the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
ENSAE ParisTech 
 Academic activities and industrial applied research are taught mainly in French and English languages.
Hayflick limit 
 We now know that the telomeres on each cell's chromosomes get slightly shorter with each new cell division, until they reach a critical length.
Hayflick limit 
 The idea of the Hayflick limit was suggested by American anatomist Leonard Hayflick in 1961, at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Hayflick limit 
 Hayflick showed that a population of normal human fetal cells in a cell culture will divide between 40 to 60 times.
Hayflick limit 
 Telomere shortening eventually makes cell division impossible, and this ageing of the cell population may cause the overall physical ageing of the human body.
Hayflick limit 
 The process of telomere shortening leads to apoptosis, the technical name given to programmed cell death.
Hayflick limit 
 Although the Hayflick experiments were done on human cells in tissue culture, there is nothing special about human cells which would not be found in the cells of other living organisms.
Hayflick limit 
 The 2002 Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded to Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John E. Sulston for their work identifying genes that control apoptosis.
Cantor's diagonal argument 
 Cantor's diagonal argument is a mathematical method to prove that two infinite sets have the same cardinality.
Cantor's diagonal argument 
 His first proof of the diagonal argument was published in 1890 in the journal of the German Mathematical Society (Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung).
Cantor's diagonal argument 
 According to Cantor, two sets have the same cardinality, if it is possible to associate an element from the second set to each element of the first set, and to associate an element of the first set to each element of the second set.
Cantor's diagonal argument 
 The example below uses two of the simplest infinite sets, that of natural numbers, and that of positive fractions.
Cantor's diagonal argument 
 By omitting fractions that can still be simplified, there is a bijection which associates each element of the natural numbers, to one element of the fractions:
Cantor's diagonal argument 
 To show that all natural numbers and the fractions have the same cardinality, the element 0 needs to be added; after each fraction its negative  is added;
Cantor's diagonal argument 
 Today, sets that have the same number of elements than the set of natural numbers are called countable.
Cantor's diagonal argument 
 Infinite sets often have properties which go against intuition: David Hilbert showed this in an experiment which is called Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel.
Cantor's diagonal argument 
 The set of real numbers does not have the same cardinality than those of the natural numbers;  there are more real numbers than natural numbers.
Cantor's diagonal argument 
 In his 1891 article, Cantor considered the set T of all infinite sequences of binary digits (i.e. each digit is zero or one).
Cantor's diagonal argument 
 If s1, s2, … , sn, … is any enumeration of elements from T, then there is always an element s of T which corresponds to no sn in the enumeration.
Cantor's diagonal argument 
 The sequence s is constructed by choosing the 1st digit as complementary to the 1st digit of s1 (swapping 0s for 1s and vice versa), the 2nd digit as complementary to the 2nd digit of s2, the 3rd digit as complementary to the 3rd digit of s3, and generally for every n, the nth digit as complementary to the nth digit of sn.
Cantor's diagonal argument 
 By construction, s differs from each sn, since their nth digits differ (highlighted in the example).
Cantor's diagonal argument 
 Applying the previous theorem to this enumeration would produce a sequence s not belonging to the enumeration.
Arrondissements of the Deux-Sèvres department 
 The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs).
Arrondissements of the Deux-Sèvres department 
 If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.
Arrondissements of the Deux-Sèvres department 
 1790 : creation of the department, with six districts: Melle, Niort, Parthenay, Saint-Maixent, Thouars and Châtillon (now Mauléon).
Arrondissements of the Deux-Sèvres department 
 The capital of the department was Niort alternating with Parthenay and Saint-Maixent but soon was changed and Niort was kept as the only capital.
Arrondissement of Bressuire 
 The arrondissement of Bressuire is an arrondissement of France, in the Deux-Sèvres department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.
Arrondissement of Bressuire 
 When the Deux-Sèvres department was created on 1790, Bressuire was not one of the original districts but, in 1804, it was made one of the arrondissements of the department when the subprefecture of Thouars was moved to Bressuire.
Arrondissement of Bressuire 
 It is bordered to the north by the Maine-et-Loire department, to the east by the Vienne department, to the south by the arrondissement of Parthenay and to the west by the Vendée department.
Arrondissement of Bressuire 
 After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
Arrondissement of Bressuire 
 In the arrondissement of Bressuire, there are 3 cantons with all their communes  in the arrondissement: Bressuire, Mauléon and Thouars,
Cynthia Kenyon 
 She does research on the genetics of aging in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, which is a roundworm.
Cynthia Kenyon 
 Kenyon did postdoctoral studies with Nobel laureate Sydney Brenner at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England, studying the development of C. elegans.
Cynthia Kenyon 
 Since 1986 she has been at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), as the Herbert Boyer Distinguished Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and now as an American Cancer Society professor.
Cynthia Kenyon 
 She is also Vice President of Aging Research at Calico, a new company focused on health, well-being, and longevity.
Cynthia Kenyon 
 Her early work led to the discovery that hox genes, known to pattern the body segments of the fruit fly Drosophila, also pattern the body of C. elegans.
Cynthia Kenyon 
 These findings showed that hox genes were part of an ancient and fundamental metazoan patterning system.
Cynthia Kenyon 
 Michael Klass discovered that lifespan of C. elegans could be altered by mutations, but he believed the effect was due to reduced food consumption (calorie restriction).
Cynthia Kenyon 
 Later, Thomas Johnson showed that the 65% life extension effect was due to the mutation itself, not calorie restriction.
Cynthia Kenyon 
 In 1993, Kenyon discovered that a single gene mutation (daf-2) could double the lifespan of C. elegans and that this could be reversed by a second mutation in daf-16m. This set off an intensive study of the molecular biology of aging.
Cynthia Kenyon 
 Kenyon's findings led to the discovery that an evolutionarily-conserved hormone signaling system influences aging in other organisms, perhaps also mammals.
Cynthia Kenyon 
 The company she founded, Elixir Pharmaceuticals, is trying to make a pill that would slow down the process that makes people age.
Cynthia Kenyon 
 Kenyon has received many honors, including the King Faisal Prize for Medicine, the American Association of Medical Colleges Award for Distinguished Research, the Ilse & Helmut Wachter Award for Exceptional Scientific Achievement, and La Fondation IPSEN Prize, for her findings.
Cynthia Kenyon 
 She is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Cynthia Kenyon 
 She is also one of featured biologists in the 1995 science documentary Death by Design / The Life and Times of Life and Times.
Cynthia Kenyon 
 She stopped eating high glycemic index carbohydrates when she discovered that putting sugar on the worms' food shortened their lifespans.
Cynthia Kenyon 
 In the past, Kenyon had also briefly experimented with a calorie restriction diet for two days, but couldn't stand the constant hunger.
Cynthia Kenyon 
 In Methuselah's Mould, an open-access interview discussing Kenyon's research and her personal low carb diet.
Arrondissement of Niort 
 The arrondissement of Niort is an arrondissement of France, in the Deux-Sèvres department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.
Arrondissement of Niort 
 It is bordered to the north by the arrondissement of Parthenay,  to the east by the  Vienne department,  to the south by the  Charente-Maritime department and to the west by the Vendée department.
Arrondissement of Niort 
 After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
Arrondissement of Niort 
 In the case of the arrondissement of Niort, all its cantons have their communes within the arrondissement.
Arrondissement of Parthenay 
 The arrondissement of Parthenay is an arrondissement of France, in the Deux-Sèvres department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.
Arrondissement of Parthenay 
 The territory of the present arrondissement of Parthenay is the historical region of Gâtine vendéenne; several communes are named after this region:  La Boissière-en-Gâtine, Mazières-en-Gâtine, Saint-Paul-en-Gâtine, Vernoux-en-Gâtine.
Arrondissement of Parthenay 
 It is bordered to the north by the arrondissement of Bressuire, to the east by the  Vienne department, to the south by the arrondissement of Niort and to the west by the Vendée department.
Arrondissement of Parthenay 
 After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
Arrondissement of Parthenay 
 In the arrondissement of Parthenay, there are 2 cantons with all their communes  in the arrondissement: La Gâtine and Parthenay.
Arosio, Switzerland 
 Arosio is a village and former municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
Arosio, Switzerland 
 On 13 March 2005 the former municipalites of Arosio, Breno, Fescoggia, Mugena and Vezio merged into the new municipality of Alto Malcantone.
Envelopment 
 This is done while keeping the enemy's attention focused on his front by the use of diversionary attacks.
Envelopment 
 Unlike a flanking maneuver, which uses the enemy's forward movement to create an attackable flank, envelopment depends on the enemy's defensive position, any obstacles and the terrain.
Envelopment 
 Disadvantages include the possibility of an enemy counterattack on the weakened center or on the other flank.
Envelopment 
 Turning movement where the object is to "turn" the enemy from his defensive position and force them to act.
Envelopment 
 Single envelopment is an attack on one flank or the enemy rear from one direction while holding their attention to their front.
Envelopment 
 Vertical envelopment uses paratroopers or other soldiers that arrive by air on the enemy's flank or rear.
Envelopment 
 Famous examples of the single envelopment include Alexander the Great who used it at the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC.
Envelopment 
 During World War II, German General Erwin Rommel used it successfully at the Battle of Gazala, which led directly to his capture of Tobruk in 1941.
Envelopment 
 Some of the famous double envelopments include Hannibal at the Battle of Cannae where he defeated the Roman army in 216 BC.
Envelopment 
 In 1781 during the American Revolutionary War, American general Daniel Morgan used it successfully against British general Banastre Tarleton, causing many of the British soldiers to surrender.
Envelopment 
 In the 1944 Falaise Gap during Operation Overlord, German troops were caught in a double envelopment by British and American forces.
Knap of Howar 
 The farm consists of two buildings: One has been interpreted as house where people lived, the other as a workshop of sorts.
DeAndre Yedlin 
 DeAndre Yedlin (born July 9, 1993 in Seattle, Washington) is an American soccer player for Newcastle United.
Sèvre Nantaise 
 It starts in the Deux-Sèvres department (named "Two Sèvres" after this and the Sèvre Niortaise river that flows through Niort) and ends in the city of Nantes (and is the origin of the second part of the river's name).
Sèvre Nantaise 
 Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Nantes, where the Sèvre Nantaise joins the Loire river.
Sèvre Nantaise 
 The Sèvre Nantaise starts in the Gâtines plateau, commune of Neuvy-Bouin, near the commune of Secondigny in the Deux-Sèvres department, at an elevation of about .
Sèvre Nantaise 
 It then flows to the northwest through the departments of Vendée, Maine-et-Loire and Loire-Atlantique.
Lazarus 
 Lazarus of Bethany, a figure in the Gospel of John, which describes him being raised by Jesus from the dead
Cagiallo 
 Cagiallo is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
Cagiallo 
 On 15 October 2001 the former municipalities of Cagiallo, Lopagno, Roveredo, Sala Capriasca, Tesserete and Vaglio merged to form the new municipality Capriasca.
Sala Capriasca 
 Sala Capriasca is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
Sala Capriasca 
 On 15 October 2001 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Cagiallo, Lopagno, Roveredo, Tesserete and Vaglio to form a new and larger municipality Capriasca.
Tesserete 
 Tesserete is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
Tesserete 
 On 15 October 2001 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Cagiallo, Lopagno, Roveredo, Sala Capriasca and Vaglio to form a new and larger municipality Capriasca.
Rosh Chodesh 
 Head of the Month) is the name for the first day of every month in the Hebrew calendar, marked by the birth of a new moon.
Sèvre Niortaise 
 It starts in the Deux-Sèvres department (named "Two Sèvres" after this and the Sèvre Nantaise) and flows through Niort (that is the origin of the second part of the river's name).
Sèvre Niortaise 
 Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Niort.
Sèvre Niortaise 
 The Sèvre Niortaise starts in the commune of Sepvret in the Deux-Sèvres department, at an elevation of about .
Sèvre Niortaise 
 Deux-Sèvres: Sepvret, Chey, Exoudun, La Mothe-Saint-Héray, Saint-Maixent-l'École, La Crèche, François, Chauray, Saint-Gelais, Échiré, Saint-Maxire, Sciecq, Niort, Magné, Coulon, Arçais
Intersectionality 
 Intersectionality or intersectional theory studies the relation between the many different ways that people are kept in a lower social position, controlled, and left out of important parts of society because of their differences.
Intersectionality 
 For example, a person can be othered because they are a woman, a person of color, a poor person, and a disabled person at the same time.
Intersectionality 
 This means that the experience of being othered for all of these reasons is different from what would happen if you added them all up.
Intersectionality 
 Because of this, fighting each one alone would not help the people who experience many of them at the same time.
Intersectionality 
 Intersectionality says that the different ways people are othered and forced into a lower social position, such as racism, sexism, classism, ableism, homophobia, transphobia, xenophobia and bigotry based on belief, create an entire system.
Intersectionality 
 So if someone wanted to understand how a society began to other a group of people as a race apart from themselves (racialization), they would have to look into the ways that gender, class, sexuality, and other parts of identity shaped this process.
Intersectionality 
 Intersectionality began as a way to understand the ways that women of color in American society were othered.
Intersectionality 
 They felt that this left behind the women who needed feminism the most, and only helped the women who already had the most power.
Intersectionality 
 They believed they had a place in both of these movements, and that these parts of their lives could not be separated.
Intersectionality 
 Intersectional theory quickly grew to include the relation between all of the many other ways that people are othered and kept in a lower social position, such as sexuality, ability, and the gender binary.
Daniel Sickles 
 Daniel Edgar Sickles (1819–1914) was a controversial New York politician, diplomat, and political general during the American Civil War.
Daniel Sickles 
 As a result, he was acquitted of killing his wife’s lover, Francis Barton Key (son of Francis Scott Key).
Daniel Sickles 
 As a general, he was a political appointee who gained his high rank strictly through political influence.
Daniel Sickles 
 His parents sent him to boarding school when he was 15 years old but he had to leave after a fight with a teacher.
Daniel Sickles 
 His parents decided he needed a good education and arranged for him to live in the Da Ponte household.
Daniel Sickles 
 Afterwards he became involved in politics and was a key figure in the Tammany Hall political machine.
Daniel Sickles 
 Through political influence he became the Corporate Council for New York City, Secretary of the United States Legation in London and later a US congressman from New York.
Daniel Sickles 
 Only a few years later, living in Washington, D.C. as the wife of a congressman, she was described as "more like a schoolgirl than a polished woman of the world" with a "sweet, amicable manner".
Daniel Sickles 
 Leaving for London, as the assistant to James Buchanan, American minister to Great Britain, he left his young pregnant wife Teresa at home.
Daniel Sickles 
 Sickles had a team of lawyers represent him, led by Edwin M. Stanton (future Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln).
Daniel Sickles 
 In Congress, Sickles had aligned himself with Southern Democrats and was himself a pro-slavery Democrat.
Daniel Sickles 
 His last session in Congress had ended in March so Sickles was back in New York City practicing law when the war started.
Daniel Sickles 
 In later versions of his motives for joining the Union Army he stated he thought he could best serve the Union by raising a regiment.
Daniel Sickles 
 Republican President Lincoln needed the support of Democrats and apparently saw Sickles as one he could use.
Daniel Sickles 
 After raising a regiment, then a brigade which he named the Excelsior Brigade, Sickles assumed he would be given the rank of brigadier general (a colonel commanded a regiment while a brigadier general commanded a brigade).
Daniel Sickles 
 But officially, he remained a colonel of the first regiment, even though he commanded the entire brigade.
Daniel Sickles 
 New York Governor Edwin D. Morgan decided there were too many regiments from New York City and ordered Sickles to disband some of the regiments.
Daniel Sickles 
 In September, Sickles was nominated as a brigadier general of volunteers, but his confirmation was delayed for several months by the United States Senate.
Daniel Sickles 
 Then on April 6, he left the Excelsiors for Washington to protest his not being commissioned a brigadier general.
Daniel Sickles 
 Hooker's advance did not go well due in part to Sickles' brigade having difficulties moving through the swamps then meeting heavy Confederate resistance.
Daniel Sickles 
 He did not stay long and missed the Second Battle of Bull Run and the Battle of Antietam, being in New York recruiting men for his brigade.
Daniel Sickles 
 When Ambrose Burnside replaced George B. McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac, both Hooker and Sickles were moved up to command larger units.
Daniel Sickles 
 Sickles still had hardly any battlefield experience yet was now leading Hooker's old second division of III Corps.
Daniel Sickles 
 Sickles was busy getting New York newspapers and Washington insiders to promote his image as a battle hardened fighting general.
Daniel Sickles 
 In December 1862, at the Battle of Fredericksburg, Sickles brigade did not see battle until the third day.
Daniel Sickles 
 They secured their position against limited sniper fire and a few Skirmishes but otherwise did not see any fighting.
Daniel Sickles 
 When Burnside was replaced as commander of the Army of the Potomac, Hooker was moved up to replace him.
Daniel Sickles 
 In the new assignments resulting from the change, and even though he had little battlefield experience, Sickles was given temporary command of III Corps.
Daniel Sickles 
 Finally, on March 9 (with his rank to date back to November 29), the Senate confirmed his promotion.
Daniel Sickles 
 As Sickles observed Confederate general Stonewall Jackson's flanking maneuver, without orders he pushed forward with two-thirds of his corps to go after the Confederates.
Daniel Sickles 
 Among the corps commanders suggested to replace him, the New York Herald actually suggested Sickles as the best commander for the job.
Daniel Sickles 
 On June 28, three days before the battle of Gettysburg, Lincoln appointed general George G. Meade to replace Hooker.
Daniel Sickles 
 Early on the morning of July 2, Meade sent a message to Sickles with instructions to place his 12,000-man corps on Cemetery Ridge.
Daniel Sickles 
 He was specifically ordered to connect to general Winfield Scott Hancock's II Corps on his right, and extend his line to Little Round Top on his left.
Daniel Sickles 
 Sickles, without orders or without informing the other corps commanders moved his corps forward about one mile.
Daniel Sickles 
 This left Hancock's left flank completely open and a large break in the line where his corps was supposed to be.
Daniel Sickles 
 The new position he chose was wider than the one he abandoned and he did not have enough men to cover it completely.
Daniel Sickles 
 The middle of his line formed a salient (a right angle in the line that could be attacked from two directions).
Daniel Sickles 
 Brigadier general Henry Hunt, the artillery chief, inspected the new position with Sickles and pointed out the problems.
Daniel Sickles 
 Within an hour, his entire III Corps was nearly wiped out by Confederate general James Longstreet's corps.
Daniel Sickles 
 His injury may have saved him from a court-martial for disobeying orders, but his days as a field commander were at an end.
Daniel Sickles 
 After Sickles lost his right leg, he gained fame for donating it to the Army Medical Museum in Washington, DC.
Daniel Sickles 
 The leg is on display today at the Army Medical Research and Materiel Command headquarters building at Fort Detrick, Maryland.
Daniel Sickles 
 After his recovery, Lincoln sent Sickles to the South where he was to look into the effect of slavery on African Americans.
Daniel Sickles 
 He was military governor of North and South Carolina but was removed by President Andrew Johnson in 1867.
Daniel Sickles 
 From his retirement to 1872 he was appointed a U.S. minister to Spain by President Ulysses S. Grant.
Daniel Sickles 
 Gettysburg Day 2 (General Sickles, Rebel Yell, Peach Orchard, Devils Den, Little Round Top); YouTube
Daniel Sickles 
 Daniel Sickles: The Colorful and Controversial Commander of Gettysburg - Ranger Matt Atkinson: YouTube
Thouet 
 The Thouet is a river in western France, flowing through the Deux-Sèvres and Maine-et-Loire departments, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine and Pays de la Loire regions.
Thouet 
 The Thouet starts in the Gâtine plateau, west of the Deux-Sèvres department, in the commune of Le Beugnon, near Secondigny and close to the source of the Sèvre Nantaise river, at an elevation of about .
Thouet 
 To the east of Parthenay, the river turns north and flows on a generally northward direction for the rest of its course.
Thouet 
 Deux-Sèvres: Le Beugnon, Secondigny, Parthenay, Saint-Loup-Lamairé, Airvault, Thouars, Saint-Martin-de-Sanzay.