the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
Prior to the war, Menelaus had one child with Helen, a daughter named Hermione.
Clytemnestra (or Klytaimnestra) was a person in Greek mythology.
She was the daughter of King Tyndareos of Sparta and his wife Leda.
She was married to Agamemnon, King of Mycenae.
With him she had children  Iphigenia, Elektra, Orestes and Chrysothemis.
After the Trojan War, Clytemnestra and her lover Aegisthos killed Agamemnon.
Agamemnon had sacrificed their daughter, Iphigenia, to the Gods to have wind to set sail for war.
Clytemnestra and Aegisthos are later killed by her son Orestes.
Percussion instruments are instruments which are played by shaking or hitting.
There are many different kinds of percussion instruments.
A person who plays a percussion instrument is a percussionist.
Percussionists are usually able to play lots of different percussion instruments, because the basic skills required are similar.
Some percussion instruments can play tunes.
These are called “tuned percussion”.
Tuned percussion instruments include: xylophone, glockenspiel, vibraphone, tubular bells and timpani.
In an orchestra there can be more different kind of percussion instruments than in the other families: string, woodwind and brass instruments.
However, older music does not often use lots of percussion.
Most music for orchestra by composers like Mozart and Beethoven only use the timpani.
In the 19th century, more percussion is added: cymbals, tambourine, triangle etc.
In the 20th century, some composers may use very many percussion instruments.
Whenever any unusual instrument is used that does not fit into the category of string, woodwind, brass or keyboard, it is usually played by a percussionist.
Sometimes composers have used things like typewriters, milk bottles or vacuum cleaners in their pieces.
Class of Percussion
There are many different class of percussion instruments.
There are for example:
Latin percussion instruments
Classic percussion instruments
Modern percussion instruments
Latin percussion instruments are used in American-Latin Music.
The instruments are  Maracas, Congs, Timbales...
Classic percussion instruments are used in the Harmony Orchestras.
The instruments are Tampani, Bass Drum, Xylophone...
Drum kits can include bass drum, side drum, tom-toms, cowbells, cymbals (suspended and hi-hat) etc.
Together with a string bass (double bass) they will form the “rhythm section” of a jazz group.
A percussion player has to have a very good sense of rhythm.
The other players rely on him or her to keep a steady beat and not to play so loudly that the others cannot hear the tune.
Modern percussion instruments are used in the Rock, Pop and Jazz music.
There is just the drum set, but this is a percussion instrument with many possibilities.
One can take for example a cowbell on the drum set or an tambourine.
We have with the drum set uncountable possibilities.
The Hurrians or Khurrites were people who lived in and around northern Mesopotamia from about 2500 BC.
They were a large ethnic group, and had some cities and kingdoms, but they also lived in small groups among other ethnic people.
The first known piece of music to be written down was Hurrian.
Mesopotamian people
The Oneroi (Greek: dreams) were the sons of Hypnos, the god of sleep in Greek mythology.
They were the personification of dreams.
They were Morpheus, Phobetor (or Ikelos) and Phantasos.
They lived in caves in the far west, near the gates of the Underworld.
They were sent through one of two gates there.
One gate was made of horn, from there the true or prophetic dreams come from.
The other gate was made of ivory, from there the false and meaningless dreams come from.
The most powerful of the Oneiroi was Morpheus.
His brothers Phobetor and Phantasos shape parts of dreams, while Morpheus shapes the dream in general.
Morpheus shapes human figures, Phobetor shapes animal figures and Phantasos shapes inanimate objects.
Morpheus is still depicted in popular fiction today.
El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz (Arabic: ٱلْحَاجّ مَالِك ٱلشَّبَازّ‎, romanized: al-Ḥājj Mālik ash-Shabāzz, May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965) also known as Malcolm X was an African American nationalist  and civil rights activist.
Before he became Malcolm X, his original name was Malcolm Stuart Little.
Malcolm X's father was a Baptist minister whose skin was very dark, whilst his mother's skin was of a much lighter tone.
His parents taught him to be proud of being black in an openly anti-black society.
Malcolm X's father died when Malcolm was only six years old, leaving his mother in poverty.
In 1946, Malcolm was arrested at the age of 20 for armed robbery, but was released from jail 8 years later.
He was introduced to the Nation of Islam and Islam while he was in jail, joining the Nation after he was released.
At first, Malcolm X's actions and speeches were mostly inspired by the beliefs and teachings of the Nation of Islam.
He taught that all white people were bad.
Once he learned that the leader of the Nation of Islam was in relationships with many women, he quit the group and changed his religion to Sunni Islam.
He went on a pilgrimage to see the Islamic holy city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia.
At this point, his opinions of white people got better, and he began to believe that white people could be good people, too.
Malcolm X believed that black people should fight for their civil rights in any way they could, even if they had to become violent.
He also thought that black people should support one another by shopping in stores owned by black people.
He was critical of the civil rights movement.
Malcolm X had six children with Betty Shabazz.
He had six grandchildren.
Malcolm Shabazz was killed in May 2013.
He also has two great grandchildren.
Malcolm X was shot dead in New York City after preaching about black rights.
Three members of the Nation of Islam had a part in his murder.
Malcolm X Collections: speeches, interviews and books
American Muslims
Nereus (Νηρεύς) is a sea god in Greek mythology.
His parents are Gaia and Pontos.
With the Okeanid Doris his fifty daughters are the Nereids, sea nymphs of the Mediterranean Sea.
MacMillan was born at Kilwinning, North Ayrshire, Scotland.
He studied music at the universities of Edinburgh and Durham.
He writes a lot of music for the Scottish Chamber Orchestra.
They play music at schools so that children can listen and join in with his music.
Important music
The Confession of Isobel Gowdie (1990)  about a woman who lived in the 1600s.
Many people believed in witches then.
In 1662 Isobel Gowdie was accused and tried for witchcraft.
It was an unusual trial.
She confessed without torture, There is no record of an execution.
She walked away after confessing.
Veni, veni, Emmanuel (1992) is like a percussion concerto.
It is a piece for one percussion player who plays lots of percussion instruments, and an orchestra.
The main tune is the medieval hymn tune Veni, veni, Emmanuel (also sung as O come, O come Emmanuel).
Scottish percussionist Evelyn Glennie played it at a BBC Prom in 1992.
Quickening is music for a counter-tenor, two tenors, and baritone soloists; children’s choir, mixed choir, and large orchestra.
It is about birth and new life.
The children’s choir sing the words of the unborn baby.
They stand on a balcony or somewhere far away from the other choir and the orchestra.
Some of the words are “Glossalalia” (nonsense words).
It was performed at a BBC Prom in 1999.
James MacMillan at Boosey & Hawkes
MacMillan, James
Scottish musicians
Polyphemos (or Polyphemus) is a Cyclops in Greek mythology.
He is the son of the god Poseidon and Thoosa.
Polyphemos is a creature of strength and immense stupidity who broke the cardinal rule of hospitality in Ancient Greece.
He lived in a cave on an island, and he had sheep.
On the island also lived several other Kyklopes.
Polyphemos appears in Homer's Odyssey.
On his journey home to Ithaca after the Trojan War, Odysseus lands on the island of Polyphemos.
They come to the cave where Polyphemos lives.
Polyphemos comes back and he traps them in his cave placing a boulder in front of the entrance, also eating some of Odysseus' men.
Odysseus then thinks of a plan to get away.
He tells Polyphemos that his name is "Nobody", and gives him wine to drink.
When he is sleeping, Odysseus and his men take a log from the fire and shape the end of it to a point and drive it into the Kyklops', Polyphemos, only eye, so he could not see them anymore.
In agony he cries out to the other Kyklopes for help.
When they ask what has happened, he says that "Nobody" hurt him, so the Kyklopes leave him.
The next morning Polyphemos lets his sheep out of the cave, but touches their backs so no one of the men could ride out on them.
But Odysseus and his men hold themselves on the underside of the sheep, and so they get out.
When Polyphemos realizes that Odysseus got away, he cries out to the other Kyklopes again.
They asked him what happened, and he said "Nobody hurt me.",
and so the other Kyklopes went away again.
When Odysseus was on his ship again, he called out in rage to Polyphemos saying that he, Odysseus was the one who had destroyed his eye.
As Odysseus went away he mocked Polyphemos.
This is hubris.
Polyphemos was very angry and threw a rock at them, but it missed the ship.
Then he pled with his father, Poseidon, for revenge that all of Odysseus' men should die and that Odysseus should only come home to Ithaca after ten years.
All of it comes true, as is told in the Odyssey.
Micronesia, officially the Federated States of Micronesia, is an island nation in the Pacific Ocean, northeast of Papua New Guinea.
The country is a sovereign state in free association with the United States.
The capital city of Federated States of Micronesia is Palikir.
The Federated States of Micronesia were formerly part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, a United Nations Trust Territory under US administration.
In 1979, they adopted a constitution, and in 1986 independence was attained under a Compact of Free Association with the United States.
Present concerns include large-scale unemployment, overfishing, and overdependence on U.S. aid.
The Federated States of Micronesia is hundreds of small islands divided in seven territories in Micronesia.
The term Micronesia may mean the Federated States or to the region as a whole.
This area is in Oceania.
The first people here lived about 3000 years ago.
Spain colonized the islands in 1886, but sold them to Germany 3 years later.
Micronesia at the Olympics
Pär Lagerkvist (1891 May 23 – 1974 July 11) was a man from Sweden who wrote many books.
In 1940, he was elected as a member of Swedish Academy.
And in 1951, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Swedish writers
Thanatos is the god of death in Greek mythology.
He is the son of Nyx and the twin brother of Hypnos, the god of sleep.
Sigmund Freud, a famous psychologist, used the word in one of his theories.
THANATOS was the god or personified spirit (daimon) of non-violent death.
His touch was gentle, likened to that of his twin brother Hypnos(Sleep).
Violent death was the domain of Thanatos' blood-craving sisters, the Keres, spirits of slaughter and disease.
He is often confused with Hades, who is the god of the dead and underworld, not death itself.
Thanatos plays a prominent role in two myths.
Once when he was sent to fetch Alkestis (Alcestis) to the underworld, he was driven off by Herakles in a fight.
Another time he was captured by the criminal Sisyphos (Sisyphus) who trapped him in a sack so as to avoid death.
Medication (also called medicine or pharmaceutical drugs) is the use of legal drugs to treat or cure an illness.
Some drugs are freely sold.
They are called over-the-counter (OTC) drugs.
Other drugs are so powerful or dangerous that a doctor must give permission to use the drug.
The note from the doctor is called a "prescription."
These drugs are called prescription drugs, prescription medicines, or prescription only medicines (POM).
Dosage is very important because all medicines can be poisons if they are taken in large amounts.
If a person takes too much of a medication, they can get very sick or even die.
This is called an overdose.
For example, if a person takes too much acetaminophen (also called paracetamol, Tylenol, or Panadol), they can badly hurt their liver.
Some dosages are based on age.
For example, children often need less medication than adults.
Others are based on body weight.
Sometimes, normal dosages have to be changed if a person has certain medical problems, like kidney failure.
Many drugs have more than one action.
For example, acetaminophen is an analgesic (it kills pain) and an antipyretic (it makes fevers go away).
Many drugs have more than one indication.
For example, acetaminophen's indications include pain and fever.
Contraindication
Almost all medicines, even over-the-counter medications, have some contraindications.
For example, acetaminophen should not be given to people who are allergic to acetaminophen.
For these people, acetaminophen is "contraindicated," and another medicine should be used instead.
Acetaminophen is also contraindicated in people who have liver disease.
Side effects and adverse effects
A person takes a medication because they want it to do certain things.
When the medication also does other things that the person did not want, these are called side effects.
For example, acetaminophen can cause nausea.
This is a side effect of acetaminophen.
Adverse effects are side effects that are dangerous or harm the body.
For example, in some people, acetaminophen can hurt the liver.
This is an adverse effect of acetaminophen.
Most medicines have many possible side effects.
This does not mean that anyone who takes the medicine will have those side effects.
For example, not everyone who takes acetaminophen gets nausea.
A side effect is just a possible effect that a medicine can have on the body.
Medication names
Chemical name
When a medication is first discovered, it is given a chemical name.
This name describes the atoms or molecules in the medication.
Usually, only scientists use this name.
In the United States, a medicine is given an official generic name after the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) says a it is safe to be sold.
For example, acetaminophen is the official generic name used in the United States.
(Paracetamol is the generic name used in the United Kingdom and some other countries.)
Sometimes, generic names come from a medicine's chemical name.
For example, acetaminophen is named after N-acetyl-para-amino-phenol, and paracetamol is named after para-acetyl-amino-phenol.
Each company that makes a drug gives that drug a brand name.
No other company is allowed to use this name.
For example, in the United States, the most common brand name for acetaminophen is Tylenol.
One of the companies that makes acetaminophen (Johnson & Johnson) chose the name "Tylenol" for its acetaminophen.
Another company that makes acetaminophen (GlaxoSmithKline) chose "Panadol" as its brand name.
Like with most medicines, there are many other brand names for acetaminophen.
Some medicines have unofficial abbreviations.
For example, acetaminophen is sometimes abbreviated APAP.
This comes from the drug's chemical name: N-Acetyl-Para-Amino-Phenol.
All the same medicine
No matter which of these names is used, they all describe the same medicine.
For example, there is no difference between N-acetyl-para-aminophenol, acetaminophen, paracetamol, Tylenol, Panadol, and APAP.
How medications are given
There are many ways that medications can be given.
These are called "routes of administration."
For most medications to work, they need to get into the bloodstream.
The blood carries the medicine around the body and takes it where it is needed.
The way a medication is given affects:
The path that the medicine takes to get into the bloodstream and how long this takes
How much of the medicine gets into the bloodstream
How much of the medicine reaches the tissue where it is needed
How long the medicine's effects will last
By mouth
The most common way of giving medicine is by mouth.
The medicine comes in a pill or liquid that a person swallows.
When taken by mouth, medication gets into the bloodstream through the digestive system.
It takes a while, usually 15–20 minutes, for the medicine to get through parts of the digestive system and get taken up into the bloodstream.
Also, a very small amount of the medicine actually gets into the bloodstream.
This is because acid in the stomach kills most of the medicine before it can be taken up into the bloodstream.
Not every medication can be given by mouth.
With some medicines, like insulin, the acid in the stomach will change the medicine or break it down so much that it will not work.
Into a vein
Some medicines can be given through a needle placed into a vein.
This way of giving medicine is called intravenous (IV).
This is one of the fastest ways to get medicine into the bloodstream.
Veins carry blood, so when a medication is given intravenously, it goes right into the bloodstream immediately.
It takes less than a minute for blood to flow around the entire body.
This means that when given intravenously, a medicine will reach the brain within a minute or less.
All of the medicine (100%) gets into the bloodstream.
However, IV medications will not last as long as medications given by mouth.
This is because the body starts metabolizing medications (breaking them down so the body can get rid of them) as soon as the medicine gets into the bloodstream.
Into a muscle
Some medicines can be given through a needle placed into a big muscle, like the muscles in the upper arm, thigh, or buttocks.
This way of giving medicine is called intramuscular (IM).
When a medicine is given intramuscularly, the medicine gets into the bloodstream through smaller blood vessels in the muscles.
This takes longer than an IV injection, because the medicine is not being injected directly into a blood vessel.
However, the medicine still reaches the bloodstream faster than medicines given by mouth.
Breathed in
Some special medicines can be breathed in.
This way of giving medicines is called by inhalation (sometimes abbreviated INH).
This can be especially helpful for lung problems like asthma.
Since the medicine is breathed right into the lungs, it can start working on the lungs right away.
Other routes
Into the bone (intraosseous (IO)).
A needle is placed into a large bone, like the femur (thigh bone), and medicines are given into the bone marrow.
Any medicine that can be given into a vein can also be given into a bone.
Like with IV medicines, all of the medicine gets into the bloodstream, immediately.
IO medicines can only be given by certain medical professionals, like doctors and paramedics.
Into the rectum (per rectum (PR)).
Some medicines can be given into the rectum.
The medicine does not get into the bloodstream very quickly.
This route is mostly used with people who cannot swallow medicines, like very young children or people who are vomiting (throwing up).
Under the skin (subcutaneous (sub-q)).
Some special medicines can be given through a needle placed under the skin.
For example, insulin is often given this way.
Into the nose (intranasal).
Some special medicines can be sprayed into the nose.
When a medicine is given intranasally, all of the medicine will go to the brain, immediately.
For example, naloxone (which is used to treat opiate overdoses) can be given intranasally.
Many medicines can be given more than one way.
For example, acetaminophen can be given by mouth, into the rectum, or into a vein.
Ahimsa (also ahiṃsā, ahinsa, Sanskrit:अहिम्स) is a Sanskrit word which means "non-violence” or "non-injury".
The practice of ahimsa is an important aspect of religions like Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism.
A person who practices ahimsa generally eats vegetarian foods.
A religious person who practices ahimsa does not take part in animal sacrifice.
In twentieth century, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Martin Luther King each followed a path of Ahimsa, though in different ways.
They struggled without fighting, while asking for the rights of their followers.
The concept of ahiṃsā forms the base of Buddhism.
In Buddhism, the first of the five basic vows (precepts) that are undertaken voluntarily by those who practice, is "I undertake the training rule to abstain from killing".
In Buddhism, killing any living being out of passion is considered 'hiṃsā' (injury) and abstaining from such act is 'ahiṃsā' (non-injury or nonviolence).
Kabir also known as Kabir Das' was born and brought up in a Muslim weavers family by Niru and Nima.
He was a mystic poet and a musician and was one of the important saints of Hinduism and also considered a Sufi by Muslims.
He is respected by Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs.
He was a disciple of Saint swami Ramananda.
He was never formally educated and was almost completely illiterate.
According to legend, the only word that he ever learned how to write was "Rama".
It is because of poetry that Kabir is held in high esteem all over the world.
Another beauty of Kabir's poetry is that he picks up situations that surround our daily lives.
Thus, even today, his poetry is relevant and helpful in both social and spiritual context.
Following him means understanding one's inner self, realizing oneself, accepting oneself as is, and becoming harmonious with one's surroundings .
Kabir das has written much poetry and song.
All of his recorded verses are in Hindi.
His lyrics are characterised by a free use of the vernacular, and is unfettered by the grammatical bonds of his day.
It is this quality which has made his philosophy accessible to generations of Indians.
He always help others
Dohe
Saint Kabir's Dohe is full of meaning and teachings.
He believed God is one and people just worship him with different names and nicknames Kabir has written the famous Dohe in Hindi.
Kabir's poems were in vernacular Hindi, borrowing from various dialects including Awadhi, Brij, and Bhojpuri.
1440 births
1518 deaths
List of more indian poems
The Indus River is the greatest river on the western side of the south Asian subcontinent.
It is one of the seven sacred rivers for The Brahmans of Vedic period.
It was the birthplace of the early Indus Valley civilization.
It flows through China (Western Tibet), India and Pakistan.
It is one of the main rivers of the Indo-Gangetic Plain.
The river is 3180 km long.
It is Pakistan's longest river.
The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 km2 (450,000 sq mi).
Its estimated annual flow stands at around 207 km3 (50 cu mi), making it the twenty-first largest river in the world in terms of annual flow.
It discharges about 6,600 cubic meters per second.
The word Indus and the cognate word "Hindu" are derived from Sapta Sindhu (Sanskrit for "seven rivers") for the region is ancient.
The Ancient Greeks used the word Indós; Hinduš was Old Persian; Sindhu in Sanskrit.
Modern languages on the sub-continent use either Sindh (modern Sindhi) or Sindhu (ancient Sanskrit) or very similar words.
The river's region's name came to be the name of the country India.
River basin
Over 47% of the total area of the Indus drainage basin is in Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir.
India has about 39%, Tibet has 8% and Afghanistan has 6 % of the Indus basin catchment area.
The Indus water system of rivers comprises the main Indus and its major tributaries: the Kabul River and Kurram River on the right bank, and the Jhelum River, Chenab River, Ravi River, Beas River and the Sutlej on the left.
The first two join the Indus soon after it leaves the mountains, and the others lower down in the plains.
The whole of the Beas and the head reaches of the Ravi and Sutlej are in the Republic of India, while those of the Chenab and Jhelum lie mostly in the disputed Kashmir state.
The entire basin covers an area of about 384,000 square miles of open land, of which 204,000 lie in Pakistan.
In addition, there are about 29,000 square miles which lie outside the Indus basin but are dependent on the Indus river system for their water requirements and irrigation supplies.
Without the Indus waters, agriculture in Pakistan would be very uncertain, because there is not much rain.
Even now when Pakistan is being rapidly industrialised, it needs its water resources, because much of its industry uses agriculture produce for its raw materials.
Almost all of the basin in Pakistan receives an overall rainfull of less than 15 inches, 60% of its area receiving less than 10 inches, while, 16% receives less than 5 inches.
The rainfull is not evenly distributed throughout the year but is concentrated during the monsoons.
Rising in western Tibet, the Indus runs at first across a high plateau, then the ground falls away and the river, dropping rapidly, gathering momentum and rushing north-west, collects the waters from innumerable glacier-fed streams, and runs north-west between the world's greatest mountain ranges, the Karakoram and the Himalayas.
In Kashmir it crosses the United Nations cease-fire line and, in Baltistan District, enters Azad Kashmir.
From here on it is Pakistan's river; Pakistan's first town on the upper Indus, Skardu, at 7,500 feet above sea-level, stands on a bluff near the junction of the Indus and one of its great right-bank tributaries, the Shigar.
The majority of the people live in Skardu town; others inhabit small and scattered villages along the Indus and Shigar valleys, or tiny hamlets high on the surrounding mountains.
Blankonthemap The Northern Kashmir WebSite
All About Indus River Pakistan
Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law  See Indus River.
Peace Palace Libray
Northern Areas Development Gateway
The Mountain Areas Conservancy Project
Indus River watershed map (World Resources Institute)
Indus Treaty
Baglihar Dam issue
Indus Wildlife
Rivers of Pakistan
Jagannath is a form of the God Shri Krishna.
The biggest temple of Jagannath is in Puri, Orissa state, India.
He is worshipped in Orissa, Jharkhand, Bihar, and some parts of eastern India.
Patañjali (fl.
150 BC or 2nd century BC) lived in the 2nd century.
He was an Indian.
He wrote the first grammar of Sanskrit language.
He also wrote books about yoga.
Kalypso or Calypso is a nymph in Greek mythology, who lives on the island Ogygia.
This island was so hidden that no man would find it twice.
Calypso was the daughter of Atlas so she was placed on the island and not allowed to leave.
In the Odyssey, the hero Odysseus comes to her island after escaping from the sea, and the death of his men.
Odysseus stayed with her for seven years.
Calypso promised Odysseus immortality (that he would live forever) if he stayed, but he wanted to go back to his wife Penelope, and so he left her.
She can be seductive at times.
Nigerian English
Sudanese English
Zimbabwean English
Hong Kong English
Philippine English
Singaporean English
Thai English
Received Pronunciation (sometimes called "the Queen's English")
Irish English (Hiberno-English)
Fiji English
Comparison of American and British English
Modern English
Theory of Music is all about trying to understand how existing music works and how new music could or should be organized.
Someone who makes a special study of music theory is a music theorist.
People who make their own music are composers.
People who play or sing music are “performers”.
It is important for both composers and performers to understand what makes the music sound the way it does.
In the times of the Ancient Greeks the famous philosopher Pythagoras tried to explain how instruments are tuned.
He understood the science of the good vibrations that the instruments make and explained how and why the octave is divided into twelve parts(in some cultures).
In the Middle Ages there were several famous music theorists who wrote books about music theory.
Their ideas are interesting for us because they tell us what people thought about music at that time.
In the 18th century some composers wrote books on music theory.
Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (son of the famous Johann Sebastian Bach) wrote a book called: “An Essay on the true art of playing the Keyboard”.
Leopold Mozart (the father of the famous Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart) wrote a book called The Art of Playing the Violin.
Both these books were extremely well known in their day.
In spite of their titles the first halves of these two books are both about a branch of music theory called "performance practice": They tell us a lot about how music was played in those days, how some rhythms were played quite freely and how ornaments in the music were played.
Today people who want to compose will study music theory, perhaps at college or university school of music.
In a conservatory program, they study harmony and counterpoint as well as form; in other programs, they spend less time on the theories of the past.
They will be taught “rules”.
These rules are not laws, they simply mean: the way that most great composers wrote music in the past.
These rules describe what composers of the past did, rather than telling composers of today what to do -- in fact, music composed today can have completely different rules than the music of the past.
According to hindu epic, Ravana (IAST : Rāvaṇa; / ˈrɑːvənə) was a demon king of the island of Lanka.
In the Ramayana, Ravana is described as a symbol of evil, though a learned scholar well versed in the Vedas.
He appears as the primary antagonist, and is said to be the most revered devotee of Shiva, with his image being associated with him at some places.
He also appears in several Buddhist and Jain texts.
Grandfather(maternal) - King Sumaali
Mother - Princess Kaykasee
Grandfather(paternal) - Saint of Pulasthi
Father - Saint of Waishrawa
Wife - Princess Mandhodharee
Son - Meganaadha (Indrajith)
Brothers - Kuweara, Kumbhakarna, Vibheeshana
Sister - Suparnakaa
Father in law - Saint of Kaalaneam
Kindom
Written Books
Arka prakaasha
Kumaara thanthraya
Rasarathnaakaraya
Watikaa Prakaranaya
http://www.hindustantimes.com/Ravana-is-a-hero-for-Sinhala-nationalists/Article1-249335.aspx
https://wiralfeed.wordpress.com/2015/11/08/facts-about-ravana/
Devaki was a woman mentioned in the Mahabharata.
Her father’s name was Devaka, and she was the younger sister of Kansha, a cruel king of Mathura of Ancient India.
Devaki was married to Vasudeva, a son  of Sureshana.
Krishna, an avatar of Vishnu (a god of Hindus)  was son of Devaki and Vasudeva.
She was Krishna's real mother.
She had 8 sons in total including Krishna.
The first six of her children were killed by her brother Kamsa.
The seventh time there was a miscarriage and Balaram got carried to Mother Rohini's womb.
All the time she was in prison by Kamsa till he released them out of pity.
You can find more at the book Krsna by His divine Grace A.C Bhaktivedanta Swami Srila Prabhupada.
Ayurveda () is an alternative medicine system from the Indian subcontinent.
Ayurveda is [scientific].
The Indian Medical Association (IMA) says the practice of modern medicine by Ayurveda is quackery.
Ayurvedic texts say that the gods of Hindu mythology gave medical knowledge to legendary Hindu philosophers, who then gave the knowledge to human physicians.
The word "ayurveda" is from the , , and means knowledge of life and longevity.
Therapies include herbal medicines, special diets, meditation, yoga, massage, laxatives, enemas, and medical oils.
Medicines are typically based on complex herbal compounds, minerals, and metal substances (perhaps under the influence of early Indian alchemy or rasa shastra).
Ancient Ayurveda texts also taught surgical techniques, including rhinoplasty, kidney stone extractions, sutures, and the extraction of foreign objects.
In Ayurveda, the story is that Dhanvantari, the Hindu god of Ayurveda, made himself into a human king by incarnation.
He was king of Varanasi, and taught Ayurvedic medicine to a group of physicians.
One of these physicians, named Sushruta, wrote the Sushruta Samhita (Sushruta's Compendium), an Ayurvedic text that has this story in it.
Most Ayurvedic therapies are made from chemical compounds taken from plants, from minerals, and from metals.
In ancient India, Ayurvedic texts gave explanations for surgeries and for the stitching of wounds to help wound healing.
The ancient Indians knew how to take out kidney stones and how to do rhinoplasty (plastic surgery for the nose).
People have used many different Ayurvedic therapies through the history of India.
Ayurveda has changed for more than two thousand years.
In the 1970s and 1980s, Ayurveda also changed for consumption in the Western world.
Some people say Ayurveda comes from Prehistory.
Some ideas in Ayurveda may have been in existence at the time of the Indus Valley civilization, during the Bronze Age in India.
During the Vedic period, Ayurveda went through many developments.
Outside the tradition of the Vedas, Buddhism and Jainism also shared some ideas with the Ayurvedic texts from ancient India.
By around two thousand years ago, Ayurveda had developed some of its ideas for surgery and drugs.
There is no good evidence that works or helps for any disease.
Some Ayurvedic products have lead, mercury, and arsenic in them.
In 2008, nearly 21% of Ayurvedic products sold on the internet and made in India and the United States had in them lead, mercury, and arsenic (heavy metals) in quantities that are toxic.
There may be public health dangers that result from this, but that is not known.
Cited references
(Republished by National Informatics Centre, Government of India.)
The Ganges (English pronunciation: /ˈɡændʒiːz/ GAN-jeez), also called the Ganga (Sanskrit: गङ्गा Hindi: गंगा Urdu: گنگا Ganga IPA: [ˈɡəŋɡaː]  ( listen); Bengali: গঙ্গা Gonga), is the third largest river on the Indian subcontinent by discharge.
The Ganges river is named after a Hindu goddess called Ganga.
Geographers, Historians and Mythologists alike regard Ganges as the heart of Indian culture, tradition and living.
The government declared that the Ganges river between Allahabad and Haldia is National-Waterway No.1.
The river has many industrial towns like Patliputra, Kannauj, Kanpur, Kara, Prayagraj, Varanasi, Ghazipur, Bhagalpur,Munger, Murshidabad,Baharampur and Kolkata on its banks.
The Ganges Basin drains 1,000,000-square-kilometre (390,000 sq mi) and supports one of the world's highest densities of humans.
The average depth of the river is 52 feet (17 m), and the maximum depth, 100 feet (33 m).
The river starts from a glacier called Gangotri Glacier, which is in the Garhwal region in Himalayas.
The Ganges flows through north India, and ends at the Bay of Bengal in eastern India.
Overall it flows 3,877 km making it one of the longest rivers in the world.
Its watershed is 907,000 km² broad.
The major rivers which flow into the Ganges are Brahmaputra River, Gomti, Kosi river, Gandak, Ghaghra river, Yamuna river and Son river.
The Ganges flows only 200 km through the Himalayas.
The river touches plain land in the Rishikesh region near Haridwar in Uttarakhand.
Then it passes through the towns of Kanpur, Soron, Kannauj, Allahabad, Varanasi, Patna, Ghazipur, Bhagalpur, Mirzapur, Ballia, Buxar, Saidpur, and Chunar.
At Allahabad, the river joins with Yamuna river.
At Pakur, the river divides itself into two distributaries, viz.- the Bhāgirathi-Hooghly and the main stream.
Bhāgirathi-Hooghly in the later course forms the Hooghly River.
The main stream Ganges enters Bangladesh.
Near the border with Bangladesh the Farakka Barrage controls the flow of the Ganges by diverting some of the water into a feeder canal which has link with the Hooghly river to keep it relatively silt-free.
The river breaks up into multiples branches at its delta.
Pollution of Ganges
There is a lot of pollution in the Ganges because many locals tend to release their waste into it.
This causes a lot of sicknesses like cholera, hepatitis, typhoid, and amoebic dysentery.
The presence of coliform bacteria in the waters has increased well above normal.
This is a major cause of water pollution.
These diseases cause about a third of the deaths in India every year.
That is why the government has started a multi-crore project called the Ganga Action Plan (GAP).
During the early Vedic Age, the Indus and the Sarasvati River were the major rivers of the Indian subcontinent, not the Ganges.
But the later three Vedas seem to give much more importance to the Ganges, as shown by its numerous references.
Possibly the first European Traveler to mention the Ganges was Megasthenes (ca.
350 – 290 BCE).
In Rome's Piazza Navona, Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi (fountain of the four rivers) was designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini and built in 1651.
The art-work symbolizes four of the world's great rivers (the Ganges, the Nile, the Danube, and the Río de la Plata), which is to represent the four continents (Australia and Antarctica were unknown then).
Hindus regard the Ganges as not only a river but also a mother, a goddess, a tradition, a culture, and much more.
In Hinduism it is considered holy to take a pilgrimage to the Ganges and take a dip.
Many Hindus believe that bathing in the Ganga can purify a person's soul of all past sins, and some believe that it can also cure illnesses.
So, many Hindu families keep Ganga water in their homes as they consider it to be very pure.
The holy towns like Haridwar, Prayagraj, Kanpur, and Varanasi attract thousands of pilgrims.
Thousands of Hindu pilgrims arrive at these towns to bathe in the Ganges.
In Hinduism people's ashes are consecrated into the Ganges as it is a sacred river.
Legend of Bhagirath
According to Hindu Puranas a king named Bhagiratha did Tapasya for many years to bring the River Ganges.
Ganges was then residing in the Heavens.
By the help of pure Ganga waters, Bhagirath wanted to release his ancestors of a curse.
Therefore, the Ganges descended to the Earth to make the earth pious, fertile and wash out the sins of humans.
Economic significance
The water of the Ganges is used extensively in agriculture in the fertile Gangetic plains.
Chief crops cultivated in the area include rice, sugarcane, lentils, oil seeds, potatoes, and wheat.
Along the banks of the river, the swamps and lakes provide a good growing area for crops such as legumes, chillies, mustard, sesame, sugarcane, and jute.
Fishing is also done in the Ganga waters.
Industries which require a large amount of water are set up on the banks of the river.
The Ganges is popular for river rafting, which attract many adventurers in the summer months.
Tourism is also a related activity in modern times.
Rivers of Bangladesh
Arges (Cyclops), a Cyclops in Greek mythology
Places in Romania
Argeș County, a county
Argeș River, a river in the south of the country
Curtea de Argeş, a city along the banks of the Argeş River
Ţinutul Argeş, a former administrative division
In Hinduism, Sita was the daughter of Janaka and wife of Rama, an avatar of god Vishnu.
The word Sita means “furrow”, that is, the line created on the farm when it is ploughed.
She is believed to be the daughter of Bhūmi in many legends.
There is a story about Sita's birth.
Her father Janaka was ploughing the land and a furrow was formed.
From that furrow a baby girl came out.
Janaka took the girl as his daughter and named her Sita.
In Hinduism, Sita is considered a form of the goddess Lakshmi.
Sita is worshiped for her greatness and for her loyalty.
She was the goddess of loyalty and her responsibility.
Halima Sadia () was an Arabic Beduin woman.
She was a foster mother and took care of the prophet Muhammad for the first six years of his life.
Halimah and her husband were from the tribe of Sa'd b. Bakr (a large North Arabian tribe).
Relationship with Muhammad
Foster mothers came to Mecca to feed children.
It was the custom at that time in Makkah that families send their children to live for a while with a nurse who lived in the desert.
This was healthier for their bodies to be around a natural environment instead of living in the city.
They preferred that the fathers of the children they took care of were still alive.
Although Muhammad's father was dead, Halimah took him just eight days after he was born.
He grew up in Hudaybiyah, then in Medina before he was returned to his mother, Aminah bint Wahb.
Years after Muhammad's mother died and he became married to Khadijah, Halimah came to him complaining of her poverty.
He asked Khadijah to give her 40 sheep.
After Muhammad got his first revelation, Halimah and her husband came to Muhammad and embraced Islam.
When she came to Muhammad on the day of Hunayn, he took off his robe and put it on the ground for her to sit.
So when the group of foster mothers arrived at the Makkah city and they picked up most of the children, the last nurse arrived with her husband (Al-Harith) riding a donkey and old camel.
She found only one orphan boy who had no father to pay her.
She was ready to go back but she did not want to return without a baby.
She decided to go back and pick up the orphan.
As soon as she lifted that boy, her life changed and became filled with immense good fortune and blessings.
The old camel, which had not given a drop of milk, was soon over flowing with milk.
Although she was the last women leaving makkah on her donkey, she passed her friends.
This was indeed a great blessing for her and for this poor Bedouin family.
After two years, Muhammad was returned to his mother Amina.
She told Amina about the great blessings that she had received when Muhammad was in her care, but soon, Amina was persuaded by Halima and her husband (Al-Harith) to return the child back with them for another two years to protect him from a spreading disease in Makkah.
6th-century births
Khadijah bint Khuwaylid () (555 - 619) was the first wife of the Muhammad, an Islamic prophet.
Her nickname was Khadijah al-Kubra.
She was the daughter of Khuwaylid ibn Asad and Fatimah bint Za'idah.
Khadijah is widely known as the first person to convert to Islam.
Khadijah is known as Umm-al-mu'minin which means "the Mother of the Believers"
Qasim ibn Muhammad, died in 605 CE, before his second birthday
Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad,  died in childhood in 615 CE
Zainab bint Muhammad, married to her maternal cousin Abu al-Aas ibn al-Rabee
Ruqayyah bint Muhammad, married to Uthman ibn Affan
Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad, also married to Uthman ibn Affan after Ruqayyah's death
Fatimah, married to 'Ali bin Abi Talib
555 births
619 deaths
Family of Muhammad
King Chlothar I adds the Frankish territories of Metz and Reims.
King Erb of Gwent dies; his kingdom is divided into Gwent and Ergyng in Southern Wales (approximate date).
Chinese Liang Dynasty: Jing Di, age 12, succeeds his father Yuan Di.
Birth of Khadijah bint Khuwaylid
Heraclius prepares to leave Constantinople.
He moves the Byzantine capital to Carthage.
The Second Perso-Turkic War is fought.
It ends with a strong Persian victory.
Muhammad's wife, Khadija, dies after 24 years of marriage.
Kubrat, ruler of the Bulgars, is baptised in Constantinople.
December 23 – Pope Boniface V succeeds Adeodatus I as the 69th pope of Rome.
Death of Khadijah bint Khuwaylid
Sarasvati may mean several things.
Some of the meanings are written below:
Sarasvati was a river of Ancient India: Saraswati River.
Sarasvati is a goddess of Hindus: Sarasvati.
Sarasvati is a common name of girls in India.
Sarasvati River was one of the major rivers of Ancient India.
The river flowed through parts of western and northern India.
Then in Allahabad, the river merged with the Jamuna River.
At one time, Sarasvati was a deep river.
The river dried up and became lost over a few hundred years, possibly between 2000 and 1500 BC.
Tributaries of the Indus River
The Ming dynasty was the family of emperors who led China from 1368 to 1644.
The name is also used to talk about the  that they led and the 276 years in Chinese history that it lasted.
The Ming dynasty is known in Chinese as the Míng.
This is written as  in Chinese characters.
The character is a sun () and a moon () together and means "bright".
Chinese uses different words to talk about the different meanings of a Chinese "dynasty" in English: their government is called the Míng cháo , their country is called the Dà Míng dìguó ( or , and their time in Chinese history is called the Míng dài .
Unlike in English, the name of the dynasty is not the same as the family name of the leaders.
The family that led China during the Ming were the Zhūs.
Today, it is just a common Chinese family name, but at that time it meant a kind of red coloring made from cinnabar (HgS).
The Yuan dynasty before them had been part of the Mongol Empire started by Genghis Khan.
Its emperors had been Mongolian people, but most of China was Han Chinese.
To keep their power, the Yuan used a Chinese kind of government of Three Departments and Six Ministries, with imperial examinations.
Their laws gave special powers to Mongolian people, though, with other people from other countries ("Semu") placed second, northern Chinese third, and southern Chinese last.
They were especially nice to Tibetan Buddhists and gave many important jobs to Muslims, although they also made Muslims break some rules and eat like Mongolians.
Some Muslims were angry and started to fight the Yuan.
Many people began to fight after the 1340s.
The Black Death killed many people and the government did not keep up the work needed to stop the Yellow River from killing people when it flooded.
The Red Turbans began fighting in 1351 and its best leader Zhu Yuanzhang made the Yuan emperor Toghun Temür run away from the capital city Khanbaliq (now inside Beijing) in 1368.
When Zhu Yuanzhang took Khanbaliq, he said that the Yuan was over and that his family would be a new dynasty called the Ming.
He said that 1368 was the 1st year of the Hongwu Era and became known as the Hongwu Emperor.
Toghun Temür and other Mongolians still fought him, but now they were known as the Northern Yuan and the Ming became the real government of most of China.
The Hongwu Emperor had many sons and made them the leaders of the 13 different parts of China.
He did not stay in Khanbaliq.
He made his old base Yingtian (today's Nanjing) into the new capital city.
He wanted China to be more traditional and more Chinese, so he ended most government support for other religions and made Christianity against the law.
He wanted China to take care of itself, so he ended most buying and selling of things from other countries.
He made a list of rules for his family, and they mostly followed them during the rest of the Ming.
The oldest son of the Hongwu Emperor died before him, so the next emperor was his grandson the Jianwen Emperor.
The Jianwen Emperor was about 20 years old and didn't like the power of his many uncles.
He started taking away their power, sending them away, or even making them kill themselves.
The uncle leading Beiping (old Khanbaliq and now Beijing) was named Zhu Di.
He pretended to be crazy so that the Jianwen Emperor would be less afraid.
The emperor even let his three sons—kept in the capital city to be sure of their father's good behavior—go north see him.
Zhu Di then began a war against his nephew.
At first, Zhu Di said his war was only against the "bad helpers" who told his nephew to hurt their family.
When his war was successful and he took Yingtian (now Nanjing), he made himself the Yongle Emperor.
He said that his nephew had never been the real emperor and killed many people in the old government.
He did not trust the people in Yingtian, so he made Beiping the main capital city.
The southern capital then became known as Nanjing and the northern capital Beijing, the names they continue to use today.
In Beijing, he built a new home which became the Forbidden City.
The Yongle Emperor did not like many of the people in government who got there by doing well on their tests.
He gave more power to eunuchs, men who were hurt as children to stop them from being able to have children of their own.
One of these was Zheng He, a Muslim who led great treasure ships south from Suzhou and Nanjing in 7 big trips between 1405 and 1433.
The first trips may have been looking for the Jianwen Emperor, but they also became trips that taught China about the South China Sea and Indian Ocean and opened up more buying and selling between their countries and China.
The Mings' main capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng, who established the Shun dynasty.
This was soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing dynasty.
The people who still liked the Ming continued to fight as the Southern Ming up to 1683.
The Ming Empire has been described as "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history".
It was the last Chinese dynasty led by the Han Chinese, not counting the short-lived governments of Li Zicheng and Yuan Shikai.
1368 establishments
14th-century establishments in Asia
1644 disestablishments