the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Article Five of the United States Constitution 
 Article Five gives all of the power for creating Constitutional amendments to the Legislative Branch: the United States Congress and the state legislatures.
Article Five of the United States Constitution 
 In its decision, the Court wrote: "[T]he President ... has nothing to do with the proposition, or adoption, of amendments to the Constitution."
Article Five of the United States Constitution 
 This is an example of the separation of powers (also called "checks and balances") that the Founding Fathers built into the new American government.
Article Five of the United States Constitution 
 If the President or the Supreme Court could change the Constitution any time they wanted to, they would have too much power.
Article Five of the United States Constitution 
 By requiring that two-thirds of both Houses of Congress, and three-quarters of the states, approve of every Constitutional amendment, they made sure that there would have to be a lot of debate, compromise, and thought before an amendment was approved.
Article Five of the United States Constitution 
 Also, because so many legislators have to approve every amendment, it is very difficult for small "special interest" groups (like people who only care about a certain part of the country, or a certain issue) cannot control the vote.
Article Five of the United States Constitution 
 If the states get too powerful, ordinary Americans can vote on a Constitutional amendment through ratifying conventions.
Article Five of the United States Constitution 
 As a legal scholar wrote later: "The ratification of the Twenty-First Amendment [by ratifying conventions] might be called one of the most democratic moments in American history. ...
Article Five of the United States Constitution 
 Almost all voters in America had the unprecedented opportunity to [support] or condemn a federal constitutional amendment directly.
Article Five of the United States Constitution 
 The amendments process set out in Article Five has allowed for many other important amendments to be added to the Constitution.
Article Five of the United States Constitution 
 The Fourteenth Amendment (1868), which said that all people born in the United States are United States citizens (this included ex-slaves)
Article Five of the United States Constitution 
 If Article Five had made the Constitution too hard to change, African-American people might still be slaves, and women might still not have the right to vote.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 Article Two of the United States Constitution creates the executive branch of the United States government.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 The executive branch includes the President; the Vice President; the Cabinet; executive departments, like the Department of State; independent agencies, like the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); and other things like committees and commissions.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 To prevent any part of the government from getting too powerful, they split the power between three branches.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 Another clause in Article One of the Constitution gives federal legislative (law-making) power to the United States Congress only.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 It also mentions the Vice President, though the Constitution does not give him any executive powers.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 However, the Constitution does say that the President and Vice President must be elected at the same time, for the same term (amount of time), and by the same constituency.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 The Founding Fathers wanted to make sure the Executive Branch would survive, and stay independent, if the Vice President had to become the President.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 Each state has two United States Senators and a certain number of United States Representatives representing them in Congress.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 Each state gets a number of Electors that is equal to the number of Members of Congress the state has.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 (For example, if a state has 2 Senators and 10 Representatives, they have 12 total Members of Congress, so they get 12 Electors.)
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 This is meant to make sure that the Electoral College is made up of regular Americans, not politicians.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 Once they are chosen, the Electors meet in their states to vote for the President and Vice President.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 The candidate who got the next highest number of votes (the second-place winner) became Vice President.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 If two candidates get the same number of votes, the House of Representatives can choose which of the two candidates becomes President
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 If there is a tie for Vice President (because two second-place candidates got the same number of votes), the Senate votes on which person should get the job
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 If no candidate wins more than half of the votes, then the House can choose any one of the five candidates who got the most votes
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 For the House and Senate to choose a President and Vice President, there must be a quorum in both Houses of Congress.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 Since it was passed in 1804, electors are only allowed to vote for one Presidential candidate and one Vice President.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 If no Presidential candidate gets a majority of votes, the House chooses from the top three candidates (not five).
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 If no Vice Presidential candidate gets a majority, the Senate chooses from the two candidates who got the most votes.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 To be the Vice President, a person must meet the Constitution's requirements for being President (see Clause 5: Qualifications for office).
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 The Twelfth Amendment (1804) says that to be Vice President, a person must meet all three of the requirements for President
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 The President is unable to do the things a President needs to do - for example, because he or she is very sick.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 If the Vice President is also unable to be President, Congress can decide who will become President.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 Whoever takes over the Presidency will act as President until the actual President gets better (if he is sick or disabled), or until a President is elected in the next Presidential election.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 Congress has come up with a "line of succession"  a list of the people who would become President, and in what order, if both the Presidency and Vice Presidency became vacant.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 As of 2016, the order is: the Speaker of the House of Representatives; the President pro tempore of the Senate; and then the fifteen Cabinet Secretaries, in order of when their Departments were first created.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 If the President declares himself unable to discharge his duties, he can take the Presidency back at any time.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 For example, in 2002, George W. Bush became the first President to formally use the Disability Clause.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 He gave power to his Vice President for about two hours while he had a medical test which required anesthesia.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 If the Vice President and the Cabinet say a President is unable to do his job, the President can still try to take control back.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 However, if the Vice President and the Cabinet still think the President cannot do his job, they can challenge the President's return.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 If two-thirds of both the House and Senate agree, the President is declared unable to discharge his duties and the Vice President stays in control of the Presidency.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 Also, the President cannot receive any other salary, either from the federal government, or from any state government.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 Before he becomes President, Clause 8 requires the new President to take an oath, promising that he will do his best as President, and will also do his best to protect and defend the Constitution.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 Usually, the Chief Justice of the United States gives the oath ("swears in" the new President) at the President's inauguration.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 The Constitution gives the President the most powers in areas that have to do with national security and protecting the country.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 However, as part of the system of checks and balances in the Constitution, Article One says that only Congress can declare war.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 Still, the President can take actions like sending soldiers to certain places without needing Congress's approval, or a declaration of war.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 The President may ask the "principal (head) officer" of any executive department to give him advice in writing.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 However, America's first President, George Washington, organized his principal offices into a Cabinet, and every President has done the same since.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 The President may grant pardons or reprieves to people who were convicted of crimes (except when the person was impeached).
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 A "reprieve" cancels or changes a punishment  for example, changing a death sentence to a sentence of life in prison.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 It gives the President powers, but he has to use them with the "advice and consent" (agreement) of the Senate.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 If two-thirds of the Senate does not agree with the treaty, it is not approved, and there is nothing the President can do about it.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 In 1798, the first time the government wanted to end a treaty (the 1778 Treaty of Alliance with France), Congress passed a law ending the treaty.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 The first time a President ended a treaty without Congress's approval was in the 1970s, when President Jimmy Carter ended a treaty with the Republic of China.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 In a lawsuit called Goldwater v. Carter, members of Congress asked the Supreme Court to clarify whether a President could end a treaty on his own.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 The Supreme Court could not agree on a decision, and the case was dismissed (ended without a decision).
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 The President may also choose judges, ambassadors, consuls (diplomats), ministers, and other officers; but again, he needs the advice and consent of the Senate.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 If Congress chooses, it can let the President, heads of executive departments, or the courts appoint less important officials on their own, without needing Congress's approval.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 Once the Senate gives advice and consent to the President (approves the President's choice for a job), and that person is given the job, the Senate cannot go back and change its mind.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 However, after the Senate grants advice and consent, the President can change his mind, and decide not to give the job to the person he nominated.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 It is not clear whether the President can fire a person who was hired with the advice and consent of the Senate.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 For example, during the Reconstruction Era, President Andrew Johnson wanted to fire people that Congress had approved.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 A Supreme Court case called Bowsher v. Synar (1986) decided that Congress can fire a person it approved.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 Congress can do this by repealing the law that gave the President permission to appoint that person.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 In the past, fast transportation was not available, and it could take a long time for members of Congress to get to Washington, D.C.  Because of this, Congress would usually meet only during planned "sessions," so everyone would have time to get there.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 After the planned sessions were over, the Senate would go into recess, and all the Senators would go home.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 However, these officers are temporary, and their permission to act as Senators expire (end) when the Senate finishes its next session.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 It says that "from time to time," the President must give Congress information on the "State of the Union."
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 Other Presidents did the same for over 100 years, until President Woodrow Wilson went back to speaking in front of Congress.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 The purpose of the State of the Union is to make sure the President shares information with Congress, as well as the entire country.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 This information helps Congress decide whether anything is happening that they need to pass laws for.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 The President has the power to suggest to Congress anything he thinks is "necessary [needed] and expedient [appropriate]".
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 Also, just by asking Congress, the President shows that he respects them as equals, and is not more powerful or important than they are, like a King would be.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 One scholar explains: "The Recommendation Clause empowers the President to represent the people before Congress, by recommending measures for the reform of government, for the general welfare, or for the redress of grievances [for problems to be fixed]."p.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 Clause 3 gives the President the right to call one or both Houses of Congress "on extraordinary Occasions."
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 This clause is meant to allow the government to act quickly in case a major emergency comes up when Congress is not in session.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 If the two Houses of Congress cannot agree on a date for when to adjourn a special session, the President may adjourn both Houses whenever he thinks it is appropriate.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 Presidents have called extraordinary sessions 27 times in history to deal with crises like wars or emergencies with the economy.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 The last time this happened was in 1948, when President Harry S Truman called a special session to try to get civil rights, Social Security, and health care laws passed.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 This clause in the Constitution is sometimes called the Take Care Clause, the Faithful Execution Clause, or the Faithfully Executed Clause.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 It also gives him the duty to make sure the rest of the government (including state governments) carry out the laws too
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 Supreme Court cases have focused on the duties and limits the Take Care Clause puts on the President.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 This is unconstitutional because it basically gives him power over lawmaking, and the Constitution gives that power only to Congress
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 When Congress passes a law that approves money for a program, the President, or executive departments, cannot refuse to spend the money on that program.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 These include officers in both the military and foreign service (people who work for the United States government in other countries, like Ambassadors).
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 However, Article One of the Constitution, Section 8, gives each state the power to appoint officers in their own militias.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 The President, Vice President, Cabinet Secretaries, and other executive officers, as well as judges, may be impeached by the House of Representatives, and then tried in the Senate.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 However, the person can still be tried for civil and criminal charges in the courts, and punished if they are found guilty.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 In Nixon v. United States (1993), the Supreme Court ruled that even they cannot review or change the Senate's decision in an impeachment trial.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 Its impeachment powers give Congress a way to make sure that no executive officials or judges are getting corrupt.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 "High crimes" is a phrase from old British law that means crimes committed by people with political power.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 However, in British history, "high crimes and misdemeanors" could include many different things (even losing a ship by not tying it up).
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 After the Constitution was written, Alexander Hamilton explained in The Federalist Papers what kind of causes for impeachment the Founders had in mind: "offences which [come] from the abuse or violation of some public trust.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 Congress has made the meaning of "high crimes and misdemeanors" clearer by who they have chosen to impeach, and why.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 Since the Constitution was ratified, the House of Representatives has impeached 18 people - mostly judges, but also two Presidents.
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 President Andrew Johnson was impeached in 1868 for breaking a federal law (he was acquitted by the Senate)
Article Two of the United States Constitution 
 President Bill Clinton was impeached in 1998 for perjury and obstruction of justice (he was acquitted)
Dissenting opinion 
 In other cases they may be used to instruct, prod, or otherwise try to convince other justices of the point of view expressed by the minority.
Dissenting opinion 
 When not necessarily referring to a legal decision, this can also be referred to as a minority report.
Dissenting opinion 
 Dissenting opinions are normally written at the same time as the majority opinion and any concurring opinions.
Dissenting opinion 
 However, they can sometimes be cited as a form of persuasive authority in subsequent cases when arguing that the court's holding should be limited or overturned.
Dissenting opinion 
 A later case may result in a majority opinion adopting a particular rule of law formerly advocated in dissent.
Dissenting opinion 
 As with concurring opinions, the difference in opinion between dissents and majority opinions can often highlight the precise holding of the majority opinion.
Dissenting opinion 
 Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes stated in 1936: "A dissent in a Court of last resort is an appeal".
Dissenting opinion 
 The dissent may disagree with the majority for any number of reasons: a different interpretation of the existing case law, the application of different principles, or a different interpretation of the facts.
Legal opinion 
 In law, a legal opinion is usually a written explanation by a judge or group of judges that accompanies an order or ruling in a case.
Legal opinion 
 If a court decides that an opinion should be published, the opinion is included in a volume from a series of books called law reports or case reports.
Legal opinion 
 Published opinions of courts are also collectively referred to as case law, which is one of the major sources of law in common law legal systems.
Judicial opinion 
 A judicial opinion is a form of legal opinion written by a judge or a panel of judges explaining how they resolved a legal dispute.
Judicial opinion 
 Where there are three or more judges, it may take the form of a majority opinion, minority opinion or a concurring opinion.
Judicial opinion 
 A concurring opinion is written to agree with a decision, but for giving different reasons for the agreement.
Judicial opinion 
 A dissenting opinion (or dissent) is an opinion written by one or more judges expressing disagreement with the majority opinion.
Concurring opinion 
 In law, a concurring opinion is a written opinion by one or more judges of a court which agrees with the decision made by the majority of the court, but states different (or additional) reasons for the decision.
Concurring opinion 
 When no absolute majority of the court can agree on the basis for deciding the case, the decision of the court may be contained in a number of concurring opinions.
Concurring opinion 
 Having failed to receive a majority of the court's votes, concurring opinions are not binding precedent (common law) and cannot be cited as such.
Concurring opinion 
 But concurring opinions can sometimes be cited as a form of persuasive precedent (assuming there is no binding precedent already in effect).
Concurring opinion 
 The conflict in views between a majority opinion and a concurring opinion can assist a lawyer in understanding the points of law in the majority opinion.
Concurring opinion 
 Occasionally, a judge will use a concurring opinion to signal that he or she is open to certain types of "test cases" that would allow the development of a new legal rule.
Concurring opinion 
 In turn, such a concurring opinion may become more famous than the majority opinion in the same case.
Concurring opinion 
 In some courts, such as the Supreme Court of the United States, the majority opinion may be broken down into numbered or lettered parts.
Concurring opinion 
 Concurring justices may state that they join some parts of the majority opinion, but not others, for the reasons given in their concurring opinion.
Concurring opinion 
 In other courts, such as the Supreme Court of California, the same justice may write a majority opinion and a separate concurring opinion to express additional reasons in support of the judgment
Concurring opinion 
 At the International Court of Justice, the term "separate opinion" is used and judges can also add declarations to the judgment.
Concurring opinion 
 The European Court of Human Rights uses the term concurring opinion and calls both concurring and dissenting opinions separate opinions.
Seriatim 
 In law, seriatim (Latin for "in series") indicates that a court is addressing multiple issues in a certain order, such as the order that the issues were originally presented to the court.
Seriatim 
 A seriatim opinion describes an opinion delivered by a court with multiple judges, in which each judge reads his or her own opinion rather than a single judge writing an opinion on behalf of the entire court.
Seriatim 
 Use of the word, and other Latin phrases, has become less frequent in legal communications as a result of, among other factors, efforts by groups such as the Plain Language Movement to promote the use of "plain English" in legal discourse.
Seriatim 
 For example, in English civil cases, defence statements generally used to conclude with the phrase "save as expressly admitted herein, each allegation of the plaintiffs is denied as if set out in full and traversed herein seriatim."