the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 
 On the other side, the majority's findings were applauded by the US Chamber of Commerce, that called it a "fair decision" that "eliminates a potential wind-fall against employers by employees trying to dredge up stale pay claims."
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 
 Claiming lead from Justice Ruth Ginsburg's minority opinion, which invited the Congress to take action by amending the law, the Democrats announced their intention to intervene: House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer and Education and Labor Committee Chairman George Miller said that a bill was to be passed to avoid future court rulings in line with Ledbetter, clearly putting that "a key provision of the legislation will make it clear that discrimination occurs not just when the decision to discriminate is made, but also when someone becomes subject to that discriminatory decision, and when they are affected by that discriminatory decision, including each time they are issued a discriminatory paycheck", as said by Rep. Miller.
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 
 Republicans immediately opposed the bill as drafted, with Education and Labor Committee ranking member Howard McKeon raising the issue that companies would be held liable for actions taken by managers who were not leading the company anymore: "At the end of the day, such a loophole conceivably could allow a retiring employee to seek damages against a company now led by executives who had nothing to do with the initial act of discrimination".
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 
 Other lawyers, such as Neal Mollen, argued that extending the term limit would put a strain on the chances of an adequate defense for the employers, as to defend themselves one "has to rely on documents and the memory of individuals, and neither of those is permanent.
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 
 If a disappointed employee can wait for many years before raising a claim of discrimination ... he or she can wait out the employer, that is ensure that the employer effectively unable to offer any meaningful defense to the claim".
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 
 Organizations that supported the bill included the: American Civil Liberties Union, AFL-CIO, American Federation of Teachers, National Education Association, American Rights at Work, American Library Association, People For the American Way, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, National Employment Lawyers Association, Hadassah, National Women's Law Center, National Network to End Domestic Violence, Center for Inquiry - Washington DC
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 
 American Association of University Women, Alliance for Justice, Legal Momentum, Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law, National Partnership for Women and Families, Coalition of Labor Union Women, Moms Rising, National Organization for Women, American Association of Retired Persons, Women's Voices, Women Vote Action Fund, 21st Century Democrats, 9to5, National Association of Working Women, the Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism, and Women Employed.
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 
 Organizations that opposed the bill include the: U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Eagle Forum, Society for Human Resource Management, National Association of Manufacturers, American Bakers Association, College and University Professional Association for Human Resources, Associated Builders and Contractors, and American Housing & Lodging Association.
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 
 The bill ( and ) was defeated in April 2008 by Republicans in the Senate who cited the possibility of frivolous lawsuits in their opposition of the bill and criticized Democrats for refusing to allow compromises.
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 
 The vote was nearly perfectly split along party lines, with only three Republicans voting in favor (Ed Whitfield of Kentucky, Don Young of Alaska and Chris Smith of New Jersey) and three Democrats voting nay (Travis Childers of Mississippi, Allen Boyd of Florida,  and Parker Griffith of Alabama).
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 
 The vote to invoke cloture ends debate on a bill, and usually leads to a final vote within a few days.)
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 
 The votes in favor included every Democratic senator (except Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts, who was absent from the vote because of health issues) and five Republican senators.
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 
 President Obama has long championed this bill and Lilly Ledbetter's cause, and by signing it into law, he will ensure that women like Ms. Ledbetter and other victims of pay discrimination can effectively challenge unequal pay.
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 
 House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer announced that the House would vote on S.181 (the bill passed by the Senate) during the week of January 26, getting the bill to President Obama's desk sooner rather than later.
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 
 It was the first act he signed as president, and it fulfilled his campaign pledge to nullify Ledbetter v. Goodyear.
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 
 However, some newspapers criticised him for signing it only two days after it was passed by the House.
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 
 The St. Petersburg Times which mentioned his campaign promise to give the public five days of notice to comment on legislation before he signed bills.
Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 
 The White House through a spokesman answered that they would be "implementing this policy in full soon", and that  currently they were "working through implementation procedures and some initial issues with the congressional calendar".
International Food Policy Research Institute 
 The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) is an international agricultural research center to improve the understanding of national agricultural and food policies to promote the adoption of innovations in agricultural technology.
International Food Policy Research Institute 
 Additionally, IFPRI researches the role of agricultural and rural development in the overall development of a country.
International Food Policy Research Institute 
 IFPRI is an international research institutes funded in part by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR).
International Food Policy Research Institute 
 IFPRI was organized as a District of Columbia non-profit, non-stock corporation on March 5, 1975 and its first research bulletin was produced in February 1976.
International Food Policy Research Institute 
 Research topics have included low crop and animal productivity, and environmental degradation, water management, fragile lands, property rights, collective action, sustainable intensification of agricultural production, the impact of climate change on poor farmers, the problems and opportunities of biotechnology, food security, micronutrient malnutrition, microfinance programs, urban food security, gender and development, and resource allocation within households.
International Food Policy Research Institute 
 IFPRI also analyzes agricultural market reforms, trade policy, World Trade Organization negotiations in the context of agriculture, institutional effectiveness, crop and income diversification, postharvest activity, and agroindustry.
International Food Policy Research Institute 
 IFPRI measures the Millennium Development Goals project and supports governments in the formulation and implementation of development strategies.
International Food Policy Research Institute 
 Further work includes research on agricultural innovation systems and the role of capacity strengthening in agricultural development.
International Food Policy Research Institute 
 It is also involved in the collection of primary data and the compilation and processing of secondary data.
International Food Policy Research Institute 
 As of 2006 IFPRI produces the Global Hunger Index (GHI) yearly measuring the progress and failure of individual countries and regions in the fight against hunger.
International Food Policy Research Institute 
 IFPRI has produced the related Hunger Index for the States of India (ISHI) (2008) and the Sub-National Hunger Index for Ethiopia (2009).
International Food Policy Research Institute 
 IFPRI is made up of the Office of the Director General, a Communications Division and the Finance and Administration Division, and 5 research divisions:
International Food Policy Research Institute 
 CGIAR and its agencies, including IFPRI, have been criticized for their connections to Western governments and multinational agribusiness, although its research publications have also been cited by critics of agribusiness and Genetically Modified Organisms in agriculture.
International Food Policy Research Institute 
 Agricultural Research, Livelihoods, and Poverty: Studies of Economic and Social Impacts in Six Countries.
International Food Policy Research Institute 
 Fourth External Program and Management Review of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
International Food Policy Research Institute 
 In The CGIAR at 31: An Independent Meta-Evaluation of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Chapter 11, pp.
International Food Policy Research Institute 
 Food policy for the poor: Expanding the research frontiers, highlights from 30 years of IFPRI research.
Arena rock 
 Event Centre rock (also known as arena rock, corporate rock, industry rock,or stadium rock) is a word to describe a form of rock music which is played, or intended to be played, in large venues, such as event centres, arenas, stadia, and open-air concert spaces.
Arena rock 
 In such a way, genres which traditionally fall within the categories of event centre rock tend to be (yet not always) loud and anthemic; event centre rock is most traditionally associated with heavy metal, progressive rock, hard rock, glam metal or pop rock genres.
Arena rock 
 Often, yet not always, event centre rock is categorised as being more mass-scale, commercially appealing, and radio-oriented music.
Arena rock 
 Event centre rock is generally associated with the grand shows that artists and groups within the style would hold.
Arena rock 
 At these performances, large sound systems, and often elaborate lighting, additional effects and fireworks, would be included.
Arena rock 
 Whilst event centre rock has seen large popularity over the years, especially from the 1960s to the 1980s, it has also been criticised for its often commercial and extravagant nature, especially with regards to the shows and concert tours that event centre rock bands and artists would have.
Arena rock 
 To some extent, genres such as pub rock, punk rock, indie rock and alternative rock grew as a reaction against the nature and aesthetic of event centre rock, opting for a less commercial and over-the-top style.
Arena rock 
 Famous bands associated with event centre rock include Kiss, Aerosmith, Journey, and Styx, amongst several others.
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 
 Martin Luther King Jr., a prominent American leader of the civil rights movement and Nobel Peace Prize winner, was shot and killed at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968, at the age of 39.
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 
 He was a prominent leader of the Civil Rights Movement who was known for his use of nonviolence and civil disobedience.
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 
 James Earl Ray, a prisoner who ran away from the Missouri State Penitentiary, was arrested and charged with King's murder.
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 
 The King family and others believe that a government conspiracy killed King, as Loyd Jowers said in 1993.
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 
 During the trial, both the King family and Jowers gave evidence accusing the government of a conspiracy.
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 
 The government agencies that were accused could not defend themselves or respond, because they were not named as defendants.
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 
 Based on the evidence, the jury concluded that Jowers and "others were part of a conspiracy to kill King."
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 
 On the evening of April 4, 1968, King was standing on the balcony of his motel room in Memphis, Tennessee.
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 
 Doctors cut open his chest and massaged his heart to try to keep blood and oxygen pumping through his body.
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 
 He died at 7:05 p.m. According to Taylor Branch, King's autopsy showed that though he was only 39 years old, he had the heart of a 60-year-old man.
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 
 On March 10, 1969, Ray told the court he was guilty, and was sentenced to 99 years in the Tennessee state penitentiary.
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 
 Ray later tried many times to take away his guilty plea and be tried by a jury, but he was unsuccessful.
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 
 The United States House of Representatives Select Committee on Assassinations was created in 1976 to look into the assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr., and the shooting of Governor George Wallace.
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 
 "There is a likelihood" that this was the result of a conspiracy (probably between Ray and his brothers)
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 
 In 1999, Coretta Scott King, King's widow, and the rest of King's family won their wrongful death lawsuit against Loyd Jowers and "other unknown co-conspirators" (other people who were part of the conspiracy).
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 
 The investigation report recommends no more investigation unless some reliable new facts are presented.
Christmas 2011 Nigeria attacks 
 On 25 December 2011, there were a number of attacks on Christmas Day during church services in northern Nigeria.
Christmas 2011 Nigeria attacks 
 There were bombings and shootings at churches in Madalla (near the capital, Abuja), Jos, Gadaka and Damaturu.
Albert Leo Schlageter 
 His activities sabotaging French occupying troops after World War I led to his arrest and eventual execution by French forces.
Albert Leo Schlageter 
 His death created an image of martyrdom around him, which was cultivated by German nationalist groups, in particular the Nazi Party.
Magnetic reluctance 
 Magnetic reluctance, or magnetic resistance, is a measurement used in the analysis of magnetic circuits.
Magnetic reluctance 
 It is like resistance in an electrical circuit, but rather than dissipating magnetic energy it stores magnetic energy.
Magnetic reluctance 
 As an electric field causes an electric current to follow the path of least resistance, a magnetic field causes magnetic flux to follow the path of least magnetic reluctance.
Magnetic reluctance 
 The notion of “magnetic resistance” was first mentioned by James Joule and the term "magnetomotive force” (MMF) was first named by Bosanquet.
Magnetic reluctance 
 The idea for a magnetic flux law, similar to Ohm's law for closed electric circuits, is attributed to H. Rowland.
Magnetic reluctance 
 The total reluctance is equal to the ratio of the "magnetomotive force” (MMF) in a passive magnetic circuit to the magnetic flux in this circuit.
Magnetic reluctance 
 In an AC field, the reluctance is the ratio of the amplitude values for a sinusoidal MMF and magnetic flux. (
Magnetic reluctance 
 It is sometimes known as Hopkinson's law and is analogous to Ohm's Law with resistance replaced by reluctance, voltage by MMF and current by magnetic flux.
Magnetic reluctance 
 Magnetic flux always forms a closed loop, as described by Maxwell's equations, but the path of the loop depends on the reluctance of the surrounding materials.
Magnetic reluctance 
 The concentration of flux in low-reluctance materials forms strong temporary poles and causes mechanical forces that tend to move the materials towards regions of higher flux so it is always an attractive force (pull).
Magnetic reluctance 
 Its SI derived unit is the henry (the same as the unit of inductance, although the two concepts are distinct).
Magnetic reluctance 
 This increases the reluctance of the magnetic circuit, and enables it to store more energy before core saturation.
Magnetic reluctance 
 Variation of reluctance is the principle behind the reluctance motor (or the variable reluctance generator) and the Alexanderson alternator.
Magnetic reluctance 
 In other words, the reluctance forces'' seek the most aligned magnetic circuit and a small air gap distance.
Magnetic reluctance 
 Multimedia loudspeakers are typically shielded magnetically, in order to reduce magnetic interference they make on televisions and other CRTs.
Magnetic reluctance 
 The speaker magnet is covered with a material such as soft iron to minimize the stray magnetic field.
Triglav 
 While this can describe the mountain, it is more likely the mountain was named for the Old Slovene god, Triglav.
Ampère's circuital law 
 Ampère's circuital law, discovered by André-Marie Ampère in 1826, relates the magnetic field around a closed loop to the electric current passing through the loop.
Ampère's circuital law 
 A scientist can use Ampere's law to determine the magnetic field associated with a given current or current associated with a given magnetic field, if there is no time changing electric field present.
Ampère's circuital law 
 In its original form, Ampère's Circuital Law relates the magnetic field to its electric current source.
Ampère's circuital law 
 Ampère's circuital law is now known to be a correct law of physics in a magnetostatic situation: The system is static except possibly for continuous steady currents within closed loops.
Ampère's circuital law 
 In SI units (the version in cgs units is in a later section), the "integral form" of the original Ampère's circuital law is:
Ampère's circuital law 
 • is the vector dot product,  is the closed line integral around the closed curve C,  denotes an integral over the surface S enclosed by the curve C (the double integral sign is meant simply to denote that the integral is two-dimensional in nature);
Ampère's circuital law 
 If,enc is the net free current that penetrates through the surface S, Ienc is the total net current that penetrates through the surface S, including both free and bound current.
Ampère's circuital law 
 Jf is the free current density through the surface S enclosed by the curve C, J is the total current density through the surface S enclosed by the curve C, including both free and bound current;
Ampère's circuital law 
 dℓ is an infinitesimal element (a differential) of the curve C (i.e. a vector with magnitude equal to the length of the infinitesimal line element, and direction given by the tangent to the curve C), dS is the vector area of an infinitesimal element of surface S (that is, a vector with magnitude equal to the area of the infinitesimal surface element, and direction normal to surface S. The direction of the normal must correspond with the orientation of C by the right hand rule);
Ampère's circuital law 
 See below for further explanation of the curve C and surface S. There are a number of ambiguities in the above definitions that require clarification and a choice of convention.
Ampère's circuital law 
 First, three of these terms are associated with sign ambiguities: the line integral  could go around the loop in either direction (clockwise or counterclockwise); the vector area dS could point in either of the two directions normal to the surface; and Ienc is the net current passing through the surface S, meaning the current passing through in one direction, minus the current in the other direction—but either direction could be chosen as positive.
Ampère's circuital law 
 These ambiguities are resolved by the right-hand rule: With the palm of the right-hand toward the area of integration, and the index-finger pointing along the direction of line-integration, the outstretched thumb points in the direction that must be chosen for the vector area dS. Also the current passing in the same direction as dS must be counted as positive.
Ampère's circuital law 
 The answer is that it does not matter; it can be proven that any surface with boundary C can be chosen.
Ampère's circuital law 
 Again, this equation only applies in the case where the electric field is constant in time; see below for the more general form.
Ampère's circuital law 
 The electric current that arises in the simplest textbook situations would be classified as "free current."
Ampère's circuital law 
 In contrast, "bound current" arises in the context of bulk materials that can be magnetized and/or polarized. (
Ampère's circuital law 
 When a material is magnetized (for example, by placing it in an external magnetic field), the electrons remain bound to their respective atoms, but behave as if they were orbiting the nucleus in a particular direction, creating a microscopic current.
Ampère's circuital law 
 When the currents from all these atoms are put together, they create the same effect as a macroscopic current, circulating perpetually around the magnetized object.
Ampère's circuital law 
 When an electric field is applied, the positive and negative bound charges can separate over atomic distances in polarizable materials, and when the bound charges move, the polarization changes, creating another contribution to the "bound current", the polarization current JP.
Ampère's circuital law 
 For example, the bound current usually originates over atomic dimensions, and one may wish to take advantage of a simpler theory intended for larger dimensions.
Ampère's circuital law 
 The result is that the more microscopic Ampère's law, expressed in terms of B and the microscopic current (which includes free, magnetization and polarization currents), is sometimes put into the equivalent form below in terms of H and the free current only.
Ampère's circuital law 
 For a detailed definition of free current and bound current, and the proof that the two formulations are equivalent, see the "proof" section below.
Ampère's circuital law 
 To treat these situations, the contribution of displacement current must be added to the current term in Ampère's law.
Ampère's circuital law 
 James Clerk Maxwell conceived of displacement current as a polarization current in the dielectric vortex sea, which he used to model the magnetic field with water (hydrodynamically) and with mechanical systems (mechanically).
Ampère's circuital law 
 He added this displacement current to Ampère's circuital law at equation (112) in his 1861 paper On Physical Lines of Force .
Ampère's circuital law 
 In a dielectric the above contribution to displacement current is also present, but a major contribution to the displacement current is related to the polarization of the individual molecules of the dielectric material.
Ampère's circuital law 
 Even though charges cannot flow freely in a dielectric, the charges in molecules can move a little under the influence of an electric field.
Ampère's circuital law 
 The positive and negative charges in molecules separate under the applied field, causing an increase in the state of polarization, expressed as the polarization density P.  A changing state of polarization is equivalent to a current.
Ampère's circuital law 
 Both contributions to the displacement current are combined by defining the displacement current as:
Ampère's circuital law 
 where ε0 is the electric constant, εr the relative static permittivity, and P is the polarization density.
Ampère's circuital law 
 It doesn't involve any actual movement of charge, but it nevertheless has an associated magnetic field, as if it were an actual current.
Ampère's circuital law 
 The second term on the right hand side is the displacement current as originally conceived by Maxwell, associated with the polarization of the individual molecules of the dielectric material.
Ampère's circuital law 
 Maxwell's original explanation for displacement current focused upon the situation that occurs in dielectric media.
Ampère's circuital law 
 In the modern post-aether era, the concept has been extended to apply to situations with no material media present, for example, to the vacuum between the plates of a charging vacuum capacitor.