the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Other forms of crime done by criminal groups are arms trafficking, export of contraband oil and metals, and smuggling of radioactive materials.
Crime rate in Russia sharply increased since the late 1980s.
The fall of communism in Eastern Europe had tremendous influence on the political economy of organized crime.
Approximately 8,000 criminal groups are in the country.
Almost 50% of the nation's economy is connected to organized crime.
Drug trafficking and illegal drug use is a big problem in the nation.
The disintegration of the Soviet Union, the civil war in Afghanistan, the civil war in Tajikistan, and the conflicts in the North Caucasus have made the favorable conditions for the development of illegal drug trade.
But measures have been taken to fight drug trafficking.
Russia is a party of the 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.
In March 2003, Russian President Vladimir Putin established the Russian State Committee for Control over the
Sexual and labor trafficking
Russia is a supply, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children being trafficked for various purposes.
The trafficking is multidimensional and it involves both commercial sexual exploitation and labor exploitation.
Russia is a significant source of women trafficked to over 50 nations.
Internal trafficking is a problem in the country; women are trafficked from rural areas to urban settlements for commercial sexual exploitation.
Men are trafficked internally and from Central Asia for forced labor in the construction and agricultural industries.
Debt bondage is common among the trafficking victims.
Arms trafficking has become a significant problem in Russia following the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
Illegal sale of weapons
Arms trafficking in Russia stemmed from corruption in the armed forces and the illegal sale of military equipments.
In 2000, the number of seized unregistered firearms was 300,000, which was a 37% increase compared with 1999.
Many Russian criminal organizations, aside from arms trafficking in Russia, provide weapons to the terrorist groups in Chechnya.
Poaching was rare in the Soviet Union,
Poaching is now a major problem in the country.
The main cause for poaching in Russia is the consequence of the social and political changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union.
State-controlled farms stopped functioning due to the fall of the previous system resulting in high unemployment.
Unemployment, poverty, inflation, shortage of food and demand for foreign currency have major impact on the wildlife in the country.
Animals being poached are bear, musk deer, tiger etc.
Approximately 50,000 cases of poaching are registered annually in Russia.
Reasons for crime
the First Chechen War, and environmental crimes like poaching and illegal timber smuggling were generally not treated as national security issues.
During the post-perestroika transition, the government agencies for environment and wildlife protection experienced severe budget cuts which led to layoffs and salary reductions for wildlife rangers in places like Primorski Krai and it reduced the resources of the rangers to fight against the poachers.
There has been an increasing demand for bear parts, especially bile, and it led to an increase in poaching of bears in the Russian Federation.
The collapse of communism in the country had significant influence on the average Russian's economic ability to maintain his or her family.
There are a large population of bears in Russia, and Russia's trade in bear parts is primarily with nearby Asian countries like South Korea and the People's Republic of China.
Because of these poaching of bears become easy for Russians.
Poaching of the snow leopard is a serious problem in Russia along with Afghanistan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, People’s Republic of China, Russia, Tajikstan and Uzbekistan.
International comparison
The murder rate in Russia has become three times as big between 1988 and 1994 and is now among the highest in the world.
In 1998, a total of 24,537,600 crimes happened in United States, while in Russia a total of 2,581,940 crimes were recorded.
In 1999, the number was 23,677,800 and 3,001,748 respectively.
Total recorded rapes in the United States was 93,140 and 89,110 for the years 1998 and 1999, while this number was 7,724 and 7,314 respectively for Russia.
EU Presses Russia on Human Trafficking
Russian Organized Crime
Russian Organized Crime in the United States
Crime in India is very common and happens in many different ways.
Along with violent crimes (like homicide, robbery, and assault), and property crimes (like burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson), there are major problems with organized crime, the illegal drug trade, arms trafficking, corruption, and many other forms of crime.
The most common types of crimes in India are listed below.
Organized crime is planned and done by groups of people.
Their goals are to gain power and make money in Illegal ways.
Common organized crimes in India include:
Drug trafficking (moving and selling illegal drugs)
Gunrunning (getting illegal guns, sneaking them into the country, and selling them)
Extortion (telling a person that he has to pay money, or something bad will happen to him, his business, or his family)
Murder for hire (killing someone for pay)
Human trafficking (tricking or kidnapping people, usually children or young women, into becoming slaves)
Poaching (killing plants or animals that are illegal to kill, then selling them)
Black marketing (trading or selling things on the black market, which is illegal)
Political violence (for example, trying to hurt or scare political candidates who they dislike)
Religious violence (hurting or scaring other people because they are a different religion)
Terrorism, including the 1993 Bombay bombings, 2006 Mumbai train bombings and the 2008 Mumbai attacks
Abduction (kidnapping)
India is located between the Golden Crescent (made of Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran) and the Golden Triangle (made of Myanmar, Thailand, and Laos).
The Golden Crescent and the Golden Triangle are the two biggest makers of opium in Asia.
(Opium can be smoked on its own, or it can be made into heroin.)
But their opium-making is illicit - secret and illegal.
Because of India's location, a lot of this illegal opium is trafficked (snuck illegally) through India's borders.
India is the world's largest maker of legal opium.
But its opium gets diverted (taken away by drug traffickers) to other countries where opium and heroin are illegal.
India is a common starting point for drug traffickers who take heroin on ships from Southwest Asian countries like Afghanistan and Pakistan, and from Southeast Asian countries like Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand.
The heroin is then smuggled from Pakistan and Myanmar, with some heroin also shipped through Nepal.
Most heroin shipped from India goes to Europe.
There have been reports of heroin smuggled from Mumbai to Nigeria to get the drugs to more countries.
In Maharashtra, Mumbai is an important centre where people sell heroin.
The most commonly used drug in Mumbai is "Indian heroin" (called desi mal by the local population).
Both public transportation (road and rail transportation) and private transportation are used for this drug trade.
The Government of India has tried a few ways of fighting drug trafficking in the country.
India is a party to (meaning it signed onto and agreed to follow):
The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961) (today, the word narcotic usually means "illegal drugs")
The Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971) ("psychotropic substances" are drugs that change the way the brain works; this causes changes in how a person feels, what they think is real, and how conscious they are)
The Protocol Amending the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1972) (a change or update to the original Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs)
The United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988) (a treaty, or agreement, among most of the countries in the United Nations, and some other countries; its goal was to help enforce the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs and the Convention on Psychotropic Substances)
According to a report published together by Oxfam, Amnesty International, and the International Action Network on Small Arms (IANSA) in 2006, there are around 40 million illegal small arms in India.
This would mean that India had over half of the small arms in the entire world (the world had 75 million, according to the report).
Most of the illegal small arms end up in the states of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh.
In India, a used AK-47 costs $3,800 on the illegal black market.
But a large amount of illegal small arms are made in illegal arms factories in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, and sold on the black market for as little as $5.08.
Chinese pistols are in demand in the illegal small arms market in India because they are easy to get and cheaper.
This creates a major problem for the states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
These states are affected by Naxalism.
Naxalites are groups of Communist guerrilla fighters in India.
(Guerrilla fighters are civilians who attack a regular army.)
Many Chinese pistols, AK-47s, and M-16 rifles are smuggled into India through the border between India and Nepal.
These weapons are then used by the Naxalites, who have ties to Maoists in Nepal.
Poaching and wildlife trafficking
Illegal wildlife trade in India has increased.
There are laws against killing some animals, taking rare plants, and smuggling them into other countries.
But a report published by the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) in 2004 said that more traders of wildlife skins go to India than any other country.
Between 1994 and 2003, there were 784 cases where the skins of tigers, leopards, or otters have been seized (taken away from illegal traders by police).
Also between 1994 and 2003, police seized 698 otters who had been poached (illegally taken or killed).
Poaching of elephants is a big problem in Southern India and in the North-Eastern states of Nagaland and Mizoram.
Most tiger poaching happens in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Orissa, West Bengal, Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.
Once they are poached, leopards, rhinoceros, reptiles, birds, insects, and rare species of plants are smuggled into the countries in Southeast Asia and the People's Republic of China.
Often, poachers bring illegal animal skins from India to Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal, ion the way to Tibet and China.
In its report in 2004, the Environmental Investigation Agency said that there was not enough cooperation between India, Nepal, and the People's Republic of China.
Because these countries were not cooperating, they could not work together to enforce anti-poaching laws and were not interested enough in fighting wildlife crime together.
On April 1, 1973, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi launched Project Tiger, which was first started in 1972.
Project Tiger was a wildlife conservation project - a project that tried to protect wildlife from being poached.
Project Tiger created 23 tigers reserves (protected areas for tigers), said they had been successful since the number of tigers in India had increased.
But critics like conservationist Billy Arjan Singh said that tigers had only moved to India from Nepal because their habitat in Nepal had been destroyed - not because of wildlife policy in India.
Cyber crime
Cyber crime - crimes done by computer - are very, very common in India.
Examples of cyber crime include:
Computer hacking (where a person breaks into a computer using another computer, and steals information)
Cyber stalking (following someone all the time, using a computer, to make them feel scared)
E-mail fraud (for example, emailing people asking to send money in scams)
Spam (where "spammers" get email addresses for thousands of people and send them all unwanted ads)
India has tried many things to decrease cybercrime.
In May of 2000, the Parliament of India passed a law called The Information Technology Act 2000 was passed by the Parliament of India in May 2000.
Its goal was to decrease cyber crimes and start setting up laws to allow e-commerce (where many)ey could be exchanged electronically.
However, Pavan Duggan, a lawyer with the Supreme Court of India and cyber law expert, complained that the IT act focused too much on promoting e-commerce and not enough on dealing with cybercrimes.
Cybercrime cells have been set up in major cities.
But Duggal said the problem is that most cases are never reported because people do not know their rights under Indian law.
In 2001, India and United States joined together in an Indian-US cyber security forum as part of a counter-terrorism dialogue.
In 2006, India and the US agreed to have their law enforcement agencies work together more in fighting cybercrimes.
They saw this as an important part of counter-terrorism efforts.
In 2006, U.S. President George W. Bush and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh met to discuss cyber security.
Afterward, they held a press conference together.
They said that because cyber security and cyber forensic research (like finding evidence in computers) are so important, India and the United States were also talking about a draft protocol on cyber security.
Corruption and police misconduct
Corruption is very common in India.
It is common in every section and every level of Indian society.
Corruption has also become a big part of Indian politics.
In India, corruption takes many forms, including:
Bribes (for example, giving money to a government worker to get them to do something illegal)
Tax evasion (not paying taxes)
Not obeying exchange controls (rules made by the government about whether people can buy or sell currencies (money) from other countries)
embezzlement (stealing or misusing money that belongs to a company or government)
India has state laws that make it illegal for police to torture people.
But these laws are not often obeyed.
Torture is often used when people are arrested or jailed by the police.
This torture is a major cause of deaths in police custody.
The police often torture innocent people until they 'confess' (they say they did the crime).
This false confession is then used to save important, rich people who have actually committed crimes.
One major problem that keeps police violence possible is a lack of accountability (meaning no one gets in trouble if they torture a person), according to G.P. Joshi.
Joshi runs the Indian branch of the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative in New Delhi.
In 2006, the Supreme Court of India decided a case called Prakash Singh vs. Union of India.
In its decision, the Court ordered central and state governments to begin police reform.
The Court had two goals with its decision.
The first was to give tenure to police officers, and to make it simpler for police officers to get hired or transfer to a different area.
The second was to increase police accountability.
Criminals visit markets and other places that are popular with tourists, with the goal of committing crimes against foreigners (people from other countries).
Westerners have become victims of robbery, rape, and other violent attacks.
Because foreigners often have more money than most people in India, they are often criminals'  favorite target for robbery and other serious crimes.
In April 1999, a group of Indians made friends with Swaraj Damree, a tourist from Mauritius.
The group later kidnapped Damree and held him captive for 25 days.
They robbed him of cash worth $1,500 in U.S. dollars, and stole his traveller's cheques, wrist watch, gold chain, bracelet, two bags and suitcase.
In 2000, two German tourists were shot in Himachal Pradesh.
A few weeks later, two Spanish tourists were killed by robbers in the same state.
Many foreign tourists are victims of violent crime in Kolkata.
In September 2006, criminals robbed the wallet of a British woman in Kolkata.
The same month, a Japanese tourist was robbed on his way to Sudder Street.
In October 2006, a foreigner was robbed during the day on Park Street.
Petty crime
Petty crime, like stealing people's wallets and bags, is common in India.
Stealing valuable things from foreigners' luggage on trains and buses is also common.
People traveling alone are especially likely to have their things stolen by pickpockets and purse snatchers, who usually work in crowded areas.
Passport theft
In India, stealing tourists' passports from their luggage on trains and buses is very common.
Theft of U.S. passports happens often, especially in major tourist areas.
Criminals run many scams against tourists, especially in Jaipur, the capital of Rajasthan.
The criminals usually pick younger tourists to try to scam.
They tell the tourists that they can make a lot of money if they move gems or gold, or if they take expensive carpets back home in their luggage to avoid customs duties.
If a tourist agrees, the scam continues for a few days.
Then a new scam artist offers to show the tourist interesting places in the area.
The scammers also offer cheap places to stay and meals to the tourist.
They do this so that the tourist ends up being with the scam artist all the time.
The scam artist is then threatened and maybe hurt, until he gives up his passport to the scammers.
In 2006, an American became a victim of a scam at Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in Mumbai.
She lost $77 U.S. dollars.
Taxi scam
Taxi drivers also run scams in India.
These scams are run on tourists who do not know their way around India or Indian airports.
Some taxi drivers will drive tourists around the whole airport, so they can charge a lot of money for the ride when the part of the airport that the tourist wants to go to was actually very close by.
In a report, the Overseas Security Advisory Council talked about taxi scams and how to avoid them.
Rape of foreigners
There have been more and more rapes of tourists at popular tourist spots.
In March 2006, Biti Mohanty, the son of a senior police official in Orissa, raped a German tourist in Alwar, Rajasthan.
The next month, a Japanese woman was raped in Pushkar, Rajasthan.
In June 2007, a South Korean tourist was raped near Manali.
In September 2007, two Japanese women were gang-raped in Agra, a popular tourist spot in India where the Taj Mahal is located.
The Indian state of Rajasthan is a popular place among foreign tourists.
One out of every three tourists that go to India visit this state.
Rajasthan has been rattled by rape cases of foreign tourists.
The Indian Bureau of Consular Affairs has warned women from the United States not to travel alone in India.
Crime over time
A report published by the National Crime Records Bureau compared crime rates from 1953 to 2006.
The report found that:
Burglary was less common in 2006 than in 1953.
It was 38% less common in 2006 (having dropped from 1,47,379 known cases of burglary in 1953 to 91,666 in 2006).
Robbery had increased by 120% (from 8,407 in 1953 to 18,456 in 2006).
Riots had increased by 176% (from 20,529 in 1953 to 56,641 in 2006).
Murder had seriously increased, by 231% (from 9,803 in 1953 to 32,481 in 2006).
Kidnapping had increased the most, by 356% (from 5,261 to 23,991)
In 2006, 51,02,460 cognizable crimes were committed.
In India, cognizable crimes are serious crimes, where a police officer could make an arrest without needing a warrant first.
Examples of cognizable crimes include rape, murder, and theft.
Among the cognizable crimes committed in 2006, there were 18,78,293 Indian Penal Code (IPC) crimes and 32,24,167 Special & Local Laws (SLL) crimes.
The IPC crime rate in 2006 was 167.7 compared to 165.3 in 2005, showing an increase of 1.5% in 2006 over 2005.
SLL crime rate in 2006 was 287.9 compared to 290.5 in 2005, showing a decrease of 0.9% in 2006 over 2005.
Crime by area
Different places in India have different amounts and types of crime.
In 2006, the highest crime rate was reported in the city of Pondicherry (447.7%) for crimes under Indian Penal Code.
This is 2.7 times the national crime rate of 167.7%.
Among states in India, Kerala reported the highest crime rate at 312.5%.
About 34% (one out of three) IPC crimes in India's very large cities happened in only three of those cities: Delhi (16.2%), Mumbai (9.5%), and Bangalore (8.1%).
Of the 35 very large cities in India, Indore reported the highest overall crime rate (769.1%).
The second- and third-highest crime rates were from Bhopal (719.5%) and Jaipur (597.1%).
Some cities had higher rates of violent crime than the whole country of India.
India's national violent crime rate was 18.4%.
Jammu and Kashmir's violent crime rate was 33.7%; Manipur's was 33.0%; Assam's was 30.4%; and both Daman and Diu's and Pondicherry's were 29.4%
Uttar Pradesh reported the highest rate of violent crimes.
Violent crimes in Uttar Pradesh made up 12.1% of the total violent crimes in all of India (24,851 out of 2,05,656).
Violent crimes in Bihar made up 11.8% of violent crimes in India. (
24,271 out of 2,05,6556).
Among India's 35 very big cities, rapes in Delhi made up 31.2% of total rape cases in the 35 cities (533 out of 1,706).
Madhya Pradesh has reported the highest number of rape cases (2,900), making up 15.0% of the rape cases reported in all of India.
Uttar Pradesh reported 16.9% (5,480 out of 32,481) of India's murder cases, and 18.4% (4,997 out of 27,230) of the country's attempted murder cases.
A birthmark is a mark on skin that some people are born with.
Names given to types of birthmarks are: stork bites, Mongolian blue spots, strawberry marks, café au lait spots, nevus|congenital melanocytic nevi, and port-wine stains.
A birthmark was once thought of as the mark of the devil, and today it is often considered a birth defect.
In some cases this mark is considered to be the mark of God applied to his chosen few.
Pskov (, ancient Russian spelling Пльсковъ (Pleskov)) is an old city in the northwest of Russia.
It is about  east of the Estonian border, on the Velikaya River.
There was Pskov feudal republic depended of Novgorod.
Gera, Germany
Kuopio, Finland
Neuss, Germany
Nijmegen, Netherlands
Paderborn, Germany
Roanoke, United States
Official website of the City of Pskov Administration
Perth () is a city and the main part of the Perth and Kinross council area in Scotland, with around 43,450 people living there.
The town was a large burgh before 1975.
Perth is named by some people as The Fair City, though the city status in the United Kingdom said that Perth was no longer a city, until 2012 when, along with Chelmsford (in Essex, England) and St. Asaph (in north Wales), it was given city status to mark Queen Elizabeth II's 60 years on the throne.
Perth City
Perth History
Perthshire Tourist Board
Cities in Scotland
Nevermore is an American metal band from Seattle, Washington.
Their style of metal is a mixture of many different types like Thrash metal, Groove Metal and Death Metal.
They formed in 1991.
The members right now are: Warrel Dane (vocals), Jeff Loomis (guitar), Jim Sheppard (bass), Van Williams (drums).
Nevermore (1995)
In Memory (1996)
The Politics of Ecstasy (1996)
Dreaming Neon Black (1999)
Dead Heart in a Dead World (2000)
Enemies of Reality (2003)
This Godless Endeavor (2005)
Utopia (demo, 1992)
Demo 1994 (demo, 1994)
Believe In Nothing (single) (single, 2000)
Machine Head is a metal band from Oakland in California.
They play a mixture between Thrash metal and Groove metal.
The band members right now are: Robb Flynn (guitars, vocals), Jared MacEachern (bass), Wacław Kiełtyka (lead guitar) and Matt Alston (drums).
Robb Flynn – lead vocals, guitars (1991–present)
Jared MacEachern – bass, backing vocals (2013–present)
Wacław "Vogg" Kiełtyka – lead guitar, backing vocals (2019–present)
Matt Alston – drums, percussion (2019–present)
Logan Mader – lead guitar (1991–1998; touring member 2019–2021)
Adam Duce – bass, backing vocals (1991–2013)
Tony Costanza – drums (1991–1992; died 2020)
Chris Kontos – drums, percussion (1992–1995; touring member 2019–2021)
Dave McClain – drums, percussion (1996–2018)
Ahrue Luster – lead guitar (1998–2002)
Phil Demmel – lead guitar, backing vocals (2003–2018)
Burn My Eyes (1994)
The More Things Change... (1997)
The Burning Red (1999)
Supercharger (2001)
Through the Ashes of Empires (2003)
The Blackening (2007)
Unto the Locust (2011)
Bloodstone & Diamonds (2014)
Catharsis (2018)
The original was called Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, and it was founded in 1911.
That became part of the Max Planck Society and took the name of the first director, Fritz Haber, in 1953.
Some of the most important members in the Institutes past are: Herbert Freundlich, Paul Friedlander, Rudolf Ladenburg, Michael Polanyi, Ladislaus Farkas, Hartmut Kallmann, Robert Havemann, Karl Friedrich Bonhoeffer, Rudolf Brill, Kurt Moliere, Jochen Block,  Heinz Gerischer, Rolf Hosemann, Kurt Überreiter, and Alex Bradshaw.
Nobel Prize winners involved with the Institute include Max von Laue (1914),  Fritz Haber (1918), James Franck (1925), Otto Hahn (1944), Eugene Wigner (1963), Ernst Ruska (1986), Gerhard Ertl (2007).
The Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG website
Research organizations in Europe
A Microformat is an attempt to re-use existing content in HTML and XML documents.
Such content may be information on how to contact someone, or it may be geographical coordinates, for example.
This information can then be processed by software more easily.
Technically, this kind of information is already there.
A microformat aims at making this information accessible more easily.
That way, tags might be added to flag the information.
<div>Joe Doe</div>
<div>The Example Company</div>
<div>604-555-1234</div>
<a href="http://example.com/">http://example.com/</a>
<div class="vcard">
<div class="fn">Joe Doe</div>
<div class="org">The Example Company</div>
<div class="tel">604-555-1234</div>
<a class="url" href="http://example.com/">http://example.com/</a>
Here, the formatted name (fn), organisation (org), telephone number (tel) and web address (url) have been identified using specific class names and the whole thing is wrapped in class="vcard",  which indicates that the other classes form an hCard (short for "HTML vCard") and are not merely coincidentally named.
It is now possible for software, such as browser plug-ins, to extract the information, and transfer it to other applications, such as an address book.
vCard is a standard document format for electronic business cards.
Very often, vCards are attached to E-Mail messages, but they can also be exchanged in other ways.
There are also extensions to it, known as vCalendar or iCalendar.
hCard is a broader format to do the same thing.
The British War Medal was a medal given to people who had fought in the First World War.
The medal was originally meant to be for people who had fought in the war between 5th August 1914 and 11th November 1918, but this was later changed to the years between 1914 and 1920.
This was because a lot of people still lost their lives in the armed forces even after the war had ended, because they were clearing landmines or mines at sea.
The British War Medal (often shortened to BWM) was awarded to both officers and men of the Royal Marines, Royal Navy, the Army and also the Dominion and Colonial Forces.
The Dominion and Colonial Forces were the armed forces for the rest of the British Empire.
To qualify for (be allowed to have) the medal, a member of the fighting forces had to have left his native country in any part of the British Empire whilst on military duty.
There were over six and a half million British War Medals given out.
Most of them are made of silver, but some rarer ones are made of bronze instead.
They are all circular, and have different designs on each side.
Each side of a medal is called a face.
The face that usually has a picture of the side view of a person's head on it is called the obverse, and the other side of the medal is called the reverse.
The picture of the person's head is more commonly known as a bust, which is a type of statue that only shows the head, neck and tops of the shoulders of the person it is meant to be.
The obverse side of the medal shows a bust of King George V (V is a Roman numeral.
Here it means 'the fifth').
The picture shows him facing left.
There is also lettering around the picture of the King, which reads 'GEORGIVS V BRITT : OMN : REX ET IND : IMP :'.
The 'V' in 'GEORGIVS' is actually read as a 'U'.
The whole message is abbreviated, or shortened, and is supposed to read 'Georgius V Britanniarum Omnium; Rex Et Indiae; Imperator'.
The message is written in Latin, but in English it says 'George 5th of all the Britons (British people); King of India; Emperor'.
The reverse side of the medal shows a man riding on a rearing horse.
The man shown is Saint George, the patron saint of England.
He is shown naked, and is holding a short sword.
This was supposed to symbolise the mental and physical strength that was needed to win the First World War.
The horse is trampling a shield that showns the emblem of Prussia and the Central Powers, which were the enemies the British and other Allies were fighting during World War One (the First World War).
The horse is also trampling on a skull and cross-bones, and the rising sun, known as the Victory Sun can be seen by St. George's head.
The dates '1914' and '1918' are on the left and right sides of his head.
The name of the soldier whose medal it was had his name, regiment and armed forces identification number put around the rim (edge) of the medal.
The medal also came with a ribbon made of silk.
It had a thick line of golden-yellow down the middle of it, with stripes on either side of it that were white, then black, then Royal blue on the outside edges of the ribbon.
List of war medals and description
Meanings of what the Latin words on the medals are
Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom
Michel Fourniret (4 April 1942 in Sedan – 10 May 2021 in Paris) was a French criminal.
He was convicted of voyeurism and other crimes in 1986.
He abducted and raped 14 year old Daphne Le Gennan.
He was convicted to serve 7 years in prison.
He was released on bail shortly after the process, because he had already served most of this time in custody.
Shortly thereafter, he committed his first murder.
He murdered the 17 year old Isabelle Laville.
He then moved to Belgium and led a normal life.
He was responsible for a canteen at a school in Gedine.
On July 26, 2003, he tried to abduct a 13 year old girl named Marie-Ascension.
The girl escaped by leaping out of his car.
Fourniret was arrested in Belgium in the same year.
Belgian police had grown suspicious earlier though; in April 2001, a woman said she had been chased and harassed in southern Belgium.
She gave a description that matched Fourniret, and also cited the license plate of his car.
Only 3 weeks later, a thirteen-year old girl named Mananya Thumpong vanished in Sedan.
Since then, Fourniret has confessed he killed her.
On July 1, 2004, Fourniret's wife, Monique Olivier, confessed.
According to her account, Michel Fourniret had killed ten people.
She said she had helped him with the abductions.
She had also watched him rape his victims.
The day after her confession, Michel said he had indeed killed eight people.
Later he confessed to killing his ninth victim.
Today, people believe he might have killed many more.
He is currently detained in Belgium.
His trial began on March 27, 2008.
He is sometimes referred to as the "Ogre of the Ardennes".
His wife Monique denounced him following the conviction of Michelle Martin, wife of convicted child murderer Marc Dutroux, for helping him with the crimes.
Fourniret has been charged with the abduction of minors and sexual misconduct, and has been in detention since June 2003 for the attempted kidnapping of a 14-year-old girl in 2000.
Monique has been charged with one murder and for helping him with six others.
Confessed murders
Isabelle Laville -  a 17-year-old French girl.
She disappeared in Auxerre, on December 11, 1987 on her way home from school.
Her skeletal remains were located at the bottom of a well in the country north of Auxerre in July of 2006.
Fabienne Leroy - a 20-year-old woman.
She disappeared in 1988 in Mourmelon, and her body was later found in the nearby woods.
Jeanne-Marie Desramault -  a 22-year-old French student.
She disappeared in 1989 from the railway station of Charleville-Méziere, and her body was recovered from the estate of Fourniret with his assistance.
Elisabeth Brichet - a 12-year-old Belgian girl.
She disappeared from Namur in 1989 after playing with a friend.
Her disappearance was long thought to be at the hands of Marc Dutroux, until Fourniret led police to her burial site on his estate in France.
Natacha Danais - a 13-year-old French girl, disappeared in 1990.
Farida Hellegouarch - the girlfriend of one of the members of the Gang des postiches (a gang of bank robbers), a former cellmate of Fourniret's.
Fourniret killed her in 1990 to access the group's funds.
He bought his castle in France with the money.
Céline Saison - 18-year-old who disappeared in 2000 in Sedan, her body was found in Belgium.
Manyana Thumpong - 18-year-old who disappeared in 2001 from Charleville-Mézieres.
Her body was also later found in Belgium.
An unidentified man - Fourniret killed this man in a robbery for some quick cash.
Fourniret's wife has also said that he killed a 16-year-old girl who had worked as an au pair at their house.
Fourniret allegedly killed her in 1993, but this has not been confirmed.
The identity of this alleged victim is not known.
Sentencing and death
Fourniret was sentenced to life in prison.
This is the most severe punishment the judges can give.
He could have applied for parole after 30 years.
His wife Olivier was found to be the driving force behind the murders.
She has also been given a life sentence.
She can ask for parole for the first time after 28 years.
Rapists
Serial killers
The amber-coloured salamander (Hynobius stejnegeri) is a kind of salamander in the Hynobiidae family of animals.
It can only be found in Japan.
It likes to live in forests in rivers that are warm.
Because of habitat loss, it is losing its place to live.
Hynobius
The Clouded Salamander (Hynobius nebulosus) is a type of salamander in the Hynobiidae family of animals.
The places they like to live are warm forests, rivers, swamps, freshwater springs, and land that is being watered.
Pontius Pilate ( or ; Latin: Pontius Pīlātus, , Pontios Pīlātos) was the governor of the Roman province of Judaea from AD 26 until 36.
He was the sixth Procurator of Judaea.
In modern times he is best known as the man who presided over the Trial of Jesus and ordered his crucifixion.
Pilate appears in all four canonical Christian Gospels.
Mark, showing Jesus to be innocent of plotting against Rome, portrays Pilate as extremely reluctant to execute Jesus.
The Jewish hierarchy was responsible for his death.
In Matthew, Pilate washes his hands of Jesus and reluctantly sends him to his death.
In Luke, Pilate not only agrees that Jesus did not conspire against Rome but King Herod also finds nothing treasonous in Jesus' actions.
In John, Jesus states: 'my kingdom is not of this world' when held by Pilate. (
John 18:36)
Philo of Alexandria (Leg.
ad Caj.
38) and Flavius Josephus (Antiq.
18:3, 4 and Bell.
II:9, 2-4) also mention him.
Pilate in history; the Tiberieum dedication block
The Administrative and Military Organization of Roman-occupied Palestine
Pontius Pilate Texts and Jona Lendering's discussion of all sources
Fresh translation of texts and analysis of evidence by Mahlon H. Smith
Jewish Encyclopedia: Pilate, Pontius
Catholic Encyclopedia (1911): Pontius Pilate
Encyclopaedia Britannica 1911:  "Pontius pilate"
The Hausen Legend of Pontius Pilate
Brian Murdoch, "The Mors Pilati in the Cornish Resurrexio Domini
Fictional Memoires of Pontius Pilate - at BBC Radio 4 by Douglas Hurd
The Ezo salamander or Hokkaido salamander (Hynobius retardatus) is a kind of salamander in the Hynobiidae family of animals.
The places where it likes to live are forests, shrubland, marshes, and swamps.
The Asiatic salamanders (family Hynobiidae) are a primitive kind of salamander which can be found throughout Asia.
Unlike other salamanders, Hynobiid salamanders do external fertilization, or "spawning".
The females lay egg-sacs, and the males pour sperm onto the sacs.
They and the giant salamanders (family Cryptobranchidae), make up the suborder Cryptobranchoidea.
About half of hynobiids are unique to Japan.
A stockbroker is someone who buys and sells stock on the stock exchange.
They buy and sell stock, as a normal person cannot walk into the stock exchange for example, and ask to buy stock.
They can also advise people the best way to manage their stock.
The Kori salamander (Hynobius yangi) is a kind of salamander found in southeastern South Korea.
It has only been found around the rural areas of South Korea.
Hynobius amjiensis is a kind of salamander in the Hynobiidae family of animals.
It can only be found in China.
It lives in swamps and freshwater marshes.
It is very endangered and it could become extinct because of habitat loss.
is a municipality and city in the province of Gelderland, the Netherlands.
It lies both in the Achterhoek and IJsselvallei regions, about 30 km northeast of Arnhem.
It is on the east bank of the IJssel river, except for a small part.
About 48,000 people were living in Zutphen in 2021.
Its history goes back over 1700 years.
There are a lot of buildings in the city that show its long and rich history as a trading city as part of the Hanseatic League.
Zutphen got city rights around 1200.
It is linked to Deventer and Arnhem by rail.
The Twentekanaal starts at the northern municipal border with Lochem.
The Berkel river flows into the IJssel river in Zutphen city.
The municipality of Warnsveld joined Zutphen in 2005.
Shrewsbury, England
Villa Sandino, Nicaragua
Horstmar, Germany
IJsselvallei
Satu Mare (pronunciation in Romanian: ; is a city with a population of 160,421 people and is the capital of Satu Mare County, Romania.
Nyíregyháza
Wolfenbuttel
Famous people from Satu Mare
Ernest Klein
András Domahidy
Antal Bánhidi
Gábor Darvas
Horváth Zoltán
Aaron Teitelbaum
Moshe Dovid Winternitz
Daniel Prodan
Daniel David
Ioan Mircea Paşcu
Ovidiu Ioan Silaghi
Ernie Grunfeld
Satu Mare Official website
Schwaz is a city in Tyrol, Austria.
Schwaz can be found in the lower Inn valley, and it has a population of about 13,000 people.
Bourg-de-Péage
Mindelheim
Tramin
Web site of the municipality of Schwaz
Settlements in Tyrol (state)
The Philadelphia Phillies are a Major League Baseball team.
They play in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania at Citizens Bank Park in the National League East.
The Phillies were founded in 1883.
Their manager is Ryne Sanberg, and their general manager is Ruben Amaro, Jr. The Phillies were named for the city Philadelphia, which is often called "Philly", and have kept their name and city for over 125 years.
The Phillies' history has included several spans during which they played very poorly.
Several years ago they became the first team to have lost 10,000 games overall.
In 1980, the Phillies won their first World Series.
In 1993, they made it once more to the Series, but they lost to the Toronto Blue Jays.
They did not make the playoffs again until 2007 when they won the National League East division championship.
However, they were swept by the Colorado Rockies in the National League Division Series.
In 2008, the Phillies won their second World Series.
The Phillies' home uniforms are white with red pinstripes and a red hat with a white cursive "P".
The hat is the same for them on the road, but they wear gray pants with one red stripe and a gray shirt.
They also have an alternate uniform that has a blue hat with a red "P" and cream-colored jerseys.
1880s establishments in Pennsylvania
Marc Dutroux (born 6 November 1956 in Ixelles / Elsene) is a Belgian criminal.
He has been convicted because he kidnapped and tortured six girls, between eight and 19 years old.
He murdered four of them, two eight year old girls starved and died while he was in prison.
He was arrested in 1989 for abducting and raping five young girls.
For this he was imprisoned; he was released in 1992.
He was imprisoned again, from December 1995 until March 1996.
He was arrested one more time in August 1996 and has remained imprisoned since then.
The court convicted him in June 2004 and sentenced him to serve life in prison for the three murders (girls of 17 and 18 years old, and of his accomplice who was a 43 years old man).
His wife was convicted and sentenced to serve 30 years, for starving the 8 year olds.
Dutroux has committed many crimes, including theft, robbery and drug dealing.
The media showed him mostly as a pedophile.
The final report compiled by four doctors said he was not a pedophile, rather he was a psychopath, who had lost feelings when he was confronted with violence.
Trento, also anglicized as Trent; (Ladin: Trent; German: Trient, Bavarian: Treant, Cimbrian: Tria, Mócheno: Trea't)  is an Italian city in the Adige River valley in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.
Berlin Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, Germany, since 1966
Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain, since 1987
Kempten, Germany, since 1987
Prague, Czech Republic, since 2002
Ergolding
Herrsching
Neufahrn bei Freising
Official homepage of Trento
Znojmo (; ) is a town in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic, near the border with Lower Austria.
Candelaria is one of the 11 municipalities that make up the Mexican state of Campeche
Ayuntamiento de Candelaria  Official website
1990s establishments in Mexico
Šilalė () is a city in Tauragė County, Lithuania.
It is found 30 km north of Tauragė.
Rosignano Solvay (shortly just Rosignano) is a small town in the Italian comune of Rosignano Marittimo in the province of Tuscany, Livorno.
Rosignano is 22 km from Livorno.
About 20,000 people live there.
The town is famous for the "white beaches" (formed by the Solvay a big industry of chemistry), the beaches are a "mix" of 90% limestone and 10% calcium chloride.
Rosignano has a port for 750 boats.
The first villages in this area were those of the Etruscans  and Romans.
The history of the town begins at the beginning of the 20th century.
An early name for the town was "Paese Novo" (New Country in Italian).
In 1917 the city changed name to Rosignano Solvay, where the name "Solvay" originates from the name of a big chemical factory from Belgium, the Solvay Group, which in 1914 built many buildings for treating and making chemicals, such as: Sodium hydroxide, Sodium bicarbonate and Sodium carbonate.
Chloromethane
Solvay's Theatre
Church of Santa Teresa del Bambino Gesù
Church of Santa Croce
Library of Rosignano Solvay
Solvay's Library
Etruscan Museum of Rosignano Marittimo
Etruscan Museum of Castiglioncello
Museum of Natural Sciences in Rosignano Solvay
Famous people born in Rosignano Solvay
Luigi Viola
Dino Lessi
A website about the build of Solvay
Official website of Rosignano
Website of UNEP
Rolando Filidei (Navacchio, 1914 – Rosignano Solvay, 1980) was an Italian artist.
Filidei went to the school of art to Florence, until 1937 when he finished school.
After school he became a soldier.
After serving as a soldier he returned in Rosignano where he worked with wood, stone and bronze.
Filiedei showed his art in more than 50 festivals and meeting about art in Italy and in many cities in the word.
He worked too as a teacher from 1947 until 1977 in the school of "Ernesto Solvay of Rosignano".
Diplom (from Greek  diploma) is a high level degree awarded for learning.
It is awarded in European countries such as Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Estonia, Croatia, Serbia, Ukraine, Belarus and Greece.
It is a similar award to the Bachelor's and Master's degrees in other countries.
The Diplom was first awarded when the Technische Hochschulen became a university.
The diplom is slowly being replaced by a system that awards Bachelor's and Master's degrees.
Bachelor's degrees, sometimes called Bakkalaureus in Germany, are thought of as a "small Diplom".
Germany / Austria
The Diplom may be awarded by the two types of German university.
At a University of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschule), the diploma degree is called a Diplom (FH) and normally takes four years to study and gain work experience.
At a Universität the degree is called a Diplom or sometimes a Diplom (Univ.)
and takes four or five years.
These years are called "regular study time" (Regelstudienzeit) but study for the universität normally takes longer.
The Diplom is the first university award for many students.
There has been no Bachelor's degree in the German/Austrian educational system.
To win the Diplom certificate, a student must pass the tests for the Hauptstudium (main study time) after the Vordiplom, then one or more Studienarbeit (study research projects), and then write a Diplomarbeit (diploma thesis).
The curriculum of diplom studies at a University of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschule) is focused on using (applying) the science.
The Universität is focused on learning.
A student must have a Diplom before studying for a PhD (Doctorate).
The diplom qualifies a student to study for a doctorate in most other countries.
Note: For the Diplom (FH) a student has to spend two years with a company where he or she does not study before studying for a doctorate.
These years are shown as "additional work" in the table.
Also note: A Diplom student can begin the doctorate without the additional work if their work has been good enough.
Normally a Master's course is taken before a doctorate.
German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)
Traralgon is a regional city in the Latrobe Valley of the Gippsland area of Victoria, Australia.
Latrobe City Website
Yerzin, Salih Yusupovich (circa 1830 - 1911) - prominent Tatar businessman and patron of the arts who financed the construction of the largest mosque in Moscow (built in 1904).
Tatars refer to a number of Turkic-speaking peoples, which include (but are not limited to) the Volga Tatars, Lipka Tatars, Siberian Tatars.
But do not include the Crimean Tatars.
Most Tatars live in Russia (forming the majority in Tatarstan), as well as in countries as Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, China, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan.
Crimean Tatars live in Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey.
Historically, the word "Tatar" might have referred to the Tatar confederation, which eventually became part of the Mongol Empire when Genghis Khan joined the various Eurasian steppe tribes into one empire.
The term "Tatars" was spelled as "Tartars" on occasion.
In the past, this term was used to refer to anyone coming from North and Central Asia dominated by many predominantly Turco-Mongol empires and kingdoms.
Neighbouring non-Turkic peoples called any Turkic-speaking people Tatar.
Nowadays, this term is used to refer to certain Turkic peoples.
Russian historian D. Iskhakov wrote in 2000: “the real history of Tatars, of the people in every respect historical, is not written yet”.
However, a  book by independent Tatar historian Galy Yenikeyev about the unwritten history of the Tatars
The Gupta Empire was ruled by members of the Gupta dynasty from around 320 to 550 AD and covered most of North-central India.
The time of the Gupta Empire is referred to as Golden Age of India in science, mathematics, astronomy, religion and philosophy.
The Gupta rulers were great conquerors and good administrators.
This brought on a series of invasions which weakened the empire, but many of their cultural and intellectual achievements were saved and transmitted to other cultures and live on today.
Fa Hien visited India during the reign of Chandragupta II and stayed in this country for several years.
People led a simple life.
Commodities were affordable and all round prosperity ensured that their requirements were met easily.
They preferred vegetarianism and shunned alcoholic beverages.
Gold and silver coins were issued in great numbers which is a general indicative of the health of the economy.
Trade and commerce flourished both within the country and outside.
Silk, cotton, spices, medicine, priceless gemstones, pearl, precious metal and steel were exported by sea.
Ramagupta
Kumaragupta I
Narasimhagupta
Buddhagupta
Purugupta
Karls, Farah.
World History The Human Experience.
Frontline Article on Gupta Period Art
The Guptas were the first to introduce a coinage across their empire.
This showed both their wealth-as some coins were trying to unify the empire by using the same coins over the empire.