the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
The Last Day of the Dinosaurs 
 Instinct drives the Troodon back to their prime hunting spot, the watering hole, where the last remaining Charonosaurus is drinking.
The Last Day of the Dinosaurs 
 In Mongolia, the starving Charonosaurus stays close to the cave that has saved it twice in the past.
The Last Day of the Dinosaurs 
 A group of animals that have long been limited in success by the dinosaurs now become the new rulers of the Earth: mammals.
The Last Day of the Dinosaurs 
 They build cities that touch the sky, vehicles that can leave the planet, and weapons that can destroy it.
The Last Day of the Dinosaurs 
 In the end, the narrator says that humans would never have existed if a chance collision in space 150 million years ago had not occurred, sending an asteroid hurtling towards Earth and dooming the dinosaurs to extinction.
The Last Day of the Dinosaurs 
 The Parasaurolophus was used for the Charonosaurus, the Deinonychus was used for Saurornithoides, and the Sauroposeidon model was used for Alamosaurus.
The Last Day of the Dinosaurs 
 However, she is last seen flying away from the tsunami, so it is presumed that she was killed by the tsunami.
The Last Day of the Dinosaurs 
 When the narrator explains that the air temperature is hot enough to boil away the water in the Alamosaurus skin, water is seen flying off the dinosaurs' necks.
Charonosaurus 
 Charonosaurus was a genus of hadrosaur that lived at the very end of the Upper Cretaceous, about 65 million years ago.
Charonosaurus 
 This does not suggest a Bering land bridge existed during the Cretaceous period, since at that time North America was far away from Eastern Asia.
Charonosaurus 
 Instead, it is likely that this group of hadrosaurs all had a similar long, backward-projecting hollow crest.
Charonosaurus 
 Charonosaurus was a very large lambeosaurine hadrosaur (estimated around 13 m (42.5 ft) long), known from a partial skull found in Heilongjiang Province, northeastern China.
Charonosaurus 
 Charonosaurus was featured in the Discovery Channel television documentary The Last Day of the Dinosaurs, where it was the prey of Troodon.
Dinosaur brains and intelligence 
 Dinosaurs were once regarded as stupid animals, but it is now realised that some of the smaller carnivores had above average intelligence for reptiles.
Dinosaur brains and intelligence 
 The idea that Stegosaurus had a "brain the size of a walnut" (an oft-repeated phrase), was not quite accurate.
Dinosaur brains and intelligence 
 In the 1880s a well-preserved Stegosaurus braincase allowed Othniel Charles Marsh to get a cast of the brain cavity, which gave an idea of the brain size.
Dinosaur brains and intelligence 
 The endocast showed that the brain was indeed small: relative to body size, maybe the smallest among the dinosaurs.
Dinosaur brains and intelligence 
 The fact that an animal weighing over 4.5 metric tonnes (5 short tons) could have a brain of no more than 80 grams (2.8 oz) led to the idea that dinosaurs were unintelligent, an idea now largely rejected.
Dinosaur brains and intelligence 
 Marsh also noted a large canal in the hip region of the spinal cord, which could have accommodated a structure up to 20 times larger than the famously small brain.
Dinosaur brains and intelligence 
 Mice have a direct brain/body size ratio similar to humans (1/40), while elephants have comparatively small brain/body size (1/560), though elephants are obviously quite intelligent animals.
Dinosaur brains and intelligence 
 For some of the other vertebrate classes the power of 3/4 rather than 2/3 is sometimes used, and for many groups of invertebrates the formula may give no meaningful results at all.
Dinosaur brains and intelligence 
 Intelligence in animals is hard to establish, but the larger the brain is relative to the body, the more brain weight might be available for complex cognitive tasks.
Dinosaur brains and intelligence 
 Mean EQ for mammals is around 1, with carnivorans, cetaceans and primates above 1, and insectivores and herbivores below.
Dinosaur brains and intelligence 
 The relationship between brain-to-body mass ratio and complexity of behaviour is not perfect, because other factors also influence intelligence.
Dinosaur brains and intelligence 
 These factors include the evolution of the recent cerebral cortex and different degrees of brain folding.
Dinosaur brains and intelligence 
 Traditional comparisons of brain volume to body mass in dinosaurs have estimated brain size as the volume of the endocast.
Dinosaur brains and intelligence 
 However, the brain of the modern reptile genus Sphenodon fills only about half of its endocranial volume.
Dinosaur brains and intelligence 
 Other workers have observed that details on the endocranial surface indicates that some fossil reptiles had brains that occupied a much larger portion of the endocranium.
Dinosaur brains and intelligence 
 Larsson notes that the transition from reptiles to birds prevents using a set ratio from being a valid approach to estimating the volume of the endocranium occupied by a dinosaur's brain.
Dinosaur brains and intelligence 
 Larsson laments that "[t]he broad ranges of body mass estimates, combined with the ambiguous ratio of endocranial volume occupied by the brain, present a high degree of uncertainty for [creating an] index of brain size".
Dinosaur brains and intelligence 
 While it is difficult to estimate the absolute volume of the brain, the proportions of its various regions of the brain should be the same in the endocast as it was in the live brain.
Dinosaur brains and intelligence 
 Larsson's study compared the ratio of the cerebrum, which is clearly marked on the inside of skulls, to the rest of the endocast's volume.
Dinosaur brains and intelligence 
 According to Larsson, his technique is superior to traditional comparisons of brain volume to estimated live body mass.
Dinosaur brains and intelligence 
 Most dinosaurs, and most theropods, had brains no better than present-day reptiles, so far as can be estimated.
Dinosaur brains and intelligence 
 In a 2001 study of a Carcharodontosaurus saharicus endocast, Hans Larsson found that both C. saharicus and Allosaurus had a ratio of cerebrum to brain volume that was very similar to non-avian reptiles.
Dinosaur brains and intelligence 
 Since tyrannosaurs are relatively basal coelurosaurs, this is evidence that the advent of the Coelurosauria marks the beginning of a trend in theropod brain enlargement.
Dinosaur brains and intelligence 
 Troodon's cerebrum-to-brain-volume ratio was 31.5% to 63% of the way from a nonavian reptile proportion to a truly avian one.
Dinosaur brains and intelligence 
 The method used for Larsson's comparison was not the EQ, but a ratio of the size of the cerebrum to the whole brain.
Dinosaur brains and intelligence 
 The exception is the coelurosaurs, which had cerebra proportionately larger than most reptiles, but proportionately smaller than modern birds.
Tellurium(IV) fluoride 
 Fluorine can also react with tellurium(II) chloride or tellurium(II) bromide to make tellurium(IV) fluoride.
Tellurium(VI) fluoride 
 Another way to make it is reacting selenium tetrafluoride and tellurium dioxide to make tellurium tetrafluoride, which is heated above  to make tellurium hexafluoride and tellurium.
Avram Glazer 
 Avram Glazer (born October 19, 1960 in Rochester, New York) is the joint-chairman of Manchester United Football Club with his brother Joel.
Telluric acid 
 Telluric acid can be made by reacting tellurium dioxide with chromium trioxide or hydrogen peroxide.
Electrical resistivity 
 More precisely, "the resistivity of a material of conductor is the resistance of its unit area of cross section and per unit of its length" The International System of Units uses the ohm metre for measuring how much electrical resistivity there is.
Electrical resistivity 
 The resistivity of a substance is equal to the resistance of a rod of that substance which is 1 metre long and 1 square metre in cross-section.
Electrical resistivity 
 So we can also say that the resistivity of a substance is equal to he resistance between the opposite faces of a 1-metre cube of the substance.
Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas 
 "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" is an extremely popular Christmas song that is played every holiday season.
Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas 
 A modified version was introduced by Frank Sinatra who felt the original was too sad for his 1957 album, A Jolly Christmas.
Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas 
 It has also been recorded by many other performers including Christina Aguilera, Demi Lovato, Sam Smith and the Pretenders.
Hurricane Diane 
 Diane was among several hurricanes which bashed the East Coast during 1955, the others being Connie and Ione.
Martha Stewart 
 Martha Stewart (born Martha Helen Kostyra, August 3, 1941) is an American entrepreneur, author, and media personality.
Martha Stewart 
 In 2004, Stewart was convicted of obstructing justice and lying to investigators about a stock sale.
Paul Edwards (composer) 
 Paul Christison Edwards (born ) is an English  organist and composer of music for the Anglican Church.
Paul Edwards (composer) 
 He became a chorister at St Paul’s Cathedral for four and a half years and then spent the same amount of time as lay clerk at Peterborough Cathedral.
Paul Edwards (composer) 
 He has been organist and choir master at several churches in Bedfordshire, including All Saints, Turvey and St. Paul's Church, Bedford.
Paul Edwards (composer) 
 Many of these works have been published in collections including Hymns for Today’s Church, Psalms for Today and Carols for Today.
Paul Edwards (composer) 
 His carol No Small Wonder, written in 1983 was published in Carols for Today in 1986 and was recorded on LP by Canterbury Cathedral  Choir.
Paul Edwards (composer) 
 It was sung at the famous Nine Lessons and Carols service broadcast on the BBC Television by the Choir of King's College, Cambridge in 2000.
Paul Edwards (composer) 
 Edwards finds inspiration for his compositions in the English countryside, especially that of Norfolk   He also enjoys driving and photographing busses and coaches.
Lay clerk 
 A lay clerk, also known as a lay vicar, is a term used in the United Kingdom to describe a male singer who sings in a cathedral choir or a choir belonging to a college of one of the large traditional universities.
Lay clerk 
 The term "layman" was used in the Middle Ages for a chorister who sings some of the music that was too difficult for the priests to sing.
Lay clerk 
 Today many of the lay clerks in places such as Oxford or Cambridge combine their work as layclerk with studying at University.
Richard Owen 
 Sir Richard Owen KCB (Lancaster, 20 July 1804–18 December 1892) was an English biologist, comparative anatomist and palaeontologist.
Richard Owen 
 Owen is probably best remembered today for coining the word Dinosauria (meaning 'Terrible Reptile'), and for his outspoken opposition to Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
Richard Owen 
 Owen was the driving force behind the establishment, in 1881, of the British Museum (Natural History) in London.
Richard Owen 
 His career was tainted by accusations that he failed to give credit to the work of others and even tried to appropriate it under his own name.
Richard Owen 
 "Owen: the most distinguished vertebrate zoologist and palaeontologist... but a most deceitful and odious man."
Richard Owen 
 Owen credited himself and Georges Cuvier with the discovery of the Iguanodon, completely excluding any credit for the original discoverer of the dinosaur, Gideon Mantell.
Richard Owen 
 This was not the first or last time Owen would deliberately claim a discovery as his own, when in fact it was not.
Richard Owen 
 Owen was highly critical of Darwin's On the Origin of Species, in part because Darwin did not refer much to the previous scientific theories of evolution.
Richard Owen 
 Instead, Darwin compared the theory of evolution by natural selection with the unscientific theory in the Bible.
Richard Owen 
 Owen, in Darwin's opinion, was "Spiteful, extremely malignant, clever; the Londoners say he is mad with envy because my book is so talked about". "
Richard Owen 
 Owen was also a party to the threat to end government funding of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew botanical collection (see Joseph Dalton Hooker):
Richard Owen 
 "At the root was Owen’s feeling that Kew should be subordinate to the British Museum (and to Owen) and should not be allowed to develop as an independent scientific institution with the advantage of a great botanic garden."
Richard Owen 
 In the first part of his career Owen was regarded rightly as one of the great scientific figures of the age.
Richard Owen 
 This was not solely due to his underhanded dealings with colleagues; it was also due to the serious errors of scientific judgement which were discovered and publicized.
Richard Owen 
 A fine example was his decision to classify man in a separate sub-class of the Mammalia (see Thomas Henry Huxley).
Richard Owen 
 Also, his unwillingness to come off the fence concerning evolution became increasingly damaging to his reputation as time went on.
Richard Owen 
 Owen continued working after his official retirement at the age of 79, but he never recovered the good opinions he had got in his younger days.
Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd 
 In 2003, the police arrested Al-Kidd as he was boarding a flight to Saudi Arabia, where he planned to study.
Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd 
 He was held for 15 nights under the federal material witness statute (a law that allows police to hold people who are going to testify in court) because he was going to testify in the trial of Sami Omar Al-Hussayen.
Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd 
 FBI Director Robert S. Mueller told Congress that al-Kidd's capture was one of the FBI's "success" stories.
Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd 
 Al-Kidd went to court, suing John Ashcroft, who was United States Attorney General from 2001 to 2005.
Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd 
 Al-Kidd said he was strip-searched, shackled, interrogated without having a lawyer with him, and treated as a terrorist.
Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd 
 The American Civil Liberties Union lawyers who represented al-Kidd claimed he was one of 70 Muslim men who were treated this way.
Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd 
 In other words, because his actions were part of his duties as Attorney General, nobody can sue him about those actions.
Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd 
 Ashcroft also claimed that he had "qualified immunity" that prevents such lawsuits unless the official violated someone's constitutional rights.
Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd 
 In 2009, the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit found that Ashcroft could be sued and held personally responsible for the wrongful holding of al-Kidd.
Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd 
 (Usually there are nine Supreme Court Justices, but Justice Elena Kagan did not participate in the al-Kidd case.)
Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd 
 They needed to prove that Ashcroft was directly involved in holding al-Kidd, or that he knew what was happening to al-Kidd.
Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd 
 They suggested that al-Kidd's detention was handled mostly by people who were much less powerful than Ashcroft.
Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd 
 He was joined by Chief Justice John G. Roberts and Justices Anthony Kennedy, Clarence Thomas, and Samuel Alito.
Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd 
 Scalia wrote that a Magistrate Judge had issued a valid arrest warrant for al-Kidd based on specific information about him.
Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd 
 Al-Kidd was not arrested in a general effort to sweep a large group of Muslims into jail  he was specifically arrested because he was suspected.
Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd 
 In a footnote in his opinion, Scalia argues with Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg about what type of "individualized suspicion" is needed to justify arresting a person.
Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd 
 Scalia wrote that a person does not need to be suspected of "wrongdoing"  he just needs to be suspected.
Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd 
 Scalia found that Ashcroft was protected from any possible lawsuits for ordering this group of arrests:
Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd 
 The objectively reasonable arrest and detention of a material witness pursuant to a validly obtained warrant cannot be challenged as unconstitutional on the basis of allegations that the arresting authority had an improper motive.
Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd 
 In this part, he described his concern that the Attorney General of the United States cannot be personally sued just because lower courts in some parts of the United States have made legal decisions opposing his policies.
Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd 
 Justice Ginsburg, joined by Justices Breyer and Sotomayor, wrote that it was "uncertain" just how powerful the Material Witness Statute was.
Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd 
 For example, she/ questioned whether a "law-abiding citizen" who was not suspected of wrongdoing could be sent to jail if he saw "a crime during the days or weeks before a scheduled flight abroad."
Ashcroft v. Al-Kidd 
 Justice Sotomayor, joined by Justices Ginsburg and Breyer, wrote that the Court did not have to think about Constitional questions to decide this case.
Brit milah 
 The operation is carried out by a person called a mohel, a ritual circumciser, who has been trained and qualified for this task.
Brit milah 
 This ceremony is important for many Jewish people as it is a symbol of the covenant that God made with Abraham.
Lithium nitrate 
 This metal can be made by reacting lithium, lithium hydroxide, lithium oxide, or lithium carbonate with nitric acid.
Lithium peroxide 
 Lithium peroxide is made by reacting lithium hydroxide with hydrogen peroxide and removing the water.
Adam McKay 
 Born in Pennsylvania, he directed and wrote several movies and won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay in The Big Short.
Martin Evans 
 The three put this to use in two more inventions: gene targeting and knockout mice, and were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2007.
Maria Stuarda 
 Maria Stuarda is an Italian opera in three acts by Gaetano Donizetti, libretto by Giuseppe Bardari, after Friedrich Schiller's play Maria Stuarda.
Maria Stuarda 
 It was first performed in Naples, on October 19,1835, under the name of Buondelmont due to censorship problems, and in its original version in Milan, on December 30, 1835.
Maria Stuarda 
 One of Donizetti's finest work, it is notable for the confrontation scene between Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth I of England, which in real life never took place.
Roberto Devereux 
 Roberto Devereux is an Italian opera in three acts by Gaetano Donizetti, libretto by Salvatore Cammarano, after François Ancelot's Elisabeth d'Angleterre, it was first performed in Naples, on October 29, 1837.
Roberto Devereux 
 It is a powerful and sweeping work and is sometimes considered one of the most "verdian" of Donizetti's operas.
Roberto Devereux 
 After almost a century of neglect, it was revived in Naples by soprano Leyla Gencer in 1964, and has since then been regularly performed, notably by sopranos Montserrat Caballé and Beverly Sills.
Roberto Devereux 
 The plot is about the love between Queen Elizabeth I of England and her favorite Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex.
Roman Wales 
 Roman Wales was an area of south western Britannia under Roman Empire control from the first to the fifth century AD.
Roman Wales 
 Up to and during the Roman occupation of Britain, the native inhabitants of Iron Age Britain spoke "Brythonic" languages (a sub-family of the Celtic languages) and were regarded as Britons (or Brythons).
Roman Wales 
 The area of modern Wales was divided among a number of tribes, of which the Silures in modern south-east Wales and the Ordovices in central and northwest Wales were the largest and most powerful.
Roman Wales 
 These two tribes were the ones who put up the strongest force to the Roman invasion: Mona (the island of Anglesey) was only conquered by Gnaeus Julius Agricola in 78 AD.
Roman Wales 
 The first attack on the Celtic tribes of what is now Wales was made under the legatus Publius Ostorius Scapula about 48 AD.
Roman Wales 
 Ostorius first attacked the Deceangli in the north-east, who appear to have surrendered with little resistance.
Roman Wales 
 Their resistance was led by Caratacus, who had fled what is now southeast England when it was conquered by the Romans.
Roman Wales 
 He first led the Silures, then moved to the territory of the Ordovices, where he was defeated by Ostorius in 51 AD.
Roman Wales 
 Ostorius died with this tribe still unconquered; after his death they won a victory over the Roman Second Augusta Legion, Legio II Augusta.
Roman Wales 
 There were no more attempts to extend Roman control in Wales until the governorship of Caius Suetonius Paulinus, who attacked further north and captured the island of Anglesey in 60 or 61 AD.
Roman Wales 
 The Silures eventually came under Roman rule by Sextus Julius Frontinus in a series of campaigns ending about 78 AD.
Roman Wales 
 His successor Gnaeus Julius Agricola subdued the Ordovices and recaptured Anglesey by the beginning of 78 AD.
Roman Wales 
 The Romans occupied the whole of the area now known as Wales, where they built Roman roads and Roman forts, mined gold at Luentinum and conducted commerce, but their interest in the area was limited because of the difficult geography and shortage of flat agricultural land.
Roman Wales 
 The area was controlled by Roman legionary bases at Deva Victrix (modern Chester) and Isca Augusta (Caerleon), two of the three such bases in Roman Britain, with roads linking these bases to Roman auxiliary forts such as Segontium (actual Caernarfon) and Moridunum (actual Carmarthen).
Roman Wales 
 Romans are only known to have founded one town in Wales, Venta Silurum (Caerwent) in Monmouthshire, although the fort at Moridunum (Carmarthen) was later superseded by a civilian settlement.
Roman Wales 
 The modern-day Wales is thought to have been part of the Roman province of "Britannia Superior", and later of the province of "Britannia Secunda", which also included part of what is now the West Country of England.
Roman Wales 
 The later part of the third century witnessed a new concern: defending the coast from seaborne marauders from Hibernia (actual Ireland).
Roman Wales 
 It is not clear when the legionary garrison at Caerleon was finally withdrawn, possibly by the end of the third century, although it may have left a skeleton force there as late as the mid-fourth century.
Roman Wales 
 The military dispositions in late fourth-century Wales at Cardiff, Caernarfon, Holyhead and Caerhun seem to have been concerned with continuing incursions by Irish bands.
Roman Wales 
 The remaining recognisably military posts seem to have been abandoned c.AD 393 when soldiers were needed to counteract a rebellion in Gaul.
Roman Wales 
 There is some evidence that troops may have been left to guard the towns of Carmarthen and Caerwent into the fifth century.
Roman Wales 
 Wales was occupied by the Romans from the first century AD to the Roman withdrawal from Britain nearly four centuries later, leaving their province to develop into Sub-Roman Britain and the emergence of Wales in the Early Middle Ages.
Roman Wales 
 The only city founded by the Romans in Wales is Caerwent, called Venta Silurum in 75 AD when was created, and the last place to be left by the Romans.
Roman Wales 
 Large sections of the defensive walls are still in place, rising up to 5 metres (17 feet) in height in places.
Roman Wales 
 The walls have been described as "easily the most impressive town defence to survive from Roman Britain, and in its freedom from later rebuilding one of the most perfectly preserved in Northern Europe."
Roman Wales 
 Indeed, the Roman town remained occupied after the Roman troops left, until at least the end of the fifth century.
Roman Wales 
 Caerwent has been even called the possible Camelot of King Arthur, because it is located only ten miles from the Roman fort Isca Silurum (actually Caerleon), that Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote was the place of the Round Table.
Roman Wales 
 Furthermore, it appears that Christian worship was already established in the town in the fifth century, and it may have had a bishop.