the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Chaplain–Medic massacre 
 Thirty unarmed, and critically wounded United States Army soldiers and an unarmed chaplain were killed by people of the North Korean army during the Battle of Taejon.
Knossos 
 Many Roman coins found on the site had 'Knosion' or 'Knos' on one side, and an image of a Minotaur or Labyrinth on the reverse.
Knossos 
 The excavations at Knossos began in 1900 by the English archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans (1851–1941) and his team.
Knossos 
 The team discovered two ancient scripts, called Linear A and Linear B. From the layering of the palace, Evans developed an idea of the civilization that used it, which he called Minoan.
Knossos 
 The palace was abandoned at some unknown time at the end of the late Bronze Age, c. 1380–1100 BC, for reasons which are not known.
Lee Trevino 
 Lee Buck Trevino (born September 1, 1939) is a retired American professional golfer who was born in Dallas, Texas.
China National Space Administration 
 The China National Space Administration (CNSA) is the national space agency of China, and is based in the Haidian District.
Betts v. Brady 
 The case had to do with "indigent" (poor) people who were on trial for crimes, but did not have enough money to pay for a lawyer.
Betts v. Brady 
 The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution says that "In all criminal [trials], the accused shall ... have the assistance of counsel for his defence."
Betts v. Brady 
 However, in the 1930s, the Supreme Court made a few decisions that decreased the number of United States citizens who had the right to a lawyer.
Betts v. Brady 
 They ruled that the states had to assign free lawyers to poor defendants, but only if they were being tried for capital crimes.
Betts v. Brady 
 Then, in 1938, the Supreme Court ruled in Johnson v. Herbst that in federal courts, any person who was charged with a crime and could not pay for a lawyer had to be assigned a lawyer for free.
Betts v. Brady 
 However, the Court also ruled that the Sixth Amendment applied only to federal courts  not to state courts.
Betts v. Brady 
 This meant that if a person was charged with a crime in a state court, and he could not afford a lawyer, he would have to defend himself in court.
Betts v. Brady 
 Next Betts filed a writ of habeas corpus to the Court of Appeals of Maryland, the most powerful court in Maryland.
Betts v. Brady 
 Finally, Betts filed a request with the Supreme Court of the United States, asking them to hear his case.
Betts v. Brady 
 Also, the Fourteenth Amendment says that no state can take away any person's "life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person ... the equal protection of the laws."
Betts v. Brady 
 The Court had already decided that the right to have a lawyer applied to all people in federal criminal trials; people being tried by the states for rape or murder; and anyone who could pay for a lawyer.
Betts v. Brady 
 Now they needed to decide whether poor people had the right to have lawyers too, even if they could not pay for them.
Betts v. Brady 
 In their decision, the Court did rule that there were special cases where a court should assign a lawyer.
Betts v. Brady 
 In these special cases, not having a lawyer would make it difficult for a defendant to get a fair trial.
Betts v. Brady 
 In each case, the judge was supposed to talk to the defendant to figure out whether any of these "special circumstances" existed.
Betts v. Brady 
 For 21 years, Betts set a precedent that allowed individual courts and judges to decide whether poor people would be given lawyers or not.
Mamba 
 There are many stories of mambas chasing humans, but these snakes usually prefer to avoid contact with humans.
Mamba 
 A mamba usually opens its mouth when threatened, so they lean forward unlike the cobra which usually stands erect.
Mamba 
 The venom can also contain cardiotoxins (which damage the heart muscle) and fasciculins (which cause muscle twitches).
Mamba 
 All mamba species have similar venom, but the black mamba has the most toxic venom and is more aggressive.
Sea Shepherd Conservation Society 
 The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) is an American organization that works to protect marine life.
LGBT rights in Canada 
 Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Canada are some of the most advanced in the world.
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 The Court ruled that suspects in crimes have the right to have a lawyer with them while they are being questioned by the police.
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 This case was decided just a year after the Court ruled in Gideon v. Wainwright, , that indigent (poor) criminal defendants had a right to be assigned free lawyers at trial.
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 Danny Escobedo's brother-in-law, Manuel Valtierra, was shot and killed on the night of January 19, 1960.
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 Another man named Benedict DiGerlando had also arrested, and the police thought he was another suspect.
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 DiGerlando told the police that Escobedo's brother-in-law, Valtierra, treated Escobedo's sister badly.
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 While driving them to the police station, the police explained that DiGerlando had told them Escobedo was guilty.
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 They said that although he was not formally charged with a crime yet, he was in police custody and could not leave.
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 Escobedo's lawyer went to the police station and asked many times to see Escobedo, but was not allowed to.
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 Escobedo later said that the police promised him he could go free, and would not be charged with murder, if he just confessed to the crime.
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 Finally, after "becoming more emotional," Escobedo said something about being connected with the crime.
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 At his murder trial, the prosecution used Escobedo's 'confession' as its most important evidence against him.
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 However, after the Supreme Court got his appeal, he did receive a volunteer lawyer named Barry Kroll.
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 Together, they argued that Escobedo's right to a lawyer had been violated and that his confession had been coerced (made because of pressure, lies, and threats).
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution says that "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to ... the Assistance of Counsel for his defence."
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 However, the Court had always thought that the Sixth Amendment's right to a lawyer applied to people only after they were "accused," once they were already "in... criminal prosecutions," as the Amendment itself says.
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 If the police refuse to let a suspect have a lawyer during an interrogation, are they violating the Sixth Amendment?
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 They argued that the police violated not only Escobedo's Sixth Amendment rights, but also his Fourteenth Amendment rights.
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 The Fourteenth Amendment says that no state can take away any person's "life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person ... the equal protection of the laws."
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 Escobedo's team argued that the police took away his freedom without due process or equal protection of the laws by:
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 Lawyers for Illinois argued that the police officers did the right thing when they refused to let Escobedo have a lawyer.
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 According to the law and past Supreme Court cases, the right to a lawyer was not guaranteed until a person had actually been charged with a crime.
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 Illinois also argued that if the Court ruled in favor of Escobedo, the results for law enforcement could be terrible.
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 Specifically, the Court ruled that the right to a lawyer begins before a person is charged with a crime.
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 He rejected the state of Illinois' argument that having lawyers around would be terrible for law enforcement.
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 Before using confessions in court, prosecutors now have to make sure that the suspect had a lawyer with him when he gave the confession
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 Courts now had different rules about how to decide whether a confession is admissible (whether it can be used as evidence in court).
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 If police refuse to let a suspect talk to a lawyer, anything the suspect says after that is inadmissible.
Escobedo v. Illinois 
 It allows them to use their Sixth Amendment right to a lawyer as soon as they become a suspect, not just after they are charged with a crime.
Caldwell catalogue 
 It does  not include many of the sky's brightest deep-sky objects, such as the Hyades, the Double Cluster (NGC 869 and NGC 884), and the Sculptor Galaxy (NGC 253).
Caldwell catalogue 
 As Messier got his list from observations in Paris, it did not include bright deep-sky objects visible in the Southern Hemisphere, such as Omega Centauri, Centaurus A, the Jewel Box, and 47 Tucanae.
Sunflower galaxy 
 The Sunflower galaxy (Messier 63 or NGC 5055) is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Canes Venatici.
Ring galaxy 
 Some astronomers believe that ring galaxies are formed when a smaller galaxy passes through the center of a larger galaxy.
Ring galaxy 
 However, the gravitational disruptions could cause a wave of star formation to move through the larger galaxy.
Ring galaxy 
 Other astronomers think that rings are formed around some galaxies when an accretion disc is formed.
United States district court 
 So do four U.S. territories: Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
United States district court 
 For example, the Districts of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, Rhode Island, and Puerto Rico are grouped together into the "First Circuit."
United States district court 
 If, for example, somebody wanted to appeal a decision made by the District Court of Massachusetts, they would write an appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit.
United States district court 
 The last choice for appealing a court decision is to file an appeal asking the United States Supreme Court to hear the case.
United States district court 
 Each circuit has a number on it  for example, Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi are in the 5th Circuit.
United States district court 
 Washington has two District Courts: the District Court for the Western District of Washington, and the District Court for the Eastern District of Washington.
United States district court 
 The colors are the same as the map (for example, districts in the 8th Circuit are orange on the map and on the list).
United States district court 
 To sort this table, click on the little triangle on the top row of the table, in the column you want to sort by.
Trusty system (prison) 
 The trusty system was a system that Mississippi State Penitentiary and other prisons used to control prisoners.
Trusty system (prison) 
 The trusty system worked out well for prison officials because they did not have to pay civilian (non-prisoner) guards to control the prisoners.
Trusty system (prison) 
 However, the trusties kept the other prisoners under control through physical abuse, torture, fear, and humiliation.
Trusty system (prison) 
 Finally, in 1974, a federal court ruled that the trusty system, and the whole prison, were violating the United States Constitution by giving out cruel and unusual punishments.
Trusty system (prison) 
 In other words, the prison had to pay for everything it needed itself, and make money for the state.
Trusty system (prison) 
 It was like a business that used slave labor  the state made money without having to pay for anything, including workers' salaries.
Trusty system (prison) 
 In fact, one year, Parchman earned $180,000 for the state of Mississippi  not including what it had to spend on itself.
Trusty system (prison) 
 The Governor of Mississippi, James K. Vardaman, even said the prison was run “like an efficient slave plantation.”
Trusty system (prison) 
 For example, in 1911, the New York Times wrote an article congratulating the Mississippi prison system for figuring out how to keep people in prison and make money at the same time.
Trusty system (prison) 
 Also, because no outsiders ever came into Parchman, the conditions and abuse at the prison changed very little from the time it opened in 1903 until the Gates v. Collier case forced it to change.
Trusty system (prison) 
 However, Mississippi law said that the prison could hire 150 staff members at most, so the prison would not cost too much.
Trusty system (prison) 
 There just were not enough staff members to guard the prisoners, make the prison work every day, take care of the farm, and do everything else they needed to do.
Trusty system (prison) 
 They could give punishment, and they could also suggest more punishment in the "special punishment area."
Trusty system (prison) 
 Under him, black trusty shooters, who were serving sentences for murder, carried rifles and enforced discipline.
Trusty system (prison) 
 With Haber as their lawyer, four prisoners filed a lawsuit in federal court, saying that conditions at the prison were cruel and unusual.
Trusty system (prison) 
 They said that prison trusties punished and tortured prisoners in ways that were painful and humiliating on purpose.
Trusty system (prison) 
 A United States District Court, and then the more powerful Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, strongly agreed with the prisoners.
Trusty system (prison) 
 Both courts found that trusties gave prisoners all kinds of cruel and unusual punishments, including:
Trusty system (prison) 
 The Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals ordered Parchman to end its trusty program; racial segregation at the prison; and all other cruel, unusual, and unconstitutional practices immediately.
Trusty system (prison) 
 However, some states, like Texas, continued to use trusty systems (renamed "building tenders") until the 1980s, when Federal Judge William Wayne Justice, in the case of Ruiz v. Estelle, 503 F. Supp.
Ryan Drummond 
 He is best known for voicing Sonic the Hedgehog in several installments of the Sonic the Hedgehog series from 1998 to 2004.
Ryan Drummond 
 | 1998 || Two Guys, a Girl and a Pizza Place || Isaac Glickstein || Episode: "Two Guys, a Girl and an Elective"
Ryan Drummond 
 | 2001 || The Invisible Man || Mime, Man || 2 Episodes: "Money for Nothing: Part 2", "Immaterial Girl"
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit 
 The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit is one of the 13 appeals courts in the United States's federal court system.
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit 
 The Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit is the appeals court that has jurisdiction, or legal power, to review cases decided by less powerful courts in the 5th Circuit.
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit 
 If someone wants to appeal a decision that one of these courts made, they would have to appeal to the Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit.
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit 
 The main court building is located in the John Minor Wisdom United States Court of Appeals Building in New Orleans, Louisiana.
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit 
 The Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit decided a landmark case called Gates v. Collier, which stopped the severe physical abuse of prisoners by "trustys" at Mississippi State Penitentiary (then called Parchman).
Steven Sample 
 Steven Browning Sample (November 29, 1940 – March 29, 2016) was the 10th president of the University of Southern California (USC).
Steven Sample 
 Before he was president at USC, he held the same position at the University at Buffalo (UB) in the State University of New York (SUNY) system from 1982 to 1991.
Steven Sample 
 In 2001, Sample was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, but said he still felt able to serve as president of USC.
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 
 It hears cases from federal trials courts in nine western states and two Pacific Island jurisdictions.
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 
 It is a U.S. Federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts:
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 
 Headquartered in San Francisco, California, the Ninth Circuit is by far the largest of the thirteen courts of appeals, with 29 active judgeships.
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 
 Although the judges travel around the circuit, the court arranges its hearings so that cases from the northern region of the circuit are heard in Seattle or Portland, cases from southern California are heard in Pasadena, and cases from northern California, Nevada, Arizona, and Hawaii are heard in San Francisco.
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 
 For lawyers who must come and present their cases to the court in person, this administrative grouping of cases helps to reduce the time and cost of travel.
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 
 The large size of the current court is due to the fact that both the population of the western states and the geographic jurisdiction of the Ninth Circuit have increased dramatically since the U.S. Congress created the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in 1891.
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 
 The court was originally granted appellate jurisdiction over federal district courts in California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington.
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 
 As new states and territories were added to the federal judicial hierarchy in the twentieth century, many of those in the West were placed in the Ninth Circuit: the newly acquired Territory of Hawaii in 1900, Arizona upon its admission to the Union in 1912, the Territory of Alaska in 1948, Guam in 1951, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in 1977.
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 
 Congress never created a federal district court in the Philippines from which the Ninth Circuit could hear appeals.
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 
 Instead, appeals from the Supreme Court of the Philippines were taken directly to the Supreme Court of the United States.
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 
 In 1979, the Ninth Circuit became the first federal judicial circuit to set up a Bankruptcy Appellate Panel as authorized by the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978.
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 
 The cultural and political jurisdiction of the Ninth Circuit is just as varied as the land within its geographical borders.
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 
 In a dissenting opinion in a rights of publicity case involving the Wheel of Fortune star Vanna White,  Circuit Judge Alex Kozinski sardonically noted that "[f]or better or worse, we are the Court of Appeals for the Hollywood Circuit."
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 
 Judges from more remote parts of the circuit note the contrast between legal issues confronted by populous states such as California and those confronted by rural states such as Alaska, Idaho, Montana, and Nevada.
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 
 Judge Andrew J. Kleinfeld, who maintains his judicial chambers in Fairbanks, Alaska, wrote in a letter in 1998: "Much federal law is not national in scope....It is easy to make a mistake construing these laws when unfamiliar with them, as we often are, or not interpreting them regularly, as we never do."
Ricardo Goulart 
 Ricardo Goulart Pereira or simply Ricardo Goulart (; born 5 June 1991), is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao in the Chinese Super League as an attacking midfielder.
Mitigating factor 
 When a person commits a capital crime, a mitigating factor is something that might help the person avoid getting the death penalty.
Mitigating factor 
 Judges and juries also think about aggravating factors  things that are likely to cause a more severe punishment.
Mitigating factor 
 They may help explain what caused a person to commit a crime, but they do not mean the person did nothing wrong.
Mitigating factor 
 Another 22 countries have not used the death penalty in over 10 years, or have a moratorium (a temporary stop) on the death penalty.
Mitigating factor 
 According to Cornell University's Law School, as of 2015, only one of the countries in Africa that still uses the death penalty has laws about mitigating factors.
Mitigating factor 
 In Botswana, a person convicted of murder is given the death penalty unless they can show mitigating factors.
Mitigating factor 
 For example, if a person was abused as a child, or was abused by their victim, these could not count as extenuating circumstances.
Mitigating factor 
 Nine countries in Africa that use the death penalty have mandatory death sentences for certain crimes.
Mitigating factor 
 Only two countries in the Americas have executed a person in the past ten years: the United States and St. Kitts and Nevis.
Mitigating factor 
 One of the country's Supreme Court decisions said that the death penalty must only be used with "the most exceptional and extreme cases of murder."
Mitigating factor 
 However, the law does not seem to define what makes a murder "exceptional" and what mitigating factors might prevent the death penalty.
Mitigating factor 
 St. Kitts and Nevis does have a law against executing people who were under age 18 when they committed their crime.
Mitigating factor 
 Also, the United States Supreme Court has ruled several times that judges and juries must think about mitigating factors before deciding on a sentence.
Mitigating factor 
 To be fair, the Court ruled, each judge or jury has to think about whether an individual defendant deserves the death penalty.
Mitigating factor 
 The defendant committed the crime while they were badly mentally ill or having severe emotional problems
Mitigating factor 
 Fourteen of the countries in the Asia-Pacific region that use the death penalty have the mandatory death penalty for certain crimes.
Mitigating factor 
 In the same ruling, the Supreme Court set out nine different things that Japanese courts needed to think about before sentencing a person to death:
Mitigating factor 
 For example, a person could have five mitigating factors (they were young, they felt terrible about the crime, and so on).
Mitigating factor 
 However, if the victim's family very much wanted the killer to get the death penalty, the judge might order the death penalty anyway.
Mitigating factor 
 In the late 1990s, China started working on making punishments fit the crime, instead of requiring the death penalty automatically for many crimes.
Mitigating factor 
 For example, in 1999, China's Supreme People's Court ruled that the death penalty should not be used if there were mitigating circumstances  for example, if a murder victim did something to cause the crime or make the situation worse.
Mitigating factor 
 Then they can think about mitigating factors (and aggravating factors) to decide which of these choices fits the crime the best.
Mitigating factor 
 In its own words, the Supreme People's Court said in a 2004 report that they had worked as hard as they could to make sure "that the death penalty shall only be applied to a very small number of criminals who have committed extremely serious crimes."
Mitigating factor 
 Political scholar Benjamin MacQueen writes that some Middle Eastern countries, like Algeria, give "mitigated sentences" to people who belong to terrorist groups or the insurgency (groups fighting against different governments in the Middle East.
Mitigating factor 
 These people get they death sentences cancelled, and their prison sentences cut by years or even decades, he says.
Mitigating factor 
 This way, the state and prison officials can look like they were doing nothing wrong; they were just letting people out early for behaving well in jail.
Mitigating factor 
 At the same time, the terrorists and insurgents could go back to fighting, and the states could support them without looking like they really were.