the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 In addition, the Constitution does not authorize a State Governor to appoint a temporary replacement.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Section Two also provides that the House of Representatives may choose its Speaker and its other officers.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The Constitution does not require it but every Speaker has been a member of the House of Representatives.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Although the Supreme Court has not had an occasion to interpret this specific provision, the Court has suggested that the grant to the House of the "sole" power of impeachment makes the House the exclusive interpreter of what constitutes an impeachable offense.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 This power, which is analogous to the bringing of criminal charges by a grand jury, has been used only rarely.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The House of Representatives has initiated impeachment proceedings 62 times since 1789, and nineteen federal officials have been formally impeached as a result, including: three Presidents (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, and Donald Trump), one Cabinet Secretary (William W. Belknap), one Senator (William Blount), one Supreme Court Associate Justice (Samuel Chase), and fourteen federal judges.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Until the early 20th century, a House member could rise and propose an impeachment, which would then be assigned to a committee for investigation.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 It does this only after investigating the allegations, prepares recommendations for the whole House's consideration.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 If the House votes to adopt an impeachment resolution, the Chairman of the Judiciary Committee recommends a slate of "managers," whom the House subsequently approves by resolution.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 These Representatives then become the prosecution team in the impeachment trial in the Senate (see Section 3, Clause 6 below).
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 By these provisions, the framers of the Constitution intended to protect the interests of the states as states.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Due to problems in the Senate, it was changed to Senators would now be elected by the people instead of the state legislatures.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Under the Seventeenth Amendment, if a Senator dies or has to leave office, his state governor may appoint a temporary Senator until a special election can be held.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 A Senator must be at least 30 years of age, must have been a citizen of the United States for at least nine years before being elected, and must reside in the State he or she will represent at the time of the election.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 When serving in this capacity, the Vice President, who is not a member of the Senate, may cast a vote to break a tie.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 In modern times, the Vice President usually does so only during ceremonial occasions or when a tie in the voting is anticipated.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Clause five provides for a President pro tempore of the Senate (meaning temporary), a Senator elected to the post by the Senate, to preside over the body when the Vice President is either absent or exercising the Office of the President.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The Senate's current practice is to elect a full-time President pro tempore at the beginning of each Congress, as opposed to making it a temporary office only existing during the Vice President's absence.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Since World War II, the senior (longest serving) member of the majority party has filled this position.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 As is true of the Speaker of the House, the Constitution does not require that the President pro tempore be a senator, but by tradition, a senator is always chosen.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The House of Representatives votes to impeach a president, vice president or other civil officer, but the Senate serves as judge and jury.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 This was in 1868 against Andrew Johnson, in 1998 against Bill Clinton, and in 2020 against Donald Trump.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 They may decide the scheduling of an election, where voters may cast ballots and how voters are to register.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 By doing so, the Constitution gives Congress the power to meet, whether or not the President called it into session.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Section Five states that a majority of each House constitutes a quorum to do business; a smaller number may adjourn the House or compel the attendance of absent members.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Rarely do members ask for quorum calls to demonstrate the absence of a quorum; more often, they use the quorum call as a delaying tactic.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Each House can determine its own Rules (assuming a quorum is present), and may punish any of its members.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Section 5, Clause 2 does not provide specific guidance to each House regarding when and how each House may change its rules, leaving details to the respective chambers.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Each House must keep and publish a Journal, though it may choose to keep any part of the Journal secret.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The decisions of the House—not the words spoken during debates—are recorded in the Journal; if one-fifth of those present (assuming a quorum is present) request it, the votes of the members on a particular question must also be entered.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Neither House may meet in any place other than that designated for both Houses (the Capitol), without the consent of the other House.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Under the Twenty-seventh Amendment, any change in their compensation will not take effect until after the next congressional election.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Members of both Houses have certain privileges, based on those enjoyed by the members of the British Parliament.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Members attending, going to or returning from either House are privileged from arrest, except for treason, felony or breach of the peace.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 One may not sue a Senator or Representative for slander that may happen during Congressional debate, nor may speech by a member of Congress during a Congressional session be the basis for criminal prosecution.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Senators and Representatives may not simultaneously serve in Congress and hold a position in the executive branch.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 This restriction is meant to protect legislative independence by preventing the president from using patronage to buy votes in Congress.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 It is a major difference from the political system in the British Parliament, where cabinet ministers are required to be members of parliament.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Accordingly, any bill may originate in either House of Congress, except for a revenue bill, which may originate only in the House of Representatives.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 This clause of the U.S. Constitution stemmed from an English parliamentary practice that all money bills must have their first reading in the House of Commons.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 This practice was intended to ensure that the power of the purse  is possessed by the legislative body most responsive to the people, although the English practice was modified in America by allowing the Senate to amend these bills.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Before a bill becomes law, it must be presented to the President, who has ten days (excluding Sundays) to act upon it.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 If he disapproves of the bill, he must return it to the House in which it originated together with his objections.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 This procedure has become known as the veto, although that particular word does not appear in the text of Article One.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 If the President neither signs nor returns the bill within the ten-day limit, the bill becomes law, unless the Congress has adjourned in the meantime, thereby preventing the President from returning the bill to the House in which it originated.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 In the latter case, the President, by taking no action on the bill towards the end of a session, exercises a "pocket veto", which Congress may not override.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 In the former case, where the President allows a bill to become law unsigned, there is no common name for the practice, but recent scholarship has termed it a "default enactment."
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 In the Pocket Veto Case (1929), the Supreme Court held that "the determinative question in reference to an 'adjournment' is not whether it is a final adjournment of Congress or an interim adjournment, such as an adjournment of the first session, but whether it is one that 'prevents' the President from returning the bill to the House in which it originated within the time allowed."
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Since neither House of Congress was in session, the President could not return the bill to one of them, thereby permitting the use of the pocket veto.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 In Wright v. United States (1938), however, the Court ruled that adjournments of one House only did not constitute an adjournment of Congress required for a pocket veto.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 In such cases, the Secretary or Clerk of the House in question was ruled competent to receive the bill.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 In 1996, Congress passed the Line Item Veto Act, which permitted the President, at the time of the signing of the bill, to rescind certain expenditures.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The President could veto the disapproval, but the Congress, by a two-thirds vote in each House, could override the veto.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 In the case Clinton v. City of New York, the Supreme Court found the Line Item Veto Act unconstitutional because it violated the Presentment clause.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 First, the procedure delegated legislative powers to the President, thereby violating the nondelegation doctrine.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Second, the procedure violated the terms of Section Seven, which state, "if he approve [the bill] he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it."
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Thus, the President may sign the bill, veto it, or do nothing, but he may not amend the bill and then sign it.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Every bill, order, resolution, or vote that must be passed by both Houses, except on a question of adjournment, must be presented to the President before becoming law.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 However, to propose a constitutional amendment, two-thirds of both Houses may submit it to the states for the ratification, without any consideration by the President, as prescribed in Article V.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Most notably, the Taxing and Spending, Interstate Commerce, and Necessary and Proper Clauses have been deemed to grant expansive powers to Congress.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Congress may lay and collect taxes for the "common defense" or "general welfare" of the United States.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The U.S. Supreme Court has not often defined "general welfare," leaving the political question to Congress.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The dispute centered on a tax collected from processors of agricultural products such as meat; the funds raised by the tax were not paid into the general funds of the treasury, but were rather specially earmarked for farmers.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The Court struck down the tax, ruling that the general welfare language in the Taxing and Spending Clause related only to "matters of national, as distinguished from local, welfare".
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Congress continues to make expansive use of the Taxing and Spending Clause; for instance, the social security program is authorized under the Taxing and Spending Clause.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 In 1871, when deciding Knox v. Lee, the Court ruled that this clause permitted Congress to emit bills and make them legal tender in satisfaction of debts.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Whenever Congress borrows money, it is obligated to repay the sum as stipulated in the original agreement.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 However, such agreements are only "binding on the conscience of the sovereign", as the doctrine of sovereign immunity prevents a creditor from suing in court if the government reneges its commitment.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The first important decision related to the commerce clause was Gibbons v. Ogden, decided by a unanimous Court in 1824.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The case involved conflicting federal and state laws: Thomas Gibbons had a federal permit to navigate steamboats in the Hudson River, while the other, Aaron Ogden, had a monopoly to do the same granted by the state of New York.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Ogden contended that "commerce" included only buying and selling of goods and not their transportation.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Marshall suggested that "commerce" included navigation of goods, and that it "must have been contemplated" by the Framers.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Marshall added that Congress's power over commerce "is complete in itself, may be exercised to its utmost extent, and acknowledges no limitations other than are prescribed in the Constitution".
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The expansive interpretation of the Commerce Clause was restrained during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when a laissez-faire attitude dominated the Court.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 In United States v. E. C. Knight Company (1895), the Supreme Court limited the newly enacted Sherman Antitrust Act, which had sought to break up the monopolies dominating the nation's economy.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The Court ruled that Congress could not regulate the manufacture of goods, even if they were later shipped to other states.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The U.S. Supreme Court sometimes ruled New Deal programs unconstitutional because they stretched the meaning of the commerce clause.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 In Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, (1935) the Court unanimously struck down industrial codes regulating the slaughter of poultry, declaring that Congress could not regulate commerce relating to the poultry, which had "come to a permanent rest within the State."
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 As Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes put it, "so far as the poultry here in question is concerned, the flow of interstate commerce has ceased."
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Judicial rulings against attempted use of Congress's Commerce Clause powers continued during the 1930s.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 In 1937, the Supreme Court began moving away from its laissez-faire attitude concerning Congressional legislation and the Commerce Clause, when it ruled in National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Company, that the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (commonly known as the Wagner Act) was constitutional.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The legislation under scrutiny, prevented employers from engaging in "unfair labor practices" such as firing workers for joining unions.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 In sustaining this act, the Court, signaled its return to the philosophy espoused by John Marshall, that Congress could pass laws regulating actions that even indirectly influenced interstate commerce.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 In Wickard v. Filburn, the Court ruled that production quotas under the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 were constitutionally applied to agricultural production (in this instance, home-grown wheat for private consumption) that was consumed purely intrastate, because its effect upon interstate commerce placed it within the power of Congress to regulate under the Commerce Clause.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 This decision marked the beginning of the Court's total deference to Congress' claims of Commerce Clause powers, which lasted into the 1990s.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 United States v. Lopez (1995) was the first decision in six decades to invalidate a federal statute on the grounds that it exceeded the power of the Congress under the Commerce Clause.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The Court held that while Congress had broad lawmaking authority under the Commerce Clause, the power was limited, and did not extend so far from "commerce" as to authorize the regulation of the carrying of handguns, especially when there was no evidence that carrying them affected the economy on a massive scale.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 In a later case, United States v. Morrison (2000), the justices ruled that Congress could not make such laws even when there was evidence of aggregate effect.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 In contrast to these rulings, the Supreme Court also continues to follow the precedent set by Wickard v. Filburn.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 In Gonzales v. Raich it ruled that the Commerce Clause granted Congress the authority to criminalize the production and use of home-grown cannabis even where states approve its use for medicinal purposes.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The court held that, as with the agricultural production in the earlier case, home-grown cannabis is a legitimate subject of federal regulation because it competes with marijuana that moves in interstate commerce.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 It may also coin money, regulate the value of American or foreign currency and punish counterfeiters.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Furthermore, Congress may establish post offices and post roads (the roads, however, need not be exclusively for the conveyance of mail).
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Congress may promote the progress of science and useful arts by granting copyrights and patents of limited duration.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Section eight, clause eight of Article One, known as the Copyright Clause, is the only instance of the word "right" used in the original constitution (though the word does appear in several Amendments).
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Though perpetual copyrights and patents are prohibited, the Supreme Court has ruled in Eldred v. Ashcroft (2003) that repeated extensions to the term of copyright do not constitute perpetual copyright; also note that this is the only power granted where the means to accomplish its stated purpose is specifically provided for.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Under the War Powers Clause, only Congress may declare war, but in several cases it has, without declaring war, granted the President the authority to engage in military conflicts.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Five wars have been declared in United States' history: the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War, the Spanish–American War, World War I and World War II.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Some historians argue that the legal doctrines and legislation passed during the operations against Pancho Villa constitute a sixth declaration of war.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Congress may establish and support the armed forces, but no appropriation made for the support of the army may be used for more than two years.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 This provision was inserted because the Framers feared the establishment of a standing army, beyond civilian control, during peacetime.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Congress may regulate or call forth the state militias, but the states retain the authority to appoint officers and train personnel.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Congress also has exclusive power to make rules and regulations governing the land and naval forces.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Although the executive branch and the Pentagon have asserted an ever-increasing measure of involvement in this process, the U.S. Supreme Court has often reaffirmed Congress's exclusive hold on this power (e.g. Burns v. Wilson, 346 U.S. 137 (1953)).
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Congress used this power twice soon after World War II with the enactment of two statutes: the Uniform Code of Military Justice to improve the quality and fairness of courts martial and military justice, and the Federal Tort Claims Act which among other rights had allowed military service persons to sue for damages until the U.S. Supreme Court repealed that section of the statute in a divisive series of cases, known collectively as the Feres Doctrine.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Congress has the exclusive right to legislate "in all cases whatsoever" for the nation's capital, the District of Columbia.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Congress chooses to devolve some of such authority to the elected mayor and council of District of Columbia.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Nevertheless, Congress remains free to enact any legislation for the District so long as constitutionally permissible, to overturn any legislation by the city government, and technically to revoke the city government at any time.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Congress may also exercise such jurisdiction over land purchased from the states for the erection of forts and other buildings.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Finally, Congress has the power to do whatever is "necessary and proper" to carry out its enumerated powers and, crucially, all others vested in it.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 This has been interpreted to authorize criminal prosecution of those whose actions have a "substantial effect" on interstate commerce in Wickard v. Filburn ; however, Thomas Jefferson, in the Kentucky Resolutions, supported by James Madison, maintained that a penal power could not be inferred from a power to regulate, and that the only penal powers were for treason, counterfeiting, piracy and felony on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The necessary and proper clause has been interpreted extremely broadly, thereby giving Congress wide latitude in legislation.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The first landmark case involving the clause was McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), which involved the establishment of a national bank.