the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Constitution of Australia 
 Along with a growing Australian identity, this created the opportunity to start the first inter-colonial body, the Federal Council of Australasia, in 1885.
Constitution of Australia 
 This Federal Council could make laws on certain subjects, but did not have a permanent office, an executive, or its own source of income.
Constitution of Australia 
 Henry Parkes, the Premier of New South Wales, pushed for a series of conferences in the 1890s to talk about federalism.
Constitution of Australia 
 The first was in Melbourne in 1890, and another, the National Australasian Convention, in Sydney in 1891.
Constitution of Australia 
 In 1895, the six premiers of the Australian colonies agreed to set up a new Convention by popular vote.
Constitution of Australia 
 The meetings produced a new Constitution that was the same as the 1891 draft, but with added provisions for responsible government.
Constitution of Australia 
 After one failed attempt, a changed draft was given to the electors of each colony except Western Australia.
Constitution of Australia 
 Five colonies passed the Bill that was then sent to the Westminster Parliament with a letter requesting the Queen to make it into law.
Constitution of Australia 
 The Chief Justices of the colonies wanted the right to appeal decisions of the High Court to the Privy Council on constitutional matters.
Constitution of Australia 
 They were worried that the limits of the powers of the Commonwealth or States could be changed by parliament.
Constitution of Australia 
 Western Australia finally agreed to join the Commonwealth in time for it to join the Commonwealth of Australia, which officially began on 1 January 1901.
Constitution of Australia 
 In 1990, the Public Records Office in London loaned the original copy 1900 of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act to Australia.
Constitution of Australia 
 Although Federation made Australia independent of Britain, legally the Commonwealth was a creation of the British Imperial Parliament, through the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (Imp), which applied to Australia.
Constitution of Australia 
 As a result, there was continued uncertainty as to whether British Imperial laws still applied to the Commonwealth.
Constitution of Australia 
 This was fixed by the Statute of Westminster 1931, adopted by the Commonwealth via the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942.
Constitution of Australia 
 The Statute of Westminster freed the Dominions, including the Commonwealth, from Imperial laws and controls.
Constitution of Australia 
 This was fixed by the Australia Act 1986, which was passed by the parliaments of Australia, the United Kingdom, and each of the states.
Constitution of Australia 
 As this was a very important document, Queen Elizabeth II travelled to Australia to sign the proclamation of the law.
Constitution of Australia 
 The Constitution is now different from the original Act, as the Australian people can change the Constitution, by referendum.
Constitution of Australia 
 However, the original Act remains on the UK's law book with a note saying, "The Constitution is not necessarily in the form in which it is in force in Australia".
Constitution of Australia 
 Even if the United Kingdom Parliament were to remove the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900, it would have no effect on Australia.
Constitution of Australia 
 Section 9, starting with the words "The Constitution of the Commonwealth shall be as follows ...", contains the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia.
Constitution of Australia 
 Currently, there are 12 senators for each State, and 2 each for the mainland territories, the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory.
Constitution of Australia 
 Section 24 says the House must have twice as many members as the Senate, each elected by a single electorate.
Constitution of Australia 
 It designed to prevent swamping of the senate's power in the case of a joint sitting (see Section 57 below).
Constitution of Australia 
 Part IV of Chapter 1 says who can vote, who can be elected to the parliament, how much members can be paid, parliamentary rules and related matters.
Constitution of Australia 
 There are also "concurrent powers", and both the Commonwealth and the States can make laws on these subjects.
Constitution of Australia 
 Of the thirty-nine parts of section 51, a few have become very important in deciding how much power the Commonwealth government has in law.
Constitution of Australia 
 Executive power is to be exercised by the Governor-General, advised by the Federal Executive Council.
Constitution of Australia 
 He or she may appoint and dismiss the members of the Executive Council, ministers of state, and all officers of the executive government.
Constitution of Australia 
 These powers, along with the powers to dissolve (or refuse to dissolve) parliament (Section 5, Section 57), are termed "reserve powers".
Constitution of Australia 
 Governor-General Sir John Kerr, acting on his own, dismissed Prime Minister Gough Whitlam in the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis.
Constitution of Australia 
 Reserve powers in all Westminster nations are only extremely rarely exercised outside of the understood conventions.
Constitution of Australia 
 However, in contrast with the constitutions of other Commonwealth Realms such as Canada, which formally grant extensive reserve powers to the Monarch, even the formal powers of the Queen of Australia are extremely limited, and most powers can be used only by the Governor-General.
Constitution of Australia 
 Section 68 says that the Command in chief of Australia's naval and military forces "is vested in the Governor General as the Queen's representative".
Constitution of Australia 
 The Commander in chief of the Australian Defence Force is now Her Excellency Quentin Bryce as the Governor General of Australia.
Constitution of Australia 
 Section 79 allows Parliament to limit the number of judges able to exercise federal jurisdiction and section 80 guarantees trial by jury for indictable offences against the Commonwealth.
Constitution of Australia 
 Unlike most other powers of the parliament, laws made under this power cannot usually be challenged.
Constitution of Australia 
 Section 92 provides that "trade, commerce, and intercourse among the States shall be absolutely free".
Constitution of Australia 
 Section 96 gives the Commonwealth power to give money to States "on such terms and conditions as the Parliament thinks fit".
Constitution of Australia 
 This power is not limited by any other part of the Constitution, such as Section 99 that forbids giving preference to one State or over another State.
Constitution of Australia 
 This power, which was only meant to be used ("during a period of ten years ... and thereafter until the Parliament otherwise provides"), has been used by the Commonwealth to encourage cooperation by the States to various extents over the years.
Constitution of Australia 
 Section 101 sets up an Inter-State Commission, a body which is no longer exists, but which was meant to have a significant role in the federal structure.
Constitution of Australia 
 Sections 106-108 preserve the Constitution, the powers of the Parliament, and the laws in force of each of the States.
Constitution of Australia 
 Section 116 sets out "freedom of religion", by stopping the Commonwealth from making any law to start a religion, to impose any religious observance, or to stop a religion, and by stopping religious discrimination for public office.
Constitution of Australia 
 Section 122 allows the Parliament to provide for the representation in Parliament of any new territory.
Constitution of Australia 
 Section 123 says that changing the boundaries of a State needs the support of the Parliament of that State and must pass a referendum in that State.
Constitution of Australia 
 Chapter VII says that the seat of government of the Commonwealth (now Canberra) shall be in New South Wales but no less than one hundred miles from Sydney, and that the Governor-General may appoint deputies.
Constitution of Australia 
 The Governor-General must put the referendum bill to the people between two and six months after passing parliament.
Constitution of Australia 
 After the constitutional amendment bill has passed both the parliament and the referendum, it then receives Royal Assent from the Governor-General.
Constitution of Australia 
 An exception to this process is if the amendment bill is rejected by one house of Federal Parliament.
Constitution of Australia 
 If the bill passes the first house and is rejected by the second, then after three months the first house may pass it again.
Constitution of Australia 
 If the bill is still rejected by the second house, then the Governor-General may choose to still put the bill to the people's vote.
Constitution of Australia 
 As mentioned above, changing the Constitution requires a referendum in which the "Yes" vote achieves a majority nationally, as well as majorities in a majority of states.
Constitution of Australia 
 1906– Senate Elections– changed Section 13 to change the length and dates of Senators' terms of office.
Constitution of Australia 
 1928– State Debts– added Section 105A to make sure the Financial Agreement reached between the  Commonwealth and State governments in 1927 was legal.
Constitution of Australia 
 1946– Social Services– added Section 51 (xxiiiA) to give more power to the Commonwealth government over a range of social services.
Constitution of Australia 
 1967– Aborigines– changed Section 51 (xxvi) to give power to the Commonwealth government to legislate for people of any race to Aborigines; repealed Section 127 which stated that "In reckoning the numbers of the people of the Commonwealth, or of a State or other part of the Commonwealth, aboriginal natives shall not be counted."
Constitution of Australia 
 Senate Casual Vacancies– part of the political fallout of the constitutional crisis of 1975; formalised the convention, broken in 1975, that when a casual vacancy arises in the Senate, the relevant state parliament must choose the a new Senator from the same political party as the departing Senator (if that party still exists).
Constitution of Australia 
 Referendums– changed Section 128 to allow residents of the Territories to vote in referendums, and be counted towards the national total.
Constitution of Australia 
 As well as the written Constitution and Letters Patent issued by the Crown, conventions are an important part of the Constitution.
Constitution of Australia 
 These have developed over the years and define how various constitutional mechanisms work in practice.
Constitution of Australia 
 Conventions play a powerful role in the operation of the Australian constitution because of its set-up and operation as a Westminster system of responsible government.
Constitution of Australia 
 While there are few constitutional restrictions on the power of the Governor-General, by convention the Governor-General acts on the advice of the Prime Minister.
Constitution of Australia 
 One extreme case was the Australian constitutional crisis of 1975, in which the operation of conventions was seriously tested.
Constitution of Australia 
 The ensuing constitutional crisis was resolved dramatically when the Governor-General Sir John Kerr dismissed the Labor Prime Minister Gough Whitlam, appointing Malcolm Fraser as caretaker Prime Minister pending the 1975 general election.
Constitution of Australia 
 The convention that, when the Senator from a particular State vacates his or her position during the term of office, the State government concerned would nominate a replacement from the same political party as the departing Senator.
Constitution of Australia 
 This convention was allegedly broken first by the Lewis government of New South Wales and then by the Bjelke-Petersen government of Queensland, who both filled Labor vacancies with, respectively, an independent and a Labor member opposed to the Whitlam government.
Constitution of Australia 
 However, the change also says that if "before taking his seat [the chosen Senator] ceases to be a member of that party...he shall be deemed not to have been so chosen or appointed".
Constitution of Australia 
 Bjelke-Petersen appointee Albert Patrick Field was expelled from the Labor Party before taking his seat and would not have been appointed under the changed Constitution.
Constitution of Australia 
 The convention that, when the Senate is controlled by a party which does not control the House of Representatives, the Senate would not vote against money supply to the government.
Constitution of Australia 
 This convention was allegedly broken by the Senate controlled by the Liberal-Country party coalition in 1975.
Constitution of Australia 
 In line with the common law tradition in Australia, the law on the interpretation and application of the Constitution has developed largely through judgments by the High Court of Australia.
Constitution of Australia 
 In a number of important cases, the High Court has developed several doctrines which underlie the interpretation of the Australian Constitution.
Constitution of Australia 
 Separation of powers– The three separate chapters dealing with the three branches of government implies a separation of powers, similar to that of the United States, but unusual for a government within the Westminster system.
Constitution of Australia 
 Thus, for example, the legislature cannot purport to predetermine the legal outcome, or to change the direction or outcome, of a court case.
Constitution of Australia 
 Division of powers– Powers of government are divided between the Commonwealth and the State governments, with certain powers being exclusive to the Commonwealth, others being concurrently exercised, and the remainder being exclusively held by the States.
Constitution of Australia 
 Intergovernmental immunities– Although the Engineers' Case held that there was no general immunity between State and Commonwealth governments from each other's laws, the Commonwealth cannot enact taxation laws that discriminate between the States or parts of the States (Section 51(ii)), nor enact laws that discriminate against the States, or such as to prevent a State from continuing to exist and function as a state (Melbourne Corporation v Commonwealth).
Constitution of Australia 
 The vast majority of constitutional cases before the High Court deal with characterisation: whether new laws are part of the power granted to the Commonwealth government by the Constitution.
Constitution of Australia 
 Some people at the 1898 Constitutional Convention wanted a Bill of Rights like the United States Constitution, but the majority felt that the traditional rights and freedoms of British subjects were enough.
Constitution of Australia 
 These would be protected by the Parliamentary system and independent judiciary which the Constitution would create.
Constitution of Australia 
 As a result, the Australian Constitution has often been criticised for not protecting rights and freedoms.
Constitution of Australia 
 Right to trial by jury– Section 80 creates a right to trial by jury for indictable offences against Commonwealth law.
Constitution of Australia 
 There are serious limits to this right however, since the Commonwealth is free to make any offence, no matter how serious the punishment, triable otherwise than on indictment.
Constitution of Australia 
 As Justice Higgins said in R. v. Archdall & Roskruge; Ex parte Carrigan and Brown (1928) 41 CLR 128: "if there be an indictment, there must be a jury, but there is nothing to compel procedure by indictment".
Constitution of Australia 
 Right to just compensation– Paragraph 51(xxxi) creates a right to just compensation for assets taken by the Commonwealth.
Constitution of Australia 
 It stops the Commonwealth (but not the states) from "making any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion."
Constitution of Australia 
 As the states keep all powers they had as colonies before federation, except for those explicitly given to the Commonwealth, this section does not affect the states' powers to legislate on religion, and, in accordance with High Court interpretations, no Federal legislation on religion, short of establishing an official religion of Australia, would be limited by it either.
Constitution of Australia 
 Right to freedom from discrimination against out-of-State residents -Section 117 stops disability or discrimination in one state against the resident of another state.
Constitution of Australia 
 This is interpreted widely (Street v Queensland Bar Association), but does not prohibit states from imposing residential requirements where they are required by the State's autonomy and its responsibility to its people.
Constitution of Australia 
 In 1992 and 1994, the High Court of Australia found that the Constitution gave an "implied" right to freedom of political communication, in a series of cases including the Australian Capital Television case and the Theophanous case.
Constitution of Australia 
 The application of this "implied right" has, however, been restricted in later cases, such as Lange v ABC.
Constitution of Australia 
 It is in no way equivalent to a freedom of speech, and only protects individuals against the government trying to limit their political communication: it offers no protection against other individuals.
Constitution of Australia 
 In 2007, the High Court of Australia in Roach v Electoral Commissioner said that sections 7 and 24 of the Constitution, by providing that members of the House of Representatives and the Senate be "directly chosen by the people", created a limited right to vote.
Constitution of Australia 
 This means that there is a universal franchise in principle, and limited the Federal Parliament's legislative power to change it.
Constitution of Australia 
 In the case, a legislative change to stop all prisoners from voting (as opposed to only those serving sentences of three years or more, as it was before the amendment) was rejected as breaking that right.
Constitution of Australia 
 While a pro forma preamble prefaces the Imperial Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900, the Australian Constitution itself does not have a preamble.
Constitution of Australia 
 There have been some calls to add one to express the spirit and aspirations embodied in the constitution.
Constitution of Australia 
 However, there has been fierce opposition, usually on the basis of the content of the preamble, as well as possible legal ramifications of this text.
Constitution of Australia 
 In 1999, a proposed preamble, written by John Howard, the then Prime Minister, was defeated in a referendum held concurrently with the Republic referendum.
Constitution of Australia 
 The "Yes" vote (in favour of the insertion of the preamble) did not achieve a majority in any of the six states.
Constitution of Australia 
 On 6 November 1999, Australians did not support a law to remove the Queen and replace the Governor-General with a President.
Constitution of Australia 
 The President was to be appointed by a two-thirds majority of the members of the Commonwealth Parliament.
Constitution of Australia 
 Opinion poll results said that the majority of Australians were in favour of some form of a republic.
Constitution of Australia 
 In research and polling following the 1999 referendum, people said that an appointed President would not be able to act independently of the Parliament.
Constitution of Australia 
 By being able to appoint the President, rather than having the people elect a President, many felt that too much power was being given to Parliament with no check or balance on that power.
Constitution of Australia 
 Support for holding another referendum in the near future seems to be growing, and another referendum may be held.
Constitution of Australia 
 Former Prime Minister Kevin Rudd said the current (2012) situation "no longer reflects either the fundamental democratic principles that underpin the Australian nation or its diversity".
Constitution of Australia 
 He went on to say that "over the next year there would be an "accelerated public debate" about the monarchy question".
Constitution of Australia 
 Constitution Day was first held on 9 July 2000 to mark the centenary of the Constitution as part of the Centenary of Federation.
Constitution of Australia 
 Constitution Day was revived in 2007 and is jointly organised by the National Archives of Australia, which holds the original Constitution documents, and the Department of Immigration and Citizenship.
Constitution of Australia 
 Royal Commission of Assent  enacting the Constitution and founding of the Commonwealth of Australia.
Wildlife management 
 Wildlife management is a general term for the process of keeping wild species at desirable levels as determined by wildlife managers.
Wildlife management 
 Wildlife management has become an integrated science using disciplines such as mathematics, chemistry, biology, ecology, climatology and geography to gain the best results.
Wildlife management 
 It does this by taking using ecological principles to balance the needs of wildlife with the needs of people.
Wildlife management 
 It may include killing other animals which share the same niche or predators to maintain a high population of the more profitable species, such as pheasants introduced into woodland.
Wildlife management 
 In his 1933 book Game Management, Aldo Leopold, one of the pioneers of wildlife management as a science, defined it as "the art of making land produce sustained annual crops of wild game for recreational use".
Drift velocity 
 Drift velocity is the average velocity with which free particles, for example electrons, are pulled towards an electric field.
Alex Auld 
 Alexander Auld (born January 7, 1981) is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender currently playing for the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL).
Alex Auld 
 Auld has also played for the New York Rangers, Vancouver Canucks, Florida Panthers, Phoenix Coyotes, Boston Bruins, Ottawa Senators and Dallas Stars of the NHL.
Alex Auld 
 He has appeared internationally for Team Canada on three occasions – the 2001 World Junior Championships, the 2004 Spengler Cup, and the 2006 World Championships.
Igor Sikorsky 
 Ígor' Ivánovič Sikórskij; May 25, 1889 – October 26, 1972) was a Russian–American aviation pioneer in both helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft.
Igor Sikorsky 
 Sikorsky graduated from the Marine Cadet Corps (1903–1906) in Saint Petersburg and the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute (1907–1911).
Igor Sikorsky 
 On February 18, 1918, he emigrated to the French Republic (Paris), and in March, 1919 he moved to the United States.
Igor Sikorsky 
 Until 1923, he had no his own income, sometimes he gave pilot lessons and lectured in secondary schools.
Igor Sikorsky 
 But it was changed in 1923, when he founded an aviation company, later Sikorsky became the owner of the design and construction company "Sikorsky Aircraft".
Igor Sikorsky 
 In 1925-1940, he developed a series of successful aircraft that brought many records to the United States.
Igor Sikorsky 
 Built in 1934 by Pan American World Airways, the Sikorsky S-42 set ten world records, and 10 S-42s became the world's first intercontinental passenger liners to operate regular flights across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Igor Sikorsky 
 He also started Sikorsky Aircraft, a huge helicopter manufacturing company which produces famous helicopters such as the Sea King and Skycrane.
Igor Sikorsky 
 Igor Sikorsy has received more than 80 different high honors and a rare Wright Brothers Memorial Award.
Igor Sikorsky 
 On July 8, 2010 by the decision of the Kyiv City Council the name of Igor Sikorsky was assigned to the Aerospace Lyceum of the National Aviation University.
Igor Sikorsky 
 On October 27, 2011, Tankova Street in Kyiv was renamed by Kyiv City Council to Aviakonstruktora Igor Sikorsky Street.
Igor Sikorsky 
 In 2016, the National Technical University of Ukraine Kyiv Polytechnic Institute was named after Igor Sikorsky.