republic.
It has elements of democracy.
The President is chosen by direct election, but challenging candidates do not have access to the mass media, although they have full access to social media, internet news websites, and international media, and election results match domestic, international, and exit polling.
Its current President is Vladimir Putin.
The President rules the country, and the Russian Parliament plays a secondary role.
Size and resources
At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area.
Russia is also the world's eighth most populous nation with 140 million people as of 2022.
Russia produces a lot of energy made from oil and natural gas.
Extending from eastern Europe across the whole of northern Asia, Russia spans eleven time zones and has a wide range of environments and landforms.
Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources, and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas in the world.
Russia has the world's largest forest reserves, and its lakes contain about one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
Russia is a federal semi-presidential republic.
It has a president and a parliament.
Russia consists of 85 federal subjects (territorial units).
All subjects of the federation shall be equal.
All entities are subject to uniform federal law.
Subjects of the federation have two representatives in the parliament.
Subjects of the Russian Federation do not have a right to secession from it.
Important issues are decided by the Federation President; lesser powers are given to the member republics.
At the end of the twentieth century, Russia experienced many political changes.
Some people fought to leave the federation.
Elections are held at all levels.
According Steve White, the present government made it clear that they had no plans of making a "second edition" of the American or British political system, but rather a system that was closer to Russia's own traditions.
Richard Sakwa wrote that the Russian government is considered legitimate by the majority of the Russian people.
It seeks to deliver a set of public goods without trying to fit to extra-democratic logic to achieve them.
Whether the system is becoming less autocratic (dictatorial) is debatable.
There are four big political parties in Russia.
United Russia (Единая Россия) is the biggest party.
The United Russia is the ruling party, which supports the government.
The other parties in the Duma (Russian parliament) do not criticize the government strongly, for fear of losing their places in the Duma.
Many opposition parties, such as the People's Freedom Party and the Other Russia, have been unable to register due to the strict rules.
In the 2000s the government led a war in Chechnya, and in the process, civil liberties and independent media were restricted.
Corruption is widespread and human rights, especially in the North Caucasus, are frequently violated.
In 2008 Putin's government was in a war with Georgia in a dispute over a region with many ethnic Russians.
The roots of Russia's history began when the East Slavs formed a group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD.
The Vikings and their descendants founded the first East Slavic state of Kievan Rus' in the 9th century.
They adopted Christianity from the Byzantine Empire in 988.
This form of Christianity influenced Russian culture greatly.
Kievan Rus' eventually broke up and the lands were divided into many small feudal states.
The most powerful successor state to Kievan Rus' was the Grand Duchy of Moscow.
This area served as the main force in later Russian unification and the fight against the Golden Horde from Asia.
Moscow slowly gained control of the regions around it and took over the cultural and political life of Kievan Rus'.
In the 18th century, the nation had expanded through conquest, annexation and exploration to become the Russian Empire, the third-largest empire in history.
It stretched from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth eastward to the Pacific Ocean and Alaska.
The empire was ruled by an emperor called the Tsar.
Peter the Great ruled Russia from 1689 until 1725.
Peter moved the capital from Moscow to a new city named Saint Petersburg.
He made Russian society more modern in many ways.
The government began building ships for the Russian navy.
The Russo-Japanese War started in 1904 and ended in 1905 with Japan winning the war.
The Russian defeat was one of the reasons for later revolutions.
In October 1917, the Bolsheviks (later called "Communists"), influenced by the ideas of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin, took over the country and murdered the Tsar and other people who stood against them.
Once they took power, the Bolsheviks, under Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky, created the first Marxist Communist State.
From the 1920s to the 1950s, Josef Stalin ruled as an absolute dictator of Soviet Russia, and destroyed anything and anyone that was against his rule, including taking the property of farmers and shopkeepers.
Many millions of people starved and died in the resulting famines.
Stalin also removed, or "purged", all military personnel who were not loyal to him, and many were killed or sent to prison camps, or gulags, for many years.
Even in the gulags, many prisoners died.
Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany agreed not to attack each other in 1939.
In June 1941, Germany broke the agreement and attacked in Operation Barbarossa.
The attack was part of World War II.
The war lasted in Europe until May 1945, and Russia lost more than 20 million people during that time.
In spite of this large loss, Russia was one of the winners of the war and became a world superpower.
From 1922 to 1991, Russia was the largest part of the Soviet Union, or the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
People sometimes used the name "Russia" for the whole Soviet Union, or sometimes "Soviet Russia".
Russia was only one of 15 Soviet Socialist Republics.
The republic was in fact named the "Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" (RSFSR).
The Soviet Union fell apart in the early 1990s.
Russia took over the place of the USSR in the United Nations (UN).
History of present Russian Federation
Boris Yeltsin was made the President of Russia in June 1991, in the first direct presidential election in Russian history.
Wide-ranging reforms took place, including privatization and free trade laws.
Radical changes "(shock therapy) were recommended by the United States and International Monetary Fund.
A major economic crisis followed.
There was 50% decline in GDP and industrial output between 1990–95.
The privatization largely shifted control of enterprises from state agencies to individuals with inside connections in the government system.
Many of the newly rich businesspeople took billions in cash and assets outside of the country .
The depression of state and economy led to the collapse of social services.
Millions went into poverty, from 1.5% level of poverty in the late Soviet era to 39–49% by mid-1993.
The 1990s saw extreme corruption and lawlessness, the rise of criminal gangs and violent crime.
The 1990s had many armed conflicts in the North Caucasus.
There were both local ethnic battles and separatist Islamist insurrections.
Since the Chechen separatists declared independence in the early 1990s, a Chechen War was fought between the rebel groups and the Russian military.
Terrorist attacks against civilians caused hundreds of deaths.
The most notable of these were the Moscow theater hostage crisis and Beslan school siege.
Russia took responsibility for settling the USSR's external debts, even though its population made up just half of the population of the USSR at the time of its dissolution.
High budget deficits caused the 1998 Russian financial crisis and resulted in further GDP decline.
On 31 December 1999 President Yeltsin resigned, or quit being the president.
The job of president was given to the recently appointed Prime Minister, Vladimir Putin.
Putin then won the 2000 presidential election.
Putin stopped the Chechen rebellion quickly, but violence still occurs in the Northern Caucasus at times.
High oil prices and initially weak currency followed by increasing domestic demand, consumption and investments has helped the economy grow for nine straight years.
This improved the standard of living and increasing Russia's influence on the world stage.
While many reforms made during the Putin presidency have been criticized by Western nations as un-democratic, Putin's leadership led to stability, and progress.
This won him widespread popularity in Russia.
On 2 March 2008, Dmitry Medvedev was elected President of Russia, whilst Putin became Prime Minister.
Putin returned to the presidency following the 2012 presidential elections, and Medvedev was appointed Prime Minister.
Russia's capital and biggest city is Moscow.
The second biggest city is Saint Petersburg, which was the capital of Russia in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Nizhniy Novgorod
Rostov on Don
The most western point of Russia is near Kaliningrad, formerly named Königsberg.
The most eastern point of Russia is Diomid island, 35 km from Chukotka (Russia) and  from Alaska (USA).
The most southern point is in Caucasus, on the border with Azerbaijan.
The most northern point is on Franz Josef Land archipelago in Arctic Ocean,  from the North Pole.
Russia has a population of 142 million citizens.
Most people (73.7%) live in cities.
The population decreased by 5 million people since the fall of the Soviet Union.
The current population growth is close to zero, and the population went down by 0.085% in 2008.
Russia's area is about 17 million square kilometers (6.5 million sq.
mi.).
It is the largest country in the world.
Its population density is about 8.3 people per square kilometer (21.5 per sq.
This is among the lowest country densities in the world.
The population is most dense in the European part of the country, centering around Moscow and Saint Petersburg.
Siberia has a very low density.
The main religion in Russia is the Russian Orthodox Church.
It is one of the Eastern Orthodox Churches.
Music and ballet
World-renowned composers of the 20th century included Alexander Scriabin, Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Sergei Prokofiev, and Dmitri Shostakovich.
Russia has produced some of the greatest pianists: Anton Rubinstein, Vladimir Horowitz and Vladimir Ashkenazy are among the all-time greats.
Russian composer Tchaikovsky created famous ballets such as The Nutcracker.
The impressario Sergei Diaghilev was responsible for the development of ballet in the early 20th century with the Ballets Russes.
Dance companies at the Mariinsky Theatre and the Bolshoi Ballet produced many famous dancers.
Russians have contributed many famous works of literature.
Alexander Pushkin is considered a founder of modern Russian literature.
He was a poet from the 19th century.
Other famous poets and writers of the 19th century were Anton Chekhov, Mikhail Lermontov, Leo Tolstoy, Nikolai Gogol (he was born in what is now Ukraine, but during his lifetime Ukraine was a part of Russia), Ivan Turgenev and Fyodor Dostoyevsky.
Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky are considered by many people to be two of the greatest novelists ever.
Three Russians won the Nobel Prize for Literature in the 20th century: Boris Pasternak (1958), Mikhail Sholokhov (1965) and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (1980).
Mikhail Bulgakov's The Master and Margarita was also a novel of the highest quality.
Soccer, ice hockey and basketball are among the most popular sports.
Boxing, gymnastics, weightlifting, and tennis are also popular sports.
Track suits are popular clothing items for many Russians.
Sports people to gain world fame include former tennis world number one Maria Sharapova, who has won three Grand Slam titles, and was the world's highest paid female athlete in 2008.
Since the 1952 Olympic Games, Soviet and later Russian athletes are in the three in gold medals collected at the Summer Olympics.
The 1980 Summer Olympic Games were held in Moscow while the 2014 Winter Olympics were hosted in Sochi.
For the 2018 Winter Olympics which were held in Pyeongchang, South Korea, a lot of athletes could not compete because the International Olympic Committee found out they had been doping.
Those who were not caught doping were able to play in the 2018 Olympics under the title of "Olympic Athletes from Russia", and they took home two gold medals, including one in ice hockey.
Chess is the main intellectual sport in Russia.
In the 20th century there were nine Russian World Chess Champions, more than all other nations combined.
1991 establishments
1990s establishments in Asia
1990s establishments in Europe
Moscow (, in US mainly ; ) is the capital city of Russia.
11.5 million people live there (1 October 2010), so it is Europe's biggest city, if Istanbul, which has parts of its population in Asia, is discluded.
It is also the seventh biggest city in the world.
It sits on the Moskva River.
Moscow is an important political, cultural, economic, religious, financial and transportation center.
It is a global city, important in the economic infrastructure of the region.
Moscow was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruki in 1147.
The middle of the city is an ancient walled city called the Kremlin.
There are important government buildings, museums and churches in the Kremlin.
Many of the buildings in Moscow, like St. Basil's Cathedral and Spasskaya Tower, are very beautiful and famous.
There are also modern buildings.
The many art galleries have big collections.
Moscow has many scientific and educational buildings, as well as some sports complexes built for the 1980 Summer Olympics.
Transport includes four international airports, nine railroad stations and the second busiest (after Tokyo) metro system in the world, which is famous for its artwork.
A person from Moscow is called a Muscovite in English, or a Moskvich in Russian.
It is by the Moskva River in the Moscow Oblast, in the European part of Russia.
Moscow sits on the center of three parts of Earth's crust.
It was once the capital of the Soviet Union (1918-1991), Russian Empire, Tsardom of Russia and the Grand Duchy of Moscow (1480-1703).
It is the place of the Moscow Kremlin, one of the World Heritage Sites in the city, which is the home of the President of Russia.
The Russian parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council of Russia (Federation Council) and the Government of Russia also are in Moscow.
The city has a humid continental climate.
The winter (usually cold) is lasting from mid-November to the end of March.
The average temperature in winter is about −10 °C (−14 °F).
The summer is usually warm or even hot with  temperature ranging from 15 to 35 °C (50 to 95 °F) .
Moscow has a large economic infrastructure.
It is home to the most billionaires in the world.
In 2008 Moscow was named the world's most expensive city for non-Russian workers for the third year in a row.
In 2009, however, Moscow went down to third after Tokyo and Osaka came in first and second.
The city is named after the river (old , which means "the city next to the Moskva River").
The beginning of the name is not known, but some people have a few ideas.
One is that the name might be from a very old Finnic language, in which it means "dark" and "cloudy".
In 12th century tribes of Vyatichi and Krivichs lived on that land.
The first Russian reference to Moscow is from 1147 when Yuri Dolgoruki called upon the prince of Novgorod-Severski to "come to me, brother, to Moscow."
Nine years later, in 1156, Prince Yuri Dolgoruki ordered the building of a wooden wall, which had to be redone many times, to go around the growing city.
After the attack of 1237–1238, when the Mongols burned the city to the ground and killed its people living there, Moscow grew back and became the capital of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality (an amount of land ruled by a prince) in 1327.
Its good place on the start of the Volga River helped the city to grow slowly bigger and bigger.
Moscow turned into a peaceful and rich principality, known as the Grand Duchy of Moscow, for many years and a large number of people from across Russia moved to live there.
Under Ivan I the city replaced Tver as a political center of Vladimir-Suzdal and became the only collector of taxes for the Mongol-Tatar rulers.
By paying high taxes, Ivan worked out an important deal with the Khan.
Unlike other principalities, Moscow was not divided among his sons but was passed whole to his oldest.
However, Moscow did not like the Mongol rule.
In 1380, prince Dmitry Donskoy of Moscow led a Russian army to an important victory over the Tatars in the Battle of Kulikovo.
Only two years later Moscow was raided by the Khan Tokhtamysh.
In 1480, Ivan III finally broke the Russians free from Tatar control, allowing Moscow to become the center of power in Russia.
Under Ivan III the city became the capital of an empire that would eventually include all of  Russia and other countries.
In 1609 the Swedish army, led by Count Jacob De la Gardie and Evert Horn, marched from Veliky Novgorod toward Moscow to help Tsar Vasili Shuiski.
They entered Moscow in 1610 and stopped the revolution against the Tsar, but left early in 1611.
After that the Polish invaded.
During the Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) hetman (army commander) Stanisław Żółkiewski entered Moscow after he defeated the Russians in the Battle of Klushino.
The 17th century had lots of revolutions, such as the Salt Riot (1648), the Copper Riot (1662), and the Moscow Uprising of 1682.
The plague of 1654–1656 killed half the population of Moscow.
The city stopped being Russia’s capital in 1712, after the building of Saint Petersburg by Peter the Great near the Baltic coast in 1703.
The Plague of 1771 was the last big plague in central Russia, killing 100,000 people in Moscow alone.
During the French invasion of Russia in 1812, the Muscovites burned the city and ran away, as Napoleon’s army was coming near to the city on 14 September.
Napoleon’s army, which was very hungry and cold, had to leave and was nearly destroyed by the freezing Russian winter and some attacks by the army.
In January 1905, Alexander Adrianov became Moscow’s first mayor.
After the Russian Revolution of 1917, on 12 March 1918 Moscow became the capital of the Soviet Union.
During World War II (known in Russia as the Great Patriotic War), after the German invasion of the USSR, the Soviet State Defense Group and commanders of the Red Army were placed in Moscow.
In 1941, 16 groups of national volunteers (more than 160,000 people), twenty-five battalions (18,500 people) and four engineering regiments were created among the Muscovites.
That November, the German Army was stopped at the edge of the city and then driven off in the Battle of Moscow.
Many factories were moved away, and much of the government was too, and from 20 October the city was declared to be under siege.
Its people who stayed built and used anti-tank defences, and the city was bombed from the air.
Joseph Stalin (the leader of Russia) did not leave the city, so the general staff remained in the city as well.
Even with a siege going on, the construction of the Moscow Metro system continued through the war, and by the end of the war a few new metro lines were open.
On 1 May 1944, a medal For the defence of Moscow and in 1947 another medal In memory of the 800th year of Moscow were given to Moscow.
In commemoration of the 20th anniversary of the victory over Nazi Germany, on 8 May 1965, Moscow became one of twelve Soviet cities awarded the title of Hero City.
In 1980, Moscow hosted the Summer Olympic Games, which the United States and several other countries did not go to because of the Soviet Union's war in Afghanistan in the end of 1979.
In 1991, Moscow was the scene of a failed overthrow attempt by government members opposed to Mikhail Gorbachev.
When the USSR ended in the same year, Moscow continued to be the capital of Russia.
Since then, the beginning of a market economy in Moscow has caused an explosion of Western-style stores, services, architecture, and lifestyles.
In 1998, it hosted the first World Youth Games.
Moscow metro is one of the largest and the beautiful ones in the World.
It was opened for passengers in 1935.
Trams
The first electric tram began operating in 1899.
Trolleys
The Moscow trolley system was the largest in the World before ending of 2010s.
In 2020 it was closed.
Algiers, Algeria
Baku, Azerbaijan
Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Cusco, Peru
Donetsk, Ukraine
Düsseldorf, Germany
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Ingolstadt, Germany
Jelgava, Latvia
Kharkiv, Ukraine
Kolomna, Russia
London, England, United Kingdom
Naryan-Mar, Russia
Nicosia, Cyprus
Rasht, Iran
Tunis, Tunisia
Ulan Bator, Mongolia
Valenciennes, France
Yerevan, Armenia
List of cities and other settlements in Russia
Capital cities in Russia
1140s establishments
Round cities
St. Gallen is a canton in Switzerland.
St. Gallen is in the north-east corner of Switzerland.
North of St. Gallen is the canton Thurgau.
West of St. Gallen is Zürich.
South of St. Gallen is Schwyz, Glarus, and Graubünden.
East of St. Gallen are the countries Austria and Liechtenstein.
The cantons Appenzell Innerrhoden and Appenzell Ausserrhoden are inside the canton St. Gallen (the canton St.Gallen sourrounds them).
St. Gallen is near Lake Constance.
At the south of St. Gallen there are big mountains over 3000m high.
The best known mountain in St. Gallen is the Säntis, which is 2503m high.
At the east of St. Gallen there is the river Rhine.
The people in St. Gallen speak German.
There are about 455,000 people (2002) in the canton St. Gallen.
It has an area of 2,026 km².
The biggest town in St. Gallen is the town with the same name St. Gallen.
There are 70,000 people in the town St. Gallen.
Official website of the government of St. Gallen
1803 establishments
19th-century establishments in Switzerland
1800s establishments in Europe
A canton is a way to divide the land of a country.
It is like dividing the country into different regions or states.
canton (liqueur), a ginger-flavored liqueur that is made in the Guangdong province in China
the upper left part of a flag
Canton, an old English name for the city of Guangzhou, China
Canton, an old English name for the province of Guangdong, China
Canton, Connecticut, USA
Canton, Georgia, USA
Canton, Illinois, USA
Canton, Baltimore neighborhood and park in Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Canton, Massachusetts, USA
Canton Township, Michigan, United States
Canton, Mississippi, USA
Canton, Missouri, USA
Canton, New York
Canton (village), New York , USA
Canton (town), New York , USA
Canton, North Carolina, USA
Canton, Ohio, USA
Canton, Oklahoma, USA
Canton, Pennsylvania, USA
Canton, South Dakota, USA
Canton Township, Michigan, USA
Canton Township, Pennsylvania, USA
Canton, Texas, USA
Canton, Cardiff, a district of the Welsh capital
Kanton Island (used to be "Canton Island"), part of Kiribati
Saarland (, also , ;  ; Rhine Franconian: Saarlond) is a Bundesland (state) of Germany.
It has an area of  and 1,014,000 people living in it (2011).
Saarland lies in the south-west of Germany, near the French border near Metz.
The capital is Saarbrücken.
In 1920, the Treaty of Versailles made Saarland from parts of the Prussian Rhine Province () and the Rhine Palatinate ().
The area was put under the control of the League of Nations for 15 years.
After a plebiscite (vote) in 1935, Germany got the land back.
After World War II the Saarland came under French administration.
The Saar Protectorate was allowed its own government for most things in 1947 but not independence.
Germany got the Saarland back in 1957 and it became a Bundesland.
Merzig-Wadern (the largest district)
Saarpfalz (Saar-Palatinate)
City and towns
Saarbrücken (city)
Saargebiet
February 7 – Grenada becomes independent from the United Kingdom.
March 3 – a Turkish Airlines DC-10 crashes outside Paris, France, killing all 346 people on board; the cause of the crash was a design flaw in the plane's rear cargo door.
February 22 – Bangladesh is recognized by Pakistan
April 25 – Portuguese Revolution or the Carnation Revolution. –
A half-century of fascist rule was ended.
May 18 – India tests nuclear weapons.
July 15- Christine Chubbock, a TV host in Sarasota, Florida commits suicide during the taping of her show live on air.
August 8 – United States President Richard Nixon announces his resignation (Watergate scandal).
December 8 – Greek voters reject a proposal to restore the Greek monarchy.
December 19 – Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh becomes the fifth President of Ireland, in a state inauguration in Dublin Castle
December 24-December 25 – Darwin, Australia almost completely destroyed by Cyclone Tracy
January 16 – Kate Moss, English model
January 21 – Linda Rosing, Swedish model
January 28 – Magglio Ordóñez, Venezuelan baseball player
January 30 – Christian Bale, Welsh actor
February 8 – Seth Green, American actor
February 8 – Kimbo Slice American mixed martial artist
February 13 – Robbie Williams, English singer
February 15 – Omarosa Manigault Newman, American television personality
February 22 – Chris Moyles, English disc jockey
March 6 – Anthony Carelli, American wrestler
March 13 – Linda Bengtzing, Swedish singer
March 24 – Alyson Hannigan, American actress
May 17 – Andrea Corr, Irish lead-singer of the music group The Corrs
May 23 – Ken Jennings, Jeopardy!
June 1 – Alanis Morissette, Canadian singer
July 28 – Justin Lee Collins, English television presenter
August 17 – Tomomi Kahala, Japanese singer
August 25 – Mario Jeckle, German computer scientist (d. 2004)
September 6 – Tim Henman, English tennis player
September 14 – Nas, American rapper
October 28 – Joaquin Phoenix, American actor
November 2 – Nelly, American rapper
November 11 – Leonardo DiCaprio, American actor
November 15 – Chad Kroeger, Canadian singer and guitarist
December 3 – Albena Denkova, Bulgarian ice dancer
December 6 – Jens Pulver, American mixed martial artist
December 10 – Meg White, American singer and drummer (The White Stripes)
December 13 – Sara Cox, English television presenter
January 6 – David Alfaro Siqueiros, Mexican painter (b. 1896)
January 31 – Samuel Goldwyn, movie producer (b. 1879)
April 24 – Bud Abbott, American actor and comedian (b. 1895)
July 1 – Juan Perón, President of Argentina (b. 1895)
July 24 – James Chadwick, English physicist (b. 1891)
August 26 – Charles Lindbergh, American pilot (b. 1902)
Oskar Schindler, lucrative business man (b. 1908)
Nobel Prizes
Nobel Prize in Physics – Sir Martin Ryle, Antony Hewish
Chemistry – Paul J Flory
Medicine – Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, George E Palade
Literature – Eyvind Johnson, Harry Martinson
Peace – Séan MacBride, Eisaku Sato
Economics – Gunnar Myrdal, Friedrich von Hayek
Movies released
The Towering inferno
"(You're) Having My Baby" Paul Anka & Odia Coates
"I Honestly Love You" – Olivia Newton-John
"Seasons in the Sun" – Terry Jacks
"Already Gone" – The Eagles
"Another Saturday Night" – Cat Stevens
"Band on the Run" – Paul McCartney & Wings
"Beach Baby" – First Class
"Best Of My Love" – The Eagles
"Billy, Don't Be a Hero" – Bo Donaldson and the Heywoods
"Can't Get Enough" – Bad Company
"Caroline Says" – Lou Reed
"China Grove" – The Doobie Brothers
"Devil Gate Drive" – Suzi Quatro
"Diamond Dogs" – David Bowie
"Dirty Old Man" – The Three Degrees
"Don't You Worry 'Bout a Thing" – Stevie Wonder
"Down Down" – Status Quo
"Honey, Honey" – ABBA
"I Know What I Like In Your Wardrobe" – Genesis
"It's Only Rock And Roll" – The Rolling Stones
"Jessica" – Allman Brothers Band
"Jet" – Paul McCartney and Wings
"Jungle Boogie" – Kool and the Gang
"Junior's Farm" – Paul McCartney & Wings
"Killer Queen" – Queen
"Kung Fu Fighting" – Carl Douglas
"Listen To The Music" – The Doobie Brothers
"Long Train Running" – The Doobie Brothers
"Love's Theme" – Love Unlimited Orchestra
"Machine Gun" – The Commodores
"Magic" – Pilot
"Midnight At The Oasis" – Maria Muldaur
"Midnight Rider" – Gregg Allman
"Money" – Pink Floyd
"Oh Very Young" – Cat Stevens
"Phil Spector's Christmas Single" – Various Artists
"Queen Of Clubs" – KC and the Sunshine Band
"Rebel Rebel" – David Bowie
"Rock And Roll Suicide" – David Bowie
"Samba Pa Ti" – Santana
"Shang-A-Lang" – Bay City Rollers
"Smokin' In The Boys Room" – Brownsville Station
"So Long" – ABBA
"Sugar Baby Love" – The Rubettes
"Summer Breeze" – The Isley Brothers
"Sweet Home Alabama" – Lynyrd Skynyrd
"The Bump" – Kenny
"The Love I Lost" – Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes
"The Man Who Sold The World" – Lulu
"This Town's Ain't Big Enough For The Both Of Us" – Sparks
"Tiny Dancer" – Elton John
"Walk On" – Neil Young
"Waterloo" – ABBA
"Whatever Gets You Through The Night" – John Lennon
"Wild Horses" – The Rolling Stones
"You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet" – Bachman-Turner Overdrive
"You're The First The Last My Everything" – Barry White
Mars, the planet
Mars (mythology), the Roman god
Mars (TV series), a Taiwanese drama which has had Alan Kuo in it
Mars, Pennsylvania, United States, a place in the U.S. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Mars, Ardèche, southern France, a commune in the Ardèche département
Mars, Gard, southern France, one of the Communes of the Gard department
Mars, Loire, central France, one of the Communes of the Loire department
Mars, Incorporated, makes M&M's
Bruno Mars (born 1985), American singer-songwriter and music producer
Jupiter (mythology), supreme Roman deity
Jupiter, Florida, United States
PGM-19 Jupiter missile, a kind of missile removed from Turkey after the Cuban Missile Crisis
"Jupiter, the Bringer of Jollity", the fourth movement in Gustav Holst's The Planets suite
Jupiter, disc 1 of Stadium Arcadium by the Red Hot Chili Peppers
Jupiter (company), a Japanese games company that made games such as Pokémon Pinball
Venus is a planet in the Solar System.
Venus (mythology), the Roman goddess
Venus, Florida, United States, a town
Venus, Texas, United States, a town
Venus, Romania, a resort
Venus figurines, figurines that show women
Venus of Tan-Tan, a very old venus figurine
Venus de Milo, an ancient Greek statue
Venus of Willendorf, an 11.1 cm (4 3/8 inches) high statuette of a female figure
Venus (Bananarama song), on the list of "Weird Al" Yankovic polka medleys
Venus (Frankie Avalon song), on the list of Hot 100 number-one singles during 1958–1969 (U.S.)
Venus (Shocking Blue song), on the list of Hot 100 number-one singles of the 1980s (U.S.)
Venus Williams, American tennis player
Saturn is a planet in the Solar System.
Saturn (mythology), the Roman god
Saturn Corporation, an automobile company owned by General Motors
Saturn Award, honors the top works in science fiction, fantasy, and horror in movie, television, and home video
Saturn Moscow Oblast, a Russian football team from the Moscow suburb of Ramenskoye
Sega Saturn, a 32-bit video game console made by Sega
Perry Saturn (born 1966), retired American professional wrestler who is best known for wrestling with WWF and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW)
Uranus is one of the planets in the Solar System.
It might also refer to:
Uranos, a god in Greek mythology
Uranus (movie) is a film from 1990 starring Gérard Depardieu
Neptune is a planet in the Solar System.
Neptune (god), the Roman god of the sea
Neptune (ship), a prison ship in the Second Fleet of ships to Australia
Neptune, New Jersey, United States
Windows Neptune, a Microsoft Windows computer operating system that didn't get made
Pluto (mythology), the Roman god
Pluto (Disney) is the name of the dog of Mickey Mouse
Iceland (; ) is an island country in the North Atlantic, between Greenland and Norway, formerly a possession of Denmark.
It is culturally considered to be part of Europe.
Iceland is 301 kilometers east of Greenland and 1001 kilometers west of Norway.
There are about 329,100 people who live in Iceland.
Iceland has an area of 103,000 km².
The first people who lived on Iceland are thought to have been Irish monks.
They came to Iceland around the year 800.
In the 9th century, Norsemen went to live in Iceland.
The first Norseman who lived in Iceland was Flóki Vilgerðarson.
He was also the one who gave Iceland its name.
Ingólfur Arnarsons was the first permanent settler on the island.
This chieftain from Norway went to live in South West Iceland and founded the city of Reykjavík.
In 930, the Icelandic rulers wrote a constitution.
They created the Althing, a kind of parliament in a place called Þingvellir.
Therefore, Iceland is the oldest existing republic.
In 985, Erik the Red was sent away from the island because he had killed someone.
He sailed to the west and discovered Greenland.
Eric's son Leif Ericson discovered America in the year 1000.
He called it Vinland.
The voyages of Eric, Leif and others were written down in the sagas (long stories).
In 1262, Iceland became part of Norway.
This lasted for 400 years.
In 1662, it became part of Denmark.
In the 19th century, many Icelandic's wanted to be independent from Denmark.
In 1918, Iceland got many powers of its own, but the king of Denmark was still king of Iceland.
When Germany took over Denmark on April 9 1940, the Althing decided that Icelandic’s  should rule the country themselves, but they did not declare independence yet.
British and later American soldiers occupied Iceland to prevent it from being attacked by the Germans.
In 1944, Iceland finally became fully independent.
After World War II, Iceland became a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), but not of the European Union.
Between 1958 and 1976, there were three debates between Iceland and the United Kingdom about the rights to catch codfish.
They were called the Cod Wars.
In 1980, Vigdís Finnbogadóttir was elected president of Iceland.
She was the first woman ever to be elected president of a country.
In 2016, Guðni Th.
Jóhannesson become president of Iceland.
Iceland has a multi-party system.
Since the 2013 election, the center-right Independence Party and Progressive Party are the biggest political parties in Iceland.
Other powerful parties in Iceland include the center-left Social Democratic Alliance and Left-Green Movement.
See also: List of political parties in Iceland.
Iceland is a representative democracy and a parliamentary republic.
Iceland has a president (Guðni Th.
Jóhannesson) and a prime minister (Katrín Jakobsdóttir).
The parliament, Althing, has 63 members and each member can only be in there for four years.
The president is elected by Icelanders, and is in government for four years.
The president can be elected an unlimited amount of times.
Iceland has no standing army.
The United States Air Force had a base near Reykjanesbær, but they left in 2006.
Since 2008, NATO nations have occasionally had their air force patrol Iceland.
This was requested by the Icelandic government.
Iceland is divided into 8 regions, 6 constituencies and 74 municipalities (since 2013).
The regions are mainly used for statistics.
The constituencies are used for selecting politicians who will represent them in parliament.
Lastly, the municipalities give services to the people that live there.
These services include education, waste management, public transportation, and so on.
Before 2003, the constituencies were the same as regions, but this was changed because it meant that a vote in Reykjavik meant less than one in a rural area.
Even though this was addressed, the problem still exists.
Fishing and fish processing is the main economic activity in Iceland.
Despite effort to diversify, particularly into the travel industry, seafood exports continue to account for nearly three-quarters of merchandise exports and approximately half of all foreign exchange earnings.
Geothermal Energy produces the vast majority of Electrical Power consumed on Iceland, due chiefly to the island's position atop the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and exhibits plentiful hot water reservoirs and geysers.
This has the effect of drastically reducing the price of electricity in Iceland, and has attracted several energy-intensive industries.
Some of these features are Iceland's numerous mountains, volcanoes, hot springs, rivers, small lakes, waterfalls, glaciers, and geysers.
The word geyser is, in fact, derived from Geysir, the name of a particularly famous geyser on the southern side of the island.
Glaciers cover approximately 11% of the island and the largest, Vatnajökull, is up to 1 km thick and, by far, the largest glacier in Europe.
Iceland, though considered to be a European country, sits partly in North America since it straddles the Mid-Atlantic Ridge which marks the boundary between the Eurasian and North American tectonic plates.
The ridge runs directly through the populated Reykjavik and Thingvellir historic areas, and the tectonic activity of these plates separating is the source of the abundant geothermal energy in the region.
Towns and cities
Reykjavík is the capital city of Iceland.
Reykjavík is also the most important port in Iceland.
Other important towns in Iceland are Akureyri, Kópavogur, Hafnarfjörður, Keflavík, Seyðisfjörður and Vestmannaeyjar.
The people in Iceland are mostly of Scandinavian origin.
The language they speak is Icelandic.
The language has not changed much in 1,000 years, so Icelanders are still able to read the sagas about the Vikings without many problems.
Most people in Iceland are Christian.
Most of them are Lutheran.
Icelandic people are considered to be the happiest people on Earth.
Iceland has the highest birth rate in Europe, highest divorce rate and the highest percentage of women working outside their home.
There are no real surnames on Iceland.
Children get the first name of their father (sometimes mother) with -s+son if it's a boy, and -s+dóttir if it's a girl.
For example, a man named Jón Stefánsson has a son named Fjalar.
Fjalar's last name will not be Stefánsson like his father's, it will become Fjalar Jónsson.
The same goes for women.
Jón Stefánsson's daughter Kata would not have the last name Stefánsson, she would have the name Jónsdóttir.
In most countries people use to call other people by their surname, but in Iceland people call other people by their first name.
So when people talk about Halldór Ásgrímsson they do not call him Ásgrímsson, but Halldór.
1944 establishments in Europe
January 30 – state funeral of Sir Winston Churchill in London
February 18 – The Gambia becomes independent from the United Kingdom
March 7 – Bloody Sunday: Alabama State Troopers attack civil rights demonstrators as they attempt to march to the state capitol of Montgomery
April 9 – Charlie Brown and the Peanuts Gang appear on the cover of Time
May 25 – Muhammad Ali knocks out Sonny Liston in the first round of their championship boxing rematch
June 15 - Victoria, Australia, coldest day on record -11.7°C at Omeo
July 16 – The Mont Blanc tunnel opens
August 9 – Singapore proclaims its independence from the Malaysian Federation.
September 9 – Hurricane Betsy is in Louisiana
October 3 – Fidel Castro announces that Che Guevara resigned and left Cuba
November 5 – Martial law is announced in Rhodesia
December 20 – World Food Programme is made a permanent agency of the United Nations
The Left Banke forms
Pete Best attempts suicide
January 8 – John Catliff, Canadian footballer
February 21 - Steve Lee, Sound effects wrangler and film historian
February 1 – Brandon Lee, Chinese-American actor (d. 1993)
March 1 – Booker Huffman, American professional wrestler
March 23 - Jonathan Dow, British actor
April 16 – Jon Cryer, American actor
April 20 - Susan Cookson, British actress
May 7 – Owen Hart, Canadian professional wrestler (died 1999)
June 1 – Nigel Short, English chess player
July 31 – J. K. Rowling, writer
August 25 – Mia Zapata, singer
August 28 – Shania Twain, singer
September 2 – Lennox Lewis, British boxer
October 5 – Patrick Roy, Canadian retired ice hockey player
November 20 – Ben Stiller, actor
December 31 – Nicholas Sparks, American author
January 4 – T. S. Eliot, poet
January 24 – Winston Churchill, British politician
February 2 – Nat Cole, jazz singer
February 21 – Malcolm X, leader of the Black Muslim Movement
February 23 – Stan Laurel, British comedian
March 18 – King Farouk I of Egypt
April 18 – Guillermo González Camarena, Mexican inventor (b. 1917)
May 1 – Spike Jones, American musician and bandleader (b. 1911)
June 5 – Eleanor Farjeon, English author of children's literature (b. 1881)
July 1 – Wally Hammond, English cricketer (b. 1903)
July 7 – Moshe Sharett, 2nd Prime Minister of Israel (b. 1894)
August 13 – Hayato Ikeda, Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1899)
August 27 – Le Corbusier, Swiss architect (b. 1887)
September 16 – Fred Quimby, American animated film producer (b. 1886)
October 1 – Gareth Hughes, Welsh actor (b. 1894)
November 24 – Abdullah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (b. 1895)
November 25 – Dame Myra Hess, English pianist (b. 1890)
December 5 – Joseph Erlanger, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1874)
Nobel Prize in Physics shared by Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, and Richard P. Feynman for work in the development of quantum electrodynamics
Nobel Prize in Chemistry won by Robert B. Woodward, American chemist (for his synthetic work with natural products)
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine shared by François Jacob, André Lwoff, and Jacques Monod
Nobel Prize in Literature won by Michail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov, Russian novelist
Nobel Peace Prize won by UNICEF
The Agony and the Ectasy
Alphaville, Golden Bear winner
Doctor Zhivago, starring Omar Sharif, Julie Christie, Geraldine Chaplin, Rod Steiger, and Alec Guinness
Help!,
starring The Beatles
The Knack...And How to Get It, Cannes Grand Prize
The Legend of Blood Mountain
Rekopis znaleziony w Saragossie
The Autobiography of Malcolm X – Alex Haley & Malcolm X
The British Museum Is Falling Down – David Lodge
Dune – Frank Herbert
Georgy Girl – Margaret Forster
The Green Berets – Robin Moore
Hotel – Arthur Hailey
The Looking-Glass War – John le Carré
The Magus – John Fowles
The Man with the Golden Gun – Ian Fleming
Markings – Dag Hammarskjöld
Morning's at Seven – Eric Malpass
The Painted Bird – Jerzy Kosinski
The Source – James A. Michener
Those Who Love – Irving Stone
The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch – Philip K. Dick
Up the Down Staircase – Bel Kaufman
"Nowhere to Run" – Martha Reeve and the Vandellas
January 12 – Led Zeppelin's first album is released.
January 20 – Richard Nixon becomes President of the United States, after Lyndon Johnson.
February 3 – Yasser Arafat becomes Palestinian Liberation Organization leader at the Palestinian National Congress.
April 9 – Around 300 students take over Harvard University, because they do not like the Vietnam War being fought.
May 10 – Battle of Hamburger Hill in Vietnam.
May 20 – National Guard helicopters spray skin-stinging powder on Vietnam War protesters in California.
May 31 – John Lennon and Yoko Ono record "Give Peace a Chance" at their "Bed-In" in Montreal.
June 8 – Nixon announces that 25,000 US troops will start to leave Vietnam before September.
July 8 – As promised, some US troops begin to leave Vietnam.
July 16–24 – The Apollo 11 mission makes Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin the first people on the Moon.