the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
People are also not allowed to eat animals that were slaughtered in the name of someone other than Allah.
Intoxicants (like alcoholic drinks and drugs) are not allowed generally.
While Islamic law prohibits already-dead meat, this does not apply to fish and locusts.
Also, hadith literature prohibits beasts having sharp canine teeth, birds having claws and talons in their feet, tamed donkeys, and any piece cut from a living animal.
The animal must be killed in the most humane way: by swiftly cutting the throat.
The animal must not be diseased.
The animal must not have been exposed to feces, worms, and other impurities.
All blood must drain from the animal before being packaged.
A Muslim woman can only marry a Muslim man and a Muslim man can only marry a Muslim or Ahl al-Kitāb.
He/She cannot marry an atheist, agnostic or polytheist.
A Muslim minor girl's father or guardian needs her consent when arranging a marriage for her.
And should only marry when she is of legal age.
A marriage is a contract that requires the man to pay, or promise to pay some of the wedding and provisions the wife needs.
This is known as the Mahr or Meher.
A Muslim man may be married to up to four women at a time, although the Qur'an has emphasised that this is a permission, and not a rule.
The Qur'an has stated that to marry one is best if you fear you cannot do justice between your wives and respective families.
This means that he must be able to house each wife and her children in a different house, he should not give preferential treatment to one wife over another.
A female heir inherits half of what a male heir inherits.
The concept being that Islam puts the responsibility of earning and spending on the family on the male.
Any wealth the female earns is strictly for her own use.
The female also inherits from both her immediate family and through agency of her husband, her in-laws as well.
Offenses mentioned in the Quran (hudud) that are viewed as violating "claims of God" and have fixed punishments.
Offenses against persons (murder and wounding) which call for a punishment similar to the crime (qisas) or payment of compensation (diya)
Other forbidden behaviour where a Muslim judge uses his discretion in sentencing (ta'zir and siyasa)
Although there is some disagreement about which crimes are hudud crimes, they usually include theft, highway robbery, zina (sex with forbidden partners), falsely accusing someone of zina, and drinking alcohol.
The prescribed punishments for these crimes range from 80 lashes to death.
However, classical jurists developed very strict rules which restrict when these punishments could be applied, so that in many cases it became almost impossible to convict anyone under these rules.
For example, there must be four adult male Muslim witnesses to a hudud crime or a confession repeated four times, before someone can be punished.
If a criminal could not be convicted of a hudud crime, they could still receive a tazir punishment.
Qisas;
In the historical practice, qisas appears in two ways.
One of them is the punishment of the perpetrator with a “counter-action”, exactly the same as the crime committed, in crimes against the person's bodily integrity; A life for a life, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth... etc.
Another application is related to the social status of the perpetrator and the victim.
In the tribal understanding, when a person kills a woman, a slave or an honorable person from another tribe, a person "of similar status from the tribe to which the murderer belongs" will be killed in return.
As a general custom, killing the master's to slave, father's to child, husband's to wife was not punished with retaliation, and retaliation was not applied to the man who killed the woman as a rule.
The condition of "social equality" in qisas means that; "if a socially inferior person kills someone from the upper class, qisas will be applied", whereas "if someone from the upper class kills someone from the lower class, it cannot be applied".
On this pre-islamic understandings the discussion whether a Muslim could be executed for a non-Muslim was added in Islamic period.
In these cases, compensation (Diya) can be paid to the family of the murdered person.
The main verse for implementation in Islam is Al Baqara; 178 verse;
: '''Believers!
Retaliation is ordained for you regarding the people who were killed.
Free versus free, captive versus captive, woman versus woman.
Whoever is forgiven by the brother of the slain for a price, let him abide by the custom and pay the price well."
While retaliation is certain in crimes of murder, according to the verse(2:178)), the situation is not clear in the crimes of wounding.
For such (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, etc.)
punishments,  the expression "This is how we wrote to them (the Children of Israel) in the book", is used. (
5: 45)
Murder, bodily injury and property damage - intentional or unintentional - is considered a civil dispute under sharia law.
The victim, victim's heir(s) or guardian is given the option to either forgive the offender, demand Qisas (equal retaliation) or accept a compensation (Diyya).
Under sharia law, the Diyya compensation received by the victim or victim's family is in cash.
M Kar (2005), Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures: Family, Law and Politics (Ed: Suad Joseph, Afsāna Naǧmābādī), , pp.
Legal system
Muftis
During the Islamic Golden Age, sharia was interpreted by experts in Islamic law (muftis), most of whom were independent religious scholars.
Anyone could ask them a question about law, and they were expected to give an answer for free.
Their legal opinions were called fatwas.
Qadi's courts
When there was a legal dispute about family or financial matters, it would be handled in a court headed by a qadi (judge).
These judges also had a legal education, and they were appointed to their post by the ruler.
In simple cases, qadis would pronounce a verdict based on their own knowledge of sharia.
In more difficult cases, they would express the details of the case in general terms and ask a mufti for his legal opinion.
Mazalim courts
Criminal cases were usually handled in maẓālim courts.
These courts were controlled by the ruler's council.
Mazalim courts were supposed to follow "the spirit of sharia".
Qadis and muftis were present in those courts to make sure the verdicts did not go against it.
However, these courts did not necessarily follow the letter of the law, and they had fewer legal restrictions than qadi's courts.
Mazalim courts also handled complaints against government officials.
Their purpose of mazalim courts was to "right wrongs" which could not be addressed through procedures of qadi's courts.
Less serious crimes were often handled by local police and market inspectors according to local customs, which were only loosely related to sharia.
Non-Muslims
Non-Muslim communities living under Islamic rule were allowed to follow their own laws.
The government kept out of their internal legal affairs, except when there was a dispute between people of different religions.
Such cases were handled by a qadi.
When that happened, sharia rules gave Muslims some legal advantages over non-Muslims.
However, non-Muslims often won cases against Muslims and even against high government officials, because people thought that sharia was a reflection of divine justice which should defend the weak against the powerful.
Sharia in the modern world
In the modern era, most parts of the Muslim world came under influence or control of European powers.
This led to major changes in the legal systems of these lands.
In some cases, this was because Muslim governments wanted to make their states more powerful and they took European states as models of what a modern state should look like.
In other cases, it was because Europeans who colonized these lands forced them to abandon parts of Islamic law and follow European laws instead.
Early legal reforms
In modern times, criminal laws in the Muslim world were widely replaced by codes which were inspired by European laws.
Court procedures and legal education were also made similar to European practice.
The constitutions of most Muslim-majority states mention sharia in one way or another.
However, the classical rules of sharia were preserved mostly in family laws.
In earlier times, sharia was interpreted by independent scholars who often disagreed with each other, and all their opinions were never written down in one place.
In the modern era, it was the government who controlled the laws.
Different states created their own legal codes, where the laws were clearly stated.
The governments wanted to make family laws fit better in the modern world, but they still wanted people to view them as laws based on sharia.
In order to do this, the scholars who wrote down these laws decided to pick and choose rules from the different legal opinions available in the classical books of law.
When some of the laws they picked disagreed with the current norms of society, the government tried to solve this problem by creating additional court procedures.
For example, when family laws in some states seemed to treat women unfairly to the population, the government created procedures that made it more difficult for men to take advantage of these laws in an unfair manner.
Recent legal reforms
In the last quarter of the 20th century, many Muslims around the world became disappointed in their governments.
These governments had adopted Western ways in their legal systems and other matters, but many people regarded their actions as oppressive, corrupt, and ineffective.
More and more Muslims started to think that things would improve if their government returned to Islamic traditions.
They began calling for return of sharia, and conservative members of the public wanted the government to deal with crime using all the traditional methods, including hudud punishments.
In a few countries, the government put some elements of classical criminal law into the legal code.
However, in some of these countries (for example, Iran and Sudan) the supreme court has rarely approved the harsher hudud punishments, while in the other countries which adopted hudud laws  (for example, Pakistan and Nigeria), the supreme court never approves them.
Saudi Arabia is an exceptional case in the legal history of the Muslim world.
It has always continued to use sharia in different areas of law, and it never codified its laws.
Its judges have always tried to follow traditional sharia rules for dealing with crimes, and they often impose harsh punishments that inspire international protests.
However, these punishments are not necessarily prescribed by sharia.
Judges in Saudi Arabia follow the classical principle which says that hudud punishments should be avoided if at all possible, and the punishments which they apply are usually tazir punishments which are left to their own choice.
Saudi Arabia is often criticized for its public executions, and their frequency has increased in recent decades.
Executions became more frequent because the government and courts decided to crack down on violent crime which became more frequent during the 1970s, as also happened in the U.S. and China.
Laleh Bakhtiar and Kevin Reinhart (1996).
Encyclopedia of Islamic Law: A Compendium of the Major Schools.
Kazi Publications.
Muhammad ibn Idris al- Shafi'i (1993).
Risala: Treatise on the Foundations of Islamic Jurisprudence.
Khaled Abou El Fadl 2003).
Reasoning with God: Rationality and Thought in Islam.
Oneworld.
Cemal Kafadar (1996).
Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State.
Omid Safi (2003).
Progressive Muslims: On Justice, Gender, and Pluralism.
Oneworld Publications.
Mumisa, Michael (2002) Islamic Law: Theory & Interpretation.
Amana Publications.
Daniel W. Brown (1996).
Rethinking traditions in modern Islamic thought''.
Cambridge University Press, UK.
Bernard Weiss (2002), Studies in Islamic Legal Theory, Brill Academic publishers,
Irth, farā'iḍ, or wasāyā
Zakat - Payment of portion of one's wealth for charity
World Database for Islamic Banking and Finance
Al-Mawrid Institute of Islamic Sciences
Shariah Institute
Muslim Arbitration Tribunal
Khalid Chraibi: Reforming Islamic family law within the religious framework - The "best practices" strategy
Khalid Chraibi: The king, the mufti & the Facebook girl - a power play.
Who decides what is licit in Islam? -
CyberOrient
Division of Inheritance According to Qur'an
Full official English version of Sunni Sharia Law online
Wadowice  () is a town in Poland in Lesser Poland Voivodeship in the mountainous range known as Zakopane region,  southeast of Krakow - (former Polish capital).
Pope John Paul II (Karol Wojtyla) was born there on May 18 1920.
He also attended elementary and high school there, graduating with honors in 1938.
History of Wadowice
A piano duet is a piece of music written for two people to play at one piano.
It is often called Piano 4 hands.
To play piano duets the two players sit with one person on the right (playing the high notes) and the other person on the left (playing the low notes).
The person on the right is called “Primo” (“First”) and the person on the left is called “Secondo” (“Second”).
Piano duet music is usually printed with the Secondo part on the left-hand page and the Primo part on the right-hand page.
Occasionally it is printed with the two parts underneath one another.
Playing piano duets is great fun and an excellent way to become a better musician.
Like all group music making, each player has to learn to listen and adapt to what is going on in the other part.
Sometimes one player will have to take away his or her hand quickly so that the other player can play the same note immediately afterwards.
Sometimes the players have to cross their hands (secondo’s right hand crosses with primo’s left hand).
A lot of the time the primo’s part may have both hands written in the treble clef and the secondo’s part may have both hands written in the bass clef.
This can sometimes be confusing at first.
The pedalling is usually done by the secondo player.
This is because pedalling is very much about keeping chords going (“sustaining”), and it is the secondo who usually has the chords which give the harmony because these are in the lower part.
There are lots of piano duets available for people to play.
Some of these are simple ones written for beginner pianists.
Some are written by the great composers.
Some pieces that are really supposed to be played by an orchestra have been arranged for piano duet.
In some cases the composer himself made this arrangement.
Examples from famous composers include Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring which is extremely hard to play, and Maurice Ravel’s suite Ma Mère l’Oie.
Some very famous piano duets which were originally written in this form include several sonatas by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, several pieces by Franz Schubert including a Fantasia in f minor, Gabriel Fauré’s Dolly Suite, Debussy’s Petite Suite and Georges Bizet’s Jeux d’Enfants (which he also arranged for orchestra).
Some works are written for two people to play together using two pianos.
These are usually called piano duos.
Examples include Mozart’s Sonata in D major K448.
The Sonata op 34 by Johannes Brahms started as a string quintet but he changed it to a piano concerto, then a piano duo, and eventually a piano quintet.
The Suite op 17 by Rachmaninoff is another.
Most piano duos are very hard to play and need very good pianists.
Piano concertos can be played on two pianos, with one player playing the solo part and the other playing the orchestra’s music.
Piano Six Hands
There is also a small repertoire of pieces for three people to play at one piano.
This is called Piano six hands.
These pieces are often fun pieces which are not too hard to play, although there are examples of serious pieces.
The three people need to be good friends, because it is a bit of a squash.
The player at the bottom ought to do the pedalling but it may be easier for the middle player to do it.
Music described as piano six hands is for three pianists at one piano, as distinct from piano duet which is music for two pianists at one piano, and from piano trio which is music for piano, violin and cello.
Not much music has been written for this combination, although there are several arrangements of music originally written for other forces.
Compositions include 5 pieces by Percy Grainger, Sergei Rachmaninoff's Romance and Valse, Alfred Schnittke's Hommage, Carl Czerny's op.17 and 741, Jean Cras's "Âmes d’enfants", Paul Robinson (composer)'s "Pensees" and "Monmartre", various pieces by German composer Armin Fuchs, Bulgarian composer Tomislav Baynov's "Metrorhythmia 1", John Pitts's "Are You Going?",
Greek composer Dionysis Boukouvalas's "Fantasy on a theme by Steve Reich", Canadian composer Paul Frehner's "Slowdown" and Italian composer Fabio Mengozzi's "Promenade".
A pedal is something that is made to work by someone's foot.
The word "pedal" comes from the Latin word for "foot".
Many things can be made to work by pedals.
a car (automobile) which has a brake pedal, an accelerator pedal and sometimes a clutch;
a musical instrument such as piano, harp or organ (see pedal (music));
a spinning wheel
a sewing machine (in the days before electricity)
Rice wine is a word some people use to talk about alcoholic drinks.
However, it is not a true wine, despite the name.
True wine is made by fermenting grapes, and perhaps other fruit.
In rice wine, the starch in the rice is first changed into sugar.
This sugar is then fermented.
This process is more like the fermentation as it is done in beer.
The rice wines made in this manner have more alcohol in them than normal wines (18–25% alcohol compared to 10–14% for normal wines).
Beers on the other hand usually have 4–8% alcohol in them.
Many people use the term rice wine to refer to sake (which is just one variant of many different kinds of rice wines).
Alcopops are alcoholic drinks.
They are also known as Ready-to-drink (RTD), Flavored Alcoholic Beverage (FAB) or Flavored Malt Beverage (FMB).
They are usually available in bottles or cans.
They contain about the same amount of alcohol as a beer.
Usually, they are very sweet, so that the alcohol can not be tasted.
There are two different kinds of this drinks.
In Europe, they are usually spirits mixed with lemonade, like vodka with lemon juice (and a lot of sugar, so the alcohol cannot be tasted),  or rum with fruit juice (also very sweet).
In the US, they tend to be beers, which taste very sweet.
Because they are very sweet, alcopops tend to be more popular among young people.
Since the fact that they contain alcohol is usually not obvious from the taste, these drinks are considered to be dangerous for young people by many countries.
These have either raised the taxes on the drinks, or they have outlawed the sale of these drinks to people under a certain age (usually 18, sometimes 21 years).
The piano has at least two pedals; large concert grand pianos always have three.
The pedal on the right (operated by the player's right foot) sustains the sound of the notes for as long as the pedal is depressed.
It does this by lifting the dampers from the strings.
Some of the other strings even start to vibrate as well ("in sympathy").
The pedal on the left makes the sound quieter.
It is called the "una corda" pedal (Italian for "one string").
This is because, in the early days of the piano, the una corda pedal made all the hammers move over so that a hammer would only hit one string for each note instead of three (most notes on a piano each have three strings to make a bigger sound).
On modern pianos the hammers actually hit two strings instead of just one.
They also tend to hit the string at a point where the hammer is softer, away from the grooves which get worn in the hammerhead.
On an upright piano the una corda pedal moves the hammers closer to the strings so that they do not hit them so hard.
On pipe organs there is a pedalboard with pedals which play notes in the same way that the fingers are playing notes.
An organ pedalboard usually has two and a half octaves of notes.
These are low notes written in the bass clef.
An organist has to learn to play with the feet at the same time as with the hands.
He uses the toes or the heels of his shoes.
It is even possible to play four notes at once (four part chords) but this is very difficult and usually found in some modern French music.
There are seven pedals on a concert harp.
Each pedal can be in a high, middle or low position.
The strings of the harp can be thought of like the white notes of a piano, tuned to naturals (C,D,E etc.).
Each pedal can change one of the letter-named notes one semitone higher or lower.
For example: the pedal on the left changes all the Ds to D flat (if the pedal is in the highest position) or D sharp (in the lowest position).
From left to right the pedals operate the Ds, Cs, Bs, Es, Fs, Gs and As.
Pedal timpani are timpani with a pedal which will tighten or loosen the drumhead.
This will make the note go up or down in pitch.
It is a fairly new invention.
Composers in the Classical music period never had pedal timpani.
Their timpani always had to be tuned by hand using the taps around the side.
Composers like Béla Bartók wrote for pedal timpani.
Modern harpsichords often have pedals which change the sound in the same way that stops on an organ change the sound.
In earlier harpsichords the sound was more often changed by pushing in or pulling out hand stops.
Alcoholism is addiction to alcohol.
People who have alcoholism are called alcoholics.
Alcoholism is a disease.
It often gets worse over time, and can kill a person.
However, alcoholism can be treated.
Alcohol is the most commonly used drug in the world.
Around the world, there are at least 208 million people with alcoholism.
Alcoholism is a condition with a social stigma.
Because of this, alcoholics often feel ashamed of their drinking.
They may try to hide their drinking, avoid getting help, or refuse to believe that they are alcoholics, because they are too ashamed.
Being an alcoholic does not mean that a person just drinks a lot of alcohol.
It means that they cannot control how much alcohol they drink.
No matter how badly they want to, once they take one drink, they cannot stop drinking.
They feel like they have to drink alcohol.
They cannot control when they start.
drinking; when they stop drinking; or how much they drink.
They get alcohol withdrawal symptoms when they stop drinking.
They have to drink more and more alcohol to feel drunk (this is called tolerance).
They spend less time doing things they used to enjoy, because they are spending so much time drinking.
They spend a lot of time getting alcohol, drinking alcohol, or feeling sick from drinking too much.
They keep drinking even though they know it is causing serious problems in their life.
Drinking or being sick from drinking interfered with work, family responsibilities, school, or social engagements.
They  continue to drink despite changes to mood, such as depression or anxiety or drinking too much much began to affect other aspects of their mental or physical health.
Alternately, the person suffered more than one memory blackout.
They drank even though doing so increased the chances of getting hurt, such as drinking before driving.
There is no medical test, like a blood test, that can say whether a person is an alcoholic.
There are some questionnaires (lists of questions) that can help tell whether a person may be an alcoholic.
These questionnaires include the CAGE questionnaire (for adults) and the CRAFFT Screening Test (for teenagers).
Alcoholism causes many problems
Problems in the body
Alcoholism can cause many health problems.
For example, it can cause:
Liver disease (like cirrhosis) and liver failure
Many types of cancer, including mouth, throat, esophageal, breast, and liver cancers
Heart problems, including a weak heart muscle; abnormal heartbeat; high blood pressure; and stroke
Problems with the pancreas
A weak immune system, which makes it harder for the body to fight off diseases
Depression and anxiety
Deaths from drunk driving accidents or other injuries
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
If a person drinks too much at one time, they can get alcohol poisoning.
This can cause breathing problems, coma, and even death.
In 2012, alcohol use caused 3.3 million deaths around the world.
This means that in 2012, about 3 out of every 50 deaths in the world were caused by alcohol use.
Alcoholism can also cause many problems in alcoholics' lives.
Not doing well at school or work
Having family problems
Not having enough money, because the alcoholic is spending so much money on alcohol
Being unemployed
Abusing or neglecting their children
Abusing their wives or husbands
Living in poverty or being homeless
Unplanned pregnancy
Financial instability
The most serious form of alcohol withdrawal is delirium tremens (often called "DTs").
Delirium tremens is a medical emergency.
Many people who get the DTs die from them.
This does not mean that alcoholics should not stop drinking.
It means that alcoholics should talk to a doctor or go to a hospital before they stop drinking.
Doctors can give medications to make sure that a person is safe while they stop drinking.
In 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that there were 208 million people with alcoholism around the world. (
This is 4.1% of the world's population over age 15.)
In 2001, the WHO estimated that there were about 140 million alcoholics around the world.
This means that in the nine years between 2001 and 2010, about 68 million people became alcoholics.
People in developed countries drink the most alcohol.p.4
Alcoholism is more common in some areas than others.
Here is a list of all the areas in the world.
It is in order from the areas where alcoholism is most common to the areas where it is least common:p.21
The European area
The Western Pacific area (including China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, Australia, New Zealand, and many islands in the Pacific Ocean)
The Southeast Asian area
The Eastern Mediterranean area (including the Middle East and northeast Africa)
There are many reasons why alcoholism is more common in some areas than others.
Some of these reasons include religion, culture, laws, and people's attitudes about drinking.
For example, on average, people in Northern Africa, the Middle East, and islands in the Indian Ocean drink less than people anywhere else in the world.p.4 These are areas where many people are Muslims.
Many Muslims in these areas do not drink any alcohol, because the Koran says not to.p.4 In some of these countries, drinking alcohol is illegal.
However, in other areas, like Western Europe, alcohol is a part of daily life.
It is legal and easy to get.
People very commonly drink alcohol with meals.
Very few people drink no alcohol.
People's attitudes about alcohol are very different than attitudes in mostly Muslim countries.
This is an example of how differences in religion, culture, laws, and attitudes about drinking can affect the amount of alcohol use and alcoholism in different areas.
Men and women
Alcoholism is more common in men than in women.
However, in the past few decades, the number of female alcoholics has increased.
Female alcoholics are most common in the Americas and Europe.
In the United States and Western Europe, five to ten percent of women will become alcoholics at some point in their lives.
In the Southeast Asian and Western Pacific areas, less than 1% of women are alcoholics.
In Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean area, almost no women are alcoholics.p.21
In many countries, young people are using more and more alcohol.
In a 2008 WHO survey, underage drinking had increased in 71% of countries.
Drinking by young adults (ages 18-25) had increased in 80% of countries.p.10
Treatment options
Alcoholism can be treated.
There are many forms of treatment for alcoholism.
Detoxification (detox) is often the first step in treating alcoholism. "
Detoxification" means "getting toxins out of the body."
Alcohol detoxification means that the alcoholic stops drinking, so that alcohol (a toxin) can get out of their body.
The alcoholic also needs to give their body time to recover from not having alcohol any more.
It is not safe for an alcoholic to suddenly stop drinking on their own.
The safest way to stop drinking is to go to a hospital that specializes in alcohol detoxification.
These hospitals are often called "detoxes" or "rehabs."
These places can make sure that an alcoholic has a safe detox.
They can also give medications to make the alcoholic more comfortable, and to prevent symptoms of alcohol withdrawal.
The most common medications that doctors give during alcohol detox are benzodiazepines.p.35
Once a person stops drinking alcohol, they are called sober.
Most people need other treatments to help them stay sober.
Detox can be an intense process, and some people experience very strong emotions during it.
This is complicated by the fact that, in the past, they may have used drugs or alcohol to help them handle strong emotions.
In detox, the therapist helps them manage their emotions.
Psychotherapy and group therapy can help alcoholics stay sober.
For example, they can help alcoholics learn how to:
Deal with stress without using alcohol
Figure out what makes them want to drink, and learn how to deal with those things without drinking
Plan what they will do if they are around people who are drinking
Come up with reasons for why they want to stay sober, and use those things as motivation to stay sober (this is called Motivational Interviewing)
Change their thoughts about drinking and how they react to those thoughts (this is called Cognitive-behavioral therapy)
Some medications can help alcoholics stay sober.
These medications include:pp.130-144
Antabuse: This medication makes a person very sick if they drink any alcohol.
It can make an alcoholic not want to drink any more, because they do not want to get sick.
Naltrexone: This medication causes changes in the brain.
These changes make alcoholics not want to drink alcohol as much as they normally do.
Also, if an alcoholic does drink alcohol, the naltrexone will block the alcohol from making them feel good, and they are more likely to stop drinking.
Acamprosate: Acamprosate, which goes by the brand name Campral, is the newest of the drugs to be approved for treating alcohol dependence.
Like naltrexone, acamprosate works by altering brain’s response to alcohol so that person less likely to experience cravings.
Acamprosate may also alleviate some of the long-term physical effects of withdrawing from alcohol, like edginess, sleep disturbances and depression.
Benzodiazepines: Benzodiazepines are anti-anxiety medications commonly used as sedatives.
They can be prescribed and used during alcohol detox to relieve symptoms of withdrawal.
They reduce hallucinations, seizures, and delirium tremens.
This is because the medication affects the same part of the brain as alcohol, allowing the body to continue its purge, while still feeling some of the effects it has grown to need.
Common benzodiazepines include Xanax, Librium, Valium, and Ativan.
Many alcoholics do not have enough vitamins in their body.
This can cause serious problems.
For example, if an alcoholic does not have enough thiamine, they can get brain damage.
Often, alcoholics are treated with thiamine to prevent brain damage.
They may also be given other vitamins if needed.p.144
Groups for alcoholics
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is the biggest support and mutual aid group for alcoholics in the world.
This means that in AA groups, alcoholics come together to support each other and help each other recover.
AA uses a twelve-step program.
This program is meant to help alcoholics fix the problems their alcoholism has caused.
SMART Recovery
Secular Organizations for Sobriety (SOS)
Women for Sobriety
Celebrate Recovery (based on Christianity and the Bible)
CIWA scale (used to measure how bad alcohol withdrawal is)
CAGE questionnaire (used to test adults for alcoholism)
CRAFFT Screening Test (used to test teenagers for alcohol and drug problems)
Fact sheets about alcohol (from the United States Centers for Disease Control)
Information about alcohol for kids (from KidsHealth.org)
Information about alcohol for teenagers (from GirlsHealth.gov)
Alcoholism & Drug Addiction Statistics in the United States
Help for alcoholism
National Substance Abuse Hotline - find help for alcoholism, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week (run by SAMHSA.gov)
Treatment for Alcohol Problems: Finding and Getting Help (by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism)
Resources of Alcoholism Treatment
Al-Anon (support group for people who have an alcoholic family member)
Alateen (support group for teenagers who have an alcoholic family member)
A sprain is a type of injury in which a person hurts the part really bad, but it is not broken.
It has common side affects of a broken bone, but it is less serious.
localized pain
swelling
loss of function
Joints involved
the ankle.
It is the most common.
the knee.
Perhaps one of the more talked about sprains is that to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee.
This is a disabling sprain common to athletes, especially basketball, soccer, and judo players.
the fingers.
the wrist.
The wrist is also a popular sprain area.
Sprains can best be prevented by proper use of safety equipment (wrist, ankle guards), warm-ups and cool-downs (including stretching), being aware of your surroundings and maintaining strength and flexibility.
Physical conditioning is the best way to avoid or lessen the degree of sprains.
More information and treatment at nhsdirect.nhs.uk
The Second Sino-Japanese War (July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan, besides Northern part of Burma.
It is a part of World War II that started years before the other parts.
The war ended when Japan surrendered unconditionally after two nuclear bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the United States.
Invasion of China
The Second Sino-Japanese War began when Japan invaded China in 1931.
Japan used the Mukden Incident as an excuse to invade China.
The invasion grew into a full-scale war after the Marco-Polo Bridge Incident.
Japanese officers said that a Japanese soldier got lost and they were allowed to find him in Beiping.
Japan needed more and more raw materials to create its heavy industry
Japan no longer had enough raw materials in its Empire, and needed to get more by taking over more of Asia
The Japanese military, and Japanese nationalism, were becoming stronger and more popular
While the Imperial Japanese Army was trying to take over China, the KMT (the Nationalist Government under Chiang Kai-Shek) and the CCP (Chinese Communist Party under Mao Zedong) cooperated a little to try to fight off Japan together.
This was called the "Chinese United Front".
However, for the most part, they continued to fight each other as well.
Japanese occupation of China
In 1931, the Imperial Japanese Army began to occupy China, starting in the northeast (Manchuria), where they created a puppet state called Manchukuo.
In 1937, they occupied Beiping (now called Beijing), and then Nanjing.
For six weeks in Nanjing, the army committed the Nanjing Massacre.
During this massacre, Japanese soldiers killed between 40,000 and 300,000 Chinese people, and raped at least 20,000 women and girls.
After six weeks, the Japanese Army left Nanjing.
It finally occupied the industrial cities in southern China.
Chiang moved his capital city from Nanjing to Chongqing, and began a tactic of "using space to trade for time."
He was able to spread Japanese soldiers out too thin.
This means they were covering too much space with too few soldiers.
This made them harder to fight, and made it easier for partisans to fight back in occupied China.
Many soldiers died on both sides at this time.
However, in 1940, the Japanese Army stopped being able to move farther into China and take more land.
1940 also marked the point where China began to be able to fight back, instead of Japan continuing to take over the country.
After Japan bombed Pearl Harbor in the United States on December 7, 1941, the Second Sino-Japanese War became part of World War II.
It became a part of the area of fighting called the China-Burma-India theatre.
The entrance of the United States into the war in Asia meant that the Chinese military forces started receiving lend-lease supplies from the British and Americans over the Burma Road.
This helped the Chinese fight back and get much-needed modern weapons.
The Second Sino-Japanese War had damaged Japan.
It had not been able to win the war against China quickly.
Instead, Japan's military had already been fighting China for four years.
This made it much more difficult for Japan to keep fighting (now in the Pacific against the Allied forces).
This may have been one reason why Japan eventually lost the war.
In China, the war had some important effects.
It made more people support the Chinese Communist Party.
It also made Chiang's Republic fall apart more quickly, in 1949.
WW2DB: Second Sino-Japanese War
Wars involving Japan
A ligament is a short band of tough fibrous connective tissue made of long, stringy collagen fibres.
Ligaments join bones to other bones to form a joint.
They do not connect muscles to bones; that is the function of tendons.
Some ligaments limit the amount of movement in a joint, or stop certain movements altogether.
Ligaments are only slightly elastic; when under tension, they gradually lengthen.
This is one reason why dislocated joints must be set as quickly as possible: if the ligaments lengthen too much, then the joint will be weakened.
Athletes, gymnasts, dancers, and martial artists perform stretching exercises to lengthen their ligaments, making their joints more supple.
The result of a broken ligament can be instability of the joint.
Not all broken ligaments need surgery, but if surgery is needed to stabilise the joint, the broken ligament can be joined.
A county (Polish: powiat, pronounced "povyat"; plural, powiaty) is the Polish  second-level unit of  administration, equivalent to a county, district or prefecture in other countries.
A county is part of a larger unit called a "voivodship" (in Polish, województwo.
One would call it in English "province").
If a county seat has a double-barreled name, as with "Maków Mazowiecki," the county may become either "Maków County" or "Maków-Mazowiecki County."
Due, in all but the first case, to the existence, respectively, of two "double-barreled" county seats with the identical noun name, the corresponding adjectives "bielski," "grodziski," "ostrowski" and "tomaszowski" each denote two distinct counties.
History and functioning
Some Polish urban communes constitute administrative entities called the "urban county" (powiat grodzki), similar in local administration and self-governance to "land counties."
An average county (the largest being the powiat of Białystok) comprises 5 – 8 communes.
The largest urban county, in terms of population and area, is the city of Warsaw.
The history of Polish counties goes back to the second half of the 14th century.
They remained the basic units of territorial organization in Poland, then in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, until the latter's total dismemberment by its neighbors in 1795.
In the 19th century, the county continued to function in the part of Poland that had been incorporated into the Russian Empire ("Congress Poland"), and as the Polish equivalent of the German "Kreis" in the German-governed Grand Duchy of Poznań.
After Poland regained independence in 1918, the county again became the basic territorial unit throughout Poland.
Powiats (counties) were abolished in 1975 in favor of a larger number of voivodships, but were reintroduced in 1999.
There are now 314 "land counties" (powiat ziemski) and 65 "urban counties" (powiat grodzki), more formally "municipalities with county status" (miasto na prawach powiatu).
FC Köln is a football club that is from Cologne, Germany.
The 1.
FC KOLN was created in 1948.
It was a connection of two football clubs in Cologne (Kölner BC 01 und SpVgg Sülz 07).
In the present day, 1.FC Köln plays in the Bundesliga, the first teir of German football.
The club's main rival is Borussia Mönchengladbach, though their Ultrá group WH96 does have friendly connections to The Unity of Borussia Dortmund.
Bundesliga : 2
1963/64, 1977/78
Head coaches since 1963
Popular ex-players
Bernd Cullmann
Morten Olsen
Anton Polster from 1993 – 1998
Harald "Toni" Schumacher from 1972 – 1987
Bernd Schuster from 1978 – 1980 (Coach 1998 – 1999)
Lukas Podolski from 1995 - 2006 and from 2009 to 2012
1948 establishments in Germany
Carolina Gynning (born 6 October 1978) is a Swedish celebrity and model.
She also is the winner of the 2004 season of reality television program Big Brother.
Gynning has also written the book, Ego Girl.
It is a biography of her early life.
In 2008 it was reported that Gynning would write a continuation to Ego Girl called Ego Woman.
Gynning in Swedish newspaper
Swedish entertainers
Swedish models
Carrie Marie Underwood (born March 10, 1983) is a US country singer-songwriter and actress.
She won the fourth season of American Idol.
Her first album, Some Hearts, has sold 7 million copies.
Underwood has won one American Music Award, eight Billboard Music Awards, and two Grammy Awards (including Best New Artist) and more.
Carrie Underwood grew up in Oklahoma, on her family's farm in Checotah.
She started singing at a young age, initially at church and later in school plays and talent shows.
In 2002 she entered Northeastern State University in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, with intentions to pursue a career in broadcast journalism.
She has had fourteen songs reach number one on charts in the United States and Canada, including "Inside Your Heaven", "Jesus, Take the Wheel", and "Before He Cheats".
In 2007, Underwood sang during one of the live shows of American Idol, season 6.
On December 5, 2013, Underwood appeared in The Sound of Music Live on NBC television.
She played the heroine Maria von Trapp in the three-hour production.
She received critical praise in the New York Times for her singing, but was reviewed negatively for her acting.
She is married to Nashville Predators ice hockey player, Mike Fisher.
They married on July 10, 2010 in Greensboro, Georgia.
"Church Bells" (2016)
Arista Records Official site of Carrie Underwood from Arista Records
Carrie Underwood music, videos, news and more at CMT.com
Arista Nashville Résumé of Carrie Underwood's autobiography, accomplishments, and personal interests
Nicole Camille Richie (born September 21, 1981) is an American socialite, actress, and author She is the adopted daughter of Lionel Richie, and is best known for being in the reality show The Simple Life.
During late 2007 Nicole Richie faced charges of drunk driving and risked a jail sentence similar to Paris Hilton, her co-star and friend in The Simple Life.
She has had two children with Joel Madden: Harlow and Sparrow Madden.
On February 15, 2010, she announced that she was engaged with Madden.
They got married later in 2010.
IMDb - Nicole Richie
The Simple Life is the name of a reality television series originally broadcast on Fox from 2003 to 2005 and on E!
from 2006 to 2007.
The series stars Paris Hilton and Nicole Richie doing ordinary jobs.
FOX - The Simple Life official website
2003 American television series debuts
Jordin Brianna Sparks (born December 22, 1989 in Phoenix, Arizona) is an American recording artist, singer and actress.
On May 23, 2007, she won the 6th season of the reality television show American Idol.
She was the youngest winner of the talent show.
She has released two studio albums Jordin Sparks and Battlefield.
She has a vocal range of a mezzo-soprano.
Jordin Sparks official webpage
Jordin Sparks Planet
Singers from Phoenix, Arizona
People from Glendale, Arizona
Taylor Reuben Hicks (born October 7, 1976) is an American singer, songwriter and musician.
In 2006, he won the fifth season of American Idol.
His runner-up was Katharine McPhee.
After he won, he was signed to Arista Records.
His album called Taylor Hicks was released on December 12, 2006.
Taylor Hicks Official Site
Taylor Hicks at rehearsals.com
Taylor Hicks  at GoFish
Taylor Hicks on American Idol  at American Idol Watch
Taylor Hicks on the Tonight Show with Jay Leno
American blues singers
Musicians from Birmingham, Alabama
Writers from Birmingham, Alabama
Singers from Birmingham, Alabama
Oba Chandler (October 11, 1946 in Cincinnati, Ohio - November 15, 2011 in Raiford, Florida) was an American convicted murderer who was executed in Florida for the murders of Joan Rogers and her two teenage daughters.
The women's bodies were found floating in the Tampa Bay, Tampa in June 1989.
They had been bound and gagged and then tossed into the bay with concrete blocks tied to their necks while still alive.
Billboards where at the later stages of the investigation used in trying to find however did the murders, the billboards that was spread all over Tampa had pictures of the Rogers women and a picture of the hand-writing of the suspected triple murderer.
This method had never been used before, and became useful in searches for missing people later on.
Chandler was arrested in September 1992.
He was put on trial where he was found guilty of the murders by a 12-member jury.
In November 4, 1994 he was sentenced to death by a deadly injection by the judge in the case.
Before his execution, Chandler was locked up at Union Correctional Institution in Florida.
Author Thomas French in 1998 won the Pulitzer Prize for his article series Angels & Demons which told the story of the murders.
Oba Chandler was born in Cincinnati in the state of Ohio.
His parents were Oba Chandler Sr.
and Margaret Johnson.
At the age of 10, Chandler's father Oba Chandler Senior hanged himself in the Chandler family's basement.
This upset Oba so much that he jumped into his father's grave during the funeral in 1957 while gravediggers were covering the coffin with dirt.
Afterwards, Oba's life spun out of control and he was arrested many times and had been arrested 20 times by the time he was a teenager.
As an adult, he was charged with a long list of crimes, including theft, having fake money, burglary, kidnapping and armed robbery.
Chandler would also father a total of eight children before his arrest, the latest one being Whitney born in February, 1989 with his wife at the time Debra Chandler.
Between May and September of 1991 Chandler worked as an informant for the US customs Tampa office, at the same time as Tampa police investigated the Rogers family triple murder.
Facts of the murders
They had never before left the state of Ohio.
On their last day in Florida they became lost and drove into Tampa to ask for directions to the nearest hotel, in a store they came across Oba Chandler and asked him.
It is thought that he saw the Ohio state car license plates on Joan's car and used that as means to ask the family to join him out for a boat trip later.
The discovery of the bodies
The women's bodies were discovered floating in the Tampa Bay on June 4, 1989 with bound hands and feet with concrete blocks tied to their necks and duct tape over their mouths.
The first body was found floating over the Sunshine Skyway bridge when a sailboat on its way home to Tampa after a trip to Key West, had just crossed under the Sunshine Skyway when many people on board saw an object in the water.
They soon realized it was a dead body of a female.
Soon another body was found and yet another third body was also dragged out of the bay within an hour.
All three bodies had been tied and gagged and had concrete blocks tied around their necks.
Autopsies thought the women had been tossed into the bay while still alive.
Subsequent investigaton
The Rogers women where identified a week after their bodies where found in the bay.
A hotel maid had discovered that a hotel room had stood unused for several days.
And when the reports about the murders started to leap into the media the hotel decided to contact investigators in the case.
Soon it stood clear that it was indeed the families room after fingerprints where matched to those of the victims, some snaphots from a camera was also discovered in the room which showed where the family had traveled and also a last shot over Tampa Bay.
This photo was taken just minutes before the Rogers women went out to meet Oba Chandler to go on a boat ride out on the bay.
Incriminating fact and arrest
Chandler would not be arrested for the murders until September 24, 1992.