the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The third conquest was fought by troops from the entire Confederation (at that time constituted by 12 cantons).
In 1512 Locarno, the Maggia Valley, Lugano and Mendrisio were annexed.
Subsequently, the upper valley of the Ticino River, from the St. Gotthard to the town of Biasca (Leventina Valley) was part of Canton Uri.
The remaining territory (Baliaggi Ultramontani, Ennetbergische Vogteien, the Bailiwicks Beyond the Mountains) was administered by the Twelve Cantons.
The lands of the canton of Ticino are the last lands to be conquered by the Swiss Confederation. (
After the battle of Marignano in 1515 the king of France Francis I defeated the Confederates, and they gave up any further conquests.)
In February 1798 an attempt of annexation by the Cisalpine Republic was repelled by a volunteer militia in Lugano.
Between 1798 and 1803, during the Helvetic Republic, the districts of Bellinzona and Lugano were separate cantons, but in 1803 the two were unified to form the canton of Ticino that joined the Swiss Confederation as a full member in the same year.
During the Napoleonic Wars, many Ticinese (as was the case for other Swiss) served in Swiss military units allied with the French.
Until 1878 the three largest cities, Bellinzona, Lugano and Locarno, alternated as capital of the canton.
In 1878, however, Bellinzona became the only and permanent capital.
The current constitution   dates from 1997.
The previous constitution, heavily modified, dates from 1830, nearly 20 years before the constitution of actual Swiss Confederation.
The cantonal parliament is the Grand Council (Italian: Gran Consiglio), with 90 members and the government (Consiglio di Stato) has 5 members (Consiglieri di Stato).
In the both councils the members are elected with the proportional electoral system.
The canton sends two deputies to the Swiss Council of States (upper house), and eight deputies to the National Council (lower house).
It's regional capitol is Bellinzona.
The main agricultural production is wine, mostly merlot, a type of red wine.
It is followed by horticulture, milk and cheese production.
The hilly slopes of the canton are used extensively for the production of hydroelectricity.
The electricity produced is used at home and sold for export.
There is cattle breeding in the northern areas.
The production of wine is important in the canton and exported to mainly other areas in Switzerland.
The vineyards are mostly concentrated in the southern half of the canton where the climate is warmer.
Other agricultural produce includes corn (maize), potatoes, tobacco and vegetables.
The weather in the canton is often inverse to that north of the Alps.
This, and a warmer climate in general, attracts many tourists from other Swiss cantons.
The lakes together with the sunshine are considered attractive.
Tourism is the single most important economic factor in the canton.
The canton is well connected to the rest of Switzerland.
There are tunnels underneath the Gotthard massive, both for rail and road.
The canton of Grisons (Graubünden) is connected with a direct coach link, whereas the canton of Valais is connected by rail through a tunnel at the Simplon Pass.
There are good rail links to Milan and Rome in Italy as well as Germany via Basel and Zürich.
Because of the tourist trade there are a number of small railways in scenic areas in the mountains.
Winter sports is important, despite being less developed.
There are two major centres of education and research located in the canton of Ticino.
The University of Italian speaking Switzerland (USI, Università della Svizzera Italiana) is the only Swiss university teaching in Italian.
The University of Applied Sciences of Italian speaking Switzerland (SUPSI, Scuola Universitaria Professionale della Svizzera Italiana) on the other hand is a professional training college focused on a practical method of teaching in the areas of applied art, economy, social work, technology and production science.
Three daily newspapers are published in Ticino: Corriere del Ticino, La Regione, and Giornale del Popolo.
These represent the only Italian daily publications in Switzerland.
The official language, and the one used for most written communication, is Italian.
In oral communication Western Lombard (Ticinese) varieties, although receding in favour of Italian (especially in the cities of Lugano, Ascona and Locarno and among the younger generations), are still well preserved.
These are further subdivided into local variations, with the northern valleys speaking a dialect more closely aligned with Romansch, Switzerland's fourth official language.
There is a certain amount of popular literature (poems, comedies, etc.)
in Ticinese, and the national radio and televisions trasmit regularly program in Ticinese (mainly comedies).
The population is mostly Roman Catholic (75%) or Protestant (7%).
About 2% each are Orthodox or Muslim.
The Canton of Ticino is divided into 8 districts (distretti) and 38 circles (circoli):
Distretto di Mendrisio
Distretto di Lugano
Distretto di Locarno
Distretto di Vallemaggia
Distretto di Bellinzona
Distretto di Riviera
Distretto di Blenio
Distretto di Leventina
There are 195 municipalities in the canton (as of February 2006).
These municipalities (comuni) are grouped in 38 circoli (circles or sub-districts) which are in turn grouped into districts (distretti).
Since late 1990 there is an ongoing project of group some municipalities together (as they are small).
Cantone Ticino  official site
Tourism office, official tourism office of Ticino.
official website for wine of Ticino.
Ethnologue report for Switzerland, Ethnologue language report.
Virtual Tour of Canton Ticino, QuickTime VR virtual tour of Canton Ticino.
Canton of Ticino maps
The Ticino river is a river that originates in the Alps, near Nufenen.
It then flows through the Swiss canton of Ticino and northern Italy.
It flows into the Po River, near Pavia.
It is 270 km long.
It gave its name to the canton.
In Switzerland, it is dammed to make electricity.
In Italy, it is mainly used for irrigation.
The river flows through Lago Maggiore.
Rivers of Italy
The Po (Latin: Padus, , ancient "Eridanus") is a river that flows 652 kilometers (405 miles) eastward across northern Italy, from Monviso (in the Cottian Alps) to the Adriatic Sea near Venice.
It has a drainage area of 71,000 km² and is the longest river in Italy.
It goes through many important Italian towns, including Turin (Torino) and (indirectly) Milan (Milano), in Lombardy.
It is connected to Milan through a net of channels called navigli, which Leonardo da Vinci helped design.
Near the end of its course, it creates a wide delta (with hundreds of small channels and five main ones, called Po di Maestra, Po della Pila, Po delle Tolle, Po di Gnocca and Po di Goro) at the southern part of which is Comacchio, an area famous for eels.
The Po valley corresponds to the Roman Cisalpine Gaul, divided in Cispadane Gaul (South of the Po) and Transpadane Gaul (North of the Po).
The vast valley around the Po is called Pianura Padana and is so efficiently connected by the river that the whole valley became the main industrial area of the country.
This river is subject to the authority of a special authority, the Magistrato delle Acque.
In 2005, water from the Po was found to contain "staggering" amounts of benzoylecgonine, which is excreted by cocaine users in urine.
Based on these figures, cocaine consumption was estimated to be about 4 kg daily, or 27 doses per day per thousand young adults in areas that feed into the river—a number nearly three times higher than previous estimates.
Drying up
On May 4, 2007 The river dried up in spots completely.
Italy declared a state of emergency in the northern and central regions.
The Alps had reduced snowfall the previous winter.
It was the Alps's warmest winter in 1300 years.
Experts said this could have been part of global warming.
There was some discussion about filling the river up by diverting water flows from large lakes and reservoirs in the Alps.
The Po showed the effects of drought again in 2017.
By then, experts were even surer it was part of global warming, then called climate change.
Pellice (L)
Varaita (R)
Maira (R)
Dora Riparia (L)
Stura di Lanzo (L)
Orco (L)
Dora Baltea (L)
Sesia (L)
Tanaro (R)
Scrivia (R)
Agogna (L)
Ticino (L)
Lambro (L)
Trebbia (R)
Nure (R)
Adda (L)
Arda (R)
Taro (R)
Parma (R)
Enza (R)
Oglio (L)
Mincio (L)
Secchia (R)
Panaro (R)
Saltini Antonio, Dove l'uomo separò la terra dalle acque.
Storia delle bonifiche in Emilia Romagna, Diabasis, Reggio Emilia 2004
Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro (born 5 February 1985), better known as Cristiano Ronaldo, or by his nickname 'CR7', is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward.
He plays for Premier League club Manchester United and is the captain of the Portuguese national team.
He is considered to be one of the greatest footballers of all time, and, by some, as the greatest ever.
Ronaldo began his professional career with Sporting CP at age 17 in 2002, and signed for Manchester United a year later.
He won the FA Cup in his first season, and then won three back-to-back Premier League titles: in 2006-07, 2007-08, and 2008-09.
In 2007-08, Ronaldo helped United win the UEFA Champions League.
In 2008-09, he won his first FIFA Club World Cup in December 2008, and he also won his first Ballon d'Or.
At one point Ronaldo was the most expensive professional footballer of all time, after moving from Manchester United to Real Madrid for approximately £80 m in July 2009.
He won his first trophy with Real Madrid in 2011, the 2010-11 Copa del Rey.
In the  next season, he won his first La Liga title with the club, the 2011-12 La Liga.
In the 2012-13 season he won the Supercopa de España.
In the next season, the 2013-14 season, he won his second Ballon d'Or.
Then he won the Copa del Rey, and he also won his second Champions League with a record 17 goals.
The following year, Ronaldo won the Ballon d'Or again, along with his second FIFA Club World Cup in December 2014.
In 2016, Ronaldo won his third Champions League, and scored the winning penalty in the final against Atlético Madrid.
He won his fourth Ballon d'or the next season, his second La Liga title for the first time in five years, another Champions League, and his second Club World Cup.
Ronaldo's last season with Real Madrid was the 2017-18 season, where he won his fifth Ballon d'Or in 2017, and also won his fifth Champions League and scored two goals in the final against Juventus.
With his third consecutive Champions League, he became the first player to win the UEFA Champions League five times.
He would later go on to transfer to Juventus in July 2018.
Ronaldo left the club by holding the record for being the top goal scorer in Real Madrid's history, and remaining as the only player in La Liga's history to score 30 or more goals in six consecutive seasons.
Ronaldo began his career with Portugal at age 18.
He scored his first goal at UEFA Euro 2004 and helped Portugal reach the final, although they lost to Greece 1-0.
The first World Cup he played at was the 2006 FIFA World Cup.
He scored a goal and helped Portugal earn fourth place.
Two years later, he became Portugal's full captain.
Since then, he has appeared at three Euro's: 2008, 2012, and 2016, and two World Cups: 2014 and 2018.
He helped Portugal win their first major international trophy at Euro 2016, and their second three years later with the UEFA Nations League.
Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro was born in Funchal, Madeira Islands to Maria Dolores dos Santos and José Dinis Aveiro.
He has one brother named Hugo, and two sisters named Katia and Elma.
Ronaldo was diagnosed with a racing heart (Tachycardia) at age 15  In 1997, 12-year-old Ronaldo went on a trial with Sporting CP.
He impressed the club enough to be signed for £1,500.
He then moved from Funchal to Lisbon, to join the Sporting youth academy.
Ronaldo played his first professional match against Inter Milan on 14 August 2002.
He came in as a sub during the second half.
On 7 October 2002, Ronaldo played a role in his first game in the Portuguese Primeira Liga, against Moreirense.
He scored two goals and Sporting won 3–0.
Ronaldo came to the attention of Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson in August 2003, when Sporting defeated United 3–1 in the first game ever played at the Estádio José Alvalade in Lisbon.
His performance impressed the United players, who told Ferguson to sign him.
On 12 August 2003, Ronaldo joined Manchester United from Sporting CP for a fee of £12.24 million.
He was Manchester United's first Portuguese player.
He wanted the number 28, the number he wore at Sporting, but was eventually given the number 7.
This number had been worn by George Best, Eric Cantona and David Beckham before him.
He played his first game for the club on 16 August 2003 in a 4-0 win against Bolton Wanderers.
Many people were impressed with his debut, including legendary United player George Best.
Ronaldo's first goal with Manchester United was a free kick.
He scored it in a 3-0 win against Portsmouth on 1 November 2003.Ronaldo won his first trophy in England, the 2003-04 FA Cup, in May 2004, when Manchester United beat Millwall 3-0.
Ronaldo scored the first goal of the match.
Ronaldo scored his first UEFA Champions League goals in a 7-1 victory against A.S. Roma in April 2007.
He scored two goals that day in what was his 30th Champions League match.
He played the FA Cup Final that year, but United lost 1-0 to Chelsea.
Even though he lost the FA Cup final, he didn't end the season without a title, because he won his first Premier League title.
In the 2007-08 season, Ronaldo scored his first and only hat-trick for Manchester United in a 6–0 win against Newcastle United on 12 January 2008.
In the 2008 Champions League final against Chelsea, he scored a header as the match ended 1-1 after extra time.
Although he missed his penalty, Manchester United won the shootout 6-5 and Ronaldo won his first UEFA Champions League.
On 15 November 2008, Ronaldo scored his 100th goal for United in a 5-0 win against Stoke City.
He also scored two free-kicks: the first one was his 100th goal.
He scored a total of 42 goals and won the European Golden Boot, an award given to the top scorer of every European national league.
He won the first FIFA Puskas Award in 2009.
The Puskas Award is given to whoever scores the best goal of that year.
The goal was a 40-yard strike into the top-left corner against FC Porto on 15 April 2009 in the Champions League quarter finals.
That goal was the only goal of the game.
It was also an important goal because it sent United to the semi-finals.
In the semi-final against Arsenal, Ronaldo scored two goals.
One of them was a free kick from 40 yards out.
His goals helped Man United qualify to the final, where they lost to Barcelona 2-0.
Ronaldo joined Real Madrid on 1 July 2009 for a fee of €94 million.
That was a world record transfer fee at the time.
He also signed a six-year contract with the club.
At his presentation as a Real Madrid player, 80,000 people greeted him at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium.
This is the world record, breaking the 25-year record of 75,000 people at Diego Maradona's presentation for Napoli.
He wore the number 9 in his first season because number 7 was taken by Raúl González.
Ronaldo had to wait until Raul left the club in the summer of 2010 to wear number 7.
He made his debut (first appearance) on 29 August 2009, in a La Liga game against Deportivo de La Coruña.
He scored a goal and Real Madrid won 3-2.
On 23 October 2010, Ronaldo scored 4 goals in a match for the first time in his career during a 6-1 win against Racing de Santander.
Ronaldo scored a header in extra time in the 2011 Copa del Rey final against rivals Barcelona.
His goal was the match winner, so that was Ronaldo's first trophy in Spain.
At the end of the 2010-11 season, he became the first player to score 40 goals in La Liga.
On 2 November 2011, Ronaldo scored both goals in a 2-0 Champions League group stage win against Olympique Lyon.
The second goal was his 100th goal for Real Madrid.
He achieved this in just 105 matches.
He scored his 100th La Liga goal for his club in just 92 appearances in a 5-1 win against Real Sociedad on 24 March 2012.
Ronaldo began the 2012-13 season by winning the 2012 Supercopa de España.
He scored in both legs, as Real Madrid won against Barca.
In October 2012, he scored his first hat-trick in the Champions League in a 4-1 win against Ajax.
On 6 January 2013, Ronaldo captained his club for the first time.
In May 2013, he scored his 200th goal for Real Madrid in a 6-2 win against Málaga.
He finished as the Champions League top scorer that season.
Ronaldo also won his second Ballon d'Or in 2013.
In the 2013-14 season, Ronaldo broke the record for most goals in one Champions League season by scoring his 17th goal with a penalty in extra time in the final against Atlético Madrid that Real Madrid won 4–1.
The previous record was 14 goals, set by Messi in the 2011-12 season.
In the 2014-15 season, Ronaldo set a new personal record by scoring 61 goals in all competitions.
This achievement helped him win his second Ballon d'Or.
He scored five goals in one match for the first time in his career in a 9-1 win vs. Granada on 5 April 2015.
He became Real Madrid's all-time top scorer when he scored 5 goals against RCD Espanyol in a 6-0 away win on 12 September 2015.
This brought his total goal tally to 230 goals in 203 games.
The previous record holder was Raul.
On 18 April 2017, he became the first player to reach 100 goals in the UEFA Champions League, after he scored a hat-trick in a 4-2 extra-time win against Bayern Munich.
On 18 March 2018, Ronaldo reached his 50th career hat-trick in a 6-3 win against Girona.
Ronaldo scored an amazing bicycle-kick in a UEFA Champions League match against Juventus on 3 April 2018.
He got a standing ovation, or round of applause, from the Juventus fans after scoring that goal.
Real Madrid went on to play the final against Liverpool F.C.. Real Madrid became champions, so that was Ronaldo's 5th Champions League.
On 10 July 2018, He joined Juventus of Italy and signed a 4 year contract worth 112 Million Euros.
The transfer was the highest paid for a player over 30 years old.
People called it "the deal of the century".
He scored his first goals for the club on 16 September against US Sassuolo.
Juventus won 2-1 at home.
Three days later, on 19 September, he was controversially sent off against Valencia C.F. for "violent behavior".
He was crying as he received the red card and said he "did nothing".
Ronaldo won his first trophy with the club, the 2018 Supercoppa Italiana, in January 2019.
In the match, he scored the only goal from a header against AC Milan.
Return to Manchester United
On 31 August 2021, Ronaldo returned to Manchester United and the Premier League.
International career
Ronaldo began his international career with the Portugal under-15's in 2001.
In 2002, he played the U-17 Euro with Portugal's U-17.
In June 2003, Ronaldo won the Toulon Tournament with the Portugal U-20.
He played with the U21's in 2003 as well during the 2004 U-21 Euro qualification stages.
He also played with the Portugal under-23 team at the 2004 Summer Olympics, where he scored one goal against Morocco.
He kept progressing through the youth national teams until he played his first senior game for Portugal when he was 18 on 20 August 2003 against Kazakhstan.
He scored his first goal for Portugal in a game against Greece at the UEFA Euro 2004.
Ronaldo was selected to play at the 2006 FIFA World Cup, which was also his first World Cup.
During the tournament, he scored a goal against Iran.
That goal was also his first World Cup goal.
In the match against England, Ronaldo's teammate at Manchester United, Wayne Rooney, was sent off.
Ronaldo went up to the referee and appeared to ask the ref to give a red card to Rooney.
Rooney pushed Ronaldo as he was talking to the ref.
After Rooney left the pitch, Ronaldo was caught on camera winking at the Portugal bench.
Even though the referee said Rooney would've gotten the red card if Ronaldo complained or not, these actions caused a lot of fans to hate Ronaldo because they believed he influenced the referee's decision.
Ronaldo became captain of Portugal for the first time in a friendly game against Brazil on 6 February 2007.
At Euro 2008, he scored one goal against Czech Republic.
Portugal were eliminated in the quarter-finals by barely losing to Germany 3-2.
In the 2010 World Cup, Ronaldo only scored one goal in a 7-0 win against North Korea, but was the man of the match in all of Portugal's 3 group stage games.
Portugal were eliminated in the round of 16 by Spain 1-0, and Spain went on to win the World Cup.
His first international hat-trick came in a 4-2 win against Northern Ireland on 6 September 2013.
In that match, he scored 3 goals in 15 minutes.
He became Portugal's all time top scorer when he scored twice against Cameroon in March 2014, with Portugal winning 5-1.
At the 2014 World Cup, Ronaldo scored a goal against Ghana, and assisted a last minute equalizer in a 2-2 draw against the United States.
In a 3-3 draw against Hungary in Euro 2016, Ronaldo scored a back heel goal.
This goal made him the first player to score in four Euros.
Although he had to leave the game early because he got injured in the UEFA Euro 2016 Final, Portugal still won 1-0 in extra time because of a goal from Eder.
In the 2018 World Cup held in Russia, Ronaldo scored 4 goals.
In Portugal's first group game, he scored a hat trick against Spain in a 3-3 draw.
After that he scored the winning goal against Morocco.
In the last group game, he missed a penalty in a 1-1 draw against Iran.
Portugal qualified to the knockout stages by finishing second in the group.
They were eliminated by Uruguay 2-1.
Ronaldo became one of only four players to score at 4 World Cups.
He has played at 4 of them: 2006, 2010, 2014, and 2018.
In June 2019, Ronaldo won the UEFA Nations League with Portugal to give him his second international title.
In the final, Portugal beat The Netherlands 1-0.
Playing Style
Ronaldo is able to play on both wings and also as a striker since he is very strong with both feet, even though he is naturally right footed.
He is also one of the world's fastest players.
He has good heading ability because he is over 6 feet tall and jumps high.
He is also known for his powerful "knuckleball" free kicks.
The "knuckleball" technique is when the ball spins very little and creates an unpredictable motion.
He combines this with his powerful shot, making it hard for goalkeepers to stop his shots.
Ronaldo has also been known for his dribbling, as he likes to do many tricks and feints with the ball to pass defenders, such as the step-over.
When he was at Manchester United, he would play as a winger and try to send crosses into the middle.
At Real Madrid, he changed his playing style by moving more towards the middle and becoming more of a striker.
He also focused more on scoring goals.
When he arrived to Juventus, he stayed with this playing style of being a goal scorer and target man, although he dribbled with the ball more because he sometimes liked to play his traditional winger position and go one-on-one with defenders.
He also sent crosses more frequently than he did in his last few seasons at Real Madrid.
Ronaldo has been criticized for "diving" by many people, including his Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson.
He has also been criticized for being arrogant, such as complaining for not receiving set-pieces (free-kicks and penalties) when he gets fouled, having too much self-confidence, not celebrating with teammates after scoring goals, and getting excessively angry with others after losing.
Examples of this are when he threw a reporter's microphone into a lake before a UEFA Euro 2016 match, and negative comments made at the Iceland national team after playing against them.
Ronaldo's father, José Aveiro, died of liver disease at age 52 in September 2005.
Ronaldo was 20 years old at the time.
Ronaldo said that he does not like to drink alcohol, mostly because of his dad's death, but has on some very few occasions.
In 2006, Ronaldo opened his first fashion boutique under the name "CR7" (his initials and shirt number) on the island he was born in, Madeira.
He opened a second boutique in Lisbon in 2008, and a third in 2009, located in Madrid.
In December 2013, Ronaldo opened his own museum called Museu CR7, which has all of his trophies and awards from his career.
Ronaldo became a father on 17 June 2010.
He had a son, named Cristiano Jr. He was born in the United States through an American surrogate he met in a restaurant, and Ronaldo announced that he had full custody.
Ronaldo has never publicly revealed information about his son's mother, but he says he will reveal it to Cristiano Jr. when he gets older.
On 8 June 2017, Ronaldo confirmed on social media that he had become the father to twins, Mateo and Eva.
They were born in the United States to a surrogate mother.
In November 2017, his girlfriend Georgina Rodriguez gave birth to their first daughter, Alana.
Ronaldo has had many relationships.
He was in a relationship with Russian model Irina Shayk from 2010–2015.
In 2016, he began to date Spanish model Georgina Rodriguez.
They were publicly seen for the first time at Disneyland Paris in November 2016.
Ronaldo is a Roman Catholic.
He does not have tattoos because it would prevent him from donating blood.
On 9 November 2015, a movie about his lifestyle and his career was released.
The title of the movie is Ronaldo.
On 29 March 2017, Madeira Airport was renamed to Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport.
A bust of Ronaldo was also revealed as part of the official renaming ceremony.
He is currently the most followed Instagram user, with over 200 million followers as of February 2020.
He passed Selena Gomez as the most followed person in October 2018, with 144 million followers.
In 2017, a woman claimed she was raped by Ronaldo at a hotel in Las Vegas in June 2009.
Many articles state that Ronaldo and the woman both met each other at the nightclub of the hotel.
Ronaldo later invited her to his suite, and that was where the rape occurred.
Ronaldo paid that woman $375,000 to stay quiet, and an agreement was made between Ronaldo's lawyers and the woman's lawyers that if she publicly shared information of what happened, she had to pay those $375,000 back.
Ronaldo himself denies raping the woman and calls it "fake news".
In July 2019, prosecutors said they would not charge Ronaldo because there was not enough evidence.
Career Statistics
English Premier League: 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09
FA Cup: 2003–04
Football League Cup: 2005–06, 2008–09
FA Community Shield: 2007
UEFA Champions League: 2007–08
FIFA Club World Cup: 2008
La Liga: 2011–12, 2016–17
Supercopa de España: 2012, 2017
UEFA Champions League: 2013–14, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017-18
UEFA Super Cup: 2014, 2017
FIFA Club World Cup: 2014, 2016, 2017
Supercoppa Italiana: 2019
Serie A: 2018–19, 2019–20
UEFA European Championship:2016
UEFA Nations League:2019
Ballon d'Or: 2008, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017
FIFA World Player of the Year: 2008
The Best FIFA Men's Player: 2016, 2017
UEFA Best Player in Europe Award: 2014, 2016, 2017
UEFA Club Footballer of the Year: 2007–08
FIFPro Special Young Player of the Year: 2003–04, 2004–05
European Golden Shoe: 2007–08, 2010–11, 2013–14, 2014–15
IFFHS World's Best Top Goal Scorer: 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017
IFFHS Men's World Team: 2017
Portuguese Player of the Year: 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019
FIFA Puskás Award: 2009
FIFA FIFPro World XI: 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019
UEFA Team of the Year: 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019
FIFA Club World Cup Golden Boot: 2016, 2017
FIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball: 2016
FIFA Club World Cup Silver Ball: 2008, 2014, 2017
UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season: 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19
UEFA Champions League top scorer: 2007–08, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17
UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 2004, 2012, 2016
UEFA European Championship top scorer: 2012
Young Player of the Year: 2006–07
Premier League Team of the Year: 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09
Premier League Golden Boot: 2007–08
Premier League Player of the Season: 2006-07, 2007-08
Pichichi Trophy: 2010–11, 2013–14, 2014–15
FA Cup top goalscorer: 2004–05
La Liga Best Player: 2013–14
La Liga Team of the Season: 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16
Copa del Rey top goalscorer: 2010–11
Serie A Team of the Year: 2018–19, 2019–20
Cristiano Ronaldo Official Website
Juventus Official Profile
Real Madrid Official Profile
Cristiano Ronaldo at ESPN
Cristiano Ronaldo at Goal.com
UEFA European Championship players
FIFA World Cup players
2018 FIFA World Cup players
Oaxaca is a state in Mexico.
The capital is Oaxaca de Juárez.
Oaxaca is next to Guerrero, Puebla, Veracruz, and Chiapas.
About 3.5 million people live there.
The Zapotec and the Mixtec people live in the state.
There are more speakers of indigenous languages in this state than in any other state of Mexico.
This Mexican state is known for it's diverse culture and it's native people.
Official site of the Popular Assembly of the People of Oaxaca
Official site of the State Government
Oaxaca Times
Mexican and Central American Archaeological Projects  - Electronic articles published by the Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History.
The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany is the name of Germany's constitution.
It was written in 1949 when Germany was split into the countries of East Germany and West Germany.
Many parts of the constitution are very different from the constitution of the Weimar Republic.
Protecting the Constitution
The Federal Constiutional Court (German: Bundesverfassungsgericht) protects the constitution by banning laws which break the constitution.
There are "eternal clauses" in the constitution which the court will protect even by banning constitutional amendments (laws to change them).
Article 1, about human life and dignity, and article 20's basic principles are protected from change.
This is to make sure nothing like the Nazi period happens again.
The Nazis were able to pass an Enabling Act which allowed Hitler to rule by decree.
The Five Constitutional Bodies
Germany is a federal parliamentary democracy.
To show this there are five "constitutional institutions".
The Federal President () is the head of state.
It is largely ceremonial position with only a small role in daily politics.
The president does not have the massive power of the president of the Weimar Republic, or the President of the United States.
He is the formal head of state, and signs laws before they can enter into force and appoints federal officials, he cannot decide when to dissolve the Bundestag or name a new chancellor until a majority of the members of the parliament () vote in favour.
Executive branch
The Chancellor is chosen by the Bundestag.
He or she is head of the executive branch, and  heads the federal Cabinet.
Judicial branch
The Judicial branch is made up of the Federal Constitutional Court and five other Supreme Courts.
There are also local and regional courts which make the first decision about cases.
Their decisions can be overturnned by the courts of appeal or Supreme Courts.
Federal Constitutional Court
The Federal Constitutional Court is the most important court in Germany.
Its job is to protect the Basic Law.
Its decisions are like laws.
The court can cancel laws if they break the Basic Law.
Federal Social Court
Federal Labour Court
The Federal Labour Court is the Supreme Court of Appeal for cases about labour law.
This includes contracts of employment, strikes and trade union agreements
Federal Tax Court
Federal Administrative Court
The Federal Social Court is the Supreme Court of Appeal for cases involving a government body.
These may be because a person might feel they have been treated unfairly by government or because there is a dispute between two government bodies about which of them is allowed to do something.
Federal Supreme Court
Legislative branch
Bundesrat
Germany's upper chamber of parliament, the Bundesrat, represents the Länder.
It also shows that Germany is a federal state.
Federalism is one of the "eternal clauses" of the constitution, that can never be changed..
The Bundestag is the part of the legislature chosen by election.
The Chancellor must be a member of the Bundestag.
Other stipulations
The Weimar Constitution had the Reichswehr outside of the control of the parliament or the public.
The army directly reported to the president, and the president did not have to report to the parliament.
during times of peace the Bundeswehr reports to the minister of defence
during time of war it reports to the chancellor.
The Basic Law also created a soldiers' ombudsman or Wehrbeauftragter, reporting to parliament not to the government.
Soldiers can write directly to the Wehrbeauftragter if they feel they have been treated unfairly or unlawfully, or if they think their commanders are acting illegally.
Soldiers cannot be punished for writing to the Wehrbeauftragter.
A number of Constitutional Court cases in the 1990s said that the Bundeswehr cannot be used by the government outside NATO territory unless the Bundestag first gives permission in a resolution.
The resultion must describe where the Bundeswehr is to go, and for who long the mission will last.
Referendums and plebiscites
The Basic Law only allows referendums about changing borders of the Länder.
There have been two referundums:
Baden-Württemberg was created in 1952 after a referendum approved joining together three separate states (Württemberg-Baden, Württemberg-Hohenzollern and Baden).
In 1996 the people who live in Berlin and Brandenburg decided not to join the two states.
Development of the Basic Law since 1949
During reunification East Germany and West Germany decided not to write a new constitution, but to keep the old one, which had worked so well in West Germany.
The constitution was amended to allow East Germany to join, and then changed again to strengthen the claim that Germany wanted no more territory.
This was a promise made in the Final Settlement.
Former constitutions
Constitution of the German Empire (1871-1919)
Weimar Constitution (1919-1933)
Constitution of the German Democratic Republic (German Democratic Republic; GDR, 1949-1990)
Bremen clause
Bundesrechnungshof
German Emergency Acts
Full text:
Official English translation (status: December 2000)
Original text: HTML, PDF, non-official table of contents (status: August 2006)
Former Constitutions:
Constitution of the German Empire (1871-1919).
Full text from Wikisource.
Constitution of the Weimar Republic (1919-1933).
In English, as HTML file.
Excerpts from the 1968 Constitution of the GDR .
Other links:
Introduction to the basic and the constitutional law  (on JurisPedia).
1949 in Europe
Oaxaca de Juárez is the capital city of the Mexican state of Oaxaca.
It is called La'a in the Zapotec language.
Ñuu Nunduva is its name in the Mixtec language.
Since 1872, when Benito Juárez died there, the city is called de Juárez, in his honour.
Currently, 258,000 people live in the city.
Settlements in Oaxaca
1530s establishments in Mexico
1532 establishments
A armadillo is in the Cingulata, an order of New World placental mammals.
The living ones have a leathery armored shell.
The word armadillo is Spanish for "little armored one".
There are about 10 living genera and about 20 species of armadillo.
Their average length is about 75 centimeters (30 in), including the tail.
The giant armadillo grows up to 100 cm (39 in) and weigh 30 kg (66lbs).
All species live in the Americas.
Most of the 20 species are found in open areas, such as grasslands, but some also live in forests.
Armadillos species are mostly found in South and Central America, especially around Paraguay.
Because they are always genetically identical clones, the group of four young is a good subject for scientific, behavioural or medical tests.
They provide the same biological and genetic makeup, and then get different treatment.
This is the only regular case of 'polyembryony' in the class Mammalia, where one fertilised egg splits into four embryos.
It only happens in the genus Dasypus, and not in all armadillos.
Other animals which have this reproductive method are parasitoid wasps, certain flatworms and various aquatic invertebrates.
†Family Pampatheriidae: giant armadillos
†Family Glyptodontidae: glyptodonts
Family Dasypodidae: armadillos
Subfamily Dasypodinae
Subfamily Tolypeutinae
Niacin is a vitamin.
It is also known by the name nicotinic acid.
It is Vitamin B3.
It can be dissolved in water.
It plays a very important role in the metabolism of living cells.
Other functions of niacin include removing toxic chemicals from the body, and helping with the production of steroid hormones made by the adrenal gland.
These hormones include sex hormones and stress-related ones.
Niacin was first discovered from the oxidation of nicotine to form nicotinic acid.
When the properties of nicotinic acid were discovered, it was thought prudent to choose a name to dissociate it from nicotine, in order to avoid the perception that vitamins or niacin-rich food contain nicotine.
The resulting name 'niacin' was made from nicotinic acid + vitamin.
Niacin is also referred to as Vitamin B3 because it was the third of the B vitamins to be discovered.
It has historically been referred to as "vitamin PP".
That name was derived from the term "pellagra-preventing factor", because the disease pellagra is due to a deficiency of niacin in the diet.
How much Niacin is needed
Severe deficiency of niacin in the diet causes the disease pellagra.
A mild deficiency will slow down the metabolism, causing decreased tolerance to cold.
Dietary niacin deficiency tends to occur only in areas where people eat corn (maize), the only grain low in niacin, as a staple food, and that do not use lime during meal/flour production.
Alkali lime releases the tryptophan from the corn in a process called nixtamalization so that it can be absorbed in the intestine, and converted to niacin.
Foods containing Niacin
Regular octagon
All sides of a regular octagon are the same length.
Each corner is 135°.
All corners added together equal 1080°.
a is the length of one of its sides.
Different types of polygons
Square or quadrilateral
Registration is a method of officially recording something.
Usually something is registered to claim more rights, or to protect ownership, or because the law says it must be registered to be used legally.
A register was a large book.
It was used like a diary to record business dealings or other events.
Reasons for registration
Births, deaths, and marriages are registered to prove the date the event happened.
In the United Kingdom these records are kept by the local registrar, who is in charge of the Register office.
Motor vehicles are registered to prove who owns the vehicle and to identify them.
Those that not registered cannot be driven on roads.
Aircraft not registered cannot be flown.
Proof that a vehicle is registered is the vehicle registration plate.
Vehicles must also be registered before they can be insured in case of an accident or theft.
Books might be registered to show the date when copyright protection starts.
Usually this is done by sending a copy of the book to a special national library.
People who stay in a hotel register their names and addresses when they arrive.
The hotel can work out how much the people must pay for their stay.
The local police may also keep a copy of these names to help fight crime.
Registered nurse
Eschweiler is a German town in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.
It is next to the river Inde, near the German-Belgian-Dutch frontier, and about 15 km east of Aachen and  west of Cologne.
It has about 55,000 inhabitants.
Its area has about .
In Eschweiler, there are many castles.
Eschweiler is a big carnival town.
There are also many sport places.
These include two public swimming pools, a golf place and an artificial lake.
A well-known school in Eschweiler is the Bischöfliche Liebfrauenschule with its over 100 years of tradition.
Eschweiler is on the railway line from Aachen to Cologne.
The Eschweiler Central railway station was opened in 1841.
Next to Eschweiler, there is a village called Bergrath.
In 2010, a new shopping center with a MediaMarkt-store opened next to the motorway.
Aachen Rural District
Tropical Storm Arlene was the first named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.
Arlene was a large storm that formed early in the year.
It had maximum wind speeds of 70 mph (110 km/h).
It also caused one death and created $11.8 million (2005 USD) in damage.
The storm formed near Honduras on June 8 and moved north.
When Tropical Storm Arlene formed on June 8, it was the ninth time that the name has been used to name a storm in the Atlantic.
This meant Arlene kept its position as the most commonly used name for Atlantic storms.
But because the storm did not cause any major damages, its name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be on the list of names for the 2011 season.
NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Arlene.
The Hydrometeorological Prediction Center's (HPC) archive on Tropical Storm Arlene.
NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Arlene
2005 in Alabama
June 2005 events
For information about the Gothic metal band, see Sirenia (band)
Sirenia is an order of herbivorous mammals.
In this order are the dugong and three species of manatee.
Order Sirenia
Family Dugongidae
Dugong, Dugong dugon
†Steller's sea cow, Hydrodamlis gigas
Family Trichechidae
West Indian manatee, Trichechus manatus
African manatee, Trichechus senegalensis
Amazonian manatee, Trichechus inunguis
The Keihan Main Line (京阪本線, -honsen?)
is a railway line of Keihan Electric Railway.
The line starts from Sanjo Station in Kyoto, and ends at Yodoyabashi Station in Osaka, and travels a distance of about 51 km.
The line is not "the Main Line" but "the Keihan Main Line".
Trains go direct to the Oto Line.
●: stop, ↓: pass
▲: K-Limited Express trains bound for Yodoyabashi stop at Hirakata-shi in the morning.
Express trains pass through Hirakata-koen and Moriguchi-shi from the first train until 8:00 a.m. (JST) and at midnight, and Express trains for Demachiyanagi stop at Yodo.
Some express trains stop at Yodo during horse racing events.
Sub express trains pass through Moriguchishi from the first train until 8:00 a.m. (JST).
Local trains (普通) stop at all stations.
is the main Keihan Electric Railway station in Kyoto.
It connects with Sanjo Keihan Station on the Kyoto Subway Tozai Line.
It was opened for service on October 27, 1915, and has been in service ever since.
Sanjo Station is in the Higashiyama Ward, in Kyoto City.
The station offers quick access to the Gion district and the main shopping district on Sanjo-dori.
Keihan Electric Railway
Ōtō Line
Kyoto Municipal Subway
Tozai Line (Sanjo Keihan Station)
for Demachiyanagi
for Chūshojima, Uji, Hirakata-shi, and Yodoyabashi
Neighboring stations
Oto Line
K-Limited Express and Limited Express
Demachiyanagi Station - Sanjo Station
Express, Sub Express, and Local
Marutamachi Station - Sanjo Station
K-Limited Express, Limited Express, Express, Sub Express, and Local
Sanjo Station - Shijo Station
Sanjō Keihan Station
Sanjō Keihan Station (, Sanjō Keihan Eki) is a subway station on Kyoto's Tozai Line.
It intersects with the Keihan Electric Railway's Keihan Main Line.
It is connected to the adjacent Keihan Sanjō Station.
The station is underneath Sanjō-dori, just east of the Kamo River and Kyoto's Kawaramachi shopping district.
William Anthony "Tony" Parker (born ) is a  retired French basketball player that played for the San Antonio Spurs of the NBA.
He was drafted by them in 2001.
Parker was born in Bruges, Belgium, and raised in France.
His father, Tony Parker Sr.,
was also a professional basketball player.
French sportspeople
People from Bruges
San Antonio Spurs players
Kawaramachi Station (河原町駅, Kawaramachi eki?)
is the terminal station of the Hankyu Kyoto Line of Hankyu Railway in Kyoto, Japan.
The Kawaramachi and Shijo streets cross over the underground station.
Keihan Shijo Station is beyond the Kamo River.
The area around the station is one of the commercial centers of Kyoto.
The station is attached underground to department stores such as Takashimaya, which has a food market on its basement floor.
The station opened on June 17, 1963.
Before the opening of Kawaramachi Station and Karasuma Station, the Hankyu Kyoto Line ended at Ōmiya Station.
Stations of the Hankyu Kyoto Line
Umeda –
Jūsō –
Minamikata –
Sōzenji –
Awaji –
Kami-Shinjō –
Aikawa –
Shōjaku –
Minami-Ibaraki –
Ibaraki-shi –
Sōjiji –
Tonda –
Takatsuki-shi –
Kammaki –
Minase –
Ōyamazaki –
Nagaoka-Tenjin –
Nishi-Mukō –
Higashi-Mukō –
Rakusaiguchi –
Katsura –
Nishi-Kyōgoku –
Saiin –
Ōmiya -
Karasuma -
"Girlfriend" is a song by Avril Lavigne.
It was the lead single from her third album, The Best Damn Thing (2007).
It was produced by Lukasz "Dr. Luke" Gottwald. "
Girlfriend" became Lavigne's biggest hit in the United States, where it reached number one on the U.S. Hot 100, in Australia, where it topped the chart, and in the United Kingdom, where it reached number two.
A remix version featuring rapper Lil' Mama was released in June 2007.
"Girlfriend" was the subject of a lawsuit filed by songwriters for The Rubinoos, who alleged that the writers of the song copied The Rubinoos' single "I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend".
Only one line, not even of the same tune was: "Hey, hey, you, you!
I want to be your girlfriend!"
Note it was "I want to" not "I wanna".
The music video became the second most viewed video of all time on YouTube, currently having over 100,000,000 views.
In the 2007 MTV Video Music Awards, it is nominated for the category Monster Single of the Year.
2007 songs
Pop songs
Songs about infidelity
M×0 (エム×ゼロ, Emu x Zero) is a Japanese comedy manga series by Japanese author Yasuhiro Kanō (author of Pretty Face).
It is about a school that teaches students how to do magic and the crazy adventures of a normal boy who was admitted to the school under special circumstances.
It was first serialized in Weekly Shonen Jump on May 1, 2006, published by Shueisha.
The first volume of the series was released in Japan on November 2, 2006.
Volume 1, November 2, 2006
Volume 2, March 2, 2007
Volume 3, May 2, 2007
Volume 4, July 4, 2007
Douglas Farthing Hatlelid, better known as Chip Douglas (b. 27 August 1942), is an American musician and songwriter.
He became a producer when he worked with The Monkees on their music.
He also worked with The Turtles, first as bass guitarist and arranger, then later as producer.
Musicians from Hawaii
Sir Henry Wood (3 March 1869 - 19 August 1944) was an English conductor.
He is famous for having been the conductor of the Proms.
He conducted the Proms for 50 years.
They became known as the "Henry Wood Promenade Concerts".
Today they are called the "BBC Proms".
Henry Wood was born in London.
His father was an optician, but had become well known for making model trains.
He sold them in his shop in Oxford Street in London.
His parents liked music.
They both sang and his father played the cello.
Although Henry heard a lot of music around him he did not have proper music lessons until he was already quite old.
When he was 14 he learned to play the organ.
He also played the piano and violin.
When he was 16 he went to the Royal Academy of Music where he had lessons in piano, organ, composition and singing.
He wanted to become a singing teacher, and he did in fact give singing lessons all his life.
He became good at the piano so that he could accompany singers.
When he left the Royal Academy of Music he found work as a singing teacher and as a conductor of choirs and orchestras.
He wrote a small book called The Gentle Art of Singing.
Promenade Concerts
In 1893 a man called Robert Newman, who was manager of the Queen's Hall, had an idea.
He wanted to organize a series of concerts in which the audience could walk about and listen to music.
He wanted to call them "Promenade Concerts" (the word comes from the French "se promener" = "to walk").
There were already promenade concerts in the parks in London, but those Promenade concerts were just for music that was easy to listen to.
Newman wanted people to get to know good classical music.
He wanted the tickets to be cheap so that people who were not rich would be able to afford to go.
Newman thought that Henry Wood was a good conductor and asked him to conduct these concerts.