the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
SKN St. Pölten 
 They won over SV Wörgl (3-0), SW Bregenz (2–1) and a sensational 5-1 victory overAustria Salzburg in the third round.
SKN St. Pölten 
 In autumn 2009 the club could present the plans for the new stadium which is currently built in the Ratzersdorf district of St.Pölten.
SKN St. Pölten 
 The SKN St. Poelten currently has ten youth teams for children from the age of 7 to 15, with a total of 150 children and youths.
SKN St. Pölten 
 In addition to the junior teams, the club has a second team (SKN II), which plays their games in the Mid Western League, with the squad mostly consisting of squad players under the age of 18.
House of Bourbon-Parma 
 The Bourbons of Parma are a royal family who ruled the Duchy of Parma from 1748 till 1860 when Italy was created.
House of Bourbon-Parma 
 The family was founded by the Infante Philip of Spain, third son of Philip V of Spain and Elisabetta Farnese.
House of Bourbon-Parma 
 The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) ended the War of the Austrian Succession, and gave the land to Philip.
House of Bourbon-Parma 
 Philip married Louise Élisabeth of France and the present pretending duke of Parma (Carlos/Carlo of Parma) is a direct descendant.
English poetry 
 Over this period, English poets have written some of the longest-surviving poems in Western culture.
English poetry 
 The earliest surviving poetry from the area now called England was probably transmitted orally (or passed from person to person by mouth, without being written down).
English poetry 
 It may be controversial to describe Irish literature as English or British, even though it is in the English language.
Rearrangement reaction 
 A rearrangement reaction are organic reactions where the carbon skeleton of a molecule is rearranged.
Rearrangement reaction 
 Sometimes chemists draw diagrams with arrows that show how electrons are transferred between bonds during a rearrangement reaction.
Rearrangement reaction 
 The actual mechanism of a rearrangement with an alkyl group moving is for the group to slide smoothly along a bond, not ionic bond-breaking and forming.
Rearrangement reaction 
 But, the curved arrows showing a sequence of discrete electron transfers can give the same result as a rearrangement reaction.
Rearrangement reaction 
 Three important rearrangement reactions are 1,2-rearrangements, pericyclic reactions and olefin metathesis.
Rearrangement reaction 
 A 1,2-rearrangement is an organic reaction where a substituent moves from one atom to another atom in a chemical compound.
Computational chemistry 
 Computational chemistry is a branch of chemistry that uses computer science to help solve chemical problems.
Computational chemistry 
 Computational chemistry can predict structure (that is, the expected positions of the molecule's atoms), absolute and relative (interaction) energies, electronic charge distributions, dipoles and higher multipole moments, vibrational frequencies, reactivity or other spectroscopic quantities, and cross sections for collision with other particles.
Computational chemistry 
 In all cases, as the size of the system being studied grows, the computer time and other resources (such as memory and disk space) used also grows.
Computational chemistry 
 NIST Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark DataBase  - Contains a database of thousands of computational and experimental results for hundreds of systems
Computational chemistry 
 American Chemical Society Division of Computers in Chemistry - American Chemical Society Computers in Chemistry Division, resources for grants, awards, contacts and meetings.
Computational chemistry 
 CSTB report Mathematical Research in Materials Science: Opportunities and Perspectives - CSTB Report
Computational chemistry 
 Impact of Advances in Computing and Communications Technologies on Chemical Science and Technology CSTB Report
Polymer chemistry 
 Polymer chemistry (also called macromolecular chemistry) is  the science of chemical synthesis and chemical properties of polymers or macromolecules.
Polymer chemistry 
 According to IUPAC recommendations, macromolecules refer to the individual molecular chains and are the domain of chemistry.
Polymer chemistry 
 Polymers describe the bulk properties of polymer materials and belong to the field of polymer physics (a part of physics).
Polymer chemistry 
 Synthetic polymers used for plastics—fibers, paints, building materials, furniture, mechanical parts, adhesives:
Polymer chemistry 
 thermoplastics: polyethylene, Teflon, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyester, polyurethane, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, nylon, rayon, celluloid, silicone and others
Polymer chemistry 
 Chemists describe a polymer by its degree of polymerization, molar mass distribution, tacticity, copolymer distribution, the degree of branching,  by its end-groups,  crosslinks,  and crystallinity.
Polymer chemistry 
 Chemists also study a polymer's thermal properties such as its glass transition temperature and melting temperature.
Polymer chemistry 
 The work of Henri Braconnot in 1777 and the work of Christian Schönbein in 1846 led to the discovery of nitrocellulose.
Polymer chemistry 
 In 1834, Friedrich Ludersdorf and Nathaniel Hayward independently discovered that adding sulfur to raw natural rubber (polyisoprene) helped prevent the material from becoming sticky.
Polymer chemistry 
 In 1884, Hilaire de Chardonnet started the first artificial fiber factory based on regenerated cellulose, or viscose rayon, as a substitute for silk, but it was very flammable.
Polymer chemistry 
 In 1907 Leo Baekeland invented the first synthetic polymer, a thermosetting phenol-formaldehyde resin called Bakelite.
Polymer chemistry 
 Around the same time, Hermann Leuchs reported the synthesis of N-carboxyanhydrides and their high molecular weight products upon reaction with nucleophiles.
Polymer chemistry 
 But Leuchs did not call them polymers, possibly due to the strong views held by Emil Fischer, his direct supervisor, denying the possibility of any covalent molecule exceeding 6,000 daltons.
Polymer chemistry 
 Cellophane was invented in 1908 by Jocques Brandenberger who squirted sheets of viscose rayon into an acid bath.
Polymer chemistry 
 In 1922, Hermann Staudinger (a German chemist) proposed that polymers were long chains of atoms held together by covalent bonds.
Polymer chemistry 
 Before that, scientists believed that polymers were clusters of small molecules (called colloids), without definite molecular weights, held together by an unknown force.
Polymer chemistry 
 Paul Flory was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1974 for his work on polymer random coil configurations in solution in the 1950s.
Polymer chemistry 
 They include composite materials such as carbon fiber-epoxy, polystyrene-polybutadiene (HIPS), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS).
Polymer chemistry 
 It took a long time before universities introduced teaching and research programs in polymer chemistry.
Polymer chemistry 
 An "Institut fur Makromolekulare Chemie was founded in 1940 in Freiburg, Germany under the direction of Hermann Staudinger.
Polymer chemistry 
 In America a "Polymer Research Institute" (PRI) was established in 1941 by Herman Mark at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn (now Polytechnic Institute of NYU).
Polymer chemistry 
 Other PRI's were founded in 1961 by Richard S. Stein at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, in 1967 by Eric Baer at Case Western Reserve University and in 1988 at the University of Akron.
Chemical synthesis 
 In chemistry, chemical synthesis means using chemical reactions to get a product, or several products.
Chemical synthesis 
 In modern laboratory usage, a chemical synthesis is reproducible (if the experiment is done a second time, it will have the same results as the first time), reliable (not broken by small changes in conditions), and established to work in multiple laboratories.
Chemical synthesis 
 Typically, chemical yields are expressed as a weight in grams or as a percentage of the total theoretical quantity of product that could be produced.
Chemical synthesis 
 A side reaction is an unwanted chemical reaction taking place that reduces the yield of the wanted product.
Chemical synthesis 
 The chemist Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe was the first to use the word synthesis in its present-day meaning.
Chemical synthesis 
 In most cases, a single reaction will not convert a reactant (starting chemical) into the desired reaction product.
Chemical synthesis 
 In a telescopic synthesis, one reactant goes through multiple transformations without isolating intermediates after each step.
Chemical synthesis 
 Chemists want to have skill in organic synthesis and being able to find a synthesis path with the least number of steps.
Chemical synthesis 
 The synthesis of very valuable or difficult compounds has earned chemists, such as Robert Burns Woodward, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Chemical synthesis 
 If a chemical synthesis starts from basic laboratory compounds and yields something new, it is a "purely synthetic process".
Chemical synthesis 
 If it starts from a product isolated from plants or animals and then proceeds to a new compounds, the synthesis is called a "semisynthetic process".
Chemical synthesis 
 where A and B are elements or compounds, and AB is a compound consisting of A and B. Examples of combination reactions include:
Organic synthesis 
 So, the synthesis of organic compounds has developed into one of the most important parts of organic chemistry.
Organic synthesis 
 There are two main areas of research fields within the general area of organic synthesis: total synthesis and methodology.
Organic synthesis 
 A total synthesis is the complete chemical synthesis of complex organic molecules from simple, commercially available (petrochemical) or natural precursors.
Organic synthesis 
 In a linear synthesis—often used for simple structures—several steps are performed one after another until the molecule is complete.
Organic synthesis 
 For more complex molecules, a different approach may be preferable: convergent synthesis involves the individual preparation of several "pieces" (key intermediates), which are then combined to form the goal product.
Organic synthesis 
 Robert Burns Woodward, who received the 1965 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for several total syntheses (for example, his 1954 synthesis of strychnine), is regarded as the father of modern organic synthesis.
Organic synthesis 
 Some latter-day examples of total synthesis include Wender's, Holton's, Nicolaou's and Danishefsky's synthesis of Taxol.
Organic synthesis 
 Each step of a synthesis involves a chemical reaction, and reagents and conditions for each of these reactions need to be designed to give a good yield and a pure product, with as little work as possible.
Organic synthesis 
 A method may already exist in the literature for making one of the early synthetic intermediates, and this method will usually be used rather than "trying to reinvent the wheel".
Organic synthesis 
 For practical applications, additional requirements include industrial standards of safety and purity.
Organic synthesis 
 Methodology research usually involves three main stages: discovery, optimization, and studies of scope and limitations.
Organic synthesis 
 The discovery requires extensive knowledge of and experience with chemical reactivities of appropriate reagents.
Organic synthesis 
 Optimization is where one or two starting compounds are tested in the reaction under a wide variety of conditions of temperature, solvent, reaction time, etc.
Organic synthesis 
 Researchers try different conditions until they find the best conditions for product yield and purity.
Organic synthesis 
 Finally, researchers try to extend the synthesis method to a broad range of different starting materials, to find its scope and limitations.
Organic synthesis 
 Total synthesis (see above) are sometimes used to highlight the new method and demonstrate its value in a real-world application.
Organic synthesis 
 Major industries focused especially on polymers (and plastics) and on pharmaceuticals have used this research.
Organic synthesis 
 Traditional total syntheses targeted racemic mixtures, i.e., as an equal mixture of both possible enantiomers.
Organic synthesis 
 In the latter half of the twentieth century, chemists began to develop methods of asymmetric catalysis and kinetic resolution.
Organic synthesis 
 Early examples include Sharpless epoxidation (K. Barry Sharpless) and asymmetric hydrogenation (William S. Knowles and Ryōji Noyori).
Organic synthesis 
 Such reactions gave chemists a much wider choice of enantiomerically pure molecules to start an organic synthesis.
Organic synthesis 
 Using techniques pioneered by Robert Burns Woodward and other new synthetic methods, chemists became more able to make complex molecules without unwanted racemisation.
Organic synthesis 
 This allowed the final target molecule to be synthesised as one pure enantiomer without any resolution being necessary.
Organic synthesis 
 Elias James Corey brought a more formal approach to synthesis design, based on retrosynthetic analysis, for which he won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1990.
Organic synthesis 
 The steps are shown using retrosynthetic arrows (drawn as: =>), which in effect means "is made from".
Organic synthesis 
 Computer programs have been written for designing a synthesis based on sequences of generic "half-reactions".
Alexander Morozevich 
 c4 Nc6), and more recently the Albin Countergambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4 e5); both systems are hardly ever seen at the top level.
Alexander Morozevich 
 Perhaps because of his style, which produces relatively few draws, Morozevich is popular among chess fans.
Alexander Morozevich 
 Among his most notable results are 7.5/10 at the 2000 Chess Olympiad (winning Bronze Medal for board 2) and 7/11 at the 2002 Chess Olympiad.
Alexander Morozevich 
 He took first place in the overall standings at the Amber tournament in 2002, 2004 (shared with Kramnik) and 2006 (shared with Anand); first place in Biel tournament three times: 2003, 2004 and 2006; and twice winning the Russian championship (1998 and 2007).
Peter Leko 
 Peter Leko (; born 8 September 1979) in Subotica, Yugoslavia is the leading Hungarian chess grandmaster.
Abilene Ruff Riders 
 At first, the Ruff Riders were called the Katy Ruff Riders, because they played their games in a city called Katy, Texas.
Abilene Ruff Riders 
 For the 2010 - 2011 season, they were part of the Southern Indoor Football League, but now they are a part of the Lone Star Football League.
Kifkif 
 The Association of Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals and Transgenders persons in Morocco (KIFKIF) is a Moroccan non-profit organization working on improving the legal and social status of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people.
Jerry Koosman 
 Jerry Koosman (born December 23, 1942) is a former baseball player with the New York Mets, Minnesota Twins, Chicago White Sox and Philadelphia Phillies.
Jerry Koosman 
 In 1968, Koosman finished 2nd by one vote to Johnny Bench in the voting for National League Rookie of the Year, given to the best first year player in the league.
Jerry Koosman 
 In 1976, Koosman finished 2nd to Randy Jones in the voting for National League Cy Young Award, given to the league's best pitcher.
Johnny Bench 
 Johnny Bench (born December 7, 1947) is a former baseball player who played for the Cincinnati Reds.
Johnny Bench 
 He won the baseball championship, the World Series, with Reds in both 1975 and 1976, and was voted the Most Valuable Player of the World Series in 1976.
Gali Akish 
 ALI AKISH (January 14, 1918, Hailar, China - July 17, 2011, Ankara, Turkey) is a famous journalist, one of the leaders of the Tatar nationalist movement, the Honorary President of the World League of Tatars.
Gali Akish 
 He was born in the city of Hailar (Manchuria), where he attended a local Tatar elementary school before entering a Russian lycee.
Gali Akish 
 After completing the lycee in 1936, he went to study at Al-Azhar University in Cairo (Egypt), and in 1938, along with another young nationalist, Ahat Ginish, went to Poland.
Gali Akish 
 Akish and Ginish served as technical assistants to Ayaz Iskhaki at the Idel-Ural National Center, where the newspaper “Yanga Milli Yul" (New National Path) was published.
Gali Akish 
 His pamphlet “Problems of Idel-Ural and Soviet Imperialism” printed in 1963 received great attention and provoked repercussions in the USSR in the form of two books, one ostensibly written by the President of the Tatar ASSR, Salikh Batiyev in 1977.
Gali Akish 
 In 1966 Ali Akish joined the Tatar-Bashkir Service of Radio Liberty, Inc. In 1983, he retired from this position and went again to Ankara.
Gali Akish 
 Over the years he wrote numerous articles in emigree publications and other forums such as Turk Kulturu, and in 1985 published a 59 page booklet, similar to his first, called "Idel-Ural'da Hurriyet Mucadelesi" (Struggle for Freedom in Idel-Ural).
Gali Akish 
 In 1994, after reading Vladimir Zhirinovsky's book "Last Thrust to the South," he wrote an article for the Turkish newspaper "Milliyet" in which he denounced the Russian nationalists' imperial and anti-Turkish aspirations.
Gali Akish 
 The article was highly significant as one of the first published in Turkey critical of Zhirinovsky and his views.
Gali Akish 
 On his first visit to Kazan he brought, at his own expense, a computer that he donated to the Tatar Public Center.
Yield (chemistry) 
 In chemistry, yield (also called chemical yield or reaction yield) is the amount of product resulting from a chemical reaction.<ref name=vogel>Vogel, A.I., Tatchell, A.R., Furnis, B.S., Hannaford, A.J. and P.W.G. Smith.
Yield (chemistry) 
 Vogel's Textbook of Practical OrganicHall, 19936-3.</ref> The absolute yield gives the weight in grams, and the molar yield gives the number of moles.
Yield (chemistry) 
 The fractional yield, relative yield, or percentage yield shows how completely a synthetic procedure worked.
Yield (chemistry) 
 It is calculated by dividing the amount of product by the theoretical yield (the unit of measurement for both must be the same):
Yield (chemistry) 
 To get the percentage yield'', one must multiply the fractional yield by 100% (e.g., 0.673 × 100% = 67.3%).
Yield (chemistry) 
 The ideal percentage yield of a chemical reaction is 100%, but it cannot be achieved because measurements are never completely accurate.
Yield (chemistry) 
 Yields around 100% are "quantitative", yields above 90% are "excellent", yields above 80% are "very good", yields above 70% are "good", yields above 50% are "fair", and yields below 40% are "poor".
Alexis Sánchez 
 Alexis Alejandro Sánchez Sánchez (born 19 December 1988), is a Chilean footballer who currently plays for English club Manchester United FC and the Chile national team.
Alexis Sánchez 
 In July 2014, Sanchez signed for Arsenal on a long-term contract for an undisclosed fee, reported to be around £35 million.
Alexis Sánchez 
 In January 2018, he joined The Red Devils after Henrikh Mkhitaryan swapped clubs with him to Arsenal FC.
Dry cleaning 
 Dry cleaning (or dry-cleaning) is any cleaning process for clothing and textiles using a chemical solvent (a chemical that can dissolve certain compounds) rather than water.
Dry cleaning 
 The ancient Romans used a chemical called ammonia (derived from urine) and fuller's earth (a clay that can absorb grease and oil.)
Dry cleaning 
 Fullonicae were very famous, with at least one in every town of any notability, and frequently the largest employer in a district.
Dry cleaning 
 These laundries got their urine from farm animals, or from special pots situated at public bathrooms.
Dry cleaning 
 The workforce made so much money that fuller's guilds (a group that works in solely one job, in this case, making fuller's earth, this special clay.)
Dry cleaning 
 Jean Baptiste Jolly discovered that petroleum-based solvents (chemicals based on fuel like gasoline or kerosene.)
Dry cleaning 
 Because of this, he developed a service cleaning people's clothes this way, which became known as "nettoyage à sec," or "dry cleaning".
Dry cleaning 
 Fire concerns led William Joseph Stoddard, a dry cleaner from Atlanta, to develop Stoddard solvent as a slightly less flammable alternative to gasoline-based solvents.
Dry cleaning 
 The government started to control dry cleaners because the highly flammable petroleum solvents caused many fires and explosions.
Dry cleaning 
 By the mid-1930s, the dry cleaning industry had adopted tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene), widely called "perc," as the best solvent.
Dry cleaning 
 However, perc was also the first chemical to be classified as a carcinogen (a chemical that can cause cancer.)
Dry cleaning 
 In 1993, the California Air Resources Board adopted regulations to reduce perc emissions from dry cleaning operations.
Dry cleaning 
 Traditionally, the actual cleaning process was carried out at centralized "factories"; high street cleaners shops received garments from customers, sent them to the factory, and then had them returned to the shop, where the customer could collect them.
Dry cleaning 
 At this time, dry-cleaning was carried out in two different machines — one for the cleaning process itself and the second to dry the clothing.
Dry cleaning 
 Machines of this era were called vented; their fumes and drying exhausts were sent into the air, in the same way as with modern tumble dryer exhausts.
Dry cleaning 
 Much stricter controls on solvent emissions have ensured that all dry cleaning machines in the western world are now fully enclosed.
Dry cleaning 
 In enclosed machines, solvent recovered during the drying process is returned condensed and distilled.
Dry cleaning 
 The majority of modern enclosed machines also incorporate a computer-controlled drying sensor, which automatically feels when most traces of perc have been removed from the load during the drying process.
Dry cleaning 
 This system ensures that only the smallest amount of perc fumes will be released when opening the door at the end of the cycle.
Dry cleaning 
 A dry-cleaning machine is similar to a combination of a domestic washing machine, and clothes dryer.
Dry cleaning 
 During the wash cycle, the chamber is filled approximately one-third full of solvent and begins to rotate, agitating the clothing.
Dry cleaning 
 The solvent temperature is maintained at 30 degrees Celsius (86 degrees Fahrenheit), as a higher temperature may damage it.
Dry cleaning 
 The condensed solvent is fed into a separator unit where any remaining water is separated from the solvent and then fed into the 'clean solvent' tank.
Dry cleaning 
 The ideal flow rate is one gallon of solvent per pound of garments (roughly 8 litres of solvent per kilogram of clothing) per minute, depending on the size of the machine.
Dry cleaning 
 Items such as plastic pens will dissolve in the solvent bath and may damage textiles beyond recovery.
Dry cleaning 
 Some textile dyes are "loose" (red being the main problem), and will release dye during solvent immersion.
Dry cleaning 
 Operators will dry clean red clothing separately from lighter-color textiles to avoid color transfer.
Dry cleaning 
 Many fasteners that decorate clothing either are not dry cleaning solvent proof or will not withstand the mechanical action of cleaning.
Dry cleaning 
 Fragile items, such as feather bedspreads or tasseled rugs or hangings, may be enclosed in a loose mesh bag.
Dry cleaning 
 The density of perchloroethylene is around 1.7 g/cm³ at room temperature (70% heavier than water), and the sheer weight of absorbed solvent may cause the textile to fail under normal force during the extraction cycle unless the mesh bag provides mechanical support.
Dry cleaning 
 Some need to be treated with spotting solvents; sometimes by steam jet or by soaking in special stain remover liquids before garments are washed or dry cleaned.
Dry cleaning 
 Also, garments stored in soiled condition for a long time are difficult to bring back to their original color and texture.