the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
The Gymnasion shows by its name alone that public nudity was not common in Ancient Greece.
The name comes form gynós, which means naked.
The gymnasion was used for sports.
In Ancient Greece most sports were done totally naked.
In most places in Ancient Greece, women were forbidden from doing sports, or from attending sports events.
The only place were women were allowed to do sports was Sparta.
There, they also did sports, like the men, but separated from these.
They were also naked while doing sports.
In Ancient Rome, nudity was nothing special or unusual.
It was seen more as a sign of not needing much.
People did not attach sexual feelings to it.
When the Romans had conquered Ancient Greece, they did not think it was necessary to discuss or forbid that the Olympic Games were done in the nude.
Cato the Elder mentions that usually the virtuous Roman worked nude during the summer months.
Celts, German tribes
The Celtic and Germanic tribes bathed nude in rivers and lakes together and sometimes children grew up nude.
Romans also tell us that some of them fought the Romans in the nude.
Jainism and Hinduism
Both Jainism and Hinduism have special monks.
In Jainism these are called Digambars (or Digambarras), in Hinduism they are called Sadhus.
Both lead an ascetic lifestyle, and are well-respected in their community.
Part of this lifestyle is that they wear little or no clothes.
Nudity and sexuality
Many cultures that expect some level of modesty associate nudity with sexuality.
These cultures usually know striptease in some form.
When the difference between the sexes is shown in the main stream media of these cultures this is often seen as sexually related.
In Latin cultures the common definition of modesty does not generally allow genital nudity, but the definition of what is lewd has changed and women's breasts are now commonly exposed or depicted without scandal.
Nudity for social bonding
The Japanese idea of hadaka no tsukiai, or spending time together naked, means classmates, teammates, fellow employees, families or neighbors spend time together naked for social bonding.
Usually, this is while bathing at a bathhouse or onsen.
Nudity in sports in history
In Ancient Greece it was seen as normal that the athletes taking part in sporting events, like the Olympic Games were nude, for most events.
At that time, women were not allowed to take part or in the games or watch them.
Nudity with women was frowned upon.
In the 20th century, it was very common for boys to swim nude in the United States.
Boys usually found rivers, ponds or lakes to swim in.
If there were no girls or adults there, boys just took off their clothes to go swimming.
In the United States, recreational (fun) nude swimming (but not school nude swimming) is often called skinny dipping.
Boys didn't care if other boys saw them without clothing.
Poor boys and farm boys did not even own a bathing suit.
Some teenagers, usually boys, still go skinny dipping.
It is most common outside of cities.
Until the mid-1960s boys were usually nude in swimming pools.
From the 1890s until 1962, men and boys used to swim nude at the YMCA (Young Men's Christian Association.)
The YMCA is an organization with many swimming pools in the United States.
After women were allowed to join the YMCA, the rule changed.
Nobody could swim nude there.
At school swimming pools and public swimming pools there were different hours for boys and girls to swim.
Sometimes the pool had bathing suits for girls to wear.
Many families did not have money to buy bathing suits for children then.
Teachers told boys to swim without a bathing suit at most high schools in the United States.
It was normal for boys.
Swimming nude at school was usually not allowed for girls. (
A few schools had nude swimming for girls.
At some schools, girls were not allowed to swim at all.)
The boys had to swim nude in high schools in Houston, Texas from 1930 or earlier until the mid-1960s.
In Chicago, Illinois schools, boys were required to swim nude until in the early 1970s.
Until the 1960s, nude swimming was the rule for men at many colleges and universities.
Some colleges had only male students.
Other colleges had only female students.
At colleges with men and women, there were separate pools or different swimming times for men and women.
Nudity in sports today
There are some places where people swim nude.
People swim nude at special clothing optional beaches.
Usually these are called nude beaches.
It is not as common in the United States and Canada as in Europe.
Sometimes a city or county owns the beach.
Sometimes a state or province owns the beach.
Sometimes the federal (national) government owns the beach.
Optional means people can swim nude or with a bathing suit.
Usually the government does not tell people they must be nude.
Each person can choose what to wear.
Some people have a pool in their house.
Some people have an outdoor pool or a pond in their backyard.
Some people swim nude in their own pool or pond.
Sometimes neighbors complain.
Some people swim nude in lakes or rivers when they go camping.
Some public pools have special hours or special days for nude swimming.
That is more common in indoor public pools.
Clubs for people who like to be nude usually have nude swimming.
These are usually called naturist clubs or naturist retreats.
A retreat is like a camp or park.
It is usually away from the city.
Many years ago they were usually called nudist clubs.
The name nudist  club is less common now.
If there is enough space, the club may have other nude sports.
They sometimes have nude volleyball or nude basketball.
They sometimes have nude soccer (football) if they have a big space.
Sometimes people use boats without clothes.
People sometimes use a sailboat, rowboat or canoe nude.
Sometimes a camp or retreat owned by a church has nude swimming or other sports.
Nudity only with people who are the same age
If there is a swimming pool or pond at a house, sometimes teenagers are happy to swim nude with their teenaged friends or with their brothers or sisters.
They might not want to be seen nude by their parents.
They might not want to be seen nude by much younger brothers or sisters.
Sometimes parents are happy to swim nude with other adults.
They might be happy to swim nude with young children.
But they might not want to be seen nude by teenagers.
Different behavior at different places
Sometimes people have different rules (sometimes called social norms) at different places.
For example, people in a family might not be naked at home.
They might always put a towel around themselves after a shower or bath.
But if they go somewhere else, the rules might change.
Families sometimes go camping or to a cabin (also called a lake house or beach house or cottage in some places) for a vacation (holiday).
The people in that family might swim or lie in the sun nude there.
They might eat breakfast together nude.
Different place.
What is normal, expected, or comfortable for them changes with the place or situation.
Some families with an outdoor swimming pool at their house have a no nudity inside the house rule.
They swim nude, lie in the sun nude, but they put clothes or a towel on when they come inside the house.
The rule may be to show politeness or respect for others.
A fancy expression for this is a matter of decorum.
It is comparable to a rule like "mobile devices (like phones) can be used at breakfast but not at the evening meal."
Common activities in the nude
At least since the early 20th century there is a movement of people wanting to do some things together, while they were nude.
Sometimes it was just seen functionally, like a common bath in a pond or lake.
Some people do other activities together (in the nude), where being naked is usually not required.
For instance, some people prefer nude sunbathing when otherwise a swimsuit could be worn.
There are some nude bicycle tours.
This movement is generally known as naturism or nudism.
In 2009, Appenzell Innerrhoden, a small Swiss canton, voted to stop nude hiking.
German tourists have been walking nude through the Alps wearing only boots, socks, and a back pack.
The canton will fine nude hikers 200 Swiss francs.
Nudity and health
The Naturism movement of the 20th century claims that being nude is healthy.
Starting in 1853, reformer Arnold Rikli said that Sun- and air-bathing is a good thing, and that it can only give its full potential when done in the nude.
Many of these views have been proved wrong today.
Not smoking or drinking alcohol is good for health, regardless of whether clothing is worn or not.
People suffering from being exposed too little to the sun will also be so if they are clothed.
Wearing wet clothes can lead to cystitis (an infection of the urinary bladder).
Some doctors recommend sleeping in comfortable clothes, or sleeping naked.
At some points in time, fashion dictates very tight-fitting clothes.
These can be bad for health.
Nudity and the law
In many countries in Europe, being naked in public is not a punishable offense, as long as no one feels molested.
Being naked near places where people change clothes is common, and legal in many jurisdictions.
Nudity in a public space is often handled by special laws (made for police).
In this case, what often happens is the police will fine the offenders, and tell them to go elsewhere.
Certain places have started to pass laws, which forbid nudity in certain settings.
A well-known case is that of the Canton of Appenzell Inner Rhodes passing a law against hiking naked.
For historical reasons, many English-speaking countries are less tolerant towards naked people.
Exhibitionists get sexual pleasure from showing themselves naked or partly naked.
In the context of the law, exhibitionism is often handled differently.
Some Western countries, such as Canada and the United Kingdom, have no laws stopping nude swimming in public areas.
In Canada there are many small lakes with few houses or people around.
People sometimes swim nude in them.
People often swim nude at night or very early in the morning.
In the United States there is no federal (national) law against nudity at national beaches.
But sometimes there are local laws that say people cannot be nude.
Sometimes local police arrest people on federal lands or beaches.
Sometimes police use general laws, saying that nudity is disturbing the peace.
Nudity as a form of communication
Nudity as a form of protest
Some people use the nudity as a form of protest, like a movement in the United States that wants equal treatment of bare-chested men, and women.
This movement fights for the right of women to be topless.
Often this is done with topless demonstrations.
One example that nudity was used as a form of protest, even in the Middle Ages is the story of Lady Godiva.
She is said to have ridden through Coventry totally naked, only covered by her long hair.
She did this to protest against the high taxes.
Using nudity for advertising
Nudity is often used to draw the attention of customers to a given product.
That way, nude people or people with very little clothing are often shown on covers of magazines, even if the content of the magazine has nothing to do with nudity.
Naked people, sometimes in connection with body painting are used to distribute fliers at events.
This uses erotic stimuli, especially to people of the opposite sex.
On the other hand, nudity seems to work all by itself in such contexts.
Nudity in public places is rare, and people generally do not expect it.
The more it is used however, the less it will act on people.
At some point it will have become normal.
Nudity and children
Most children do not develop a feeling of shame until they are about five years old.
For this reason there have been discussions.
These discussions try to answer two basic questions:
Should children see naked adults?
Should children see each other naked?
Nude children
Works of art, such as paintings, statues, or photographs have shown nude children, or nude children with nude adults.
In recent years, showing nude children has become more and more problematic, especially with photographs.
In a few cases, photographs taken by parents showing their toddler or small child naked have been seen as child pornography by courts.
In May 2008, police in Sydney, Australia, raided an exhibition by the photographer Bill Henson.
This exhibition showed images of naked children.
The raid was done on allegations of child pornography.
Incidents such as this one sent a strong message to the community.
Children seeing their parents nude
People cannot agree if parents should appear naked in front of their children.
Gordon and Schroeder say that there is a wide variation on parental nudity from family to family.
According to them, "there is nothing (..) wrong with bathing with children or otherwise appearing naked in front of them".
In their opinion, doing so may provide an opportunity for parents to give important information.
They note that by ages five to six, children begin to develop a sense of modesty, and recommend to parents who wish to be sensitive to their children's wishes that they limit such activities from that age onwards.
A study by Alfred Kinsey found that 75% of the participants stated that there was never nudity in the home when they were growing up, 5% of them said that there was "seldom" nudity in the home, 3% said "often", and 17% said that it was "usual".
The study found that there was no significant difference between what was reported by men and by women with respect to frequency of nudity in the home.
In a 1995 review of the literature, Paul Okami concluded that there was no reliable evidence linking exposure to parental nudity to any negative effect.
Three years later, his team finished an 18-year longitudinal study that showed that, if anything, such exposure was associated with slight beneficial effects, particularly for boys.
Children seeing other people nude
Different cultures have different opinions on whether children should see people other than their parents, and other children naked.
In general the opinions are also different, depending on how old the child is, and what context the nudity is placed in.
Many countries have made laws that should protect children from seeing sex scenes on television by accident.
That way, such scenes may usually not be shown during the day.
British TV must not show such scenes between 5.30am and 9pm.
The time when content not suitable for children may be shown is called "watershed".
The Broadcasting Code requires that "Nudity before the watershed must be justified by the context."
Students showering together
Sometimes the nudity of children in front of other children has been an issue.
In Europe, it is common that all students take a shower together after sports classes.
Usually showering is segregated by sex.
In the United States and some of English-speaking Canada, students at tax funded schools have historically been required to shower with classmates of the same sex after physical education classes.
In the United States, public objections and the threat of lawsuits have resulted in a number of school districts in recent years changing policy to make showers optional.
Now showering together (sometimes called communal nude showering) after sports is not common anymore at schools in the United States or Canada.
Many students wear shorts in the shower.
At new schools there are separate (individual) shower stalls (closets) for each student to shower in.
At many older schools the showers are never used.
Students go to the next class sweaty and smelly.
Communal nude showering is still common at colleges, public pools, universities and health clubs.
At some public swimming pools, men and women cannot use the same shower room as boys and girls respectively. (
These rules are common in Canada and the United States.)
A court case in the State of Colorado noted that students have a reduced expectation of personal privacy in regards to "communal undress" while showering after physical education classes.
According to an interview with a middle school principal, most objections to school showers that he had heard were actually from the student's parents rather than from the student.
Nudity as a punishment
Most people feel uneasy or ashamed when they are nude (outside a social context where this is acceptable).
This fact has been used both as a means of torture and as a punishment.
That way, during witch-hunts, the alleged witches were stripped to discover what was called the witches' mark.
It was believed that the devil left this mark as part of the pact the witch had with him.
When the mark was found, this was then used as evidence in the trials.
Nakedness can also be part of a punishment or a public humiliation.
Torture manuals sometimes make a difference, as men and women react differently when they are disrobed.
The United States and its allies invaded Iraq in 2003.
After they had done this, members of the United States Army Reserve abused prisoners.
Photographs were circulated that showed that prisoners had to pose naked, were sometimes bound by ropes, and intimidated that way
Nudity in art Today by Art Lister
20 century Nude in the "History of Art"
Nudity in Ancient to Modern Cultures by Aileen Goodson  (This chapter excerpt is from Aileen Goodson's Therapy, Nudity & Joy)
corte de cabelo curto
cortes de cabelo
chapinha
cortes de cabelo feminino curto
A kingdom is a country with a king or queen.
The type of government is a monarchy.
Protestantism is a form of Christian faith and practice.
It began in northern Europe in the early 16th century.
At that time, they were against some parts of Roman Catholicism.
Together with Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism, Protestantism became one of the three greatest forces in Christianity.
Protestantism much influenced the culture, beliefs, and economy of the place it became important in.
The word Protestantism had its origin when German princes and free cities at the Diet of Speyer (1529), petitioned or "protested" against the imperial ban adopted by the Diet against Martin Luther and its stance against the Reformation.
Lutherans in Germany began using it.
Swiss and French more often used Reformed.
The Anglicans use Catholic, Reformed and Protestant, however the Anglican Church is not always regarded as part of Protestantism because it kept most of the doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church from which it separated.
Martin Luther, a doctor of theology and a monk, said that the church should return to its roots, and give more weight to what is written in the Bible (Sola scriptura).
Luther thought that the Church had gone too far away from the original teachings.
He published 95 theses on the way the Catholic Church was then.
Some say, he stuck them onto the door of the church of Wittenberg, but others say this is not true.
The 95 theses were published in 1516 or 1517.
With the theses, he started the Protestant Reformation.
Calvinist Church
Pentecostals
Anglican Church: Henry VIII split from the Roman Catholic Church.
He wanted to divorce from Catherine of Aragon, but the Pope refused to divorce him.
King Henry started the Church of England.
It is sometimes seen as being the middle way, between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, and that is why is often excluded from Protestantism.
This is because, in the English Reformation, the English Church kept the early Catholic ministry of bishops, priests, and deacons, as well as most of the doctrine and liturgy.
The critical point which led to the Anglican Church was the outright rejection of the Pope, and so of the Roman Catholic Church as an organisation.
Algiers is the capital city of Algeria, which is a country in northern Africa.
It is on the northern coast of the country.
The population of the city is 1,519,570.
After Algeria beacme independent from France, Algiers became a very important city for anti-colonial activists and revolutionaries from around the world.
The city's name is gotten from the Arabic name al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر), which means "The Islands".
This name refers to the four former islands which were off the city's coast before becoming part of the mainland in 1525.
10th-century establishments in Africa
Establishments in Algeria
944 establishments
Arles is a city in the south of France.
It was built in the 6th century BC by the Greeks.
Today more than 50,000 people live there.
In the 1880s, the famous painters, Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin lived there.
Vincent van Gogh painted his famous Sunflowers in Arles.
The city is at the heart of the Camargue.
Not many people live in this region, so there is a lot of free land around Arles.
Because of this, Arles is the city in France to have the largest area (nearly 760 square kilometres).
A certificate is a document for authentication of something.
It may be an award that can be given to people.
The certificate can be given to people for graduation, for good working skills, or to thank someone who has done good things.
They are usually tied to an occupation, technology, or industry.
Certifications are usually offered by a professional organization or a company that specializes in a particular field or technology.
A certification demonstrates that the person have a specific skill or level of knowledge, ultimately showing an employer that person know what need to do to successfully peform a job.
Other items, such as patches, badges, lapel pins, watches, and medals can also come with the certificate.
Many other kinds exist.
A certificate of authenticity says a thing is real.
For example, it can say that a painting was made at a particular time by a particular artist and is not a forgery.
A certificate of occupancy says a building is fit for use.
A certificate of deposit says someone has money in a bank.
A birth certificate is one of the kinds of vital record.
The Daily Mail is a large, well-known newspaper.
It started in 1896.
It is published every weekday and Saturday from a factory in London, England.
It is not printed on Sundays.
Its sister paper, the Mail on Sunday, is printed instead.
It is the second-most sold newspaper in the United Kingdom.
It sells more than a million copies a day.
Its political opinion is right-wing, and it supports the Conservative Party in elections.
The newspaper is available in many countries outside the United Kingdom, such as Egypt and the US.
There is a different Scottish edition of the newspaper, which is sold in Scotland only and differs mainly in the Sport pages.
There is also an Irish version of the newspaper, but the main international version is the English one.
It is the principal publication of the Daily Mail and General Trust, but the company also prints the Evening Standard, London Lite and Metro newspapers in the UK.
People are often critical of The Daily Mail, because a lot of people think it's racist and sexist.
The Daily Mail was first published by Lord Northclife in 1896.
It started as a broadsheet.
It is now a tabloid.
1896 establishments in the United Kingdom
Newspapers published in the United Kingdom
Rhineland-Palatinate (, Rhine Franconian: Rhoilond-Palz) is one of 16 states () of Germany.
It has an area of  and 4.073 million people living in it.
The capital is Mainz.
Rhineland-Palatinate was created on 30 August 1947.
It was formed from the northern part of the French Occupation Zone (the Rhenish Palatinate or  which had been a part of Bavaria) as well as the southern parts of the Prussian Rhine Province, Birkenfeld which formerly belonged to Oldenburg, parts of the Prussian Province of Nassau (see Hesse-Nassau), and parts of Hesse-Darmstadt as well as Rheinhessen on the western banks of the Rhine.
In the northwest there are the southern parts of the Eifel mountains.
Farther south there is the Hunsrück mountain, which is continued by the Taunus mountains on the opposite side of the Rhine.
The hilly lands in the south of the state are called the Palatine Forest (Pfälzerwald).
These mountains are separated from each other by the tributaries of the Rhine: the Moselle (Mosel), the Lahn and the Nahe.
Rhineland-Palatinate is a parliamentary democracy.
Every five years, all Germans over the age of 18 elect the members of the Rhineland-Palatinate Parliament, .
This regional parliament or legislature then elects the premier and confirms the cabinet members.
Rhineland-Palatinate is the only German Bundesland (state) to have a cabinet minister for winegrowing.
Technische Universität Kaiserslautern
Universität Koblenz-Landau – locations: Koblenz, Landau
Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
Universität Trier
Fachhochschule Bingen
Fachhochschule Kaiserslautern – locations: Kaiserslautern I and II, Pirmasens and Zweibrücken
Fachhochschule Koblenz – locations: Koblenz, Höhr-Grenzhausen, Remagen
Fachhochschule Ludwigshafen
Evangelische Fachhochschule Ludwigshafen
Fachhochschule Trier – locations: Trier, Idar-Oberstein, Birkenfeld
Fachhochschule Worms
Katholische Fachhochschule Mainz
Fachhochschule für Finanzen Edenkoben
Fachhochschule der Deutschen Bundesbank, Hachenburg
Fachhochschule für öffentliche Verwaltung Mayen
Wissenschaftliche Hochschule für Unternehmensführung Otto-Beisheim-Hochschule (private university)
Philosophisch-Theologische Hochschule Vallendar (church university)
1947–1947: Wilhelm Boden, CDU
1947–1969: Peter Altmeier, CDU
1969–1976: Helmut Kohl, CDU
1976–1988: Bernhard Vogel, CDU
1988–1991: Carl-Ludwig Wagner, CDU
1991–1994: Rudolf Scharping, SPD
1994–2013: Kurt Beck, SPD
2013–present: Malu Dreyer, SPD
, Bourgogne
, in East Africa
, Province of València
's German-Speaking Community
, Voivodeship of Oppeln
, Middle Bohemia
, Province of Fujian
, State of South Carolina
, Prefecture of Iwate
(with county code car plate)
Big cities
Mayen
The Rhine River (, , ) is  long.
The Rhine is the second longest river in Europe.
Its name comes from the Celtic word "renos", which means 'raging flow'.
The Rhine is an important waterway.
can be used by ships, and boats can go to the Black Sea using the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal.
Many goods are transported over the Rhine, and the Rhine valley is also an important wine producing region.
The river Rhine begins at Tomasee, a lake in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland, and runs through Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands.
It is the border between Switzerland and Liechtenstein and also the border between Germany and France.
It is also the border between Switzerland and Austria.
It is also the border between the Netherlands and Germany.
It is the border between France and Switzerland.
It runs through Basel, Bonn, Cologne and Duisburg.
It also separates the cities of Mainz and Wiesbaden.
The Rhine has 50 species of fish.
The Rhine is one of the longest and most important river in Europe.
The middle Rhine has many castles.
Robber barons used some of them during the 15th–18th centuries.
When the Industrial Revolution hit Europe, factories set up along its banks and emptied their waste into the River.
The Salmon left and other fish became rare.
After World War II, the Rhine Action Programme was set up to boost the Rhine's wildlife and reduce the pollution there.
Cities near the Rhine
Krefeld (Uerdingen)
Arnhem (Nederrijn)
Nijmegen (Waal)
Utrecht (Kromme Rijn)
Rotterdam (Nieuwe Maas)
Breisach
Königswinter
Niederkassel
Wesseling
Zons
Monheim am Rhein
Emmerich am Rhein
Zutphen (IJssel)
Deventer (IJssel)
Zwolle (IJssel)
Kampen (IJssel)
Leiden (Oude Rijn)
Dordrecht (Merwede)
Wageningen (Nederrijn)
Woerden (Oude Rijn)
Wijk bij Duurstede (Neder Rijn / Kromme Rijn / Lek)
Alphen aan den Rijn (Oude Rijn)
Geography of Baden-Württemberg
Geography of North Rhine-Westphalia
Rivers of Austria
Rivers of Liechtenstein
Rivers of the Netherlands
Rivers of Switzerland
The term robber baron was first used in the 12th and 13th centuries to describe rich men who lived in large castles along major transportation rivers, like the Rhine in Europe.
They would send ships out onto these rivers to stop anybody who was traveling through who did not know better and collect a tax from them on any money or goods on these ships.
They were not officially allowed to collect these taxes.
It was only the Holy Roman Emperor who could decide what taxes to be charged, how much and who could charge it.
History of Germany
Sugar is the common name for a number of chemical substances, some of which have a sweet taste.
Mostly, it refers to either sucrose, lactose, or fructose.
Sugar is contained in certain kinds of food, or it is added to give a sweet taste.
Regular sugar extracted from sugarcane or sugar beet (the one commonly added to food) is called sucrose.
Fructose is the sugar that is in fruits.
As chemicals, sucrose and fructose are both made by two smaller sugars.
Glucose is the more common of these smaller sugars.
The human body changes regular sugar into the smaller sugars.
Sugars are a kind of carbohydrate.
This is because sugars are made from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Carbohydrates can be simple carbohydrates or complex carbohydrates.
Simple carbohydrates are made of only one or a few of the smallest sugars.
Complex carbohydrates are made of many of the smallest sugars.
Starch is a chemical found in foods such as bread, crackers, and potatoes.
It is a complex carbohydrate that is made from many glucose molecules.
When starch is eaten, the human body breaks it apart into smaller sugars.
An enzyme is added in the mouth, but it only begins to work in the stomach.
Pure starch is actually tasteless in the mouth.
There are other chemical substances that can be used to make a sweet taste, but that are not sugar.
One of them, commonly called Stevia, is gained from a plant with the same name.
Others, like aspartame, are completely synthetic.
In general, these substances are known as artificial sweeteners, or sugar substitutes.
People eat them to avoid health problems that sugar causes.
Sugar can be different colours.
For example, brown sugar has molasses in it, and is often used in baking.
There are 387 calories for 100 g of sugar.
monosaccharide
disaccharides
lactose
glycogen
Sweeteners
Canterbury is a city in Kent, England.
It is about  from London.
It was made famous by a book called The Canterbury Tales.
It is also famous for Canterbury Cathedral.
Thomas Becket was assassinated by knights who came from Sandlings.
There are two railway stations in the city; Canterbury East and Canterbury West.
The A2 road passes near the city.
It goes west to London and south-east to Dover.
The city has an estimated 31,000 students.
This is the highest student/permanent resident ratio in the UK.
There are three universities, and several other higher education institutions and colleges.
At the 2001 census, 22% of the population aged 16–74 were full-time students, compared with 7% throughout England.
The three universities: the University of Kent, Canterbury Christ Church University, and the University for the Creative Arts.
The St Lawrence Ground is the home ground of Kent County Cricket Club.
It has hosted several One Day Internationals, including one England match during the 1999 Cricket World Cup.
The Canterbury area has been lived in since prehistoric times.
Paleolithic stone axes, and Neolithic and Bronze Age pots have been found in the area.
Canterbury was once the main settlement of the Celtic tribe of the Cantiaci, which lived in most of modern-day Kent.
In the 1st century AD, the Romans captured the settlement and named it Durovernum Cantiacorum.
The Romans rebuilt the city, with new streets in a grid pattern, a theatre, a temple, a forum, and public baths.
Its position on Watling Street on route to the major Kentish ports of Rutupiae (now Richborough), Dubrae (now Dover), and Lemanae (now Lymne) made it important.
Huddersfield is a large town in the Metropolitan borough of Kirklees in West Yorkshire, England.
It was famous for its cloth industry, and where Rugby League football started.
Huddersfield was the birthplace for the Labour Party prime minister, Harold Wilson.
It is also known for its football team, who were the first team to win the Football League first division title three years in a row (1924-26).
Huddersfield had 162,949 residents at the 2011 census.
It sits close to the Pennines,  south-west of Leeds,  west of Wakefield,  north-west of Sheffield and  north-east of Manchester.
The River Holme discharges into the River Colne.
They were tapped for steam turbines and textile treatment in the large weaving sheds.
Anti-tank dogs were dogs with explosives placed on their backs.
These dogs were trained to run under enemy tanks.
The explosives were then remotely detonated in order to destroy the target tank.
These dogs were trained by the Soviet Union during World War II to be used against German armored vehicles.
They were trained on Russian tanks, which used diesel fuel.
In battle, the dogs often ran toward the smell of diesel fuel from the Soviet tanks instead of the intended German targets.
The German Army soon learned about the dogs, so all Russian dogs were shot on sight by the Germans.
Very few dogs remained in the Eastern Front as a result of this.
After the war better weapons against tanks were made.
Therefore, it is unlikely that anti-tank dogs will ever be used again.
Military animals
829  Theophilus becomes Byzantine Emperor.
1187  Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule.
1263  The Battle of Largs is fought between Scots and Norwegians.
1535  Jacques Cartier discovers Montreal, Quebec.
1552  Conquest of Kazan by Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible.
1780  American Revolutionary War: British spy John Andre is hanged by American forces for his role in Benedict Arnold's plot to sell West Point to the British Army.
1814  Battle of Rancagua: Spanish royalist troops under Mariano Osorio defeat rebel Chilean forces under Bernardo O'Higgins and Jose Miguel Carrera.
1835  Texas Revolution begins: Battle of Gonzales – Mexican soldiers attempt to disarm the people of Gonzales, Texas but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia.
1836  Naturalist Charles Darwin returns to Falmouth, England aboard the HMS Beagle after a 5-year journey collecting biological data he will later use to develop his theory of evolution.
1864  American Civil War: Battle of Saltville – Union forces attack Saltville, Virginia but are defeated by Confederate troops.
1889  In Washington, DC, the first international Conference of American States begins.
1889  In Colorado, Nicolas Creede strikes it rich in silver during the last great silver boom of the American Old West.
1919  US President Woodrow Wilson suffers a massive stroke, leaving him partially paralyzed.
1924  The Geneva Protocol is adopted as a means to strengthen the League of Nations.
1925  John Logie Baird performs the first test of a working television system.
1928  The "Prelature of the Holy Cross and the Work of God", commonly known as Opus Dei, was founded by Saint Josemaría Escrivá.
1935  Italy invades Abyssinia (Ethiopia).
1937  Dominican Republic leader Rafael Trujillo orders the execution of the Haitian population living within the borderlands.
Around 20,000 are killed in the following few days.
1941  World War II: Operation Typhoon – Germany begins an all-out offensive against Moscow.
1942  World War II: Ocean liner RMS Queen Mary accidentally hits and sinks her own escort ship HMS Curacoa off Ireland.
1944  Holocaust: Nazi troops end the Warsaw Uprising.
1950  The comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz is first published in seven US newspapers.
1955  The ENIAC computer is deactivated at 11:45 PM.
1955  Alfred Hitchcock Presents debuts (last new episode aired on June 26, 1962).
1958  Guinea declares itself independent from France.
1959  The Twilight Zone pilot premieres.
1962  Johnny Carson debuts as host of The Tonight Show.
1967  Thurgood Marshall sworn in as the first African-American justice of United States Supreme Court.
1968  A peaceful student demonstration in Mexico City ends in the Tlatelolco massacre.
1970  A plane carrying the Wichita State University football team, administrators andsupporters crashes in Colorado, killing 31 people.
1979  Pope John Paul II speaks at the UN.
1984  Elisabeth Kopp becomes the first woman to be elected to the Swiss Federal Council.
1988  The 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul come to an end.
1990  A Chinese airline Boeing 737-247 is hijacked; after landing at Guangzhou, crashes into an empty Boeing 707-3J6B and then a Boeing 757-21B on the ground killing 132
1992  Hero opens in theaters, starring Dustin Hoffman.
1992  The Carandiru Massacre takes place after a riot in the Carandiru prison system in São Paulo, Brazil.
1993  The 1993 Moscow riots by Hardline Communists occur.
1996  The Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments are signed by U.S. President Bill Clinton.
1996  An Aeroperu Boeing 757 crashes in Pacific Ocean shortly after takeoff from Lima, Peru killing 70.
1997  In the European Union the Amsterdam Treaty is signed.
2001  Bankruptcy of Swissair.
2002  The Beltway sniper attacks begin.
2004  American Samoa joins the North American Numbering Plan.
2005  The Ethan Allen tour boat capsizes on Lake George, Upstate New York, killing 20 people.
2006  Five schoolgirls are killed in a shooting at an Amish school in Pennsylvania, before the gunman commits suicide.
2007  President of South Korea Roh Moo-hyun walks across the Military Demarcation Line in North Korea, on his way to the inter-Korean summit meeting with Kim Jong-il.
2009  Rio de Janeiro is chosen to host the 2016 Summer Olympics.
2009  Voters in Ireland support the EU's Lisbon Treaty in a second referendum.
2016  Dozens of people are killed in a protest in Ethiopia's Oromia region.
2016  Voters in Colombia reject a peace deal between their government and FARC by a narrow margin.
2018  Nobel Prize in Physics: Donna Strickland becomes the 3rd woman to win the award for Physics, while Arthur Ashkin becomes the oldest-ever Nobel laureate, at age 96 (until John B. Goodenough wins the following year's Chemistry Prize at age 97); They share it with Gérard Mourou.
2018  Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi is murdered in Saudi Arabia's consulate in Istanbul, Turkey.
1452  King Richard III of England (d. 1485)
1470  Isabella of Aragon, Queen of Portugal (d. 1498)
1470  Isabella of Naples, Duchess of Milan (d. 1524)
1538  Charles Borromeo, Italian Catholic Saint (d. 1584)
1718  Elizabeth Montagu, English social reformer, patron of the arts, literary critic and writer (d. 1800)
1722  Leopold Widhalm, Austrian instrument maker (d. 1776)
1724  Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald, French philosopher and statesman (d. 1840)
1737  Francis Hopkinson, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (d. 1791)
1768  William Carr Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford, British general and politician (d. 1854)
1781  William Wyatt Bibb, Governor of Missouri (d. 1820)
1798  Charles Albert of Sardinia (d. 1849)
1800  Nat Turner, American revolutionary (d. 1831)
1815  James Agnew, Irish-Australian politician, 16th Premier of Tasmania (d. 1901)
1821  Nino Bixio, Italian freedom fighter (d. 1873)
1828  Charles Floquet, 55th Prime Minister of France (d. 1896)
1832  Edward Burnett Tylor, British anthropologist (d. 1917)
1833  William Corby, American Catholic priest (d. 1897)
1839  Hans Thoma, German painter (d. 1924)
1847  Paul von Hindenburg, German politician and military officer (d. 1934)
1851  Ferdinand Foch, French soldier (d. 1929)
1852  William Ramsay, Scottish chemist (d. 1916)
1854  Patrick Geddes, Scottish biologist, sociologist, geographer and town planner (d. 1932)
1864  Alfred Roller, Austrian painter (d. 1935)
1867  Theodore F. Green, Governor of Rhode Island (d. 1966)
1869  Mahatma Gandhi, Indian spiritual leader and advocate of non-violent resistance (d. 1948)
1871  Cordell Hull, United States Secretary of State (d. 1955)
1871  Martha Brookes Hutcheson, American landscape architect (d. 1959)
1879  Wallace Stevens, American poet (d. 1955)
1882  Boris Shaposhnikov, Russian military commander (d. 1945)
1890  Groucho Marx, American actor and comedian (d. 1977)
1893  Leroy Shield, American movie score and radio composer (d. 1962)
1895  Bud Abbott, American actor and comedian (d. 1974)
1901  Alice Prin, French singer and artist (d. 1953)
1902  Leopold Figl, Austrian politician (d. 1965)
1904  Graham Greene, English writer (d. 1991)
1904  Lal Bahadur Shastri, 2nd Prime Minister of India (d. 1966)
1905  Enchi Fumiko, Japanese writer (d. 1986)
1907  Víctor Paz Estenssoro, Bolivian politician (d. 2001)
1907  Alexander Todd, Baron Todd, Scottish chemist (d. 1997)
1909  Alex Raymond, American comic artist (d. 1956)
1910  Aldo Olivieri, Italian footballer (d. 2001)
1911  Tilly Fleischer, German javelin thrower (d. 2005)
1913  Annette Rogers, American athlete (d. 2006)
1914  Yuri Levitan, Soviet radio announcer (d. 1983)
1914  John Whiteside Parsons, American rocket scientist, writer and occultist (d. 1952)
1915  Chubby Wise, American bluegrass fiddler (d. 1996)
1916  Angel Suquia Goicoechea, Spanish archbishop (d. 2006)
1917  Christian de Duve, English-born Belgian biologist and Nobel Prize winner (d. 2013)
1919  John W. Duarte, British composer, guitarist and writer (d. 2004)
1920  Stefan Kovacs, Romanian footballer (d. 1995)
1921  Albert Scott Crossfield, American test pilot (d. 2006)
1921  Robert Runcie, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 2000)
1924  Tex Coulter, American football player (d. 2007)
1924  Gilbert Simondon, French philosopher (d. 1989)
1926  Jan Morris, British historian and author
1927  Uta Ranke-Heinemann, German theologian and author
1928  Wolfhart Pannenberg, German theologian (d. 2014)
1928  George "Spanky" McFarland, American actor (d. 1993)
1929  Cesare Maestri, Italian mountaineer
1930  Dave Barrett, Canadian politician (d. 2018)
1933  John Gurdon, British scientist and Nobel Prize winner
1933  Giuliano Sarti, Italian footballer (d. 2017)
1933  Michel Blasson, French conductor
1935  Peter Frankl, Hungarian-born pianist
1935  Omar Sívori, Argentine footballer (d. 2005)
1936  Feliciano Belmonte Jr., Filipino lawyer and politician
1938  Rex Reed, American movie critic and actor
1940  Gheorghe Gruia, Romanian handball player
1940  Pantelis Voulgaris, Greek actor, director, producer and screenwriter
1943  Anna Ford, English journalist and newsreader
1943  Paul Van Himst, Belgian footballer and coach
1945  Don McLean, American singer
1946  Peter Kellner, English journalist, President of YouGov
1946  Marie-Georges Pascal, French actress (d. 1985)
1947  Dieter Pfaff, German actor (d. 2013)
1948  Donna Karan, American fashion designer
1948  Trevor Brooking, English footballer
1948  Siim Kallas, Estonian politician, European Commissioner and former Prime Minister of Estonia
1949  Annie Leibovitz, American photographer
1949  Richard Hell, American singer-songwriter and bass player
1950  Ian McNeice, British actor
1950  Mike Rutherford, British musician
1951  Romina Power, American singer
1951  Sting, English musician
1953  Ernest Bai Koroma, former President of Sierra Leone
1953  Muhammad Abdul Bari, Bangladeshi-English physicist
1954  Lorraine Bracco, American actress
1955  Philip Oakey, English singer (The Human League)
1956  Viatcheslav Mukhanov, Russian-German cosmologist and physicist
1957  Janry, Belgian comic artist
1957  Dave Faulkner, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist
1958  Robbie Nevil, American musician
1960  Glenn Anderson, Canadian ice hockey player
1960  Terence Winter, American screenwriter and producer
1960  Tom Schweich, American politician (d. 2015)
1960  Derek Whittenburg, American basketball player and coach
1962  Sigtryggur Baldursson, Icelandic musician
1962  Jeff Bennett, American actor
1966  Rodney Adnoa'i, Samoan-American professional wrestler (d. 2000)
1967  Frankie Fredericks, Namibian athlete
1967  Keith Bradshaw, Australian cricketer
1967  Thomas Muster, Austrian tennis player
1967  Dave Goldberg, American businessman (d. 2015)
1968  Victoria Derbyshire, English journalist and radio presenter
1968  Jana Novotna, Czech tennis player
1969  Jun Akiyama, Japanese professional wrestler
1970  Kelly Ripa, American actress
1970  Eddie Guardado, American baseball player
1971  Tiffany, American singer
1971  James Root, American guitarist (Slipknot)
1971  Xavier Naidoo, German singer
1973  Lene Nystrom Rasted, Norwegian singer (Aqua)
1973  Proof, American rapper (d. 2006)
1973  Verka Serduchka, Ukrainian comedian and singer
1973  Maria Wetterstrand, Swedish politician
1974  Simon Gregson, British actor
1977  Didier Défago, Swiss skier
1978  Ayumi Hamasaki, Japanese singer
1978  Matt Hancock, English politician
1979  Francisco Fonseca, Mexican footballer
1979  Maja Ivarsson, Swedish singer
1981  Luke Wilkshire, Australian footballer
1982  Stephen Pearson, Scottish footballer
1982  George Pettit, Canadian singer
1982  Tyson Chandler, American basketball player
1984  Marion Bartoli, French tennis player
1985  Ciprian Marica, Romanian footballer
1986  Camilla Belle, American actress
1987  Ruan Lufei, Chinese chess player
1987  Keith Earls, Irish rugby player
1988  Kiko Casilla, Spanish footballer
1989  Marta Gastini, Italian actress
1990  Christopher Drazan, Austrian footballer
1990  Samantha Barks, Manx actress and singer
1991  Roberto Firmino, Brazilian footballer
1993  Tara Lynne Barr, American actress
1994  Brendan Meyer, Canadian actor
534  Athalaric, King of the Ostrogoths (b. 516)
939  Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine (b. 890)
1264  Pope Urban IV
1559  Jacquet of Mantua, French-Italian composer (b. 1483)
1629  Antonio Cifra, Italian composer (b. 1584)
1764  William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire, Prime Minister of Great Britain (b. 1720)
1775  Chiyo-ni, Japanese poet (b. 1703)
1782  Charles Lee, British and U.S. general (b. 1732)
1786  Augustus Keppel, 1st Viscount Keppel, English admiral and politician (b. 1725)
1803  Samuel Adams, American patriot, revolutionary and statesman (b. 1722)
1817  Fyodor Fyodorovich Ushakov, Russian naval commander and admiral (b. 1744)
1850  Sarah Biffen, English painter (b. 1784)
1853  François Jean Dominique Arago, French mathematician (b. 1786)
1892  Ernest Renan, French writer, historian, archaeologist and theologian (b. 1823)
1895  Eugen Langen, German entrepreneur, engineer and inventor (b. 1833)
1920  Max Bruch, German composer and conductor (b. 1838)
1927  Svante Arrhenius, Swedish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1859)
1931  Thomas Lipton, British trader and yacht owner (b. 1850)
1938  Alexandru Averescu, Romanian soldier and politician (b. 1859)
1943  John Evans, Premier of Tasmania (b. 1855)
1947  P. D. Ouspensky, Russian philosopher (b. 1878)
1950  John F. Fitzgerald, Mayor of Boston, Massachusetts and maternal grandfather of John F. Kennedy (b. 1863)
1962  Boris Y. Bukreev, Soviet mathematician (b. 1859)
1968  Marcel Duchamp, French artist (b. 1887)
1973  Paavo Nurmi, Finnish runner (b. 1897)
1973  Paul Hartman, American actor, singer and dancer (b. 1904)
1974  Vasily Shukshin, Russian writer, actor, screenwriter  and director (b. 1929)
1975  Kumaraswami Kamaraj, Indian political leader (b. 1903)
1981  Hazel Scott, singer (b. 1920)
1981  Harry Golden, American journalist (b. 1902)
1985  Rock Hudson, American actor (b. 1925)
1987  Peter Medawar, Brazilian-born scientist (b. 1915)
1987  Madeleine Carroll, British-born actress (b. 1906)
1988  Alec Issigonis, British engineer (b. 1906)
1991  Ecumenical Patriarch Demetrios I of Constantinople (b. 1914)
1994  Harriet Nelson, American actress and singer (b. 1909)
1996  Andrey Lukanov, Bulgarian politician (b. 1938)
1996  Robert Bourassa, 22nd Premier of Quebec (b. 1933)
1998  Gene Autry, American singer, actor, and entrepreneur (b. 1907)
2001  Franz Biebl, German composer (b. 1906)
2002  Heinz von Foerster, physicist and philosopher (b. 1911)
2003  John T. Dunlop, U.S. Secretary of Labor (b. 1914)
2006  Tamara Dobson, American actress (b. 1944)
2006  Paul Halmos, Hungarian mathematician (b. 1916)
2006  Charles Carl Roberts, American murderer (b. 1973)
2007  Tex Coulter, American football player (b. 1924)
2007  Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark (b. 1913)
2008  Choi Jin-sil, South Korean actress (b. 1968)
2009  Marek Edelman, Polish social and political activist (b. 1919)
2009  Rolf Rüssmann, German footballer (b. 1950)
2013  Abraham Nemeth, American mathematician and inventor (b. 1919)
2014  Vaughn O. Lang, American general (b. 1927)
2014  Pedro Peña, Spanish actor (b. 1925)
2014  Robert Flower, Australian Rules Football player (b. 1955)
2015  Brian Friel, Irish dramatist (b. 1929)
2015  Eric Arturo Delvalle, former President of Panama (b. 1937)
2016  Neville Marriner, English conductor (b. 1924)
2017  Evangelina Elizondo, Mexican actress, singer and writer (b. 1929)
2017  Robert Elsie, Canadian linguist and translator (b. 1950)
2017  Solly Hemus, American baseball player (b. 1923)
2017  Kim Un-yong, South Korean sports administrator (b. 1931)