the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Robert Fortune 
 He was employed in the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, and later in the garden of Horticultural Society of London at Chiswick.
Robert Fortune 
 His most famous achievement was the successful introduction of tea from China to India in 1848 on behalf of the British East India Company.
Robert Fortune 
 Like some European travellers of that period, such as Walter Medhurst, Fortune disguised himself as a Chinese merchant during several of his journeys into parts of China that were prohibited to him.
Robert Fortune 
 Not only was Fortune's purchase of tea plants forbidden by the Chinese government of the time, but he was not permitted to travel more than one day from certain ports where Europeans were allowed to trade.
Robert Fortune 
 Fortune travelled to some areas of China that had seldom been visited by Europeans, including remote areas of Fujian, Guangdong, and Jiangsu provinces.
Robert Fortune 
 Fortune employed many different means to transport tea plants, seedlings, and other botanical discoveries, but he is most well known for his use of cases like small greenhouses called Wardian cases (as used by Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward) to keep the plants alive.
Robert Fortune 
 With these cases Fortune introduced 20,000 tea plants and seedlings to the Darjeeling region of India.
Robert Fortune 
 He also brought with him a group of trained Chinese tea workers to assist in the production of tea leaves.
Robert Fortune 
 Except for a few plants which survived in Indian gardens, most of the Chinese tea plants Fortune introduced to India died.
Robert Fortune 
 The special growing methods and knowledge that was brought over from China, however, may have been very helpful in the later success of the Indian tea industry.
Robert Fortune 
 Apart from his many contributions to plant history, Fortune was the first European to discover that black tea and green tea were actually from the same plant.
Robert Fortune 
 In later journeys he visited Formosa (now called Taiwan) and Japan, and described the culture of the silkworm and the growing of rice.
Robert Fortune 
 He introduced many trees, shrubs and flowers to the West, including the cumquat, a climbing double yellow rose ('Fortune's Double Yellow' (syn.
Robert Fortune 
 Gold of Ophir) which proved a failure in England's climate) and many varieties of tree peonies, azaleas and chrysanthemums.
Robert Fortune 
 R. fortuniana is also  a valuable rootstock in Australia and the southern regions of the United States.
Neuroethology 
 Researchers study their auditory system to show how sounds can be changed into a neural representation of sound.
Neuroethology 
 The word neuroethology combines ideas from two fields:   neurobiology (the study of the nervous system) and ethology (the study of behavior in nature).
Neuroethology 
 Natural behaviors of animals were created by natural selection (e.g., finding mates, moving, avoiding enemies).
Institute of Jewish Studies 
 The Institute of Jewish Studies in Nanjing, China has a connection with the Department of Religious Studies at Nanjing University.
Institute of Jewish Studies 
 It was created in January, 1992, after friendship between Israel and the People's Republic of China started over again.
Institute of Jewish Studies 
 It gives classes in Jewish lessons where there are over 200 students each year, and has published a Chinese kind of the Encyclopaedia Judaica, and other books or other things released.
Institute of Jewish Studies 
 It has now created both masters and Ph.D. programs in Jewish leasons, the only Chinese school that has ever done that.
Institute of Jewish Studies 
 It had an worldwide seminar on The Holocaust and the killing of people due to their skin color or religion in World War II on August 7–12, 2005, in Nanjing.
Institute of Jewish Studies 
 It was renamed the Diane and Guilford Glazer Institute of Jewish Studies  after a quarters for it from the Diane and Guilford Glazer Foundation was built in a new building at the school in 2006.
Institute of Jewish Studies 
 It is planned that it will become part of a larger Nanjing University-Johns Hopkins University Institute for International Research.
Jeff Dunham 
 He has four specials that are shown on Comedy Central: Jeff Dunham: Arguing with Myself, Jeff Dunham: Spark of Insanity, Jeff Dunham's Very Special Christmas Special, and Jeff Dunham: Controlled Chaos.
Jeff Dunham 
 His style has been described as "a dressed-down, more digestible version of Don Rickles with multiple personality disorder".
Jeff Dunham 
 Describing his characters, Time observes, "All of them are politically incorrect, gratuitously insulting and ill tempered."
Jeff Dunham 
 Dunham has been credited with reviving ventriloquism, and doing more to promote the art form than anyone since Edgar Bergen.
Jeff Dunham 
 Dunham has been called "America's favorite comedian" by Slate.com, and according to the concert industry publication Pollstar, he is the top-grossing standup act in North America, and is among the most successful acts in Europe as well.
Jeff Dunham 
 As of March 2009, he has sold over four million DVDs, an additional $7 million in merchandise sales, and received more than 350 million hits on YouTube (his introduction of Achmed the Dead Terrorist in Spark of Insanity is the ninth most watched YouTube video).
Jeff Dunham 
 A Very Special Christmas Special was the most-watched telecast in Comedy Central history, with its DVD going quadruple platinum (selling over 400,000) in its first two weeks.
Jeff Dunham 
 Forbes.com ranked Dunham as the third highest-paid comedian in the United States behind Jerry Seinfeld and Chris Rock, and reported that he was one of the highest-earning comics from June 2008 to June 2009, earning approximately $30 million during that period.
Jeff Dunham 
 When he was three months old he was adopted by real estate appraiser Howard Dunham, and his homemaker wife Joyce, who raised him in a devoutly Presbyterian household in a rich Dallas neighborhood as an only child.
Jeff Dunham 
 He began ventriloquism in 1970 at age eight, when his parents gave him a Mortimer Snerd dummy for Christmas, and an accompanying how-to album.
Jeff Dunham 
 The next day he checked out a how-to book on ventriloquism from the library, and explained in 2011 that he still had it, remarking that he was "a thief in the third grade".
Jeff Dunham 
 By the fourth grade, Dunham decided he not only wanted to be a professional ventriloquist, but the best one ever.
Jeff Dunham 
 Dunham began practicing for hours in front of a mirror, studying the routines of Edgar Bergen, and the how-to record Jimmy Nelson's Instant Ventriloquism, finding ventriloquism to be a learned skill, similar to juggling, that anyone with a normal speaking voice can acquire.
Jeff Dunham 
 Dunham explains that as an only child, he enjoyed being alone, likening his solitude to a "warm blanket" with which he could explore his own thoughts and ideas, which prepared him for the solitude of living alone when he later moved to Los Angeles as a struggling comedian.
Jeff Dunham 
 When Dunham was in the sixth grade, he began attending the Vent Haven ConVENTion in Fort Mitchell, Kentucky, an annual international meeting of ventriloquists that includes competitions, where he met Jimmy Nelson in person.
Jeff Dunham 
 The organizers of the ConVENTion eventually declared Dunham a "retired champion", ineligible from entering any more competitions, as other attendees were too intimidated to compete against him.
Jeff Dunham 
 The Vent Haven Museum devotes a section to Dunham, alongside Señor Wences and his idol, Edgar Bergen.
Jeff Dunham 
 Dunham began performing for audiences as a teenager, in various venues such as school, church, and during his job at Six Flags.
Jeff Dunham 
 By his middle school years, he began to perform for banquets attended by local celebrities such as Dallas Cowboys quarterback Roger Staubach, having developed his style of lampooning those he performed for, using the puppets to say things too risque for him to say without them.
Jeff Dunham 
 Dunham's television debut came in 1976 when the still prepubescent performer caught the attention of Dallas reporters like Bill O'Reilly, who interviewed Dunham for a local news story.
Jeff Dunham 
 While emceeing a high school talent show, he dealt with a heckler, and won over the rest of the audience.
Jeff Dunham 
 During this period he became so associated with his craft that he and one of his dummies "cowrote" a column in the school paper, and he would pose with his dummies for yearbooks as an inexpensive way to acquire professional photos of his act for promotional purposes.
Jeff Dunham 
 He was voted Most Likely to Succeed, and in 1980, after he graduated from high school, Dunham gave himself a career goal of obtaining, within ten years, an appearance on The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson, which was seen as the "holy grail" for comedians.
Jeff Dunham 
 That year Dunham began attending Baylor University, hoping to graduate with a degree in communications, while performing around campus.
Jeff Dunham 
 He would also fly around the country on weekends, doing up to 100 private shows a year, entertaining corporate customers such as General Electric, whose CEO, Jack Welch, he mocked during his routine.
Jeff Dunham 
 By his junior year in college (1983–1984), Dunham was making $70,000 a year, and as word spread of his act, he landed featured spots opening for Bob Hope and George Burns, though he still perceived his act as raw, as he did not have any knowledge of standup comedy beyond his Bill Cosby albums.
Jeff Dunham 
 He caught a break in 1985 when he was asked to join the Broadway show Sugar Babies with Mickey Rooney and Ann Miller, replacing the outgoing variety act.
Jeff Dunham 
 For the naive and devoutly-raised Dunham, Broadway was a new world filled with beautiful showgirls and crusty stagehands, and his first taste of entertainment industry egos came when Rooney called Dunham into his dressing room, and told him he was there for one reason alone: so that Rooney could change his costumes.
Jeff Dunham 
 These early experiences, in which he used characters like José Jalapeño on a Stick, taught him the value of modifying his act regionally, as the jalapeño jokes that worked well in Texas were not as well received by audiences in Long Island.
Jeff Dunham 
 After graduating from Baylor University in 1986, he continued honing his act in comedy clubs in the Southwest with new characters such as Peanut and Jose Jalapeño, but struggled against the perception he relates from fellow comedians that he was not a true a comedian because he relied on props.
Jeff Dunham 
 His experience at Catch a Rising Star in New York City served as a bitter confirmation of where ventriloquists stood in the comedic food chain, as the emcee at that club gave Dunham little respect.
Jeff Dunham 
 According to Dunham, after he arrived at the club in the evening and informed the emcee that he was a ventriloquist, the emcee reacted with derision, telling Dunham that he would be given a late time slot, and after that time slot came and passed, kept postponing Dunham's stage time until Dunham left the club.
Jeff Dunham 
 By the end of 1988, Dunham felt his career went as far as it could go in Texas, and he moved to Los Angeles, California, never having, as he has commented, "a real job", much to the concern of his parents, who assumed he would relegate his act to local venues such as church groups.
Jeff Dunham 
 Dunham attributes to his underdeveloped comedy, explaining that while the characters' personalities were developed at that point, his jokes were not.
Jeff Dunham 
 In addition to this, the comedy world was not welcoming to ventriloquists, and his manager, Judi Brown-Marmel, did not use the word "ventriloquist" when finding bookings for him, choosing to present him as a comedy duo.
Jeff Dunham 
 After Dunham became friends with Mike Lacey, the owner of The Comedy & Magic Club in Hermosa Beach, Lacey gave Dunham a steady slot at the club, where Dunham sharpened his act by observing the techniques of comedians like Jerry Seinfeld, and taking the advice of colleague Bill Engvall, moving away from his G-Rated material toward edgier, more adult themes.
Jeff Dunham 
 At the end of 1988, Dunham was told by James McCawley, a talent booker for The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson, that Dunham would be given a spot on the program.
Jeff Dunham 
 Though the 26-year-old Dunham was elated that his 10-year goal was arriving two years early, McCawley later cancelled Dunham's appearance after attending, with Roseanne Barr, a public performance of Dunham's the day before Dunham's scheduled Tonight Show taping.
Jeff Dunham 
 McCawley informed Dunham on the day of the scheduled taping that he had been wrong in his initial assessment of Dunham, whom he now said was not ready for The Tonight Show.
Jeff Dunham 
 His dreams dashed, the humiliated Dunham continued to tighten his act in Los Angeles clubs, performing same six minute segment with Peanut a total of nine times for McCawley over the next few months.
Jeff Dunham 
 Finally at the Ice-House in Pasadena in April 1990, after Dunham did the same segment, McCawley informed Dunham that he would finally get his Tonight Show appearance.
Jeff Dunham 
 Dunham and Peanut appeared on The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson on April 6, 1990, alongside guests Bob Hope and B.B. King.
Jeff Dunham 
 Following his bit, he was invited to sit on Johnny Carson’s couch, a mark of approval that only three comedians had ever garnered during their first Carson appearance.
Jeff Dunham 
 Upon sitting down next to Carson's desk, Dunham pulled out Walter, who told Carson sidekick Ed McMahon, "Stop sending me all your damn mail."
Jeff Dunham 
 At the time, Dunham saw his Tonight Show appearance as his big break, but was frustrated at his parents' initial disapproval over Walter's use of the words "hell" and "damn", and he would toil in obscurity for another twelve years, continuing his stand up at venues such as The Improv chain, and appearing in small roles on TV.
Jeff Dunham 
 Dunham would appear on The Tonight Show a total of four times, as well as similar TV venues such as Hot Country Nights, appearing in one segment on that show with  singer Reba McEntire.
Jeff Dunham 
 This exposure helped make Dunham a large theater headliner, a rare accomplishment for a ventriloquist, but by the mid 1990s, his television appearances had dwindled, and with them, so did his stage audiences.
Jeff Dunham 
 To maintain a connection with his fan base, he would use question cards that he had audiences fill out for his performances to build a database, which was tailor-made for the burgeoning World Wide Web.
Jeff Dunham 
 Though he was voted Funniest Male Standup at the American Comedy Awards in 1998, his club work kept him away from his wife and daughters between two and three weeks each month, which put a strain on his marriage, and made paying bills for his expanded family difficult.
Jeff Dunham 
 By 2002, Dunham was hoping to obtain more TV work to raise his profile and ease his standup schedule.
Jeff Dunham 
 Such exposure was elusive until a successful appearance on The Best Damn Sports Show Period, where Dunham and Walter made jokes at the expense of co-hosts Tom Arnold, Michael Irvin, John Salley and John Kruk, generating laughter from them, and giving Dunham much-needed exposure.
Jeff Dunham 
 In 2003, Dunham was the frontrunner to replace Jimmy Kimmel on Fox NFL Sunday, but hosts Howie Long and Terry Bradshaw were not amenable to the idea of being upstaged by a puppet, and, as Dunham tells it, did not provide a welcoming atmosphere to Dunham, nor allow him to get a word in edgewise during his appearance.
Jeff Dunham 
 On July 18, 2003, Dunham appeared on Comedy Central Presents, his first solo appearance on Comedy Central.
Jeff Dunham 
 During his half hour piece, he showcased José Jalapeño on a Stick, Walter, an early version of Melvin the Superhero Guy and Peanut, whom Dunham had begun to merchandise into a line of dolls.
Jeff Dunham 
 The appearance was successful, but Comedy Central resisted giving Dunham more airtime, feeling that he was not a good fit for them.
Jeff Dunham 
 By 2005 Dunham decided to gamble on financing his own comedy DVD, Jeff Dunham: Arguing with Myself, which was taped in Santa Ana, California.
Jeff Dunham 
 Dunham’s manager, Judi Brown-Marmel, lobbied the network to air it, pointing to Dunham's drawing power and merchandising profits, and arguing that the network needed more diverse content.
Jeff Dunham 
 Surprised by the high ratings of the first Blue Collar Comics concert movie that same year, the network began to reconsider its brand.
Jeff Dunham 
 In late 2006, Comedy Central aired Arguing with Myself, drawing two million viewers when it aired, and selling two million DVDs.
Jeff Dunham 
 In 2007, Dunham appeared as The Amazing Ken with José Jalapeño on a Stick in the Larry the Cable Guy feature film Delta Farce.
Jeff Dunham 
 His second special, Jeff Dunham: Spark of Insanity, was taped at the Warner Theater in Washington, D.C. that same year.
Jeff Dunham 
 It served not only to cement Dunham's stardom, but to introduce his most controversial character, Achmed the Dead Terrorist, which became a viral Internet sensation.
Jeff Dunham 
 A clip of Achmed from Insanity attracted over 140 million hits on YouTube, making it the ninth most watched clip on that website as of October 2009.
Jeff Dunham 
 By 2008, Dunham's characters had crossed language barriers, with his specials dubbed for audiences in various countries such as France, and Dunham attracting requests for performances in South Africa, Australia, Norway, Denmark, China and the Middle East.
Jeff Dunham 
 Jeff Dunham's Very Special Christmas Special was taped at the Pabst Theater in Milwaukee, Wisconsin that same year, and premiered on Comedy Central on November 16, 2008, watched by 6.6 million people.
Jeff Dunham 
 In September 2008, Dunham's career reached new heights as he began performing in arenas filled with tens of thousands of people.
Jeff Dunham 
 Dunham was somewhat wary of such large venues, but adapted by adjusting the timing of his often rapid exchanges with the puppets so that audience members farthest from the stage could have time to react.
Jeff Dunham 
 In addition to his comedy specials, Dunham also released his first music album, Don't Come Home for Christmas, on November 4, 2008.
Jeff Dunham 
 It contains original Christmas songs as well as a parody of "Jingle Bells" by Achmed entitled "Jingle Bombs".
Jeff Dunham 
 All the songs, with the exception of "Jingle Bombs", were written and accompanied by Brian Haner, who joined Dunham's act as "Guitar Guy".
Jeff Dunham 
 It included a fourth stand-up special to air in 2010, DVDs, a consumer products partnership, a 60-city tour beginning in September 2010, and an order for a television series called The Jeff Dunham Show that premiered on October 22, 2009.
Jeff Dunham 
 Despite having the most-watched premiere in Comedy Central history, and higher average ratings than other shows on that network, the show was canceled after only one season, amid poor reviews and higher production costs than other Comedy Central shows.
Jeff Dunham 
 Dunham appeared in a guest role with Bubba J on NBC's sictom 30 Rock, playing a ventriloquist named Rick Wayne and his dummy Pumpkin from Stone Mountain, Georgia.
Jeff Dunham 
 In November 2009 Dunham also appeared with Walter in "Hart to Hart", an episode of the Disney Channel series Sonny With a Chance, as two security guards.
Jeff Dunham 
 Dunham appeared in the 2010 Steve Carell/Paul Rudd comedy, Dinner for Schmucks, as Lewis, with a new puppet named Diane.
Jeff Dunham 
 His fourth special, Jeff Dunham: Controlled Chaos, premiered on September 25, 2011 on Comedy Central.
Jeff Dunham 
 He is the only person ever to win the "Ventriloquist of the Year" Award twice, was  nominated "Comedian of the Year" by the TNN Music City News Country Awards, and has drawn praise from the Dallas Morning News for his technique and timing.
Jeff Dunham 
 In 2008, a TV commercial for a ringtone featuring Dunham's character Achmed the Dead Terrorist (see Characters below) was banned by the South African Advertising Standards Authority after a complaint was filed by a citizen stating that the ad was offensive to Muslims, and portrayed all Muslims as terrorists.
Jeff Dunham 
 However, the Advertising Standards Authority noted that the name Achmed was of Arab origin and was one of the names of Muhammad.
Jeff Dunham 
 Dunham responded, "I've skewered whites, blacks, Hispanics, Christians, Jews, Muslims, gays, straights, rednecks, addicts, the elderly, and my wife.
Jeff Dunham 
 As a standup comic, it is my job to make the majority of people laugh, and I believe that comedy is the last true form of free speech."
Jeff Dunham 
 Dunham has conceded that he does exhibit particular sensitivity to the "conservative country crowd," or those characterized by "basic Christian values," as they are one of his largest constituencies, and part of his upbringing.
Jeff Dunham 
 Dunham was heckled and criticized for mocking TV critics during a July 2009 press tour to promote his then-upcoming Comedy Central TV series, The Jeff Dunham Show, as well as Comedy Central programming chief Lauren Correo.
Jeff Dunham 
 In October 2009 The Jeff Dunham Show enjoyed good initial ratings, but was not well liked by critics, who did not find it funny, and either questioned the wisdom of translating his act into a series, or conceded a prejudice against Dunham, his previous specials, or ventriloquism itself.
Jeff Dunham 
 J.P. Williams, the producer of the Blue Collar Comedy Tour, has opined that Dunham's act is not funny on its own merits, and that his material gets a greater reaction because of the puppet characters that it would otherwise not garner by itself.
Jeff Dunham 
 Blue Collar veteran Bill Engvall, a friend of Dunham's insists otherwise, saying that Dunham is inherently funny with or without the puppets.
Jeff Dunham 
 In 2003, BRASMA Publications released Dear Walter, a collection of questions asked of Dunham's fictional curmudgeon at live performances, authored by Dunham, and Walter Cummings.
Jeff Dunham 
 Dunham's autobiography, All By My Selves: Walter, Peanut, Achmed and Me, was published by Dutton in November 2010.
Jeff Dunham 
 Dunham was inspired to create Walter when he watched Bette Davis' final appearance on The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson, giving her honest, unfiltered candor to Walter, and patterning Walter's frown on Dunham's own.
Jeff Dunham 
 He is a Vietnam War veteran and a former welder, and "doesn't give a damn" about anyone, especially his own wife and certain audience members.
Jeff Dunham 
 He's been married for several decades, and when Dunham asks him if he remembers the happiest moment of his life after Walter tells him he has been married for forty-six years, Walter responds, "Forty-seven years ago!"
Jeff Dunham 
 Dunham created the Walter puppet himself, including both the initial sculpture and the silicon mold, though he eventually began using professional effects companies for the latter stages with his subsequent puppets.
Jeff Dunham 
 Peanut is a hyperactive, purple-skinned "woozle" with white fur covering most of his body, a tuft of green hair on the top of his head, and one sneaker on his left foot.
Jeff Dunham 
 Dunham explains in Arguing with Myself that Peanut is from a small Micronesian island, and that they met in Florida.
Jeff Dunham 
 Peanut's humor is not based on a particular motif or stereotype, as those of the other characters, and has been described as "the bad kid".
Jeff Dunham 
 Touching upon his unusual appearance and personality, he asks Dunham in Arguing with Myself, after Dunham denies ever having done drugs, "Then how the hell did you come up with me?"
Jeff Dunham 
 José, who speaks with a thick Latin accent, is typically paired with Peanut, who often makes fun of José, uses appeals to Latino stereotypes when doing so, and makes fun of his being on a stick.
Jeff Dunham 
 Bubba J is a beer-drinking redneck that Dunham describes in Arguing with Myself and A Very Special Christmas Special as "white trash trailer park", and whom Dunham uses for humor centered on such stereotypes.