the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Death penalty debaters argue about whether capital punishment is "cruel and unusual punishment" (which would be unconstitutional).
Capital punishment in the United States 
 In 2004, the Court ruled in Baze v. Rice that even if an execution causes pain, that does not make it cruel and unusual.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 However, in his dissenting opinion in Gregg v. Georgia, Justice William Brennan wrote that the death penalty is "an unusually severe punishment, unusual in its pain... [it] is today a cruel and unusual punishment prohibited by the ... Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments."
Capital punishment in the United States 
 The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), an anti-death penalty group, adds that capital punishment is "unusual" because:
Capital punishment in the United States 
 To support the death penalty, some people quote from the Old Testament of the Bible, which says: "An eye for an eye, a life for a life."
Capital punishment in the United States 
 However, others use parts of the New Testament, where Jesus talks about forgiveness and nonviolence, to oppose the death penalty.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 They say that no one has the right to take a life but God  even if that person has taken a life himself.
Der Barbier von Bagdad 
 Der Barbier von Bagdad (The Barber of Baghdad), is an German comic opera with music and libretto by Peter Cornelius.
Der Barbier von Bagdad 
 It is based on "The Tale of the Tailor" and "The Barber's Stories of his Six Brothers" in One Thousand and One Nights.
Der Barbier von Bagdad 
 1952: Rudolf Schock (Nureddin), Hilde Rössl-Majdan (Bostana), Gottlob Frick (Abdul Hassan), Sena Jurinac (Margiana); Chor und Orchester Radio Wien, Heinrich Hollreiser - (Melodram)
Der Barbier von Bagdad 
 1956: Nicolai Gedda (Nureddin), Grace Hoffmann (Bostana), Oskar Czerwenka (Abdul Hassan), Elisabeth Schwarzkopf (Margiana); Philharmonia Chorus and Orchestra, Erich Leinsdorf - (EMI Classics)
Der Barbier von Bagdad 
 1973: Adlabert Kraus (Nureddin), Trudeliese Schmidt (Bostana), Karl Ridderbusch (Abdul Hassan), Sylvia Geszty (Margiana); Chor des Bayerischen Rundfunks, Münchner Rundfunkorchester, Heinrich Hollreiser - (RCA Records)
Der Barbier von Bagdad 
 1974: Horst R. Laubenthal (Nureddin), Marga Schiml (Bostana), Hans Sotin (Abdul Hassan), Helen Donath (Margiana); Kölner Rundfunkchor, Kölner Rundfunk-Sinfonieorchester, Ferdinand Leitner - (Profil)
Marcelo Martins Moreno 
 Marcelo Martins Moreno (born 18 June 1987 in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia), known as Marcelo Martins or Marcelo Moreno, is a Bolivian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Cruzeiro and the Bolivia national football team.
CRISPR 
 CRISPR spacers recognize and cut up the foreign genetic elements in a manner like RNA interference in eukaryotic organisms.
CRISPR 
 In effect, the spacers are fragments of DNA from viruses that have previously tried to attack the cell line.
CRISPR 
 The foreign source of the spacers was a sign to researchers that the CRISPR/cas system could have a role in adaptive immunity in bacteria.
CRISPR 
 Cas9 does this by unwinding foreign DNA and checking whether it is complementary to the 20 basepair spacer region of the guide RNA (the spacer region RNA).
CRISPR 
 The technology has been used to switch off genes in human cell lines and cells, to study Candida albicans, to modify yeasts used to make biofuel and to genetically modify crop strains.
CRISPR 
 The development of the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technique was recognized by the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2020 which was awarded jointly to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna.
Ordinary least squares 
 Ordinary least squares or linear least squares is a method for estimating unknown parameters in statistics.
Ordinary least squares 
 The goal of the method is to minimize the difference between the observed responses and the responses predicted by the linear approximation of the data.
Justice of the peace 
 A justice of the peace (JP) is a judicial officer, elected or appointed to a local court that has limited jurisdiction.
Justice of the peace 
 In some locations a JP deals with traffic violations, parking tickets and may have the authority to perform marriages ceremonies.
Justice of the peace 
 When colonists came to British North America they brought with them the common law system that included JPs.
Justice of the peace 
 While the requirements vary from one jurisdiction to another, generally, to become a JP there are few if any educational requirements.
Garry Shandling 
 Garry Emmanuel Shandling (November 29, 1949 – March 24, 2016) was an American comedian, actor, writer, producer and director.
Garry Shandling 
 He began his career in comedy when he was on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and was on the show many times.
Garry Shandling 
 Shandling was for a thought to replace Carson (other hopefuls were Joan Rivers, David Letterman and David Brenner).
Garry Shandling 
 His second show, The Larry Sanders Show, which began airing on HBO in 1992, was even more successful.
Garry Shandling 
 Shandling was nominated for 18 Emmy Awards for the show and won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series in 1998, along with Peter Tolan, for writing the series finale.
Garry Shandling 
 In movies, Shandling had the same role as Senator Stern in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, appearing in Iron Man 2 and Captain America: The Winter Soldier, as well as a voice in DreamWorks Animation's Over the Hedge.
Garry Shandling 
 Shandling died in Los Angeles from a pulmonary embolism caused by thrombosis in his leg on March 24, 2016.
Garry Shandling 
 During his career, Shandling was nominated for 19 Primetime Emmy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards, along with many other awards and nominations.
Flame fougasse 
 The flame fougasse was developed in Britain as an anti-tank weapon in the World War II invasion crisis of 1940.
Katzenbach v. McClung 
 Katzenbach v. McClung, 379 U.S. 294 (1964), is a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court.
Katzenbach v. McClung 
 The Court held that Congress acted within its power under the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution in forbidding racial discrimination in restaurants as this was a burden to interstate commerce.
Katzenbach v. McClung 
 Ollie's Barbecue was a family-owned restaurant that operated in Birmingham, Alabama, that seated 220 customers.
Katzenbach v. McClung 
 In a typical year, approximately half of the food it purchased from a local supplier came from out-of-state.
Katzenbach v. McClung 
 Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawing segregation in American schools and public places.
Katzenbach v. McClung 
 One section of the act, Title II, was specifically intended to grant African-Americans full access to public facilities such as hotels, restaurants,  and public recreation areas.
Katzenbach v. McClung 
 On the same day, the Supreme Court heard challenges to Title II from a motel owner and from Ollie McClung.
Katzenbach v. McClung 
 Both claimed that the federal government had no right to impose any regulations on small, private businesses.
Katzenbach v. McClung 
 Ollie McClung had won in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama when he received an injunction preventing the Government from enforcing Title II against his restaurant.
Katzenbach v. McClung 
 But then U.S. Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach, appealed this decision to the U.S. Supreme Court.
Katzenbach v. McClung 
 McClung argued that the Civil Rights Act was unconstitutional, at least as applied to a small, private business such as his.
Katzenbach v. McClung 
 McClung further argued that the amount of food purchased by Ollie's that actually crossed state lines (about half of the food at Ollie's) was so small that Ollie's effectively had no effect on interstate commerce (although McClung admitted that a significant amount of Ollie's business was to interstate travelers).
Katzenbach v. McClung 
 Because of this, McClung argued that Congress had no power to regulate Ollie's Barbecue under the Commerce Clause.
Katzenbach v. McClung 
 The court ruled unanimously that the Civil Rights Act is constitutional and that it was properly applied against Ollie's Barbecue.
Katzenbach v. McClung 
 Justice Clark wrote the majority opinion, with concurrences by Justices Black, Douglas, and Goldberg.
Katzenbach v. McClung 
 In section 2 of the opinion, the Court agreed with McClung that Ollie's itself had virtually no effect on interstate commerce.
Katzenbach v. McClung 
 In section 4 of the opinion, the Court held that racial discrimination in restaurants had a significant impact on interstate commerce, and therefore Congress has the power to regulate this conduct under the Commerce Clause.
Katzenbach v. McClung 
 After decades in operation, Ollie's Barbecue moved to the suburb of Pelham in 1999 and closed in 2001.
Case citation 
 These are found either in series of books called reporters or law reports, or in a neutral style that identifies a decision regardless of where it is reported.
Case citation 
 Case citations are formatted differently in different jurisdictions, but generally contain the same key information.
Case citation 
 A legal citation is a "reference to a legal precedent or authority, such as a case, statute, or work, that either agrees with or contradicts a given position".
Case citation 
 In some report series, for example in England and Australia, volumes are not numbered independently of the year.
Case citation 
 So the year and volume number (usually no greater than 4) are required to identify which book of the series has the case reported within its covers.
Case citation 
 In such citations, it is usual in these jurisdictions to apply square brackets "" to the year (which may not be the year that the case was decided, For example, a case decided in December 2001 may have been reported in 2002).
Case citation 
 Decisions of many courts from all over the world can now be found through the website WorldLII and its member institutes.
Case citation 
 Rather than utilizing page numbers for "pinpoint references", which would depend upon particular printers and browsers, pinpoint quotations refer to paragraph numbers.
Case citation 
 The conjunction "versus" is abbreviated to "v" in Commonwealth countries and to "v." in  the United States.
Case citation 
 In common law countries with an adversarial system of justice, the names of the opposing parties are separated in the case title by the abbreviation v. The abbreviation represents the Latin word versus, which means against.
Case citation 
 When case titles are read out loud, the v. can be pronounced, depending on the context, as and, against, versus, or vee.
Barisal Zilla School 
 It is one of the oldest and top ranked high schools in the country and the first high school in Barisal Division.
Barisal Zilla School 
 Barisal Zilla School produced many leading local reformers, politicians, statesmen, educationists, philosophers, poets-writers, and sportsmen.
Boynton v. Virginia 
 On December 20, 1958, Bruce Boynton, a senior at Howard Law School, left Washington, D.C. on a bus to go home for Christmas to Montgomery, Alabama.
Boynton v. Virginia 
 At the bus terminal in Richmond, Virginia he entered the restaurant and sat in the "white only" section.
Boynton v. Virginia 
 For refusing to leave, he was arrested and convicted for violating a Virginia statute making it illegal for anyone "without authority of law" to remain after being forbidden to do so.
Boynton v. Virginia 
 He maintained “that his conviction violated the Interstate Commerce Act and the Equal Protection, Due Process and Commerce Clauses of the Federal Constitution.”
Boynton v. Virginia 
 The Court held that Boynton “had a federal right to remain in the white portion of the restaurant” as the Interstate Commerce Act “forbids any interstate common carrier by motor vehicle to subject any person to unjust discrimination.”
Boynton v. Virginia 
 It held that interstate passengers were protected by the Interstate Commerce Act and the terminal's restaurant was a part of that facility.
Boynton v. Virginia 
 After six months of protests and press coverage of the Freedom Riders, The Interstate Commerce Commission outlawed racial discrimination in seating passengers on interstate busses.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 Gregg v. Georgia, Proffitt v. Florida, Jurek v. Texas, Woodson v. North Carolina, and Roberts v. Louisiana,  were a group of landmark cases that the United States Supreme Court decided together in 1976.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 In these cases, the Court ruled that the states could use capital punishment (the death penalty), but only if they followed certain rules.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 If the states did not follow these rules when they sentenced people to death, they would be violating the Constitution of the United States by giving out a cruel and unusual punishment.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 After this decision, all of the states stopped using the death penalty while they changed their capital punishment laws.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 However, in Gregg v. Georgia, the Court ruled that Georgia's new death penalty law was constitutional, and they gave the state permission to execute Troy Leon Gregg.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 It made it clear to the states that as long as they followed the rules set out in the Gregg decision, they could start using the death penalty again.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 The Gregg case happened because of another Supreme Court case called Furman v. Georgia, which the Court decided In 1972.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 In this case, three different men who had been sentenced to death argued that Georgia was giving them a cruel and unusual punishment.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 This is against the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution, which makes cruel and unusual punishments illegal.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 The Supreme Court agreed that when Georgia gave the death penalty to these three men, the state violated the Eighth Amendment.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 Different Supreme Court Justices said Georgia's death penalty was 'cruel and unusual' for different reasons.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 This meant that Georgia's courts gave the death penalty to some people and not to others, even when they committed the same crime, for no good reason.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 Here is an example of arbitrary punishment: Twenty people in twenty different parts of Georgia commit murder.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 Since there is no good reason why some people got the death penalty while others did not, this punishment is arbitrary.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 This would violate the Fourteenth Amendment, which says that the states must give every person "the equal protection of the laws."
Gregg v. Georgia 
 If a certain group, like black people, is more likely to get the death penalty just because of their race, they are not being treated equally under the laws.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 After Furman, all of the states stopped using the death penalty so they could change their capital punishment laws.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 They wanted these new laws to make sure the death penalty would not be given in an arbitrary or discriminatory way.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 By early 1975, thirty states had passed new death penalty laws that they thought would satisfy the Supreme Court and let them use the death penalty in a constitutional way.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 Gregg started out as five separate cases in five different states: Gregg v. Georgia, Proffitt v. Florida, Jurek v. Texas, Woodson v. North Carolina, and Roberts v. Louisiana.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 After the Furman decision, the states of Georgia, Florida, Texas, North Carolina, and Louisiana changed their death penalty laws to obey the Supreme Court's decision in Furman.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 After this, the five defendants in these cases  Troy Leon Gregg, Charles William Proffitt, Jerry Jurek, James Tyrone Woodson, and Stanislaus Roberts  were each convicted of murder.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 Next, the defendants asked the United States Supreme Court to decide whether their death sentences were constitutional.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 These five defendants were asking the Supreme Court to rule that the death penalty was always cruel and unusual punishment.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 If the Court ruled this way, it would make the death penalty unconstitutional in the entire United States.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 What did states need to include in their laws to make sure they were not using the death penalty in cruel and unusual ways?
Gregg v. Georgia 
 The Court planned to use the new death penalty laws written by Georgia, Florida, Texas, North Carolina, and Louisiana as examples.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 (The two Justices who disagreed, William Brennan and Thurgood Marshall, had already said in Furman that they thought capital punishment was always cruel and unusual.)
Gregg v. Georgia 
 The Court set out two rules that state laws have to include to make sure their death penalty sentencing laws are constitutional:
Gregg v. Georgia 
 These courts will help make sure each death sentence was based on objective criteria (like facts and evidence).
Gregg v. Georgia 
 Each judge or jury has to be able to decide whether their individual defendant deserves the death penalty.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 When the judge or jury decides this, they must be able to think about things like details of the individual defendant's crime and their behavior.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 Specifically, the Court said that Georgia's, Florida's, and Texas's new death penalty laws met these requirements.
Gregg v. Georgia 
 The Court ruled that North Carolina's and Louisiana's new laws did not meet the requirements, because they made the death penalty mandatory (required in all cases) for some crimes.
Proof-of-work system 
 A proof-of-work (POW) system is a system where finding a solution to a given problem is difficult and/or expensive, but verifying the solution to the given problem is simple and/or cheap.
Proof-of-work system 
 To find this integer, you must compute the sha256 value for every integer starting with zero until you find the right value.
Proof-of-work system 
 While each individual computation is trivial and cheap, cumulatively the work adds up and becomes time consuming and expensive.
Proof-of-work system 
 In this example, it does not matter what the data is, only that it produces a hash value with the given constraints.
Proof-of-work system 
 Finding this data is difficult, but once found, it is trivial to verify by running it through sha256.
University of Barisal 
 University of Barisal (  also known as Barisal University or simply BU), is a public university located in Barisal, a city in southern Bangladesh.
University of Barisal 
 It is the only general public university in Barishal division and the country's 33rd public university.
Ineffective assistance of counsel (United States) 
 Ineffective assistance of counsel means that a lawyer (counsel) did not help their client defend themselves during a trial.
Ineffective assistance of counsel (United States) 
 "Ineffective assistance of counsel" is a complaint that a person can make if they have been convicted of a crime, and they want to argue that their trial was not fair.
Ineffective assistance of counsel (United States) 
 So by making a complaint of "ineffective assistance of counsel," a person is saying "my defense attorney did not help me enough."
Ineffective assistance of counsel (United States) 
 The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution says: "the accused shall enjoy the right ... to have the assistance of counsel for his defence."
Ineffective assistance of counsel (United States) 
 When a person says they had ineffectiveness of counsel, they are saying their lawyer was so bad that they did not receive this right to a lawyer.
Ineffective assistance of counsel (United States) 
 If a defendant got an unfair trial because of ineffective assistance of counsel, what should happen to the defendant?
Ineffective assistance of counsel (United States) 
 The Supreme Court tried to answer some of these questions in a case called Strickland v. Washington, .
Ineffective assistance of counsel (United States) 
 In this case, the court ruled that there were two things a defendant would have to show in order to prove that they had ineffective assistance of counsel.
Ineffective assistance of counsel (United States) 
 Their lawyer made mistakes that were "so serious that counsel was not functioning as the 'counsel' guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment."
Ineffective assistance of counsel (United States) 
 They would have been found not guilty and set free, or they would have gotten a sentence less severe than the death penalty
Ineffective assistance of counsel (United States) 
 After Stirickland, the states' appeals courts ruled that convictions were legal even in cases where the defense attorney:
Ineffective assistance of counsel (United States) 
 Was a convicted felon who was working on writing questions in court as part of his punishment (he had no legal training).
Ineffective assistance of counsel (United States) 
 There was an important reason why these cases did not qualify as "ineffective assistance of counsel."
Ineffective assistance of counsel (United States) 
 The prisoners who brought the cases to the Supreme Court could not prove the second piece of the "Strickland test."
Ineffective assistance of counsel (United States) 
 They could not prove that if they had different lawyers, their trials would have turned out differently.
Ineffective assistance of counsel (United States) 
 There was so much evidence against them, and they were so obviously guilty, that the appeals courts decided having a different lawyer would not have made any difference.
Ineffective assistance of counsel (United States) 
 The issue of ineffective counsel is important in the debate over capital punishment in the United States.
Ineffective assistance of counsel (United States) 
 The University of Michigan Law School keeps a list of people who have been exonerated from death row.
Ineffective assistance of counsel (United States) 
 The list counts "exonerations" as cases where "a person who has been convicted of a crime is officially cleared based on new evidence of innocence."
Ineffective assistance of counsel (United States) 
 Over one out of every four of these people were exonerated because an appeals court ruled they had received ineffective assistance of counsel.
Peristalsis 
 Peristalsis is a process of contraction and relaxation of the muscle around parts of the alimentary canal.
Peristalsis 
 The smooth muscle of the oesophagus contracts and relaxes in sequence, and this pushes the ball of food down the oesophagus.
Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace 
 The Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace (ISAE-SUPAERO; ) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France.
Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace 
 Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages.
Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace 
 Most of the 1600 graduate engineer students at ISAE-SUPAERO live in dedicated residential buildings nearby research labs and metro public transports.
Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace 
 The school results from the École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace (created In 1909) and the École nationale supérieure d'ingénieurs de construction aéronautique (created in 1946).
Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace 
 Admission to the Supaero engineering Programme implemented at ISAE is possible after two/three year scientific undergraduate studies and requires success to either:
Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace 
 a French nationwide selective exam with numerus clausus : concours Mines-Ponts (3-year curriculum including at least 2 years in France)
Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace 
 a selective application as per Top Industrial Managers for Europe (TIME) double degrees procedures applicable in Europe (2+2-year curriculum, including 2 years in France)
Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace 
 The Supaero Programme typically lasts three years and results in a master's degree, augmented with international experience.