the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Waziristan 
 Those who support that the region is a state point to the facts that the federal government has little to no power in the region and that the area is ruled mostly by tribal elders.
Waziristan 
 The Taliban are reported to control most of the region with its own style of Sharia rule, which the Pakistan government has been unable to stop.
Waziristan 
 Such bold show of autonomy has led one writer in the Wall Street Journal to remark that Waziristan was a "state within a state."
Chemical biology 
 It involves the application of chemical techniques and tools, often compounds produced through synthetic chemistry, to the study and manipulation of biological systems.
Chemical biology 
 For example, a biochemist studies the three-dimensional structure of a protein and how that structure relates to the chemistry of the protein.
Chemical biology 
 In this way, the research done by chemical biologists is often closer to that of cell biology than biochemistry.
Chemical biology 
 Biochemists work in the chemistry of biology, but chemical biologists work in chemistry applied to biology.
Solid-state chemistry 
 Solid-state chemistry, (also called materials chemistry) is the study of the synthesis, structure, and properties of solid phase materials.
Solid-state chemistry 
 It has much in common with solid-state physics, mineralogy, crystallography, ceramics, metallurgy, thermodynamics, materials science and electronics.
Solid-state chemistry 
 There were many important discoveries in the 20th century: zeolite and platinum-based catalysts for petroleum processing in the 1950s, high-purity silicon as a core component of microelectronic devices in the 1960s, and “high temperature” superconductivity in the 1980s.
Solid-state chemistry 
 William Lawrence Bragg invented X-ray crystallography in the early 1900s, which brought further discoveries.
Solid-state chemistry 
 For organic materials, such as charge transfer salts, the methods operate near room temperature and are often similar to the methods of organic synthesis.
Solid-state chemistry 
 For higher temperatures up to , chemists use special equipment such as ovens made with a tantalum tube through which an electric current is passed.
Solid-state chemistry 
 If volatile reactants are involved, the reactants are often put in an ampoule and then all air is removed.
Solid-state chemistry 
 Often, the chemists keep the reactant mixture cold (for example, by keeping the bottom of the ampoule in liquid nitrogen) and then seal the ampoule.
Solid-state chemistry 
 At times the solvent is used under pressure at temperatures higher than the normal boiling point (hydrothermally).
Solid-state chemistry 
 Flux methods add a salt of relatively low melting point to the mixture to act as a high temperature solvent in which the desired reaction can take place.
Solid-state chemistry 
 Such reactions are often carried out in a tube with open ended on both sides and through which the gas flows.
Solid-state chemistry 
 A variation of this is to let the reaction take place inside a measuring device such as a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
Solid-state chemistry 
 By accurately measuring the amount of each reactant, chemists can guess the ratio of the atoms in the final products.)
Solid-state chemistry 
 These are often carried out by adding a small amount of a transport agent (for example, iodine) to a sealed ampoule.
Solid-state chemistry 
 This method can be used to obtain the product in the form of single crystals suitable for structure determination by X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Solid-state chemistry 
 Chemical vapor deposition is also a widely used high temperature method for the preparation of coatings and semiconductors from molecular precursors.
Solid-state chemistry 
 For example, many halides absorb water and can only be studied in their anhydrous form if they are handled in a glove box filled with dry (and/or oxygen-free) gas, usually nitrogen.
Solid-state chemistry 
 Because a new synthetic method produces a mixture of products, it is important to be able to identify and characterize specific solid-state materials.
Solid-state chemistry 
 Chemists try changing the stoichiometry to find which stoichiometries will lead to new solid compounds or to solid solutions between known ones.
Solid-state chemistry 
 A prime method to characterize the reaction products is powder diffraction, because many solid state reactions will produce polycristalline ingots or powders.
Solid-state chemistry 
 If a pattern is found that is not known in the diffraction data libraries an attempt can be made to index the pattern, that is to identify the symmetry and the size of the unit cell. (
Solid-state chemistry 
 Once the unit cell of a new phase is known, the next step is to establish the ratio of the elements (stoichiometry) of the phase.
Solid-state chemistry 
 Sometimes the composition of the original mixture will give a clue, if one finds only one product (a single powder pattern) or if one was trying to make a phase of a certain composition by analogy to known materials.
Solid-state chemistry 
 Often chemist work hard to improve the synthetic methodology to get a pure sample of the new material.
Solid-state chemistry 
 If chemists can separate the product from the rest of the reaction mixture, then chemists can use elemental analysis on the isolated product.
Solid-state chemistry 
 Other ways involve Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the generation of characteristic X-rays in the electron beam.
Solid-state chemistry 
 Improving the preparative procedures requires chemists to study which phases are stable at what composition and what stoichiometry.
Solid-state chemistry 
 An important tools in finding the phase diagram data are thermal analysis such as DSC or DTA and increasingly also, thanks to the advent of synchrotrons temperature-dependent power diffraction.
Solid-state chemistry 
 Increased knowledge of the phase relations often leads to further refinement in synthetic procedures which repeats the cycle.
Solid-state chemistry 
 Identifying stichiometric domains is important for the many solids that are non-stoichiometric compounds.
Solid-state chemistry 
 The cell parameters obtained from XRD are particularly helpful to characterize the homogeneity ranges of non-stoichiometric compounds.
Solid-state chemistry 
 In many cases new solid compounds are further characterized by a variety of techniques  from solid-state physics.
Solid-state chemistry 
 Four-point (or five-point) probe methods are often applied either to ingots, crystals or pressed pellets to measure resistivity and the size of the Hall effect.
Solid-state chemistry 
 This gives information on whether the compound is an insulator, semiconductor, semimetal or metal and upon the type of doping and the mobility in the delocalized bands (if present).
Solid-state chemistry 
 Magnetic susceptibility can be measured as function of temperature to establish whether the material is a para-, ferro- or antiferro- magnet.
Abdominal obesity 
 Abdominal obesity, also called central body obesity, is a condition involving excess fat surrounding the abdomen and an increase in waist size in humans.
Abdominal obesity 
 Obesity in this area is linked to Type 2 Diabetes, insulin resistance and heart disease in humans of both genders.
Alveolar consonant 
 An alveolar consonant is a consonant with the tongue close to the alveolar ridge, which is the part just behind our teeth.
Alveolar consonant 
 Alveolar consonants that are pronounced with the tip of the tongue, like in English, are called apical consonants while those pronounced using the blade of the tongue which is the flat part of the tongue behind the tip, are called laminal consonants.
Alveolar consonant 
 The alveolar consonants , the alveolar nasal, and , the voiceless alveolar plosive, are the most common sounds in human languages.
John George Kemeny 
 John George Kemeny (31 May 1926 - 26 December 1992) developed BASIC with Thomas Eugene Kurtz at Dartmouth College, in 1964.
Odontochelys 
 It was first described from three 220 million year-old specimens excavated in Upper Triassic rocks in Guizhou, China.
Odontochelys 
 One of the most striking features of turtles, both modern and prehistoric alike, are their dorsal shells, forming an armored carapace over the body of the animal.
Odontochelys 
 Instead of a solid carapace, Odontochelys had broadened ribs like those of modern turtle embryos that still have not started developing the ossified plates of a carapace.
Odontochelys 
 In a comparison of skull proportions, the skull of Odontochelys is far more elongated in front of the eyes compared to other turtles.
Odontochelys 
 Taken together, these anatomical differences mean that Odontochelys has some of the most primitive features ever seen in a turtle and is somewhat of a transitional fossil.
Odontochelys 
 Reisz and Head suggest that Odontochelys does not represent a turtle with a partly evolved shell, but that it is a descendant of an older, land–living turtle, and that the shell became reversed.
Odontochelys 
 It is likely that Odontochelys was aquatic, as the fossil specimens were found in marine deposits full of  conodonts and ammonites.
Odontochelys 
 The species' name, Odontochelys semitestacea literally means "toothed turtle with a half-shell" - an apt description of its most striking physical characteristics.
Band gap 
 A band gap, also called a bandgap or energy gap, is an energy range in a solid where no electron states can exist.
Band gap 
 In graphs of the electronic band structure of solids, the band gap is the energy difference (in electron volts) between the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band.
Band gap 
 This is the same as the energy needed to free an outer shell electron from its orbit about the nucleus to become a mobile charge carrier.
Band gap 
 Substances with large band gaps are generally insulators, those with smaller band gaps are semiconductors.
Band gap 
 Conductors either have very small band gaps or no band gap if the energy levels of valence and conduction bands overlap.
Band gap 
 But if an electron has enough energy to fly away from its nearest nucleus, it can join in the flow of electric current across the many atoms that make up the solid.
Band gap 
 In semiconductors and insulators, quantum mechanics show that electrons are only found in a number of bands of energy.
Band gap 
 The term band gap refers to the energy difference between the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band.
Band gap 
 However, an electron needs a certain amount of energy to jump from a valence band to a conduction band.
Band gap 
 Electrons can gain enough energy to jump to the conduction band by absorbing either a phonon (heat) or a photon (light).
Band gap 
 A semiconductor is a material with a small but nonzero band gap which behaves as an insulator at absolute zero temperature (0 K) but allows heat to excite electrons enough to jump into its conduction band at temperatures which are below its melting point.
Band gap 
 The only available carriers for conduction are the electrons which have enough thermal energy to be excited across the band gap.
Band gap 
 Band gap engineering is the process of controlling or altering the band gap of a material by controlling the composition of certain semiconductor alloys, such as GaAlAs, InGaAs, and InAlAs.
Band gap 
 It is also possible to construct layered materials with alternating compositions by techniques like molecular beam epitaxy.
Band gap 
 These methods are used in the design of heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs), laser diodes and solar cells.
Band gap 
 Insulators with a larger band gap, usually greater than 3 eV, are not put into the semiconductor group and generally do not exhibit semiconductive behavior under practical conditions.
Band gap 
 Electron mobility also plays a role in determining a material's informal grouping as a semiconductor.
Band gap 
 When temperature increases, the amplitude of atomic vibrations increase, leading to larger interatomic spacing.
Band gap 
 The interaction between the lattice phonons and the free electrons and holes will also affect the band gap a little.
Band gap 
 The relationship between band gap energy and temperature can be described by Varshni's empirical expression,
Band gap 
 In a quantum dot crystal, the band gap is size dependent and can be altered to produce a range of energies between the valence band and conduction band.
Band gap 
 Classically, the ratio of probabilities that two states with an energy difference ΔE will be occupied by an electron is given by the Boltzmann factor:
Band gap 
 At the Fermi level (or chemical potential), the probability of a state being occupied is ½. If the Fermi level is in the middle of a band gap of 1 eV, this probability is e−20 or about 2.0⋅10−9 at the room-temperature thermal energy of 25.9 meV.
Band gap 
 A luminescent solar converter uses a luminescent medium to downconvert photons with energies above the band gap to photon energies closer to the band gap of the semiconductor comprising the solar cell.
Band gap 
 In photonics band gaps or stop bands are ranges of photon frequencies where, if tunneling effects are neglected, no photons can be transmitted through a material.
Deal or No Deal (UK game show) 
 Based on the amounts left (that could be in the players box), the "banker" may make an offer to buy the box from the player.
Deal or No Deal (UK game show) 
 The offer depends on the possible amounts that could be in the player's box according to what is left on the board.
Deal or No Deal (UK game show) 
 So if there are high amounts that are on the board (that could be in the person's box), the banker will pay more to buy the box.
Moves Like Jagger 
 "Moves Like Jagger" is a dance pop single released by American pop rock band Maroon 5 on June 22, 2011 internationally and digitally.
Moves Like Jagger 
 The single features pop singer-songwriter Christina Aguilera and was produced by Shellback, Benny Blanco, and Ari Levine.
Moves Like Jagger 
 The song peaked at number-one on the Billboard Hot 100 singles' chart for four weeks and number-one on the Billboard Digital Songs chart for three weeks.
Moves Like Jagger 
 The song will not feature on the upcoming fourth studio album Overexposed, which is scheduled for release on June 26, 2012.
Moves Like Jagger 
 The song's lyrics refer to a male protagonist's ability to impress a female with his dance moves, which he compares to those of The Rolling Stones frontman Mick Jagger.
Moves Like Jagger 
 The song received a positive critical appreciation, many of them complimented the vocal chemistry between Levine and Aguilera and labeled it "an irresistible summer hit".
Moves Like Jagger 
 The music video for "Moves Like Jagger" was directed by Jonas Åkerlund and filmed in Los Angeles, California on July 8, 2011.
Moves Like Jagger 
 On July 9, Aguilera posted an image of herself from the video shoot via Twitter, saying, "Always great to see Jonas Akerlund.
Moves Like Jagger 
 More images from the video shoot were released online on July 11, showing Levine and Aguilera performing in front of an American and British-themed backdrop with confetti falling from the ceiling.
Moves Like Jagger 
 Another image showed Aguilera performing in front of a black backdrop with her name "Christina" shown in pink.
David Walliams 
 David Edward Williams  (born 20 August 1971), known professionally as David Walliams, is a British actor, comedian and writer.
David Walliams 
 He is best known for his partnership with Matt Lucas on the on the BBC sketch comedy series Rock Profile (1999–2000, 2009), Little Britain (2003–2007) and Come Fly With Me (2010–2011).
David Walliams 
 Born on 20 August 1971 in Wimbledon, London to Peter, a London Transport engineer, and Kathleen Williams, a lab technician, Williams was brought up in Banstead, Surrey.
David Walliams 
 He was educated at Collingwood Boys' School in Wallington (now Collingwood School) and the independent Reigate Grammar School (where he was a contemporary of Robert Shearman).
David Walliams 
 Williams changed his name to Walliams () when he joined the actors' trade union, Equity, as there was already a member named David Williams.
David Walliams 
 This was spoofed in a mock interview on Rock Profile, when Robbie Williams was continuously referred to as 'Robbie Walliams'.
David Walliams 
 In September 2011, he swam the entire 140 mile length of the River Thames, raising over £1,000,000 for a charity called Sport Relief.
Luton 
 It is an industrial town which has diversified from its original base as a manufacturer of hats and cars.
Luton 
 Luton is a unitary authority, which means it is governed locally by its own council, Luton Borough Council.
Luton 
 Luton town has a large immigrant population, which consists mainly of people of Pakistani and Bengali origin.
Superbase 
 Hydroxide ion is the strongest base possible in water (aqueous) solutions, but superbases are much stronger than aqueous bases.
Superbase 
 Reactions involving superbases often require special techniques since they are destroyed by water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen in the air.
Superbase 
 IUPAC defines superbases simply as a "compound having a very high basicity, such as lithium diisopropylamide".
Windows Task Manager 
 Windows Task Manager gives detailed information about computer performance and applications that are currently running.
Windows Task Manager 
 It also gives information about processes and CPU usage, commit charge and memory information, network activity and statistics, logged-in users, and system services.
Windows Task Manager 
 The application can be used to set process priorities, processor affinity, forcibly terminating (ending) processes.
Windows Task Manager 
 In Windows XP only, the application can be used to shut down, restart, hibernate or log off from Windows.
Chemical species 
 Generally, a chemical species can be defined as an ensemble of chemically identical molecular entities that can explore the same set of molecular energy levels on a defined time scale.
Chemical species 
 Chemists also use chemical species to mean a set of chemically identical atomic or molecular structural units in a solid array.
Chemical species 
 For example, when molecules of NaCl dissolve in water we don't really have any NaCl as such in the solution.
Chemical species 
 In other cases, where the molecules don't dissolve in water, we would have molecular species in solution rather than ionic species.
Chemical species 
 In supramolecular chemistry, chemical species are those supramolecular structures whose interactions and associations are brought about by forming or breaking intermolecular bonds.
Task manager 
 A task manager is a computer program that is used to show information about the processes and programs running on a computer.
Task manager 
 They can be used to terminate (end) processes and programs, as well as change the processes priority.
Blind spot (vision) 
 It is the place in the visual field that corresponds to the lack of light-detecting photoreceptor cells where the optic nerve passes through the optic disc of the retina.
Blind spot (vision) 
 Since there are no cells to detect light on the optic disc, a part of the field of vision is not perceived.
Blind spot (vision) 
 The brain fills in with surrounding detail  with information from the other eye, so the blind spot is not normally perceived.
Blind spot (vision) 
 Although all vertebrates have this blind spot, cephalopod eyes, which are superficially similar, do not.
Blind spot (vision) 
 In them, the optic nerve approaches the receptors from behind, so it does not create a break in the retina.
Blind spot (vision) 
 At the time it was generally thought that the point at which the optic nerve entered the eye should actually be the most sensitive portion of the retina; however, Mariotte's discovery disproved this theory.
Blind spot (vision) 
 The filling-in works with quite complex and unusual visual patterns, suggesting an active brain process works to mimic patterns surrounding the blind spot.
Blind spot (vision) 
 The vertebrate eye is illogical because light must go through and past the nerve fibres before getting to the retina.
Blind spot (vision) 
 This comes about because vertebrate eyes are outgrowths from the brain; they grow outward from the embryological tissue which forms the brain.
Lo Barnechea 
 According to the Chilean census in 2002, Lo Barnechea has an area of  and 74,749 people live there..
Incubus (1966 movie) 
 Some people believe the movie is cursed because of all of the bad things that happened to the actors and crew.
Incubus (1966 movie) 
 Several of them died by murder or suicide, or had other bad things happen to them, after making the movie.
Supramolecular chemistry 
 Supramolecular chemistry is area of chemistry that studies the relationship and linking molecules into bigger systems.
Supramolecular chemistry 
 It focuses on the chemical systems made up of a discrete number of assembled molecular subunits or components.
Supramolecular chemistry 
 The study of non-covalent interactions is crucial to understanding many biological processes from cell structure to vision that rely on these forces for structure and function.
Supramolecular chemistry 
 Supramolecular Chemistry - Thematic Series in the Open Access Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry
Chondroitin sulfate 
 A chondroitin chain can have over 100 individual sugars, each of which can be sulfated in variable positions and quantities.
Chondroitin sulfate 
 Chondroitin sulfate is an important structural component of cartilage and provides much of its resistance to compression.
Chondroitin sulfate 
 Along with glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate has become a widely used dietary supplement for treatment of osteoarthritis.
Chondroitin sulfate 
 "Chondroitin sulfate B" is an old name for dermatan sulfate, and it is no longer classified as a form of chondroitin sulfate.
Chondroitin sulfate 
 Since the molecule has multiple negative charges at physiological pH, a cation is present in salts of chondroitin sulfate.
Chondroitin sulfate 
 have suggested that all such preparations of chondroitin sulfate be referred to as "sodium chondroitin" regardless of their sulfation status.
Chondroitin sulfate 
 Chondroitin sulfate chains are unbranched polysaccharides of variable length containing two alternating monosaccharides: D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc).
Chondroitin sulfate 
 Some GlcA residues are epimerized into L-iduronic acid (IdoA); the resulting disaccharide is then referred to as dermatan sulfate.
Chondroitin sulfate 
 Attachment of the GAG chain begins with four monosaccharides in a fixed pattern: Xyl - Gal - Gal - GlcA.  Each sugar is attached by a specific enzyme, allowing for multiple levels of control over GAG synthesis.
Chondroitin sulfate 
 Xylose begins to be attached to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, while the rest of the sugars are attached in the Golgi apparatus.
Chondroitin sulfate 
 In the most common case, the hydroxyls of the 4 and 6 positions of the N-acetyl-galactosamine are sulfated, with some chains having the 2 position of glucuronic acid.
Chondroitin sulfate 
 Sulfation in these different positions gives specific biological activities to chondroitin GAG chains.
Chondroitin sulfate 
 Chondroitin's functions depend largely on the properties of the overall proteoglycan of which it is a part.
Chondroitin sulfate 
 Chondroitin sulfate is a major component of extracellular matrix, and is important in maintaining the structural integrity of tissue.
Chondroitin sulfate 
 This function is typical of the large aggregating proteoglycans:  aggrecan, versican, brevican, and neurocan, collectively termed the lecticans.
Chondroitin sulfate 
 The tightly packed and highly charged sulfate groups of chondroitin sulfate generate electrostatic repulsion that provides much of the resistance of cartilage to compression.
Chondroitin sulfate 
 Chondroitin sulfate readily interacts with proteins in the extracellular matrix due to its negative charges.