the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Alexander Hamilton, in advocating the creation of the bank, argued that there was "a more or less direct" relationship between the bank and "the powers of collecting taxes, borrowing money, regulating trade between the states, and raising and maintaining fleets and navies".
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Thomas Jefferson countered that Congress's powers "can all be carried into execution without a national bank.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Marshall wrote that a Constitution listing all of Congress's powers "would partake of a prolixity of a legal code and could scarcely be embraced by the human mind".
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Since the Constitution could not possibly enumerate the "minor ingredients" of the powers of Congress, Marshall "deduced" that Congress had the authority to establish a bank from the "great outlines" of the general welfare, commerce and other clauses.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Under this doctrine of the necessary and proper clause, Congress has sweepingly broad powers (known as implied powers) not explicitly enumerated in the Constitution.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 However, the Congress cannot enact laws solely on the implied powers, any action must be necessary and proper in the execution of the enumerated powers.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The first clause in this section prevents Congress from passing any law that would restrict the importation of slaves into the United States prior to 1808.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Congress could however, levy a Per capita duty of up to ten dollars for each slave imported into the country.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 This clause was further entrenched into the Constitution by Article V, where it is explicitly shielded from constitutional amendment prior to 1808.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 On January 1, 1808, the first day it was permitted to do so, Congress approved legislation prohibiting the importation of slaves into the United States.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 A writ of habeas corpus is a legal action against unlawful detainment that commands a law enforcement agency or other body that has a person in custody to have a court inquire into the legality of the detention.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The court may order the person released if the reason for detention is deemed insufficient or unjustifiable.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The Constitution further provides that the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus may not be suspended "unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it".
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 In Ex parte Milligan (1866), the Supreme Court ruled that the suspension of habeas corpus in a time of war was lawful, but military tribunals did not apply to citizens in states that had upheld the authority of the Constitution and where civilian courts were still operating.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 An ex post facto law is a law which applies retroactively, punishing someone for an act that was only made criminal after it was done.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Section Nine reiterates the provision from Section Two that direct taxes must be apportioned by state populations.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 This clause was also explicitly shielded from constitutional amendment prior to 1808 by Article V.  In 1913, the 16th Amendment exempted income taxes from this clause.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Congress may not, by revenue or commerce legislation, give preference to ports of one state over those of another; neither may it require ships from one state to pay duties in another.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Modern practice is that Congress annually passes a number of appropriations bills authorizing the expenditure of public money.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 In addition, it specifies that no civil officer may accept, without the consent of Congress, any gift, payment, office or title from a foreign ruler or state.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 States may not exercise certain powers reserved for the federal government: they may not enter into treaties, alliances or confederations, grant letters of marque or reprisal, coin money or issue bills of credit (such as currency).
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Furthermore, no state may make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts, which expressly forbids any state government (but not the federal government) from "making a tender" (i.e., authorizing something that may be offered in payment) of any type or form of money to meet any financial obligation, unless that form of money is coins made of gold or silver (or a medium of exchange backed by and redeemable in gold or silver coins, as noted in Farmers & Merchants Bank v. Federal Reserve Bank).
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Much of this clause is devoted to preventing the States from using or creating any currency other than that created by Congress.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 44, Madison explains that "... it may be observed that the same reasons which shew the necessity of denying to the States the power of regulating coin, prove with equal force that they ought not to be at liberty to substitute a paper medium in the place of coin.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Had every State a right to regulate the value of its coin, there might be as many different currencies as States; and thus the intercourse among them would be impeded."
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Moreover, the states may not pass bills of attainder, enact ex post facto laws, impair the obligation of contracts, or grant titles of nobility.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The case involved the Yazoo land scandal, in which the Georgia legislature authorized the sale of land to speculators at low prices.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The bribery involved in the passage of the authorizing legislation was so blatant that a Georgia mob attempted to lynch the corrupt members of the legislature.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Following elections, the legislature passed a law that rescinded the contracts granted by the corrupt legislators.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Marshall argued that the sale of land by the Georgia legislature, though fraught with corruption, was a valid "contract".
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 He added that the state had no right to annul the purchase of the land, since doing so would impair the obligations of contract.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The case of Trustees of Dartmouth College v. Woodward involved Dartmouth College, which had been established under a Royal Charter granted by King George III.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 In 1815, however, New Hampshire passed a law increasing the board's membership to twenty-one with the aim that public control could be exercised over the College.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The Court, including Marshall, ruled that New Hampshire could not amend the charter, which was ruled to be a contract since it conferred "vested rights" on the trustees.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Later in that year, the state of New York passed a bankruptcy law, under which the debt was later discharged.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The Supreme Court ruled that a retroactively applied state bankruptcy law impaired the obligation to pay the debt, and therefore violated the Constitution.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 In Ogden v. Saunders (1827), however, the court decided that state bankruptcy laws could apply to debts contracted after the passage of the law.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 State legislation on the issue of bankruptcy and debtor relief has not been much of an issue since the adoption of a comprehensive federal bankruptcy law in 1898.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 States may not, without the consent of Congress, tax imports or exports except for the fulfillment of state inspection laws (which may be revised by Congress).
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Under the Compact Clause, states may not, without the consent of Congress, keep troops or armies during times of peace.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 They may not enter into alliances nor compacts with foreign states, nor engage in war unless invaded.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 States may, however, organize and arm a militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress. (
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The National Guard, whose members are also members of the militia of the United States as defined by , fulfill this function, as do persons serving in State Militias with federal oversight under .
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The idea of allowing Congress to have say over agreements between states traces back to the numerous controversies that arose between various colonies.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 Eventually compromises would be created between the two colonies and these compromises would be submitted to the Crown for approval.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 After the American Revolutionary War, the Articles of Confederation allowed states to appeal to Congress to settle disputes between the states over boundaries or "any cause whatever".
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The Articles of Confederation also required Congressional approval for "any treaty or alliance" in which a state was one of the parties.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 There have been a number of Supreme Court cases concerning what constitutes valid congressional consent to an interstate compact.
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 In Virginia v. Tennessee, , the Court found that some agreements among states stand even when lacking the explicit consent of Congress. (
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 One example the court gave was a state moving some goods from a distant state to itself, it would not require Congressional approval to contract with another state to use its canals for transport.)
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 According to the Court, the Compact Clause requires congressional consent only if the agreement among the states is "directed to the formation of any combination tending to the increase of political power in the States, which may encroach upon or interfere with the just supremacy of the United States".
Article One of the United States Constitution 
 The congressional consent issue is at the center of the current debate over the constitutionality of the not yet effective National Popular Vote Interstate Compact entered into by several states plus the District of Columbia.
Victory Day 
 Victory Day (also shortened as V-Day) is a common name of many different public holidays in various countries.
Victory Day 
 In most cases it is to commemorate victories in important battles or wars in the countries' history.
Victory Day 
 For example, in Russia, it is celebrated on May 9th for the defeat of Nazi Germany in what Russia calls "The Great Patriotic War" (World War II).
Victory Day 
 For the United States and Britain, the victory in Europe (celebrated as Victory in Europe Day or V-E Day) was only part of the victory.
Victory Day 
 The war in the Pacific did not end for the US and Britain until the Japanese surrender on Sept. 2, 1945.
Victory Day 
 In France, their Victory Day also celebrated the end of World War II and is celebrated on May 8, 1945, when Charles de Gaulle announced the end of the war.
Collard greens 
 Collard greens are part of the acephala group of the species, which includes kale and spring greens.
Elizabeth Garrett 
 Helen Elizabeth Garrett, commonly known as Elizabeth Garrett, (1963 – March 6, 2016), was an American professor of law and an academic administrator.
Elizabeth Garrett 
 In 2010, she became Provost and Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs at the University of Southern California.
Paul Ryan (cartoonist) 
 Paul Ryan (September 23, 1949 – March 6, 2016) was an American comic book and comic strip cartoonist.
Vernon L. Smith 
 He worked at Chapman University's Argyros School of Business and Economics and School of Law in Orange, California.
Vernon L. Smith 
 He is the founder and president of the International Foundation for Research in Experimental Economics, a Member of the Board of Advisors for The Independent Institute, and a Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute in Washington D.C..
Vernon L. Smith 
 In 2004 Smith was honored with an honorary doctoral degree at Universidad Francisco Marroquín, the institution that named the Vernon Smith Center for Experimental Economics Research after him.
Radiometer 
 A radiometer or roentgenometer is a device for measuring the radiant flux (power) of electromagnetic radiation.
Reading Rainbow 
 In 2012, an iPad and Kindle Fire educational interactive book was launched with the Reading Rainbow name.
Reading Rainbow 
 The public television series won over 200 broadcast awards, including a Peabody Award and 26 Emmy Awards.
Paul Webley 
 He was the Director and Principal of the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London from 2006 to 2015.
Paul Webley 
 Webley was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to higher education.
Sheila Varian 
 Sheila Varian (August 8, 1936 – March 6, 2016) was an American breeder and trainer of Arabian horses.
I've Been to the Mountaintop 
 I've Been to the Mountaintop is the name of the last speech Martin Luther King, Jr. gave before he died.
I've Been to the Mountaintop 
 The sanitation (garbage) workers in Memphis were on strike because they got paid very little, and their work was dangerous.
I've Been to the Mountaintop 
 King thought that if protesters or the people on strike were violent, other people would only pay attention to the violence.
I've Been to the Mountaintop 
 King suggested boycotting things sold by white businesses as a nonviolent way of protesting and getting people's attention.
I've Been to the Mountaintop 
 If they stopped buying things from businesses owned by white people, then those businesses would lose a lot of money.
I've Been to the Mountaintop 
 King is saying that like Moses, he has "been to the mountaintop" and seen the Promised Land  a society where black people have peace and equal rights.
I've Been to the Mountaintop 
 However, he tells his listeners that, like the people of Israel, African-Americans as a people will get to the Promised Land.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference 
 Today, the SCLC says it is "a nonprofit, non-sectarian, inter-faith, advocacy organization that is committed to nonviolent action to achieve social, economic, and political justice."
Southern Christian Leadership Conference 
 On January 10, 1957, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. invited about 60 black pastors and leaders to Atlanta, Georgia.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference 
 However, they agreed that they would only use non-violent ways of protesting and trying to make change.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference 
 They also chose Dr. King as their president, and chose the name "Southern Christian Leadership Conference."
Southern Christian Leadership Conference 
 The SCLC also chose a group of leaders called the Board of Directors to be in charge of making final decisions and planning strategies.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference 
 Groups like the Ku Klux Klan and the White Citizens' Council used violence and terrorism to attack civil rights activists.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference 
 These schools taught African-American adults to read so they could get driver's licenses; fill out forms; open bank accounts; and pass literacy tests that only black people had to pass to sign up to vote.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference 
 Secretly, they were teaching about democracy, civil rights, leadership, getting people together to protest, politics, and protest strategies.
Southern Christian Leadership Conference 
 Leading a campaign in Birmingham, Alabama, which succeeded in de-segregating its downtown stores (1963)
Southern Christian Leadership Conference 
 Helping to organize a protest march where about 25,000 people walked from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery, Alabama to support equal voting rights for African-Americans (1965)
Southern Christian Leadership Conference 
 About 3,000 people set up a "tent city" on the Washington Mall, and stayed there for six weeks (1968)
Southern Christian Leadership Conference 
 Continued Dr. King's Poor People's Campaign, which united poor people of all races from all over the country (1968)
Southern Christian Leadership Conference 
 The Campaign got the U.S. government to create programs for poor people, including the Food Stamp Program; free meal programs for poor children; and programs for work, child care, and health insurance for poor people
Southern Christian Leadership Conference 
 Protested the Apollo 11 launch, saying that the government was spending so much money on the Space Race that they could be spending to help poor Americans (1969)
Southern Christian Leadership Conference 
 Racial profiling (assuming something about a person because of their race; for example, assuming a black person is a criminal because they are black)
Southern Christian Leadership Conference 
 Educating young people and adults about personal responsibility, leadership, and doing things to help their community
Comet Swift–Tuttle 
 It is the parent body of the Perseid meteor shower, perhaps the best known shower and among the most reliable in performance.
Comet Swift–Tuttle 
 A close encounter with Earth is predicted for the comet's return to the inner Solar System in the year 4479, around Sept. 15; the closest approach is estimated to be 0.03–0.05 AU, with a probability of impact of 1, or 0.0001%.
Comet Swift–Tuttle 
 It is the largest Solar System object that makes repeated close approaches to Earth with a relative velocity of 60 km/s.
Comet Swift–Tuttle 
 An unusual aspect of its orbit is that it is captured into a 1:11 orbital resonance with Jupiter; it completes one orbit for every 11 of Jupiter.
Spenserian stanza 
 The Spenserian stanza is a fixed verse form invented by Edmund Spenser for his epic poem The Faerie Queene.
Spenserian stanza 
 The first eight lines are in iambic pentameter, that is consist of ten syllables, followed by a single alexandrine line in iambic hexameter, that is are made up of twelve syllables.
Spenserian stanza 
 Many poets used the stanza after Spenser, for example Lord Byron (Chlide Harold's Pilgrimage), Percy Bysshe Shelley (Adonais), John Keats (The Eve of St. Agnes) and Alfred Tennyson (The Lotos-Eaters).
Spenserian stanza 
 Only few poets employed it in Central Europe, for example Juliusz Słowacki, Jan Kasprowicz and Jaroslav Vrchlický.
African fish eagle 
 It is found throughout sub-Saharan Africa where there are large bodies of open water with plenty of fish.
Caracol Televisión 
 Caracol Televisión is the most viewed national television network in Colombia, founded in 1969 and Caracol Internacional (television channel).
Fatima Naoot 
 In January 2016, the Egyptian government sentenced Naoot to jail for 3 years after she wrote on Facebook about killing sheep for the Eid holiday.
Fatima Naoot 
 Fatima Naoot always seeks for freedom without any authority even if this authority will belong to any religion.
Fatima Naoot 
 In October she published a post on Facebook was describing "the Eid Al-Adha’s tradition of slaughtering sheep as the “greatest massacre committed by human beings.”
Fatima Naoot 
 Thus she wrote through Ahram Online report "that humans justified their lust for killing and enjoying the smell of cooking game by attempting to bestow a divine meaning to their actions.”
Fatima Naoot 
 And because of the law that added in 1982 a legislation which stated that there is from six months to five years and fines of LE500 to LE1000 for anyone who uses religion to promote, through speech, writing, or any other medium, extremist ideas with the aim of spreading discord or to belittle one of the monotheistic religions or their different sects, or to harm national unity.
Fatima Naoot 
 Although she said in front of the court that "she did not aim to insult Islam, but she just explained her point of view.
Fatima Naoot 
 Naoot said through Middle east online "I’m not sad about the sentencing as I don’t care about going to jail.
Fatima Naoot 
 As a result, THE ARAB NETWORK FOR HUMAN RIGHTS INFORMATION issued a statement which is "“the recent surge in the prosecution of opinion makers comes in conjunction with a fierce security campaign launched by security bodies against freedom of opinion and expression, with the aim of narrowing the overall climate of freedom of opinion and expression.
Fatima Naoot 
 Such a matter, in turn, makes Egypt one of the most Arab countries that show hostility to freedom of expression as well as press freedom, especially that about 59 journalists have remained in prison so far.”
Fatima Naoot 
 Fatma is not a political figure, she is an Egyptian writer, poet, translator and journalist who always says her point of view.
Guadarrama National Park 
 Guadarrama National Park has eleven different types of places for plants and animals to live (ecologies).
Donald Riegle 
 In 2016 and 2020, Riegle endorsed Bernie Sanders for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States.
Southern American English 
 Southern American English (aka Southern U.S. English or Southern drawl) is a group of American English dialects used in the Southern United States.
Southern American English 
 Southern English is usually used in Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma, Georgia and parts of Florida.
Southern American English 
 Modern day Southern English dialects have been used in states including Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, southern Iowa, south central Indiana, southern Ohio and Kansas.
Southern American English 
 In Southern English, people use terms like ain't, you was, been (rather than have been) and that there.
Geomagnetic reversal 
 A geomagnetic reversal is a change in a planet's magnetic field such that the positions of magnetic north and magnetic south are interchanged.
Geomagnetic reversal 
 This has happened 183 times over the last 83 million years, averaging about two or three times per million years.
Geomagnetic reversal 
 Before a change of magnetic field, the Earth's magnetic field becomes weaker and moves around, like a spinning top would before it falls.
Geomagnetic reversal 
 Scientists know this as a result of studies of magnetism on the sea floor, near the mid-Atlantic ridge.
Geomagnetic reversal 
 The lava slowly moves out of this crevasse (gap in the sea floor) and then it cools with its iron oxide molecules all pointing in the new direction of the Earth's magnetic field.
Geomagnetic reversal 
 The latest one, the Brunhes–Matuyama reversal, occurred 780,000 years ago; and may have happened very quickly, within a human lifetime.
Geomagnetic reversal 
 A brief complete reversal, known as the Laschamp event, occurred only 41,000 years ago during the last glacial period.
Geomagnetic reversal 
 That reversal lasted only about 440 years with the actual change of polarity lasting around 250 years.
Geomagnetic reversal 
 The past record of geomagnetic reversals was first noticed by observing the magnetic stripe reversals on the ocean floor.
Geomagnetic reversal 
 No existing unsubducted sea floor is more than about 180 million years old, so other methods are used for detecting older reversals.