the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Ionization energy 
 In addition to the radius (distance between nucleus and the electrons in outermost orbital), the number of electrons between the nucleus and the electron(s) you're looking at in the outermost shell have an effect on the ionization energy as well.
Ionization energy 
 This effect, where the full positive charge of the nucleus is not felt by outer electrons due to the negative charges of inner electrons partially canceling out the positive charge, is called shielding.
Ionization energy 
 The more electrons shielding the outer electron shell from the nucleus, the less energy required to expel an electron from said atom.
Ionization energy 
 It is because of the shielding effect that the ionization energy decreases from top to bottom within a group.
Ionization energy 
 From this trend, Cesium is said to have the lowest ionization energy and Fluorine is said to have the highest ionization energy (with the exception of Helium and Neon).
Ionization energy 
 The first ionization energy is the energy required to take away an electron from a neutral atom and the second ionization energy is the energy required to take away an electron from an atom with a +1 charge and so on.
Ionization energy 
 Electron orbitals are separated into various shells which have strong impacts on the ionization energies of the various electrons.
Ionization energy 
 This makes the first ionization energy comparably low to the other elements in the same period, because it only has to get rid of one electron to make a stable 3s shell, the new valence electron shell.
Ionization energy 
 However, once you've moved past the first ionization energy into the second ionization energy, there is a large jump in the amount of energy required to expel another electron.
Ionization energy 
 This is because you now are trying to take an electron from a fairly stable and full 3s electron shell.
1 E-10 m 
 To help compare different orders of magnitude this page lists lengths between 10−10 m and 10−9 m (100 pm and 1 nm).
Shear modulus 
 It is normally the letter G. It is the measure of the force needed to shear an object that is attached to a solid object.
Bulk modulus 
 The bulk modulus (letter K) is a measure of the resistance of a substance to compression on all sides.
Poisson's ratio 
 Poisson's ratio (letter v) is a measure of the contraction that happens when an object is stretched.
Poisson's ratio 
 For example, if a block is being stretched as shown in the image to the right, the equation for the poisson's ratio will be:
Poisson's ratio 
 Poisson's ratio ranges from 0.0-0.5 for common materials, though for materials with certain structures, can be as low as -1.
Poisson's ratio 
 A material with a Poisson's ratio close to 0 (like cork) can be stretched a lot in the axial direction without changing much at all in the transverse, where as pulling on a material with a high Poisson's ratio (like rubber) will cause it to become much more narrow.
Brinell scale 
 It is measured by making a dent in the material and seeing how deep the dent goes with a known amount of force.
CAS registry number 
 A CAS registry number is a unique number given to every chemical substance by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS).
Jeff Heerema 
 Jeff Heerema (; born January 17, 1980 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey winger.
Jeff Heerema 
 He was drafted in the first round, 11th overall, by the Carolina Hurricanes in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft.
Danny Gruen 
 Daniel Patrick Gruen (born June 26, 1952 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player.
Danny Gruen 
 His career included 49 games in the National Hockey League and 181 games in the World Hockey Association, during which he played with the Colorado Rockies, Detroit Red Wings, Michigan Stags, Winnipeg Jets, Cleveland Crusaders, Calgary Cowboys, and Minnesota Fighting Saints.
Mike Hordy 
 Michael Hordy (born October 10, 1956 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey player.
Steve Hrymnak 
 Stefan "Steve" Hrymnak (March 3, 1926 – November 23, 2015) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey player.
Steve Hrymnak 
 His career included playing 18 games in the National Hockey League for the Chicago Black Hawks and Detroit Red Wings.
Board of directors 
 Within a board, directors commonly organize themselves into several committees, such as:  audit committee, compensation committee, and human resource committee.
Board of directors 
 Usually once a year, the board of directors invite shareholders to a meeting to talk about the company.
Clinical thermometer 
 These thermometers are used in clinics by doctors,  it is a clinical thermometers they are also called a doctor's thermometers or medical thermometers.
Clinical thermometer 
 Most show both Celsius scale and Fahrenheit temperature scales, and run from 35 degree Celsius to 42 degree Celsius.
Clinical thermometer 
 Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit invented a quicker mercury thermometer in 1714, and the Fahrenheit temperature scale.
Roar 
 Roar (roller coaster), the name of two wooden roller coasters located at Six Flags America and Six Flags Discovery Kingdom
My Name Is 
 Producer Dr. Dre wanted to use a sample of Labi Siffre's "I Got The ..." for the rhythm track; as revealed in the sleeve notes of the re-mastered CD of the source album, Remember My Song, Siffre, who is openly gay, stated, "attacking two of the usual scapegoats, women and gays, is lazy writing.
Sugar Act 
 The Sugar Act (1764) was a tax passed by the British to pay for the Seven Years War, called the French and Indian War in America.
Townshend Duties 
 In 1776, he was hanged in effigy, which means a doll was made to represent him and it was hanged in the town square in Boston.
Tea Act 
 The law was made to help the East India Company which had massive amounts of tea stored in London which they could not sell.
Tea Act 
 The law would make the company's tea cheaper than other tea which was being smuggled into Britain's North American colonies.
Tea Act 
 This was supposed to make people buy East India Company tea on which the Townshend duties were paid, thus implicitly agreeing to accept Parliament's right of taxation.
Tea Act 
 The law gave the Company the right to directly ship its tea to North America and the right to the duty-free export of tea from Britain.
Jay Treaty 
 The Jay Treaty was a treaty between the United States and Britain in the years following the American Revolution.
Jay Treaty 
 The main American involved in the treaty was John Jay, who was also Chief Justice of the United States.
Jay Treaty 
 It allowed for increased trade with Britain in exchange for the British giving up their forts on the Great Lakes.
Jay Treaty 
 The Democratic-Republican Party thought that the Jay Treaty was good for the British and bad for the Americans, which led to them burning effigies of Jay.
Aegyptosaurus 
 Aegyptosaurus, meaning "Egypt's Lizard", is a genus of sauropod dinosaur that lived in Africa around 95 million years ago during the Upper Cretaceous period.
Aegyptosaurus 
 Its tail also ended in a whip-like structure that it used to defend itself against predatory dinosaurs such as Carcharodontosaurus and Spinosaurus.
Aegyptosaurus 
 Aegyptosaurus was a close relative of Argentinosaurus, a much larger dinosaur that lived in South America at about the same time.
Aegyptosaurus 
 The fossils were stored together in Munich, but were destroyed when an Allied bombing raid hit the museum in 1944, during World War II.
Aegyptosaurus 
 The type species is Aegyptosaurus baharijensis, named after the Bahariya Formation in Egypt, where the first fossils were found.
Public Security Bureau 
 PSBs in each province and large city take care of policing law enforcement, public security, and social order.
Public Security Bureau 
 Other duties of such offices include residence registration as well as immigration and travel affairs of foreigners.
Solitary confinement 
 In American English it is also called the 'hole', 'lockdown', the 'SHU'  (pronounced 'shoe') or the 'pound'.
Solitary confinement 
 Also, solitary confinement can be used to stop prisoners from communicating with others because of possible fears about national security.
Solitary confinement 
 Finally, it may be used for prisoners who are at high risk of being attacked by other inmates, such as pedophiles, celebrities, or witnesses who are in prison themselves.
Solitary confinement 
 California's prison system also uses the abbreviation SHU, but it stands for Security Housing Units.
Solitary confinement 
 Taking away social contact, and the sensory input is usually part of solitary confinement and can have a powerful negative effect on a prisoner's mind.
Solitary confinement 
 This may lead to mental illnesses such as depression and even death since humans are social animals.
Thomas Gainsborough 
 Thomas Gainsborough (14 May 1727 – 2 August 1788) was an 18th-century English portrait and landscape painter.
Leaellynasaura 
 Leaellynasaura (meaning "Leaellyn's lizard") was a fast-running, plant-eating dinosaur that lived in Australia during the middle Cretaceous Period, roughly 115-110 million years ago.
Leaellynasaura 
 Australia was within the Antarctic Circle during the Cretaceous period, and it had a very long winter.
Leaellynasaura 
 The tail is known for being among the longest of its relatives: it was three times longer than the rest of the whole body.
Muttaburrasaurus 
 Muttaburrasaurus was a plant-eating dinosaur that lived during the early Cretaceous period, about 113-97.5 million years ago.
Gulf of Salerno 
 The Gulf of Salerno is a gulf of the Tyrrhenian Sea in the coast of the province of Salerno in south-western Italy.
Gulf of Salerno 
 The Gulf of Salerno is separated from the Gulf of Naples (on the north) by the Sorrentine Peninsula, while from the south it is bounded by the Cilento coast.
King's College, Cambridge 
 At first the college was going to be quite small, but by 1445 the college was going to be a magnificent building to show how important the king was.
King's College, Cambridge 
 King Henry VI had admired what William of Wykeham had done when founding the twin colleges of New College, Oxford  and Winchester College in 1379.
King's College, Cambridge 
 King's does not have any strong connection now with Eton, although there is still a scholarship for a student from Eton to study at King's.
King's College, Cambridge 
 Although building began in 1441, the project was interrupted by wars and it was not until 1544 that the inside was finished.
King's College, Cambridge 
 Henry VI is still remembered at the College: each year, on the Saturday after the end of Autumn Term (which in Cambridge is called the  "Michaelmas term"), is Founder's Day.
King's College, Cambridge 
 This is followed by a Founder's Breakfast with ale and finally a big dinner called "Founder's Feast" to which all members of College in their last year of studies are invited.
King's College, Cambridge 
 The Chapel has the world's largest fan vault, stained glass windows, and the painting "The Adoration of the Magi" by Rubens.
King's College, Cambridge 
 The world-famous Chapel choir consists of choral scholars (male students from the college) and choristers (boys educated at the nearby King's College School).
King's College, Cambridge 
 The choir sings services on most days in term-time, and also performs concerts and makes recordings and broadcasts.
King's College, Cambridge 
 Every Christmas it sings the service called Nine Lessons and Carols which is shown on BBC television as well as heard on the radio.
King's College, Cambridge 
 The Chapel is so famous that it is seen as a symbol of Cambridge, and appears on the logo of the city council.
King's College, Cambridge 
 Traditionally students have come from independent schools (so-called "public schools"), but today the college has gradually started to include many students from state schools.
King's College, Cambridge 
 As with all Cambridge colleges King's has its own student unions both for undergraduates and for graduates.
King's College, Cambridge 
 In the 1980s a long strike against the college's investment in apartheid South Africa was organised.
King's College, Cambridge 
 A Vacation Bar, or "vac bar", also is sometimes open during the summer vacation, run by (and mainly for) the graduate students who stay in College throughout the year.
King's College, Cambridge 
 Most Cambridge colleges celebrate May Week with a May Ball (which actually falls in June), but since the early 1980s King's has instead held a June Event (a more informal version of a May Ball) which they call King's Affair.
King's College, Cambridge 
 The reason they have a different event from other colleges is because many students who were not invited used to forced their way into the party (so-called "gatecrashing").
King's College, Cambridge 
 A ticket usually costs around £60 which is cheap compared to the May Ball tickets for other colleges which can cost up to £200.
King's College, Cambridge 
 For this reason, King's alumni (people who used to go there) are referred to as 'Non Resident Members'.
Sweet potato pie 
 "The most delicate root that may be eaten," as the sixteenth-century English mariner and slave trader John Hawkins called it, suited European taste.
Sweet potato pie 
 Henry VIII ate his sweet potatoes in heavily spiced and sugared pies, a fashion that survived at least until the 1680s."
Sweet potato pie 
 He was known to eat a great number of sweet potato pies at a time believing they were an aphrodisiac.
Sweet potato pie 
 Like many sweet potato recipes, sweet potato pie was likely developed by the black slaves from traditional African cuisine.
Modern art 
 It refers to the style and philosophy of the art produced during that era.p102 The period coincides with the invention of mechanical means of recording images: photography and film.
Modern art 
 The term modern art is usually associated with art in which the traditions of the past have been thrown aside in a spirit of experimentation.p419  Modern artists experimented with new ways of seeing and with fresh ideas about the nature of materials and functions of art.
Modern art 
 Modern art begins with the heritage of painters like Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Georges Seurat and Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec all of whom were essential for the development of modern art.
Modern art 
 At the beginning of the 20th century Henri Matisse and several other young artists including the pre-cubist Georges Braque, André Derain, Raoul Dufy and Maurice de Vlaminck revolutionized the Paris art world with 'wild', multi-colored, expressive, landscapes and figure paintings that the critics called Fauvism.
Modern art 
 Henri Matisse's two versions of The Dance marked a key point in his career and in the development of modern painting.
Modern art 
 It reflected Matisse's fascination with primitive art: the intense warm color of the figures against the cool blue-green background and the rhythmical succession of the dancing nudes convey the feelings of emotional liberation and hedonism.
Modern art 
 Pablo Picasso made his first cubist paintings based on Cézanne's idea that all depiction of nature can be reduced to three solids: cube, sphere and cone.
Modern art 
 With the painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon 1907, Picasso dramatically created a new and radical picture depicting a raw and primitive brothel scene with five prostitutes, violently painted women, reminiscent of African tribal masks and his own new Cubist inventions.
Modern art 
 Analytic cubism was jointly developed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, exemplified by Violin and Candlestick, Paris, from about 1908 through 1912.
Modern art 
 Analytic cubism, the first clear manifestation of cubism, was followed by Synthetic cubism, practised by Braque, Picasso, Fernand Léger, Juan Gris, Albert Gleizes, Marcel Duchamp and several other artists into the 1920s.
Modern art 
 Synthetic cubism is characterized by the introduction of different textures, surfaces, collage elements, papier collé and a large variety of merged subject matter.
Modern art 
 "One way of understanding the relation of the terms 'modern,' 'modernity,' and 'modernism' is that... modernist art is scarcely thinkable outside the context of the modernized society of the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Modern art 
 Modern art was introduced to the United States in 1913 and through European artists who moved to the U.S. during World War I. It was only after World War II, however, that the U.S. became the focal point of new artistic movements.
Modern art 
 The 1950s and 1960s saw the emergence of Abstract Expressionism, one of the most important of the later modernist art movements.
Colonial Clash 
 The Colonial Clash is an annual American College Football rivalry game played between the University of Massachusetts and the University of New Hampshire.
Colonial Clash 
 These are traditionally the two best programs in the championship subdivision of college football in New England.
Colonial Clash 
 The rivalry adopted the name "Colonial Clash" on August 18, 2010, just two months before becoming the first college football match-up ever at Gillette Stadium.
Colonial Clash 
 Robert Kraft, owner of Gillette Stadium and its tenants, the New England Patriots and New England Revolution, called it "a fitting name for a border rivalry between schools who represent two of the original colonies."
Colonial Clash 
 The two schools have played each other every year since 1952, with UMass holding a 43-26-3 advantage.
Colonial Clash 
 In 2006, the schools played twice, meeting first on November 4th in Durham, NH (with UMass winning 28-20), then again on December 2nd in Amherst for the NCAA FCS Quarterfinals (UMass winning 24-17).
Colonial Clash 
 Since the separation of Division I college football into two separate tiers in 1978, UMass has played for the National Championship three times (1978, 1999, 2006), winning in 1999.
Colonial Clash 
 While New Hampshire has not yet reached a National Championship game, they were the #1 overall seed in the 2005 FCS playoffs.
Classical physics 
 Most of physics today uses ideas that are more complicated than the ideas of classical physics, because in the 20th century, physicists discovered two better ways to describe nature: the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics.
Classical physics 
 Classical physics turned out not to work when the things being studied were very, very small (around the size of atoms or smaller), or were moving very, very fast (around the speed of light).
Classical physics 
 So, around the beginning of the twentieth century, Albert Einstein worked out his Theory of Relativity and people like Neils Bohr, Werner Heisenberg.
Classical physics 
 They observed that some things in nature such as the falling of an apple occur the same way each time.
Classical physics 
 Sometimes things (like powerful winds) mess up the results of the experiment a bit, and the results come out a little wrong.
Classical physics 
 But when people make efforts to get rid of these extra factors, the results of the experiments almost always get closer to what Newton's laws predict.
Classical physics 
 Thermodynamics (why we experience some things as hot and other things as cold, why it takes longer to heat water than air, etc.)
Classical physics 
 Electricity (why rubbing one object with another can produce a static charge, why electrons move through wires, why lightning can span immense distances, etc.)
Classical physics 
 Magnetism (why compass needles point to the north and south poles, why nails wrapped around and around with insulated wire will act as magnets when a direct current is passed through the wire, etc.)
Classical physics 
 Optics (why sunlight that passes through raindrops can produce a rainbow, why prism bend light and make a spectrum like the rainbow, why lenses can magnify things, how to make powerful telescopes with or without using lenses, etc.)
Huayangosaurus 
 It lived about 165 million years ago, some 20 million years before its famous relative, Stegosaurus appeared in North America.
Huayangosaurus 
 Found in the Lower Shaximiao Formation, Huayangosaurus shared the local landscape with the sauropods Shunosaurus, Datousaurus, Omeisaurus and Protognathosaurus, the ornithopod Xiaosaurus and the carnivorous Gasosaurus.
Huayangosaurus 
 Like other stegosaurians, Huayangosaurus was a quadrupedal herbivore with a small skull and a spiked tail.
Huayangosaurus 
 Like its more famous relative, Stegosaurus, Huayangosaurus bore the distinctive double row of plates that characterize all the stegosaurians.
Huayangosaurus 
 Like Stegosaurus, however, it bore two pairs of long spikes extending horizontally near the end of its tail.
Huayangosaurus 
 Huayangosaurus remains from twelve individual animals were recovered from the Dashanpu Quarry near Zigong in Sichuan.
Huayangosaurus 
 Two large spikes were above its hips, and may have been used for deterring an attack from above (considering as it was a fairly short in height compared to later stegosaurians).
Huayangosaurus 
 Thus they would have been much less effective heat regulators, one of the postulated functions of plates.
Huayangosaurus 
 Mounted skeletons of Huayangosaurus are on display at the Zigong Dinosaur Museum in Zigong and the Municipal Museum of Chongqing in Sichuan Province in China.
Evanna Lynch 
 She became famous by playing Luna Lovegood, a supporting character in the Harry Potter movie series.
Evanna Lynch 
 She later returned for the final movies (Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows) and the first of the movie's two video games.
Art Nouveau 
 It was seen in modern art, graphic design, architecture and applied arts such as decoration, jewellery, ceramics and glass.p7 It peaked in popularity at the fin de siècle of the late 19th century (1890–1905), and continued until the First World War.
Art Nouveau 
 It has floral and plant-inspired motifs, and stylized, flowing curvilinear forms.p3-36 Art Nouveau is an approach to design according to which artists should work on everything from architecture to furniture, making art part of everyday life.
Art Nouveau 
 Mucha produced a lithographed poster as an advertisement for the play Gismonda by Victorien Sardou, starring Sarah Bernhardt.
Art Nouveau 
 It was an overnight sensation, and announced the new artistic style and its creator to the citizens of Paris.
Art Nouveau 
 Art Nouveau's fifteen-year life was most strongly felt throughout Europe—from Glasgow to Moscow to Madrid—but its influence was global.
Art Nouveau 
 In France, Hector Guimard's Paris Metro entrances shaped the landscape of Paris and Emile Gallé was at the center of the school of thought in Nancy.
Art Nouveau 
 Magazines like Jugend helped spread the style in Germany, especially as a graphic design form, while the Vienna Secessionists influenced art and architecture throughout Austria-Hungary.
Art Nouveau 
 Art Nouveau was also a movement of distinct individuals such as Gustav Klimt, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Alphonse Mucha, René Lalique, Antoni Gaudí and Louis Comfort Tiffany, each of whom interpreted it in their own individual manner.p34
Art Nouveau 
 Although Art Nouveau fell out of favour with the arrival of 20th-century modernist styles, it is seen today as an important bridge between Neoclassicism and modernism.
Art Nouveau 
 Art Nouveau monuments are now recognized by UNESCO on their World Heritage Sites list as significant contributions to cultural heritage.
Art Nouveau 
 The historic center of Riga, Latvia, with "the finest collection of art nouveau buildings in Europe", was inscribed on the list in 1997 in part because of the "quality and the quantity of its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture".
Art Nouveau 
 Four Brussels town houses by Victor Horta were included in 2000 as "works of human creative genius" that are "outstanding examples of Art Nouveau architecture brilliantly illustrating the transition from the 19th to the 20th century in art, thought, and society".
E.S. Posthumus 
 Franz Vonlichten and Helmut Vonlichten created the music from Pythagorean ideas that combine very different elements and still produce harmony.