the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
A MAC address contains two pairs of 24-bit hexadecimals: the first pair is the international standard identifier of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the last pair is the serial number for the network interface card to uniquely identify the card.
The Arabic Wikipedia () is the Arabic language version of Wikipedia.
It started in September 2001.
Arabic Wikipedia's main page
The French Wikipedia, the free Wikipedia ( or ) is the French language edition of Wikipedia, spelled Wikipédia.
It started in March 2001.
It is the largest Wikipedia in a Romance language.
It was the third largest Wikipedia after the English language and German language editions, but dropped to sixth.
As of  , it has about  articles.
French Wikipedia, the Free Wikipedia's Main page7
The German Wikipedia () is the German language edition of Wikipedia.
Founded 16 March 2001, it is the second-oldest and the first non-English-language Wikipedia.
By count of articles, it is the third largest Wikipedia, after the English Wikipedia and the Swedish Wikipedia.
German Wikipedia's Main page
Mundilfari or Saturn XXV, is a moon of Saturn.
in 2000, and given the designation S/2000 S 9.
IAUC 7538: S/2000 S 7, S/2000 S 8, S/2000 S 9 2000 December 7 (discovery)
MPEC 2000-Y15: S/2000 S 1, S/2000 S 2, S/2000 S 7, S/2000 S 8, S/2000 S 9 2000 December 19 (discovery and ephemeris)
IAUC 8177: Satellites of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus 2003 August 8 (naming the moon)
S/2006 S 1 is an unnamed moon of Saturn.
Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on June 26, 2006, from observations taken between January 4 and April 30, 2006.
S/2004 S 17 is an unnamed moon of Saturn.
Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on May 4, 2005, from observations taken between December 13, 2004, and March 5, 2005.
Bergelmir or Saturn XXXVIII (provisional designation S/2004 S 15) is a moon of Saturn.
It was named in April 2007 after Bergelmir, a giant from Norse mythology and the grandson of Ymir, the primordial giant.
Bergelmir and his wife alone among their kind were the only survivors of the enormous deluge of blood from Ymir's wounds when he was killed by Odin and his brothers at the dawn of time.
IAUC 8523: New Satellites of Saturn May 4, 2005 (discovery)
MPEC 2005-J13: Twelve New Satellites of Saturn May 3, 2005 (discovery and ephemeris)
Narvi ( ) or Saturn XXXI is a moon of Saturn.
It was discovered by a team of astronomers led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003, and given the designation S/2003 S 1.
It was named in January 2005 after Narvi from Norse mythology, also known as Narfi or Nari, a son of Loki by Sigyn who was killed to punish Loki for his crimes.
The gods turned his brother Váli into a slavering wolf who tore his throat out.
His entrails were used to bind Loki to a stone slab for all eternity, or at least until Ragnarok.
The name was approved by the IAU Working Group on Planetary System Nomenclature on January 21, 2005.
IAU Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature
IAUC 8116: Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn 2003 April 11 (discovery)
MPEC 2003-G39: S/2003 S 1 2003 April 8 (discovery and ephemeris)
IAUC 8471: Satellites of Saturn 2005 January 21 (naming the moon)
Suttungr or Saturn XXIII, is a moon of Saturn.
in 2000, and given the designation S/2000 S 12.
The name was said as Suttung in IAU Circular 8177.
However, the IAU Working Group on Planetary System Nomenclature later decided to add the nominative case ending -r to the base form Suttung.
IAUC 7548: S/2000 S 12 2000 December 23 (discovery)
MPEC 2000-Y33: S/2000 S 12 2000 December 22 (recovery/discovery and ephemeris)
IAUC 8177: Satellites of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus 2003 August 8 (naming the moon Suttung)
IAUC 8471: Satellites of Saturn 2005 January 21 (correcting the name)
Hati or Saturn XLIII (provisional designation S/2004 S 14) is a moon of Saturn.
Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on May 4, 2005, from observations taken between December 12, 2004, and March 11, 2005.
S/2004 S 12 is an unnamed moon of Saturn.
Farbauti or Saturn XL (also called S/2004 S 9) is a moon of Saturn.
It was found by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, and Jan Kleyna on December 12, 2004.
Farbauti was found using the Mauna Kea Observatory and is the 40th moon from Saturns surface.
The public did not know about Farbauti until May 4, 2005.
Farbauti is 5 kilometres wide, and 20,291,000 kilometres from Saturns surface.
Farbauti travels around Saturn (orbit) once every 1079 days.
David C.Jewitt's New Satellites of Saturn page
The American Government listing of moons of the Solar System
Harvard University notes
Thrymr or Saturn XXX, is a moon of Saturn.
It was found by Gladman, et al.
in 2000, and given the designation S/2000 S 7.
The name was said as Thrym in IAU Circular 8177.
However, the IAU Working Group on Planetary System Nomenclature later decided to add the nominative case ending -r to the root Thrym.
IAUC 8177: Satellites of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus 2003 August 8 (naming the moon Thrym)
Aegir or Saturn XXXVI (provisional designation S/2004 S 10) is a moon of Saturn.
It was named in April 2007 after Ægir, a giant from Norse mythology, the personification of tranquil seas, the one who soothes storms away.
He is a son of Fornjót, and brother of Logi (fire, flame) and Kári (wind).
MPEC 2005-J13: Twelve New Satellites of Saturn May 3 2005 (discovery and ephemeris)
S/2007 S 3 is an unnamed moon of Saturn.
MPEC 2007-J09: S/2007 S 2, S/2007 S 3 May 1 2007 (discovery and ephemeris)
IAUC 8836: S/2007 S 1, S/2007 S 2, and S/2007 S 3 (subscription-only) May 11 2007 (discovery)
The District of Porrentruy is one of the districts of the canton of Jura, Switzerland.
The capital city is Porrentruy.
The French-speaking district has a population of 24,012 (end of 2005).
The District of Franches-Montagnes is a district of the canton of Jura, Switzerland.
The capital city is Saignelégier.
The French-speaking district has a population of 9,865 (end of 2005).
Bestla or Saturn XXXIX (provisional designation S/2004 S 18) is a moon of Saturn.
Bestla is about 7 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 19,959,000 km in 1052.722 days, at an inclination of 147° to the ecliptic (151° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.772.
This moon has the most eccentric orbit of any moon in the solar system.
S/2004 S 7 is an unnamed moon of Saturn.
Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on May 4, 2005, from observations taken between December 12, 2004, and March 8, 2005.
The main sights of Beckenried are: the church St. Heinrich and its cemetery chapel, the Ridli chapel, the chapel St. Anna, the Klewen chapel, fun fair (Älplerkilbi), and the St. Nikolas market.
Official Homepage of Beckenried
Municipalities of Nidwalden
The main sights of Buochs are the church St. Martin, the Loreto chapel in Ennerberg, a monument of Johann Melchior Wyrsch, and the quay.
Official Homepage of Buochs
S/2006 S 3 is an unnamed moon of Saturn.
Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on June 26, 2006, from observations taken between January and April 2006.
Bern (canton), the Swiss canton
Bern (district), a district in the canton
Bern (city), the capital city of the canton
Fenrir is also a mythical creature from Norse mythology
Fenrir or Saturn XLI (provisional designation S/2004 S 16) is a moon of Saturn.
Surtur or Saturn XLVIII (also known as S/2006 S 7) is a moon of Saturn.
It was discovered by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on June 26, 2006.
Kari or Saturn XLV (provisional designation S/2006 S 2) is a moon of Saturn.
Ymir ( ), or Saturn XIX is a moon of Saturn.
in 2000, and given the designation S/2000 S 1.
It was named in August 2003, from Norse mythology, where Ymir is the ancestor of all the Jotuns or frost giants.
IAUC 7512: S/2000 S 1 and S/2000 S 2 2000 October 25 (discovery)
MPEC 2000-Y15: S/2000 S 1, S/2000 S 2, S/2000 S 7, S/2000 S 8, S/2000 S 9 (2000 Dec. 19 ephemeris)
Ephemeris IAU-NSES
Saturn's Known Satellites (by Scott S. Sheppard)
Loge or Saturn XLVI (provisional designation S/2006 S 5) is a moon of Saturn.
Fornjot or Saturn XLII (provisional designation S/2004 S 8) is a moon of Saturn.
It is about 6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 24,505,000 km in 1432 days at an inclination of 168° to the ecliptic (152° to Saturn's equator) with an eccentricity of 0.186.
It is the farthest moon from Saturn.
{{Infobox Planet
| name = Cordelia| image = File:Uranus rings and two moons.jpg
| caption = Cordelia (lower-middle, inside of bright ring), as imaged by Voyager 2
| bgcolour = #ffc0c0
| discoverer = Richard J. Terrile / Voyager 2
| discovered = January 20, 1986
| mean_orbit_radius = 49751.722 ± 0.149 km
| eccentricity = 0.00026 ± 0.000096
| period = 0.33503384 ± 0.00000058 d
| inclination = 0.08479 ± 0.031° (to Uranus' equator)
| satellite_of = Uranus
| dimensions = 50 × 36 × 36 km
| mean_radius = 21 ± 3 km
| surface_area = ~5500 km²
| volume = ~38,900 km³
| mass = ~5.0 kg
| density = ~1.3 g/cm³ assumed
| surface_grav = ~0.0073 m/s²
| escape_velocity = ~0.017 km/s
| rotation = synchronous
| axial_tilt = zero
| albedo = 0.08 ± 0.01
| single_temperature = ~64 K
}}Cordelia it the closest moon to Uranus.
It was found from the images taken by Voyager 2 on January 20, 1986, and was given the designation S/1986 U 7.
It was not seen again until the Hubble Space Telescope observed it in 1997.
Cordelia takes its name from the youngest daughter of Lear in William Shakespeare's King Lear.
It is also designated Uranus VI'''.
This moon is  wide and is the same size of Mars' smallest moon called Deimos.
Cordelia Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
is a meat specialty.
Other names include Leberkäs, Leberka(a)sand Fleischkäse.
It originally was from the South of Germany.
It can also be found in Austria and Switzerland.
It is similar to meatloaf.
It is made of corned beef, sometimes pork, bacon and onions.
The ingredients are ground until they are very fine.
They are then packed together into loaves.
These are baked in an oven, until they get a brown crust.
The word "Leberkäse" literally translates to "liver-cheese".
In Bavaria there is neither cheese nor liver in the dish, though.
Some linguists say, that the word may be related to the German word Laib (loaf).
Perhaps it also contains the Slavic root quas (yeast).
What can be in Leberkäse
According to German food laws, only products called "Bavarian Leberkäse" are allowed not to have liver in them; otherwise, there must be a minimum liver content of 4%.
Some local variants must contain even more liver; for example, the liver content of "Stuttgarter Leberkäse" must be at least 5%.
Eating Leberkäse
Cut into approximately finger-thick slices which are then placed in a semmel while still hot and seasoned with mustard.
The result, generally called Leberkässemmel, is a staple of Bavarian and Austrian fast food restaurants.
Alternatively, the slices can also be pan-fried ("abgebräunt", browned), in which case they are commonly accompanied by a fried egg and German potato salad.
This is a very common Biergarten dish sometimes called Strammer Max.
Cold Leberkäse can also be cut into very thin slices and be used on a variety of sandwiches.
Bavarian Leberkäse
Albula is one of the districts in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.
It has an area of 723.13 km² and a population of 8,720 people (as of December 2004).
Albula contains 4 Kreise (sub-districts) Alvaschein, Belfort, Bergün and Surses, which contains 23 municipalities:
Districts of Graubünden
Bernina  is a district in the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland.
It has an area of 237.2 km² and a population of 4,687 people (as of December 2004).
Bernina consists of two Kreise (sub-districts) Brusio and Poschiavo, each of which contains a single municipality of the same name.
Ophelia is a closer moon of Uranus.
It was found from the images taken by Voyager 2 on January 20, 1986, and was given the designation S/1986 U 8.
It was not seen until the Hubble Space Telescope saw it in 2003.
Ophelia was named after the daughter of Polonius, Ophelia, in William Shakespeare's play Hamlet.
It is also designated Uranus VII.
Unfortunately, other than its orbit, radius of 23 km and geometric albedo of 0.08, almost nothing is known about it.
At the Voyager 2 images Ophelia appears as a streched object, the major axis pointing towards Uranus.
Ophelia Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Hinterrhein is a district of the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland.
It has an area of 617.67 km² and a population of 12,508 people (as of December 2004).
Hinterrhein consists of five Kreise (sub-districts) and 39 municipalities.
Imboden is a district of the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland.
It has an area of 203.78 km² and a population of 17,528 people. (
as of December 2004).
It contains 2 Kreise (sub-districts) and seven municipalities:
Inn is a district of the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland.
It has an area of 1,196.77 km² and a population of 9,371 people (as of December 2004).
It contains 4 Kreise (sub-districts) and 18 municipalities:
Landquart is a district of the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland.
It has an area of 193.91 km² and a population of 22,450 people as of December 2004.
It contains 2 Kreise (sub-districts) and 11 municipalities
Maloja  () is a district of the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland.
It has an area of  and a population of 17,810 people (as of December 2004).
Most of the population of Maloja speaks Italian.
It contains 2 Kreise (sub-districts) and 16 municipalities:
Moesa is a district of the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland.
It has an area of 496.11 km² and a population of 7,640 people (as of December 2004).
It contains 3 Kreise (sub-districts) and 17 municipalities:
Plessur is a district of the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland.
It has an area of 266.73 km² and a population of 38,899 people (as of December 2004).
The district is named after the river Plessur which crosses it.
Plessur contains 3 Kreise (sub-districts) Chur, Churwalden and Schanfigg, which makes a total of 16 municipalities:
Davos is a district of the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland.
It has an area of 823.95 km² and a population of 25,728 people (as of December 2004).
It contains 7 Kreise (sub-districts) and 16 municipalities:
The sub-districts Davos, Jenaz, Klosters, Küblis and Luzein belonged until 1986 to the defunct district Oberlandquart; the sub-districts Schiers and Seewis to the defunct district Unterlandquart.
Adrastea or , is the second closest moon to Jupiter.
It was found by David C. Jewitt and G. Edward Danielson in Voyager 2 probe photographs taken in 1979 and received the designation .
In 1983, it was named after the mythological Adrastea, who was a daughter of Jupiter and Ananke.
Adrastea is non-spherical and measures 20x16x14 km³ across.
What Adrastea is made of and the mass of Adrastea are not known, but assuming that its mean density is like that of Amalthea (~0.86 g/cm³) its mass can be estimated at ~2×1015 kg.
Adrastea is the smallest and second closest member of the closer moons to Jupiter.
It orbits Jupiter at ~129,000 km (1.806 Jupiter radii) within the planet's Main Ring.
The orbital eccentricity of ~0.0015 and inclination of ~ 0.03° relative to the equator of Jupiter are very small.
Adrastea was found in Voyager 1 and 2 images, but appeared only as a dot.
The Galileo spacecraft was able to see its shape, but the images remain poor.
Adrastea Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Surselva is a district of the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland.
It has an area of 1,373.39 km² and a population of 22,381 people (as of December 2004).
It contains 5 Kreise (sub-districts) and 43 municipalities:
Almens is a municipality in the district of Hinterrhein in the Swiss canton of Graubünden.
Former municipalities of Graubünden
Bernese Jura (German:Berner Jura, French: Jura Bernois) is a part of the canton of Bern in Switzerland.
It is the French speaking part of the canton.
It was made after the canton of Jura split from the canton of Bern.
The Bernese Jura is made of three districts, Courtelary, La Neuveville and Moutier.
The people living there are mainly protestants, they chose to stay with the canton of Bern in 1979.
It consists of Alvaneu-Dorf and Alvaneu-Bad.
The area is 35.68 km² and the population is 421 people.
Gemeinde Alvaneu —official site of the municipality
Bad Alvaneu—thermal baths
Amalthea is the third closest moon to Jupiter.
It was found on September 9, 1892, by Edward Emerson Barnard and named after Amalthea, a nymph in Greek mythology.
On Amalthea, Jupiter would be an amazing sight in its sky, looking 92 times bigger than the Full Moon.
Amalthea is the biggest of the closer moons of Jupiter.
Non-spherical and reddish in colour, it is thought to have of water ice with unknown amounts of other materials.
Its surface has big craters and high mountains.
Pictures of Amalthea were taken in 1979 and 1980 by the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft, and later, in more detail, by the Galileo orbiter in the 1990s.
Amalthea was found on September 9, 1892 by Edward Emerson Barnard using the 36 inch (91 cm) telescope at Lick Observatory.
It was the first new moon of Jupiter since Galileo Galilei's  discovery of the Galilean moons in 1610.
The moon is named after the nymph Amalthea from Greek mythology who nursed the infant Zeus (the Greek equivalent of Jupiter) with goat's milk.
Its Roman numeral designation is .
The name "Amalthea" was not adopted by the IAU until 1975, although it had been in use for many decades.
The name was suggested by Camille Flammarion.
Before 1975, Amalthea was most commonly known simply as .
The adjectival form of the name is Amalthean.
Amalthea circles Jupiter at a distance of 181,000 km (2.54 Jupiter radii).
The orbit of Amalthea has an eccentricity of 0.003 and an inclination of 0.37° relative to the equator of Jupiter.
The surface of Amalthea is very red  The reddish color may be due to sulfur coming from Io or some other non ice material.
Bright patches of green appear on the major slopes of Amalthea, but the nature of this color is currently unknown.
The surface of Amalthea is a bit brighter than surfaces of other closer moons of Jupiter.
How Amalthea looks from Jupiter
How Jupiter looks from Amalthea
In 1979-1980, the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft made the first images of Amalthea, which resolved its surface.
They also measured the moon's surface temperature.
Later, the Galileo orbiter completed taking pictures of Amalthea's surface and a close flyby enabled it to constrain the moon's internal structure and composition.
Amalthea Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Another find for Galileo – Galileo Millennium Mission status report (2003-04-09)
Jupiter's Amalthea Surprisingly Jumbled – JPL press release (2002-12-09)
Jupiter From Amalthea, a painting by Frank Hettick, 2002.
Eggerberg is a municipality in the district of Brig in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.
The main sights of Dallenwil are the ski and summer resort Wiesenberg/Wirzweli, the church St. Laurentius, and the pilgrimage chapel Wiesenberg.
Dallenwil.ch   official website
The main sights of Emmetten are the St. Anna chapel in Schöneck, the church St. Jakob und St. Theresia, the chapel of the holy cross with frescos of danse macabre in Sagendorf, and the chapel in Erlen.
Official Homepage of Emmetten
Official Homepage of Ennetbürgen
The main sights of Ennetmoos are the chapels of  Saint Jakob, Saint Leonhard (in Rohren), and Saint Magnus (in Allweg), a monument (Überfalldenkmal) in Allweg, ruins at Rotzberg, the Stanserhorn mountain and resort, and the pilgrimage route St. Jakobsweg.
Official Homepage of Ennetmoos
Carpo or , is a moon of Jupiter.
It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003, and was designated as  until it got its name in early 2005.
Rasht  is the capital city of the Gilan province of Iran.
Mazandaran (Persian: مازندران) is a province in the north of Iran.
It is to the south of Caspian Sea.
It has borders with Golestan, Semnan, Tehran, Qazvin and Gilan provinces.
Mazandaran
Kallichore or , is a moon of Jupiter.
It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, et al.
in 2003.
It got the designation .
Eurydome or , is a moon of Jupiter.
It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the designation .
A sari (also known as a saree or a shari) is a type of clothing for women.
It is mostly used as a daily clothing in modern Republic of India, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka as well as formal clothing in Pakistan.
It is a very long strip of cloth.
Women wrap it around their body.
It is the National dress-code commonly worn by Bangladeshi and Indian women alike respectively.
Also some Urdu or Mohajir-speaking communities of Pakistani women also wear this garment.
Bangladeshi culture
West Berlin was the name of the western part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990.
It was the American, British, and French occupied sectors that were created in 1945.
In many ways it was integrated (joined) with West Germany, but it was not a part of West Germany or East Germany.
The Soviet sector became East Berlin, which East Germany claimed as its capital.
The Western Allies never recognized this claim.
They said that the whole city was still under four-power occupation.
The building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 surrounded West Berlin.
West Berlin was called "Berlin (West)" by the West Germany government, and usually  by the East German government.
The east German spelling suggested that West Berlin was not really part of "Berlin" as a whole, but a separate place.
East Berlin was officially called Berlin, Hauptstadt der DDR ("Berlin, Capital of the GDR"), or simply "Berlin," by East Germany.
The Potsdam Agreement of the four wartime allies decided on dividing up Germany.
At first it was only a temporary measure, until a permanent way to reunite a peaceful Germany and Berlin could be worked out.
When the cold war began, the joint administration of Germany and Berlin broke down.
Soon Soviet-occupied Berlin and western-occupied Berlin were managed by separate governments.
In 1948, the Soviets tried to force the western allies out of Berlin by a blockade of the western sectors.
The Soviets blocked roads, railways and waterways, but the Potsdam Agreement guaranteed air corridors to Berlin.
Because the western allies flew in all the supplies that normally came by land, the Berlin Blockade is also known as the Berlin Airlift.
The Blockade ended in May 1949.
By the end of 1949, two new states had been created out of occupied Germany - the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) in the West and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) in the East - with West Berlin an enclave that was not part of either.
According to the western allies, the occupation of most of Germany ended in 1949 when the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic were set up.
But the occupation of Berlin could only be ended by a quadripartite (four power) agreement, so Berlin remained an occupied territory under the formal control of all the allies.
This is why the Grundgesetz (constitution of the Federal Republic) never applied in West Berlin.
The Soviets declared the occupation of East Berlin ended when East Germany was set up.
This move was not recognised by the western allies who continued to view all of Berlin as a jointly occupied territory belonging to neither of the two states.
However, in many ways, West Berlin functioned as the de facto 11th state of West Germany.
Maps published in the West showed West Berlin as a part of West Germany;
Germans living in West Berlin were treated as West German citizens by West German authorities;
There was freedom of movement between West Berlin and West Germany;
There were no separate immigration regulations for West Berlin: all immigration rules for West Germany were followed in West Berlin.
West German entry visas issued to visitors were stamped with "valid for entry into the Federal Republic of Germany and Berlin (West)", authorizing entry to West Berlin as well as West Germany itself.
But the allies could ignore this.
They technically controlled who could come into West Berlin.
But the western allies remained the ultimate political authorities there.
The allies could appoint the Mayor and city government at Rathaus Schöneberg, but they never chose anyone except the elected mayor.
West Berliners could not vote in federal elections; instead the West Berlin House of Representatives chose 20 non-voting delegates to the Bundestag.
The West Berlin Senate sent non-voting delegates to the Bundesrat.
West Berliners could stand for election, including Social Democrat Chancellor Willy Brandt, who had been Governing Mayor of West Berlin;
West Berliners were exempt from the Federal Republic's compulsory military service; this meant young people moved to the city to avoid army service.
West Berliners had "provisional ID cards", which did not have the West German coat of arms
Lufthansa and other West German airlines' flights could not fly to Berlin because the air corridors between West Germany and West Berlin were for UK, French or US planes only.
West Berlin had its own post office, separate from West Germany's, which issued its own postage stamps until 1990.
The administration was run by the West German Post Office on behalf of the allies, and stamps were marked "Deutsche Bundespost Berlin"
The years of division
While West Berlin was separate from East Berlin after 1949, people could easily move between the two parts until 1961.
In many ways Berlin worked as a single city.
The U-Bahn and S-Bahn public transit networks, rebuilt after the war, spanned all occupation sectors.
Many people lived in one half of the city and had family members, friends, and jobs in the other.
As the Cold War continued, many East Germans began leaving East Germany for the West.
East Germany closed the borders between East and West Germany in 1952, but did not seal off West Berlin; because there was freedom of movement between West Berlin and West Germany, Easterners could use the city as a crossing point to the West.
To stop this drain, the East German government built the Berlin Wall, thus physically closing off West Berlin from East Germany, on 13 August 1961.
It was still possible to travel from West Berlin to West Germany by air and by specific rail and autobahn transit routes set aside for that purpose, but inhabitants of the two Berlins were now physically and legally separated from each other.
On 9 November 1989 the wall was opened, and the two cities were once again physically - but not legally - united.
German reunification soon ended the western occupation of West Berlin.
On 3 October 1990 West Berlin and East Berlin were united as the city of Berlin, which then joined the Federal Republic as a state, along with the rest of East Germany.
West Berlin and East Berlin thus both formally ceased to exist.
Districts of West Berlin
Steglitz
Tempelhof
Zehlendorf
Tiergarten
Ghost station
Berlin 1969 - In the forgotten midpoint of the Cold War
Berlin Exclaves
History of the Western Allies in Berlin
Berlin, West
Thyone or , is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter.
in 2001, and given the designation .
The Su-27 Flanker is a Soviet/Russian single-seat fighter aircraft made by Sukhoi.
It first flew on 20 May 1977, and was introduced on 23 August 1990.
It was first made by the Soviet Union as a fighter, but now it is in the Russian Air Force.
It can hold up to 10 guided Air-to-Air medium-range R-27E or short-range R-73 or unguided Air-to-Ground missiles, unguided bombs and a GSh-301 30mm cannon with 150 bullets.
It has two AL-31F turbofan engines, a multi-purpose onboard search and track radar, an optical infrared search and track station with a laser rangefinder linked to pilot's helmet-mounted target designator and with a wide-angle HUD.
The Su-27 was made to pair with the MiG-29 Fulcrum, but in the Eritrean-Ethiopian War, Ethiopian Su-27s shot down 5 Eritrean MiG-29s.
It was also supposed to fight American fighters like the F-15 Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon.
There are the prototype versions T10 Flanker-A and T10S, the version S Flanker-B for the Russian Air Force, the interceptor version P Flanker-B without Air-to-Ground weapons for the Russian Air Force, the two-seat trainer version UB Flanker-C for the Russian Air Force, the export versions SK and UBK, the upgraded export versions SKM and UBM.
There are fighters similar to the Su-27, like the Su-33 Flanker-D and the Su-30 Flanker-C .
The Su-27 is still in service with the Russian Air Force and others.
Russian Air Force has hundreds of aircraft.
Half the fleet -about 100 fighters- has been modernized in the SM version from 2004 to 2012.
The SM version has improved avionics, guided Air-to-Ground missiles and guided bombs and a “glass” cockpit.
Russian Air Force received 12 newly built modernized SM3 aircraft in 2011.
Friedrich Wilhelm "F. W." Murnau (28 December 1888 – 11 March 1931) was a German movie director.
He was one of the most influential directors of the silent movie era.
He was born in Bielefeld and attended the University of Heidelberg.
He studied art history.
He was 6'4 (193 cm), He was said to have an icy disposition and an obsession with film.
He was a combat pilot during World War I. He directed his first movie Der Knabe in Blau () in 1919.
Murnau's most famous movie is Nosferatu (1922).
It was based on the book Dracula.
Faust was Murnau's last German movie.
Nosferatu and Faust were two of the first films to have original music.
Some of his German movies were considered to be Expressionist movies.
Murnau went to Hollywood in 1926.
He joined the Fox Studio.
He made Sunrise in 1927.
It did not make a lot of money.
It did receive an Academy Award in 1929.
Murnau's next two movies were sound movies.
They were not well received.
Murnau was disappointed.
He quit Fox.
He went to the South Pacific.
In Bora Bora he made Tabu.
The movie was censored in the United States for images of bare-breasted Polynesian women.
Murnau died in an automobile accident in Santa Barbara, California.
He is buried in Stahnsdorf near Berlin.
German movie directors
German movie producers
Road accident deaths in California
Harpalyke or , is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter.
It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2000, and given the designation .
In August 2003,the moon was named after Harpalyke, the incestuous daughter of Klymenos, who was in some accounts a lover of Zeus (Jupiter).
Harpalyke belongs to the Ananke group, believed to be the remnants of a break-up of a captured asteroid.
It is about 4 kilometres in diameter and appears grey similar to C-type asteroids.
The moon orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 21,064,000 km in 624.542 days, at an inclination of 147° to the ecliptic (147° to Jupiter's equator) with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2441.
Ephemeris IAU-MPC NSES
Mean orbital parameters NASA JPL
Giganotosaurus is a large theropod dinosaur.
It lived during the Upper Cretaceous, about 10095 million years ago in what is now Argentina.
70 percent of the skeleton has been found.
Giganotosaurus was probably the second largest carnivorous dinosaur of all time.
Another large carnivore, Mapusaurus, also lived in the same territory.
They were both relatives of the North African  Carcharodontosaurus.
The largest specimen is  long, and 12.8 feet [3.9m] feet tall at the hip.
Its weight is estimated as .
Titanosaur fossils belonging to Andesaurus and Limaysaurus have been found near the remains of Giganotosaurus.
The huge titanosaur Argentinosaurus also lived in the area.
Probably, the titanosaurs were the main prey of the large theropods.
Orthosie or , is a moon of Jupiter.
It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott Sheppard in 2001, and given the designation .
It was named in August 2003 after Orthosie, the Greek goddess of prosperity and one of the Horae.
The Horae (Hours) were daughters of Zeus and Themis.
Eoraptor is one of the earliest known theropod dinosaurs.
It was a very small omnivore or carnivore which lived in the Lower Triassic, about 245 million years ago (mya).
It is the only one of the possible early dinosaurs which can be exactly dated by a layer of volcanic ash close beneath the fossil.
Eoraptor was a small, lightly-built archosaur that walked on two long legs.
It was about 3 feet long (1 m); it had light, hollow bones, a long head with dozens of small, sharp teeth, and five fingers on its grasping hands (two of the fingers on each hand were very small).
The fossil was found in the Ischigualasto Formation in the Argentine.
This contains some of the oldest known dinosaur and archosaur remains.
They are of top quality, number and importance.
It is the only place in the world where nearly all of the Triassic is represented in an undisturbed sequence of strata.
What is now badlands was then a volcanically active floodplain dominated by rivers, with a strongly seasonal rainfall.
Rhynchosaurs and cynodonts are by far the most common among the tetrapod fossils in the park.
Dinosaurs make up only 6% of the findings, but these include early samples of the two major lineages of dinosaurs (ornithischians and saurischians).
The carnivorous Herrerasaurus is the most numerous of these dinosaur fossils.
The teeth of Eoraptor  are of two types.
There are  serrated, recurved teeth in the maxillae (upper jaws), like the teeth  of theropods, and leaf-shaped teeth in the dentary (lower jaw), like the teeth of basal sauropodomorphs.
Below is a cladogram based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Sues et al.
in 2011, showing the relationships of Eoraptor:
A large analysis of early dinosaurs by Matthew Baron, David Norman and Paul Barrett (2017) found Eoraptor to be the earliest diverging member of Theropoda, within the larger clade Ornithoscelida.
Expressionist artists try to express a feeling with what they create.
Colours and shapes are not used in a way people see them, but as the artist feels them.
Expressionism emerged as an 'avant-garde movement' in poetry and painting before the First World War.
In the Weimar years it was appreciated by a mass audience, peaking in popularity in 1920s Berlin.
Expressionism presents the world as subjective: how the artist feels it, not how it is scientifically.
The art looks to get an emotional effect, and transmits personal moods and ideas.
Expressionist artists sought to express the meaning of "being alive" and emotional experience rather than physical reality.
Expressionism is exhibited in many art forms, including: painting, literature, theatre, dance, film, architecture and music.
The term often implies emotional angst.
In a general sense, painters such El Greco could be called expressionist; in practice, the term is applied only to 20th century works.
Typical modern expressionists are Edvard Munch (The Scream), August Macke, Ernst-Ludwig Kirchner, Emil Nolde, Marc Chagall,  and others.
The First World War, with the many young men who died, left deep impressions on artists' minds.
Suchomimus ("crocodile mimic") was a fish-eating (and meat-eating) large spinosaurid theropod dinosaur with a crocodile-like head.
It lived 112 million years ago in the Lower Cretaceous period in what is now Africa.
It was about 10.3–11 m (34–36 ft) long, and weighed 2.7 and 5.2 tonnes (2.7 and 5.1 long tons; 3.0 and 5.7 short tons).
It walked on two powerful hind legs, and had short clawed arms with three fingers, the first finger was the longest.
Kale or , is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter.
It was found in 2001 by astronomers at the University of Hawaii, and was originally designated as .
It was named in August 2003 after one of the Charites (Greek Χάριτες, Latin Gratiae, "Graces"), daughters of Zeus (Jupiter).
Kale is the spouse of Hephaestus according to some authors (although most have Aphrodite play that role).
The article about the original faith of the Celts is at Celtic polytheism
Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism, which is sometimes just called by its initials,  "CR", is a religion.
People who belong to the religion call themselves "Celtic Reconstructionists" or "Celtic Reconstructionist Pagans".
Sometimes they just call themseleves "CRs".
The Celts were the people who lived long ago in many parts of Europe, but mainly in the countries of Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and Gaul (modern-day France).
The Modern Celts are the people who live in those countries now, or whose ancestors lived there.
Like the ancient Celts did before them, CRs are polytheistic and have many gods and goddesses.
They believe in spirits and ancestors, too, and they often honour them with rituals and offerings.
Offerings to the spirits might be food, or songs, or poetry.
CRs often learn the languages spoken by the Celts, if they do not speak them already.
These languages include the Irish language, Scottish Gaelic, the Welsh language and others.
Celtic Reconstructionists are a type of Pagan Reconstructionist.
Reconstructionists believe in practicing a religion that is from one culture.
They are different from eclectic Pagans, who mix parts of different cultures together.
Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism (CR) started in the 1980s, when people interested in the Celts and in Paganism were looking for an authentic religion.
By the 1990s there were lots of CRs.
Some of them met each other at Pagan gatherings, and later more people met each other on the Internet.
The first person to write about being a "Celtic Reconstructionist Pagan" was Kym Lambert ní Dhoireann.
She wrote this in the Spring, 1992 issue of Harvest Magazine.
She says she got the idea for the name from Kathryn Price NicDhàna, who had also written about it.
Margot Adler's 1979 book, Drawing Down the Moon has a chapter on "Pagan Reconstructionists", and Kathryn NicDhàna says this is probably where she got the idea, even though the book does not mention Celtic Reconstructionists, just other kinds.
What Celtic Reconstructionists believe, and what they do
Celtic Reconstructionists base their religion on what we know of the Ancient Celtic people's religion, and also on Celtic folklore.
They focus on a particular Celtic culture, such as the Gaelic Welsh or Gaulish.
Many CRs are scholars, or mystics, though many believe it's important to be both.
CRs read lots of books and do things like meditation, prayer, and rituals.
CRs believe that honesty and honorable behaviour is important.
Many CRs view each act of daily life as a form of ritual, and they accompany daily activities with traditional prayers, chants and songs from sources such as the Scottish Gaelic Carmina Gadelica or manuscript collections of ancient Irish or Welsh poetry.
Community rituals are usually based on traditional community celebrations found in folkloric collections by authors such as Marian McNeill, Kevin Danaher or John Gregorson Campbell.
More formal or mystical CR rituals are often based on traditional techniques of interacting with the Otherworld, such as the act of making offerings of food, drink and art to the spirits of the land, ancestral spirits, and the Celtic deities.
CR ritual structures are based on the ancient Celtic idea of the "Three Realms" - Land, Sea and Sky - with the fire of inspiration seen as a central, uniting force.
Many CRs have altars and shrines to the spirits and deities they believe in.
They may place these altars at outdoor, natural locations such as wells, streams, and special trees.
Some CRs practice divination, such as the taking of omens from the shapes of clouds or the behaviour of birds and animals.
Other names for Celtic Reconstructionists
Pàganachd / Págánacht
Some CR groups have looked to Celtic languages for a more culturally specific name for the tradition, or for their branch of the tradition.
There are groups who now described their traditions as Pàganachd ("Paganism, Heathenism" in Scottish Gaelic) or the Irish version, Págánacht.
Some Gaelic-oriented groups use the two terms somewhat interchangeably, or further modify these terms to describe the CR sub-tradition practiced by their particular group, such as Pàganachd Allaidh (“Wild Paganism”)   or Pàganachd Bhandia (“Paganism of Goddesses”),
Senistrognata
In the late 1990s, members of Imbas, a Celtic Reconstructionist group in Seattle, began promoting the name Senistrognata, which they say means "the ancestral customs of the Celtic peoples"  in reconstructed Old Celtic.
The Irish word for “polytheism”, Ildiachas, is in use by at least one group on the West Coast of the US as Ildiachas Atógtha (“reconstructed polytheism”).
Aurrad, which came into use among members of the Nemeton mailing list in the mid 1990s, means "person of legal standing in the túath" in Old Irish.
Modern Celts
Polytheistic Reconstructionism
Lughnasadh
Celtic Reconstructionism
Adler, Margot (1979) Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America Today
Bonewits, Isaac (2006) Bonewits's Essential Guide to Druidism.
New York, Kensington Publishing Group  Chapter 9: "Celtic Reconstructionists and other Nondruidic Druids"
Fairgrove, Rowan (1994) What we don't know about the ancient Celts.
Originally printed in The Pomegranate, 2.
Now available online
Kondratiev, Alexei (1998) The Apple Branch: A Path to Celtic Ritual.
San Francisco, Collins.
(1st edition),  (2nd edition) [also reprinted without revision under the title Celtic Rituals]
Laurie, Erynn Rowan (1995) A Circle of Stones: Journeys and Meditations for Modern Celts.
Chicago, Eschaton.
McColman, Carl (2003) The Complete Idiot's Guide to Celtic Wisdom.
Alpha Press
NicDhàna, Kathryn Price; Erynn Rowan Laurie, C. Lee Vermeers, Kym Lambert ní Dhoireann, et al. (
2007) The CR FAQ - An Introduction to Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism.
River House Publishing.
Telesco, Patricia [editor] (2005) Which Witch is Which?
Franklin Lakes, NJ, New Page Books / The Career Press , p. 85-9: "Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism"
Celtic polytheism and folklore
Celtic Reconstructionists rely on primary mythological texts, as well as surviving folklore, for the basis of their religious practices.
No list can completely cover all the recommended works, but this is a small sample of sources used.
General Celtic
Evans Wentz, W. Y. (1966, 1990) The Fairy-Faith in Celtic Countries.
Gerrards Cross, Colin Smythe Humanities Press
MacCana, Proinsias (1970) Celtic Mythology.
Middlesex, Hamlyn.
MacKillop, James (1998) A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology.
Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Rees, Alwyn and Brinley (1961) Celtic Heritage: Ancient Tradition in Ireland and Wales.
New York, Thames and Hudson.
Sjoestedt, Marie-Louise (1982) Gods and Heroes of the Celts.
Translated by Myles Dillon, Berkeley, CA, Turtle Island Foundation.
Gaelic (Irish and Scottish)
Campbell, John Gregorson (1900, 1902, 2005) The Gaelic Otherworld.
Edited by Ronald Black.
Edinburgh, Birlinn Ltd.
Carmichael, Alexander (1992) Carmina Gadelica: Hymns and Incantations (with illustrative notes on wards, rites, and customs dying and obsolete/ orally collected in the highlands and islands of Scotland by Alexander Carmichael).
Hudson, NY, Lindisfarne.
Clark, Rosalind (1991) The Great Queens: Irish Goddesses from the Morrigan to Cathleen ni Houlihan.
Savage, MD, Barnes and Noble Books.
Danaher, Kevin (1972) The Year in Ireland.
Dublin, Mercier.
Dillon, Myles (1994) Early Irish Literature.
Dublin, Four Courts Press.
Gray, Elizabeth A (1982) Cath Maige Tuired: The 2nd Battle of Mag Tuired.
Dublin, Irish Texts Society
McNeill, F. Marian (1959).
The Silver Bough, Vol.
Glasgow, William MacLellan
Nagy, Joseph Falaky (1985) The Wisdom of the Outlaw: The Boyhood Deeds of Finn in Gaelic Narrative Tradition.
Berkely, University of California Press.
Patterson, Nerys Thomas (1994) Cattle Lords and Clansmen: The Social Structure of Early Ireland.
Notre Dame, IN, University of Notre Dame Press (2nd edition)
Power, Patrick C. (1976) Sex and Marriage in Ancient Ireland.
Dublin, Mercier
Smyth, Daragh (1988, 1996) A Guide to Irish Mythology.
Dublin, Irish Academic Press
Comparative European
Davidson, H.R. Ellis (1988) Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe: Early Scandinavian and Celtic Religions.
Syracuse, Syracuse University Press.
Epstein, Angelique Gulermovich (1998) War Goddess: The Morrígan and Her Germano-Celtic Counterparts.
Los Angeles, University of California
Lincoln, Bruce (1991) Death, War, and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology and Practice.
Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
The CR FAQ - An Introduction to Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism: Written by representatives of different CR groups - including some of the founders of the tradition - the FAQ is only the second document to present a consensus view that speaks for more than one group's vision.
Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism : The much-briefer consensus tradition statement from 2003.
Contains unclear bits that were later cleared up in the FAQ, but a much quicker read than the FAQ.
What we mean by Celtic Reconstructionism : Statement from Imbas
Dùn Sgàthan  (New Hampshire)
Gaol Naofa: Gaelic Polytheism Organisation (Florida)
IMBAS  (Seattle, Washington)
New Tara : Diverse Celtic group which includes Reconstructionists (Toronto)
Macalla : Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Celtas (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)
Online portals
CAORANN: Celts Against Oppression, Racism and Neo-Nazism
Pàganachd / Págánacht: Home of the CR FAQ and other CR resources.
Tres Mundos : Paganismo Reconstrucionista Celta (Portuguese)
Hurricane Humberto formed and strengthened faster than any other tropical cyclone on record within 18 hours of landfall; developing on September 12, 2007 in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico, the cyclone quickly strengthened and struck High Island, Texas, with winds of about 90 mph (150 km/h) early on September 13.
It steadily weakened after moving ashore, and on September 14 it began dissipating over northwestern Georgia as it interacted with an approaching cold front.
Humberto was the eighth named storm and third hurricane of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season, and became the first hurricane to strike the United States since Hurricane Wilma of 2005.
Damage was fairly light, estimated at about $50 million.
"Victims of Humberto assess damage", Houston Chronicle, September 14, 2007.
High Island is an unincorporated area in Galveston County, Texas.
It is in the extreme eastern part of the county on Bolivar Peninsula, less than one mile from Chambers county and less than two miles from Jefferson county.
As of 1990, 500 people resided in High Island.
Houston Audubon - High Island
List of over 230 bird species seen at High Island
Unincorporated communities in Texas
Preparations by location
Many people living in the area were caught off guard when Katrina strengthened from a tropical storm to a Category 1 hurricane in one day and struck southern Florida on August 25.
National Hurricane Center (NHC) forecasts had correctly predicted the strengthening, however, and hurricane watches and warnings were properly given out nearly 36 and 24 hours, before hurricane conditions were felt in the area.
On August 28, the National Weather Service in Slidell, Louisiana, issued a bulletin predicting "devastating" damage rivaling the intensity of Hurricane Camille.
Necessary evacuations were issued for large areas of southeast Louisiana as well as coastal Mississippi and Alabama.
On Sunday, August 28, Canadian National Railway (CN) stopped all rail traffic on its lines south of McComb, Mississippi, (lines owned by its subsidiary Illinois Central Railroad that extend into New Orleans), expectating damage from the hurricane.
To help continue services after the storm passes, CN also issued an embargo with the Association of American Railroads against all deliveries to points south of Osyka, Mississippi.
CSX Transportation also suspended service south of Montgomery, Alabama until further notice.
Amtrak, America's rail passenger carrier, announced that the southbound City of New Orleans passenger trains from Chicago, Illinois, from August 29 through September 3, would stop at Memphis, Tennessee, rather than their usual destination of New Orleans.
The trains traveling northbound would also start at Memphis.
The southbound Crescent from New York City, for the same period, stopped in Atlanta, Georgia, with the northbound trains starting in Atlanta as well.
Amtrak's westbound Sunset Limited started in San Antonio, Texas, rather than its usual starting point of Orlando, Florida.