the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Refrain 
 A refrain is a verse or group of verses that is repeated at intervals in a piece of music or poetry.
Refrain 
 Such lines are still able to be recognised as part of the refrain by the fact that it is always has the same tune or melody.
Refrain 
 In popular music, the chorus contrasts with the verse, which leads into it, while the bridge contrasts with and leads into both.
Refrain 
 The word comes from Vulgar Latin word refringere, and later from Old French refraindre, both of which mean "to repeat".
Windham, Connecticut 
 It contains the city of Willimantic and the villages of Windham Center,  North Windham, and South Windham.
Eastern Connecticut State University 
 Eastern Connecticut State University is ranked in the top 100 regional universities in the North (of the United States) in the 2011 edition of the U.S. News and World Report list of Best Colleges.
Jadeite Cabbage 
 The combination of several colors in the jade  gives the leaves the various colors of a real cabbage.
Jadeite Cabbage 
 The white stalk is a symbol of purity, the leaves show fertility and  the locust and katydid symbolize children.
Jadeite Cabbage 
 After the end of the Qing Empire in the Chinese Revolution of 1911, the sculpture became part of the collection of the Palace Museum in the Forbidden City.
Jadeite Cabbage 
 The Jadeite Cabbage has been called the "most famous masterpiece" of the entire National Palace Museum.
Jadeite Cabbage 
 people thought it was a bad thing in 2009 when it was learned that souvenir copies of the sculpture were being made in China and not in Taiwan.
East Brooklyn, Connecticut 
 The racial makeup of the city was 94.30% White, 2.04% African American, 0.81% Native American, 0.75% Asian, 0.41% from other races, and 1.70% from two or more races.
Canterbury, Connecticut 
 The racial makeup of the town was 97.34% White, 0.36% African American, 0.28% Native American, 0.26% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.30% from other races, and 1.45% from two or more races.
Surface tension 
 The surface can hold up a weight, and the surface of a water droplet holds the droplet together, in a ball shape.
Surface tension 
 Some small things can float on a surface because of surface tension, even though they normally could not float.
Surface tension 
 This property is caused by the molecules in the liquid being attracted to each other (cohesion), and is responsible for many of the behaviors of liquids.
Surface tension 
 The two are equivalent—but when referring to energy per unit of area, people use the term surface energy—which is a more general term in the sense that it applies also to solids and not just liquids.
Surface tension 
 In the bulk of the liquid, each molecule is pulled equally in every direction by neighboring liquid molecules, resulting in a net force of zero.
Surface tension 
 The molecules at the surface do not have other molecules on all sides of them and therefore are pulled inwards.
Surface tension 
 Although easily deformed, droplets of water tend to be pulled into a spherical shape by the cohesive forces of the surface layer.
Surface tension 
 In the absence of other forces, including gravity, drops of virtually all liquids would be perfectly spherical.
Surface tension 
 The spherical shape minimizes the necessary "wall tension" of the surface layer according to Laplace's law.
Surface tension 
 A molecule in contact with a neighbor is in a lower state of energy than if it were alone (not in contact with a neighbor).
Surface tension 
 The interior molecules have as many neighbors as they can possibly have, but the boundary molecules are missing neighbors (compared to interior molecules).
Surface tension 
 For the liquid to minimize its energy state, the number of higher energy boundary molecules must be minimized.
Surface tension 
 So, the surface will push back against any curvature in much the same way as a ball pushed uphill will push back to minimize its gravitational potential energy.
Surface tension 
 Surface tension gives them their near-spherical shape, because a sphere has the smallest possible surface area to volume ratio.
Surface tension 
 The animation shows water adhering to the faucet gaining mass until it is stretched to a point where the surface tension can no longer bind it to the faucet.
Surface tension 
 If a stream of water were running from the faucet, the stream would break up into drops during its fall.
Surface tension 
 C. Objects denser than water still float when the object is nonwettable and its weight is small enough to be borne by the forces arising from surface tension.
Surface tension 
 The surface of the water behaves like an elastic film: the insect's feet cause indentations in the water's surface, increasing its surface area.
Surface tension 
 D. Separation of oil and water (in this case, water and liquid wax) is caused by a tension in the surface between dissimilar liquids.
Surface tension 
 E. Tears of wine is the formation of drops and rivulets on the side of a glass containing an alcoholic beverage.
Surface tension 
 It is induced by a combination of surface tension modification of water by ethanol together with ethanol evaporating faster than water.
Surface tension 
 Surface tension is visible in other common phenomena, especially when surfactants are used to decrease it:
Surface tension 
 The addition of surfactants, however, can have a stabilizing effect on the bubbles (see Marangoni effect).
Surface tension 
 Tiny fragments of oil suspended in pure water will spontaneously assemble themselves into much larger masses.
Surface tension 
 But the presence of a surfactant provides a decrease in surface tension, which permits stability of minute droplets of oil in the bulk of water (or vice versa).
Surface tension 
 Surface tension, represented by the symbol γ is defined as the force along a line of unit length, where the force is parallel to the surface but perpendicular to the line.
Surface tension 
 One way to picture this is to imagine a flat soap film bounded on one side by a taut thread of length, L. The thread will be pulled toward the interior of the film by a force equal to 2L (the factor of 2 is because the soap film has two sides, hence two surfaces).
Surface tension 
 As such, in order to increase the surface area of a mass of liquid by an amount, δA, a quantity of work, δA, is needed.
Surface tension 
 Consequently surface tension can be also measured in SI system as joules per square meter and in the cgs system as ergs per cm2.
Surface tension 
 Since mechanical systems try to find a state of minimum potential energy, a free droplet of liquid naturally assumes a spherical shape, which has the minimum surface area for a given volume.
Surface tension 
 The equivalence of measurement of energy per unit area to force per unit length can be proven by dimensional analysis.
Surface tension 
 But if the pressure on one side of the surface differs from pressure on the other side, the pressure difference times surface area results in a normal force.
Surface tension 
 In order for the surface tension forces to cancel the force due to pressure, the surface must be curved.
Surface tension 
 The diagram shows how surface curvature of a tiny patch of surface leads to a net component of surface tension forces acting normal to the center of the patch.
Surface tension 
 The quantity in parentheses on the right hand side is in fact (twice) the mean curvature of the surface (depending on normalization).
Surface tension 
 Solutions to this equation determine the shape of water drops, puddles, menisci, soap bubbles, and all other shapes determined by surface tension. (
Surface tension 
 Another example is the shape of the impressions that a water strider's feet make on the surface of a pond).
Surface tension 
 The table below shows how the internal pressure of a water droplet increases with decreasing radius.
Surface tension 
 For not very small drops the effect is subtle, but the pressure difference becomes enormous when the drop sizes approach the molecular size. (
Surface tension 
 It is hard to find the shape of the minimal surface bounded by some arbitrary shaped frame using just mathematics.
Surface tension 
 Yet by fashioning the frame out of wire and dipping it in soap-solution, a locally minimal surface will appear in the resulting soap-film within seconds.
Surface tension 
 The reason for this is that the pressure difference across a fluid interface is proportional to the mean curvature, as seen in the Young-Laplace equation.
Surface tension 
 For an open soap film, the pressure difference is zero, hence the mean curvature is zero, and minimal surfaces have the property of zero mean curvature.
Surface tension 
 Surface tension, then, is not a property of the liquid alone, but a property of the liquid's interface with another medium.
Surface tension 
 If a liquid is in a container, then besides the liquid/air interface at its top surface, there is also an interface between the liquid and the walls of the container.
Surface tension 
 The surface tension between the liquid and air is usually different (greater than) its surface tension with the walls of a container.
Surface tension 
 Where the two surfaces meet, they form a contact angle, , which is the angle the tangent to the surface makes with the solid surface.
Surface tension 
 Tension forces are shown for the liquid-air interface, the liquid-solid interface, and the solid-air interface.
Surface tension 
 The example on the left is where the difference between the liquid-solid and solid-air surface tension, , is less than the liquid-air surface tension, , but is still positive, that is
Surface tension 
 In the diagram, both the vertical and horizontal forces must cancel exactly at the contact point, known as equilibrium.
Surface tension 
 is the contact angle, where a concave meniscus has contact angle less than 90° and a convex meniscus has contact angle of greater than 90°.
Surface tension 
 This means that although the difference between the liquid-solid and solid-air surface tension, , is difficult to measure directly, it can be inferred from the liquid-air surface tension, , and the equilibrium contact angle, , which is a function of the easily measurable advancing and receding contact angles (see main article contact angle).
Surface tension 
 But in this case we see that because the contact angle is less than 90°, the liquid-solid/solid-air surface tension difference must be negative:
Surface tension 
 Observe that in the special case of a water-silver interface where the contact angle is equal to 90°, the liquid-solid/solid-air surface tension difference is exactly zero.
Surface tension 
 Contact angle of 180° occurs when the liquid-solid surface tension is exactly equal to the liquid-air surface tension.
Surface tension 
 Because surface tension manifests itself in various effects, it offers a number of paths to its measurement.
Surface tension 
 Which method is optimal depends upon the nature of the liquid being measured, the conditions under which its tension is to be measured, and the stability of its surface when it is deformed.
Surface tension 
 Du Noüy-Padday method: A minimized version of Du Noüy method uses a small diameter metal needle instead of a ring, in combination with a high sensitivity microbalance to record maximum pull.
Surface tension 
 The advantage of this method is that very small sample volumes (down to few tens of microliters) can be measured with very high precision, without the need to correct for buoyancy (for a needle or rather, rod, with proper geometry).
Surface tension 
 Wilhelmy plate method: A universal method especially suited to check surface tension over long time intervals.
Surface tension 
 A vertical plate of known perimeter is attached to a balance, and the force due to wetting is measured.
Surface tension 
 Pendant drop method: Surface and interfacial tension can be measured by this technique, even at elevated temperatures and pressures.
Surface tension 
 Bubble pressure method (Jaeger's method): A measurement technique for determining surface tension at short surface ages.
Surface tension 
 Liquid of one density is pumped into a second liquid of a different density and time between drops produced is measured.
Surface tension 
 The height at which the solution reaches inside the capillary is related to the surface tension by the equation discussed below.
Surface tension 
 Sessile drop method: A method for determining surface tension and density by placing a drop on a substrate and measuring the contact angle (see Sessile drop technique).
Surface tension 
 Vibrational frequency of levitated drops: The surface tension of superfluid 4He has been measured by studying the natural frequency of vibrational oscillations of drops held in the air by magnetics.
Surface tension 
 An old style mercury barometer consists of a vertical glass tube about 1 cm in diameter partially filled with mercury, and with a vacuum (called Torricelli's vacuum) in the unfilled volume (see diagram to the right).
Surface tension 
 Notice that the mercury level at the center of the tube is higher than at the edges, making the upper surface of the mercury dome-shaped.
Surface tension 
 The center of mass of the entire column of mercury would be slightly lower if the top surface of the mercury were flat over the entire crossection of the tube.
Surface tension 
 We consider the surface area of the entire mass of mercury, including the part of the surface that is in contact with the glass, because mercury does not adhere at all to glass.
Surface tension 
 So the surface tension of the mercury acts over its entire surface area, including where it is in contact with the glass.
Surface tension 
 So in a copper tube, the level of mercury at the center of the tube will be lower than at the edges (that is, it would be a concave meniscus).
Surface tension 
 In a situation where the liquid adheres to the walls of its container, we consider the part of the fluid's surface area that is in contact with the container to have negative surface tension.
Surface tension 
 So in this case increasing the area in contact with the container decreases rather than increases the potential energy.
Surface tension 
 That decrease is enough to compensate for the increased potential energy associated with lifting the fluid near the walls of the container.
Surface tension 
 If a tube is sufficiently narrow and the liquid adhesion to its walls is sufficiently strong, surface tension can draw liquid up the tube in a phenomenon known as capillary action.
Surface tension 
 If  is greater than 90°, as with mercury in a glass container, the liquid will be depressed rather than lifted.
Surface tension 
 Pouring mercury onto a horizontal flat sheet of glass results in a puddle that has a perceptible thickness.
Surface tension 
 The puddle will spread out only to the point where it is a little under half a centimeter thick, and no thinner.
Surface tension 
 The liquid mass flattens out because that brings as much of the mercury to as low a level as possible, but the surface tension, at the same time, is acting to reduce the total surface area.
Surface tension 
 The same surface tension demonstration can be done with water, lime water or even saline, but only if the liquid does not adhere to the flat surface material.
Surface tension 
 Water poured onto a smooth, flat, horizontal wax surface, say a waxed sheet of glass, will behave similarly to the mercury poured onto glass.
Surface tension 
 In reality, the thicknesses of the puddles will be slightly less than what is predicted by the above formula because very few surfaces have a contact angle of 180° with any liquid.
Surface tension 
 For water on paraffin at 25 °C, γ = 72 dyn/cm, ρ = 1.0 g/cm3, and θ = 107° which gives hH2O = 0.44 cm.
Surface tension 
 The formula also predicts that when the contact angle is 0°, the liquid will spread out into a micro-thin layer over the surface.
Surface tension 
 In day-to-day life we all observe that a stream of water emerging from a faucet will break up into droplets, no matter how smoothly the stream is emitted from the faucet.
Surface tension 
 This is due to a phenomenon called the Plateau–Rayleigh instability, which is entirely a consequence of the effects of surface tension.
Surface tension 
 If the perturbations are resolved into sinusoidal components, we find that some components grow with time while others decay with time.
Surface tension 
 Whether a component decays or grows, and how fast it grows is entirely a function of its wave number (a measure of how many peaks and troughs per centimeter) and the radii of the original cylindrical stream.
Surface tension 
 Surface Tension Calculator For Aqueous Solutions Containing the Ions H+, NH4+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, SO42–, NO3–, Cl–, CO32–, Br– and OH–.
Surface tension 
 The Bubble Wall (Audio slideshow from the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory explaining cohesion, surface tension and hydrogen bonds)
The Suite Life on Deck 
 The series is about twin brothers Zack and Cody Martin and hotel heiress London Tipton in a new setting, the SS Tipton.
The Suite Life on Deck 
 The ship travels around the world to nations such as Italy, Greece, India, Sweden and the United Kingdom In the places where the ship travels, the characters experience different cultures, adventures, and situations.
The Suite Life on Deck 
 However, at the beginning of the third season, he starts to like a new student on the ship named Maya.
The Suite Life on Deck 
 London goes to school at the Seven Seas High School program because her father wants her to learn about the real world (the life of people who aren't rich).
The Suite Life on Deck 
 Kim Rhodes: Carey Martin (1: "The Suite Life Sets Sail", 1: "Mom and Dad on Deck", 3: "Trouble in Tokyo", 3: "Graduation on Deck")
The Suite Life on Deck 
 Brian Stepanek: Arwin Hawkhauser/Milos Hawkakapolis (1: "It's All Greek To Me", 3: "Computer Date", 3: "Graduation on Deck")
The Suite Life on Deck 
 Around 5.7 million people watched it on the night of its premiere.. The series premiere in Canada was also the most watched series premiere on Family channel.
The Suite Life on Deck 
 In December 2008, Business Wire reported that the show was 2008's #1 scripted television series for children between the ages 6 to 11 and older children between the ages 9 to 14, beating the older series Hannah Montana and Wizards of Waverly Place in the ratings.
The Suite Life on Deck 
 Since then, “The Suite Life on Deck” had a large lead in the time slot (Friday 8:00 p.m.), ranking as TV's #1 program among the important children's age groups.
The Suite Life on Deck 
 The series is also #1 in total viewers on all cable, doing better than #2 rank (Fox News and Nickelodeon) by 800,000 more viewers.
The Suite Life on Deck 
 As of August 2009, the highest rated episode of The Suite Life on Deck was "Double-Crossed," the second part of Wizards On Deck with Hannah Montana, three episodes where guest stars from Wizards of Waverly Place and Hannah Montana'' came onto the show.
The Suite Life on Deck 
 In early October 2009, the one hour special episode "Lost at Sea" became the most watched episode of the series.
The Suite Life on Deck 
 In 2009, the series was the most watched scripted series in the children and older children group of viewers (6-14).
The Suite Life on Deck 
 Before the series officially started airing, the first episode named "The Suite Life Sets Sail" was made available as a free download on iTunes.
Atmospheric chemistry 
 Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of science in which the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied.
Atmospheric chemistry 
 It is a multidisciplinary field of research and draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling, oceanography, geology and volcanology and other disciplines.
Atmospheric chemistry 
 Studying the atmosphere includes studying the interactions between the atmosphere and living organisms.
Atmospheric chemistry 
 The composition of the Earth's atmosphere changes as result of natural processes such as volcano emissions, lightning and bombardment by solar particles from the Sun's corona.
Atmospheric chemistry 
 Examples of problems include acid rain, ozone depletion, photochemical smog, greenhouse gases and global warming.
Atmospheric chemistry 
 Atmospheric chemists offer theories about these problems, then test the theories and possible solutions.
Atmospheric chemistry 
 Chemists such as Joseph Priestley, Antoine Lavoisier and Henry Cavendish made the first measurements of the composition of the atmosphere.
Atmospheric chemistry 
 In the late 19th and early 20th centuries interest shifted towards trace constituents with very small concentrations.
Atmospheric chemistry 
 One important discovery for atmospheric chemistry was the discovery of ozone by Christian Friedrich Schönbein in 1840.
Atmospheric chemistry 
 The concentrations of trace gases in the atmosphere have changed over time and so have the chemical processes which make and destroy compounds in the air.
Atmospheric chemistry 
 Two important examples of this were the explanation by Sydney Chapman and Gordon Dobson of how the ozone layer is created and maintained, and the explanation of photochemical smog by Arie Jan Haagen-Smit.
Atmospheric chemistry 
 Further studies on ozone issues led to the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry award shared between Paul Crutzen, Mario Molina and Frank Sherwood Rowland.
Atmospheric chemistry 
 Now, scientists study atmospheric chemistry as one part of a single system with the rest of the atmosphere,  biosphere and geosphere.
Atmospheric chemistry 
 Observations, lab measurements and modeling are the three central elements in atmospheric chemistry.
Atmospheric chemistry 
 For example, observations may tell that more of a chemical compound exists than previously thought possible.
Atmospheric chemistry 
 This will stimulate new modelling and laboratory studies which will increase scientific understanding to a point where the observations can be explained.
Atmospheric chemistry 
 One example of this is the Keeling Curve - a series of measurements from 1958 to today which  show a steady rise in of the concentration of carbon dioxide.
Atmospheric chemistry 
 Observations of atmospheric chemistry are made in observatories such as that on Mauna Loa and on mobile platforms such as aircraft, ships and balloons.
Atmospheric chemistry 
 Observations of atmospheric composition are increasingly made by satellites giving a global picture of air pollution and chemistry.
Atmospheric chemistry 
 Surface observations have the advantage that they provide long term records at high time resolution but provide data from a limited vertical and horizontal space.
Atmospheric chemistry 
 Some surface based instruments such as LIDAR can provide concentration profiles of chemical compounds and aerosol but are still restricted in the horizontal region they cover.
Atmospheric chemistry 
 Measurements made in the laboratory are essential to our understanding of the sources and sinks of pollutants and compounds found in nature.
Atmospheric chemistry 
 Scientists also study photochemistry which quantifies how quickly molecules are split apart by sunlight and what the products are.
Atmospheric chemistry 
 Paul Crutzen Interview Freeview video of Paul Crutzen Nobel Laureate for his work on decomposition of ozone talking to Harry Kroto Nobel Laureate by the Vega Science Trust.
Atmospheric chemistry 
 The Cambridge Atmospheric Chemistry Database  is a large constituent observational database in a common format.
Buzen Province 
 was an old province of Japan in the area of Fukuoka Prefecture and Ōita Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū.
Chikugo Province 
 is the name of a old province of Japan in the area that is today the southern part of Fukuoka Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū.
Chikuzen Province 
 was an old province of Japan in the area that is today part of Fukuoka Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū.
Higo Province 
 Higo Province (肥後国; Higo no kuni) was an old province of Japan in the area that is today Kumamoto Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū.
Hizen Province 
 was an old province of Japan in the area of Saga Prefecture and Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū.