the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
On July 20, 2012, a spree shooting took place at a during the midnight premiere of The Dark Knight Rises at a local movie theater - 12 people were shot dead.
SpongeBob SquigglePants is a video game based on the television series SpongeBob SquarePants.
It is the fourth game in the uDraw Series.
It was published by THQ and developed by WayForward Technologies.
The game was released for Wii on April 12, 2011.
It was released for Nintendo 3DS on May 17, 2011.
It contains over 100 mini-games that require using the uDraw GameTablet.
It allows players to draw their own paintings or color in them.
Derby Museum and Art Gallery was started in 1879 in a new building given to Derby by a local brewer.
The collection today includes paintings of Joseph Wright of Derby and porcelain from Derby and the surrounding area.
Wright of Derby
In 2011, Derby City Council announced that it was to use Joseph Wright of Derby to brand the city of Derby.
At the same time, the Museum announced that it was "joining forces" with Wikipedia to improve the quality of its information.
In February 2011 it was announced that Derby Museum had been given an award for its collection of paintings and drawings by Joseph Wright.
| name = All Killer, No Filler
| artist = Sum 41
| released = May 8, 2001
| recorded = 2000-2001
| genre = Pop punk, pop rock
| length = 32:13
| label = Aquarius (Canada)Island (US)
| producer = Jerry Finn
| prev_title = Half Hour Of Power(2000)
, No Filler(2001)
| next_title = Does This Look Infected?(2002)
}}All Killer, No Filler''' is the first studio album by Canadian rock band, Sum 41.
It was released on May 8, 2001.
The producer of the album was Jerry Finn.
The album was ranked as the 9th greatest punk pop album of all time by Top40.com.
Joseph Wright (3 September 1734 – 29 August 1797), (Wright of Derby), was an English landscape and portrait painter.
He painted the Industrial Revolution."
Wright showed the contrast of light and dark.
His paintings of early science in the English Midlands, show the Age of Enlightenment.
References, notes and sources
A rotary evaporator (or rotavap) is  commonly used in chemical laboratories to remove solvents by evaporation.
The liquid is put in a round-bottomed flask and placed in the device.
The rotavap spins and heats the flask and reduces the pressure inside by creating a vacuum.
The vacuum makes the liquid evaporate at a low temperature than normal.
The liquid becomes a gas and is collected by cooling it so it condenses into another flask.
If there are substances dissolved in the liquid they will be left behind in when it evaporates.
If water with salt dissolved in it is evaporated, then pure water and dry salt will be separated.
Scientists use rotary evaporators to remove the liquid a solid is dissolved in.
Rotary evaporators are often quicker to use than evaporating basins.
They can be used for distillations.
ja:エバポレーター#ロータリーエバポレーター
"Reptar on Ice" was the twenty-third episode of the Nickelodeon show Rugrats.
It aired November 8, 1992.
Tommy is disgruntled at a comment Angelica makes at a breakfast about the dinosaurs being extinct and expresses his concern to the other babies of the possibility of Reptar being extinct too.
After an accidental suggestion by Chuckie's that he's "hiding," the babies look for him in the backyard and discover a lizard which looks exactly like him and come to assumption that it is Reptar's child.
To keep him in a secret from the grown-ups, Tommy hides the lizard inside his diaper and the lizard crawls around inside Tommy’s diaper causing him to twitch and squirm a lot while the babies ponder what to do with Reptar's Baby.
A commercial for "Reptar on Ice" suddenly plays, to the shock of the babies and Stu decides to take them all.
The babies are now thrilled because they can now "return" the lizard to its "father".
As they arrive at the ice show, Leo, the actor portraying "Reptar", shows his outrage at the theme of the show manager, Harry, how he questions why he chose to the play the part due to his dislike of children, lizards, and his inability to the ice skate.
The performance begins and as it continues, the adults fall asleep; the babies then take this time to give the lizard to "Reptar."
They go onto the ice and rides on the props to catch up with him.
They get caught in the midst of a scene and inadvertently interrupt the performance; Leo tries to continue performing, but freaks out and runs off when Tommy shows him the lizard.
Stu gets on the ice and picks up the babies, to the audience's applause.
As Stu is holding Tommy up against him, the lizard crawls out of Tommy’s diaper looking around then notices another place to explore which is Stu’s jeans and jumps out of Tommy’s diaper and inside Stu’s jeans making Stu move abnormally causing him to strongly twitch and squirm as the lizard crawls around inside his jeans....
Reptar (voiced by John Schuck)
"Reptar on Ice" was released on the VHS Rugrats: Return of Reptar, the DVD Rugrats: Decade in Diapers, Rugrats: Season 2 and will be released on Rugrats: The Complete Series.
Peter Connelly (1 March 2006 – 3 August 2007) (also known as "Baby P", "Child A" and "Baby Peter") was a 17-month-old British child.
He died of child abuse on 3 August 2007 in London, England after suffering more than 50 injuries over an eight-month period.
His mother, her partner and his brother were sent to prison for attacking him.
The case resulted in several big investigations into how the social services department of Haringey Council carried out its job looking after children in danger.
2000s in London
Crime in London
Waikīkī is a neighborhood of Honolulu, on the south shore of Oahu, Hawaii.
Waikiki Beach is the shoreline in front of Waikīkī.
The name  means "spouting fresh water" in the Hawaiian language.
This because the area had springs and streams that fed wetlands.
Neighborhoods in the United States
An interchange a place where two freeways meet, or where a freeway and another road meet.
An interchange has two levels so traffic going through does not meet.
Different levels are connected by ramps.
There are many different types of freeway interchanges.
The two most common types of freeway interchanges are the diamond interchange and the cloverleaf interchange:
A diamond interchange has four ramps that enter and leave the freeway at a small angle and meet the non-freeway at almost right angles.
These ramps at the non-freeway can be controlled through stop signs or traffic signals.
The name comes from the diamond-like shape.
A cloverleaf interchange has eight ramps that handle all traffic without stop signs or traffic lights.
To turn left, traffic goes in a 270° turn.
The name comes from the four-leaf clover-like shape.
"A Rugrats Passover" (possibly known as "Passover" in the opening title) was the sixty-fifth episode of the Nickelodeon show Rugrats.
It aired April 13, 1995.
While attending a Passover seder at Didi's parents' house, Boris and the kids (and later, most of the adults), get locked in the attic because the door doesn't open from the inside.
To pass the time, Boris tells the kids the story of why Jews celecrate Passover, and how Moses saved his people from slavery.
Grandma Minka (voiced by Melanie Chartoff)
"A Rugrats Passover" was released on the VHS Rugrats: A Rugrats Passover, and will be released on the DVD Rugrats: The Complete Series.
The Major Oak is the main Tree in Sherwood Forest.
Legend said Robin Hood lived near here.
It weighs an estimated 23 tons, has a waistline of 33 feet (10m), and is about 800–1000 years old.
Because of its age, the tree is held up by chains.
Jar Jar Binks is a fictional character from the Star Wars movie Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace.
He also appears in Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones and Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith.
He is a Gungan and was born on the planet Naboo.
Jar Jar is treated like the "class clown" by the other Gungans, and is often yelled at for being clumsy.
This changes when two Jedi named Obi-Wan Kenobi and Qui-Gon Jinn are stranded on Naboo and Jar Jar accidentally stumbles into them in a swamp.
He shows them his home, an underwater city built by Gungans to stay away from humans.
There, he gets in trouble for letting humans into their secret city.
The Jedi use the Force to convince the Gungan leader, Boss Nass, to let them leave safely.
He is hated by many fans, and critics have accused him of being a racist stereotype of black people.
Jar Jar is considered one of the worst characters in movie history since his debut.
Because of this, his actor, Ahmed Best nearly killed himself due to the death threats toward his character.
The Gungans are a fictional race of creatures from the Star Wars universe.
They are amphibious (frog-like) creatures that live on the planet Naboo.
The most famous Gungan is a character named Jar Jar Binks from Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace.
Sonic & Knuckles is the fourth video game in the Sonic the Hedgehog series.
In the game, you are able to play as Sonic the Hedgehog and Knuckles the Echidna.
You can insert a Sonic the Hedgehog 2 or Sonic the Hedgehog 3 cartridge into it and you will get new modes for those games.
This is called Lock-on Technology.
This game is similar to Sonic the Hedgehog 3.
In Sonic and Knuckles, there are eight Zones.
But only Super Sonic can reach the last Zone of the game.
Only Sonic or Tails can play the second to last Zone, the Death Egg.
Most zones have two levels, which are named "acts" in the game.
If you collect 100 or 200 Rings, you get a life.
Starposts can be used to go to the Bonus Stage, if you touch them if you have 20 or more Rings.
Device controller, an object that lets someone control a device
Controller (computing), a chip or expansion card that interfaces with a peripheral device
Game controller, an device used for playing video games
Air traffic controller, a person who directs aircraft
Comptroller or financial controller, a senior accounting job
Half-Life is a series of video games created by Valve Corporation.
The player plays as a character named Gordon Freeman, who is a survivor of a terrible accident at the Black Mesa Science Research Company.
A group of scientists make a portal to another dimension, and accidentally let in many alien monsters that start killing everyone.
In the first game, Half-Life, made in 1998, you play through this disaster and try to escape.
In 2004, the sequel, Half-Life 2, was released.
Half-Life 2 was followed by two expansions, Half-Life 2: Episode One and Half-Life 2: Episode Two.
A related game, Portal, was released in 2007 and takes place in the same universe.
Portal, Half-Life 2, Half-Life 2: Episode One, Half-Life 2: Episode Two, and Team Fortress (an unrelated game) were put together into one package for sale in 2007.
This package is known as The Orange Box.
Frank Oz (born Richard Frank Oznowicz on May 25, 1944) is an English-American puppeteer, actor, and filmmaker.
He is known for his work on The Muppets, Star Wars, and Sesame Street.
He also directed some popular films, such as Little Shop of Horrors and Dirty Rotten Scoundrels.
His most popular puppets are Yoda and Cookie Monster.
He played Cookie Monster, Bert and Grover on Sesame Street and he did Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Animal, and Sam the Eagle on the Muppets.
In America, they are most popular at Christmastime.
Ingredients include ginger, molasses, spices, flour, butter, eggs, etc.
The dough is rolled out on a flat surface, and the gingerbread man is made with a cookie cutter.
The cookies can be frosted and decorated with various trims such as raisins and silver dragees.
These cookies can be made with different decorations such as chocolate chips, jelly beans, chocolate sauce etc.
They can also be made in different sizes.
This method works in many cases where X-ray crystallography does not.
The latter needs large 3-D crystals to work.
Protein structures are usually done from 2-dimensional crystals (sheets or helices), polyhedrons such as viral capsids, or dispersed proteins.
Electrons can be used in these situations, whereas X-rays cannot, because electrons interact more strongly with atoms than X-rays do.
A disorder affecting the mind, see Dysnomia (disorder)
A daughter of the goddess Eris (mythology), usually translated as lawlessness, see Dysnomia (mythology)
A moon of the dwarf planet Eris, see Dysnomia (moon)
Kevin Mark DuBrow (October 29, 1955 – November 19, 2007) was an American singer of rock music.
He is best known as the lead singer of the heavy metal band Quiet Riot from 1975, when the band started, until 2007, when he died.
On December 10, 2007, media reported that DuBrow had been found dead on the afternoon of November 25, 2007.
He died because he took an accidental overdose of cocaine.
A fighting game is a video game in which two or more players battle for the winning spot, usually by fighting to the death or K.O.. Most fighting games have a selection of characters with different abilities.
Some popular fighting games are Mortal Kombat, Street Fighter, and Soul Calibur.
A push-button is a switch in the shape of a small button or knob.
When it is pushed it completes an electrical circuit that controls something.
For example, a doorbell rings when a person pushes a button, or numbers are displayed on a calculator or even when you are playing a machine game at an arcade.
Electronic switches
Heavyweights is a 1995 Disney movie directed by Steven Brill.
Heavyweights is about a fat camp for children that is taken over by fitness expert Tony Perkis (Ben Stiller).
Charlie Brown is the main character in the comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz.
Sally: She is Charlie Brown's younger sister.
Her character is argumentative.
Linus: He is an intellectual.
He always has his favorite blanket.
Lucy: She is always bold.
She doesn't like talking logically.
Woodstock: He is a small, yellow bird.
Only Snoopy can communicate with him and recognize him.
Schroeder: He is a pianist and likes Beethoven.
He usually plays the piano.
Peppermint Patty: She is bold but dull.
She is a good baseball player, but not good at studying.
Marcie: She is a good friend of Peppermint Patty.
She is earnest, but not good at baseball.
Pigpen: He is optimistic.
He can gather dust like a magnet.
Franklin: He is thoughtful and calm.
He played with Charlie Brown and made friends.
bob the builder: bob the builder
Ryan and his milk: Ryan is obsessed with Cheese Whiz and enjoys milk
Brendon's forehead: loves Ryan, has a huge forehead
Stan and Jan Berenstain were American authors and illustrators.
They are best known for their books about the "Berenstain Bears" and "Blair Investigates".
Stanley Melvin Berenstain (September 29, 1923 – November 26, 2005) was born in West Philadelphia.
Janice Marian Berenstain (July 26, 1923 – February 24, 2012) was also born in Philadelphia.
Both served in World War II.
On November 26, 2005, Stanley Berenstain died of cancer.
Jan died February 24, 2012, from a stroke.
The couple's first published a book in 1951.
It was The Berenstains' Baby Book.
They then published two more books on parenthood.
The first book with the Berenstain Bears was The Big Honey Hunt.
It was published in 1962 and the first book with the Blair Investigates was A Investigate Star is Born It was published in 1968.
Theodor Geisel (best known as Dr. Seuss) was the editor for the early books in the series.
Over 300 books have been published in 23 languages.
Later in life, he turned to other scientific problems.
He was the first person to predict that emissions of carbon dioxide, from the burning of fossil fuels, would cause global warming.
His early work was on the conductivity of electrolytes.
In 1884, based on this work, he submitted a 150-page essay on electrolytic conductivity to University of Uppsala for his doctorate.
It did not impress the professors, and he received a low-class degree.
Later, extensions of this work would earn him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Arrhenius' explanation was that in forming a solution, the salt splits up into charged particles (which Michael Faraday had given the name ions many years earlier).
Faraday's belief had been that ions were produced in the process of electrolysis; Arrhenius' idea was that, even in the absence of an electric current, solutions of salts contained ions.
He proposed that chemical reactions in solution were reactions between ions.
In an extension of his ionic scientific theory Arrhenius proposed definitions for acids and bases, in 1884.
He believed that acids were substances which produce hydrogen ions in a solution and that bases were substances which produce hydroxide ions in a solution.
About 1900, Arrhenius became involved in setting up the Nobel Institutes and the Nobel Prizes.
For the rest of his life, he would be a member of the Nobel Committee on Physics and a member of the Nobel Committee on Chemistry.
He used his positions to arrange prizes for his friends (Jacobus van't Hoff, Wilhelm Ostwald, Theodore Richards) and to attempt to deny them to his enemies (Paul Ehrlich, Walther Nernst).
In 1903 he became the first Swedish persn to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
In 1904 he delivered (at the University of California) several lectures, to try and show the application of the methods of physical chemistry to the study of the theory of toxins and antitoxins, and which were published in 1907 under the title Immunochemistry.
Earth and planetary sciences
He thought life might have been carried from planet to planet by the transport of spores.
This idea is now known as panspermia.
Arrhenius thought of a theory to explain the ice ages, and in 1896 he was the first scientist to think that changes in the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could make a big change to the surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.
He was influenced by the work of others, including Joseph Fourier.
Arrhenius used infrared observations of the moon to work out the absorption of infrared radiation by atmospheric CO2 and water vapour.
"If the quantity of carbonic acid increases in geometric progression, the augmentation of the temperature will increase nearly in arithmetic progression".
ΔF = α ln(C/)
His book Worlds in the making (1908) was directed at a general audience.
He suggested that the human emission of CO2 would be strong enough to stop the world from entering a new ice age, and that a warmer Earth would be needed to feed the rapidly increasing population:
"To a certain extent the temperature of the earth's surface... is [related to] the atmosphere surrounding it, and particularly by the permeability of the latter for the rays of heat". (
p46)
"[The] theory has been styled the hot-house theory, because they thought that the atmosphere acted after the manner of the glass panes of hot-houses." (
p51)
"If the quantity of carbonic acid in the air should sink to one-half its present percentage, the temperature would fall by about 4°; a diminution to one-quarter would reduce the temperature by 8°.
On the other hand, any doubling of the percentage of carbon dioxide in the air would raise the temperature of the earth's surface by 4°; and if the carbon dioxide were increased fourfold, the temperature would rise by 8°". (
p53)
"Although the sea, by absorbing carbonic acid, acts as a regulator of huge capacity, which takes up about five-sixths of the produced carbonic acid, we yet recognize that the slight percentage of carbonic acid in the atmosphere may by the advances of industry be changed to a noticeable degree in the course of a few centuries". (
p54)
"By the influence of the increasing carbonic acid in the atmosphere, we may hope to enjoy ages with more equable and better climates, especially as regards the colder regions of the earth, ages when the earth will bring forth much more abundant crops than at present, for the benefit of rapidly propagating mankind". (
He was the first person to predict that emissions of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels and other combustion processes would cause global warming.
Arrhenius clearly believed that a warmer world would be a positive change.
Nevertheless, until about 1960, most scientists dismissed the greenhouse effect because they thought it was very unlikely to happen.
Milutin Milankovitch had presented a mechanism for ice ages: it used cyclical changes in the orbit of the Earth (Milankovitch cycles).
Nowadays, the accepted explanation is that orbital forcing sets the timing for ice ages with CO2 acting as amplifying feedback.
Human affairs
Arrhenius was one of several leading Swedish scientists who helped create The State Institute for Racial Biology in 1922.
This was a eugenics-influenced idea.
It had originally been proposed as a Nobel Institute.
Arrhenius was a member of the institute's board, as he had been in The Swedish Society for Racial Hygiene (Eugenics), founded in 1909.
Swedish physicists
The Tivoli-Neu is a football stadium in Innsbruck, Austria.
It is the homeground of FC Wacker Innsbruck and the Swarco Raiders Tirol, an American Football team.
The stadium was one venue of the UEFA Euro 2008.
The Tivoli-Neu replaces the old Tivoli stadium which was closed down in 2004.
Since the insolvency of FC Tirol in 2002 the stadium is used by FC Wacker Innsbruck, the follower of the old club.
For the UEFA Euro 2008 the stadium was used for matches.
It was temporarily expanded to a capacity of 30 000.
25 April 2001 Austria– Liechtenstein 2:0 (1:0)
11 June 2003 Austria-  Belarus  5:0 (1:0)
28 April 2004 Austria- Luxemburg 4:1 (2:0)
11 October 2006 Austria- Switzerland 2:1 (2:0)
17 October 2007 Austria-  Ivory Coast 3:2 (1:0)
11 June 2008 Spain- Russia 4:1 (2:0) UEFA Euro 2008
14 June 2008 Sweden- Spain 1:2 (1:1)UEFA Euro 2008
18 June 2008 Russia - Sweden 2:0 (1:0)UEFA Euro 2008
10 October 2009 Austria-  Lithuania 2:1 (1:0)
28 May 2010 Spain- Saudia Arabia 3:2
International matches of FC Tirol
14 September 2000 FC Tirol Innsbruck - AC Fiorentina 3:1 (2:0)
26 October 2000 FC Tirol Innsbruck - VfB Stuttgart 1:0 (0:0)
22 August 2001 FC Tirol Innsbruck - Lokomotiv Moskau 1:0 (0:0)
11 September 2001 FC Tirol Innsbruck - Viktoria Zizkov 1:0 (0:0)
1 November 2001 FC Tirol Innsbruck - AC Fiorentina, 2:2 (1:2)
The Kingdom of Denmark-Norway was a union between the two kingdoms Denmark and Norway.
They were previously in the Kalmar Union with Sweden.
The Kingdom of Denmark-Norway lasted from 1536 to 1814.
The capital of both countries was Copenhagen, and they shared the same military.
The kingdom also possessed colonies in Greenland, Iceland, Africa, the Caribbean and India.
1524–1533: Frederick I
1588–1648: Christian IV
1648–1670: Frederick III
1808–1814: Frederick VI
1536 establishments
1814 disestablishments
VEGAS Pro is a non-linear video editing software developed by MAGIX, previously by Sony Creative Software and Sonic Foundry.
The Film Paranormal Activity was edited using the software and has won many awards.
VEGAS Pro contains a lot of video and audio effects and transitions including the Mirror Effect and Chroma Key.
VEGAS Pro also has tittles and other video generators.
Sony Vegas 8.0
The 8.0 version was released in late 2007.
It contains features including ProType Titling technology, Multicamera editing tools, 32-bit floating point video processing, Customizable window layouts, Improved HDV/SDI/XDCAM support and Mixing console window.
Sony Vegas 9.0
The 9.0 version was released in 2009.
The color of the program is now black rather than white.
It contains features including support for 4K resolution and native support for pro camcorder formats like Red and XDCAM EX.
Sony Vegas 10.0
The 10.0 version was released in October 2010 and is the latest version of the software.
It contains new features including Stereoscopic 3D Editing, Comprehensive Closed Captioning, GPU-Accelerated AVC Encoding (Using NVIDIA CUDA), Image Stabilization, Audio Event FX, Track Management, OpenFX plugins support.
Sir William Henry Bragg  (2 July 1862 – 12 March 1942) was a British physicist, chemist, mathematician and active sportsman.
Bragg returned to England at the end of 1908 and took the Cavendish Chair in Physics at the University of Leeds in 1909.
He published an imporant early work on radioactivity, Studies in radioactivity, in 1912.
He invented the X-ray spectrometer, and began work with his son.
Together they founded the new technique of X-ray crystallography, for which they won the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1915.
That year was also marked by their book X-rays and crystal structure, the standard text for many years.
From 1923 he was Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution and director of the Davy Faraday Research Laboratory.
This institution was practically rebuilt in 1929-30 and, under Bragg's directorship, many valuable papers were issued from the laboratory.
Christine of France (Christine Marie; 10 February 1606 – 27 December 1663) was the second daughter of Henry IV of France and Marie de Medici.
A sister of Louis XIII, she was married to the future Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy in 1619 aged fourteen.
She was said to be volatile and frivolous.
Educated at the French court, she introduced French culture into Savoy.
Her husband succeeded to the Savoyard throne in 1637 and thus Christine became Duchess of Savoy through marriage.
At the death of Victor Amadeus I in 1637, Christine was created regent in the name of her son Francis Hyacinth.
However, at the death of Francis Hyacinth in 1638, the throne went to her second surviving son who became Charles Emmanuel II.
Officially regent till 1648, she maintained huge influence within the Savoyard government at the time which only ended at her death in 1663.
Christine was born in the Palais du Louvre in Paris and was the third child of King Henry IV of France and his second wife, Marie de' Medici.
As a daughter of the king, she held the prestigious rank of Fille de France.
Baptised with the names Christine Marie, she was known simply as Christine.
She was a younger sister of Louis XIII of France and Élisabeth, a future queen of Spain.
After the marriage of Princess Élisabeth in 1615 to the future Philip IV of Spain, Christine took on the honorary title of Madame Royale indicating her status as the eldest and most senior unmarried daughter at the court.
She would be known as this till her own marriage.
Princess of Piedmont
She married Victor Amadeus of Savoy, on 10 February 1619 at the Louvre in Paris.
Her husband was styled the Prince of Piedmont and as such she the Princess.
Victor Amadeus was the eldest surviving son of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy and Catherine Michelle of Austria the latter of which had died in 1597 as a result of childbirth.
As such, Christine was the most senior female at the Savoyard court from the time of her arrival.
Her husband was nineteen years older than she.
Despite the age gap, the couple were happy and overall produced eight children, four of whom would survive childhood.
Victor Amadeus became Duke after the death of his father in July 1630.
Her husband died in October 1637 having left Savoy with little money due to wars with Spain.
Regent of Savoy
When her husband died in October 1637, she was created regent in the name of her son Francis Hyacinth who succeeded her husband.
At the death of Francis Hyacinth in 1638, her second son succeeded as Charles Emmanuel II.
As a result of Charles Emmanuel's age, Christine maintained her grip on power.
Despite this, her brothers-in-law, Prince Maurice and his younger brother Prince Thomas Francis disputed Christine's power as she was a woman.
They also had little trust in her French entourage.
When Francis Hyacinth, the brothers started the Piedmontese Civil War, with Spanish support.
There were two parties.
The "principisti", supporters of the Princes, and the "madamisti", the supporters of Christine.
During her regency, she styled herself Madama Reale, Italian form of the style Madame Royale which she was known as prior to her marriage.
After four years of fighting, Christine was victorious thanks to French military support of her brother Louis XIII.
Not only did she keep the duchy for her son, she also prevented France getting too much power within her sons dominions thus preserving power for herself.
When peace was concluded in 1642, Prince Maurice married Christines eldest daughter Luisa Cristina to cement the peace.
Christine stayed in control of Savoy, until her son could follow in her footsteps.
Even though her formal regency ended in 1648, she remained ruler of Savoy till her death.
Christine was notorious as much for her capricious rule as for her many lovers.
She lived an uninhibited private life and had relationships with the French Ambassador, Marini, her brother-in-law, Maurice as well as Count Filippo d'Aglié, a handsome courtier who remained faithful to her all her life.
It was under her influence that her son married her niece, Françoise Madeleine d'Orléans in a proxy wedding.
Knowing that Françoise Madeleine was so young and timid,  it allowed Christine the opportunity to maintain her power over Savoy and her son.
However, she died shortly after her sons wedding at the Palazzo Madama, her residence in Turin aged 57.
She was buried at the Basilica of Sant'Andrea.
Françoise Madeleine died in 1664 childless.
He remarried in 1666 to Marie Jeanne of Savoy.
Marie Jeanne would give birth to Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia who would later marry another French Princess Anne Marie d'Orléans.
17 years after her death, in 1680, her granddaughter Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria married Louis XIII's grandson Louis, Grand Dauphin thus making Christine a direct ancestress of most royalty today.
Revealed on NBC's 'Who Do You Think You Are?'
that one of her descendants is model/actress Brooke Shields.
In her widowhood she lived at the Palazzo Madama which she had rebuilt.
She was also organised the reconstruction of the Castello del Valentino as well as the additions to the Royal Palace of Turin.
She would also later own Vigno di Madama Reale, later the private residence of Anne Marie d'Orléans.
Stillborn son (1621)
Prince Louis Amadeus of Savoy (1622 - 1628)
Luisa Cristina of Savoy (27 July 1629 - 14 May 1692) married  Prince Maurice of Savoy no issue.
Francis Hyacinth (14 September 1632 - 4 October 1638), Duke of Savoy
Charles Emmanuel II (20 June 1634 - 12 June 1675) married Françoise Madeleine d'Orléans and had no issue;  secondly married Marie Jeanne of Savoy and had issue.
Margaret Yolande of Savoy (15 November 1635 - 29 April 1663) married Ranuccio II Farnese, Duke of Parma and died in childbirth.
Henriette Adelaide of Savoy (6 November 1636 - 18 March  1676) married Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria and had issue.
Catherine Beatrice of Savoy (6 November 1636 - 26 August 1637) died in infancy.
10 February 1606 – 25 November 1615 Her Highness Princess Christine of France
25 November 1615 – 10 February 1619 Her Highness Madame Royale
10 February 1619 – 26 July 1630 Her Highness The Princess of Piedmont
26 July 1630 – 7 October 1637 Her Highness The Duchess of Savoy
7 October 1637 – 27 December 1663 Her Highness The Dowager Duchess of Savoy
1663 deaths
Victor Amadeus I (8 May 1587 – 7 October 1637) was the Duke of Savoy from 1630 to 1637.
He was also titular King of Cyprus and Jerusalem.
He was also known as the Lion of Susa.
He was born in Turin to Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy and Catherine Micaela of Austria.
He spent much of his childhood at the Spanish court in Madrid.
When his brother Filippo Emanuele, Prince of Piedmont died, he became legitimate heir to the duchy and received the loyalty swore of the court at Racconigi on 21 January 1607.
Victor Amadeus became Duke of Savoy after his father's death in 1630.
Charles Emmanuel's policies had brought a great instability in the relationships with both France and Spain, and troops were needed to defend the Duchy.
As money was lacking to recruit mercenaries or train indigenous soldiers, Victor Amadeus signed a peace treaty with Spain.
With the Treaty of Cherasco, Savoy was given back Pinerolo, although, according to a secret point of the agreement, that important stronghold was to remain with France in exchange for Geneve.
On 25 September of that year, Victor Amadeus fell ill after a dinner offered by the Duke of Créqui.
Carried to Turin, he died here on 7 October.
genealogy.euweb.cz
8 May 1587–21 January 1607 His Highness Victor Amadeus of Savoy
21 January 1607–26 July 1630His Highness the Prince of Piedmont
26 July 1630–7 October 1637 His Highness the Duke of Savoy
Alex Rider is a series of spy books.
It is written by British author Anthony Horowitz.
The series is about a teenage spy named Alex Rider.
The series is aimed at young adults.
There are ten books in the series, but short stories and other books have been published too.
The first novel, Stormbreaker, was published in the United Kingdom on 4 September 2000 and was adapted into a movie in 2006.
Over 10 million books in the Alex Rider series have been sold worldwide.
The UPC-Arena (formerly known as Arnold Schwarzenegger stadium) is a football stadium in Graz, Austria.
It is the homeground of SK Sturm Graz.
The first stadium was built before the Second World War.
In the 1950s it was renovated and expanded with a skating rink (now home of the ice hockey team Graz 99ers) and an indoor pool.
In the 1970s it became home ground of the big football clubs of Graz, SK Sturm and Grazer AK.
The stadium was originally named after the bodybuilder, actor and Governor of California, Arnold Schwarzenegger who was born near Graz.
It was built from 1994 to  1997 and was opened with the derby Grazer AK versus SK Sturm Graz.
When Governor Schwarzenegger did not pardon a prisoner from the death penalty a discussion started about the name.
Governor Schwarzenegger took back the right to use his name.
Now the name was Stadium Graz-Liebenau after the part of the town where it is.
In 2006 the stadium was named UPC Arena after a sponsor of SK Sturm Graz.
UPC is a big Austrian internet provider.
Since  April 2016 it is named Merkur- Arena.
Merkur is a big insurance company in Austria.
The stadium has a capacity of 15 400 in 27 sectors.
For Champions League matches the capacity is expanded to 16 000.
The field has a lawn heating.
Two video walls and floodlight are also in the arena.
The stadium was host for the national team of Austria versus Faroe Islands on 5 September 2009 which ended 3–1 for the home team.
Altogether 14 matches of the national team were held here (The first one was in 1970 versus Yugoslavia).
Also the match England versus Japan on 30 May 2010 was held in the arena.
The English team had a training Camp in Styria for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.
The match ended 2–1 to England.
In 2011 it will be one of the venues for the American Football world championship.
James Joseph "Jim" Parsons (born March 24, 1985) is an American actor.
Parsons is best known for playing the role of Sheldon Cooper in the television series, The Big Bang Theory.
In 2010, he won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor In a Comedy Series and in 2011, he won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Television Series - Musical or Comedy.
Both of these awards were given to him for his role in The Big Bang Theory.
Nowhere to Go But Up (2003)
The King's Inn (2005)
The Great New Wonderful (2005)
Heights (2005)
10 Items or Less (2006)
School for Scoundrels (2006)
On the Road with Judas (2007)
Gardener of Eden (2007)
The Big Year (2011)
Wish I Was Here (2014)
Ed as Chet (2002)
Why Blitt?
as Mike (2003)
Taste as Kris (2004)
Judging Amy as Rob Holbrook (2004-05)
The Big Bang Theory as Sheldon Cooper (2007-2019)
Family Guy as Sheldon Cooper (2009)
Glenn Martin, DDS as Draven (2010)
The Super Hero Squad Show as Nightmare (2011)
John Mark "Johnny" Galecki (born April 30, 1975) is an Belgian-born American actor.
Galecki is best known for playing the role of David Healy on Roseanne and Leonard Hofstadter on The Big Bang Theory.
Galecki was born in Bree, Belgium to American parents.
He was raised in Oak Park, Illinois.
Galecki dated Kaley Cuoco who is his co-star on The Big Bang Theory.
They dated secretly for two years before they broke up.
People from Limburg (Belgium)
Mortal Kombat: Annihilation is an 1997 martial arts action/adventure movie that was produced by Lawrence Kasanoff and was directed by John R. Leonetti.
It is based on the video game franchise, Mortal Kombat and is the sequel to the 1995 movie, Mortal Kombat.
Mortal Kombat: Annihilation was released on November 21, 1997 in North America, February 13, 1998 in the United Kingdom and on April 9, 1998 in Australia.
The movie received negative reviews with a 7% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic gave it a 11 out of 100.
Talisa Soto as Kitana
James Remar as Raiden
Sandra Hess as Sonya Blade
Lynn "Red" Williams as Jax
Brian Thompson as Shao Kahn
Irina Pantaeva as Jade
Musetta Vander as Syndel
Reiner Schöne as Shinnok
Marjean Holden as Sheeva
Litefoot as Nightwolf
Deron McBee as Motaro
Dana Lynn Hee as Mileena
Gary Paul Davis (born March 1, 1969 in Upland, California), known by his stage name Litefoot, is an American rapper and actor.
He is of Cherokee and Chichimeca descent.
He was the first Native American person to rap and he called his style of music, Tribalistic Funk.
David is also an actor and acted in the movies The Indian in the Cupboard in 1995, Mortal Kombat: Annihilation in 1997, Kull the Conqueror in 1997 and Adaptation in 2002.
Litefoot's Official website
A bridesmaid is a member of the bride's group in a wedding.
A bridesmaid is usually a young woman, and often a close friend or sister.
She helps the bride on the day of a wedding or marriage ceremony.
Traditionally, bridesmaids were chosen from unmarried young women who were old enough to be married.
The main bridesmaid may be called the chief bridesmaid or maid of honor if she is unmarried, or the matron of honor if she is married.
A junior bridesmaid is a girl who is clearly too young to get married, but who is included as an honorary bridesmaid.
Wivenhoe is a town near Colchester, in Essex, England.
It has a local football team called Wivenhoe town F.C.
Witham is a town near the A12 road in Essex, England.
In 2001 there were 22,470 people living in Witham.
Harwich is a port town near the A120 road in Essex, England.
In 2011 there were 17,684 people living in Harwich.
Harlow is a former Mark One New Town and local government district in the west of Essex, England.
Situated on the border with Hertfordshire, it occupies a large area of land on the south bank of the upper Stort Valley, which has been made navigable through other towns and features a canal section near its watermill.
Old Harlow is a village-size suburb founded by the early medieval age and most of its high street buildings are early Victorian and residential, mostly protected by one of the Conservation Areas in the district.
In Old Harlow is a field named Harlowbury, a de-settled monastic area which has the remains of a chapel, a scheduled ancient monument.
The M11 motorway passes through the east of the district, entirely to the east of the town.
Harlow has its own commercial and leisure economy.
It is also an outer part of the London commuter belt and employment centre of the M11 corridor which includes Cambridge and London Stansted to the north.
Thaxted is a town in Essex, England.
In 2001 there were 2,576 people living in Thaxted.
Halstead is a town and civil parish in Braintree district, Essex, England.
In 2001 there were 11,053 people living in Halstead.
Coggeshall is a town near the A120 road, in Essex, England.
In 2001 there were 4,327 people living in Coggeshall.
It is based on the Alice in Wonderland book written by Lewis Carroll.
The score is by Danny Elfman.
Closing credits (or end credits) are shown at the end of a movie or television show.
They usually say who the actors were in the movie.
They also include who helped make the movie, such as the director and the producer.
The closing ceremony of the 2010 Winter Olympics took place on February 28, 2010.
It was held at the BC Place Stadium in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Humanitarian aid is aid given with respect of human dignity with a spirit of human nature to people in war, disaster including natural disaster and to refugees according to laws of war and international human rights law.
To this end International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs exist.
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs is an organization of the United Nations for humanitarian aid started in 1991.
Office for the Coodination of Humanitarian Affairs
de:UN-Nothilfekoordinator#OCHA
Three Days Grace is a Canadian alternative rock band.
They formed in 1992 in Norwood, Ontario as a post-grunge band and were originally called Groundswell.
There are four members in the band: Adam Gontier, Barry Stock, Neil Sanderson and Brad Walst.
The band was named "Number One Rock Artist of the Year" by Billboard.
2003: Three Days Grace
2006: One-X
2009: Life Starts Now
2012: Transit of Venus
2015: Human
2018: Outsider
Three Days Grace's official website
Three Days Grace is the first studio album by Canadian rock band, Three Days Grace.
The producer of the album was Gavin Brown.
The album peaked at #69 on the U.S. Billboard 200 and #9 on the Canadian Albums Chart.
Three Days Grace albums
One-X is the second studio album by Canadian rock band, Three Days Grace.
It was released on June 13, 2006.
The producer of the album was Howard Benson.
The album peaked at #5 on the U.S. Billboard 200 and #2 on the Canadian Albums Chart.
The songs "Riot" and "Animal I Have Become" were featured in the video game, WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2010.
Life Starts Now is the third studio album by Canadian rock band, Three Days Grace.
It was released on September 22, 2009.
The album was certified Platinum in Canada and was also certified Gold in the US.
The album peaked at #3 on the U.S. Billboard 200 and at #2 on the Canadian Albums Chart.
Sindh Qalanders is a field hockey team for the Sindh Province in Pakistan.
They play in the Pakistan Hockey Federation.
The Amsterdam Museum is a museum in Amsterdam.
Before 2011 it was called the Amsterdams Historisch Museum.
It is in the old orphanage between Kalverstraat and Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal.
Museums in the Netherlands
Sir William Lawrence Bragg CH OBE MC FRS (31 March 1890 – 1 July 1971) was an Australian-born British physicist and X-ray crystallographer.
Bragg was always known as Sir Lawrence Bragg, and his father was Sir William Bragg.
Lawrence Bragg was educated in Adelaide, Australia and in England.
He was awarded the Military Cross in World War I.
Lawrence Bragg discovered (1912) the Bragg law of X-ray diffraction, the basis of X-ray crystallography.
He was joint winner (with his father, Sir William Bragg) of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1915.
To date, Lawrence Bragg is the youngest Nobel Laureate.
He was the director of the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, when the discovery of the structure of DNA was made by James D. Watson and Francis Crick in February 1953.
He was elected an FRS in 1921.
He was knighted by George VI in 1941, and received both the Copley Medal and the Royal Medal of the Royal Society.
Hoverflies mimic wasp stripes, and are usually smaller than wasps.
Thus to a bird they may look scarcely worth eating, and dangerous.
As their common name suggests, they are often seen hovering or sucking nectar at flowers.
The adults of many species feed mainly on nectar and pollen, while the larvae (maggots) eat a wide range of foods.
In some species, the larvae are saprotrophs, eating decaying plant and animal matter in the soil or in ponds and streams.
In other species, the larvae are insectivores and prey on aphids, thrips, and other plant-sucking insects.
Aphids alone cause tens of millions of dollars of damage to crops worldwide every year.
Hoverflies are important natural enemies of these pests, and can be used in biological control.
Some adult syrphid flies are important pollinators.
Some orchids mimic aphid alarm scent (pheromones), which attracts hoverflies.
The hoverflies then pollinate the orchids.
About 6,000 species in 200 genera have been described.
Hoverflies are common throughout the world and can be found on most continent except Antarctica.
Hoverflies are harmless to most other animals despite their mimicry of the black and yellow stripes of wasps.
They are a classic example of Batesian mimicry.
The Batesian mimic is a sheep in wolf's clothing: it looks like something dangerous or which tastes disgusting, but in reality it is good to eat.
Hover flies look roughly like little wasps, and their warning colouration is well-known to birds.
Unlike adults, the maggots of hoverflies feed on a variety of foods.
Predatory species benefit farmers and gardeners, because aphids destroy crops.
Hoverfly maggots are often used in biological control.
Atomkraft are an English heavy metal band who were part of the New Wave of British Heavy Metal movement.
They formed in 1979 and disbanded 1988.
Their "Total Metal" approach is somewhere between fellow NWOBHM bands such as Motörhead and Venom, punk rock bands such as The Dickies, and early Exodus or Slayer.
1981 - Demon - Demo
1983 - Total Metal - Demo
1985 - Pour the Metal In - Demo
1985 – Future Warriors - LP
1986 - Queen of Death - EP
1987 - Conductors of Noize - Mini LP
2004 - Total Metal: The Neat Anthology - Compilation CD
Tony Dolan - bass/vocals (1979-1986, 1988), (2005-) (Venom, Mantas, Raubtier)
Steve Mason - drums (2005-) (Iron Fire, Blinded by Fear)
Payre Hulkoffgarden - guitars (2005-) (Viperine, Karyan, Raubtier)
Ian Davison Swift (1986-1988) (Satan, Avenger)
Ian Legg (1979)
Chris Taylor (1979)
Sean Drew (1979-1983)
Steve White (1980-1983) (Venom, War Machine)
Neil Rander (1985)
Rob Mathew (1985-1988) (Agankast)
Raggy (1986)
Mark Irvine (1981-1982)
Darren "D.C. Rage"(1986-1988)
Paul Spillet (1979-1983)
IG (1986)
Ged "Wolf" Cook (1985-1988) (Tysondog)
1988 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
James Joseph Wisniewski (born February 21, 1984 in Canton, Michigan) is an NHL ice hockey defenceman that is currently an unrestricted agent.
He was selected by the Chicago Blackhawks with the 156th overall pick in the 2002 NHL Draft.
Wisniewski also played for the Chicago Blackhawks for 4 seasons, the Anaheim Ducks for 2 seasons, the New York Islanders for 1 season and the Montreal Canadiens for 1 season before his rights were traded to the Columbus Blue Jackets for a conditional seventh-round draft pick in 2012 for the Canadiens.
The draft pick will become a fifth-rounder if Columbus actually signs Wisniewski.
He was named to the OHL First All-Rookie Team in the 2000-01 season.
He was named to the OHL First All-Star Team in the 2003-04 season.
He won the OHL Max Kaminsky Trophy in the 2003-04 season.
He was named to the CHL First All-Star Team in the 2003-04 season.
He was named the CHL Defenceman of the Year in the 2003-04 season.
James Wisniewski's Official website
Tony "Demolition" Dolan (also known as The Demolition Man) is an English musician, best known as bassist and vocalist of heavy metal bands Atomkraft and Venom.
With Atomkraft
Future Warriors (1985)
Queen of Death (EP) (1986)
Tonpress (1987)
Conductors of Noize (1987)
Total Metal - The NEAT Anthology (2005)
With Venom
Tear Your Soul Apart (EP) (1990)
Judge Dredd (1995) - Ivan
Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003) - Mr. Lamb, Carpenter
Battlefield Britain (2004) - Royal Musketeer/Prisoner
Dirty War (2004) - Lead TSG Officer
Mark LaVarre (born February 21, 1965 in Evanston, Illinois) is a retired American professional ice hockey right winger who played a career total of 78 games in the NHL.
He was drafted by the Chicago Black Hawks with the 119th overall pick in the sixth round of the 1983 NHL Draft.
Michael Bryant Eagles (born March 7, 1963 in Sussex, New Brunswick) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger who played a career total of 853 games in the NHL.
He played 4 seasons with the Quebec Nordiques, 2 seasons with the Chicago Blackhawks, 5 seasons with the Winnipeg Jets and 6 seasons with the Washington Capitals.
He was drafted by the Quebec Nordiques with the 116th overall pick in the 1981 NHL Draft.
Billings Bighorns players
"Superman's Dead'" is a 1996 alternative rock/post-grunge song by the Canadian alternative rock band Our Lady Peace and is the first single from their second studio album Clumsy, which was released in 1997.
The song was written by Raine Maida and Mike Turner.
The song is about how much TV that children watch and also the content of it.
The song looks at the dark expectations that are garnered from media images.
Our Lady Peace songs