the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Garner v. Louisiana 
 African-American students from Southern University sat at a "whites only" segregated lunch bar at Sitman's Drugstore in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Garner v. Louisiana 
 The manager called the Police after the students quietly remained even though they were asked to move to another counter.
Garner v. Louisiana 
 After ordering the black patrons to leave, the Police arrested them and charged them with disturbing the peace.
Garner v. Louisiana 
 The claim was that their behavior could "foreseeably disturb or alarm the public," according to the state's "disturbing the peace" statute.
Garner v. Louisiana 
 The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People defended the student demonstrators as did the Kennedy administration's Justice Department, which filed a legal brief on their behalf.
Garner v. Louisiana 
 In a 9-0 decision, the court ruled in the African-American students' favor, arguing the state violated due process of law under the Fourteenth Amendment and finding there was no evidence the students' behavior could have foreseeably disturbed the peace.
Garner v. Louisiana 
 In his written opinion, Justice John Marshall Harlan compared sit-in demonstrations to verbal expression as a form of free speech.
Garner v. Louisiana 
 Justice William O. Douglas in his concurring opinion said, “For the police are supposed to be on the side of the Constitution, not on the side of discrimination.
Garner v. Louisiana 
 Yet if all constitutional questions are to be put aside and the problem treated merely in terms of disturbing the peace, I would have difficulty in reversing these judgments.
Garner v. Louisiana 
 I think, however, the constitutional questions must be reached and that they make reversal necessary.”
Garner v. Louisiana 
 Garner v. Louisiana was an important case for the Civil Rights Movement, and one of many civil rights cases argued before the Warren Court (1953-69).
Garner v. Louisiana 
 Eventually, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 "outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion or national origin in hotels, motels, restaurants, theaters, and all other public accommodations engaged in interstate commerce."
Federal judiciary of the United States 
 The federal judiciary of the United States is one of the three co-equal branches of the Federal government of the United States organized under the United States Constitution.
Federal judiciary of the United States 
 Article III of the Constitution requires the establishment of a Supreme Court and permits the Congress to create other federal courts, and place limitations on their jurisdiction.
Federal judiciary of the United States 
 Article III United States federal judges are appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate to serve until they resign, are impeached and convicted, retire, or die.
Federal judiciary of the United States 
 It is generally an appellate court that operates under discretionary review, which means that the Court can choose which cases to hear, by granting of writs of certiorari.
Federal judiciary of the United States 
 In a few situations (like lawsuits between state governments or some cases between the federal government and a state) it sits as a court of original jurisdiction.
Federal judiciary of the United States 
 In some cases, Congress has diverted appellate jurisdiction to specialized courts, such as the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review.
Federal judiciary of the United States 
 These are general federal trial courts, although in many cases Congress has diverted original jurisdiction to specialized courts, such as the Court of International Trade, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, the Alien Terrorist Removal Court, or to Article I or Article IV tribunals.
Federal judiciary of the United States 
 The district courts usually have jurisdiction to hear appeals from such tribunals (unless, for example, appeals are to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.)
Rob Paulsen 
 Rob Paulsen (born 1956) is an American voice actor, singer and former film and television actor who has done many voice roles in various films, television shows and video games.
Rob Paulsen 
 He is best known for his roles as Pinky from Pinky and the Brain, P.J. in A Goofy Movie and Goof Troop, Carl Wheezer from The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron Boy Genius, Raphael (1987) and Donatello (2012) from Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Plank from Ed, Edd n Eddy,  and Yakko Warner and Dr. Otto Scratchansniff from Animaniacs.
Rob Paulsen 
 The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius – Carl Wheezer, Ebenezer Wheezer, Martha Wheezer, Butch Pakovski, Principal Willoughby, Additional Voices
Rob Paulsen 
 Ben 10: Omniverse – Magister Patelliday, Rhomboid Vreedle, Ditto, Captain Kork, Tummy Head, Gorvan, Phil, Gutrot
Rob Paulsen 
 Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers – Captain Finn, Flash The Wonder Dog, Chief Marley, Shakabaka, Darby Spree
Rob Paulsen 
 Codename: Kids Next Door – Rupert Puttkin/The Great Puttinsky, Shaunie Fulbright, Robin Food, Mr. Mogle, Additional Voices
Rob Paulsen 
 The Fairly OddParents –  Mark Chang, Happy Peppy Gary, King Gripullon, Bucky McBadbat, Mr. Ed Ledly, Additional Voices
Rob Paulsen 
 Fraggle Rock: The Animated Series – Boober Fraggle, Sprocket, Marjory the Trash Heap, Henchy Fraggle, Rhinestone Doozer, Additional Voices
Rob Paulsen 
 G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (1985 TV series)  – Snow Job, Tripwire, Flash (ARAH), World War I American Warrior, Cobra slavemaster
Rob Paulsen 
 The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange – Broccoli Alien Overlord, Marshmallow Warriors, Dr. Sigmund Fruit, Dr. Fruitenstein, Thomas Jefferson, Rock, Apricot, President Dane, Junior
Rob Paulsen 
 The Land Before Time – Spike/Ruby's Father/Angry Apatosaurus #1/Hidden Runner/Mo/Milo/Stegosaurus Leader/Guido/Lambeosaurus
Rob Paulsen 
 Taz-Mania – Digeri Dingo, Francis X. Bushlad, Axl Gator, Timothy Platypus, Marvin the Martian, Road Runner
Rob Paulsen 
 1987 – Raphael, 2012 Donatello, Zach the Fifth Turtle, Wingnut, HiTech, The Grybyx, Mister Ogg, Professor Sopho, Tokka, Additional Voices
Rob Paulsen 
 2012 – Donatello, Speed Demon Donatello, Metalhead, 80's Raphael, Shopkeeper, Cat Owner, Other Guy, Sir Paul, Triceraton Pilot, Sumo Glen, Triceraton Commander, Additional Voices
Rob Paulsen 
 The Tick (1994 TV series) – Arthur (Season 2 and Season 3), Brainchild (1st Time), Crusading Chameleon, Captain Mucilage, The Forehead, The Terror
Rob Paulsen 
 Tiny Toon Adventures – Arnold the Pitbull, Banjo the Woodpile Possum, Blink Winkleman, Concord Condor, Cooper DeVille, Fowlmouth, Foxy, Sneezer's Dad, Peter Hastings, Vanilla Lice and Furrball
Rob Paulsen 
 Dick 'Dickie' Dastardly, Chuck Toupee, Super Snooper, Robin Hood, Waiter, Wee Willie the Gorilla, Additional Voices
Rob Paulsen 
 The Powerpuff Girls Movie – Hota Wata, Killa Drilla, The Doot Da Doot Da Doo Doos , Blah-Blah Blah-Blah
Rob Paulsen 
 Tiny Toon Adventures: How I Spent My Vacation – Fowlmouth, Johnny Pew, Mr. Hitcher, Banjo Possum, Hotel Manager and the Bike Carrier
Rob Paulsen 
 The Fairly OddParents: Breakin' da Rules – King Gripploun, Dog Catcher, Fairy Judge, Guard, Anti-Fairies, Squirrelly Scouts, Arthur, Gilded Arches
Rob Paulsen 
 The Fairly OddParents: Shadow Showdown – Mark Chang, Oberon, Quince, Ape King, Chamberlain, The Shadow
Rob Paulsen 
 Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius – Carl Wheezer, Yokian Fleet Commander, Yokian 1, Yokian 2, Yokian 3, Retroland Worker, Ultra-Lord (PC Version only)
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Captain George Kendall was executed by firing squad at the Jamestown colony after being accused of spying for the Spanish government.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 In the Jamestown colony, the first set of rules and punishments the colony's Lieutenant Governor wrote was very strict.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 When some colonists decided they did not like these strict rules, they ran away from the colony to live with nearby Native Americans.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Under its first capital punishment laws, which were effective from 1636-1647, people were executed for sodomy, adultery, witchcraft, blasphemy, bestiality, assault, rape, statutory rape, perjury in a capital trial, and murder.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Later, the colony continued to execute people for witchcraft, including 20 people during the Salem Witch Trials.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Under the New York colony's Duke's Laws of 1665, a person could be executed for "denial of the one true God" or for hitting their mother or father.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 For example, the New Jersey colony had no death penalty, and in the Pennsylvania colony only murder and treason were capital crimes.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 In most colonies, the capital crimes were arson, piracy, treason, murder, sodomy, burglary, robbery, rape, stealing horses, slave rebellion, and counterfeiting (making fake money).
Capital punishment in the United States 
 During the American Revolutionary War, British Major John André was hanged by the Continental Army on October 2, 1780.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Slavery was legal in the United States for the next 246 years, until the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution made it illegal in 1865.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Slaves who tried to escape or rebel were often tortured and executed where other slaves could see, to warn them not to do the same thing.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 For example, in 1755, in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, a slave named Mark was accused of poisoning his "master."
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Twenty years later, when Paul Revere made his "Midnight Ride," Mark's skeleton was still hanging in chains at Boston Harbor.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 During the 1700s, in the Southern colonies, an unknown number of slaves were executed, sometimes for things like hitting another slave, "fussing," or "sassing" a white person.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Laws in the Southern colonies were passed allowing cruel and unusual punishments as well as capital punishment for slaves.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 In the late 1700s, activists like Benjamin Rush began to argue that the death penalty should not be used.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 In 1846, Michigan became the first state to abolish the death penalty, just after it entered the United States.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 In 1852, Massachusetts's state legislature voted to allow the death penalty only for first-degree murder.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 The focus on the death penalty slowed while the country was busy with the issue of slavery and the American Civil War.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 However, in 1897, the United States Congress passed a law that made fewer federal crimes punishable by death.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 In 1972, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in Furman v. Georgia that the way death penalty laws were written made them unconstitutional.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 They ruled that sentencing rules were discriminatory, because black people got sentenced to death more often than whites for the same crimes.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Because of this, the death penalty was cruel and unusual punishment, which violated the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 However, by early 1975, thirty states had passed new death penalty laws that they thought would satisfy the Supreme Court.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 In Gregg v. Georgia (1976), the Supreme Court ruled that Georgia's new death penalty law was constitutional.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 It ruled that capital punishment was not always cruel and unusual punishment, as long as it was done fairly.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 This meant that states could start executing people again, as long as they had rewritten their death penalty laws like Georgia did, to say that the death penalty would be applied fairly.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 In Atkins v. Virginia (2002), the Court decided that executing people with intellectual disabilities is cruel and unusual punishment, and is against the Eighth Amendment.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Before this decision, between 1984 and 1992, forty-four people with intellectual disabilities were executed in the United States.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Also, in Roper v. Simmons (2005), the Supreme Court made it illegal to execute a person who was younger than 18 when they committed their crime.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 In 2004, two researchers named M. Watt Espy and John Ortiz Smykia put together a list of executions that became known as "The ESPY File."
Capital punishment in the United States 
 The Espy File says that between 1608 and 1991, in the American colonies and then the United States, 15,269 people were executed.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 They wrote that researchers should not use the File as a complete source of information about executions.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 According to the United States Department of Justice, between 1930 and 2002, the United States executed 4,679 people.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 During colonial times, cruel and painful methods like burning or crushing people to death were sometimes used.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 However, since 1776, all but a few executions have been carried out in one of five ways: hanging, firing squad, the electric chair, the gas chamber, or lethal injection.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Since the Bill of Rights was added to the United States Constitution in 1791, "cruel and unusual punishment" has been against the law in the United States.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 This means that even if a person commits a terrible crime, the Constitution says their punishment cannot be painful or cause suffering on purpose.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Until the beginning of the 20th century, hanging was the most common method of execution in the United States.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 After Thomas Edison discovered direct current (DC) electricity in 1882, his company showed how powerful it was by using it to kill animals.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Other states also adopted the electric chair as a method of execution, believing that it was a less painful way to die than hanging.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 However, it became clear, even to some members of the Supreme Court, that dying in an electric chair was very painful.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Also, even up until the 1990s, electric chairs would work incorrectly, causing prisoners to catch fire or be awake while they were being electrocuted.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Still looking for a more "humane" methods of execution, in 1924, Nevada prison officials tried to secretly pump cyanide gas into death row prisoner Gee Jon's cell to kill him while he slept.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Death from hydrogen cyanide poisoning can be long and painful, and in some executions, prisoners suffered long deaths.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 After one of these executions, a federal court in California ruled that "execution by lethal gas under the California protocol is unconstitutionally cruel and unusual punishment."
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Also, according to sociologist Clifton Bryant, the way it is used in the United States, "the gas chamber is ... the most dangerous, most complicated, and most expensive method of administering the death penalty."
Capital punishment in the United States 
 This was a practical decision: Oklahoma's old electric chair would need expensive repairs, and building a gas chamber would cost over $200,000.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Over the next 30 years, all of the death penalty states passed laws making lethal injection their first-choice (or only) method of execution.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 However, in the 2010s, American prisons started having trouble getting enough of the medications used to carry out lethal injections.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Then, in 2011, Hospira, the only American company that made sodium thiopental, stopped making the drug.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 However, since the European Union is against the death penalty, they made it illegal to export any product that could be used in an execution.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Another anesthetic, pentobarbital, is also only made in the European Union, and the company that makes it has put limits on selling it to U.S. government customers.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 As of 2016, many death penalty states have temporarily stopped using lethal injection until they can find a solution to this problem.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 As of January 1, 2016, fifteen states have laws that allow them to use a method of execution other than lethal injection.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 However, since they stopped being able to get lethal injection drugs, some states have thought about going back to other methods of execution.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 This table shows the death penalty laws in 49 of the 50 states; Washington, D.C.; the federal government; and the United States military, as of January 1, 2016.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 However, the state has not executed anyone in at least five years (except for people who ask to be executed).
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Click on the little triangle at the top of each header box to sort the information in this table by a certain category.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 In some areas, prosecutors ask for the death penalty, and judges grant the death penalty, more often than in other areas.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Also, once people are convicted and are on "death row," how quickly they are executed depends on the state they are in.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 On average, in 2004, death penalty states had executed about 10% of the people on their "death rows."
Capital punishment in the United States 
 One of the controversies about the death penalty is whether it is given unequally to people of different races.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 In a report in 1983, David Baldus and others wrote a famous report that looked at whether the death penalty was applied equally to people of different races in Georgia.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 McCleskey's lawyers showed that in Georgia, where McCleskey lived, black people convicted of killing whites were four times more likely to get the death penalty than people convicted of killing non-whites.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Since then, judges have not allowed lawyers to argue that racial bias plays a part in the death penalty.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 As of 2003, African Americans made up 41% of death row inmates, but only 12.6% of the United States population
Capital punishment in the United States 
 The United States Department of Justice says that between 1980 and 2008, African Americans committed 52.5% of the murders in the United States; whites committed 45.3%; and Native Americans and Asians committed 2.2%.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 The Department of Justice also says that as of 2009, Hispanic or Latino people make up 17.4% of the United States population, but only 13.5% of death row prisoners.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 A 2012 study found that non-white soldiers in the United States military are twice as likely as white soldiers to be given the death penalty.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Of the 16 soldiers the military has sentenced to death between 1985 and 2012, 10 (62.5%) were non-whites, one of the study's authors said.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 The University of Michigan Law School keeps a list of people who have been exonerated from death row.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 The list counts "exonerations" as cases where "a person who has been convicted of a crime is officially cleared based on new evidence of innocence."
Capital punishment in the United States 
 The person was convicted at least partly because police, prosecutors, judges, or other government officials abused their power (88 people were exonerated at least partly for this reason.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 The person was convicted based on forensic evidence that was wrong, exaggerated, not proven to be good science, or was fake: 32 people (28%)
Capital punishment in the United States 
 The person's lawyer gave the person an "inadequate legal defense" (the lawyer did not give the person even a basic defense, or made very serious errors during the trial): 31 people (27%)
Capital punishment in the United States 
 DNA evidence proved that 25 of these people  about 22%  were innocent of the crimes they were sentenced to death for.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Of the 116 people who were exonerated, 62 (about 53%) were black, 43 (37%) were white, 9 (8%) were Hispanic, and two were members of other races (2%).
Capital punishment in the United States 
 In the 88 cases where a government official abused their power, 51 of the exonerated people (about 58%) were black; 29 were Caucasian (33%); and 8 (9%) were Hispanic.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Seventeen of the 31 people who received an "inadequate legal defense" (about 55%) were black; 12 (about 39%) were white; and two (about 6%) were Hispanic.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 People who do not agree with the death penalty (death penalty opponents) say our trial system is not perfect.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 One study done by Columbia Law School found that there were serious mistakes in two-thirds of all capital trials.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 However, when their cases were appealed, over 80% of the defendants were not sentenced to death; 7% were found not guilty.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Opponents argue that because mistakes are so common in capital trials, people can be executed even though they were innocent.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 People who support the death penalty (death penalty supporters) say that mistakes are very rare, especially since new laws were made in the 1970s to add protections for death row inmates.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 For example, Steve Stewart, Deputy Prosecuting Attorney for the Clark County, Indiana, Fourth Judicial Court, says:
Capital punishment in the United States 
 This means that people are scared of the death penalty and are less likely to commit a capital crime if they know they could get the death penalty.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Opponents argue that nobody has ever proved that capital punishment is more of a deterrent than a long prison sentence.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 They point out that most states and countries that do not have the death penalty have lower murder rates than death penalty states.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 They also say that the death penalty is not a deterrent because people often commit murders when they are very upset and are not thinking about what might happen in the future.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Among scholars and researchers, there is no agreement about whether capital punishment is more of a deterrent than any other punishment.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Other studies have found that the death penalty is not a deterrent  in the United States, or in other countries.
Capital punishment in the United States 
 Opponents argue that defendants who are poor and/or non-white are more likely to get the death penalty than whites, even if they have committed the same crimes.