the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Friedensreich Hundertwasser 
 Hundertwasser said in 1989, A dead person is entitled to reincarnation in the form of... a tree that grows on top of him and through him.
Friedensreich Hundertwasser 
 As a result of his experience of being persecuted by the Nazi regime, Hundertwasser developed an anti-totalitarian position early on.
Friedensreich Hundertwasser 
 His early fears of the square marching battalions associated with dictatorships may have led him to oppose any "geometrization" of people and their architecture.
Friedensreich Hundertwasser 
 In a letter in 1954 Hundertwasser described the square as "geometric rectangles compressed columns on the march".
Friedensreich Hundertwasser 
 In his work, he used spirals, organic forms, wavy lines, bright colours, and a strong individualism.
Friedensreich Hundertwasser 
 Later on in the 1970s, he added two more skins: social environment (family, friendships, nation) and the planet (environment, the ecology, nature).
Friedensreich Hundertwasser 
 He didn't select colours for any special significance; instead he used bright, fierce, burning colours, and combined colours to form competing patterns.
Friedensreich Hundertwasser 
 While he began as a painter, later in life the third skin - the home, or architecture - greatly interested Hundertwasser.
Friedensreich Hundertwasser 
 His building designs use natural forms, and often fit around nature rather than trying to bend nature to fit them.
Friedensreich Hundertwasser 
 In the Hundertwasserhaus, an apartment building in Vienna, Austria, the floors aren't flat and even: they undulate.
Friedensreich Hundertwasser 
 "The repetition of identical windows next to each other and above each other as in a grid system is a characteristic of concentration camps.
Friedensreich Hundertwasser 
 A person in a rented apartment must be able to lean out of his window and scrape off the masonry within arm's reach.
Friedensreich Hundertwasser 
 And he must be allowed to take a long brush and paint everything outside within arm's reach, so that it will be visible from afar to everyone in the street that someone lives there who is different from the imprisoned, enslaved, standardised man who lives next door. (
Friedensreich Hundertwasser 
 Hundertwasser 1990)Hundertwasser wanted to allow the residents of his building to personalise their windows.
Friedensreich Hundertwasser 
 In the late 1970s, Hundertwasser was asked by City of Vienna to build a housing project - housing for poorer citizens who could not afford it otherwise.
Friedensreich Hundertwasser 
 Inside, there were wavy, undulating floors ("an uneven floor is a divine melody to the feet"), a roof covered with earth and grass, and large trees growing from inside the rooms, with limbs extending from windows.
Friedensreich Hundertwasser 
 Hundertwasser took no payment for the design of the house, declaring that it was worth it, to prevent something ugly from going up in its place.
Friedensreich Hundertwasser 
 Within the house there are 52 apartments, four offices, 16 private terraces and three communal terraces, and a total of 250 trees and bushes.
Friedensreich Hundertwasser 
 The Hundertwasser House is one of Vienna's most visited buildings and has become part of Austria's cultural heritage.
Friedensreich Hundertwasser 
 In Kawakawa, New Zealand, where Hundertwasser lived between 1975 and 2000, he designed the public toilets.
Friedensreich Hundertwasser 
 Coach-loads of tourists visit every day to see these toilets, which are designed according to the artist's strict beliefs.
Friedensreich Hundertwasser 
 All of the plants and vegetation which were displaced by the toilet were replanted on the roof, and it was built from recycled bricks from an old bank, and the residents' used glass bottles.
Friedensreich Hundertwasser 
 An award-winning German documentary about the artist rebuilding an old wooden ship called Regentag (Rainy Day).
Edgar Degas 
 Edgar Degas (, ; born Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas, ; 19 July 183427 September 1917) was a French artist.
Edgar Degas 
 He is famous for his paintings and sculptures: he was one of those who started Impressionism, although he rejected the term, and preferred to be called a realist.p31
Edgar Degas 
 A superb draughtsman, he is identified with the subject of the dance, and over half of his works depict dancers.
Edgar Degas 
 These display his mastery in the depiction of movement, as do his racecourse subjects and female nudes.
Edgar Degas 
 His portraits are notable for their psychological complexity and the way they show human isolation.p11
Edgar Degas 
 Edgar did not like this, and he went to study at the École des Beaux-Arts, an important art-school in Paris in 1855.
Edgar Degas 
 He started his first important painting The Bellelli Family, and also started on a few paintings on historical myths, like Alexander and Bucephalus and The Daughter of Jephthah.
Edgar Degas 
 In 1861 he visited Normandy and made his first drawings of horses which were an important subject for his paintings.
Edgar Degas 
 He did not have time to paint.p29 After the war he went to stay with his brother Rene in New Orleans, Louisiana.
Edgar Degas 
 He created a lot of great paintings in next 10 years.p33 With the money he earned, he bought paintings by painters he liked a lot.
Edgar Degas 
 At the end of the 1880s, he started to take photographs of his friends.p26 Other photographs, of dancers and nudes, were used as an example for some of his later paintings.p34
Luigi Russolo 
 His instruments were destroyed in World War II in Paris, because the Germans bombed the city, others have simply disappeared.
Bacterial conjugation 
 Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells.
Bacterial conjugation 
 Other elements, however, may be viewed as bacterial parasites and conjugation as a mechanism evolved by them to allow for their spread.
Bacterial conjugation 
 The F-plasmid is an episome (a plasmid that can integrate itself into the bacterial chromosome) with a length of about 100,000 base pairs.
Bacterial conjugation 
 There can only be one copy of the F-plasmid in a given bacterium, either free or integrated, and bacteria that possess a copy are called F-positive or F-plus (denoted F+).
Bacterial conjugation 
 Cells that lack F plasmids are called F-negative or F-minus (F-) and can function as recipient cells.
Bacterial conjugation 
 For example, the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid of Agrobacterium and the root-tumor inducing (Ri) plasmid of A. rhizogenes contain genes that are capable of transferring to plant cells.
Bacterial conjugation 
 These genes turn plant cells into factories producing chemicals used by the bacteria for nitrogen and energy.
Bacterial conjugation 
 The Ti and Ri plasmids are thus endosymbionts of the bacteria, which are in turn endosymbionts (or parasites) of the infected plant.
Bacterial conjugation 
 In laboratories successful transfers have been reported from bacteria to yeast, plants, mammalian cells, and isolated mammalian mitochondria.
Bacterial conjugation 
 In plant engineering, Agrobacterium-like conjugation complements other standard vehicles such as tobacco mosaic virus (TMV).
Bacterial conjugation 
 Agrobacterium-like conjugation is also primarily used for dicots, but monocot recipients are not uncommon.
Plasmid 
 A plasmid is a DNA molecule that is separate from the chromosomal DNA and that can replicate (copy itself) independently.
Plasmid 
 Plasmids usually occur naturally in bacteria, but are sometimes found in eukaryotic organisms (e.g., the 2-micrometre-ring in Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
Plasmid 
 Plasmids are transferable genetic elements, or "replicons", capable of independent self copying in a suitable host.
Plasmid 
 Unlike viruses, plasmids are "naked" DNA and do not encode genes necessary to encase the genetic material for transfer to a new host.
Plasmid 
 Plasmid host-to-host transfer requires direct, mechanical transfer by conjugation or changes in host gene expression allowing the intentional uptake of the genetic element by transformation.
Plasmid 
 Microbial transformation with plasmid DNA is neither parasitic nor symbiotic in nature, since each implies the presence of an independent species living in a commensal or detrimental state with the host organism.
Plasmid 
 Rather, plasmids provide a mechanism for horizontal gene transfer within a population of microbes and may provide a selective advantage under a given environmental state.
Plasmid 
 Plasmids may carry genes that provide resistance to naturally occurring antibiotics in a competitive environmental niche, or alternatively the proteins produced may act as toxins under similar circumstances.
Plasmid 
 Plasmids also can provide bacteria with an ability to fix elemental nitrogen or to degrade difficult organic compounds.
Plasmid 
 The construction of first recombinant DNA emerged from linking of a gene encoding antibiotic resistance with a native plasmid.
Horizontal gene transfer 
 Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) (or Lateral gene transfer) is any process in which an organism gets genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism.
Horizontal gene transfer 
 By contrast, vertical transfer occurs when an organism gets genetic material from its ancestor, e.g., its parent or a species from which it has evolved.
Horizontal gene transfer 
 Most thinking in genetics has focused on vertical transfer, but there is a growing awareness that horizontal gene transfer is a significant phenomenon.
Horizontal gene transfer 
 Transformation, the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the introduction, uptake and expression of foreign genetic material (DNA or RNA).
Horizontal gene transfer 
 Transformation is often used in laboratories to insert novel genes into bacteria for experiments or for industrial or medical applications.
Horizontal gene transfer 
 Transduction, the process in which bacterial DNA is moved from one bacterium to another by a bacterial virus (a bacteriophage, or 'phage').
Horizontal gene transfer 
 Bacterial conjugation, a process in which a bacterial cell transfers genetic material to another cell by cell-to-cell contact.
Horizontal gene transfer 
 A gene transfer agent or 'GTA' is a virus-like element which contains random pieces of the host chromosome.
Horizontal gene transfer 
 A 2010 report found that genes for antibiotic resistance could be transferred by engineering GTAs in the laboratory.
Horizontal gene transfer 
 Horizontal gene transfer was first described in Japan in a 1959 publication that demonstrated the transfer of antibiotic resistance between different species of bacteria.
Horizontal gene transfer 
 In the mid-1980s, Syvanen suggested that lateral gene transfer not only had biological significance, but was involved in shaping evolutionary history from the beginning of life on Earth.
Horizontal gene transfer 
 "Increasingly, studies of genes and genomes are indicating that considerable horizontal transfer has occurred between prokaryotes".
Horizontal gene transfer 
 observe, "additional evidence suggests that gene transfer might also be an important evolutionary mechanism in protist evolution".
Horizontal gene transfer 
 Richardson and Palmer (2007) state: "Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has played a major role in bacterial evolution and is fairly common in certain unicellular eukaryotes.
Horizontal gene transfer 
 However, the prevalence and importance of HGT in the evolution of multicellular eukaryotes remains unclear".
Transduction (genetics) 
 Joshua Lederberg and his graduate student Norton Zinder showed in 1952 that bacteriophages could transfer genetic information between bacteria in Salmonella.
Transduction (genetics) 
 This explained how bacteria of different species could gain resistance to the same antibiotic very quickly.
Transduction (genetics) 
 Transduction also refers to the process whereby foreign DNA is introduced into another cell via a viral vector.
Transduction (genetics) 
 This is a common tool used by molecular biologists to introduce a foreign gene into a host cell's genome.
Transduction (genetics) 
 When bacteriophages infect a bacterial cell, they usually reproduce by using the replicational, transcriptional, and translation machinery of the host bacterial cell to make many complete viral particles, including the viral DNA or RNA and the protein coat.
Ferdinand de Lesseps 
 Ferdinand Marie, Vicomte () de Lesseps, GCSI (19 November 1805 – 7 December 1894) was the French developer of the Suez Canal, which joined the Mediterranean and Red Seas in 1869.
Ferdinand de Lesseps 
 He also tried to build a Panama Canal during the 1880s, but malaria and yellow fever was so bad that he gave up and the Panama Canal Company went bankrupt.
Ferdinand de Lesseps 
 In 1828 de Lesseps was sent as an assistant vice-consul to Tunis, where his father was consul-general.
Ferdinand de Lesseps 
 He aided the escape of Youssouff, pursued by the soldiers of the Bey, of whom he was one of the officers, for violation of the seraglio law.
Ferdinand de Lesseps 
 In 1832 de Lesseps was appointed vice-consul at Alexandria, and in 1833 he became consul in Cairo, and soon afterwards given the management of the consulate general at Alexandria, until 1837.
Ferdinand de Lesseps 
 Near the end of 1837 he returned to France, and on 21 December married Agathe Delamalle (Garches, Hauts-de-Seine, 15 October 1819 – Paris, 13 July 1853), daughter of the prosecuting attorney at the court of Angers.
Ferdinand de Lesseps 
 In 1839 he was appointed consul at Rotterdam, and in the following year transferred to Málaga, the ancestral home of his mother's family.
Ferdinand de Lesseps 
 In 1849 the government of the French Republic sent him to Rome to negotiate the return of Pope Pius IX to the Vatican.
Ferdinand de Lesseps 
 He tried to negotiate an agreement whereby Pope Pius could return peacefully to the Vatican but also ensuring the continued independence of Rome.
Ferdinand de Lesseps 
 But during negotiations, the elections in France caused a change in the foreign policy of the government.
Ferdinand de Lesseps 
 He was created on 30 August 1851 the 334th Commander and then the 200th Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword.
Ferdinand de Lesseps 
 In 1854, the accession to the viceroyalty of Egypt of Said Pasha gave de Lesseps a new impulse to act upon the creation of a Suez Canal.
Ferdinand de Lesseps 
 Said Pasha invited de Lesseps to pay him a visit, and on 7 November 1854 he landed at Alexandria; on the 30th of the same month Said Pasha signed the concession authorizing him to build the Suez Canal.
Ferdinand de Lesseps 
 His name was used in a speech by Egyptian President Gamal Nasser as the codeword to order the raiding of the Suez Canal Company's offices on 26 July 1956, the first step to its nationalization.
Ferdinand de Lesseps 
 In the course of the raid and seizure of the canal by Nasser, the statue of de Lesseps at the entrance of the Suez Canal was removed from its pedestal, to symbolize the end of European ownership of the waterway.
Ferdinand de Lesseps 
 McCullough, David, The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal 1870-1914 Simon & Schuster, 1977.
Ferdinand de Lesseps 
 Mellander, Gustavo A. (1971) The United States in Panamanian Politics: The Intriguing Formative Years.
Ferdinand de Lesseps 
 Panama Fever: The Epic Story of One of the Greatest Human Achievements of All Time - the Building of the Panama Canal.
Ferdinand de Lesseps 
 The A.B. Nichols archival collection  of documents and materials related to the Panama Canal includes a number of references to the French project, including photographs of de Lesseps and his house in Panama.
Transformation (genetics) 
 In molecular biology, transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell by the direct uptake and expression of DNA from its surroundings.
Transformation (genetics) 
 Bacteria that are capable of being transformed, whether naturally or artificially, are called competent.
Transformation (genetics) 
 Transformation is one of three processes by which outside genetic material may be brought into bacterial cells.
Transformation (genetics) 
 The other two are conjugation (transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact), and transduction (injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage into the host).
Transformation (genetics) 
 Transformation may also used to describe the insertion of new genetic material into nonbacterial cells, such as animal and plant cells.
Transformation (genetics) 
 Griffith discovered that a harmless strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae could be made virulent after being exposed to heat-killed virulent strains.
Transformation (genetics) 
 Griffith thought some "transforming principle" from the heat-killed strain was responsible for making the harmless strain virulent.
Transformation (genetics) 
 In 1944 this transforming principle was identified as being genetic by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty.
Transformation (genetics) 
 They isolated DNA from a virulent strain of S. pneumoniae and using just this DNA were able to make a harmless strain virulent.
Transformation (genetics) 
 Not until the discovery of other methods of genetic transfer (conjugation in 1947 and transduction in 1953) by Joshua Lederberg were Avery's experiments accepted.
Transformation (genetics) 
 Transformation did not become routine procedure in laboratories until 1972 when Cohen successfully transformed Escherichia coli by treating the bacteria with calcium chloride.
Transformation (genetics) 
 This created an efficient and convenient procedure for transforming bacteria and opened the way for biotechnology and research.
Transformation (genetics) 
 Transformation of animal and plant cells was also investigated with the first transgenic mouse being created by injecting a gene for a rat growth hormone into a mouse embryo in 1982.
Transformation (genetics) 
 In 1907 a bacterium that caused plant tumors, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, was discovered and in the early 1970s the tumor inducing agent was found to be a DNA plasmid called the Ti plasmid.
Transformation (genetics) 
 By removing the genes in the plasmid which caused the tumour and adding in new genes researchers were able to infect plants with A. tumefaciens and let the bacteria insert their chosen DNA into the genomes of the plants.
Transformation (genetics) 
 Not all plant cells are susceptible to infection by A. tumefaciens, so other methods were developed including electroporation and micro-injection.
Transformation (genetics) 
 Particle bombardment was made possible with the invention of the Biolistic Particle Delivery System (gene gun) by John Sanford in 1990.
Charles Ranhofer 
 Charles Ranhofer (November 7, 1836, Saint-Denis, France — October 9, 1899, New York) was the  chef at the famous Delmonico's Restaurant in New York from 1862 to 1876 and 1879 to 1896.
Charles Ranhofer 
 Ranhofer wrote The Epicurean, (1894), a cookbook of over 1,000 pages, similar in scope to Escoffier's Le Guide Culinaire.
Charles Ranhofer 
 Ranhofer was sent to Paris at the age of 12 to begin his training by studying pastry-making, and at 16 became the private chef for the prince d'Hénin, comte d'Alsace.
Charles Ranhofer 
 In 1856 he moved to New York to become the chef for the Russian consul, and later worked in Washington, D.C. and New Orleans.
Charles Ranhofer 
 He returned to France in 1860 for a short time, where he arranged balls for the court of Napoleon III at the Tuileries Palace, but then came back to New York to work at what was then a fashionable location, Maison Dorée.
Charles Ranhofer 
 In 1862, Lorenzo Delmonico hired him for Delmonico's Restaurant, and it was there that Ranhofer made his real fame, though others say that he made the fame of the restaurant as well.
Charles Ranhofer 
 He was the chef at Delmonico's until his retirement in 1896, except for a short break from 1876 and 1879 when he owned the "Hotel American" at Enghien-les-Bains.
Charles Ranhofer 
 Ranhofer invented or made famous a number of dishes that Delmonico's was known for, such as Lobster Newberg, and had a talent for naming dishes after famous or prominent people—particularly those who dined at Delmonico's--as well as his friends, and events of the day.
Charles Ranhofer 
 "Veal pie à la Dickens" and " Beet fritters à la Dickens," named for Charles Dickens in honor of his 1867 visit to New York.
Charles Ranhofer 
 "Lobster Newberg", named in honor of sea captain Ben Wenberg then renamed when Wenberg had a falling-out with the restaurant.
Charles Ranhofer 
 Ranhofer did not invent baked Alaska, but he popularized it in 1876 when he named it in honor of the newly acquired Alaskan territory.
Charles Ranhofer 
 "Epicurean; Our own Escoffier; One of the 19th century's greatest chefs was American," by Russ Parsons.
Malibu, California 
 Malibu () is a beach city in western Los Angeles County, California, situated about  west of Downtown Los Angeles.
Malibu, California 
 Known for its Mediterranean climate, a  strip of the Malibu coast incorporated in 1991 into the City of Malibu.
Malibu, California 
 The area is known for being the home of Hollywood movie stars, people in the entertainment industry, and other affluent residents.
Malibu, California 
 Most Malibu residents live within a few hundred yards of Pacific Coast Highway (State Route 1), which traverses the city, with some residents living up to a mile (1.6 km) away from the beach up narrow canyons.
Joshua Lederberg 
 He was known for his work on bacterial transduction, artificial intelligence, and space exploration.
Joshua Lederberg 
 He was just 33 years old when he won the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering that bacteria can mate and exchange genes.
Joshua Lederberg 
 He shared the prize with Edward Tatum and George Beadle who won for their work on the genetics of the fungus Neurospora.
Joshua Lederberg 
 In addition to his contributions to biology, Lederberg did extensive research in artificial intelligence.
Joshua Lederberg 
 This included work in the NASA experimental programs seeking life on Mars and the chemistry expert system Dendral.
Joshua Lederberg 
 Lederberg and Tatum showed that the bacterium Escherichia coli entered a sexual phase during which it could share genetic information through bacterial conjugation.
Joshua Lederberg 
 With this discovery and some mapping of the E. coli chromosome, Lederberg got his PhD. from Yale University in 1947.
Joshua Lederberg 
 Lederberg and his graduate student Norton Zinder went on to show in 1952 that bacteriophages could transfer genetic information between bacteria in Salmonella.
Joshua Lederberg 
 This process, called transduction, explained how bacteria of different species could gain resistance to the same antibiotic quickly.
Joshua Lederberg 
 This was followed in 1952 by papers written by Zinder and Lederberg dealing with bacteriophage lambda.
Joshua Lederberg 
 In 1957, Lederberg founded the Department of Medical Genetics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
Joshua Lederberg 
 In 1958, Joshua Lederberg received the Nobel Prize and moved to Stanford University where he was the founder and chairman of the Department of Genetics.
Joshua Lederberg 
 With the launching of Sputnik in 1957, Lederberg became concerned about the biological impact of space exploration.
Joshua Lederberg 
 In a letter to the National Academies of Sciences, he outlined his concerns that extraterrestrial microbes might gain entry to Earth onboard spacecraft, causing catastrophic diseases.
Joshua Lederberg 
 He also argued that, conversely, microbial contamination of manmade satellites and probes may obscure the search for extraterrestrial life.
Joshua Lederberg 
 He advised quarantine for returning astronauts and equipment and sterilization of equipment before launching.
Joshua Lederberg 
 Teaming up with Carl Sagan, his public advocacy for what he termed exobiology helped expand the role of biology in NASA.
Joshua Lederberg 
 In the 1960s, he collaborated with Edward Feigenbaum in Stanford's computer science department to develop DENDRAL.