the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Network topology 
 The logical topology, in contrast to the "physical", is the wignals act on the network media, or the way that the data passes through the network from one device to the next without regard to the physical interconnection of the devices.
Network topology 
 The logical classification of network topologies generally follows the same classifications as those in the physical classifications of network topologies but describes the path that the data takes between nodes being used as opposed to the actual physical connections between nodes.
Network topology 
 The logical topologies are generally determined by network protocols as opposed to being determined by the physical layout of cables, wires, and network devices or by the flow of the electrical signals, although in many cases the paths that the electrical signals take between nodes may closely match the logical flow of data, hence the convention of using the terms logical topology and signal topology interchangeably.
Network topology 
 Logical topologies are able to be dynamically reconfigured by special types of equipment such as routers and switches.
Network topology 
 Except for star-based networks, the easiest way to add more computers into a network is by daisy-chaining, or connecting each computer in series to the next.
Network topology 
 If a message is intended for a computer partway down the line, each system bounces it along in sequence until it reaches the destination.
Network topology 
 The star topology reduces the probability of a network failure by connecting all of the peripheral nodes (computers, etc.)
Network topology 
 When the physical star topology is applied to a logical bus network such as Ethernet, this central node (traditionally a hub) rebroadcasts all transmissions received from any peripheral node to all peripheral nodes on the network, sometimes including the originating node.
Network topology 
 All peripheral nodes may thus communicate with all others by transmitting to, and receiving from, the central node only.
Network topology 
 The failure of a transmission line linking any peripheral node to the central node will result in the isolation of that peripheral node from all others, but the remaining peripheral nodes will be unaffected.
Network topology 
 However, the disadvantage is that the failure of the central node will cause the failure of all of the peripheral nodes also,
Network topology 
 If the central node is passive, the originating node must be able to tolerate the reception of an echo of its own transmission, delayed by the two-way round trip transmission time  (i.e. to and from the central node) plus any delay generated in the central node.
Network topology 
 An active star network has an active central node that usually has the means to prevent echo-related problems.
Network topology 
 This tree has individual peripheral nodes (e.g. leaves) which are required to transmit to and receive from one other node only and are not required to act as repeaters or regenerators.
Network topology 
 As in the conventional star network, individual nodes may thus still be isolated from the network by a single-point failure of a transmission path to the node.
Network topology 
 If a link connecting a leaf fails, that leaf is isolated; if a connection to a non-leaf node fails, an entire section of the network becomes isolated from the rest.
Network topology 
 In order to alleviate the amount of network traffic that comes from broadcasting all signals to all nodes, more advanced central nodes were developed that are able to keep track of the identities of the nodes that are connected to the network.
Network topology 
 These network switches will "learn" the layout of the network by "listening" on each port during normal data transmission, examining the data packets and recording the address/identifier of each connected node and which port it's connected to in a lookup table held in memory.
Network topology 
 This lookup table then allows future transmissions to be forwarded to the intended destination only.
Network topology 
 In a mesh topology (i.e., a partially connected mesh topology), there are at least two nodes with two or more paths between them to provide redundant paths to be used in case the link providing one of the paths fails.
Network topology 
 This decentralization is often used to advantage to compensate for the single-point-failure disadvantage that is present when using a single device as a central node (e.g., in star and tree networks).
Network topology 
 The number of arbitrary forks in mesh networks makes them more difficult to design and implement, but their decentralized nature makes them very useful.
Network topology 
 This is similar in some ways to a grid network, where a linear or ring topology is used to connect systems in multiple directions.
Network topology 
 A fully connected network, complete topology or full mesh topology is a network topology in which there is a direct link between all pairs of nodes.
Network topology 
 Networks designed with this topology are usually very expensive to set up, but provide a high degree of reliability due to the multiple paths for data that are provided by the large number of redundant links between nodes.
Network topology 
 However, it can also be seen in the file sharing protocol BitTorrent in which users connect to other users in the "swarm" by allowing each user sharing the file to connect to other users also involved.
Network topology 
 Often in actual usage of BitTorrent any given individual node is rarely connected to every single other node as in a true fully connected network but the protocol does allow for the possibility for any one node to connect to any other node when sharing files.
Network topology 
 Hybrid networks use a combination of any two or more topologies in such a way that the resulting network does not exhibit one of the standard topologies (e.g., bus, star, ring, etc.).
Network topology 
 For example, a tree network connected to a tree network is still a tree network, but two star networks connected together exhibit a hybrid network topology.
Network topology 
 A Star ring network consists of two or more star topologies connected using a multistation access unit (MAU) as a centralized hub.
Network topology 
 A Star Bus network consists of two or more star topologies connected using a bus trunk (the bus trunk serves as the network's backbone).
Prostatitis 
 Because women do not have a prostate gland, it is a condition only found in men, although women do have microscopic paraurethral Skene's glands connected to the distal third of the urethra in the prevaginal space that are homologous to the prostate, and may cause symptoms.
Prostatitis 
 A prostatitis diagnosis is assigned at 8% of all urologist and 1% of all primary care physician visits in the USA.
Prostatitis 
 The term prostatitis refers in its strictest sense to histological (microscopic) inflammation of the tissue of the prostate gland, although historically the term has loosely been used as a rubric to describe a set of quite different conditions.
Prostatitis 
 According to the 1999 National Institute of Health (NIH) Classification, there are four categories of prostatitis:
Prostatitis 
 Subdivisions of IIIa (inflammatory) and IIIb (non-inflammatory) exist based on levels of pus cells in expressed prostatic secretions, but these subcategories are of limited use clinically
Prostatitis 
 Men with this disease often have chills, fever, pain in the lower back and genital area, urinary frequency and urgency often at night, burning or painful urination, body aches, and a demonstrable infection of the urinary tract, as evidenced by white blood cells and bacteria in the urine.
Prostatitis 
 Common bacteria are E. Coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Serratia, and Staphylococcus aureus.
Prostatitis 
 This can be a medical emergency in some patients and hospitalization with intravenous antibiotics may be required.
Prostatitis 
 Sepsis from prostatitis is very rare, but may occur in immunocompromised patients; high fever and malaise generally prompt blood cultures, which are often positive in sepsis.
Prostatitis 
 Some antibiotics have very poor penetration of the prostatic capsule, others, such as Ciprofloxacin, Co-trimoxazole and tetracyclines penetrate well.
Prostatitis 
 Severely ill patients may need hospitalization, while nontoxic patients can be treated at home with bed rest, analgesics, stool softeners, and hydration.
Prostatitis 
 Chronic bacterial prostatitis is a relatively rare condition (<5% of patients with prostate-related non-BPH LUTS) that usually presents with an intermittent UTI-type picture and that is defined as recurrent urinary tract infections in men originating from a chronic infection in the prostate.
Prostatitis 
 Dr. Weidner, Professor of Medicine, Department of Urology, University of Giessen, has stated: "In studies of 656 men, we seldom found chronic bacterial prostatitis.
Prostatitis 
 Symptoms may be completely absent until there is also bladder infection, and the most troublesome problem is usually recurrent cystitis.
Prostatitis 
 The prostate infection is diagnosed by culturing urine as well as prostate fluid (expressed prostatic secretions or EPS) which are obtained by the doctor doing a rectal exam and putting pressure on the prostate.
Prostatitis 
 If no fluid is recovered after this prostatic massage, a post massage urine should also contain any prostatic bacteria.
Prostatitis 
 Treatment requires prolonged courses (4–8 weeks) of antibiotics that penetrate the prostate well (β-lactams and nitrofurantoin are ineffective).
Prostatitis 
 These include quinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin), sulfas (Bactrim, Septra) and macrolides (erythromycin, clarithromycin).
Prostatitis 
 Persistent infections may be helped in 80% of patients by the use of alpha blockers (tamsulosin (Flomax), alfuzosin), or long term low dose antibiotic therapy.
Prostatitis 
 Recurrent infections may be caused by inefficient urination (benign prostatic hypertrophy, neurogenic bladder), prostatic stones or a structural abnormality that acts as a reservoir for infection.
Prostatitis 
 The addition of prostate massage to courses of antibiotics was previously proposed as being beneficial.
Prostatitis 
 It is though not without some risk, and has not been shown in more recent trials to improve outcome compared to antibiotics alone.
Prostatitis 
 In chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) there is pelvic pain of unknown cause, lasting longer than 6 months, as the key symptom.
Prostatitis 
 Dysuria, arthralgia, myalgia, unexplained fatigue, abdominal pain, constant burning pain in the penis, and frequency may all be present.
Prostatitis 
 Frequent urination and increased urgency may suggest interstitial cystitis (inflammation centred in bladder rather than prostate).
Prostatitis 
 Ejaculation may be painful, as the prostate contracts during emission of semen, although nerve- and muscle-mediated post-ejaculatory pain is more common, and a classic sign of CP/CPPS.
Prostatitis 
 Pain after ejaculation is a very specific complaint that distinguishes CP/CPPS from men with BPH or normal men.
Prostatitis 
 Theories behind the disease include autoimmunity, for which there is scant evidence, neurogenic inflammation and myofascial pain syndrome.
Prostatitis 
 In the latter two categories, dysregulation of the local nervous system due to past traumatic experiences or an anxious disposition and chronic albeit unconscious pelvic tensing lead to inflammation that is mediated by substances released by nerve cells (such as substance P).
Prostatitis 
 The prostate (and other areas of the genitourinary tract: bladder, urethra, testicles) can become inflamed by the action of the chronically activated pelvic nerves on the mast cells at the end of the nerve pathways.
Prostatitis 
 Prostatitis researcher Dr Anthony Schaeffer commented in a 2003 editorial of The Journal of Urology that: "It is well recognized that even if pathogenic bacteria are present in the prostate, as in men with established chronic bacterial prostatitis, they do not cause chronic pelvic pain unless acute urinary tract infection develops.
Prostatitis 
 Taken together, these data suggest that bacteria do not have a significant role in the development of the chronic pelvic pain syndrome.
Prostatitis 
 The clinical observation that antimicrobial therapy reduces symptomatology in men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome is being tested in a double-blinded NIH controlled study.
Prostatitis 
 Since antimicrobials may have anti-inflammatory activity, it is possible that these drugs may benefit the patient by reducing inflammation rather than eradicating bacteria."
Prostatitis 
 A year after making that statement, Dr Schaeffer and his colleagues published studies showing that antibiotics are essentially useless for CP/CPPS.
Prostatitis 
 The bacterial infection theory that for so long had held sway in this field was again shown to be unimportant in another 2003 study from the University of Washington team led by Dr Lee and Professor Richard Berger.
Prostatitis 
 The study found that one third of both normal men and patients had equal counts of similar bacteria colonizing their prostates.
Prostatitis 
 Since the publication of these studies, the focus has shifted from infection to neuromuscular and psychological etiologies for chronic prostatitis (CP/CPPS).
Prostatitis 
 Possible role of unculturable bacteria in CPPS: There have been some questions regarding the role of unculturable/ultra-fastidious organisms in prostatitis.
Prostatitis 
 Although a team led by Keith Jarvi reported the isolation of unusual bacteria at the American Urological Association's annual meeting in 2001, it was not published in any urology journals, a sign that the paper did not withstand the peer review process.
Prostatitis 
 However, subsequent careful PCR studies failed to replicate these findings, and medical researchers are now in general agreement that CPPS is not caused by active bacterial infection.
Prostatitis 
 Non-bacterial prostatitis as a form of interstitial cystitis (IC): Some researchers have suggested that non-bacterial prostatitis is a form of interstitial cystitis.
Prostatitis 
 A large multicenter prospective randomized controlled study showed that Elmiron was slightly better than placebo in treating the symptoms of chronic prostatitis.
Prostatitis 
 Other therapies shown more effective than Elmiron in treating interstitial cystitis, such as quercetin and Elavil (amitriptyline), can help with chronic prostatitis.
Prostatitis 
 In the inflammatory form, urine, semen, and other fluids from the prostate contain pus cells (dead white blood cells or WBCs), whereas in the non-inflammatory form no pus cells are present.
Prostatitis 
 Recent studies have questioned the distinction between categories IIIa and IIIb, since both categories show evidence of inflammation if pus cells are ignored and other more subtle signs of inflammation, like cytokines, are measured.
Prostatitis 
 In 2006, Chinese researchers found that men with categories IIIa and IIIb both had significantly and similarly raised levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine TGFß1 and pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ in their expressed prostatic secretions when compared with controls; therefore measurement of these cytokines could be used to diagnose category III prostatitis.
Prostatitis 
 Normal men have slightly more bacteria in their semen than men with chronic prostatitis/pelvic myoneuropathy.
Prostatitis 
 The traditional Stamey 4-glass test is invalid for diagnosis of this disorder, and inflammation cannot be localized to any particular area of the lower GU tract.
Prostatitis 
 Men with CP/CPPS are more likely than the general population to suffer from Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS).
Prostatitis 
 Experimental tests that could be useful in the future include tests to measure semen and prostate fluid cytokine levels.
Prostatitis 
 Various studies have shown increases in markers for inflammation such as elevated levels of cytokines, myeloperoxidase, and chemokines.
Prostatitis 
 For chronic nonbacterial prostatitis (Cat III), also known as pelvic myoneuropathy or CP/CPPS, which makes up the majority of men diagnosed with "prostatitis", a treatment called the Stanford Protocol, developed by Stanford University Professor of Urology Rodney Anderson and psychologist David Wise in 1996, has recently been published.
Prostatitis 
 This is a combination of medication (using tricyclic antidepressants and benzodiazepines), psychological therapy (paradoxical relaxation, an advancement and adaptation, specifically for pelvic pain, of a type of progressive relaxation technique developed by Edmund Jacobson during the early 20th century), and physical therapy (trigger point release therapy on pelvic floor and abdominal muscles, and also yoga-type exercises with the aim of relaxing pelvic floor and abdominal muscles).
Prostatitis 
 While these studies are encouraging, definitive proof of efficacy would require a randomized, sham controlled, blinded study, which is not as easy to do with physical therapy as with drug therapy.
Prostatitis 
 III prostatitis may have no initial trigger other than anxiety, often with an element of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder or other anxiety-spectrum problem.
Prostatitis 
 This is theorized to leave the pelvic area in a sensitized condition resulting in a loop of muscle tension and heightened neurological feedback (neural wind-up).
Prostatitis 
 Current protocols largely focus on stretches to release overtensed muscles in the pelvic or anal area (commonly referred to as trigger points), physical therapy to the area, and progressive relaxation therapy to reduce causative stress.
Prostatitis 
 Aerobic exercise can help those sufferers who are not also suffering from Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) or whose symptoms are not exacerbated by exercise.
Prostatitis 
 Anecdotal evidence suggests that food allergies and intolerances may have a role in exacerbating CP/CPPS, perhaps through mast cell mediated mechanisms.
Prostatitis 
 Specifically patients with gluten intolerance or celiac disease report severe symptom flares after sustained gluten ingestion.
Prostatitis 
 Patients may therefore find an exclusion diet helpful in lessening symptoms by identifying problem foods.
Prostatitis 
 Alpha blockers (tamsulosin, alfuzosin) are moderately helpful for many men with CPPS; duration of therapy needs to be at least 3 months.
Prostatitis 
 Quercetin has shown effective in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in chronic prostatitis using 500 mg twice a day for 4 weeks.
Prostatitis 
 Subsequent studies showed that quercetin, a mast cell inhibitor, reduces inflammation and oxidative stress in the prostate.
Prostatitis 
 Commonly used therapies that have not been properly evaluated in clinical trials are dietary modification, gabapentin, and amitriptyline.
Prostatitis 
 Therapies shown to be ineffective by randomized placebo/sham controlled trials: levaquin (antibiotics), alpha blockers for 6 weeks or less, transurethral needle ablation of the prostate (TUNA).
Prostatitis 
 At least one study suggests that multi-modal therapy (aimed at different pathways such as inflammation and neuromuscular dysfunction simultaneously) is better long term than monotherapy.
Prostatitis 
 In recent years the prognosis for CP/CPPS has improved greatly with the advent of multimodal treatment, phytotherapy and protocols aimed at quieting the pelvic nerves through myofascial trigger point release and anxiety control.
Prostatitis 
 These patients have no history of genitourinary pain complaints, but leukocytosis or bacteria have been noted during evaluation for other conditions.
Prostatitis 
 Diagnosis is through tests of semen, EPS or urine that reveal inflammation in the absence of symptoms.
Prostatitis 
 It is standard practice for men with infertility and category IV prostatitis to be given a trial of antibiotics and/or anti-inflammatories however evidence for efficacy are weak.
Prostatitis 
 Since signs of asymptomatic prostatic inflammation may sometimes be associated with prostate cancer, this can be addressed by tests that assess the ratio of free-to-total PSA.
Prostatitis 
 The results of these tests were significantly different in prostate cancer and category IV prostatitis in one study.
Prostatitis 
 Nickel J.C., Moon T., "Chronic bacterial prostatitis: an evolving clinical enigma", Urology 66:1:2-8 (July 2005).
Prostatitis 
 Stevermer, James J., Easley, Susan K., "Treatment of Prostatitis", American Family Physician 61:10 (May 15, 2000)
Prostatitis 
 Quercetin (alternative medicine- a flavonoid which has anti-inflammatory properties; found in various foods)
Prostatitis 
 Saw Palmetto (alternative medicine- a small North American palm, used by American Indians for treating a variety of urinary and genital problems.
The Descent of Man 
 The Descent of Man, and selection in relation to sex is a book by Charles Darwin, first published in 1871.
The Descent of Man 
 It was Darwin's second great book on evolutionary theory, with the first being his 1859 work, On the Origin of Species.
The Descent of Man 
 In The Descent of Man, Darwin applies evolutionary theory to human evolution, and also explains his theory of sexual selection.
The Descent of Man 
 In the nearly 12 years between the Origin and the Descent of Man, several writers had written works on the subject.
The Descent of Man 
 The starting point for sexual selection is the observation that males differ from females, not just in sexual apparatus, but in many other traits.
The Descent of Man 
 The answer given by Darwin, and followed by many other biologists, is that the selection on males is different from the selection on females.
The Descent of Man 
 Sexual selection is the theory proposed by Charles Darwin that states that certain evolutionary traits can be explained by intraspecific competition (competition between members of the same species).
The Descent of Man 
 Darwin defined sexual selection as the effects of the "struggle between the individuals of one sex, generally the males, for the possession of the other sex".
The Descent of Man 
 Biologists today distinguish between "male to male combat" or "intrasexual selection" (it is usually males that fight each other), "mate choice" or "intersexual selection" (usually female choice of male mates) and sexual conflict.
The Descent of Man 
 Secondary sex characteristics are features that distinguish the two sexes of a species, but are not directly part of the reproductive system.
The Descent of Man 
 They are believed to be the product of sexual selection for traits which give an individual an advantage over its rivals in courtship and fighting.
The Descent of Man 
 Traits selected by male combat are called "weapons"; and traits selected by mate choice are called "ornaments".
Fearne Cotton 
 She is known for presenting a number of popular TV programmes such as Top of the Pops and the Red Nose Day telethon.
Fearne Cotton 
 In 2015, Cotton returned to children’s television by voicing a Voice Trumpet in the 2015 reboot of Teletubbies.
Minecraft 
 It was run by a company called Mojang before being sold to Microsoft in 2014 for 2.5 billion American dollars.
Minecraft 
 It is the best-selling video game of all time, and over 200 million copies of the game have been sold.
Minecraft 
 There are also items the player can use, such as crafting tables, furnaces, blast furnaces, looms, stonecutters and other interactable blocks.
Minecraft 
 Players can use these to make new items such as tools and armor, as well as different kinds of blocks.
Minecraft 
 Players can then build structures using these blocks, such as buildings, statues, pixel art, and more.
Minecraft 
 Java is the original version of Minecraft, but Bedrock is now more used due to it being multi-platform.
Minecraft 
 The first version of Minecraft was released for PC players on May 17, 2009 and it was called Cave Game.
Minecraft 
 A version for Android was released on October 7, 2011, and an iOS version was released on November 17, 2011.