the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
X-ray crystallography 
 He was the Director of the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, when the discovery of the structure of DNA was made by James D. Watson , Francis Crick , Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin in February 1953.
X-ray crystallography 
 Crystals are regular arrays of atoms, meaning that the atoms are repeated over and over in all three dimensions.
X-ray crystallography 
 Because the X-rays are emitted in all directions, an X-ray striking an electron produces secondary spherical waves emanating from the electron.
X-ray crystallography 
 A regular array of scatterers (here the repeating pattern of atoms in the crystal) produces a regular array of spherical waves.
X-ray crystallography 
 Although these waves cancel one another out in most directions, they add up in a few specific directions, determined by Bragg's law:
X-ray crystallography 
 Here d is the spacing between diffracting planes,  is the incident angle, n is any integer, and λ is the wavelength of the beam.
X-ray crystallography 
 Thus, X-ray diffraction results from an electromagnetic wave (the X-ray) hitting a regular array of scatterers (the repeating arrangement of atoms within the crystal).
NMR spectroscopy 
 NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy is a type of spectroscopy that allows chemists to see the structure of a molecule.
NMR spectroscopy 
 It is dissolved in a special solvent like heavy water (see deuterium) or chloroform-d, then the tube is placed into the NMR machine.
NMR spectroscopy 
 Some atoms in the sample will become excited when it is in the magnet, and when the sample is removed, the atoms will go back to a lower energy state.
NMR spectroscopy 
 A computer connected to the NMR can detect this change in excitement and it will cause different peaks and bumps to appear on the NMR diagram.
NMR spectroscopy 
 Peaks that occur farther to the left in the diagram (these peaks are said to be shifted downfield) represent hydrogen atoms that are closer to electronegative atoms like oxygen or nitrogen, or connected to an aromatic (benzene) ring.
NMR spectroscopy 
 If there are n hydrogen atoms "next door" to a single one, that single one's peak will be split into n+1 peaks.
NMR spectroscopy 
 For example, if a hydrogen atom is adjacent to three others, that hydrogen atom will be split into 4 smaller peaks, called a quartet.
NMR spectroscopy 
 Hydrogen atoms that are part of O-H or N-H bonds won't be split, but they will appear on the diagram as a rounded lump, called a broad peak.
NMR spectroscopy 
 By looking at all these factors in a diagram, a chemist can figure out what compounds are in his or her sample, and they can determine if the compound they have made is pure.
Italian Renaissance art 
 Italian Renaissance art is a style of painting and sculpture that began in the late 13th century (1200s) with the work of the painter Giotto and a sculptor Nicola Pisano.
Italian Renaissance art 
 The Renaissance way of painting and sculpting did not become the usual style until about 100 years later.
Italian Renaissance art 
 The Proto-Renaissance begins with the works of the painter Giotto and includes Taddeo Gaddi, Orcagna and Altichiero and the sculptor Nicola Pisano.
Italian Renaissance art 
 The Early Renaissance was the time of the painters Masaccio, Fra Angelico, Uccello, Piero della Francesca and Verrocchio, and the sculptors Ghiberti and Donatello.
Italian Renaissance art 
 The High Renaissance was the time of Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael and Titian as well as Michelangelo who was famous as a sculptor and as a painter.
Italian Renaissance art 
 The Mannerist period was the time of Andrea del Sarto, Pontormo and Tintoretto and the sculptors Giambologna and Cellini.
Italian Renaissance art 
 Cosimo de' Medici was intelligent, deeply religious, very rich, and wanted to be remembered as a man who did great things for Florence.
Italian Renaissance art 
 He collected many books, that were given to the Friary of St Mark so that a library could be made and many people could use them.
Italian Renaissance art 
 After Cosimo, his sons Piero and Giovanni, and his grandsons Lorenzo and Giuliano continued to be patrons of the arts and of learning.
Cunard Line 
 Cunard Line is a shipping company that was founded in 1840 and runs cruise ships all over the world.
Cunard Line 
 Cunard was formed in 1840 by Samuel Cunard after he decided to start a company that would carry mail from England to the United States.
Cunard Line 
 England paid for the costs of this service, since the country wanted a more regular service than the sailing ships of the time could do.
Cunard Line 
 The company became known for its record of good safety–while ships of other companies often sank, killing many people, these sorts of things rarely happened to Cunard.
Cunard Line 
 By the early 1900s, though, Cunard was faced with many other ships from several countries also competing with it for passengers going across the Atlantic.
Cunard Line 
 Theses ships made Cunard back into a leading shipping line, even though Lusitania was sunk during World War I by a German submarine, killing 1,200 people.
Cunard Line 
 During World War II, Queen Mary and another new ship like her, Queen Elizabeth, carried many soldiers to support England and the US.
Cunard Line 
 By the 1960s, people preferred to cross the Atlantic by jet airplanes rather than by ships, so Cunard sold most of their ships, or made them cruise ships instead of ocean liners.
Cunard Line 
 She started service in 1969 and became a very popular ship because she made both cruises and crossings of the Atlantic.
Cunard Line 
 Soon after, the company decided to build a new ocean liner that would make both cruises and Atlantic crossings like Queen Elizabeth 2, but would be bigger.
Emulsifier 
 For example, water and oil separate in a glass, but adding an emulsifier will help the liquids mix together.
Emulsifier 
 The emulsifier positions itself at the oil/water or air/water interface and, by reducing the surface tension, has a stabilising effect on the emulsion.
Emulsifier 
 Emulsifiers belong to the surfactants, usually with a grease-loving (lipophilic) and a water-loving (hydrophilic) part, which can nest around boundary layers between aqueous and greasy parts.
Emulsifier 
 An emulsifier prevents this rejection because it projects the water-loving side towards the water and the fat-loving side towards the fat.
Emulsifier 
 The extent to which the hydrophilic or lipophilic character dominates is represented by the HLB value of the surfactant (HLB = Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance).
Emulsifier 
 A high HLB value (10 to 18) indicates a hydrophilic substance suitable for emulsifying fats or oils in water.
Emulsifier 
 A cream consists largely of an emulsion of fat in water or of water in fat, while a bath oil often contains an emulsifier to partially distribute the oil in the water.
Emulsifier 
 Examples of emulsifiers used in cosmetic products are glyceryl monostearate, Polysorbate 20, accasia, tragacanth agar, and pectin.
Emulsifier 
 Emulsifiers are often used in food technology, for example to keep products moist or greasy (such as cakes and bread) or to mix fat-soluble substances with water, such as margarine.
N Seoul Tower 
 The N Seoul Tower (), officially the YTN Seoul Tower and commonly known as Namsan Tower or Seoul Tower, is a large tower in South Korea.
System administrator 
 A system administrator is a person hired by a company or organization to control the technical stuff of the company.
System administrator 
 For example, the system administrator takes care of the server of the company to ensure that it always stays online to allow customers to buy their products online.
System administrator 
 The system administrator also takes care of the technical products that the company or organisation purchases.
Coccidia 
 Coccidia is a subclass of microscopic, spore-forming, single-celled obligate parasites belonging to the apicomplexan class Conoidasida.
Coccidia 
 Coccidian parasites infect the intestinal tracts of animals, and are the largest group of apicomplexan protozoa.
Larry Walters 
 Lawrence Richard Walters, nicknamed "Lawnchair Larry" or the "Lawn Chair Pilot", (April 19, 1949 – October 6, 1993) was an American truck driver.
Larry Walters 
 He called his flying machine Inspiration I. It was made of an ordinary outdoor chair and 43 large balloons full of helium.
Larry Walters 
 He went from San Pedro, California into an area near Los Angeles International Airport that was only for airplanes.
Larry Walters 
 He was unable to become a pilot in the United States Air Force because he could not see well enough.
Larry Walters 
 He planned to attach a few large balloons filled with helium to his lawnchair and then float above his backyard.
Larry Walters 
 They went to the backyard of a home at 1633 W. 7th St. in San Pedro Walters attached the balloons to his lawnchair, filled them with helium.
Larry Walters 
 His friends cut the rope that tied his lawn chair to his Jeep and Walters' lawnchair went up very quickly.
Larry Walters 
 He slowly passed over Long Beach and moved into the space where airplanes came into Long Beach Airport.
Larry Walters 
 One of the show's hosts went up about 30m. He went back down slowly by shooting balloons with a pellet gun.
Larry Walters 
 Later, Walters realized that was a mistake when the Smithsonian Institute asked him to donate it to its museum.
Larry Walters 
 He did not think that reaching his goal in life would cause so much excitement or make so many people laugh.
Larry Walters 
 He was in a Timex print advertisement in the early '90s, He also gave speeches to help people get more confidence.
Larry Walters 
 Walters hiked in the San Gabriel Mountains and did volunteer work for the United States Forest Service.
Larry Walters 
 On 20 April 2008 a Brazilian Roman Catholic priest Adelir Antonio de Carli flew using a chair and 1000 helium balloons.
Larry Walters 
 The Official Site Of "The Lawn Chair Pilot" (Includes photos, detailed research, approximate flight map, and CB radio recording)
Upper Jurassic 
 The Upper Jurassic is the last geological epoch in the Jurassic that began 163.5 million years ago (mya), and ended at 145 mya.
Upper Jurassic 
 During the Upper Jurassic epoch, Pangaea broke up into two supercontinents, Laurasia to the north, and Gondwana to the south.
Upper Jurassic 
 The Kimmeridge clay is the main source for the huge North Sea oil reserves, and the whole epoch is stuffed full of marine fossils.
Mercury(II) sulfate 
 Mercury(II) sulfate is made by dissolving a small amount of mercury metal in concentrated sulfuric acid.
Mercury(II) sulfate 
 Some byproducts of this reaction that have mercury in them are thought to have poisoned many people in Japan (Minamata disease).
Alois Hitler 
 Alois Hitler (born Alois Schicklgruber, 7 June 1837  3 January 1903) was the father of Adolf Hitler.
Alois Hitler 
 He retired to a farm in 1895 and he was a beekeeper which means that he collected bees so that they could produce honey.
Ethiopian Empire 
 The Ethiopian Empire (Ge'ez Script: የኢትዮጵያ ንጉሠ ነገሥት መንግሥተ, Mängəstä Ityop'p'ya) or simply Ethiopia (,  , , , Oromo: Itoophiyaa, , Tigrinya: ኢትዮጵያ), also known as "Abyssinia" by foreigners, was an old empire.
Ethiopian Empire 
 At the time of its overthrow, it was the longest-lasting government in the world and one of the only two nations that did not get colonized in Africa.
Mark Zuckerberg 
 Mark Elliot Zuckerberg (born May 14, 1984) is a former Harvard University student who created Facebook when he was still studying computer science.
Mark Zuckerberg 
 The founding of Facebook made Zuckerberg a billionaire, one of the youngest and richest billionaires of all time according to Forbes.
Mark Zuckerberg 
 Besides computer programming, Zuckerberg is also interested in foreign languages, especially Mandarin Chinese.
Mark Zuckerberg 
 His founding of Facebook was portrayed in the movie The Social Network starring actor Jesse Eisenberg in the leading role.
Anne Christine of Sulzbach 
 Anne Christine of Sulzbach (Anne Christine Louise; 5 February 1704 – 12 March 1723), also called Anne of the Palatinate, was the first wife of Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Piedmont.
Anne Christine of Sulzbach 
 Anne Christine was born a daughter of Theodore Eustace, Count Palatine of Sulzbach and Eleonore of Hesse-Rheinfels, daughter of William, Landgrave of Hesse-Rotenburg.
Anne Christine of Sulzbach 
 On 15 March, 1722 at Vercelli, she married Charles Emmanuel of Savoy, Prince of Piedmont and later King of Sardinia as Charles Emmanuel III.
Anne Christine of Sulzbach 
 He was the second son of Victor Amadeus II and Anne Marie d'Orléans and the heir apparent to the Savoyard throne.
Anne Christine of Sulzbach 
 Vittorio Amedeo Theodore of Savoy (7 March 1723 – 11 August 1725), given the title of Duke of Aosta but died in infancy; buried at Superga.
Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont 
 Victor Amadeus of Savoy (Vittorio Amedeo Filippo Giuseppe; 6 May 1699 – 22 March 1715) was the eldest son of Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy and Anne Marie d'Orléans.
Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont 
 He was the fifth child and first son of his parents and was baptised with the names Vittorio Amadeo Giovanni Filippo.
Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont 
 The eldest son he would remain close to his father all his life who in turn adored his son who was named after him.
Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont 
 He would remain close to his father all his life who in turn adored his son who was named after him.
Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont 
 There were plans for him to marry Elisabetta Farnese thus linking the duchies of Savoy and Parma by marriage but a union would never take place Elisabetta later marrying Philip V of Spain.
Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont 
 Prior to 11 April 1713 the young prince was entitled to the style of "Highness" however after this date he was raised to the style of Royal Highness.
Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont 
 He was buried at the Cathedral of Saint Giovanni Battista and later moved to the Basilica of Superga outside Turin.
Hermannsdenkmal 
 The Statue of Herman () is a monument in the Southern part of the Teutoburg Forest,  in the district of Lippe, North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany.
Hermannsdenkmal 
 The monument commemorates the Cherusci war chief Hermann or Armin (Latin: Arminius) and the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD when the Germanic tribes under Arminius fought three Roman legions and other troops under Varus.
Hermannsdenkmal 
 The monument is 53.46 m (173.39 ft) tall and was built according to plans by the sculptor Ernst von Bandel.
Hermannsdenkmal 
 Building for the  statue was started in 1841, but was not finished until 1875 with the help of a lot of money from the state of Prussia.
Hermannsdenkmal 
 The monument was seen as one of those heping to remind people of Germany's history and  national pride.
Hermannsdenkmal 
 The statue is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Germany with over 130,000 visitors a year.
Hermannsdenkmal 
 A similar Hermann Heights Monument exists in New Ulm, Minnesota, a town settled by German immigrants.
Mercury(II) bromide 
 It can be made by reacting mercury(II) oxide with hydrobromic acid or by disproportionation of mercury(I) bromide.
Mercury(II) bromide 
 The arsenic is reacted with hydrogen to make arsine, which reacts with mercury(II) bromide to turn it yellow or brown.
Babirusa 
 The babirusas are a genus Babyrousa, in the pig family (Suidae) found in Wallacea, or specifically the Indonesian islands of Sulawesi, Togian, Sula and Buru.
Babirusa 
 All members of this genus were considered part of a single species until recently the babirusa (B. babyrussa), but following the split into several species, this scientific name is restricted to the Buru babirusa from Buru and Sula, whereas the best-known species, the north Sulawesi babirusa is named B. celebensis.
Babirusa 
 The name "pig-deer" has sometimes also been used in English, and is a direct translation of the Indonesian babi-rusa.
Mercury(II) sulfide 
 Mercury(II) sulfide, also known as cinnabar, mercuric sulfide, and mercury sulfide, is a chemical compound.
Mercury(II) sulfide 
 The beta form is made when a mercury(II) salt like mercury(II) chloride reacts with hydrogen sulfide.
Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France 
 Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans, Grandson of France (2 August 1674 – 2 December 1723) was a member of the royal family of France and served as Regent of the Kingdom from 1715 to 1723.
Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France 
 Born at his father's palace at Saint-Cloud, he was known from birth under the title of Duke of Chartres.
Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France 
 His father was Louis XIV's younger brother Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, known as Monsieur; his mother was Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate.
Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France 
 In 1692, Philippe married his first cousin, Françoise Marie de Bourbon - the youngest legitimised daughter (légitimée de France) of Philippe's uncle Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan.
Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France 
 Named regent of France for Louis XV until Louis attained his majority in February 1723, the era of his de facto rule was known as the Regency (1715–1723).
Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France 
 Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (20 August 1695 - 21 July 1719) married Charles of France, Duke of Berry and had issue.
Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France 
 Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans (20 October 1700 - 19 January 1761) married Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena and had issue.
Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France 
 Louis d'Orléans (4 August 1703 - 4 February 1752) married Margravine Johanna of Baden-Baden and had issue.
Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France 
 Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (11 December 1709 - 16 June 1742) married King Louis I of Spain, no issue.
Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France 
 Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans (18 December 1714 - 21 May 1734) married Infante Carlos of Spain, no issue.
Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France 
 Louise Diane d'Orléans (27 June 1716 - 26 September 1736) married Louis François de Bourbon and has issue.
Philippe I, Duke of Orléans 
 Philippe of France, Son of France, Duke of Orléans (21 September 1640 – 9 June 1701) was the youngest son of Louis XIII of France and his queen consort Anne of Austria.
Philippe I, Duke of Orléans 
 Styled Duke of Anjou from birth, Philippe became Duke of Orléans upon the death of his uncle Gaston, Duke of Orléans.
Philippe I, Duke of Orléans 
 Openly homosexual, he married twice: firstly to Henrietta of England, Minette, sister of Charles II of England.
Philippe I, Duke of Orléans 
 During their marriage, Philippe met and began a relationship with the Chevalier de Lorraine who was the great love of Philippe's life, their long relationship beginning in 1668.
Philippe I, Duke of Orléans 
 After the alleged poisoning of Minette, Philippe married again in 1671 to Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, Liselotte.
Philippe I, Duke of Orléans 
 He was the founder of the House of Orléans, a cadet branch of the ruling House of Bourbon, and thus the direct ancestor of Louis Philippe I, who ruled France from 1830 till 1848 in the July Monarchy.
Philippe I, Duke of Orléans 
 Through the children of both of his marriages Philippe became an ancestor of most modern-day Roman Catholic royals, giving him the nickname of "the grandfather of Europe".
Philippe I, Duke of Orléans 
 Through careful personal administration, Philippe greatly augmented his fortune and thus the fortune of the House of Orléans.
Philippe I, Duke of Orléans 
 Married Princess Henrietta of England, daughter of Charles I of England and Henrietta Maria of France, on 31 March 1661, at the Palais Royal.
Philippe I, Duke of Orléans 
 Anne Marie d'Orléans (27 August 1669 – 26 August 1728) married Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy and had children;
Philippe I, Duke of Orléans 
 Married Elisabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, daughter of Elector Palatine Charles I Louis and Landgravine Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel, on 16 November 1671 at Châlons.
Philippe I, Duke of Orléans 
 Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France (2 August 1674 – 2 December 1723) married Françoise Marie de Bourbon, Légitimée de France and had children;
Philippe I, Duke of Orléans 
 Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans (13 September 1676 – 24 December 1744) married Léopold of Lorraine, Duke of Lorraine and had children.
Yousuf Karsh 
 His work includes portraits of statesmen, artists, authors, musicians, film directors, scientists, and other people that do important things.
Françoise Marie de Bourbon 
 Françoise Marie de Bourbon, Légitimée de France, Granddaughter of France by marriage (4 May 1677 – 1 February 1749) was the youngest legitimised daughter (fille légitimée de France) of Louis XIV of France and his mistress, Madame de Montespan.
Françoise Marie de Bourbon 
 Originally known as the second Mademoiselle de Blois, that style eventually gave way to the name Françoise Marie de Blois.
Françoise Marie de Bourbon 
 She married her first cousin Philippe d'Orléans in 18 February 1692 at the age of fourteen and later bore eight children, four of which would have further children.
Françoise Marie de Bourbon 
 Proud, lazy and attractive, she successfully intrigued to have her daughters marry well to the Prince of Conti, Duke of Berry, Duke of Modena and King of Spain, mostly to spite her sister Louise Françoise de Bourbon, the Duchess of Bourbon.
Françoise Marie de Bourbon 
 However, she welded little political influence considering her proximity to the political circle of the era.
Françoise Marie de Bourbon 
 She was involved in the Cellamare Conspiracy in 1718 which was supposed to overthrow her own husband Philippe d'Orléans as Regent of the Kingdom and replace him with her favourite brother the Duke of Maine.
Françoise Marie de Bourbon 
 The marquis d'Argenson said she was very like her mother, Madame de Montespan, but also had Louis XIV's orderly mind with his failings of injustice and harshness.
Françoise Marie de Bourbon 
 Among her male line descendents are Philippe Egalité, Louis-Philippe I, King of the French, and Prince Henri, Count of Paris, the present Orléanist pretender to the French throne.
Françoise Marie de Bourbon 
 She is also an ancestor of Juan Carlos I of Spain, Philippe, King of the Belgians, Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg and Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples, the pretender to the Italian throne.
Françoise Marie de Bourbon 
 Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (20 August 1695 - 21 July 1719) married Charles of France, Duke of Berry and had children but none survived to adulthood.
Françoise Marie de Bourbon 
 Louise Adélaïde d'Orléans (13 August 1698 - 10 February 1743) Abbess of Chelles died unmarried and childless.
Françoise Marie de Bourbon 
 Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans (20 October 1700 - 19 January 1761) married Francesco d'Este, Duke of Modena and had children.
Françoise Marie de Bourbon 
 Louis d'Orléans (4 August 1703 - 4 February 1752) married Margravine Johanna of Baden-Baden and had children.
Françoise Marie de Bourbon 
 Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans (18 December 1714 - 21 May 1734) engaged to Infante Carlos of Spain but never married and died childless.
Françoise Marie de Bourbon 
 Louise Diane d'Orléans (27 June 1716 - 26 September 1736) married Louis François de Bourbon, Prince of Conti and had children.
Françoise Marie de Bourbon 
 22 November 1681 – 18 February 1692 Her Highness Françoise Marie de Bourbon, Legitimée de France, "Mademoiselle de Blois".
Louis, Duke of Orléans (1703–1752) 
 Known as Louis le Pieux and also as Louis le Génovéfain, Louis was a pious, charitable and cultured prince, who took very little part in the politics of the time.
Louis, Duke of Orléans (1703–1752) 
 Louis d'Orléans was born at the Palace of Versailles in 1703 to Philippe II, Duke of Orléans and his wife, Françoise Marie de Bourbon, the youngest legitimised daughter of Louis XIV and of his mistress Madame de Montespan.