the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Materials science 
 Often the presence, absence or variation of minute quantities of secondary elements and compounds in a bulk material will have a great impact on the final properties of the materials produced, for instance, steels are classified based on 1/10 and 1/100 weight percentages of the carbon and other alloying elements they contain.
Materials science 
 Thus, the extraction and purification techniques employed in the extraction of iron in the blast furnace will have an impact of the quality of steel that may be produced.
Materials science 
 As an example, steel gets almost 1/10th of its theoretical strength, but most solids are 100 to 1000 times weaker than expected.
Materials science 
 A good example is bulletproof glass, where a plastic layer stuck to glass make it many times stronger than either material would be separately.
Materials science 
 Of all the metallic alloys in use today, the alloys of iron (steel, stainless steel, cast iron, tool steel, alloy steels) make up the largest proportion both by quantity and commercial value.
Materials science 
 For the steels, the hardness and tensile strength of the steel is related to the amount of carbon present.
Materials science 
 Heat treatment processes such as quenching and tempering can significantly change these properties however.
Materials science 
 Stainless steel is defined as a regular steel alloy with greater than 10% by weight alloying content of chromium.
Materials science 
 Copper alloys have been known for a long time (since the Bronze Age), while the alloys of the other three metals have been relatively recently developed.
Materials science 
 Due to the chemical reactivity of these metals, the electrolytic extraction processes required were only developed relatively recently.
Materials science 
 The alloys of aluminium, titanium and magnesium are also known and valued for their high strength-to-weight ratios and, in the case of magnesium, their ability to provide electromagnetic shielding.
Materials science 
 These materials are ideal for situations where high strength-to-weight ratios are more important than bulk cost, such as in the aerospace industry and certain automotive engineering applications.
Materials science 
 Common polymers are, include polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, polystyrene, nylons, polyesters, acrylics, polyurethanes, and polycarbonates.
Materials science 
 It lends itself to an incredible array of uses, from artificial leather to electrical insulation and cabling, packaging and containers.
Materials science 
 Another application of the material sciences is the structures of glass and ceramics, typically associated with the most brittle materials.
Materials science 
 Ceramics and glasses use covalent bonds and ionic-covalent bonds with SiO2, silica or sand, as a fundamental building block.
Materials science 
 Engineering ceramics are known for their stiffness, high temperature, and stability under compression and electrical stress.
Materials science 
 Alumina, silica carbide, and tungsten carbide are made from a fine powder of their constituents in a process of sintering with a binder.
Materials science 
 The wear resistance of tools is derived from cemented carbides with the metal phase of cobalt and nickel typically added to modify properties.
Materials science 
 Applications range from structural elements such as steel-reinforced concrete, to the thermally insulative tiles which play a key and integral role in National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Space Shuttle thermal protection system which is used to protect the surface of the shuttle from the heat of re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere.
Materials science 
 One example is Reinforced Carbon-Carbon (RCC), The light gray material which withstands re-entry temperatures up to 1510 °C (2750 °F) and protects the Space Shuttle's wing leading edges and nose cap.
Materials science 
 RCC is a laminated composite material made from graphite rayon cloth and impregnated with a phenolic resin.
Materials science 
 After curing at high temperature in an autoclave, the laminate is pyrolized to convert the resin to carbon, impregnated with furfural alcohol in a vacuum chamber, and cured/pyrolized to convert the furfural alcohol to carbon.
Materials science 
 In order to provide oxidation resistance for reuse capability, the outer layers of the RCC are converted to silicon carbide.
Materials science 
 Other examples can be seen in the "plastic" casings of television sets, cell-phones and similar objects.
Materials science 
 It is a thermoplastic matrix such as acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) in which calcium carbonate chalk, talc, glass fibers or carbon fibers have been added for added strength, bulk, or electro-static dispersion.
Materials science 
 These additions may be referred to as reinforcing fibers, or dispersants, depending on their purpose.
Materials science 
 A highly sensitive metal bilayer needs only a small shift in temperature to dramatically alter its magnetism.
Materials science 
 We can control the magnetism in just a narrow range of temperature  without applying a magnetic field.
Materials science 
 Materials science encompasses various classes of materials, each of which may constitute a separate field.
Catwalk 
 Catwalk, a documentary on life on the fashion runways, was filmed in 1993 by director Robert Leacock.
Catwalk 
 The movie followed models Christy Turlington, Naomi Campbell, Yasmin Le Bon, Kate Moss, and Carla Bruni as they jetted around London, Milan, Paris, and New York during Spring Fashion Week, including behind-the-scenes footage.
Catwalk 
 The movie was shot in black and white and colour, and featured many top designers at work, like a young John Galliano, Justin Thomas, Karl Lagerfeld, and Gianni Versace four years before his death.
The Rescuers 
 The movie is about the Rescue Aid Society, an international mouse organization in New York City and shadowing the United Nations.
The Rescuers 
 Two of these mice, shy janitor Bernard (Bob Newhart) and his co-agent, the elegant Miss Bianca (Eva Gabor), set out to rescue Penny (Michelle Stacy), an orphan girl who is being held prisoner in Devil's Bayou by treasure huntress Madame Medusa (Geraldine Page).
Logan Medal of the Arts 
 He and his wife, Josephine Hancock Logan, administered the award consistent with their support of the Society for Sanity in Art.
Logan Medal of the Arts 
 The Logans strongly opposed all forms of modern art, including cubism, surrealism, and abstract expressionism.
Logan Medal of the Arts 
 Rudolph Ingerle (1879-1950): Paintings of the Ozarks, the Great Smoky Mountains and the 1933 Century of progress Exposition'' (Chicago: Aaron Galleries, 2000)
Thames Barrier 
 The Thames Barrier is the world's second-largest movable flood barrier, after the Oosterscheldekering in the Netherlands.
Thames Barrier 
 Its purpose is to prevent London from being flooded by exceptionally high tides and storm surges moving up from the North Sea.
Thames Barrier 
 It is raised (closed) only during high tide; at ebb tide it is lowered to release the water which backs up behind it.
Thames Barrier 
 The barrier's northern bank is in the London Borough of Newham and its southern bank is in the London Borough of Greenwich.
Thames Barrier 
 The report of Hermann Bondi into the North Sea flood of 1953 affecting parts of the Thames Estuary and parts of London was what led to the building of the barrier.
Thames Barrier 
 A storm surge generated by low pressure in the Atlantic Ocean sometimes tracks eastwards past the north of Scotland and may then be driven into the shallow waters of the North Sea.
Thames Barrier 
 The surge tide is funnelled down the North Sea which narrows towards the English Channel and the Thames Estuary.
Thames Barrier 
 If the storm surge coincides with a spring tide, dangerously high water levels can occur in the Thames Estuary.
Thames Barrier 
 This situation combined with downstream flows in the Thames tells engineers when to operate the barriers.
Thames Barrier 
 The threat has increased over time due to the slow but continuous rise in high water level over the centuries (20 cm (8 inches) / 100 years) and the slow "tilting" of Britain (up in the north and west, and down in the south and east) caused by post-glacial rebound.
Thames Barrier 
 Fourteen people died in the 1928 Thames flood, and after 307 people died in the UK in the North Sea Flood of 1953 the issue gained new prominence.
Thames Barrier 
 Early proposals for a flood control system were stymied by the need for a large opening in the barrier to allow for vessels from London Docks to pass through.
Thames Barrier 
 When containerization replaced older forms of shipping and a new port was opened at Tilbury, a smaller barrier became feasible with each of the four main navigation spans being the same width as the opening of Tower Bridge.
Thames Barrier 
 A Thames Barrier flood defence closure is triggered when high tides are forecast in the North Sea and river flows are high at the tidal limit at Teddington weir.
Thames Barrier 
 Once river navigation has been stopped and all gates closed, then the Thames Barrier itself can be closed.
Thames Barrier 
 The gates remain closed until the tide downstream of the barrier falls to the same level as the water level upstream.
Thames Barrier 
 Because the river is tidal from Teddington weir all the way through London, this is only a problem at high tide, which prevents the floodwater from escaping out to sea.
Thames Barrier 
 From Teddington the river is opening out into its estuary, and at low tide it can take much greater flow rates the further one goes downstream.
Thames Barrier 
 When the river is in flood upstream, if the gates are closed shortly after low tide, a huge empty volume holds behind the barrier which can act as a reservoir to hold the floodwater coming over Teddington weir.
Thames Barrier 
 Most river floods will not fill this volume in the few high tide hours when the barrier needs to be closed.
Thames Barrier 
 If the barrier was not there, the high tide would fill up this volume instead, and the floodwater could then spill over the river banks in London.
Thames Barrier 
 About a third of the closures up to 2009 were to prevent flooding caused by heavy rain to the west of London.
Thames Barrier 
 In the 1980s there were four closures, 35 closures in the 1990s, and 75 closures in the first decade of this century.
Thames Barrier 
 As the ship started to sink she dumped her 3,300 tonne load of aggregate, finally sinking by the bow on top of one of the barrier's gates where she lay for several days.
Thames Barrier 
 A longer term problem was the premature loss of paint on the flat side of the gate caused by abrasion.
Thames Barrier 
 The barrier was closed twice on 9 November 2007 after a storm surge in the North Sea which was compared to the one in 1953.
Thames Barrier 
 The main danger of flooding from the surge was on the coast above the Thames Barrier, where evacuations took place, but the winds abated a little and, at the Thames Barrier, the 9 November 2007 storm surge did not completely coincide with high tide.
Thames Barrier 
 The defence level included long-term changes in sea and land levels as understood at that time (~1970).
Thames Barrier 
 Despite global warming, and a higher predicted rate of sea level rise, recent analysis suggested the barrier could last until around 2060–2070.
Thames Barrier 
 Released in 2005, a study by four respected academics contained a proposal to replace the Thames Barrier with a more ambitious 16 km (10 mi) long barrier across the Thames Estuary from Sheerness in Kent to Southend in Essex.
Environmental chemistry 
 Environmental chemistry is the scientific study of the chemical and biochemical phenomena that occur in natural places.
Environmental chemistry 
 Environmental chemistry can be defined as the study of the sources, reactions, transport, effects, and fates of chemical species in the air, soil, and water environments; and the effect of human activity on these.
Environmental chemistry 
 Environmental chemistry is an interdisciplinary science that includes atmospheric, aquatic and soil chemistry, as well as uses analytical chemistry.
Environmental chemistry 
 Then, it accurately study the effects humans have on the environment through the release of chemicals.
Environmental chemistry 
 Environmental chemists draw on a range of concepts from chemistry and various environmental sciences to assist in their study of what is happening to a chemical in the environment.
Environmental chemistry 
 Important general concepts from chemistry include understanding chemical reactions and equations, solutions, units, sampling, and analytical techniques.
Environmental chemistry 
 A contaminant is a substance present in nature at a level higher than typical levels or that would not otherwise be there.
Environmental chemistry 
 The term contaminant is often used interchangeably with pollutant, which is a substance that hurts the surrounding environment.
Environmental chemistry 
 While a contaminant is sometimes defined as a substance present in the environment as a result of human activity, but without harmful effects, it is sometimes the case that toxic or harmful effects from contamination only become apparent at a later date.
Environmental chemistry 
 The "medium" (for example, soil) or organism (for example, fish) affected by the pollutant or contaminant is called a receptor.
Environmental chemistry 
 Chemical measures of water quality include dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, nutrients nitrates and phosphorus, heavy metals (including copper, zinc, cadmium, lead and mercury), and pesticides.
Environmental chemistry 
 Environmental chemistry is used by the Environment Agency (in England and Wales), the Environmental Protection Agency (in the United States) the Association of Public Analysts, and other environmental agencies and research bodies around the world to detect and identify the nature and source of pollutants.
Environmental chemistry 
 Nutrients leaching from agricultural land into water courses, which can lead to algal blooms and eutrophication.
Environmental chemistry 
 Urban runoff of pollutants washing off impervious surfaces (roads, parking lots, and rooftops) during rain storms.
Environmental chemistry 
 Typical pollutants include gasoline, motor oil and other hydrocarbon compounds, metals, nutrients and sediment (soil).
Environmental chemistry 
 Quantitative chemical analysis is a key part of environmental chemistry, since it provides the data that frame most environmental studies.
Environmental chemistry 
 Common analytical techniques used for quantitative determinations in environmental chemistry include classical wet chemistry, such as gravimetric, titrimetric and electrochemical methods.
Environmental chemistry 
 Metals are commonly measured by atomic spectroscopy and mass spectrometry: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission (ICP-AES) or Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometric (ICP-MS) techniques.
Environmental chemistry 
 Organic compounds are commonly measured also using mass spectrometric methods, such as gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS).
Environmental chemistry 
 Non-MS methods using GCs and LCs having universal or specific detectors are still staples in the arsenal of available analytical tools.
Environmental chemistry 
 These are pollutants which emit radioactive materials, such as alpha and beta particles, posing danger to human health and the environment.
Environmental chemistry 
 Bioassays and immunoassays are utilized for toxicity evaluations of chemical effects on various organisms.
Environmental chemistry 
 Approved published methods must be used when testing to demonstrate compliance with regulatory requirements.
Foster the People 
 Their best known song is "Pumped Up Kicks" which was released on September 14, 2010 and reached #1 on Billboard's Alternative Songs chart, #3 on the Rock Songs tally and #3 on the Billboard Hot 100.
Joseph-Louis Lagrange 
 Joseph-Louis Lagrange (born Giuseppe Lodovico [Luigi] Lagrangia, Turin, Piedmont, 25 January 1736 – Paris, 10 April 1813) was a mathematician and astronomer.
Joseph-Louis Lagrange 
 He made significant contributions to mathematical analysis, from number theory, to classical and celestial mechanics.
Joseph-Louis Lagrange 
 On the recommendation of Euler and d'Alembert, in 1766 Lagrange succeeded Euler as the director of mathematics at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin.
Joseph-Louis Lagrange 
 He stayed there for over twenty years, producing a large body of work and winning several prizes of the French Academy of Sciences.
Joseph-Louis Lagrange 
 Lagrange's treatise on analytical mechanics, first published in 1788, was the best treatment of classical mechanics since Newton, and helped the development of mathematical physics in the nineteenth century.
Joseph-Louis Lagrange 
 In 1787, at age 51, he moved from Berlin to France and became a member of the French Academy, and he remained in France until the end of his life.
Joseph-Louis Lagrange 
 Lagrange survived the French Revolution and became the first professor of analysis at the École Polytechnique upon its opening in 1794.
Joseph-Louis Lagrange 
 Lagrange is buried in the Panthéon and his name appears as one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower.
Homeless World Cup 
 Starting in 2003 in Graz, Austria, the competition brings together homeless people with the aim to end homelessness.
Homeless World Cup 
 They must also have been homeless at some point after the previous year's World Cup, work as a street newspaper seller to earn money or be asylum seekers.
Homeless World Cup 
 If a match ends in a draw, it is decided by penalty shootout and the winning team gets three points and the losing team gets one point.
Homeless World Cup 
 directed by Susan Koch and Jeff Werner focusing on the experiences of seven homeless people at the Homeless World Cup football (soccer) game.
Homeless World Cup 
 Residents of Afghanistan; Kenya; Dublin, Ireland; Charlotte, North Carolina; Madrid, Spain and St. Petersburg in Russia were in the documentary which was narrated by actor Colin Farrell.
Homeless World Cup 
 The movie was released in January, 2008 at the Sundance Film Festival and is being distributed by Liberation Entertainment, Netflix and ESPN.
I Know What You Did Last Summer 
 It stars Jennifer Love Hewitt, Freddie Prinze, Jr., Sarah Michelle Gellar, Matthew Lillard, Neve Campbell and Ryan Phillippe.
I Know What You Did Last Summer 
 It was followed by two sequels: I Still Know What You Did Last Summer and I'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer.
I Know What You Did Last Summer 
 On the Fourth of July 1996 in Southport, North Carolina, high school graduates Julie James (Jennifer Love Hewitt), Ray and George Bronson (Freddie Prinze Jr. and Matthew Lillard) Charlotte Wilson (Neve Campbell), Helen Shivers (Sarah Michelle Gellar), and Barry Cox (Ryan Phillippe) drive to the beach after a night of partying.
I Know What You Did Last Summer 
 Disturbed, Julie tracks down Helen, who has returned to Southport to work at her family's department store after a failed attempt at an acting career in New York City.
I Know What You Did Last Summer 
 Julie meets up with George, who is now working as a host for a children's TV show, she showed the letter to George, then Julie and George meet up with Charlotte, who now works at a video store.
I Know What You Did Last Summer 
 Meanwhile, Julie, Charlotte and George researches newspaper articles which lead them to believe the man they ran over was a local named David Egan.
I Know What You Did Last Summer 
 Missy explains to them that their family was devastated by David's death; she also mentions that a friend of David's named Billy Blue also visited her to pay his last respects.
I Know What You Did Last Summer 
 Later that night, the killer sneaks into Helen's house, cuts off her hair while she sleeps, and writes "Soon" in lipstick on her vanity mirror.
I Know What You Did Last Summer 
 The following morning, Julie, Charlotte and George find Max's corpse wearing Barry's stolen jacket in the trunk of their car.
I Know What You Did Last Summer 
 Julie goes back to visit Missy, while Barry and Helen go to participate in the Fourth of July parade.
I Know What You Did Last Summer 
 Missy reveals David allegedly committed suicide out of guilt for the death of his girlfriend Susie in a car accident and shows David's suicide note to Julie and George.
I Know What You Did Last Summer 
 As the writing matches that of the note she received, Julie and George realise it was not a suicide note, but a death threat.
I Know What You Did Last Summer 
 Helen flees to her nearby family store, where her sister Elsa (Bridgette Wilson) is closing for the night.
I Know What You Did Last Summer 
 Helen is chased to the third floor of the building and escapes through a window, falling to a long alleyway.
I Know What You Did Last Summer 
 She manages to run toward the street, but the killer stops her and slashes her to death, her screams being drowned out by the sound of the oncoming parade.
I Know What You Did Last Summer 
 Julie and George find an article mentioning Susie's father, Ben Willis (Muse Watson), and realise that Ben was the man they ran over, moments after he had killed David to avenge his daughter.
I Know What You Did Last Summer 
 Ben's boat leaves the docks, and he begins tormenting Julie and George, chasing them below deck; there, they uncover the bodies of Helen, Charlotte and Barry in the boat's ice box.
I Know What You Did Last Summer 
 When the police question them, they deny knowing why Ben attempted to kill them, but they are relieved not to have actually killed anybody the previous summer, and reconcile.
Amu Darya 
 The Amu Darya (, Āmūdaryā; , Jihôn or Jayhoun; , Gozan ), also called Oxus and Amu River, is a major river in Central Asia.
Amu Darya 
 In ancient Afghanistan, the river was also called Gozan, descriptions of which can be found in the book "The Kingdom of Afghanistan: a historical sketch By George Passman Tate".
Amu Darya 
 The name Amu is said to have come from the medieval city of Āmul, (later, Chahar Joy/Charjunow, and now known as Türkmenabat), in modern Turkmenistan.
Amu Darya 
 It gets its water from a powerful glacier fed stream high in the Pamir Knot at the eastern end of Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor, and does not end at the sea but spreads out into the sands of Turkmenistan's Kyzyl Kum desert instead of the inland Aral Sea as it did in former times.
Amu Darya 
 In the traditions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (hadith), the river is called by the name Jayhan (Arabic form of its ancient name Gozan).
Amu Darya 
 Historians tell us that one of the most ancient names for the Oxus or Amu in ancient Afghanistan was Jayhan.
Amu Darya 
 "Hara (Bokhara) and to the river of Jayhan (that is to say, the Amu, (called by Europeans the Oxus)....".
Amu Darya 
 "... and were brought into Halah (modern day Balkh), and Habor (which is Pesh Habor or Peshawar), and Hara (which is Herat), and to the river Gozan (which is the Ammoo, also called Jehoon)...".
Amu Darya 
 All of the water comes from the high mountains in the south where annual precipitation can be over .
Amu Darya 
 Even before large-scale irrigation began, high summer evaporation meant that not all of this discharge reached the Aral Sea - though there is some evidence the large Pamir glaciers provided enough melt water for the Aral to overflow during the 13th and 14th centuries A.D.
Amu Darya 
 Historical records state that in different periods, the river flowed into the Aral Sea (from the south), the Caspian Sea (from the east) or both, similar to the Syr Darya (Jaxartes, in Ancient Greek).
Amu Darya 
 This includes most of Tajikistan, the southwest corner of Kyrgyzstan, the northeast corner of Afghanistan, a long narrow portion of western Turkmenistan and about half of Uzbekistan.
Amu Darya 
 About 61% of the drainage lies within Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, while 39% is in Afghanistan.