the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_split huggingface dataset:
He lived through the rules of five monarchs through the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
Rising from a lowly page at the court of the House of Stuart, he faithfully served the Duke of York through the 1670s and early 1680s.
This gave him military and political advancement through his brave, clever skill.
Churchill helped secure James on the throne.
However, just three years later he left his Catholic teacher for the Protestant Dutchman, William of Orange.
For his help in the Glorious Revolution, William at his coronation made him Earl of Marlborough (pronounced /'mɔ:l bəɹə/).
He served in the early years of the Nine Years' War and became famous.
However, charges of Jacobitism made him fall from office.
For some time, he was imprisoned in the Tower.
When Queen Anne came to throne in 1702, however, Marlborough secured his fame and lots of money.
His marriage to the quick-tempered Sarah Jennings – Anne's close friend – helped Marlborough's rise.
He first became the Captain-Generalcy of British forces.
Then he became a duke.
Later, he became the richest of all Anne's subjects.
Although in the end he could not completely crush his enemies, his victories allowed Britain to rise to very great power.
Through him, the country grew more and more rich through the 18th century.
26 May 1650 - 21 December 1682: John Churchill, Esq.
21 December 1682 – 14 May 1685: The Right Honourable The Lord Churchill of Eyemouth
14 May 1685 – 9 April 1689: The Right Honourable The Lord Churchill of Sandridge and Eyemouth
9 April 1689 – December 1702: The Right Honourable The Earl of Marlborough
December 1702 – 16 June 1722: His Grace The Duke of Marlborough
in the Holy Roman Empire: 18 November 1705 – ???
1714: His Serene Highness The Prince of Mindelheim
in the Holy Roman Empire: ???
1714 – 16 June 1722: His Serene Highness The Prince of Mellenburg
Barnett, Correlli (1999).
Wordsworth Editions Limited.
Chandler, David G (1998).
A Guide to the Battlefields of Europe.
Chandler, David G (2003).
Marlborough as Military Commander.
Spellmount Ltd.
Chesterton, G. K. (2008).
A Short History of England.
BiblioBazaar.
Churchill, Winston (2002).
A History of the English-Speaking Peoples: Age of Revolution.
Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Marlborough: His Life and Times, Bk.
1, vols.
i & ii.
2, vols.
iii & iv.
Coxe, William (1847).
Memoirs of the Duke of Marlborough: 6 volumes.
Field, Ophelia (2002).
The Favourite: Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough.
Hodder and Stoughton.
Gregg, Edward (2001).
Queen Anne.
Hamilton, Elizabeth (1968).
The Backstairs Dragon: The Life of Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford.
Hibbert, Christopher (2001).
The Marlboroughs.
Penguin Books Ltd.
Holmes, Richard (2008).
Marlborough: England's Fragile Genius.
Jones, J. R (1993).
Lynn, John A (1999).
The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667–1714.
Longman.
Macaulay, Thomas (1968).
The History of England (abridged).
McKay, Derek (1977).
Prince Eugene of Savoy.
Thames and Hudson Ltd.
James II (2000).
Tincey, John, (2005).
Sedgemoor 1685: Marlborough's First Victory.
Leo Cooper Ltd.
Trevelyan, G. M (1930–34).
England Under Queen Anne: 3 volumes.
Longmans, Green and co.
1722 deaths
Pierre Njanka (born 15 March 1975) is a Cameroonian football player.
|1998/99||Neuchâtel Xamax||Nationalliga A||24||0
|1999/00||rowspan="4"|Strasbourg||rowspan="2"|Division 1||25||0
|2000/01||20||0
|2001/02||Division 2||0||0
|2002/03||Ligue 1||9||0
|2002/03||rowspan="3"|Sedan Ardennes||Ligue 1||9||0
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Ligue 2||23||0
|2005/06||Istres Ouest Provence||Ligue 2||14||0
|2005/06||Stade Tunisien||Ligue Professionnelle 1||5||0
Rigobert Song Bahanag (born 1 July 1976) is a former Cameroonian football player.
He played for Trabzonspor and the Cameroonian national team.
He is the first African who has played in four World Cups.
|1994/95||rowspan="4"|Metz||rowspan="4"|Division 1||24||2
|1995/96||37||0
|1998/99||Salernitana||Serie A||4||1
|1998/99||rowspan="3"|Liverpool||rowspan="3"|Premier League||13||0
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|West Ham United||rowspan="2"|Premier League||19||0
|2001/02||Köln||Bundesliga||16||0
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Lens||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||35||3
|2004/05||rowspan="4"|Galatasaray||rowspan="4"|Süper Lig||32||2
|2006/07||25||1
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Trabzonspor||rowspan="2"|Süper Lig||28||0
Total||131||4
Wolfgang Feiersinger (born 30 January 1965) is a former Austrian football player.
Wolfgang Feiersinger started playing football at his local club 1.
Saalfeldner SK.
1986 he went to Austria Salzburg, now known as FC Red Bull Salzburg.
With this club he became runner up of the Austrian Bundesliga in 1992 and 1993.
His first championship he reached 1994.
He was part of the team which reached the UEFA Cup final in the 1993/94 season.
In 1996 he went on to Borussia Dortmund where he played in the Championsleague due to the injury of Matthias Samer.
But in the final he was not even part of the team which won the UEFA Championsleague.
Then he came back to Austria playing for LASK Linz and again for Austria Salzburg.
In 2002 he finished his professional career but played for the amateur squad of PSV Schwarz-Weiß Salzburg.
He played 46 matches for the national football team as defender but also as offensive midfielder.
He was member of Austrias teame for the FIFA World Cup 1998 in France.
Since 2009 he works as host in an alpine hut (Hochwildalmhütte Aurach).
His daughter Laura plays for FC Bayern München in the German women league.
|1989/90||rowspan="8"|Austria Salzburg||rowspan="8"|Bundesliga||31||1
|1991/92||29||0
|1992/93||33||1
|1996/97||rowspan="4"|Borussia Dortmund||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||16||0
|1998/99||11||0
|1999/00||9||0
|2000/01||LASK Linz||Bundesliga||25||1
|2001/02||Austria Salzburg||Bundesliga||18||0
Ernst Franz Hermann Happel (29 November 1925 – 14 November 1992) was a former Austrian football player and football coach.
He has played for SK Rapid Wien, RC Paris and the Austria national team.
Happel started professionally at the age of 17 with SK Rapid Wien as defender.
He played only from 1955 till 1956 for another club.
In 1999 he was elected for Rapids team of the century.
He made his first match for Austria in September 1947 against Hungary and was member of the squad for the 1954 World Cup in Switzerlandand  and the 1958 World Cup in Sweden.
His last match was in September 1958 against Yugoslavia.
He played 51 times in the team and shot 5 goals.
Austrian Football Bundesliga (6):
1946, 1948, 1951, 1952, 1954, 1957
Austrian Cup (1):
Zentropa Cup (1):
As a coach
Dutch Cup: 1967–68
Dutch Championship: 1970–71
European Cup: 1969–70
Intercontinental Cup: 1970
Belgian Championship: 1975–76, 1976–77, 1977–78
Belgian Cup: 1976–77
UEFA Cup: 1975-76 (Runner-up)
European Cup: 1977-78 (Runner-up)
FIFA World Cup: (Runner–Up) 1978Hamburger SVGerman Championship: 1981–82, 1982–83
German Cup: 1986–87
European Cup: 1982–83FC Swarovski Tirol'''
Austrian Championship: 1988–89, 1989–90
Austrian Cup: 1988–89
|1942/43||rowspan="13"|Rapid Wien||rowspan="3"|Gauliga Donau-Alpenland||3||0
|1943/44||11||0
|1944/45||0||0
|1945/46||rowspan="10"|Championship||6||0
|1946/47||16||0
|1947/48||15||0
|1948/49||13||1
|1949/50||21||0
|1950/51||24||1
|1951/52||21||1
|1952/53||24||2
|1953/54||21||3
|1954/55||2||0
|1954/55||rowspan="2"|RC Paris||rowspan="2"|Division 1||14||2
|1955/56||28||7
|1956/57||rowspan="3"|Rapid Wien||rowspan="3"|Championship||18||3
|1957/58||26||7
|1958/59||19||7
|1947||3||0
|1948||6||0
|1949||6||0
|1950||7||0
Total||51||5
Baboons are monkeys of the genus Papio.
They are one of the largest kinds of monkey.
It is an intelligent Old World monkey.
It lives on the ground in groups called troops.
Troops can be as small as a few baboons or as big as several hundred members.
Baboons live in forests and on savannahs in Africa and on the Arabian Peninsula.
As they move into the open land, the family groups come together into groups several hundred strong, led by adult males that work together to protect the others from predators.
Baboons are omnivores (they eat both plants and meat).
They eat grasses, roots, insects and other small animals, like lizards, small mammals, fish, birds, and snakes.
In some places, they steal food from humans.
Leopards, cheetahs, African wild dogs, lions, hyenas and people hunt the baboon.
To scare the predator away, baboons can show their eyelids, show their teeth, chase the predator, and make noise.
Friedrich (Friedl) Koncilia (born 25 February 1948) is a former Austrian football player mainly for FK Austria Wien.
He has also played for Austria national team.
At the age of 14 he came to KAC, an icehockeyclub, but the coach of the football department brought him to football.
He played in Austria for  Austria Klagenfurt, SSW Innsbruck and Austria Wien.
Abroad he played for RSC Anderlecht.
He is one of the most successful goalkeepers in Austria.
During his career he was 8 times Austrian Champion and six times Cup winner and played 526 league matches, 76 Cup matches and  51 matches in European cups.
For Austria he played 85 matches, his first international match was on 27 September 1970 versus Hungary.
His last match was in 1985.
For Austria he played in the FIFA World Cup 1978 where he played in the legendary match versus Germany in Cordoba and 1982.
He was chosen as goalkeeper for a FIFA-selection playing versus Argentinia on 25 June 1979  He was goalkeeper in the 2nd half time.
He was also goalkeeper in an UEFA-team playing versus CSSR, which celebrated the 70th anniversary.
|1969/70||rowspan="2"|Wattens||rowspan="2"|Championship||30||0
|1971/72||rowspan="8"|Wacker Innsbruck||rowspan="3"|Championship||15||0
|1972/73||30||0
|1973/74||24||0
|1974/75||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||34||0
|1976/77||36||0
|1977/78||36||0
|1979/80||Anderlecht||First Division||8||0
|1979/80||rowspan="6"|Austria Wien||rowspan="6"|Bundesliga||19||0
|1980/81||24||0
|1981/82||35||0
|1983/84||29||0
|1984/85||26||0
Member of the Austrian squad FIFA World Cup: 1978,1982
Member:Austria Wien team of the century (elected 2001)
Member of the FIFA World selection:1979
8 × Austrian Champion: 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1980, 1981, 1984 und 1985
6 × Austrian Cup: 1973, 1975, 1978, 1980, 1982 und 1984;
Goalkeeper coach  Austria Wien (1993/94)
Coach of Gamba Osaka (1997/98)
Manager of Austria Wien (1998/99–Nov 2000)
Coach of  Austria Wien (2 April 1999–30 May 1999)
Coach of  Brandl-Bau Bad Ischl (2002–2007)
People from Klagenfurt
Toni Polster (born 10 March 1964) is a former Austrian football player.
|1982/83||rowspan="5"|Austria Wien||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||26||11
|1983/84||23||13
|1984/85||29||24
|1985/86||34||32
|1986/87||35||39
|1987/88||Torino||Serie A||27||9
|1988/89||rowspan="3"|Sevilla||rowspan="3"|La Liga||32||9
|1989/90||35||33
|1990/91||35||13
|1991/92||Logroñés||La Liga||38||14
|1992/93||Rayo Vallecano Madrid||La Liga||31||14
|1993/94||rowspan="5"|Köln||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||26||17
|1995/96||28||11
|1996/97||32||21
|1997/98||33||13
|1998/99||rowspan="2"|Borussia Mönchengladbach||Bundesliga||31||11
|1999/00||2.
Bundesliga||7||4
|1999/00||Austria Salzburg||Bundesliga||12||2
|1986||6||5
|1989||6||4
|1992||8||5
|1994||7||5
|1997||8||6
Total||95||44
Daisuke Saito (born 29 August 1980) is a Japanese football player.
|1999||rowspan="8"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|2000||7||0||0||0||2||0||9||0
|2002||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||22||1||4||0||5||0||31||1
|2003||27||1||1||0||4||0||32||1
|2004||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||21||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||23||0
|2005||42||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||43||2
|2006||J. League 1||33||1||1||0||5||0||39||1
|2007||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Sanga||J. League 2||48||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||48||2
|2008||J. League 1||2||0||0||0||1||0||3||0
|2008||rowspan="3"|Vegalta Sendai||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||16||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||17||1
Daisuke Saito (born in 1974) - Japanese footballer
Daisuke Saito (born in 1980) - Japanese footballer
|1997||rowspan="10"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|2000||15||0||1||0||8||0||24||0
|2001||J. League 2||15||0||0||0||0||0||15||0
|2002||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||26||0||5||0||6||0||37||0
|2003||28||0||1||0||4||0||33||0
|2004||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||26||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||27||0
|2005||39||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||39||0
|2006||J. League 1||18||0||0||0||4||0||22||0
|2007||rowspan="4"|Kyoto Sanga||J. League 2||33||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||33||0
|2008||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||8||0||0||0||3||0||11||0
Kyoto Sanga
was the 16th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Nintoku to be possibly legendary, but probable.
The name Nintoku-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.
According to Nihon Shoki, Nintoku was the fourth son of Emperor Ōjin and the father of three emperors — Richū, Hanzei, and Ingyō .
Events of Nintoku's life
Very little is known about the events of Nintoku's life and reign.
Nintoku is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) which is associated with the burial mound.
The Irukandji Jellyfish, Carukia barnesi, is a species of jellyfish.
It lives in the waters of northern Australia.
It is a very deadly jellyfish.
The Irukandji is only 2.5 centimeters (with bell and tentacles) in diameter.
This makes it hard to find.
The Irukandji is believed to be the most poisonous creature in the world.
Some people are not sure if that is true.
The Irukandjis' name comes from an Australian Aboriginal tribe.
The tribe lived in the Palm Cove region of North Queensland.
When the Irukandji people were stung by the Irukandji, there are many symptoms.
lower back pain
muscle cramps
Sometimes, people may also get fluid on their lungs (pulmonary oedema), hypertension, and heart  failure.
The Irukandji has killed at least two swimmers in Australia.
In 2002, Richard Jordon came to Australia as a tourist.
He was a 58 year old British man.
He was stung while swimming off Hamilton Island.
Jordon died a few days later.
There may have been more deaths which doctors did not know were caused by the jellyfish.
The Irukandji is related to another jellyfish.
This is the box jellyfish, Chironex Fleckeri.
Irukandji was identified in 1964 by a Cairns doctor, Jack Barnes.
Because of this, its scientific name is named after him.
When people were getting hurt in the sea, Barnes was sure it was because of a jellyfish.
He put on diving equipment and lay on the sea floor for six days until he discovered it.
When Barnes discovered the Irukandji jellyfish, he tested its sting on himself, his son, and a lifeguard.
They all had to be taken to the hospital.
Irukandji has stingers – not only on its tentacles, but also on its bell.
It is very small and weak.
Because of this, sudden force may kill it.
So, it cannot be kept in a normal aquarium.
The first Irukandji jellyfish in captivity was born in Townsville, Queensland.
was the 21st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Yūryaku to be possibly legendary, but probable.
The name Yūryaku-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.
According to the Kojiki and Nihonshoki, Yūryaku was the fifth and youngest son of Emperor Ingyō.
Events of Yūryaku's life
Very little is known about the events of Yūryaku's life and rule.
Only limited facts can be studied before the rule of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.
After Ankō's death, Yūryaku overcame others in the struggle for power.
He became the new emperor.
Yūryaku is known as a patron of silk.
It is said that he encouraged growing mulberry bushes for silkworms to eat.
Poems that are said to be Yūryaku's are included in the Manyōshū.
A number of his verses are kept in the Kojiki and the Nihonshoki.
The Kia Carens is a MPV produced by Kia Motors in 1999 and 2019.
It is now in its Third generation, and is called Kia Rondo on the North American market.
Carens
The Kia Soul is a car produced by Kia since 2008.
It is based on the Hyundai i20 and Kia Venga's platform.
It entered its second generation in 2013.
The second generation were launched in 2005, and is available with a 1.4 litre petrol engine in two versions with 55 kW/75 hp and 71 kW/97 hp respectively, a 1.6 litre petrol engine with 82 kW/112 hp and a 1.5 litre turbo diesel engine with 81 kW/110 hp.
It is based on the Hyundai Getz's platform.
The Kia Magentis is a car produced by Kia Motors.
It is the successor of the Kia Clarus, and is based on the Hyundai Sonata's platform.
The first generation were produced from 2000 to 2006.
It is available with a 2.0 litre 4-cylinder petrol engine with 100 kW/136 hp and a 2.5 litre 6-cylinder petrol engine with 124 kW/169 hp.
The second generation were launched in 2006.
It were until 2009 available with 2.0 and 2.4 litre 4-cylinder petrol engines with 106 kW/144 hp and 120 kW/163 hp respectively, a 2.7 litre 6-cylinder petrol engine with 139 kW/189 hp and a 2.0 litre 4-cylinder turbo diesel engine with 103 kW/140 hp.
In 2009, the Magentis received a facelift.
The engines available are now 2.0 and 2.4 litre 4-cylinder petrol engines with 121 kW/164 hp and 130 kW/175 hp respectively, a 2.7 litre 6-cylinder petrol engine with 142 kW/193 hp and a 2.0 litre 4-cylinder turbo diesel engine with 110 kW/150 hp.
Magentis
The first generation were launched in 1999 based on the Ford Windstar's platform.
It were available with a 2.5 litre 6-cylinder petrol engine with 121 kW/165 hp and a 2.9 litre 4-cylinder turbo diesel engine with 93 kW/126 hp.
In 2006, the second generation were launched based on the Hyundai Entourage's platform.
It is available with 2.7 and 3.8 litre 6-cylinder petrol engines with 139 kW/189 hp and 187 kW/254 hp respectively, and a 2.9 litre 4-cylinder turbo diesel engine with 136 kW/185 hp.
The cee'd received a facelift in 2009.
The 1.4 litre petrol engine was changed to 66 kW/90 hp instead of 80 kW/109 hp.
Cede
The diesel engines received an update in 2004.
The 1.9 litre TDI engine are now available in 66 kW/90 hp and 77 kW/105 hp versions, and the 2.0 litre TDI engine has now 103 kW/140 hp.
The Touran received an facelift in late 2006.
Both the 1.6 and 2.0 litre FSI petrol engines were replaced by a 1.4 litre TSI petrol engine in 103 kW/140 hp and 125 kW/170 hp versions.
The 2.0 litre TDI engine were now also available in a 125 kW/170 hp version.
Rade Bogdanović (born 21 May 1970) is a former Serbian football player.
|1992||rowspan="3"|POSCO Atoms||rowspan="3"|K-League||17||3
|1993||27||9
|1994||33||22
|1995||rowspan="2"|Pohang Atoms||rowspan="2"|K-League||31||8
|1996||39||16
|1997||JEF United Ichihara||J. League 1||16||8
|1997/98||Atlético Madrid||La Liga||14||6
|1997/98||NAC Breda||Eredivisie||13||6
|1998/99||rowspan="4"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||23||8
|1999/00||22||4
|2000/01||11||3
|2002/03||Arminia Bielefeld||Bundesliga||19||0
Atsushi Katagiri (born 1 August 1983) is a Japanese football player.
|2002||rowspan="3"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||5||0||0||0||5||1||10||1
|2005||Horikoshi||Football League||10||4||3||2||colspan="2"|-||13||6
|2006||rowspan="4"|Gifu||Regional Leagues||14||14||3||1||colspan="2"|-||17||5
|2007||Football League||32||7||2||0||colspan="2"|-||34||7
|2008||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||39||9||2||0||colspan="2"|-||41||9
|2009||18||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||18||2
|2009||rowspan="2"|Ventforet Kofu||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||17||0||3||1||colspan="2"|-||20||1
Carlos Gamarra (born 17 February 1971) is a former Paraguayan football player.
|1991||rowspan="2"|Cerro Porteño||rowspan="2"|Primera División||23||0
|1992/93||Independiente||Primera División||8||0
|1993||rowspan="3"|Cerro Porteño||rowspan="3"|Primera División||15||0
|1994||24||1
|1995||rowspan="3"|Internacional||rowspan="3"|Série A||17||0
|1996||22||2
|1997/98||Benfica||Portuguese Liga||13||0
|1998||Corinthians Paulista||Série A||31||3
|1999/00||Atlético Madrid||La Liga||32||1
|2000||Flamengo||Série A||4||1
|2001/02||AEK Athens||Alpha Ethniki||24||0
|2002/03||rowspan="3"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="3"|Serie A||14||0
|2003/04||10||0
|2005||rowspan="2"|Palmeiras||rowspan="2"|Série A||30||1
|2007||Olimpia||Primera División||25||1
|1997||15||2
Total||110||12
Flávio Conceição (born 12 June 1974) is a former Brazilian football player.
|1993||Rio Branco||||22||2
|1993||rowspan="4"|Palmeiras||rowspan="4"|Série A||2||0
|1994||23||3
|1995||18||2
|1996/97||rowspan="4"|Deportivo La Coruña||rowspan="4"|La Liga||12||1
|2000/01||rowspan="3"|Real Madrid||rowspan="3"|La Liga||14||0
|2003/04||Borussia Dortmund||Bundesliga||14||1
|2004/05||Galatasaray||Süper Lig||27||2
|2005/06||Panathinaikos||Alpha Ethniki||14||1
|1997||14||3
|1995||rowspan="2"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="2"|JFL||||||||||||
|1996||||||||||||
Footballers from Tottori Prefecture
|1991/92||Toyota Motors||JSL Division 1||0||0||||||0||0||0||0
|1992||rowspan="3"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||0||0||0||0
|1993||3||0||0||0||2||0||5||0
|1996||rowspan="4"|Honda||rowspan="4"|Football League||7||0||3||1||colspan="2"|-||10||1
|1997||8||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|1998||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
Masafumi Nakaguchi (born 10 April 1972) is a former Japanese football player.
He manages Sagawa Shiga.
Sagawa Shiga
was the 27th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Ankan to be possibly legendary, but probable.
The name Ankan-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.
According to Kojiki Ankan was the elder son of Emperor Keitai.
Events of Ankan's life
Very little is known about the events of Ankan's life and reign.
Ankan is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) which is associated with the burial mound.
was the 28th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Senka to be possibly legendary, but probable.
The name Senka-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.
According to Kojiki, Senka was a son of Emperor Keitai.
Events of Senka's life
Very little is known about the events of Senka's life and reign.
During this reign, Soga no Iname became the first verifiable "Great Minister" or Omi (also identified as Ō-omi).
Senka is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) which is associated with the burial mound.
The Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) is a South African political party for the white Afrikaner people, the Boers.
It was formed in 1973 by Eugène Terre'Blanche.
He   led the party until his death in 2010.
It is now led by Steyn van Ronge.
They are a party for the white South Africans who want their own nation.
They want to name it Boerestaat.
The party is not as extreme as other parties who want to kick out all the black South Africans.
The AWB simply wants a state within SA borders.
The AWB also wants to go back to apartheid, or at least some of them want it.
And they want to end the killing of white people by black people.
The organisation is not violent, but it used to be back in the 1990s.
Political parties in South Africa
Nationalist organizations in South Africa
20th-century establishments in South Africa
The XNOR gate is a logic gate that outputs 1 (true) when both of its inputs are equal.
If only one output is high(1) the output is low (0).
es:Puerta lógica#Puerta equivalencia (XNOR)
it:Algebra di Boole#XNOR
Efim Bogolyubov  (14 April 1889 – 18 June 1952) was a Ukrainian–German chess grandmaster who won numerous events and played two matches with Alexander Alekhine for the world championship.
His weak point, it is said, was over-optimism, but at his best he was one of the world's leading players.p49
1919 to 1939
After the World War I, he won international tournaments at Berlin 1919, Stockholm 1919, Stockholm 1920, Kiel 1921, and Pistyan (Pieštany) 1922.
He tied for 1st–3rd at Karlsbad (Karlovy Vary) 1923.
In 1924 Bogoljubow briefly returned to Russia, which had since become the Soviet Union, and won consecutive USSR championships in 1924 and 1925.
He also won at Breslau (Wroclaw) 1925, and in Moscow 1925, ahead of a field which included Emanuel Lasker and José Raúl Capablanca.
In 1926, he emigrated to Germany.
At Bad Kissingen 1928, he triumphed (+6 –1 =4) over a field which included Capablanca, Nimzovich and Savielly Tartakower.
Bogoljubov won two matches against Max Euwe (both 5.5–4.5) in 1928 and 1928/29 in Holland.
He played matches for the World Chess Championship twice against Alekhine, losing 15.5–9.5 in 1929, and 15.5–10.5 in 1934.
He represented Germany at first board in the 4th Chess Olympiad at Prague 1931, winning the individual silver medal (+9 –1 =7).
Bogoljubov continued to have good tournament results throughout the 1930s.
During World War II, he lost a match to Euwe (+2 –5 =3) at Krefeld 1941, and drew a mini-match with Alekhine (+1 –1 =0) at Warsaw 1943.
He also played in numerous tournaments held in Nazi-held territory throughout the war.
In 1947, he won in Lüneburg, and Kassel.
In 1949 he won in Bad Pyrmont (3rd West GER-ch), and tied for 1st-2nd in Oldenburg.
In 1951, he won in Augsburg, and Saarbrücken.
Kmoch, Hans 2004.
Chesscafe.com.
Efim Bogoljubov raconté par Emil Diemer by Dany Sénéchaud on Mieux jouer aux échecs
The  is a government agency of Japan.
This bureaucracy is concerned with Imperial House of Japan (Japan's imperial family).
Kunaichō keeps the Privy Seal of Japan and the State Seal of Japan.
The organization and functions of the Imperial Household were established in the eighth century.
The fundamental elements of this system evolved during the course of centuries.
The main focus of attention is the living Imperial family.
At the same time, the agency looks 890+ sites which may contain the remains of imperial family members.
Organization and Functions
Legal foundation
2001—present
Imperial Household Agency became an external agency of the Cabinet Office.
1949—2001
Imperial Household Agency was the new name of Imperial Household Office; and the Imperial household became an external agency of the Prime Minister's Office.
1947—1949
Imperial Household Office was organized under The Imperial Household Law of 1947 along with the current The Constitution of Japan which was adopted in the post-war period
Imperial Household Ministry was organized under the Imperial House Law of 1889  and the  Meiji Constitution which was proclaimed in the course of the Meiji Restoration
701—1889
Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan
Shigeru, Yoshida and Hiroshi Nara. (
Shigeru: Last Meiji Man.
Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ; ;
OCLC 238440967
Kokusai Kyōiku Jōhō Sentā. (
The Imperial Family of Japan.
Tokyo: International Society for Educational Information.
OCLC 24145536
The Imperial Household Agency Website
In computers, an operating environment is the environment in which you can use the operating system with, but is not the whole operating system on its own.
For example, Windows 3.x was not considered a full operating system since it ran on top of MS-DOS.
Adelong is a small town in the Snowy Mountains region of New South Wales, Australia.
It is a part of the Tumut Shire.
About 1400 people live in the Adelong district, and 829 people live in the town.
The town is about 160 kilometres west of Canberra on the Snowy Mountains Highway.
The town's name comes from an Aboriginal word meaning "along the way" or "plain with a river".
Hamilton Hume and William Hovell were the first Europeans in to visit the area on their way back to Sydney in 1825.
They described it as "rough and difficult country."
Adelong was settled between 1840 and 1850.
Gold was discovered at Adelong by a William Williams in 1857.
The gold was on the top of Victoria Hill and was part of the Old Hill Reef.
Alluvial gold was found in both Adelong Creek and Golden Gully in the same year.
Adelong quickly became an important goldfield.
Adelong Post Office opened on 1 January 1859.
By 1859 a number of gold reefs were being mined, including the Old Reef and the Great Victoria Mine.
Between 1859 and 1876, 3,798 kilograms of gold was mined.
During the gold rush the population grew to more than 30,000 people.
Over 25 tonnes of gold was mined from 1857 to the close of the mines in 1914.
The National Trust of Australia has listed the main street of Adelong and a number of buildings as being important historical places.
A number of narrow tramway tracks were built in the mine area.
Adelong is one of the only two gold mining areas in New South Wales known to have used a steam locomotive on its tramways.
During the gold rush many Chinese people worked in the mines.
Many died and were buried in a special part of the Adelong cemetery.
The Chinese part of the cemetery was destroyed in the early 1900s.
One or two old Chinese and Indian people still lived in  Adelong in the 1950s.
A small town, Cornishtown, was about a mile west of Adelong till the 1940s.
After the gold rush, farming became the main business in the area.
This was mainly Merino sheep and beef cattle.
Over the last 20 years a tourists have come to visit because of the pleasant scenery and gold mining history.
The famous Adelong Falls, with its rich gold-mining past, is an ideal spot to for a picnic or to explore the local area.
Cole Albert Porter (June 9, 1891 – October 15, 1964) was an American composer and songwriter.
He wrote musical comedies like Kiss Me, Kate, Fifty Million Frenchmen, DuBarry Was a Lady and Anything Goes.
He also wrote songs like "Night and Day," "I Get a Kick out of You," "Well, Did You Evah!"
and "I've Got You Under My Skin."
He was well known for his clever lyrics and rhymes.
He wrote a lot of songs that are in the Great American Songbook.
One of his grandfathers made a lot of money from coal and timber.
He had control over the family.
Porter started learning music when he was very young.
He learned the violin at age six and the piano at eight.
He and his mother wrote an operetta when he was 10.
His mother, Kate, was very supportive.
His grandfather J.O. Cole wanted him become a lawyer,
Porter went to Harvard Law School in 1913 for a year.
He then moved into Arts and Sciences.
In 1915, his song, "Esmeralda", was played on Broadway.
He had a musical on Broadway in 1916, but it did not do well.
Porter was not doing very well with his music so he went to Paris, France.
He was working there when World War I started.
He travelled all over Europe, and then joined the French Foreign Legion in 1917.
He was a soldier in North Africa, and then he taught American soldiers how to shoot.
Porter was married to Linda Lee Thomas (1883-1954) from 1919 until her death.
Some writers have said that Porter also had some gay relationships.
Porter started having musicals on Broadway again in 1926.
He wrote some famous songs like "Let's Do It, Let's Fall in Love", "What Is This Thing Called Love?"
and "Night and Day".
He threw lots of parties and had an  exciting social life in the 1920s and 1930s.
He became very successful with his musicals and songs.
In 1937, Porter had an accident when he was horse-riding.
He had a lot of pain and had to have many operations.
He became depressed after that.
He kept working and in 1948 he wrote a very popular musical called Kiss Me, Kate.
He won a Tony Award for the musical.
He also wrote music for movies.
In 1952, Porter's mother died.
In 1954, his wife died.
In 1958, he had to have his injured leg amputated (cut off).
After all these bad things happened, he retired.
He died of kidney failure in 1964 in Santa Monica, California.
Van Riebeeck was born in Culemborg in the Netherlands as the son of a surgeon.
He grew up in Schiedam, where he married 19-year old Maria de la Quellerie on 28 March 1649. (
She died in Malacca, now part of Malaysia, on 2 November 1664, at the age of 35).
The couple had eight children, most of whom did not live through infancy.
Their son Abraham van Riebeeck, born at the Cape, later became Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies.
Joining the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1639, he served in many posts, like an assistant surgeon in the Batavia in the East Indies.
He then went to Japan.
His most important position was that of head of the VOC trading post in Tonkin, Vietnam.
However, he was called back from this post as it was found that he was working trade for his own account.
In 1651 he was asked to undertake the command of the initial Dutch settlement in the future South Africa.
He landed three ships Drommedaris, Reijger and Goede Hoop at the future Cape Town on 6 April 1652 and strongly make the site as a way-station for the VOC trade route between the Netherlands and the East Indies.
The Walvisch and the Oliphant came later, having had 130 burials at sea.
1619 births
Politicians from Gelderland
Measles is an infectious disease, caused by a virus.
People catch measles from other people.
It is passed on in tiny drops of water when people breathe.
People with measles have a sore throat, a fever, a cough, red eyes and a runny nose.
They also have a bumpy red rash all over their body.
These rashes will cause a high irritation of itching.
Measles is very infectious, which means it is easy to catch.
If someone in a house has measles, it is very likely that other people in the house will also get it.
In developed countries, lots of children have a vaccination (injection) to stop them from getting measles.
Often they are given the MMR vaccine, to stop them getting measles, mumps and rubella.
The three vaccinations are all in one injection.
Measles is sometimes also called rubeola, but it is not the same as rubella (German measles).
The German Measles (rubella) was discovered by German scientists.
There is no specific cure for measles.
People with measles may rest and take medicines to make them feel better, to stop pain and make fevers go away.
Most people that have measles recover, but some people die from it.
In the 19th century measles epidemics killed many Polynesian people.
Health: Measles , BBC
was the 22nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Seinei to be possibly legendary, but probable.
The name Seinei-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.
According to Kojiki and Nihonshoki, Seinei was a son of Emperor Yūryaku.
Seinei fathered no children.
He adopted two grandsons of Emperor Richū.
Each would attain the throne; and they would become known as Emperor Ninken and as Emperor Kenzo
Events of Seinei's life
Very little is known about the events of Seinei's life and reign.
Xiphactinus (from Latin and Greek for "sword-ray") was a large, 4.5 to 5 m (15 to 20 feet) long predatory bony fish that lived in the Western Interior Sea, over what is now the middle of North America, during the Late Cretaceous.
Skeletal remains of Xiphactinus have come from Kansas, Alabama, and Georgia in the United States, as well as Europe and Australia.
Above all else, Xiphactinus was a great swimmer, able to speed towards or away from virtually anything else in the seas of the time.
It may have been able to leap above the waves at times to help dislodge parasites from its skin.
It was not however immune from attack.
If injured, its large size meant it was easy to spot and could become prey for sharks, Mosasaurs, and other Xiphactinus.
was the 23rd  emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.
Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Kenzō to be possibly legendary, but probable.
The name Kenzō-tennō was created for him posthumously by later generations.
Events of Kenzō's life
Very little is known about the events of Kenzō's life and reign.
According to the Imperial Household Agency, Kenzō final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (kofun).
are earthen tombs or tumuli in Japan.
They were constructed between the early 3rd century and early 7th century.
William Gowland, English engineer who made the first survey for Saki kofun group
Ernest Satow, English diplomat who wrote about kofun in Kozuke for the Asiatic Society of Japan
飛鳥高松塚 (Takamatsuzuka, Asuka), 橿原考古学研究所編, 明日香村, 1972.
前方後円墳 (Keyhole-shaped kofun), 上田宏範,  学生社, 東京, 1969.
前方後円墳と古代日朝関係 (Keyhole-shaped kofun and diplomatic relations between ancient Japan and Korea), 朝鮮学会編, 東京, 同成社, 2002.
Japanese Archaeology: Kofun Culture
Kofun Period
Prehistoric Archaeology of Japan
Chess and computers have been connected since the earliest days of the computer.
In the 19th century Charles Babbage had thought of the idea,p87 and in modern times Alan Turing, the mathematician and Bletchley Park codebreaker, put some thought into the idea.
He was not a very good chess player, but was one of the creators of the first British computer.
He is also credited with the creation of Computer science.
One plays against a human opponent; the other helps the user become a better player.
The two types can be made to work together, though they have different functions and work in different ways.
Many have been created; they can play at master level, though their processes are quite different from those of a human being.p87 The best engines on the fastest computers have won matches against both Kasparov and Kramnik, but the software can be used at an easier level for a learner.
Competitions are run by putting engines against each other, and the results are published.
There is a World Computer Chess Championship, in which the details of the rules may determine which software wins.
Software may also be rated on other scales, such as ease of usage.
Fritz is a German chess program by Frans Morsch and Mathias Feist, published by ChessBase.
It is the current market leader.
There is also a different kind of Fritz called Deep Fritz that is made for multi-processing.
The latest kinds of the consumer products are Deep Fritz 12 and Fritz 12.
They came with reviews by Josh Waitzkin, who said that "Fritz is like a woman that you can't get with.
It just drives (makes) you to think in ways you've never thought before".
Shredder is a leading engine.
It is also owned by ChessBase.
It comes in various forms: Shredder 12, Deep Shredder 12; Shredder Classic.
It has a reputation of being hard.
Rybka
Rybka 4 is their latest version.
Although it can be used online, most users download the software and data onto their laptop.
Then they take the laptop to tournaments, to help prepare for games.
Julio César Romero (born 28 August 1960) is a former Paraguayan football player.
|1980||rowspan="4"|New York Cosmos||rowspan="4"|NASL||32||14
|1981||21||4
|1982||21||6
|1983||25||10
|1984||rowspan="5"|Fluminense||rowspan="5"|Série A||12||5
|1985||17||5
|1987||15||3
|1988||25||6
|1988/89||Barcelona||La Liga||7||1
|1989/90||Puebla||Primera División||13||2
Total||34||13
Lee Jong-Min (born 21 May 1987) is a South Korean professional athlete.
|2006||Montedio Yamagata||rowspan="3"|J. League 2|| || || || || ||
|2009||Tochigi || || || || || ||
|2010||rowspan="2"|Avispa Fukuoka|| || || || || ||
|2011||J. League 1|| || || || || ||
|2012||Matsumoto Yamaga||J. League 2|| || || || || ||
Lee Jong-Min at Guardian.co.uk
Sin Byung-Ho (born 26 April 1975) is a South Korean professional athlete.
|2000||Yokohama F. Marinos||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|2001||Mito Hollyhock||J. League 2||28||11||3||2||0||0||31||13
|2002||Ulsan Hyundai||K-League||0||0||||||7||1||7||1
|2002||rowspan="4"|Chunnam Dragons||rowspan="4"|K-League||26||8||||||0||0||26||8
|2003||42||16||5||4||colspan="2"|-||47||20
|2004||12||2||0||0||9||1||21||3
|2005||8||0||0||0||0||0||8||0
|2006||Gyeongnam||K-League||16||2||2||1||10||3||28||6
|2007||rowspan="2"|Jeju United||rowspan="2"|K-League||8||0||1||0||6||0||15||0
|2008||2||2||1||0||4||0||7||2
Fernando Almeida de Oliveira (born 18 June 1978) is a Brazilian football player.
|1996||rowspan="7"|Vitória||rowspan="7"|Série A||2||0||||||||||||||2||0
|1997||1||0||||||||||||||1||0
|1998||1||0||||||||||||||1||0
|1999||21||3||||||||||||||21||3
|2000||11||0||||||||||||||11||0
|2001||18||4||||||||||||||18||4
|2002||21||5||||||||||||||21||5
|2003||rowspan="4"|Kashima Antlers||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||27||5||4||0||4||1||3||2||38||8
|2004||26||5||3||0||7||1||colspan="2"|-||36||6
|2005||30||2||2||1||2||2||colspan="2"|-||34||5
|2006||19||7||0||0||3||1||colspan="2"|-||22||8
|2007||Cruzeiro||Série A||2||0||||||||||||||2||0
|2005||Mito Hollyhock||J. League 2||17||8||0||0||17||8
|2005||Consadole Sapporo||J. League 2||19||1||0||0||19||1
An Sun-Jin (born 19 September 1975) is a South Korean professional athlete.
Joseph-Désiré Job (born 1 December 1977) is a Cameroonian football player.
He plays for Lierse and Cameroon national team.
|1996/97||rowspan="3"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="3"|Division 1||0||0
|1998/99||19||6
|1999/00||Lens||Division 1||24||4
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Middlesbrough||rowspan="2"|Premier League||13||3
|2001/02||Metz||Division 1||13||2
|2002/03||rowspan="4"|Middlesbrough||rowspan="4"|Premier League||28||4
|2003/04||24||6
|2004/05||23||4
|2005/06||1||0
|2005/06||Al-Ittihad Jeddah||Professional League||28||9
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Sedan Ardennes||Ligue 1||25||9
|2007/08||Ligue 2||3||0
|2007/08||Nice||Ligue 1||9||0
|2008/09||Al-Kharitiyath||Stars League||23||7
|2009/10||Diyarbakırspor||Süper Lig||8||0
|2009/10||Lierse||Second Division||||
Total||49||7
Terry Venables (born 6 January 1943) is a former English football player.
|1959/60||rowspan="7"|Chelsea||rowspan="3"|First Division||1||0
|1960/61||36||0
|1961/62||12||1
|1962/63||Second Division||42||2
|1963/64||rowspan="3"|First Division||38||8
|1964/65||39||7
|1965/66||34||8
|1965/66||rowspan="4"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="4"|First Division||1||0
|1966/67||41||3
|1967/68||36||2
|1968/69||37||0
|1969/70||rowspan="6"|Queens Park Rangers||rowspan="4"|Second Division||34||5
|1970/71||38||10
|1971/72||27||1
|1972/73||37||1
|1973/74||rowspan="2"|First Division||36||2
|1974/75||Crystal Palace||Third Division||14||0
Shingo Hyodo (born 29 July 1985) is a Japanese football player.
|2008||rowspan="3"|Yokohama F. Marinos||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||28||2||4||1||7||0||39||3
|2009||30||1||2||0||10||1||42||2
|1996||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||13||0||1||0||7||0||21||0
|1997||22||0||1||0||7||0||30||0
|1998||Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 1||25||0||3||1||3||1||31||2
|1999||Verdy Kawasaki||J. League 1||3||0||0||0||0||0||3||0
|2000||JEF United Ichihara||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||2||0||2||0
|2001||Albirex Niigata||J. League 2||37||0||0||0||2||0||39||0
Chess notation is a method for writing down chess moves: after a player makes a move, both players write it down.
This is compulsory in all organized chess events
The system must have these elements: the move number, the piece moved, the square it starts from (optional), the square it goes to, and other relevant information such as captures, and castles.p275 There are other notations for recording positions.
There have been ways of describing moves from quite early on.
Manuscripts with move descriptions are known in Arabic (9th century) and from Europe (13th century).p275 These early notations are usually quite cumbersome; "The pawn of the king forward two houses".p229; 469; 848 This kind of notation is called descriptive.
In a descriptive notation each player describes squares from his own point of view, e.g. 1 P–K4 P–K4.
A notation which uses labels for the ranks and files is called algebraic.
In this notation a square has only one label, e.g. 1 e4 e5.
The moves of a chess game are written down by using a special notation.
Article 8 and Appendix E Usually algebraic chess notation is used.
Here, moves are written in the format of: abbreviation of the piece moved – file where it moved – rank where it moved.
When a pawn makes a capture, the file from which the Pawn left is used in place of a piece initial.
If a pawn moves to its eighth rank, getting a promotion, the piece chosen is written after the move, for example e1Q or e1=Q. Castling is written by the special notations 0–0 for kingside castling and 0–0–0 for queenside.
At the end of the game, 1–0 means "White won", 0–1 means "Black won" and ½-½ is a draw.
Chess moves can also be shown with punctuation marks and other annotation symbols.
For example, one kind of a simple "trap" known as the Scholar's mate, as in the diagram to the right, may be recorded in full notation:
e2-e4  e7-e5
Qd1-h5?!
Nb8-c6
Bf1-c4  Ng8-f6?? (
3...Qe7 is better)
Qh5xf7#  1–0
Réti v Tartakower, Vienna 1910
e4 c6
d4 d5
Nc3 dxe4
Nxe4 Nf6
Qd3?!
e5?!
dxe5 Qa5+
Bd2 Qxe5
0-0-0 Nxe4??
Qd8+!!
Kxd8
Bg5+ Kc7
Bd8# 1–0
Figurine notation
;  ; ,; ,; ,
This is algebraic notation with little figurines instead of initial letters for the pieces.
Figurine notation is used in print and computer chess.
Since it avoids initial letters for pieces, it is more international.
c3 dxe4
xe4 f6
d3?!
dxe5 a5+
d2 xe5
0-0-0 xe4??
d8+!!
xd8
g5+ c7
d8# 1–0
Notation for positions
White: Kf2; Qe3; Rf6, Rf7; Ne2; pawns d4, e5, h3.
Black: Kc8; Qa2; Rf8, Rc7; Ba6; pawns d5, e6, f7, h4.
White to play.
Akiba Rubinstein (Stawiski, Poland, 12 December 1882 – 15 March 1961, Antwerp, Belgium) was a Polish chess Grandmaster in the first part of the 20th century.
Around 1910 he was one of the three best players in the world.p346
Rubinstein was Jewish, and his family planned for him to become a rabbi.
However,  he did not finish his studies, and chose to devote himself to chess entirely.
The decision came in 1903 after he won fifth place at a tournament in Kiev.
He learned to play chess when he was 16, and played with the strong master Gersz Salwe in Łódź.
Rubinstein's best period was from 1907 to 1912.
It began with his win at Karlovy Vary in 1907, and a shared win at St. Petersburg in the same year.
It closed in a string of wins in 1912.
He won five consecutive major tournaments that year: San Sebastian, Piešťany, Breslau (the German championship), Warsaw and Vilnius (although none of these events included Lasker or Capablanca).p79 Some believe that he was better than World Champion Emanuel Lasker at this time.
Ratings from Chessmetrics support this conclusion, placing him as world #1 between mid 1912 and mid 1914.
Others believe he was not quite so strong as Lasker, and was eclipsed by José Raúl Capablanca after 1911.
Rubinstein was never given a chance to play Lasker for the world chess championship: he was unable to raise enough money to meet Lasker's financial demands.
In the 1909 St. Petersburg tournament, he had tied with Lasker and won his individual encounter with him.
However, he had a poor result at St. Petersburg tournament 1914, not reaching the final pool of five players.
A match with Lasker was arranged for October 1914, but it never took place because of the outbreak of World War I.
After the war Rubinstein was still an elite grandmaster, but his results lacked their previous formidable consistency.
Nevertheless, he won at Vienna in 1922, ahead of future world champion Alexander Alekhine, and was the leader of the Polish team that won the Chess Olympiad at Hamburg in 1930 with a superb record of thirteen wins and four draws.
A year later he won an Olympic silver.
After 1932 he withdrew from tournament play, mostly because his symptoms of schizophrenia prevented normal life.
He suffered from a fear of people and society.
He lived then in a sanitorium, and later rejoined his family.
Rubinstein lived on for almost 30 years afterwards.
He left behind no literary works (perhaps because of his mental problems), but a great heritage in his games.
During World War II he was placed in an asylum.
One account says that when the Nazis eventually arrived to haul the aged Jewish grandmaster from his asylum to the death camps, he was so patently insane that they abandoned the attempt.
Chess heritage
He was one of the earliest chess players to take the endgame into account when choosing and playing the opening.
He was exceptionally talented in the endgame, particularly in rook endings, where he broke new ground.
Silman ranks him as one of the five best endgame players of all time, and a master of rook endgames.
He originated the Rubinstein System against the Tarrasch variation of the Queen's Gambit declined: 1.d4 d5 2.Nf3 c5 3.c4 e6 4.cxd5 exd5 5.Nc3 Nc6 6.g3 Nf6 7.Bg2 cxd4 8.Nxd4 Qb6 (Rubinstein - Tarrasch, 1912).
He is also credited with inventing the Meran variation, which stems from the Slav defence.
Today, he certainly has no shortage of lines named for him.
1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e3.
is the Rubinstein variation of the Nimzo-Indian defence.
The Rubinstein Trap, a trap in the Queen's Gambit declined is named after him because he fell into it twice.
One version of the trap runs 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Nf6 4.cxd5 exd5 5.Bg5 Be7 6.e3 0-0 7.Nf3 Nbd7 8.Bd3 c6 10.0-0 Re8 11.Rc1 h6 12.
Bf4 Nh5?
Nxd5!
Now 13...cxd5??
is met by 14.Bc7, winning the queen, while 13...Nxf4 14.Nxf4 leaves White a pawn ahead.
Notable chess games