the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Amu Darya 
 This is because many of the river's major tributaries (especially the Zeravshan River) have been diverted, and much of the river's drainage is dominated by outlying desert and steppe.
Amu Darya 
 The abundant water flowing in the Amu Darya almost entirely comes from glaciers in the Pamir Mountains and Tian Shan,
Amu Darya 
 which, standing above the surrounding arid plain, collect atmospheric moisture which otherwise would probably have escaped somewhere else.
Amu Darya 
 Without its mountain water sources, the Amu Darya would not contain any water because it rarely rains in the lowlands that characterize most of the river.
Amu Darya 
 The river Jayhan drainage lies in the area between the former empires of Genghis Khan and Alexander the Great, although they occurred at much different times.
Amu Darya 
 One southern route of the Silk Road ran along part of the Jayhan river northwestward from Termez before going westwards to the Caspian Sea.
Amu Darya 
 It is believed that the Amu Darya's course across the Kara-Kum Desert has gone through several major shifts in the past few thousand years.
Amu Darya 
 Much of the time, the most recent period being in the 13th century to the late 16th century, the Amu Darya emptied into both the Aral and the Caspian Seas.
Amu Darya 
 Sometimes, the flow through the two branches was more or less equal, but often, most of the Amu Darya's flow split to the west and flowed into the Caspian.
Amu Darya 
 People began to settle along the lower Amu Darya and the Uzboy in the 5th century A.D., establishing a thriving chain of agricultural lands, towns, and cities.
Amu Darya 
 Then, the French explorer and geographer Thibaut Viné collected a lot of informations about this area during five expeditions between 1856 and 1862.
Amu Darya 
 The Soviet Union fell in the 1990s and Central Asia split up into the many smaller countries that lie within or partially within the Amu Darya basin.
Amu Darya 
 In the 1960s and 1970s, the Amu Darya and Syr Darya were first used by the Soviets to irrigate extensive cotton fields in the Central Asian plain.
Amu Darya 
 Before this time, water from the rivers was already being used for agriculture, but not on this massive scale.
Amu Darya 
 The Qaraqum Canal, Karshi Canal, and Bukhara Canal were among the larger of the irrigation diversions built.
Amu Darya 
 The Main Turkmen Canal was a proposed project that would have diverted water along the dry Uzboy River bed into central Turkmenistan, but was never built.
Amu Darya 
 The Oxus river, and Arnold's poem, provide a literary background for the 1930s children's book The Far-Distant Oxus.
Amu Darya 
 The Roof of the World: Being the Narrative of a Journey over the high plateau of Tibet to the Russian Frontier and the Oxus sources on Pamir.
Founding Fathers of the United States 
 These men signed the Declaration of Independence, either helped write the Constitution of the United States, or helped win the American Revolutionary War.
Founding Fathers of the United States 
 Some scholars like to limit them to a small number, such as seven: George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison.
CNDO/2 
 It is both 1) a method for learning key facts about molecular orbitals as well as 2) the name of a particular set of computer programs.
CNDO/2 
 CNDO starts with the position of the positively charged nuclei of the atoms and the negatively charged electron clouds surrounding them.
CNDO/2 
 Quantum chemistry tells the model the probability distribution of electron locations based on atomic orbitals.
Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers 
 Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers (CAPIF) is a group that represents the music industry in Argentina.
AMPROFON 
 Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas (AMPROFON) is a group that represents the music industry in Mexico.
Signature song 
 A signature song is a song that is best known for a music artist because of its popularity among their fans.
Signature song 
 Signature songs can be songs that helped boost an artist's fan base, popularity, fame, and bookings.
Selena (movie) 
 It was released on March 21, 1997, by Warner Bros. Gregory Nava was the director and the screenwriter.
Selena (movie) 
 Selena was produced by Abraham Quintanilla, Jr. (Selena's father), Moctesuma Esparza and Robert Katz.
Selena (movie) 
 Lopez was given $1 million for her role as Selena, making her the highest-paid Hispanic woman ever, at the time.
Selena (movie) 
 Selena had mostly good reviews from critics, though many thought the movie did not tell the true story of Selena.
Selena (movie) 
 The movie starts with Selena (Jennifer Lopez) getting ready for her Houston Astrodome concert on February 26, 1995.
Selena (movie) 
 Los Dinos then performed at a Spanish nightclub, and are booed off stage by Mexicans for not knowing any Mexican music.
Selena (movie) 
 He puts A.B. Quintanilla III (Rafael Tamayo) on base and Suzette Quintanilla (Victoria Elena Flores) on drums.
Selena (movie) 
 In the next scene, Selena began talking to her cousin (Seidy Lopez) about her dreams of becoming a fashion designer.
Selena (movie) 
 In the next scene, Selena's song "Como La Flor" reached number one on Billboard which made the group come together and celebrate.
Selena (movie) 
 Selena tried to run after him, however, her father told her that if she did that he will disband the group.
Selena (movie) 
 Abraham later finds out that Yolanda was stealing money, and holds a meeting to hear Yolanda's side.
Selena (movie) 
 After that night, Selena asked her mother to scratch her head and that she and Chris are thinking of starting a family.
Selena (movie) 
 Reporters tells everyone that Selena was shot by Saldívar during an argument over the missing financial records.
Selena (movie) 
 Dreaming of You" is played again, while her fans are seen holding pictures of her during a candlelight vigil.
Selena (movie) 
 Abraham was not happy — he did not want Selena's fans to think that eloping was a right thing to do.
Selena (movie) 
 He also said that even though he may seem like a "bad guy" in the movie, his actions after the marriage would make people see him differently.
Selena (movie) 
 She felt that it was "too early" to base a movie on Selena and that it would be too emotional since Selena's death was still being covered on television.
Selena (movie) 
 It was later certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of 1,000,000 copies in the United States.
Selena (movie) 
 Chuck Eddy of Entertainment Weekly gave the soundtrack an "A" rating and stated that the soundtrack had everything a "right posthumous" album should have.
Selena (movie) 
 Enrique Lopetegui of the Los Angeles Times wrote that "One More Time" was a "corny but effective" tribute to Selena.
Selena (movie) 
 Lopetegui commented that "Viviras Selena" was the "weakest track" of the album and that "Is It the Beat?"
Selena (movie) 
 to the song "I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me)" by Whitney Houston, which had similar beats and sounds.
Selena (movie) 
 A Miami Herald writer believed the soundtrack was "uneven" and stated that Selena's unreleased recordings "outshines" the rest of the songs on the album.
Selena (movie) 
 Before the movie was released, Selena fans were not happy that a Puerto Rican would play the part of a Mexican American singer.
Selena (movie) 
 Selena was released on March 21, 1997, and grossed $11,615,722, making it the second-highest debut for that week.
Selena (movie) 
 Selena was in theaters for 101 days, and Lopez's portrayal of Selena became the "breakthrough role" (becoming very important) for her career.
Selena (movie) 
 Enrique Fernandez of the Sun Sentinel wrote that Nava did a great job in "catching the audience" with Selena.
Selena (movie) 
 Steve Persall of the St. Petersburg Times believed that Nava did not do a good job in retelling Selena's murder.
Selena (movie) 
 Persall believed Nava was under pressure by Selena's family and fans to tell a more "fairy tale" movie then a "real life event".
Selena (movie) 
 Daisann McLane of Sun Sentinel agreed that the movie was more of a "fairy tale" and that "the movie is the family's version of the story".
Selena (movie) 
 Stuart Elliott of Austin American-Statesmen wrote that Selena became a "breakthrough success" in Selena's career.
Selena (movie) 
 Elliott believed that Nava had "perfect[ed]" every scene and that female Hispanics in America can relate to the conflicts and the climax of the story.
You and I 
 Gaga wrote the song herself and produced it with R.J. "Mutt" Lange, who is known for his 14-year marriage to Canadian country pop singer Shania Twain and was Twain's writing partner and producer.
You and I 
 The Recording Industry Association of America certified the song triple-Platinum on February 29, 2016, for sales and shipments of three million copies across the United States.
You and I 
 Gaga is seen on a farm in Nebraska and is dressed in various outfits: in one point, she is wearing a straitjacket, and another time, she is dressed as a mermaid.
Kalam 
 Kalām (, literally "speech" or "words") is the Islamic discipline of seeking theological knowledge through dialectic (debate and argument).
Ohio Senate 
 The terms of the Senators are staggered so that about half the membership is elected every two years.
Ohio Senate 
 The Senators representing the even-numbered districts are elected in years evenly divisible by four.
Ohio Senate 
 The Senators from the odd-numbered districts are elected in even-numbered years not divisible by four.
Ohio Senate 
 Clerk: According to the Rules of the Senate, the Clerk is elected by the members of the Senate and is tasked with maintaining records of all Senate bills and resolutions.
Ohio Senate 
 The Clerk is also responsible for handling all documents received from other government departments.
Snare drum 
 Pipe and tabor and some military snare drums can have a second set of snares on the bottom side of the top head.
Snare drum 
 A cross-stick: The stick is laid down on the drum with its tip touching the head and the bottom end being used to hit the other side of the rim.
Snare drum 
 Royal Schools Sources Percussion Page  Sources for the prescribed music for the Royal Schools of Music practical exams
Snare drum 
 Field Drums Blog Photos, information, critical commentary and analysis of field drums, focusing on drums of the American Civil War
Economic boom 
 The United States of America had an essential supply of natural resources such as timber, iron, coal, minerals, oil and land.
Economic boom 
 Whilst European economies suffered during the First World War, the USA experienced significant growth.
Economic boom 
 Immediately after the war there was a small slump but from 1922 the USA experienced an unprecedented economic boom.
Economic boom 
 Electricity developed slowly before the war but during the 1920s the electricity industry experienced a huge boom.
Economic boom 
 By 1929 the majority of houses in America had electricity and 70 per cent of them used it for lighting purposes.
Economic boom 
 As a result of the development of factories to produce consumer goods for the American people, the demand for electricity doubled.
Economic boom 
 Electrical power was introduced in factories to drive machinery, and thus it became possible to introduce mass production to a number of factories, e.g. refrigerators, washing machines, vacuum cleaners and radio sets.
Economic boom 
 Henry Ford was of the opinion that it was better to sell more cars for a small profit, as that meant employing more workers.
Economic boom 
 The workers earned good wages ($5 per day), thousands of jobs were created, roads were built, petrol stations were built, as were hotels and restaurants.
Economic boom 
 In order to help American people to purchase the new goods that were available, systems of hire-purchase and credit were introduced.
Economic boom 
 In order to encourage Americans to take advantage of the scheme, advertisements were placed on roadsides, on the radio, in newspapers and in cinemas.
Grignard reaction 
 The Grignard reaction (pronounced ) is an organometallic chemical reaction in which alkyl- or aryl-magnesium halides (Grignard reagents) attack electrophilic carbon atoms that are present within polar bonds (for example, in a carbonyl group as in the example shown below).
Grignard reaction 
 It also can form carbon–phosphorus, carbon–tin, carbon–silicon, carbon–boron and other carbon–heteroatom bonds.
Grignard reaction 
 The disadvantage of Grignard reagents is that they readily react with protic solvents (such as water), or with functional groups with acidic protons, such as alcohols and amines.
Grignard reaction 
 Atmospheric humidity can alter the yield of making a Grignard reagent from magnesium turnings and an alkyl halide.
Grignard reaction 
 One of many methods used to exclude water from the reaction atmosphere is to flame-dry the reaction vessel to evaporate all moisture, which is then sealed to prevent moisture from returning.
Grignard reaction 
 Chemists then use ultrasound to activate the surface of the magnesium so that it consumes any water present.
Grignard reaction 
 Another disadvantage of Grignard reagents is that they do not readily form carbon–carbon bonds by reacting with alkyl halides by an SN2 mechanism.
Grignard reaction 
 They are named after this French chemist  (University of Nancy, France) who was awarded the 1912 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work.
Grignard reaction 
 The addition of the Grignard reagent to a carbonyl typically proceeds through a six-membered ring transition state.
Grignard reaction 
 However, with steric hindered Grignard reagents, the reaction may proceed by single-electron transfer.
Grignard reaction 
 Grignard reactions will not work if water is present; water causes the reagent to rapidly decompose.
Grignard reaction 
 So, most Grignard reactions occur in solvents such as anhydrous diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran (THF), because the oxygen in these solvents stabilizes the magnesium reagent.
Grignard reaction 
 Usually, this side-reaction may be limited by the volatile solvent vapors displacing air above the reaction mixture.
Grignard reaction 
 In small scale reactions, the solvent vapors do not have enough space to protect the magnesium from oxygen.
Grignard reaction 
 The reaction is conducted by adding the organic halide to a suspension of magnesium in an ether, which provides ligands required to stabilize the organomagnesium compound.
Grignard reaction 
 First, there is an induction period during which reactive magnesium becomes exposed to the organic reagents.
Grignard reaction 
 Chlorides are also used, but fluorides are generally unreactive, except with specially activated magnesium, such as Rieke magnesium.
Grignard reaction 
 Many Grignard reagents, such as methylmagnesium chloride, phenylmagnesium bromide, and allylmagnesium bromide are available commercially in tetrahydrofuran or diethyl ether solutions.
Grignard reaction 
 Using the Schlenk equilibrium, Grignard reagents form varying amounts of diorganomagnesium compounds (R = organic group, X = halide):
Grignard reaction 
 They expose the magnesium to the organic halide to start the reaction that makes the Grignard reagent.
Grignard reaction 
 Mechanical methods include crushing of the Mg pieces in situ, rapid stirring, or using ultrasound (sonication) of the suspension.
Grignard reaction 
 Chemists use 1,2-dibromoethane because its action can be monitored by the observation of bubbles of ethylene.
Grignard reaction 
 The addition of a small amount of mercuric chloride will amalgamate the surface of the metal, allowing it to react.
Grignard reaction 
 Grignard reactions are exothermic; this exothermicity must be considered when a reaction is scaled-up from laboratory to production plant.
Grignard reaction 
 Such reactions usually involve a water-based (aqueous) acidic workup, though this is rarely shown in reaction schemes.
Grignard reaction 
 In cases where the Grignard reagent is adding to a prochiral aldehyde or ketone, the Felkin-Anh model or Cram's Rule can usually predict which stereoisomer will form.
Grignard reaction 
 Salicylaldehyde will be the major product as long as everything is very dry and under inert conditions.
Grignard reaction 
 For example, nonylmagnesium bromide reacts with methyl p-chlorobenzoate to give p-nonylbenzoic acid, in the presence of Tris(acetylacetonato)iron(III), often symbolized as Fe(acac)3, after workup with NaOH to hydrolyze the ester, shown as follows.
Grignard reaction 
 For the coupling of aryl halides with aryl Grignards, nickel chloride in tetrahydrofuran (THF) is also a good catalyst.
Grignard reaction 
 Additionally, an effective catalyst for the couplings of alkyl halides is dilithium tetrachlorocuprate (Li2CuCl4), prepared by mixing lithium chloride (LiCl) and copper(II) chloride (CuCl2) in THF.
Grignard reaction 
 The oxidation of a Grignard reagent with oxygen takes place through a radical intermediate to a magnesium hydroperoxide.
Grignard reaction 
 Hydrolysis of this complex yields hydroperoxides and reduction with an additional equivalent of Grignard reagent gives an alcohol.
Grignard reaction 
 Adding just the Grignard and the alkene does not result in a reaction, showing that the presence of oxygen is essential.
Grignard reaction 
 The only drawback is the requirement of at least two equivalents of Grignard reagent in the reaction.
Grignard reaction 
 This can addressed by using a dual Grignard system with a cheap reducing Grignard reagent such as n-butylmagnesium bromide.
Grignard reaction 
 Grignard reagents are nucleophiles in nucleophilic aliphatic substitutions for instance with alkyl halides in a key step in industrial Naproxen production:
Grignard reaction 
 In the Boord olefin synthesis, the addition of magnesium to certain β-haloethers results in an elimination reaction to the alkene.
Grignard reaction 
 Grignard degradation at one time was a tool in structure identification (elucidation) in which a Grignard RMgBr formed from a heteroaryl bromide HetBr reacts with water to Het-H (bromine replaced by a hydrogen atom) and MgBrOH.
Grignard reaction 
 This hydrolysis method allows the determination of the number of halogen atoms in an organic compound.
Grignard reaction 
 Tamoxifen is currently used for the treatment of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer in women.):
Grignard reaction 
 Grignard knowledge: Alkyl coupling chemistry with inexpensive transition metals by Larry J. Westrum, Fine Chemistry  November/December 2002, pp.
Giant Magellan Telescope 
 The Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) will be the world's largest telescope when it is completed in 2025.
Giant Magellan Telescope 
 The location of the telescope is the Las Campanas Observatory, which is also the site of the Magellan Telescopes, some  northeast of La Serena, Chile.
Giant Magellan Telescope 
 This is difficult as the surface of the outer six mirror segments is not radially symmetrical (that is, they are off-axis).
Giant Magellan Telescope 
 All seven mirrors will be arranged so that the reflecting surface of each of them is on a common axis.
Giant Magellan Telescope 
 The spare mirror has been made to replace a mirror when it needs recoating, a 1–2 week (per segment) process required every 1–2 years.
Giant Magellan Telescope 
 The Steward Observatory, at the University of Arizona, is making the mirrors in a laboratory beneath the university's football stadium.
Giant Magellan Telescope 
 George P. Mitchell, founder of Mitchell Energy & Development Corp., and The Cynthia and George Mitchell Foundation are giving $25 million to help pay for the telescope.
Giant Magellan Telescope 
 Painted outline of the mirrors at the parking lot of the Observatories of the Carnegie Institution in Pasadena
Stinging nettle 
 Stinging nettles (Urtica dioica) are a type of plant which have stinging defensive hairs on the leaves and stems.
Stinging nettle 
 The hairs inject histamine and other chemicals that produce a stinging sensation when contacted by humans and other animals.
Stinging nettle 
 Soaking stinging nettles in water or cooking removes the stinging chemicals from the plant, which allows them to be handled and eaten without injury.
Stinging nettle 
 Stinging nettles are important food plants for several butterflies, like the peacock butterfly and the small tortoiseshell.
Ferrari F50 
 It has a 4.7 L V12 engine that was based on the 3.5 L V12 used in the 1992 Ferrari F92A Formula One car.
Mass spectrum 
 A mass spectrum is an intensity versus m/z (mass-to-charge ratio) plot that represents a chemical analysis.
Mass spectrum 
 The mass spectrum of a sample is a pattern representing the distribution of ions by mass (more correctly: mass-to-charge ratio) in a sample.
Mass spectrum 
 For example, some mass spectrometers break the analyte molecules into many pieces; others observe the intact molecular masses with little fragmentation.
Mass spectrum 
 A mass spectrum can represent many different types of information based on the type of mass spectrometer and the specific experiment; however, all plots of intensity vs. mass-to-charge are called "mass spectra".
Mass spectrum 
 Common fragmentation processes for organic molecules are the McLafferty rearrangement and alpha cleavage.
Mass spectrum 
 Weighing Atoms: A layperson's introduction to mass spectrometry  National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
Mass spectrum 
 What's in an Oil Drop: A layperson's introduction to Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance   National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
Stuntman (video game) 
 The game received positive reviews, GameSpot gave it a 8.0 out of 10 and IGN gave it a 8.6 out of 10.
Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say) 
 Though the single did not chart in the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America certified the song gold on February 29, 2016, for shipments and streams equal to 500,000 copies there.
SN2 reaction 
 The SN2 reaction (also known as bimolecular nucleophilic substitution) is a substitution reaction in organic chemistry.
SN2 reaction 
 It is a type of nucleophilic substitution, where a lone pair from a nucleophile attacks an electron deficient electrophilic center and bonds to it.
SN2 reaction 
 Since two reacting species are involved in the slow, rate-determining step of the reaction, this leads to the name bimolecular nucleophilic substitution, or SN2.
SN2 reaction 
 The reaction most often occurs at an aliphatic sp3 carbon center with an electronegative, stable leaving group attached to it - 'X' - frequently a halide atom.
SN2 reaction 
 The breaking of the C-X bond and the formation of the new C-Nu bond occur simultaneously to form a transition state in which the carbon under nucleophilic attack is pentacoordinate, and approximately sp2 hybridized.
SN2 reaction 
 The nucleophile attacks the carbon at 180° to the leaving group, since this provides the best overlap between the nucleophile's lone pair and the C-X σ* antibonding orbital.
SN2 reaction 
 If the substrate under nucleophilic attack is chiral, this can lead, although not necessarily, to an inversion of stereochemistry, called the Walden inversion.
SN2 reaction 
 In an example of the SN2 reaction, the attack of OH− (the nucleophile) on a bromoethane (the electrophile) results in ethanol, with bromide ejected as the leaving group:
SN2 reaction 
 A SN2 reaction occurs if the backside route of attack is not blocked by other atoms in the molecule (sterically hindered by substituents on the substrate).
SN2 reaction 
 If there is steric crowding on the substrate near the leaving group, such as at a tertiary carbon center, the substitution will use an SN1 rather than an SN2 mechanism, (an SN1 would also be more likely with blocked molecules because a sufficiently stable carbocation intermediary could be formed.)
SN2 reaction 
 This is because the nucleophile attacks from the back of the substrate, thus breaking the carbon-leaving group bond and forming the carbon-nucleophile bond.
SN2 reaction 
 Therefore, to maximise the rate of the SN2 reaction, the back of the substrate must be as unhindered as possible.