the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Smoothbore 
 When the lever (or in later models a trigger) was pulled, it lowered the smoldering match into the flash pan.
Smoothbore 
 The flash from the primer travelled through the touch hole igniting the main charge of propellant in the gun barrel.
Smoothbore 
 The main advantage of the matchlock was that it allowed the shooter to hold the weapon at eye level so as to better aim the weapon.
Smoothbore 
 Another improvement replaced the flashpan with a smaller “priming pan” that held a smaller amount of black powder.
Smoothbore 
 When the powder and ball were loaded into the barrel, it was then tamped (pushed) down with the ramrod.
Smoothbore 
 Flintlocks were the main firearm for the next 200 to 300 years before being replaced by percussion cap guns.
Smoothbore 
 In 1816, Joshua Shaw, an artist living in Philadelphia, painted fulminate of mercury on the inside of copper caps.
Smoothbore 
 It added the step of placing a cap on the nipple cone, but it was a real advantage to troops in battle.
Smoothbore 
 They were built in different diameter barrels to fire anything from a small rock to a  cast iron ball.
Smoothbore 
 The Germans had some of the best gunners in Europe and developed cannon that could hit targets at up to .
Smoothbore 
 Next, the Swedish under Gustavus Adolphus developed lightweight cannons that could easily move around the battlefield.
Smoothbore 
 In 1742, Englishman Benjamin Robins wrote New Principles of Gunnery where he added science to the field of ballistics.
Smoothbore 
 He developed carronades which were short, lightweight smoothbore cannons that could be used on the decks of ships.
Smoothbore 
 During the American Revolutionary War, the British had a number of different cannons as well as mortars.
Smoothbore 
 In 1853 France introduced the Canon-obusier de 12, a 12-pounder capable of firing both shot and shell.
Smoothbore 
 The U.S. Army adopted the Napoleon 12-pounder in 1857 as the Model 1857 12-Pounder Napoleon Field Gun.
Rüeggisberg 
 Rüeggisberg is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Rüegsau 
 Rüegsau is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Rumendingen 
 Rumendingen is a municipality of the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Rumisberg 
 Rumisberg is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Rümligen 
 Rümligen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Muzzleloader 
 A muzzleloader is any firearm where the projectile and usually the propellant charge is loaded from the muzzle of the gun.
Muzzleloader 
 These include sidelock, flintlock and percussion models of the Pennsylvania rifle (after the early 1800s called the Kentucky rifle).
Muzzleloader 
 It usually, but not always, involves the use of a loose propellant (like gunpowder) and a projectile, as well as a separate method of ignition or priming.
Muzzleloader 
 The matchlock, named for its firing mechanism, was the first invention that made it possible to keep both hands on the weapon and at the same time keep the shooter's eyes on the target.
Muzzleloader 
 The design allowed a cloth or stick with a flame on the end—called a "match"—to be lowered into a "flashpan" filled with gunpowder which ignited the main charge, firing the gun.
Muzzleloader 
 Marin le Bourgeoys, a Frenchman is credited with inventing the Flintlock mechanism sometime in the 1620s.
Muzzleloader 
 From 1660 to 1840, flintlock muzzleloading rifles and pistols were used by every European and American army.
Muzzleloader 
 By covering the priming powder until the gun was fired, it would usually work even in windy or damp weather.
Muzzleloader 
 In 1816, Joshua Shaw, an artist living in Philadelphia, painted fulminate of mercury on the inside of copper caps.
Muzzleloader 
 It added the step of placing a cap on the nipple cone, but it was a real advantage to troops in battle.
Muzzleloader 
 It worked only in breech-loading weapons and together they quickly replaced the muzzleloader in common use.
Muzzleloader 
 Unlike older muzzleloading mortars, which were loaded the same way as muzzleloading cannon, the modern mortar is fired by dropping the shell down the barrel.
Muzzleloader 
 However, since the mortar is not loaded in separate steps makes its definition as a muzzleloader a matter of opinion.
Muzzleloader 
 They were muzzleloaders built in different diameter barrels to fire anything from a small rock to a  cast iron ball.
Muzzleloader 
 The Germans had some of the best gunners in Europe and developed cannon that could hit targets at up to .
Muzzleloader 
 Next, the Swedish under Gustavus Adolphus developed lightweight cannons that could easily move around the battlefield.
Muzzleloader 
 In 1742, Englishman Benjamin Robins wrote New Principles of Gunnery where he added science to the field of ballistics.
Muzzleloader 
 He developed carronades which were short, lightweight muzzleloading smoothbore cannons that could be used on the decks of ships.
Muzzleloader 
 During the American Revolutionary War, the British had a number of different cannons as well as mortars.
Muzzleloader 
 In 1853 France introduced the Canon-obusier de 12, a 12-pounder capable of firing both shot and shell also called a "Napoleon".
Muzzleloader 
 The U.S. Army adopted the Napoleon 12-pounder in 1857 as the Model 1857 12-Pounder Napoleon Field Gun.
Blowback 
 Blowback is a system of operation for self-loading firearms that obtains energy from the motion of the cartridge case as it is pushed to the rear by expanding gases created by the ignition of the propellant charge.
Blowback 
 Several blowback systems exist within this broad principle of operation, each distinguished by the methods used to control bolt movement.
Blowback 
 In most actions that use blowback operation, the breech is not locked mechanically at the time of firing: the inertia of the bolt and recoil spring(s), relative to the weight of the bullet, delays opening of the breech until the bullet has left the barrel.
Blowback 
 A few locked breech designs use a form of blowback (example: primer actuation) to perform the unlocking function.
Blowback 
 Other operating principles for self-loading firearms include blow forward, gas operation, recoil operation, revolver, Gatling, and chain.
Blowback 
 The blowback principle may be considered a simplified form of gas operation, since the cartridge case behaves like a piston driven by the powder gases.
Blowback 
 Simple blowback operation is where the recoil of the cartridge moves the bolt rearwards to reload the next round.
Blowback 
 This operation is found in automatic pistols and submachine guns and firearms chambered in lower pressure rounds.
Blowback 
 The likes of rifle rounds which have higher pressures is usually deemed unsuitable for simple blowback operation.
Blowback 
 However, there is Delayed Blowback where the chamber is locked until the pressures drop to a safe level to reload.
Blowback 
 Delayed blowback is similar to simple blowback but is capable of handling the pressures of rifle rounds.
Blowback 
 Lever delayed blowback is where the bolt has a lever that slows the opening of the bolt but accelerates the bolt carrier, the bolt then also accelerates with the bolt carrier.
Blowback 
 Roller delayed blowback is where the bolt has two rollers that pop out both sides of the bolt to lock the chamber.
Blowback 
 Primer actuated blowback is when the round is fired, the primer moves the firing pin rearwards to unlock the bolt.
Llullaillaco 
 It lies in the Puna de Atacama, a region of very high volcanic peaks on a high plateau within the Atacama Desert, one of the driest places in the world.
Llullaillaco 
 They found archaeological evidence that people were at the top of Llullaillaco in the pre-Columbian period.
Llullaillaco 
 During 1983–1985, American archaeologist Johan Reinhard directed three surveys of archaeological sites on the summit and slopes  of the mountain.
Llullaillaco 
 The volcano is in the Chile-Argentina boder and is part, on the Chilean part, of the Llullaillaco National Park ().
Llullaillaco 
 It is an ultra-prominent peak, or Ultra for short, because it has as a summit with a topographic prominence of  or more.
Province of Antofagasta 
 The Province of Antofagasta () is one of three provinces in the northern Chilean region of Antofagasta (II).
Province of Antofagasta 
 The Antofagasta province is bordered on the north by the Tocopilla and El Loa provinces, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Atacama region (Chañaral province) and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
Province of Antofagasta 
 (last national census), there were 318,779 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².
Province of Antofagasta 
 The largest city of the province is Antofagasta, its  capital, with a population, in 2002, of 285,255 inhabitants.
Province of Antofagasta 
 As a province, the Antofagasta province is a second-level administrative division, consisting of four  communes (comunas).
Province of El Loa 
 The Province of El Loa () is one of three provinces of the northern Chilean region of Antofagasta (II).
Province of El Loa 
 The province is bordered on the north by the Tarapacá region, on the east by Bolivia, on the south by Argentina and on the west by the Antofagasta and the Tocopilla provinces.
Province of El Loa 
 (last national census), there were 143,689 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².
Province of El Loa 
 The largest city of the province is Calama, its  capital, with a population, in 2002, of 126,135 inhabitants.
Province of El Loa 
 As a province, the El Loa province is a second-level administrative division, consisting of three communes (comunas).
Bill Burr 
 He is the host of the Monday Morning Podcast, and appeared in the AMC crime-drama show Breaking Bad.
Bill Burr 
 In 2013, The New York Times wrote that Burr "has been one of the funniest, most distinctive voices in the country for years.
Elizabeth Lada 
 The American Astronomical Society honored her work by awarding her the Annie Jump Cannon Award in Astronomy Prize in 1992.
Meessen De Clercq 
 In 2007, art historian Olivier Meessen and art lover Jan De Clercq began to work to start a contemporary art gallery in Brussels.
Ruppoldsried 
 Ruppoldsried is a former municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Ruppoldsried 
 On 1 January 2013 the former municipality of Ruppoldsried merged into the municipality of Rapperswil.
Rüschegg 
 Rüschegg is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Rüti bei Büren 
 Rüti bei Büren is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Rüti bei Lyssach 
 Rüti bei Lyssach is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Rüti bei Riggisberg 
 Rüti bei Riggisberg was a municipality of the district Seftigen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Rüti bei Riggisberg 
 On 1 January 2009 the former municipality of Rüti bei Riggisberg merged into the municipality of Riggisberg.
Rütschelen 
 Rütschelen is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Ignasi Aballí 
 Inside Job (with Karin Sander), curated by Maria de Corral and Dan Cameron, galerie Nächt St. Stephan, Wien (Austria)
Chevron (geology) 
 Turbidites, with alternating sandstones and shales, are the typical geological setting for chevron folds to occurs.
Meteorite strewnfield 
 A meteorite strewnfield is the area where meteorites and glassy tektites from a single meteor fall are found.
Rifling 
 At about that same time some crossbows fired a bolt (short heavy arrow) through a tube with spiral grooving.
Rifling 
 From this early beginning and a number of different guns, the smoothbore  Musket was in use in Europe by the 15th century.
Rifling 
 While it could not fire and reload as fast as an archer and could not be reloaded on horseback, it could penetrate armor.
Rifling 
 Its greatest advantage over the bow was that anyone could learn to fire a musket in a very short period of time.
Rifling 
 In 1722 the army adopted a standard musket called the Brown Bess and continued to use it until about the 1830s.
Rifling 
 This sent bullets flying generally in the direction of the enemy on the theory that at least some of the bullets would hit some of the soldiers.
Rifling 
 In the heat of battle, soldiers who wanted reload and fire faster sometimes omitted ramming the bullet and powder into the barrel with the ramrod.
Rifling 
 Sometimes the bullet would do little more than dribble out of the barrel and travel only a short distance.
Rifling 
 Without their officers giving them every command, the British soldiers could not function as a unit.
Rifling 
 In 1849, a French army officer, Claude-Étienne Minié, invented a bullet with a hollow base named for him called the Minié ball.
Rifling 
 At the time of the American Civil War, both the Union and the Confederate armies were using smoothbore muskets out of necessity.
Rifling 
 Button Rifling - (most commonly used) Pushes a hardened steel button into the unrifled barrel of a gun.
Rifling 
 Then the outside of the barrel is hammered until it becomes smaller and forms the rifling around the mandrel.
Province of Tocopilla 
 The Province of Tocopilla () is one of three provinces of the northern Chilean region of Antofagasta (II).
Province of Tocopilla 
 The province is bordered on the north by the Tarapacá region, on the east by the El Loa province, on the south by the Antofagasta province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
Province of Tocopilla 
 (last national census), there were 31,516 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².
Province of Tocopilla 
 The largest city of the province is Tocopilla, its  capital, with a population, in 2002, of 23,352 inhabitants.
Province of Tocopilla 
 As a province, the Tocopilla province is a second-level administrative division, consisting of two communes (comunas).
Konolfingen (district) 
 The district of Konolfingen in the Swiss canton of Bern has 29 municipalities in an area of 214 km².
La Neuveville (district) 
 The district of La Neuveville in the Swiss canton of Bern has 5 municipalities in an area of 59 km².
List of programs broadcast by Cartoon Network 
 This is a list of pilot movies on Cartoon Network, along with their status and premiere dates for each.
Frederick McDonald 
 In 1922 he stood for election to the Australian House of Representatives, and won the new seat of Barton for the Labor Party.
Frederick McDonald 
 His main opponent was Hector Lamond, who had been the Nationalist member for the abolished seat of Illawarra.
Frederick McDonald 
 McDonald took the result to court, claiming that Ley had tried to bribe him, asking him not to put in his nomination papers.
Frederick McDonald 
 However, on 15 April 1926 McDonald disappeared on his way to a meeting with New South Wales Premier Jack Lang.
Frederick McDonald 
 He is also suspected of being involved in the suspicious deaths of other of his political opponents.
Aster Yohannes 
 In 2016, Samantha Power, the U.S. Ambassador to the U.N., named her one of twenty women political prisoners in the Free the 20 campaign.
Aster Yohannes 
 Yohannes' husband, Petros Solomon, is a member of the G-15, a group of politicians who called for reforms.
Tocopilla 
 The commune is bordered on the north by the Tarapacá region, on the east by the María Elena commune, on the south by the Antofagasta province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
Tocopilla 
 (last national census), there were 23,986 people living in the commune, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².
Tocopilla 
 The inhabitants of Tocopilla are known as Tocopillian; in Spanish, tocopillano for men andTocopillana for women.
Damian Lillard 
 Damian Lamonte Ollie Lillard (born July 15, 1990) is an American professional basketball player for the Portland Trail Blazers of the National Basketball Association (NBA).
Damian Lillard 
 In 2014, he made a game winning buzzer beater in game 6 against the Houston Rockets to help the Blazers win the playoff series.
Damian Lillard 
 He competed in the 3-Point Contest, Slam Dunk Contest, Skills Challenge, Rising Stars Challenge, and the All-Star Game.
Damian Lillard 
 He is also a music artist that goes by the stage name Dame D.O.L.L.A, releasing most recently releasing the rap album, Confirmed.
Niedersimmental (district) 
 The district of Niedersimmental in the Swiss canton of Bern has 9 municipalities in an area of 306 km².
Obersimmental (district) 
 The district of Obersimmental in the Swiss canton of Bern has 4 municipalities in an area of 334 km².
Schwarzenburg (district) 
 The district of Schwarzenburg in the Swiss canton of Bern has 4 municipalities in an area of 157 km².
Bern-Mittelland (administrative district) 
 The administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the Swiss canton of Bern has 98 municipalities in an area of 947 km².
Year 100 problem 
 It happened because some early computer programs of Taiwan were made to handle only years containing 2 digits of the Minguo calendar system, and people started fearing that date-related processing would happen incorrectly for dates and times after December 31 2010.
Year 100 problem 
 The event caused a big concern that very important industries (such as electricity or financial) and government functions would stop working at exactly midnight, January 1 2011, and on other critical dates which were called "event horizons".
Year 100 problem 
 However, the government sector restricted themselves to using the Minguo calendar system, so it didn't affect most of the private sector.
Year 100 problem 
 More people were panicked by press coverage and other media reports, as well as corporate and government reports.
Year 100 problem 
 Debate continues on whether the absence of computer failures was the result of the preparation undertaken or whether the problem had been bigger than expected.
Frank E. Sagendorph, 2nd 
 Frank Elijah Sagendorph, 2nd (March 28, 1883 – May 5, 1972) was a leading Philadelphia industrialist and president of the Penn Metal Corporation of Pennsylvania, also known as Penco, which was headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Frank E. Sagendorph, 2nd 
 He was a Republican in politics, and was a member of the vestry of the Protestant Episcopal Church of St. John the Evangelist in Lansdowne, Pennsylvania.
Frank E. Sagendorph, 2nd 
 They had three children, William L Sagendorph, Frank E. Sagendorph 3rd, and Suzanne Sagendorph Welsh.
Frank E. Sagendorph, 2nd 
 Frank E. Sagendorph, 2nd died May 5, 1972 and was buried at Arlington Cemetery in Upper Darby, Pennsylvania.
L. Lewis Sagendorph 
 L. Lewis Sagendorph (September 26, 1842 - April 13, 1909) was an American inventor and leading manufacturer of sheet metal products in the late 19th and very early 20th centuries.
L. Lewis Sagendorph 
 Longley Lewis Sagendorph, Jr. was born in Hudson, New York and later moved to Rhode Island where he served in the with the 10th Rhode Island Regiment in the American Civil War.
Pennsylvania rifle 
 The Pennsylvania rifle, from about 1815 on, almost universally known as the Kentucky rifle, is a special American gun.
Pennsylvania rifle 
 The Pennsylvania rifle was the product of German gun makers who moved to Pennsylvania hundreds of years ago.
Pennsylvania rifle 
 The Pennsylvania rifle developed from earlier and much heavier Jaeger rifle which were brought to the American colonies by German gunsmiths.
Pennsylvania rifle 
 Like the longer and heavier smoothbore muskets of the time, both were not well suited for hunting in America.
Pennsylvania rifle 
 These gunsmiths centered their activities around Lancaster County, Pennsylvania for a number of good reasons.
Pennsylvania rifle 
 From about 1730 and through the War of 1812, the Pennsylvania rifle was the preferred long range rifle in America.
Pennsylvania rifle 
 During the American Revolutionary War companies of Pennsylvania riflemen created disruption behind the British lines.
Pennsylvania rifle 
 Well out of range of the British Brown Bess smoothbore musket, militiamen and snipers could target individual soldiers and officers from a long distance.
Pennsylvania rifle 
 But an American sharpshooter with his long rifle could pick off a British general who thought he was far enough away from the battle to be safe.
Pennsylvania rifle 
 But they most certainly did exist and played an important part in battles such as the Battle of Saratoga in 1777 and the Battle of New Orleans in 1815.
Pennsylvania rifle 
 Whether the design was called a Kentucky rifle, a Schimmel, southern poor boys or a Tennessee rifle, many have consistently been manufactured in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
Pennsylvania rifle 
 In a situation where there might be Hand-to-hand fighting, the Pennsylvania rifle was too delicate to use as a club.
Pennsylvania rifle 
 Worse, due to the barrel length, the shooter almost had to stand up to carefully measure the powder, load the ball and patch, and tamp it down with a ramrod.
Pennsylvania rifle 
 It is no wonder Pennsylvania riflemen hid behind trees so as not to expose themselves to enemy fire.
Company (military unit) 
 Most companies are made up of from three to six platoons, although the exact number may vary by country.
Company (military unit) 
 In the United States military, before the September 11 attacks, companies trained in conventional warfare for basic offensive and defensive operations.
Company (military unit) 
 For example, a corps of engineering such as the Royal Engineers use the term squadron for a company.
Arrondissements of the Vienne department 
 The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into arrondissements, which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs).
Arrondissements of the Vienne department 
 If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.
Arrondissements of the Vienne department 
 1790 : creation of the Vienne department with six districts: Châtellerault, Civray, Loudun, Lusignan, Montmorillon and Poitiers.
Arrondissements of the Vienne department 
 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Châtellerault, Civray, Loudun, Montmorillon and Poitiers; Lusignan was left out.
Arrondissement of Châtellerault 
 The arrondissement of Châtellerault is an arrondissement of France, in the Vienne department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.
Arrondissement of Châtellerault 
 When the Vienne department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Châtellerault was part of that original department.
Arrondissement of Châtellerault 
 The arrondissement of Châtellerault is in northern Vienne  and is bordered to the northwest by the Maine-et-Loire department, to the north and east by the Indre-et-Loire department, to the southeast by the Indre department (a small part) and the arrondissement of Montmorillon, to the south by the arrondissement of Poitiers and to the west by the  Deux-Sèvres department.
Arrondissement of Châtellerault 
 After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.
Arrondissement of Châtellerault 
 In the arrondissement of Châtellerault, there are 4 cantons whose communes are in the arrondissement: Châtellerault-1, Châtellerault-2, Châtellerault-3 and Loudun.
Gunsmith 
 England did not develop gunsmiths as quickly as other European countries and to change this, King Henry VIII invited leading gunsmiths in Europe to come live and work in England.
Gunsmith 
 Before the American Revolutionary War in the American colonies, gunsmithing was a time-consuming process.
Gunsmith 
 These gunmakers came to the American colonies along with other craftsmen from England, and later from Germany and Switzerland.