the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
SN2 reaction 
 Overall, this means that methyl and primary substrates react the fastest, followed by secondary substrates.
SN2 reaction 
 The methoxide anion, for example, is both a strong base and nucleophile because it is a methyl nucleophile, and is thus very much unhindered.
SN2 reaction 
 Tert-butoxide, on the other hand, is a strong base, but a poor nucleophile, because of its three methyl groups hindering its approach to the carbon.
SN2 reaction 
 Nucleophile strength is also affected by charge and electronegativity: nucleophilicity increases with increasing negative charge and decreasing electronegativity.
SN2 reaction 
 For example, OH- is a better nucleophile than water, and I- is a better nucleophile than Br- (in polar protic solvents).
SN2 reaction 
 In a polar aprotic solvent, nucleophilicity increases up a column of the periodic table as there is no hydrogen bonding between the solvent and nucleophile.
SN2 reaction 
 The solvent affects the rate of reaction because solvents may or may not surround a nucleophile, thus hindering or not hindering its approach to the carbon atom.
SN2 reaction 
 Polar aprotic solvents, like tetrahydrofuran, are better solvents for this reaction than polar protic solvents because polar protic solvents will be solvated by the solvent hydrogen bonding to the nucleophile.
SN2 reaction 
 The more stable leaving group is, the more likely that it will take the two electrons of its carbon-leaving group bond with it when the nucleophile attacks the carbon.
SN2 reaction 
 The rate of an SN2 reaction is second order, as the rate-determining step depends on the nucleophile concentration, [Nu−] as well as the concentration of substrate, [RX].
SN2 reaction 
 In other words, the rate of SN1 reactions depend only on the concentration of the substrate while the SN2 reaction rate depends on the concentration of both the substrate and nucleophile.
SN2 reaction 
 In cases where both mechanisms are possible (for example at a secondary carbon center), the mechanism depends on solvent, temperature, concentration of the nucleophile or on the leaving group.
SN2 reaction 
 SN2 reactions are generally favored in primary alkyl halides or secondary alkyl halides with an aprotic solvent.
SN2 reaction 
 For instance, it is possible to get a contact ion pairs formed from an alkyl halide in which the ions are not fully separated.
SN2 reaction 
 When these undergo substitution the stereochemistry will be inverted (as in SN2) for many of the reacting molecules but a few may show retention of configuration.
SN2 reaction 
 A common side reaction taking place with SN2 reactions is E2 elimination: the incoming anion can act as a base rather than as a nucleophile, removing a proton and leading to formation of the alkene.
SN2 reaction 
 This effect can be demonstrated in the gas-phase reaction between a sulfonate and a simple alkyl bromide taking place inside a mass spectrometer:
SN2 reaction 
 As steric hindrance around the electrophilic center increases, as with isobutyl bromide, substitution is disfavored and elimination is the predominant reaction.
SN2 reaction 
 In general, gas phase reactions and solution phase reactions of this type follow the same trends, even though in the first, solvent effects are dropped.
SN2 reaction 
 A development attracting attention in 2008 concerns a SN2 roundabout mechanism observed in a gas-phase reaction between chloride ions and methyl iodide with a special technique called  crossed molecular beam imaging.
SN2 reaction 
 When the chloride ions have sufficient velocity, the energy of the resulting iodide ions after the collision is much lower than expected, and it is theorized that energy is lost as a result of a full roundabout of the methyl group around the iodine atom before the actual displacement takes place.
SN1 reaction 
 SN" stands for nucleophilic substitution and the "1" represents the fact that the rate-determining step involves only one molecule (unimolecular).
SN1 reaction 
 Some common SN1 reactions are of secondary or tertiary alkyl halides under strongly basic conditions or, under strongly acidic conditions, with secondary or tertiary alcohols.
SN1 reaction 
 An example of a reaction taking place with an SN1 reaction mechanism is the hydrolysis of tert-butyl bromide with water to form tert-butyl alcohol:
SN1 reaction 
 Formation of a tert-butyl carbocation by separation of a leaving group (a bromide anion) from the carbon atom; this step is slow and reversible.
SN1 reaction 
 If the nucleophile is a neutral molecule (that is, a solvent) a third step is required to complete the reaction.
SN1 reaction 
 Deprotonation: Removal of a proton on the protonated nucleophile by water acting as a base forming the alcohol and a hydronium ion.
SN1 reaction 
 Because the first step is the bottleneck or "rate-determining step" chemists classify the entire reaction mechanism as SN1.
SN1 reaction 
 The SN1 mechanism will win this competition when the central carbon atom is surrounded by bulky groups because such groups sterically hinder the SN2 reaction.
SN1 reaction 
 Additionally, bulky substituents on the central carbon increase the rate of carbocation formation because of the relief of steric strain that occurs.
SN1 reaction 
 The resultant carbocation is also stabilized by both inductive stabilization and hyperconjugation from attached alkyl groups.
SN1 reaction 
 The SN1 mechanism therefore dominates in reactions at tertiary alkyl centers and is further observed at secondary alkyl centers in the presence of weak nucleophiles.
SN1 reaction 
 An example of a reaction proceeding in a SN1 way is the synthesis of 2,5-dichloro-2,5-dimethylhexane from the corresponding diol with concentrated hydrochloric acid:
SN1 reaction 
 As the alpha and beta substitutions increase with respect to leaving groups, the reaction is diverted from SN2 to SN1.
SN1 reaction 
 The carbocation intermediate formed in the reaction's rate limiting step is an sp2 hybridized carbon with trigonal planar molecular geometry.
SN1 reaction 
 This allows two different paths for the nucleophilic attack, one on either side of the planar molecule.
SN1 reaction 
 If neither path is preferentially favored, these two paths will be used equally, yielding a racemic mix of enantiomers if the reaction takes place at a stereocenter.
SN1 reaction 
 This is illustrated below in the SN1 reaction of S-3-chloro-3-methylhexane with an iodide ion, which yields a racemic mixture of 3-iodo-3-methylhexane:
SN1 reaction 
 However, an excess of one stereoisomer can be observed, as the leaving group can remain close to the carbocation intermediate for a short time and block nucleophilic attack.
SN1 reaction 
 This is very different than the SN2 mechanism, which does not mix the stereochemistry of the product (a stereospecific mechanism).
SN1 reaction 
 If the reaction is performed under warm or hot conditions (which favor an increase in entropy), E1 elimination is likely to predominate, leading to formation of an alkene.
SN1 reaction 
 If an attempt is made to perform an SN1 reaction using a strongly basic nucleophile such as hydroxide or methoxide ion, the alkene will again be formed, this time via an E2 elimination.
SN1 reaction 
 Finally, if the carbocation intermediate can rearrange to a more stable carbocation, it will give a product derived from the more stable carbocation rather than the simple substitution product.
SN1 reaction 
 Since the SN1 reaction involves formation of an unstable carbocation intermediate in the rate-determining step, anything that can help this will speed up the reaction.
SN1 reaction 
 The normal solvents of choice are both polar (to stabilize ionic intermediates in general) and protic (to solvate the leaving group in particular).
SN1 reaction 
 The Y scale correlates solvolysis reaction rates of any solvent (k) with that of a standard solvent (80% v/v ethanol/water) (k0) through
SN1 reaction 
 For example 100% ethanol gives Y = −2.3, 50% ethanol in water Y = +1.65 and 15% concentration Y = +3.2.
SN1 reaction 
 Electrophilic Bimolecular Substitution as an Alternative to Nucleophilic Monomolecular Substitution in Inorganic and Organic Chemistry / N.S.Imyanitov.
SC Austria Lustenau 
 The club was founded in June 1914 as football department of Turnerbund Lustenau and was named FA Turnerbund Lustenau.
SC Austria Lustenau 
 In 1994 they won the Regionalliga West and were promoted to the First League, the second division in Austrian football.
SC Austria Lustenau 
 Vorarlberger Champion: 1930 (FA Turnerbund), 1937, 1946, 1949, 1965, 1977, 1978, 1980 (Austria) , 2005 (Austria-Amateure)
Stuntman: Ignition 
 Stuntman: Ignition is a racing/action video game that was published by THQ and was developed by Paradigm Entertainment.
Stuntman: Ignition 
 The game received positive reviews, GameSpot gave it a 7.5 out of 10 and IGN gave it a 7.1 out of 10.
Kazunori Yamauchi 
 is a Japanese game designer, professional racing driver, and CEO of Polyphony Digital and producer of the Gran Turismo series.
Cradle of Humankind 
 The site is about 50 kilometres northwest of Johannesburg, South Africa in the Gauteng province, and occupies .
Cradle of Humankind 
 A 2.3-million year-old fossil Australopithecus africanus (nicknamed 'Mrs. Ples') was found in 1947 by Robert Broom and John T. Robinson.
Cradle of Humankind 
 The find followed the 1924 discovery of the juvenile Australopithecus africanus skull, 'Taung Child', by Raymond Dart, at Taung in the North West Province of South Africa, where excavations still continue.
Cradle of Humankind 
 The name Cradle of Humankind reflects the fact that the site has produced a large number, as well as some of the oldest, hominid fossils ever found, some dating back as far as 3.5 million years ago.
Cradle of Humankind 
 The remains of several partial skeletons of a previously unknown  Australopithecan species were found in 2008 near Johannesburg.
Cradle of Humankind 
 A recent re-examination of two partial skeletons of Australopithecus sediba has led to its identification as close to the origin of the genus Homo.
Cradle of Humankind 
 A new analysis shows this species had a human-like pelvis, hands and teeth, and a chimpanzee-like foot.
Cradle of Humankind 
 In six separate research reports, palaeontologists reported on the anatomy of a juvenile male skeleton, MH1, a female skeleton, known as MH2, and an isolated adult tibia or shinbone, known as MH4.
Cradle of Humankind 
 The findings suggest that some species of australopithecine climbed trees, some walked on the ground, and some did both.
Cradle of Humankind 
 This suggests it likely walked with an inward rotation of the knee and hip, with its feet slightly twisted.
Cradle of Humankind 
 This primitive way of walking might have been a compromise between upright walking and tree climbing, the researchers suggest, since A. sediba seems to have had more adaptations for tree-climbing than other australopithecines".
Lokomotiv Yaroslavl 
 Lokomotiv Yaroslavl () is a Russian professional ice hockey team playing in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).
Lokomotiv Yaroslavl 
 The Lokomotiv Yaroslavl plane crash occurred on Wednesday, September 7, 2011 at 16:02 local time, when a Yak-Service Yakolev Yak-42 airplane, with the professional ice hockey team and coaching staff of Lokomotiv Yaroslavl of the Kontinental Hockey League, crashed near Yaroslavl, Russia.
Lokomotiv Yaroslavl 
 Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, OTL = Overtime/Shootout Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against
Knot theory 
 In knot theory, the ends of the rope are attached so that there is no possible way for the knot to be untied.
Knot theory 
 Gerhard Burde and Heiner Zieschang, Knots, De Gruyter Studies in Mathematics, 1985, Walter de Gruyter,
Fabergé egg 
 A Fabergé egg is one of the jewelled eggs made by Peter Carl Fabergé and his company between 1885 and 1917.
Fabergé egg 
 Faberge also made eggs for Alexander Kelch, a Siberian gold mine industrialist, as gifts for his wife Barbara (Varvara) Kelch-Bazanova.
Primary care doctor 
 A primary care doctor (PCD) or primary care physician (PCP) is a doctor who provides general medical care.
Anthology (Selena album) 
 Note that RIAA has launched its Oro y De Platino certification scheme for those albums the 50% of the content of which are in Spanish, initially, the award-levels for Oro y De Platino were: Gold=100,000 and Platinum=200,000.
Anthology (Selena album) 
 In February 2008, RIAA reduced the certification-award-levels for Oro y De Platino to Gold=50,000 and Platinum=100,000.
All My Hits/Todos Mis Exitos 
 Note that RIAA has launched its Oro y De Platino certification scheme for those albums the 50% of the content of which are in Spanish, initially, the award-levels for Oro y De Platino were: Gold=100,000 and Platinum=200,000.
All My Hits/Todos Mis Exitos 
 In February 2008, RIAA reduced the certification-award-levels for Oro y De Platino to Gold=50,000 and Platinum=100,000.
All My Hits Vol. 2 
 Note that RIAA has launched its Oro y De Platino certification scheme for those albums the 50% of the content of which are in Spanish, initially, the award-levels for Oro y De Platino were: Gold=100,000 and Platinum=200,000.'
All My Hits Vol. 2 
 In February 2008, RIAA reduced the certification-award-levels for Oro y De Platino to Gold=50,000 and Platinum=100,000.
Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front 
 The JKLF claims that they are not Islamist, but are nationalist, and opposes  the emergence of the territories into either Pakistan or India but rather wants the region of Kashmir to separate from the three countries and become independent.
Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front 
 In 1982 branches were established in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, Pakistan and in 1987 in Indian-administered Kashmir (Jammu and Kashmir).
Marie Joséphine of Savoy 
 Marie Joséphine of Savoy (Maria Giuseppina Luigia; 2 September 1753 – 13 November 1810) was the wife of the future Louis XVIII of France.
Marie Joséphine of Savoy 
 She was a princess of Savoy by birth, became the titular Queen consort, and was known by her title: Her Royal Highness, Countess of Provence (comtesse de Provence).
Marie Joséphine of Savoy 
 She was born at the Royal Palace of Turin on 2 September 1753 and was the third child and second daughter of Victor Amadeus and his wife the Spanish Infanta Maria Antonia of Spain.
Marie Joséphine of Savoy 
 At the time of her birth her grandfather, Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, was the King of Sardinia.
Marie Joséphine of Savoy 
 We know today that these rumors were created by those who supported Marie Antoinette as a rivalry soon emerged after the youngest brother 'comte d'Artois', married the Comtesse's sister, thereby bringing yet another Savoyard princess to Versailles and creating an Italian party at court.
Marie Joséphine of Savoy 
 She was a cousin of the ill-fated Princess of Lamballe who was instrumental in the arrangement of the marriage.
Marie Joséphine of Savoy 
 At the death of her husband’s grandfather Louis XV in 1774, her brother-in-law succeeded as Louis XVI.
Marie Joséphine of Savoy 
 Some historians have suggested Marie Joséphine's possible lesbian relationship with a lady-in-waiting as the primary cause for discord between the couple.
Marie Joséphine of Savoy 
 Marie Joséphine died of an edema at Hartwell House, English residence of the exiled French royal family.
Marie Joséphine of Savoy 
 Her body was removed a year later on Louis's orders and buried in the Kingdom of Sardinia; today in Cagliari Cathedral.
Islam in Palestine 
 Islam is the religion of the majority of the Palestinian population residing in the Palestinian territories, with Muslims comprising 75% of the population of the West Bank, and 99% of the population of the Gaza Strip.
Islam in Palestine 
 The Haram al Sharif (Temple Mount) of Jerusalem is believed by Muslims to be the location from which Muhammad ascended to Jannah (paradise); there is no mention of Jerusalem in the Koran, however.
Islam in Palestine 
 This widely accepted Islamic belief raises the religious and spiritual importance to them of the Dome of the Rock and the adjacent al-Aqsa Mosque.
Islam in Palestine 
 Muslims are sensitive to and mindful of the circumstance that two mosques along with the rest of East Jerusalem are claimed and illegally occupied by the state of Israel.
Specific impulse 
 In fact, the designs for engines with the highest specific impulse, like ion engines, are the 'weakest' of all types of engines.
Specific impulse 
 They accelerate the rocket slowly but steadily over a long period of time using only a tiny amount of fuel.
Specific impulse 
 In a race between two rockets with the same amount of fuel and two different engines the one with the more powerful engine will take an early lead, but when it burns down all its fuel, the rocket with higher specific impulse will still have some fuel left and will continue to accelerate.
Specific impulse 
 Eventually it will overtake its counterpart and will win the race if the distance is big enough for it to use its long-term advantage.
Specific impulse 
 A motor that makes a low force for a long time can sometimes have a higher impulse than a motor that makes a high force for a short time.
Specific impulse 
 When the specific impulse is higher, less fuel is needed to make the rocket perform at a certain level.
Specific impulse 
 The oxidizer is sometimes oxygen, or often something else (see Rocket engine#Liquids, solids and hybrids).
Specific impulse 
 It is also because the air that goes through the engine as the jet flies through the air helps the fuel to burn faster.
Specific impulse 
 In the table below are some of Estes' claimed values for specific impulses for several of their rocket motors: Estes Industries is a large, well known American seller of model rockets and rocket parts.
Specific impulse 
 The specific impulse for model rocket motors is much lower than for many other rocket motors because the black powder is used as a fuel.
Specific impulse 
 Most companies that make rocket motors or jet engines use seconds to advertise their product’s performance.
Specific impulse 
 The other common way to measure specific impulse is in meters per second (m/s), which is also called effective exhaust velocity.
Specific impulse 
 For many engines the effective exhaust velocity is different from the speed that the gases actually come out of the nozzle.
Aromatic hydrocarbon 
 The ring of six carbon atoms in aromatic compounds is known as a benzene ring, after the simplest possible hydrocarbon ring, benzene.
Aromatic hydrocarbon 
 Some non-benzene-based compounds called heteroarenes, which follow Hückel's rule, are also aromatic compounds.
Aromatic hydrocarbon 
 Benzene, C6H6, is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon and was recognized as the first aromatic hydrocarbon, with the nature of its bonding first being recognized by Kekulé in the 19th century.
Aromatic hydrocarbon 
 This leaves one to share with one of its two neighboring carbon atoms, which is why the benzene molecule is drawn with alternating single and double bonds around the hexagon.
Aromatic hydrocarbon 
 The structure is also illustrated as a circle around the inside of the ring to show  six electrons floating around in delocalized molecular orbitals the size of the ring itself.
Aromatic hydrocarbon 
 The electrons are visualized as floating above and below the ring with the electromagnetic fields they generate acting to keep the ring flat.
Aromatic hydrocarbon 
 The circle symbol for aromaticity was introduced by Sir Robert Robinson and his student James Armit in 1925 and popularized starting in 1959 by the Morrison & Boyd textbook on organic chemistry.
Aromatic hydrocarbon 
 The proper use of the symbol is debated; it is used to describe any cyclic pi system in some publications, or only those pi systems that obey Hückel's rule on others.
Aromatic hydrocarbon 
 A reaction that forms an arene compound from an unsaturated or partially unsaturated cyclic precursor is simply called an aromatization.
Aromatic hydrocarbon 
 The four aromatic amino acids histidine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine each serve as one of the 20 basic building blocks of proteins.
Aromatic hydrocarbon 
 Further, all 5 nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil) that make up the sequence of the genetic code in DNA and RNA are aromatic purines or pyrimidines.
Aromatic hydrocarbon 
 Key aromatic hydrocarbons of commercial interest are benzene, toluene, ortho-xylene and para-xylene.
Aromatic hydrocarbon 
 They are extracted from complex mixtures obtained by the refining of oil or by distillation of coal tar.
Aromatic hydrocarbon 
 They are used to produce a range of important chemicals and polymers, including styrene, phenol, aniline, polyester and nylon.
Aromatic hydrocarbon 
 In heterocyclic aromatics one or more of the atoms in the aromatic ring is of an element other than carbon.
Aromatic hydrocarbon 
 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are molecules with two or more simple aromatic rings fused together by sharing two neighboring carbon atoms.
Aromatic hydrocarbon 
 Examples include trinitrotoluene (TNT), acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), paracetamol, and the nucleotides of DNA.
Erich Probst 
 His first match was on  27 May 1951 (4:0 versus Scotland)  In the qualification match for the FIFA World Cup 1954 versus Portugal he scored 5 goals for the 9:1 win.
Erich Probst 
 During the tournament he scored six goals and was together with Max Morlock of Germany and Josef Hügi of Switzerland second in the scorer list.
Erich Probst 
 But in 1960 he played his last match versus France (2:4) where he also scored his last goal for the team.
Mac Miller 
 Malcolm James McCormick (January 19, 1992 – September 7, 2018), known professionally as Mac Miller, was an American rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer.
Mac Miller 
 In early 2010, Miller signed a record deal with Pittsburgh-based indie record label Rostrum Records.
Mac Miller 
 He subsequently began recording his debut studio album Blue Slide Park, and released it on November 8, 2011.
Mac Miller 
 The album went on to debut at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 chart, making it the first independently distributed debut album to top the chart since Tha Dogg Pound's 1995 album, Dogg Food.
Mac Miller 
 In early 2013, Miller launched REMember Music, his own record label imprint, named after a friend who died.
Mac Miller 
 In October 2014, it was reported Miller signed a record deal for him and his label REMember, with Warner Bros. Records.
Crossfade (band) 
 Crossfade has three members in the band; the current band members are Ed Sloan, Les Hall, and Mitch James.
Crossfade (band) 
 Their best known song is "Cold" which was released on May 25, 2004 and reached #2 on Billboard's Alternative Songs chart and #3 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks.
Yabasic 
 This programming language can also be used to create rather complex programs such as one that calculates prime numbers
Yabasic 
 The "input" command asks the user to input a value which in this case is number that tells the program what number to stop finding prime numbers at.
Yabasic 
 commands tell the program to look for something and if the thing it is looking for is there then it reports back that it is there.
Shaun Marsh 
 On 8 September, 2011, Marsh made his Test debut for Australia in the 2nd Test against Sri Lanka at Pallekele in replace of the unavailable Ricky Ponting.
Shaun Marsh 
 Thus far in the Australian innings, Marsh has scored 87* batting with Michael Hussey in a 148 run partnership.
Isolobal principle 
 The isolobal principle (also known as isolobal analogy) is way to predict bonding properties of organometallic compounds.
Isolobal principle 
 In organometallic chemistry, it relates the structure of organic ligands that can bind to inorganic molecular fragments.
Isolobal principle 
 Roald Hoffmann described molecular fragments as isolobal "if the number, symmetry properties, approximate energy and shape of the frontier orbitals and the number of electrons in them are similar – not identical, but similar."