the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Araucanía Region 
 It borders the Bío Bío region (Bío Bío and Arauco provinces), to the north, Argentina to the east, the Los Ríos region to the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west.
Araucanía Region 
 The highest mountain in the region is the Lanín volcano (), , on the border with Argentina (Neuquén Province); it is .
Araucanía Region 
 The Auracanía had a population of 869,535 inhabitants (2002 census) and its population density was .
Los Ríos Region 
 The XIV Los Ríos Region (, Region of the Rivers) is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions.
Los Ríos Region 
 It began to operate as a region on 2007, having been created by subdividing the Los Lagos Region in southern Chile.
Los Ríos Region 
 It consists of two provinces: Valdivia and the new El Ranco province, that was part of the Valdivia province.
Los Ríos Region 
 It borders the La Araucanía region to the north, Argentina to the east, the Los Lagos region to the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west.
Los Ríos Region 
 The two main rivers in the region are the Valdivia river, in the northern part of the region, and the Bueno river, in the southern part of the region.
Los Ríos Region 
 The highest mountain in the region is the Villarrica volcano () (),  high, near the border with Argentina.
Maule Region 
 On 17 February 1742 it got the name of Villa San Agustín de Talca by Governor José Antonio Manso de Velasco.
Maule Region 
 In Talca is the house where Bernardo O'Higgins signed the proclamation of the independence of Chile on 12 February 1818.
Maule Region 
 The Maule region borders the Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins region to the north, Argentina to the east, the Ñuble region to the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west.
Maule Region 
 , there were (estimated) 1,042,989 persons living in the region, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².
Gwangju 
 It is in the southwest of Korea and is the center of Honam's economy, culture, education and government.
Kerckhoffs's principle 
 "A cryptosystem should be secure even if everything about the system, except the key, is public knowledge".
Kerckhoffs's principle 
 Kerckhoffs's principle was more briefly stated by American mathematician Claude Shannon as "the enemy knows the system", that is, "one ought to design systems under the assumption that the enemy will immediately gain full familiarity with them".
Kerckhoffs's principle 
 It must be possible to communicate and remember the key without using written notes, and correspondents must be able to change or modify it at will;
Kerckhoffs's principle 
 Lastly, given the circumstances in which it is to be used, the system must be easy to use and should not be stressful to use or require its users to know and comply with a long list of rules.
Charleville musket 
 The Charleville muskets were .69 caliber French smoothbore flintlock muskets used in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Charleville musket 
 The Charleville was used during the American Revolutionary War by the Americans and was later copied and manufactured in the US as the Springfield Model 1795 Musket.
Charleville musket 
 About 1630, Frenchman Marin le Bourgeoys (c.1550–1634) created the first "true" flintlock, also called the "French lock".
Charleville musket 
 Bourgeoys was in the service of King Louis XIII of France for whom he created the flintlock mechanism.
Charleville musket 
 While it is more correctly called a French infantry musket or a French pattern musket, these muskets later became known as "Charleville muskets".
Charleville musket 
 The standard French infantry musket was also produced at Tulle, St. Etienne, Maubeuge Arsenal, and other sites.
Charleville musket 
 While technically not the correct name for these muskets, the use of the name Charleville dates back to the U.S. Revolutionary War, when Americans tended to refer to all of the musket models as Charlevilles.
Charleville musket 
 Some references only refer to Model 1763 and later versions as Charleville  flint lock muskets, while other references refer to all models as the Charleville.
Charleville musket 
 Rifles were more accurate than muskets because of their rifling, but military commanders favored smoothbores on the battlefield.
Charleville musket 
 Because the bullet was a tighter fit in the barrel (weapons), Rifles became very difficult to load after a few shots.
Charleville musket 
 Early on, the longer range and better accuracy of the rifle was also considered to be of little value on a battlefield that was quickly obscured by black powder smoke.
Charleville musket 
 Like all smooth bore muskets, the Charleville flintlock musket was only accurate to about  against a column of men, or  against a single man-sized target.
Charleville musket 
 The Charleville's .69" (17.5mm) caliber barrel was slightly smaller than its main competitor, the .75 caliber Brown Bess produced by the British.
Charleville musket 
 A shorter weapon could not be used as a pike, and its weight was a balance between being heavy enough to be used as a pike or club, but light enough to be carried and used by general infantrymen.
Charleville musket 
 The rate of fire depended on the skill of the soldier, but was typically about three shots per minute.
Charleville musket 
 After 1728, the Charleville's  barrel was held into place by three barrel bands making it much sturdier.
Arrondissements of the Charente-Maritime department 
 The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs).
Arrondissements of the Charente-Maritime department 
 If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.
Arrondissements of the Charente-Maritime department 
 1790 : creation of the department, with the name Charente-Inférieure (changed in 1941 to the present Charente-Maritime), with seven districts: Marennes, Montlieu, Pons, Rochefort, La Rochelle, Saintes and Saint-Jean-d'Angély.
Arrondissements of the Charente-Maritime department 
 The capital of the department Saintes alternating with La Rochelle and Saint-Jean-d'Angély but soon was changed and Saintes was kept as the only capital.
Arrondissements of the Charente-Maritime department 
 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Jonzac, Marennes, Rochefort, La Rochelle, Saintes and Saint-Jean-d'Angély.
Arrondissement of Jonzac 
 The arrondissement of Jonzac is an arrondissement of France, in the Charente-Maritime department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.
Arrondissement of Jonzac 
 When the Charente-Maritime department was created on 1790, Jonzac was not one of the original districts but soon, in 1800, it was made one of the arrondissements of the department with the territories of the Monlieu and Pons districts.
Arrondissement of Jonzac 
 The arrondissement of Jonzac has an area of , and a population of 56,973 inhabitants for a density of  inhabitants/km².
Arrondissement of Jonzac 
 It is bordered to the north by the arrondissement of Saintes, to the east by the Charente department and to the southeast and east by the Gironde department.
Arrondissement of Jonzac 
 To the northwest of the department is the southern part the Gironde estuary, the largest estuary of France.
Arrondissement of Jonzac 
 After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
Arrondissement of Jonzac 
 In the arrondissement of Jonzac, there is only one canton where not all their "communes" are in the arrondissement: the Thénac canton.
Atacama Region 
 The southern portion of the Atacama Desert is in the region; the rest of the desert is in the other regions to the north (Norte Grande natural region).
Atacama Region 
 The capital of the region is the city of Copiapó; it is at  north of Santiago, the capital of country.
Atacama Region 
 From 1843, Atacama was a province of Chile but in 1974, with the creation of the Regions of Chile, it became one of those regions.
Atacama Region 
 The Atacama region borders the Tarapacá region to the north, Argentina (provinces of Catamarca, La Rioja and San Juan), on the east, the Coquimbo region on the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west.
Atacama Region 
 The highest mountains of the region are: Nevados Ojos del Salado,  high, and Nevado Tres Cruces,  high; they are in the Andes, in the border with Argentina.
Atacama Region 
 , there were (estimated) 312,486 persons living in the region, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².
Coquimbo Region 
 The capital of the region is the city of La Serena; it is at  north of Santiago, the capital of the country.
Coquimbo Region 
 From 1826, Coquimbo was a province of Chile but in 1974, with the creation of the Regions of Chile, it became one of the Chilean regions.
Coquimbo Region 
 The Coquimbo region borders the Atacama region to the north, Argentina on the east, the Valparaíso region on the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west.
Coquimbo Region 
 , there were (estimated) 771,085 persons living in the region, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².
Valparaíso Region 
 In January 1928, Valparaíso was made part of the new province of Aconcagua but in 1936 was made again a province.
Valparaíso Region 
 The Valparaíso region borders the Coquimbo region to the north, Argentina and Santiago Metropolitan Region on the east, the Santiago Metropolitan Region region on the south, the O'Higgins region on the southwestern and the Pacific Ocean on the west.
Valparaíso Region 
 , there were (estimated) 1,825,757 persons living in the region, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².
Arrondissement of Rochefort 
 The arrondissement of Rochefort is an arrondissement of France, in the Charente-Maritime department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.
Arrondissement of Rochefort 
 When the Charente-Maritime department was created on 1790, the arrondissement of Rochefort was part of that original department.
Arrondissement of Rochefort 
 The arrondissement of Rochefort has an area of , and a population of 187,843 inhabitants for a density of  inhabitants/km².
Arrondissement of Rochefort 
 It is bordered to the north by the arrondissement of La Rochelle, to the northeast by the Deux-Sèvres department, to the east by the arrondissements of Saint-Jean-d'Angély and Saintes.
Arrondissement of Rochefort 
 To the south is the upper part the Gironde estuary, the largest estuary of France, and the Atlantic Ocean is to the west.
Arrondissement of Rochefort 
 After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
Arrondissement of La Rochelle 
 The arrondissement of La Rochelle is an arrondissement of France, in the Charente-Maritime department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.
Arrondissement of La Rochelle 
 When the Charente-Maritime department was created on 1790, the arrondissement of La Rochelle was part of that original department.
Arrondissement of La Rochelle 
 The arrondissement of La Rochelle is the smallest of the arrondissements of the Charente-Maritime department but the one with more people living in it.
Arrondissement of La Rochelle 
 It is bordered to the north by the Vendée department, to the east by the Deux-Sèvres department, to the south by the arrondissement of Rochefort, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.
Arrondissement of La Rochelle 
 After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
Arrondissement of La Rochelle 
 In the arrondissement of La Rochelle, there are only two cantons where not all their "communes" are in the arrondissement: the Châtelaillon-Plage and La Jarrie cantons.
St. Stephan 
 St. Stephan is a municipality in the administrative district of Obersimmental-Saanen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Stettlen 
 Stettlen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Studen, Bern 
 Studen is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Sumiswald 
 Sumiswald is a municipality of the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Sutz-Lattrigen 
 Sutz-Lattrigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Biel/Bienne in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Sutz-Lattrigen 
 It is home to a number of Neolithic and Bronze Age lake shore archeological sites, including one that is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Tägertschi 
 Tägertschi is a former municipality of the administrative district Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Siege of Petersburg 
 The Richmond–Petersburg Campaign was a series of battles around Petersburg, Virginia, fought from June 9, 1864, to March 25, 1865.
Siege of Petersburg 
 But it was not a classic military siege, in which a city is usually surrounded and all supply lines are cut off.
Siege of Petersburg 
 The campaign consisted of nine months of trench warfare in which Union forces commanded by Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant assaulted Petersburg unsuccessfully.
Siege of Petersburg 
 They ran from the eastern outskirts of Richmond, Virginia, to around the eastern and southern outskirts of Petersburg.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Petersburg was critical to the supply of Confederate Lieutenant General Robert E. Lee's army and the Confederate capital of Richmond.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Numerous raids were conducted and battles fought in attempts to cut off the railroad supply lines through Petersburg to Richmond.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Many of these caused the lengthening of the trench lines, overloading dwindling Confederate resources.
Siege of Petersburg 
 The trench warfare of Petersburg became common in World War I, earning it a prominent position in military history.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Of the 4,000 African American troops of the 4th Division, IX Corps, who fought at the Battle of the Crater on July 30, 1864, over half were killed, wounded or captured.
Siege of Petersburg 
 This was something President Abraham Lincoln had urged his generals to do from the beginning of the war.
Siege of Petersburg 
 His coordinated strategy called for Grant and Meade to attack Lee from the north, while Major General Benjamin Butler drove toward Richmond from the southeast.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Sherman was ordered to invade Georgia, break up the Confederate Army of Tennessee, and capture Atlanta.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Brigadier Generals George Crook and William W. Averell were to operate against railroad supply lines in Tennessee and Virginia.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Butler's Army of the James bogged down against inferior forces under Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard before Richmond in the Bermuda Hundred Campaign.
Siege of Petersburg 
 At Lincoln's request, Banks was sent to Louisiana for the Red River Campaign and his move on Mobile was cancelled.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Grant and Meade's Army of the Potomac crossed the Rappahannock River and entered the area known as the Wilderness.
Siege of Petersburg 
 At the bloody but tactically inconclusive Battle of the Wilderness (May 5–7) and Battle of Spotsylvania Court House (May 8–21), Grant failed to destroy Lee's army.
Siege of Petersburg 
 He repeatedly moved his army leftward to the southeast in a campaign that kept Lee on the defensive and moved ever closer to Richmond.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Grant spent the remainder of May maneuvering and fighting minor battles with the Confederate army as he attempted to turn Lee's flank and lure him into the open.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Grant knew that his larger army and base of manpower in the North could sustain a war of attrition better than the Confederacy could.
Siege of Petersburg 
 This theory was tested at the Battle of Cold Harbor (May 31 – June 12) when Grant's army once again came into contact with Lee's near Mechanicsville.
Siege of Petersburg 
 He chose to engage Lee's army directly, by ordering a frontal assault on the Confederate fortified positions on June 3.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Cold Harbor was a battle that Grant regretted more than any other and Northern newspapers thereafter frequently referred to him as a "butcher".
Siege of Petersburg 
 He planned to cross to the south bank of the river, bypassing Richmond, and isolate Richmond by seizing the railroad junction of Petersburg to the south.
Siege of Petersburg 
 While Lee remained unaware of Grant's intentions, the Union army constructed a pontoon bridge and crossed the James River.
Siege of Petersburg 
 The taking of Petersburg by Union forces would make it impossible for Lee to continue defending Richmond.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Also called the "Battle of Old Men and Young Boys", it was fought on June 9, 1864 just outside Petersburg.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Butler knew Grant would probably soon attack Petersburg since it was the key supply point for Richmond.
Siege of Petersburg 
 By way of intelligence from slaves and Confederate deserters and a captured Confederate map, Butler realized Petersburg was not well defended.
Siege of Petersburg 
 In Petersburg, Confederate generals Beauregard and Wise had only 2,200 militiamen guarding the city.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Butler saw an opportunity and sent a force of 3,400 infantrymen along with 1,300 cavalry to attack Petersburg before Grant could get there.
Siege of Petersburg 
 The Union infantry attacked from the east while the cavalry attacked from the south using the Jerusalem Plank Road.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Beauregard moved more defenders to hold the Union troops while Lee, now aware of the situation at Petersburg, rushed troops to the city.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Now the Confederate fortifications were heavily defended and all hopes of an easy Union victory were lost.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Rather than a tactical siege with short term goals, it now became a strategic siege involving a number of battles.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Continuing their attacks, the Union Army under Grant began their third offensive against Richmond-Petersburg.
Siege of Petersburg 
 General Winfield Scott Hancock's II Corps and two divisions of General Philip Sheridans cavalry crossed the James River at the "Deep Bottom" oxbow.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Then the cavalry could attack the railroad that connected Lee to the Confederate army under General Jubal Early still in the Shenendoah Valley.
Siege of Petersburg 
 It was a Union victory strategically because their attack on the Virginia Peninsula caused Lee to move five and a half divisions north of James River.
Siege of Petersburg 
 While Hancock and Sheridan were diverting Lee's attention, a mining operation was going on at Petersburg.
Siege of Petersburg 
 At a part of the Union line that was only  from the Confederate line, the 48th Pennsylvania regiment was dug in.
Siege of Petersburg 
 They were below the top of a ridge and part of their lines could not be seen by Confederates, blocked by the terrain.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Their commander heard his men remark, "We could blow that damned fort out of existence if we could run a mine shaft under it!"
Siege of Petersburg 
 But when the digging sounds stopped on 23 July, they quit looking and dismissed any danger from mining.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Burnside's Fourth Division, including nine regiments of African American troops were trained to bypass the crater the explosion would cause and attack immediately after the explosion.
Siege of Petersburg 
 At the last minute, Burnside's plan was changed by his commander General Meade to send in white troops.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Just before 5:00 am the explosion blew up a Confederate artillery battery and most of an infantry regiment.
Siege of Petersburg 
 The Confederates recovered quickly and began firing down directly on the Union troops who were unprotected.
Siege of Petersburg 
 To try to save the situation, after four hours of fighting Burnside ordered the black troops to attack.
Siege of Petersburg 
 They had to force their way past the dead, wounded and demoralized white troops to get into the fight.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Mortar shells were dropped on the Union troops and the Confederate cannons were rolled up to the edge and fired canister shot at the soldiers trapped in the crater.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Those who were allowed to surrender were murdered by Confederate troops as they were marched to the rear.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Some Confederates later expressed regret that they could not kill them fast enough, as a few black troops made it to the rear alive.
Siege of Petersburg 
 The failure and horror over what happened at the Battle of the Crater caused Burnside to be relieved of his command.
Siege of Petersburg 
 General Grant was using a strategy of simultaneous operations on both sides of the James River during the summer of 1864.
Siege of Petersburg 
 While Grant and Lee were engaged at Petersburg, Early launched an offensive into the North that was threatening Washington, D.C..
Siege of Petersburg 
 But Grant saw an opportunity to break the siege of Petersburg by attacking the trenches around Deep Bottom.
Siege of Petersburg 
 The week-long campaign failed to defeat the Confederate defenses because Grant had miscalculated the situation.
Siege of Petersburg 
 He sent General Hancock with Union II Corps, X Corps, and General David McMurtrie Gregg’s cavalry division across the James at Deep Bottom during the night of August 13-14.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Overall the battle and skirmishes cost the Union 3,000 casualties against a loss to the Confederacy of about 1,500.
Siege of Petersburg 
 While the Second Battle of Deep Bottom was going on, Grant had sent troops south of Petersburg to capture the Weldon Railroad.
Siege of Petersburg 
 The Weldon Railroad was the only connection between Petersburg and the last Atlantic seaport at Wilmington, North Carolina.
Siege of Petersburg 
 The Union V Corps under General Gouverneur K. Warren was ordered to move west, destroy the tracks and, if possible, hold the rail line.
Siege of Petersburg 
 The action cost the Union Army 4,279 casualties and the Confederates lost between 1,600 and 2,300 dead, wounded or missing.
Siege of Petersburg 
 The Union was able to extend its lines west and built a fort named after Union General James S. Wadsworth, who was mortally wounded at the Battle of the Wilderness.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Tired from the battle at Deep Bottom, they were forced marched to the south of Petersburg to tear up more tracks.
Siege of Petersburg 
 On September 5 Lee learned that the Union Army had about 3,000 cattle being kept at Coggins Point, Virginia.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Lee had been pressuring his cavalry commander, Major General Wade Hampton, to attack the Union rear area.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Hampton saw this as a chance to both attack behind enemy lines and get cattle to feed the hungry Confederate soldiers at Petersburg.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Lee approved but told Hampton he had one concern: “The only difficulty of importance I see to your project is your return.”
Siege of Petersburg 
 It consisted of General W.H.F. "Rooney" Lee's cavalry division, and two brigades led by generals Thomas L. Rosser and James Dearing.
Siege of Petersburg 
 It also included about 100 men from Pierce M. B. Young's and John Dunovant's brigades, along with a number of dogs to help herd the cattle.
Siege of Petersburg 
 They camped at Wilkinson’s Bridge on Rowanty Creek and early next morning moved to the bridge had once stood over Blackwater Creek.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Dearing's brigade went to the right to wait for the main attack, then protect the captured herd from any Union forces in the area.
Siege of Petersburg 
 The 13th Pennsylvania cavalry put up a stiffer resistance but were brushed aside by the larger Confederate force.
Siege of Petersburg 
 Within a few hours the cattle had been captured and the Confederates were on their way back to their own lines.
Siege of Petersburg 
 On the night of September 20–29, General Butler and his Army of the James cross the James River to attack the outer defenses of Richmond.