the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology 
 It was a major event in the history of public health, and the founding event of the science of epidemiology.
Epidemiology 
 The term is used now for the description and causation of epidemic diseases, and of disease in general.
Epidemiology 
 It can be used for many non-disease health-related conditions, such as high blood pressure and obesity.
Epidemiology 
 In 1847 Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis brought down infant mortality at a Vienna hospital by disinfection.
Epidemiology 
 Unfortunately, disinfection did not become widely practiced until British surgeon Joseph Lister 'discovered' antiseptics in 1865 after Louis Pasteur's work.
Epidemiology 
 In the early 20th century, mathematical methods were introduced into epidemiology by Ronald Ross and others.
Epidemiology 
 This gave very strong statistical support to the suspicion that tobacco smoking was linked to lung cancer.
Epidemiology 
 There are several very key terms that epidemiologists use when discussing population health and disease outbreaks.
Epidemiology 
 The following, although not a comprehensive list, provides some of the key concepts that are important to understand when discussing epidemiology.
Epidemiology 
 Cases: refers specifically to those individual who are sick with a disease/health condition or injured
Epidemiology 
 Epidemic / Outbreak: is the occurrence of a disease among a population that is in excess (higher rate) than what is expected for that given time and place
Epidemiology 
 Endemic: a disease or health condition that is present in the population at all times during the year
Epidemiology 
 Pandemic: a disease that spreads across various regions; also refers to global outbreaks that spreads over multiple continents
Epidemiology 
 Population at risk: refers to those within a population who are particularly susceptible to a certain disease or health condition
Epidemiology 
 An example of this would be with malaria; although malaria is endemic to certain regions in South America, Africa, and South Asia, during certain years or times it can become an epidemic with higher number of cases then usual present in the population.
Epidemiology 
 In addition, it is also possible for epidemic or outbreak to progress and become a full-fledged pandemic.
Epidemiology 
 Rates refers to the number of cases occurring during a specific period of time and depends on the population size at that time.
Epidemiology 
 Calculating disease rates helps epidemiologists to compare health issues among different populations.
Epidemiology 
 The general calculation for determining disease rate is to divide the number of cases or health condition by the number of population at risk during a specific period of time, and multiplying that by 100.
Epidemiology 
 However, disease rates can also be differentiated into two different types: prevalence rate and incidence rate.
Epidemiology 
 Prevalence rate refers to the number of both old and new cases in a population during a specific time period, which is divided by the total number of cases in the population.
Epidemiology 
 Prevalence rates are useful when dealing with investigations relating to chronic diseases, which last for more than 3 months.
Epidemiology 
 On the other hand, incidence rate refers to the number of new health related conditions or cases which is divided by the population at risk.
Epidemiology 
 Incidence rates are important in studies involving acute diseases, where symptoms of a disease peak and subside within days or weeks and generally lasts less than 3 months.
Epidemiology 
 Experimental studies are ones where the epidemiologist can control and manipulate different variables throughout the experiment.
Epidemiology 
 This type of study is used when epidemiologists are trying to determine the cause of a health issue/disease or evaluating the effectiveness of a cure or interventions.
Epidemiology 
 Observational studies include descriptive and analytical studies; descriptive studies investigates epidemiological cases with regards to TPP while analytical study investigates hypothesis regarding relationships between health issues and risk factors.
Epidemiology 
 While descriptive studies (TPP) answers questions of when, who, and where, analytical studies tries to answer the question of how a population is affected by a disease and why they are affected.
Epidemiology 
 Overall, observational studies do not manipulate any variables and often uses comparison groups for analysis; this type of study is often done in an attempt to discover the links between exposure to certain risk factors and health outcomes.
Epidemiology 
 Some examples of observational studies include cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies.
Epidemiology 
 Cohort study: participants are categorized based on exposure to disease, risk factor, or presence of a health condition and are observed over time to see if they develop symptoms of the disease
Epidemiology 
 Case-control study: Those individuals who are identified as cases (has the disease or health condition) are compared with those who don't have the disease/health condition
Epidemiology 
 Cross - sectional study: provides a "one-shot" picture of a group at a certain point in time; participants are selected based on a specific characteristic or because they belong to a certain population/group and are examined to see how the disease/health condition has affected their group.
Epidemiology 
 Investigating an outbreak is a very involved multi-step process which ranges from first establishing the existence of an outbreak to communicating the findings of the investigation with the scientific community as well as the general population.
Epidemiology 
 Epidemiologists look at data (TPP) and surveillance studies to determine if there have been similar cases, like the one being investigated, in the past or if it is a completely new type of disease or health condition.
Epidemiology 
 Once an outbreak has been established, epidemiologists take preparations, arrange materials/equipment for travel to investigate the outbreak at its place of origin and other locations where it may have spread to.
Epidemiology 
 Researchers review all laboratory/clinical findings and interview patients to get a better sense of what they are dealing with and to confirm their initial diagnosis of an outbreak.
Epidemiology 
 Epidemiologists must come up with a precise and standard definition of what a case is or what a case looks like because that will be used to determine who is a case and who isn't.
Epidemiology 
 Epidemiologists must formulate a hypothesis about cause/risk factors of the disease, then evaluate the hypothesis and refine it as needed.
Epidemiology 
 This may include things like social distancing, wearing masks, frequently washing hands, as well as isolation and quarantine.
Epidemiology 
 Epidemiologists must determine which information is important and how findings will be communicated.
Epidemiology 
 They must also determine who the audience is that needs to know the information (is it something only health care workers need to be on the lookout for or should the general public also be made aware?)
Epidemiology 
 Members in this field mostly includes public health care workers and scientists from related fields such as chemists, biologists, geneticists, and anthropologists.
Epidemiology 
 People in epidemiology may work in hospital and research settings, as well as for federal organizations such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Epidemiology 
 One particular unit that may be of interest for those pursuing epidemiology is with with Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS), a subgroup within the CDC specializing in epidemiology.
Epidemiology 
 Epidemic Intelligence Service officers are field workers who investigate outbreaks in the US and other countries.
Epidemiology 
 Their work aids in understanding causes of outbreaks and quickly stopping spread of diseases from one place to another; notably, they have contributed to helping during various pandemics in the past, such as with smallpox, polio, and Ebola.
Epidemiology 
 In the past, cultural anthropologists have been a very helpful resource in bridging the gap between different countries/cultures and the epidemiological investigators.
Epidemiology 
 They have helped and continues to help with the development and implementation of preventative/control measures in countries in a manner that will not conflict with societal beliefs or values, which may get in the way of treatment or stopping the spread of an outbreak.
Epidemiology 
 In recent years however, medical anthropology in particular has taken on a larger role in the field of epidemiology.
Epidemiology 
 Medical anthropology looks at biological, social, cultural, and linguistic anthropology to understand how these factors influence health and well-being, experience and distribution of illness, as well as prevention of treatment.
Epidemiology 
 As with cultural anthropologists, medical anthropologists have continued to aid in the development of public health policies.
Epidemiology 
 In particular, they have been very helpful in providing a unique perspective on public health discourse.
Epidemiology 
 For example, they investigate how culture affects research studies, are able to pick up on seemingly "irrelevant" yet important small details that an epidemiologist might miss, and they are able to provide qualitative data whereas epidemiology only focuses on quantitative data.
Epidemiology 
 One main thing of importance here is that while epidemiologist has largely ignored cultural factors when looking at the causes of diseases/health conditions, medical anthropology has challenged this notion and contributed to the field by showing how culture and social factors play a big role in people's willingness to follow public health guidelines/interventions or even accept treatment for their illnesses.
Epidemiology 
 Whereas the nature of epidemiological investigations may lead to a reductionist or limited point of view, medical anthropology provides a more holistic view of the problem and examines the issue from different angles to best understand and help the populations in need.
Epidemiology 
 Another critical contribution of medical anthropology has been with regard to critical qualitative data.
Epidemiology 
 While epidemiology is focused mainly on quantitative data and trends in health of the population, medical anthropology provides rich source of information on understanding the population's subjective experiences and providing qualitative data explaining why a particular intervention or treatment may have failed among a particular population.
Epidemiology 
 Their main contributions in recent years have come from modifying and helping develop epidemiological surveys by taking into account word choice and the "social suitability" of questions, so that responses would be more accurate and thereby helping to increase the validity of the questionnaires.
Epidemiology 
 It has also been found that medical anthropologists have played a large role in helping locals better understand the objectives of epidemiologists and thereby helped them become more receptive of their investigations.
Epidemiology 
 In addition to all these, one of the major contributions of medical anthropology has come from its ability to help explain health phenomenon and create and test hypothesis relating to such explanations, in a way that epidemiologists have been unable to due to their strict focus on quantitative data.
Epidemiology 
 In short, while epidemiology is good at understanding numerical patterns and biological causes for disease/health conditions, it is unable to fully explain all the factors that underlie certain diseases/health conditions, and this is a gap that medical anthropology has been able to pick up on and complement by providing rich qualitative data which looks at health and diseases from a holistic perspective.
Epidemiology 
 Some notable mentions of medical anthropologists who have worked and contributed to epidemiology and public health in general include Dr. Jim Kim and Paul Farmer.
Epidemiology 
 Dr. Jim Kim served as the president of the World Bank while Paul Farmer is a physician and medical anthropologists who focuses on infectious diseases and treatment.
Epidemiology 
 Both of these men co-founded the Partners in Health (PIH) program, which provided free health care to the poorest populations in countries like Haiti, Peru, and Rwanda.
Epidemiology 
 Other notable mentions are Amber Wutich and Alexandra Brewis, both of whom are professors and researchers at Arizona State University.
Epidemiology 
 They focus on health impacts caused by resource scarcity, specifically relating to lack of access to clean water in developing countries.
Epidemiology 
 Wutich is a director of the Global Ethnohydrology study which looks at water knowledge and management in ten countries, while Brewis researches the impact of culture on human biology.
Epidemiology 
 Epidemiological practice and the results of epidemiological analysis make a significant contribution to health management
Epidemiology 
 This task requires the forward looking ability to guide how a health system responds to current health issues, and how a health system can respond to future potential population health issues.
Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation 
 Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation is a television network in the Philippines owned by the government.
Pooper-scooper 
 A pooper-scooper, or poo scoop, is a device or a ‘poo bag’ used by pet owners to pick up an animal's fecal matter from public places and yards.
Pooper-scooper 
 A number of places, including New York City, have laws telling pet owners to clean up after their pets after the pet has pooped on a sidewalk or any public place, on a floor, wall, stairway or roof of any public or private premises used in common by the public, or on a fence, wall or stairway of a building abutting on a public.
Pooper-scooper 
 Authorized employees of New York City Departments of Health (including Animal Care & Control), of Sanitation, or of Parks and Recreation can issue tickets.
Pooper-scooper 
 The droppings are one of the leading sources of E. coli (fecal coliforms) bacterial pollution: one gram of dog feces contains over 20,000,000 E. coli cells.
Pooper-scooper 
 Coliform bacteria and E. coli are commonly-used field indicators of fecal contamination by animals (including human).
Pooper-scooper 
 While an individual animal's deposit of feces will not measurably affect the environment, the cumulative effect of thousands of dogs and cats in a metropolitan area creates serious problems due to contamination of soil and water supplies.
Pooper-scooper 
 The runoff from neglected pet waste contaminates water, creates health hazards for people, fish, ducks, etc.
Pooper-scooper 
 The situation is particularly dire in Germany, where an estimated 1400 tonnes of feces are deposited daily on public property.
Pooper-scooper 
 Within a year, a database of some 12,500 registration-required canine residents would be available to sanitation workers with sample-test kits.
Pooper-scooper 
 Evidence would be submitted to a forensics laboratory where technicians could readily match the waste to its dog.
Pooper-scooper 
 The prospect of a prompt fine equivalent to $600 US (at 2005 exchange rate) would help assure preventive compliance, as well as cover costs.
Daigo Nishi 
 Although he could hardly play in the match until 2007, Consadole won the champions in 2007 and was promoted to J1 League.
Daigo Nishi 
 In 2016, Antlers won the champions in J1 League and qualified for 2016 Club World Cup as host country champions.
Daigo Nishi 
 In 2019, Vissel won the champions in the Emperor's Cup which is first major title in the club history.
Heterokont 
 The heterokonts or stramenopiles are a major line of eukaryotes with more than 100,000 known species, most of them diatoms.
Metastability 
 The general idea, however, is that something is metastable if it is not changing, yet given a small force ("nudge") it will transition to another, more stable state.
Metastability 
 Before the avalanche starts, the snow is metastable, since some small perturbation is enough to cause it to lose what might have seemed to be stability, but in fact was only metastability.
England women's national football team 
 In May 2009, it was announced that a number of the England Women's Team would be awarded central contracts, to help the players concentrate on full-time training and playing, without having to fit it around full-time employment.
England women's national football team 
 In 2015, the side had their most impressive achievement to date by finishing in third place in the 2015 World Cup.
England women's national football team 
 England squad for 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup qualifiers versus Austria and Spain, 25 March and 1 April 2010, announced 10 March 2010.
Planck constant 
 The Planck constant (Planck's constant) says how much the energy of a photon increases, when the frequency of its electromagnetic wave increases by 1 (In SI Units).
Planck constant 
 The Planck constant has dimensions of physical action: energy multiplied by time, or momentum multiplied by distance.
Planck constant 
 Scientists have used this quantity to calculate measurements like the Planck length and the Planck time.
Planck constant 
 He said that light could not be made up of particles because light from two beams do not bounce off each other.
Planck constant 
 In the 1860s, James Clerk Maxwell developed equations that described electromagnetic radiation as waves.
Planck constant 
 The theory of electromagnetic radiation treats light, radio waves, microwaves and many other types of wave as the same thing except that they have different wavelengths.
Planck constant 
 The wavelength of radio waves varies from 10 m to 1500 m and the wavelength of microwaves is about 2 cm.
Planck constant 
 For most things on Earth this radiation is in the infra-red range, but something very hot (1000 °C or more), gives off visible radiation, that is, light.
Planck constant 
 In the late 1800's many scientists studied the wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation from black-body radiators at different temperatures.
Planck constant 
 The law relates the quantity and wavelength of electromagnetic energy given off by a black body radiator at different temperatures.
Planck constant 
 For long-wavelength radiation, the results predicted by this equation corresponded well with practical results obtained in a laboratory.
Planck constant 
 However, for short wavelengths (ultraviolet light) the difference between theory and practice were so large that it earned the nickname "the ultra-violet catastrophe".
Planck constant 
 This formula worked well for short wavelength electromagnetic radiation, but did not work well with long wavelengths.
Planck constant 
 He tried to develop an expression for black-body radiation expressed in terms of wavelength by assuming that radiation consisted of small quanta and then to see what happened if the quanta were made infinitely small. (
Planck constant 
 If the wavelength of light is allowed to become very large, then it can be shown that the Raleigh-Jeans and the Planck relationships are almost identical.
Planck constant 
 The Planck law agrees well with the experimental data, but its full significance was only appreciated several years later.
Planck constant 
 It turns out that electrons are dislodged by the photoelectric effect if light reaches  a threshold frequency.
Planck constant 
 Einstein proposed that a beam of light is not a wave propagating through space, but rather a collection of discrete wave packets (photons), each with energy.
Planck constant 
 Einstein said that this was because the "particles" did not have enough energy to disturb the electrons.
Planck constant 
 Planck suggested that the energy of each photon was related to the photon frequency by the Planck constant.
Planck constant 
 Planck received the Nobel Prize in 1918 in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta.
Planck constant 
 In 1921 Einstein received the Nobel Prize for linking the Planck constant to the photoelectric effect.
Planck constant 
 Bohr said that the angular momentum of the electrons going around the nucleus can only have certain values.
Planck constant 
 If the atom receives energy from, for example, an electric current, electrons will be excited into a higher state.
Planck constant 
 The electrons will then drop back to a lower state and will lose their extra energy by giving off a photon.
Planck constant 
 The principle states that it is not possible to make a measurement without disturbing the thing being measured.
Planck constant 
 For example, if the temperature of a flask of liquid is measured, the thermometer will absorb a small amount of energy as it heats up.
Planck constant 
 If both the position and momentum of a particle is being measured, the uncertainty principle states that there is a trade-off between the accuracy with which the momentum is measured and the accuracy with which the position is measured.
Planck constant 
 In the electric circuit shown on the right, the voltage drop across the light emitting diode (LED) depends on the material of the LED.
Planck constant 
 For silicon diodes the drop is 0.6 V. However for LEDs it is between 1.8 V and 2.7 V. This information enables a user to calculate the Planck constant.
Planck constant 
 In this system the reduced Planck constant has a value of 1, so the value of the Planck constant is 2π.
Planck constant 
 Here,  is the permeability of free space,  is the speed of light,  is the electric charge of electron,  is the Bohr's radius, and  is the frequency of revolution of the electron in a hydrogen atom .
Planck constant 
 When these constant values are substituted to the theoretical Planck constant, the theoretical Planck constant value is exactly equal to the experimental value.
Planck constant 
 The Planck's constant elementary formula in terms of proton-to-electron mass ratio, the charge of electron, speed of light and vacuum permittivity is derived in.
Planck constant 
 where  is the elementary charge of an electron,  the mass of a proton, the mass of an electron,   the vacuum permittivity, and  the speed of light.
Sebastian Coe 
 Sebastian Newbold Coe, Baron Coe CH KBE (born 29 September 1956, and often nicknamed "Seb Coe") is a former athlete and politician from the United Kingdom.
Sebastian Coe 
 A middle distance runner, Coe won the 1500 m gold medal at the Olympic Games in 1980 and 1984, and set eight outdoor and three indoor world records.
Sebastian Coe 
 Following his retirement from athletics, he served as a Member of Parliament for the Conservative Party from 1992-97.
Sebastian Coe 
 After the International Olympic Committee awarded the games to London, he became the chairman of the London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games.
Sebastian Coe 
 In 2007, he was also elected a vice-president of the International Association of Athletics Federations.
Sebastian Coe 
 His father, Peter Coe (born Percy N. Coe in Kingston upon Thames), died on 9 August 2008, aged 88, while Coe was in Beijing.
Sebastian Coe 
 Coe's leg was along the Stanley Park Seawall, and he exchanged a "torch kiss" with the previous runner, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and the next runner, a 19 year old member of the Squamish community.
Sebastian Coe 
 Coe was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 1982 and an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1990.
Sebastian Coe 
 In December 2005, Coe was given a Special award at the BBC Sports Personality of the Year awards ceremony.
Sebastian Coe 
 He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 2006 New Year's Honours List for services to sport.
Sebastian Coe 
 Article by Sebastian Coe about his amazing rise to fame in 1979, The Daily Telegraph, 11 August 2009, Accessed 11 August 2009.
Theme restaurant 
 One example is the Rainforest Cafe restaurants which have the obvious theme of a "Tropical Rainforest".
Theme restaurant 
 One strange but famous theme restaurant in Berlin, Germany is called "das Klo" (German for "The toilet").