the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action,  A Michigan state constitutional amendment that bans affirmative action does not violate the Equal Protection Clause.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Smith v. Allwright,  This case looked at the Texas Democratic Party's policy of preventing black people from voting in primary elections.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Gomillion v. Lightfoot,  Electoral district boundaries drawn only to disenfranchise blacks violate the Fifteenth Amendment.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 New Negro Alliance v. Sanitary Grocery Co.,  Persons having a direct or indirect interest in terms and conditions of employment have the liberty to advertise and disseminate facts and information with respect to terms and conditions of employment, and peacefully to persuade others to concur in their views respecting an employer's practices.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 1974) This decision brought an end to the trusty system and flagrant inmate abuse at the Mississippi State Penitentiary in Parchman, Mississippi.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 It was the first body of law developed in the Fifth Circuit that abolished racial segregation in prisons and held that a variety of forms of corporal punishment against prisoners is considered cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Batson v. Kentucky,  Prosecutors may not use peremptory challenges to dismiss jurors based on their race.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Bowers v. Hardwick,  A Georgia law that criminalizes certain acts of private sexual conduct between homosexual persons does not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. (
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Romer v. Evans,  A Colorado state constitutional amendment that prevents homosexuals and bisexuals from being able to obtain protections under the law is a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Lawrence v. Texas,  A Texas law that criminalizes consensual same-sex sexual conduct furthers no legitimate state interest and violates homosexuals' right to privacy under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Goodridge v. Department of Public Health, 440 Mass. 309 (2003) The denial of marriage licenses to same-sex couples violates provisions of the state constitution guaranteeing individual liberty and equality.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 United States v. Windsor,  Ruled on Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act, which defines—for federal law purposes—the terms "marriage" and "spouse" to apply only to marriages between one man and one woman.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 The court ruled the law deprives same-sex couples, who are legally married under state law, of their Fifth Amendment guarantee of equal protection.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Obergefell v. Hodges,  In Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, and Tennessee, groups of same-sex couples sued over their right to marry.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 They said the states violated the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Griswold v. Connecticut,  A Connecticut law that criminalizes the use of contraception by married couples is unconstitutional because all Americans have a constitutionally protected right to privacy.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 This interpretation of a constitutional right to privacy led to the more famous case brought by Jane Roe against prosecutor Henry Wade.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Eisenstadt v. Baird,  A Massachusetts law that criminalizes the use of contraception by unmarried couples violates the right to privacy established in Griswold as well as the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Roe v. Wade,  The court ruled that a state law that banned abortions (except to save the life of the mother) was unconstitutional.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Carey v. Population Services International,  Laws that restrict the sale, distribution, and advertisement of contraceptives to both adults and minors are unconstitutional.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Planned Parenthood v. Casey,  A woman is still able to have an abortion before viability, but several restrictions are now permitted during the first trimester.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 The strict trimester framework of Roe is discarded and replaced with the more vague "undue burden" test.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Stenberg v. Carhart,  Laws that ban partial-birth abortion are unconstitutional if they do not make an exception for the woman's health or if they cannot be reasonably construed to apply only to the partial-birth abortion procedure and not to other abortion methods.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Gonzales v. Carhart,  The Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003 is constitutional because it is less ambiguous than the law that was struck down in Stenberg.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc.,  Closely held corporations have free exercise rights under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 As applied to such corporations, the requirement of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act that employers provide their female employees with no-cost access to contraception violates the Religious Freedom Restoration Act.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health,  When a family has requested the termination of life-sustaining treatments for their vegetative relative, the state may constitutionally oppose this request if there is not evidence that the relative would have wanted that.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Vacco v. Quill,  New York's prohibition on assisted suicide does not violate the Equal Protection Clause.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Gonzales v. Oregon,  The Controlled Substances Act does not prevent physicians from being able to prescribe the drugs needed to perform assisted suicides under state law.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States,  The Civil Rights Act of 1964 applies to places of public accommodation patronized by interstate travelers by reason of the Commerce Clause in Article One of the Constitution (Section 8, Clause 3).
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Katzenbach v. McClung,  The power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce extends to a restaurant that is not patronized by interstate travelers but which serves food that has moved in interstate commerce.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 South Carolina v. Katzenbach,  The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a valid use of Congress's power under Section 2 of the Fifteenth Amendment.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Katzenbach v. Morgan,  Congress may enact laws stemming from Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment that increase the rights of citizens beyond what the judiciary has recognized.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 City of Boerne v. Flores,  Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment does not permit Congress to substantially increase the scope of the rights determined by the judiciary.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Congress may only enact remedial or preventative measures that are consistent with the Fourteenth Amendment interpretations of the Supreme Court.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Shelby County v. Holder,  Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which contains the coverage formula that determines which state and local jurisdictions are subjected to federal preclearance from the Department of Justice before implementing any changes to their voting laws or practices based on their histories of racial discrimination in voting, is unconstitutional because it no longer reflects current societal conditions.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 546 (C.C.E.D. Pa. 1823) Some of the rights protected by the Privileges and Immunities Clause in Article Four of the Constitution (Section 2, Clause 1) include the freedom of movement through the states, the right of access to the courts, the right to purchase and hold property, an exemption from higher taxes than those paid by state residents, and the right to vote.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Schenck v. United States,  Speech is not protected under the First Amendment if it causes a danger to other people.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. famously used the comparison that free speech would not protect a person from shouting "fire" in a crowded theater and starting a panic.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 United States v. Wong Kim Ark,  With only a few narrow exceptions, every person born in the United States becomes a United States citizen at birth because of the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Afroyim v. Rusk,  The right of citizenship is protected by the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Congress has no power under the Constitution to take away a person's United States citizenship unless he or she voluntarily relinquishes (gives it up) it.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Crandall v. Nevada,  The freedom of movement is a fundamental right; a state cannot inhibit people from leaving the state by taxing them.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 United States v. Wheeler,  The Constitution grants to the states the power to prosecute individuals for wrongful interference with the right to travel.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Kent v. Dulles,  The right to travel is a part of the "liberty" of which the citizen cannot be deprived without due process of law under the Fifth Amendment.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Aptheker v. Secretary of State,  First case in which the U.S. Supreme Court considered the constitutionality of personal restrictions on the right to travel abroad and passport restrictions as they relate to Fifth Amendment due process rights and First Amendment free speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom of association rights.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 United States v. Guest,  There is a constitutional right to travel from state to state, and the protections of the Fourteenth Amendment extend to citizens who suffer rights deprivations at the hands of private conspiracies where there is minimal state participation in the conspiracy.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Ex parte Milligan,  Trying citizens in military courts is unconstitutional when civilian courts are still operating.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Trial by military tribunal is constitutional only when there is no power left but the military, and the military may validly try criminals only as long as is absolutely necessary.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Reid v. Covert,  United States citizens abroad, even when associated with the military, cannot be deprived of the protections of the Constitution and cannot be made subject to military jurisdiction.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Gates v. Collier, 501 F.2d 1291 (5th Circuit 1974) A variety of forms of corporal punishment against prisoners constituted cruel and unusual punishment and a violation of Eighth Amendment rights.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 This ruling ended the Trusty system and the flagrant inmate abuse that accompanied it at in states using the trusty system as a replacement for the convict lease system.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 O'Connor v. Donaldson,  The states cannot involuntarily commit individuals if they are not a danger to themselves or others and are capable of living by themselves or with the aid of responsible family members or friends.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Olmstead v. L.C.,  Under the Americans with Disabilities Act, people with intellectual disabilities must be allowed to live in the community if they can.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 If they can live in the community, keeping them in institutions is segregation and is discrimination.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Mapp v. Ohio,  Evidence that is obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment is inadmissible in state court.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Schmerber v. California,  The application of the Fourth Amendment's protection against warrantless searches and the Fifth Amendment privilege against self incrimination to searches that intrude into the human body means that police may not conduct warrantless blood testing on suspects absent an emergency that justifies acting without a warrant.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Katz v. United States,  The Fourth Amendment's ban on unreasonable searches and seizures applies to all places where an individual has a "reasonable expectation of privacy."
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Terry v. Ohio,  Police may stop a person if they have a reasonable suspicion that the person has committed or is about to commit a crime and frisk the suspect for weapons if they have a reasonable suspicion that the suspect is armed and dangerous without violating the Fourth Amendment.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents,  Individuals may sue federal government officials who have violated their Fourth Amendment rights even though such a suit is not authorized by law.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 The existence of a remedy for the violation is implied from the importance of the right that is violated.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 United States v. United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan,  Government officials must obtain a warrant before beginning electronic surveillance even if domestic security issues are involved.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 The "inherent vagueness of the domestic security concept" and the potential for abusing it to quell political dissent make the Fourth Amendment's protections especially important when the government engages in spying on its own citizens.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Illinois v. Gates,  The totality of the circumstances, rather than a rigid test, must be used in finding probable cause under the Fourth Amendment.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 New Jersey v. T. L. O.,  The Fourth Amendment's ban on unreasonable searches applies to those conducted by public school officials as well as those conducted by law enforcement personnel, but public school officials can use the less strict standard of reasonable suspicion instead of probable cause.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton,  Schools may implement random drug testing upon students participating in school-sponsored athletics.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Board of Education v. Earls,  Coercive drug testing imposed by school districts upon students who participate in extracurricular activities does not violate the Fourth Amendment.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Georgia v. Randolph,  Police cannot conduct a warrantless search in a home where one occupant consents and the other objects.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 In re Directives, (2008) According to the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review, an exception to the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement exists when surveillance is conducted to obtain foreign intelligence for national security purposes and is directed against foreign powers or agents of foreign powers reasonably believed to be located outside the United States.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 United States v. Jones,  Attaching a GPS device to a vehicle and then using the device to monitor the vehicle’s movements constitutes a search under the Fourth Amendment.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Riley v. California,  Police must obtain a warrant in order to search digital information on a cell phone seized from an individual who has been arrested.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Glasser v. United States,  A defense lawyer's conflict of interest arising from a simultaneous representation of codefendants violates the Assistance of Counsel Clause of the Sixth Amendment.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Gideon v. Wainwright,  All defendants have the right to an attorney and must be provided one by the state if they are unable to afford legal counsel.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Miranda v. Arizona,  Police must advise criminal suspects of their rights under the Constitution to remain silent, to consult with a lawyer, and to have one appointed to them if they are indigent.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 In re Gault,  Juvenile defendants are protected under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Michigan v. Jackson,  If a police interrogation begins after a defendant asserts his or her right to counsel at an arraignment or similar proceeding, then any waiver of that right for that police-initiated interrogation is invalid. (
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Montejo v. Louisiana,  A defendant may waive his or her right to counsel during a police interrogation even if the interrogation begins after the defendant's assertion of his or her right to counsel at an arraignment or similar proceeding.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Strickland v. Washington,  To obtain relief due to ineffective assistance of counsel, a criminal defendant must show that counsel's performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and that counsel's deficient performance gives rise to a reasonable probability that, if counsel had performed adequately, the result of the proceeding would have been different.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Padilla v. Kentucky,  Criminal defense attorneys are duty-bound to inform clients of the risk of deportation under three circumstances.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 First, where the law is unambiguous, attorneys must advise their criminal clients that deportation "will" result from a conviction.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Second, where the immigration consequences of a conviction are unclear or uncertain, attorneys must advise that deportation "may" result.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Finally, attorneys must give their clients some advice about deportation—counsel cannot remain silent about immigration consequences.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Berghuis v. Thompkins,  The right to remain silent does not exist unless a suspect invokes it unambiguously.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Salinas v. Texas,  The Fifth Amendment's protection against self-incrimination does not protect an individual's refusal to answer questions asked by law enforcement before he or she has been arrested or given the Miranda warning.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Dusky v. United States,  A defendant has the right to a competency evaluation before proceeding to trial.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 1342 (D. Mass. 1979) The competence of a committed patient is presumed until he or she is adjudicated incompetent.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Godinez v. Moran,  A defendant who is competent to stand trial is automatically competent to plead guilty or waive the right to legal counsel.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Rasul v. Bush,  The federal court system has the authority to decide if foreign nationals held at Guantanamo Bay were wrongfully imprisoned.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Hamdi v. Rumsfeld,  The federal government has the power to detain those it designates as enemy combatants, including United States citizens, but detainees that are United States citizens must have the rights of due process and the ability to challenge their enemy combatant status before an impartial authority.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Hamdan v. Rumsfeld,  The military commissions set up by the Bush administration to try detainees at Guantanamo Bay are illegal because they lack the protections that are required by the Geneva Conventions and the Uniform Code of Military Justice.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Boumediene v. Bush,  Foreign terrorism suspects held at Guantanamo Bay have the constitutional right to challenge their detention in United States courts.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Furman v. Georgia,  The arbitrary and inconsistent imposition of the death penalty violates the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments and constitutes cruel and unusual punishment.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 This decision initiates a nationwide de facto moratorium on executions that lasts until the Supreme Court's decision in Gregg v. Georgia (1976).
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Gregg v. Georgia,  Georgia's new death penalty statute is constitutional because it adequately narrows the class of defendants eligible for the death penalty.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 By evaluating the new death penalty statutes that had been passed by the states, the Supreme Court ended the moratorium on executions that began with its decision in Furman v. Georgia (1972).
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Proffitt v. Florida,  Florida's new death penalty statute is constitutional because it requires the comparison of aggravating factors to mitigating factors in order to impose a death sentence.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Jurek v. Texas,  Texas's new death penalty statute is constitutional because it uses a three-part test to determine if a death sentence should be imposed.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Woodson v. North Carolina,  North Carolina's new death penalty statute is unconstitutional because it allows a mandatory death sentence to be imposed.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Roberts v. Louisiana,  Louisiana's new death penalty statute is unconstitutional because it calls for a mandatory death sentence for a large range of crimes.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Enmund v. Florida,  A death sentence may not be imposed on offenders who are involved in a felony during which a murder is committed but who do not actually kill, attempt to kill, or intend that a killing take place.
List of landmark court decisions in the United States 
 Breard v. Greene,  The International Court of Justice does not have jurisdiction in capital punishment cases that involve foreign nationals.