the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Indian rupee 
 In Indian English, values at or above a hundred thousand Indian rupees are counted in terms of lakhs (one lakh = hundred thousand) and crores (one crore = ten million).
Indian rupee 
 For example, the amount 3,25,84,729.25 is read as three crores, twenty-five lakhs, eighty-four thousand, seven hundred and twenty-nine rupees and twenty-five paise.
Indian rupee 
 The first "rupee" is believed to have been introduced by Sher Shah Suri (1486–1545), based on a ratio of 40 copper pieces (paisa) per rupee.
Indian rupee 
 Among the earliest issues of paper rupees were those by the Bank of Hindustan (1770–1832), the General Bank of Bengal and Bihar (1773–75, established by Warren Hastings) and the Bengal Bank (1784–91), amongst others.
Indian rupee 
 Until 1815, the Madras Presidency also issued a currency based on the fanam, with 12 fanams equal to the rupee.
Indian rupee 
 Historically, the rupee, derived from the Sanskrit word raupya, which means silver, was a silver coin.
Indian rupee 
 This had severe consequences in the nineteenth century, when the strongest economies in the world were on the gold standard.
Indian rupee 
 The discovery of vast quantities of silver in the U.S. and various European colonies resulted in a decline in the relative value of silver to gold.
Indian rupee 
 India was not affected by the imperial order-in-council of 1825 that attempted to introduce the British sterling coinage to the British colonies.
Indian rupee 
 The silver rupee continued as the currency of India throughout the entire period of the British Raj and beyond.
Indian rupee 
 His decision was influenced by a letter, written in the year 1805, by Lord Liverpool that extolled the virtues of mono-metallism.
Indian rupee 
 Since 1851, gold sovereigns were being produced in large numbers at the Royal Mint branch in Sydney, New South Wales.
Indian rupee 
 In the year 1864 in an attempt to make the British gold sovereign become the 'imperial coin', the treasuries in Bombay and Calcutta were instructed to receive gold sovereigns.
Indian rupee 
 As was realized in the previous decade in Canada and the next year in Hong Kong, existing habits are not easy to replace.
Indian rupee 
 And just as the British government had finally given up any hopes of replacing the rupee in India with the pound sterling, they simultaneously realized, and for the same reasons, that they could not easily replace the silver dollar in the Straits Settlements with the Indian rupee, as had been the desire of the British East India Company.
Indian rupee 
 Since the great silver crisis of 1873, a growing number of nations had been adopting the gold standard.
Indian rupee 
 In 1898, following the recommendations of the Indian Currency Committee, British India officially adopted the gold exchange standard by pegging the rupee to the British pound sterling at a fixed value of 1 shilling 4 pence (i.e., 15 rupees = 1 pound).
Indian rupee 
 In 1920, the actual silver value of the rupee was increased in value to 2 shillings (10 rupees = 1 pound).
Indian rupee 
 This peg was maintained until 1966, when the rupee was devalued and pegged to the U.S. dollar at a rate of 7.5 rupees = 1 dollar (at the time, the rupee became equal to 11.4 British pence).
Indian rupee 
 The Indian rupee replaced the Danish Indian rupee in 1845, the French Indian rupee in 1954 and the Portuguese Indian escudo in 1961.
Indian rupee 
 Following independence in 1947, the Indian rupee replaced all the currencies of the previously autonomous states.
Indian rupee 
 Some of these states had issued rupees equal to those issued by the British (such as the Travancore rupee).
Indian rupee 
 In 1957, decimalisation occurred, and the rupee was divided into 100 naye paise (Hindi for "new paise").
Indian rupee 
 Many still refer to 25, 50 and 75 paise as 4, 8 and 12 annas, respectively, not unlike the usage of "bit" in American English for ⅛ dollar.
Indian rupee 
 In East Africa, Arabia, and Mesopotamia, the Rupee and its related coins were current at various times.
Indian rupee 
 The rise in the price of silver, immediately after the First World War, caused the rupee to rise in value to two shillings sterling.
Indian rupee 
 In 1920 in British East Africa, the opportunity was then taken to introduce a new florin coin, hence bringing the currency into line with sterling.
Indian rupee 
 In Somalia the Italian colonial authority minted 'rupia' to exactly the same standard, and called the pice 'besa'.
Indian rupee 
 The Spanish dollar had already taken hold in the Straits Settlements by the time the British arrived in the nineteenth century, however, the East India Company tried to introduce the rupee in its place.
Indian rupee 
 These attempts were resisted by the locals, and by 1867 when the British government took over direct control of the Straits Settlements from the East India Company, attempts to introduce the rupee were finally abandoned.
Indian rupee 
 With Partition, the Pakistani rupee came into existence, initially using Indian coins and Indian currency notes simply overstamped with "Pakistan".
Indian rupee 
 In previous times, the Indian rupee was an official currency of other countries, including Aden, Oman, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the Trucial States, Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda, the Seychelles, and Mauritius.
Indian rupee 
 The Indian government introduced the Gulf rupee, also known as the Persian Gulf rupee (XPGR), as a replacement for the Indian rupee for circulation exclusively outside the country with the Reserve Bank of India [Amendment] Act, 1 May 1959.
Indian rupee 
 This creation of a separate currency was an attempt to reduce the strain put on India's foreign reserves by gold smuggling.
Indian rupee 
 After India devalued the rupee on 6 June 1966, those countries still using it – Oman, Qatar, and the Trucial States (which became the United Arab Emirates in 1971) – replaced the Gulf rupee with their own currencies.
Indian rupee 
 The Bhutanese ngultrum is pegged at par with the Indian rupee, and both currencies are accepted in Bhutan.
Indian rupee 
 Thus, the currency regime in place for the Indian rupee with respect to the US dollar is a de facto controlled exchange rate.
Indian rupee 
 Other rates such as the EUR/INR and INR/JPY have volatilities that are typical of floating exchange rates.
Indian rupee 
 It should be noted, however, that unlike China, successive administrations (through RBI, the central bank) have not followed a policy of pegging the INR to a specific foreign currency at a particular exchange rate.
Indian rupee 
 RBI intervention in currency markets is solely to deliver low volatility in the exchange rates, and not to take a view on the rate or direction of the Indian rupee in relation to other currencies.
Indian rupee 
 Also affecting convertibility is a series of customs regulations restricting the import and export of rupees.
Indian rupee 
 Legally, foreign nationals are forbidden from importing or exporting rupees, while Indian nationals can import and export only up to 5000 rupees at a time, and the possession of 500 and 1000 rupee notes in Nepal is prohibited.
Indian rupee 
 RBI also exercises a system of capital controls in addition to the intervention (through active trading) in the currency markets.
Indian rupee 
 On the current account, there are no currency conversion restrictions hindering buying or selling foreign exchange (though trade barriers do exist).
Indian rupee 
 On the capital account, foreign institutional investors have convertibility to bring money in and out of the country and buy securities (subject to certain quantitative restrictions).
Indian rupee 
 However, owing to an enormous expansion of the current account and the capital  account, India is increasingly moving towards de facto full convertibility.
Indian rupee 
 There is some confusion regarding the interchange of the currency with gold, but the system that India follows is that money cannot be exchanged for gold, in any circumstances or any situation.
Indian rupee 
 A series of reforms remove restrictions on current account transactions including trade, interest payments & remittances and on some capital assets-based transactions.
Indian rupee 
 Liberalized Exchange Rate Management System (LERMS), a dual exchange rate system, introduced a partial convertibility of the Rupee in March 1992.
Indian rupee 
 1997 - A panel set up to explore capital account convertibility recommended India move towards full convertibility by 2000, but timetable abandoned in the wake of the 1997-98 East Asian financial crisis.
Indian rupee 
 2006 - The Prime Minister, Dr Manmohan Singh, asks the Finance Minister and the Reserve Bank of India to prepare a road map for moving towards capital account convertibility.
Indian rupee 
 Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar: The problem of the rupee: Its origin and its solution (history of indian currency & banking), Chapter 2, Rajagraha, Bombay, 7.
ISO 4217 
 ISO 4217 is the international standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies, as established by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
ISO 4217 
 The ISO 4217 code list is the common way in banking and business, all over the world, for defining different currencies.
ISO 4217 
 In many countries, the codes for the more common currencies are so well-known, by the general public, that exchange rates written in newspapers or posted in banks use only those codes to define the different currencies, instead of translated currency names or currency symbols.
ISO 4217 
 ISO 4217 codes are used on airline tickets and international train tickets to remove any uncertainty about the price.
ISO 4217 
 The first two letters of the code are the two letters of ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes (which are also used as the basis for national top-level domains on the Internet).
ISO 4217 
 This eliminates the problem caused by the names dollar, franc and pound being used in dozens of different countries, each having significantly differing values.
ISO 4217 
 Also, if a currency is revalued, the currency code's last letter is changed to distinguish it from the old currency.
ISO 4217 
 In some cases, the third letter is the initial for "new" in that country's language, to distinguish it from an older currency that was revalued; the code sometimes outlasts the usage of the term "new" itself (for example, the code for the Mexican peso is MXN).
ISO 4217 
 Other changes can be seen, however; the Russian ruble, for example, changed from RUR to RUB, where the B comes from the third letter in the word "ruble".
ISO 4217 
 There is also a three-digit code number assigned to each currency, in the same manner as there is also a three-digit code number assigned to each country as part of ISO 3166.
ISO 4217 
 For example, USD (United States dollar) has code 840 which is also the numeric code for the US (United States).
ISO 4217 
 The standard also defines the relationship between the major currency unit and any minor currency unit.
ISO 4217 
 Often, the minor currency unit has a value that is 1/100 of the major unit, but 1/1000 is also common.
ISO 4217 
 In others, the major currency unit has so little value that the minor unit is no longer generally used (e.g. the Japanese sen, 1/100th of a yen).
ISO 4217 
 Mauritania does not use a decimal division of units, setting 1 ouguiya (UM) = 5 khoums, and Madagascar has 1 ariary = 5 iraimbilanja.
ISO 4217 
 ISO 4217 includes codes not only for currencies, but also for precious metals (gold, silver, palladium and platinum; by definition expressed per one troy ounce, as compared to "1 USD") and certain other entities used in international finance, e.g. Special Drawing Rights.
ISO 4217 
 There are also special codes allocated for testing purposes (XTS), and to indicate no currency transactions (XXX).
ISO 4217 
 ISO 3166 never assigns country codes beginning with "X", these codes being assigned for privately customized use only (reserved, never for official codes)—for instance, the ISO 3166-based NATO country codes (STANAG 1059, 9th edition) use "X" codes for imaginary exercise countries ranging from XXB for "Brownland" to XXR for "Redland", as well as for major commands such as XXE for SHAPE or XXS for SACLANT.
ISO 4217 
 Consequently, ISO 4217 can use "X" codes for non-country-specific currencies without risk of clashing with future country codes.
ISO 4217 
 Supranational currencies, such as the East Caribbean dollar, the CFP franc, the CFA franc BEAC and the CFA franc BCEAO are normally also represented by codes beginning with an "X".
ISO 4217 
 The euro is represented by the code EUR (EU is included in the ISO 3166-1 reserved codes list to represent the European Union).
ISO 4217 
 In 1973, the ISO Technical Committee 68 decided to develop codes for the representation of currencies and funds for use in any application of trade, commerce or banking.
ISO 4217 
 At the 17th session (February 1978) of the related UN/ECE Group of Experts agreed that the three-letter alphabetic codes for International Standard ISO 4217, "Codes for the representation of currencies and funds", would be suitable for use in international trade.
ISO 4217 
 Frequently, these changes are due to new governments (through war or a new constitution), treaties between countries standardizing on a currency, or revaluation of the currency due to excessive inflation.
ISO 4217 
 The ISO 4217 maintenance agency (MA), SIX Interbank Clearing, is responsible for maintaining the list of codes.
ISO 4217 
 In applications where monetary resources associated with a currency (i.e. funds) need not be specified and where a field identifier indicating currency is used, the first two (leftmost) characters are sufficient to identify a currency–example: US for United States dollars for general, unspecified purposes where a field identifier indicating currency is present. (
ISO 4217 
 A field identifier can be a preprinted field heading in an aligned document or a similarly-agreed application in electronic transmission of data.)
ISO 4217 
 In applications where there is a need to distinguish between different types of currencies, or where funds are required as in the banking environment, or where there is no field identifier, the third (rightmost) character of the alphabetic code is an indicator, preferably mnemonic, derived from the name of the major currency unit or fund – example: USD for general, unspecified purposes; USN for United States dollar next-day funds, and USS for funds which are immediately available for Federal Reserve transfer, withdrawal in cash or transfer in like funds (same-day funds).
ISO 4217 
 Since there is no need for such a distinction in international trade applications, the funds codes have not been included in the Annex to the present Recommendation.
ISO 4217 
 A number of territories are not included in ISO 4217, because their currencies are: (a) not per se an independent currency but a variant of another currency, (b) a legal tender only issued as commemorative banknotes and/or coinage, or (c) a currency of an unrecognized or partially recognized state.
ISO 4217 
 A number of currencies were official ISO 4217 currency codes and currency names until their replacement by the euro or other currencies.
ISO 4217 
 Note that the currency names used below may not match the currency names used in the ISO standard itself, but the codes do match.
ISO 4217 
 UNECE codes – United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) – Country and Currency Codes (up-to-date)
Uthman ibn Affan 
 Uthman ibn Affan () was the third ruler of the Muslim Empire and one of the four righteous caliphs of Sunni Islam.
Uthman ibn Affan 
 During his time as ruler he conquered Khurasan and the regions of the west of the Arabian Peninsula.
Uthman ibn Affan 
 He was well known for marrying two of Muhammad's daughters, Ruqayyah and Umm Kulthum, both at different times.
Uthman ibn Affan 
 He was attacked while in his house, although he did not defend himself out of fear of further trouble.
Bray Wyatt 
 He first wrestled in WWE from 2009 to 2011 where he competed under the name Husky Harris and was a part of the stable, The Nexus.
Bray Wyatt 
 Rotunda stayed in WWE's developmental territory, Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), and made his debut as Bray Wyatt in FCW in April 2012.
Bray Wyatt 
 He stayed in FCW through its name change to NXT Wrestling (now WWE NXT), and returned to the main WWE roster in July 2013.
Terrestrial locomotion 
 Movement on land makes different problems than that on water, with less friction instead being the effects of gravity.
Terrestrial locomotion 
 It is the simple form of movement of two big groups with many members, the vertebrates and the arthropods.
Terrestrial locomotion 
 Although animals have never have wheels for locomotion, some animals can move by rolling their whole body.
Terrestrial locomotion 
 Charig, A.J. (1972) The evolution of the archosaur pelvis and hind-limb: an explanation in functional terms.
Terrestrial locomotion 
 Reilly, Stephen M. and Elias, Jason A. 1998, Locomotion in alligator mississippiensis: kinematic effects of speed and posture and their relevance to the sprawling-to-erect paradigm , J. exp.
Liu Xiaobo 
 Liu Xiaobo (28 December 1955 – 13 July 2017) was a Chinese intellectual, writer,  human rights activist and a political prisoner in China.
Liu Xiaobo 
 He won the Nobel Peace Prize on 8 October 2010, for "his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China."
Liu Xiaobo 
 His father took him to the Inner Mongolia from 1969 to 1973 during the Down to the Countryside Movement.
Liu Xiaobo 
 In the 1980s, his most important essays, Critique on Choices - Dialogue with Le Zehou and Aesthetics and Human Freedom''' earned him fame in the academic field.
Liu Xiaobo 
 Between 1988 and 1989, he was a visiting scholar at several universities outside of China, including Columbia University, the University of Oslo and the University of Hawaii.
Liu Xiaobo 
 During the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests he was in the United States but decided to go back to China to join the movement.
Liu Xiaobo 
 He was later named as one of the "Four Junzis of Tiananman Square" by many Hong Kong- and Taiwan-based Chinese media.
Liu Xiaobo 
 The Chinese government has brought him to police stations, arrested him, and sent him to prison many times for his peaceful political activities.
Liu Xiaobo 
 In 2004, Reporters Without Borders honored Liu's human rights work, awarding him the Fondation de France Prize as a defender of press freedom.
Liu Xiaobo 
 In October 1996, he was ordered to serve three years of labour for "disturbing public order"Liu Xiaobo, "劉曉波：勞教 早該被廢除的惡法" (Reeducation-through-labor: An evil law which should be quickly repealed), Observe China, 6 December 2007.
Liu Xiaobo 
 It was released on the 60th anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (10 December 2008).
Liu Xiaobo 
 They wrote it in the style of the Czechoslovak Charter 77 calling for greater freedom of expression, human rights, and free elections.
Liu Xiaobo 
 As of May 2009, the Charter has collected over 8,600 signatures from Chinese of various walks of life.
Liu Xiaobo 
 According to Zhang, the two men were taken by police because they thought Liu and Zhang were trying to get more people to sign the Charter.
Liu Xiaobo 
 While Liu was kept alone in solitary confinement, he was not allowed to meet with his lawyer or family.
Liu Xiaobo 
 On 23 June 2009, an officer of the government in Beijing (the procuratorate) approved Liu Xiaobo's arrest on charges of "suspicion of inciting subversion of state power."
Liu Xiaobo 
 The Beijing Public Security Bureau (PSB) said in a press release that Liu had incited the subversion of state power and the overturn of the socialist system through methods such as spreading rumors and slander, using almost the exact words of Article 105.
Liu Xiaobo 
 On 1 December 2009, Beijing police transferred Liu's case to the procuratorate for investigation and processing; on 10 December, the procuratorate formally indicted Liu on charges of "inciting subversion of state power" and sent his lawyers, Shang Baojun and Ding Xikui, the indictment document.
Liu Xiaobo 
 Diplomats from more than 12 countries – including the U.S., Britain, Canada, Sweden, Australia and New Zealand – were not allowed in the court.
Liu Xiaobo 
 Gregory May, political officer at the U.S. Embassy, and Nicholas Weeks, first secretary of the Swedish Embassy were among the diplomats who waited outside.
Liu Xiaobo 
 On 25 December, Liu Xiaobo was sentenced to eleven years' imprisonment and two years' deprivation of political rights by the Beijing No.
Liu Xiaobo 
 Many individuals, states, and organizations around the world asked the Chinese government to release Liu.
Liu Xiaobo 
 On 22 December 2008, an organization of scholars, writers, lawyers, and human rights workers wrote an open letter to ask the government to let Liu out of prison.
Liu Xiaobo 
 On 21 January 2009, 300 international writers, including Salman Rushdie, Margaret Atwood, Ha Jin and Jung Chang, called for Liu's release in a statement put out through PEN.
Liu Xiaobo 
 In March 2009 Liu Xiaobo was awarded with the Homo Homini Award by the One World Film Festival, organized by the People in Need foundation, for promoting freedom of speech, democratic principles and human rights.
Liu Xiaobo 
 In December 2009, the European Union and United States both officially asked the Chinese government to release of Liu Xiaobo without any special rules or conditions.
Liu Xiaobo 
 Before the court decision, China said that other nations should "respect China's judicial sovereignty and to not do things that will interfere in China's internal affairs."
Liu Xiaobo 
 Responding to the result in court, United Nations Human Rights Commissioner Navanethem Pillay expressed concern political rights in China becoming worse.
Liu Xiaobo 
 German Chancellor Angela Merkel strongly criticized the verdict, stating "despite the great progress in other areas in the expression of views, I regret that the Chinese government still massively restricts press freedom."
Liu Xiaobo 
 On 6 January 2010, former Czech president Václav Havel joined with other communist-era dissidents at the Chinese embassy in Prague to present a petition calling for Liu's release.
Liu Xiaobo 
 On 22 January 2010, European Association for Chinese Studies sent an open letter to Hu Jintao on behalf of over 800 scholars from 36 countries calling for Liu's release.
Liu Xiaobo 
 On 18 January 2010, Liu was named by many people as a nominee (possible winner) of the 2010 Nobel Peace Prize.
Liu Xiaobo 
 These included Václav Havel, the 14th Dalai Lama, André Glucksmann, Vartan Gregorian, and Desmond Tutu.
Liu Xiaobo 
 China's Foreign Ministry spokesperson Ma Zhaoxu said that awarding the Nobel Peace Prize to Liu would be "totally wrong".
Liu Xiaobo 
 Geir Lundestad, a secretary of the Nobel Committee, stated the award would not be influenced by Beijing's opposition.
Liu Xiaobo 
 On 25 September 2010, The New York Times reported that a petition in support of the Nobel nomination was being circulated in China.
Liu Xiaobo 
 In September 2010 Václav Havel, Dana Němcová, and Václav Malý published an open letter in The International Herald Tribune calling for the award to be given to Liu.
Liu Xiaobo 
 On 6 October 2010, they publicly released a letter from 30 U.S. Members of Congress to President Barack Obama (the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize winner).
Liu Xiaobo 
 This letter strongly asked President Obama to talk directly to Chinese President Hu Jintao at the G-20 Summit in November 2010.
Liu Xiaobo 
 On 8 October 2010 the Nobel Committee awarded Liu the Prize "for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China".
Liu Xiaobo 
 The Norwegian Nobel Committee president Thorbjørn Jagland said the choice of Liu as the recipient of the prize had become clear early on in the process.
Liu Xiaobo 
 Foreign news broadcasters including CNN and the BBC were immediately blocked after mentioning the award in China.
Liu Xiaobo 
 Web searches for Liu Xiabo were immediately deleted and no information can be searched about him in China.