the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
History of astronomy 
 Copernicus' heliocentric model allowed the stars to be placed uniformly through the (infinite) space surrounding the planets, as first proposed by Thomas Digges in his Perfit Description of the Caelestiall Orbes according to the most aunciente doctrine of the Pythagoreans, latelye revived by Copernicus and by Geometricall Demonstrations approved (1576).
History of astronomy 
 Giordano Bruno accepted the idea that space was infinite and filled with solar systems similar to our own.
History of astronomy 
 n; for the publication of his various beliefs, he was burnt at the stake in Rome on 17 February 1600.
History of astronomy 
 This cosmology was accepted provisionally by Isaac Newton, Christiaan Huygens and later scientists, but it had several paradoxes which were resolved only with general relativity.
History of astronomy 
 The first paradox was that it assumed that space and time were infinite, and that the stars in the universe had been burning forever; however, since stars are constantly radiating energy, a finite star seems inconsistent with the radiation of infinite energy.
History of astronomy 
 Secondly, Edmund Halley (1720) noted that an infinite space filled uniformly with stars would lead to the prediction that the nighttime sky would be as bright as the sun itself; this became known as Olbers' paradox in the 19th century.
History of astronomy 
 Third, Newton himself showed that an infinite space uniformly filled with matter would cause infinite forces and instabilities crushing matter inwards inwards under gravity.
History of astronomy 
 All planets go round the Sun in the same direction, and their planes of revolution are very similar.
History of astronomy 
 Many were at work trying to use the ideas of Newton and Kepler to explain the observational astronomy provided by the new, larger, telescopes.
History of astronomy 
 A significant astronomical advance of the 18th century was the realization by Thomas Wright (1711–1786) that the "fixed stars" were not scattered at random, but concentrated in what we now call the "galactic plane", our view of the Milky Way.
History of astronomy 
 What is even more remarkable is his idea that very faint nebulae, in which "no one star... can possibly be distinguished" might be extremely distant groups of the same kind.p83/4
History of astronomy 
 Kant (1724–1804), known today for his philosophy, made some important discoveries about the nature of the Earth's rotation.
History of astronomy 
 He showed the frictional resistance against tidal currents on the Earth's surface must cause a very gradual slowing of the earth's rotation.
History of astronomy 
 Also, he laid out a nebular hypothesis, in which he deduced that the Solar System formed from a large cloud of gas, a nebula.
History of astronomy 
 Following Wright, Kant also thought the Milky Way was a large disk of stars formed from a (much larger) spinning cloud of gas.
History of astronomy 
 The greatest theoretician of the 18th century was Laplace (1749–1827), who worked on the mechanics of the planets and Solar System.
History of astronomy 
 His massive 5-volume work on the mechanics of the Solar System explained many of the regularities which observations had discovered.
History of astronomy 
 As it happens, the details of Laplace's theory do not quite work out for planetary systems, but they are the basis of how we understand stars condense out of a nebula.
History of astronomy 
 William Herschel (1738–1822), helped by his sister Caroline (1750–1848) built the biggest telescope of the day (40-foot), but did his best work on a 20-foot telescope.
History of astronomy 
 The discovery of Uranus put his career on the way: he got a salary of £200 a year as "King's Astronomer".
History of astronomy 
 He discovered double stars, and published catalogues of them.p113/120 Herschel's observations brought astronomy into the modern era.
History of astronomy 
 The modern era of physical cosmology began in 1917, when Albert Einstein first applied his general theory of relativity to model the structure and dynamics of the universe.
History of astronomy 
 Later in the 1920s he showed that all distant galaxies were moving away from each other in a general expansion of the universe.
History of astronomy 
 That does not apply to galaxies that are clustered together, such as Andromeda which, along with our galaxy, is part of the Local Group in the Virgo Supercluster.
Uppercut 
 In the technical language, people do not use the expression "hook to the chin", because as a rule one calls a "hook" a punch from the side with the lead hand, and almost always the chin is the target of punches.
Sodium chlorite 
 Since chlorine dioxide is too reactive to store, sodium chlorite is stored and converted to chlorine dioxide before use.
Chloric acid 
 Chloric acid can decompose when warmed to make perchloric acid, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and oxygen.
Barium chlorate 
 It can also be made by electrolytic oxidation of barium chloride, similar to the chloralkali process.
Ammonium chlorate 
 The chlorate is an oxidizing agent and the ammonium is a reducing agent, making it a little explosive.
Ammonium carbonate 
 Ammonium carbonate is made by reacting ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, and calcium carbonate in a furnace.
Chlorine dioxide 
 Chlorine dioxide is a chemical compound (a thing made when two or more chemical elements attach to each other).
Chlorine dioxide 
 That means that when the chemical compound was made, four electrons were taken from the chlorine and given to the oxygens.
Chlorine dioxide 
 Methanol (an alcohol), sulfur dioxide (a gas made by burning sulfur), hydrochloric acid (a common acid), or hydrogen peroxide can be used.
Chlorine dioxide 
 Sodium chlorite can react with a mixture of sodium hypochlorite and hydrochloric acid to make chlorine dioxide.
Chlorine dioxide 
 Electrolysis (the passing of an electric current through a liquid) of a chlorite solution like sodium chlorite makes chlorine dioxide.
Chlorine dioxide 
 That is why it is normally made when it is needed, and immediately dissolved in water to make it safer.
Chlorine dioxide 
 It is less corrosive (breaking down other things) than chlorine and does not make as many bad things in water.
Fashion accessory 
 Items such as such as jewellery, gloves, handbags, hats, belts, scarves, watches, sunglasses, pins, stockings, bow ties, leggings, ties, suspenders, and tights.
Fashion accessory 
 Accessories add color, style and class to an outfit, and create a certain look, but they may also have practical functions.
Fashion accessory 
 Handbags are for carrying small necessary items, hats protect the face from weather, Laptops and mobile phones communicate, and gloves keep the hands warm.
Fashion accessory 
 Accessories may be used to show religious or cultural affiliation: Crucifixes, Star of David, Islamic headscarves, skullcaps and turbans are common examples.
Corrymeela Community 
 The Corrymeela Community is a Christian community whose objective is the promotion of reconciliation and peace-building in Northern Ireland.
Corrymeela Community 
 They want to do this through the healing of social, religious and political divisions in Northern Ireland.
Trip hop 
 It began as a mix of rock, jazz, dub, soul, and some other elements including psychedelic rock, ambient, progressive rock, acid jazz and alternative hip hop.
Trip hop 
 It came from Bristol, England in the early 1990s; the group that started what has become to be called the Bristol sound was Massive Attack.
Big beat 
 Big beat is a genre of dance music, which includes various genres of music, including drum and bass, alternative rock, trip-hop, acid house, beat music, punk rock and psychedelic rock.
Pact of Steel 
 The Pact of Steel (; ), formally the Pact of Friendship and Alliance between Germany and Italy, was an agreement between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany signed on May 22, 1939 by the foreign ministers of both countries: Count Galeazzo Ciano for Italy and Joachim von Ribbentrop for Germany.
Pact of Steel 
 The second had both countries agree to have the same military and economy policies and was called the "Secret Supplementary Protocol".
Pact of Steel 
 The pact's name was decided by Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini, who thought that its original name, "Pact of Blood", would be unpopular in his country.
Firing squad 
 A firing squad is a group of people with guns who shoot and kill a criminal who has been sentenced to death penalty.
Firing squad 
 This method of execution has often been used in the military for crimes such as desertion and cowardice.
Firing squad 
 For example, in the United States, the state of Utah formerly used firing squads, but it now uses lethal injection.
Firing squad 
 As of 2014, 73 countries still use execution by firing squad, and is the sole method of execution in 45 different countries.
Client state 
 Client state is a word used to describe a state that has to follow a more powerful state in international politics.
Client state 
 The word is not specific compared with the other words which have similar meanings: satellite state, associated state, puppet state, neo-colony, protectorate, vassal state and tributary state.
Panties 
 Knickers in British English only refers to female panties; in American usage the term is also used for a type of male trousers more properly called "breeches".
Alan Jackson 
 Jackson is married to his high school sweetheart, Denise Jackson and has three daughters, Mattie Denise, Alexandra Jane "Ali", and Dani Grace.
Scott Speed 
 He ended the season third place in the driver championship standings behind Nico Rosberg and Heikki Kovalainen.
Scott Speed 
 At the end of 2005, Speed drove the first three races of the new A1 Grand Prix series for A1 Team USA.
Scott Speed 
 In 2005 at the Canadian Grand Prix, Speed took part as a test driver for Red Bull Racing; becoming the first American driver to participate in a Formula One event since Michael Andretti's 1993 stint.
Scott Speed 
 He would have finished Australia in the points, but had 25 seconds added to his race time for overtaking under yellow flags.
Scott Speed 
 After the race, it was reported that he was involved in a physical altercation with team principal Franz Tost.
Scott Speed 
 To get ready for racing in NASCAR, Speed raced in the Automobile Racing Club of America (ARCA) series.
Scott Speed 
 During the finale of the 2008 ARCA season, Ricky Stenhouse Jr. hit Speed and sent him into the wall.
Scott Speed 
 On Sunday October 19, 2008, Scott Speed started his first Sprint Cup Series event at Martinsville Speedway.
Scott Speed 
 Within two weeks of leaving Red Bull Racing (RBR), Speed filed a lawsuit against the team for breach of contract.
Scott Speed 
 Breach of contract means that one person or group in the contract (RBR in this case) did not do the things they should have done.
Scott Speed 
 Speed alleges (says) that Red Bull significantly reduced its financial commitment to Speed's race team and was unable and/or unwilling to provide [Speed] with 'supporting equipment' satisfactory for a driver of [his] skill to [be] effective [to] compete in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series Speed is claiming that Red Bull did not give his race team enough money or himself good enough race cars.
Scott Speed 
 His brother Alex currently races karts in America and is a 3 time Stars of Karting champion and a 3 time SKUSA Supernationals winner.
CeBIT 
 CeBIT stand for "", German for "Centre of Office Automation and Information Technology and Telecommunication".
CeBIT 
 From the 1950s until 1985, CeBit was a part of the Hanover fair ("Hanover-Messe"), a big industrial fair taking place every year in spring.
Robert Edwards 
 Sir Robert Geoffrey Edwards (27 September 1925 – 10 April 2013) was a British scientist who won the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work in developing in vitro fertilisation (IVF).
Robert Edwards 
 He began work on his ideas in the 1950s, and the first test tube baby, Louise Brown, was born on 25 July 1978.
Robert Edwards 
 In 1948, after the war, Edwards went to study at the University of Wales, then to the University of Edinburgh in 1951, where he completed his PhD. His studies had been on how embyros developed in mice.
Robert Edwards 
 In 1962, he took a up a new job at the University of Glasgow, but in 1963 went to Cambridge University.
Robert Edwards 
 In 1965 he went back to the US where he was a visiting scientist at Johns Hopkins University and later at the University of North Carolina.
Robert Edwards 
 While scientists had some success in fertilising rabbit eggs in a laboratory, Edwards soon discovered that the process for humans was quite different and much more complex.
Robert Edwards 
 He spent many years studying the human egg, and how it could best be fertilised by sperm outside the body.
Robert Edwards 
 Patrick Steptoe was a British gynecologist who had done a lot of work using a laparoscope to investigate the ovaries.
Robert Edwards 
 Edwards was able to use these eggs and successfully fertilize them in a test tube, actually a cell culture dish.
Robert Edwards 
 This discovery caused a lot of debate and discussions about whether this sort of study should be allowed to continue.
Robert Edwards 
 His wife was Ruth Fowler Edwards, the granddaughter of physicist Ernest Rutherford and daughter of physicist Ralph Fowler.
Theodore Sturgeon 
 His name was legally changed at age eleven after his mother's divorce and remarriage to William Dicky ("Argylle") Sturgeon. "
Theodore Sturgeon 
 He sold his first story in 1938 to the McClure Syndicate, which bought much of his early (non-fantastic) work; his first genre appearance was "Ether Breather" in Astounding Science Fiction a year later.
Theodore Sturgeon 
 At first he wrote mainly short stories, primarily for genre magazines such as Astounding and Unknown, but also for general-interest publications such as Argosy Magazine.
Theodore Sturgeon 
 Sturgeon ghost-wrote an Ellery Queen mystery novel, The Player on the Other Side (Random House, 1963).
Theodore Sturgeon 
 This novel gained critical praise from critic H.R.F. Keating, who "had almost finished writing Crime and Mystery: the 100 Best Books, in which I had included The Player on the Other Side ... placing the book squarely in the Queen canon" when he learned that it had been written by Sturgeon.
Theodore Sturgeon 
 Similarly, "William DeAndrea, author and ... winner of Mystery Writers of America awards, selecting his ten favorite mystery novels for the magazine Armchair Detective, picked The Player on the Other Side as one of them.
Theodore Sturgeon 
 He said: 'This book changed my life ... and made a raving mystery fan (and therefore ultimately a mystery writer) out of me. ...
Theodore Sturgeon 
 Sturgeon wrote the screenplays for the Star Trek episodes "Shore Leave" (1966) and "Amok Time" (1967, later published as a "Fotonovel" in 1978).
Theodore Sturgeon 
 The latter is known for his invention of the pon farr, the Vulcan mating ritual, the first use of the sentence "Live long and prosper" and the first use of the Vulcan hand symbol.
Theodore Sturgeon 
 He also wrote an episode of the Saturday morning show Land of the Lost, "The Pylon Express", in 1975.
Theodore Sturgeon 
 Another short story, "Yesterday was Monday", was the inspiration for The New Twilight Zone episode A Matter of Minutes.
Theodore Sturgeon 
 was the inspiration for the 1970s made-for-TV movie, Marvel comic book, and alternative rock band of the same name.
Theodore Sturgeon 
 Although Sturgeon is well-known among readers of classic science-fiction anthologies (at the height of his popularity in the 1950s he was the most anthologized author alive) and much respected by critics (John Clute writes in The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction: "His influence upon writers like Harlan Ellison and Samuel R. Delany was seminal, and in his life and work he was a powerful and generally liberating influence in post-WWII US sf"), he is not much known among the general public and won comparatively few awards (though it must be noted that his best work was published before the establishment and consolidation of the leading genre awards, while his later production was scarcer and weaker).
Theodore Sturgeon 
 He said, "Ninety percent of SF [science fiction] is crud, but then, ninety percent of everything is crud."
Theodore Sturgeon 
 He is also known for his strong support of critical thinking and challenging all normative assumptions: "Ask the next question."
Theodore Sturgeon 
 He represented this credo by the symbol of a Q with an arrow through it, an example of which he wore around his neck and used as part of his signature in the last 15 years of his life.
Theodore Sturgeon 
 More Than Human (1953)  Fix-up of three linked novellas, the first and third written around the previously published "Baby Is Three"
Theodore Sturgeon 
 Movie producers hired Sturgeon under his own name to write novelisations of these movies based on their scripts:
Theodore Sturgeon 
 The Player on The Other Side (1963): Mystery novel credited to Ellery Queen and ghost-written with Queen's assistance and supervision.
Theodore Sturgeon 
 Sturgeon published numerous short story collections during his lifetime, many drawing on his most prolific writing years of the 1940s and 1950s.
Theodore Sturgeon 
 Note that some reprints of these titles (especially paperback editions) may cut one or two stories from the line-up.
Theodore Sturgeon 
 The following table includes sixteen volumes (one of them collecting western stories) where up to three stories (representing no more than half the book) were previously published in a Sturgeon collection.
Theodore Sturgeon 
 North Atlantic Books has been releasing the chronologically assembled The Complete Short Stories of Theodore Sturgeon, edited by Paul Williams, since 1994.
Theodore Sturgeon 
 Case and The Dreamer (1972 to 1983, plus one 1960 story and three unpublished stories) forthcoming September 2010
Theodore Sturgeon 
 "Minority Report" (June 1949, no connection to the 2002 movie, which was based on a later story by Philip K. Dick)
Theodore Sturgeon 
 The Theodore Sturgeon Literary Trust  - owners of Sturgeon copyrights, information on Sturgeon publications
Battle of Britain 
 The Battle of Britain was a continued attack by the Luftwaffe on Great Britain during the summer and the autumn of 1940.
Battle of Britain 
 Its first objective was to get control of the air space above Britain from the Royal Air Force (RAF), especially the Fighter Command.
Battle of Britain 
 The name comes from a famous speech, which was delivered by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in the House of Commons: "The Battle of France is over.
Battle of Britain 
 The Battle of Britain was the first major campaign to be fought only by air forces, and it was also the largest and longest aerial bombing campaign until then.
Battle of Britain 
 In July 1940, coastal shipping convoys and shipping centres, such as Portsmouth, began to be the main targets.
Battle of Britain 
 A month later, the Luftwaffe shifted its attacks to RAF airfields and infrastructure, which were other useful war targets.
Battle of Britain 
 The British used a backup system of human observers to get information to the headquarters of Fighter Command.
Battle of Britain 
 Eventually the Germans switched to attacking population centres, such as towns and cities, as well as factories.
Battle of Britain 
 After the RAF bombed Berlin, and German air force bases in France, Hitler cancelled his orders not to bomb population centres and ordered attacks on British cities.p305 The attacks on civilians were terror bombing tactics designed to cause panic and damage morale.
Battle of Britain 
 On 7 September 1940, a massive series of raids with nearly 400 bombers and more than 600 fighters targeted docks on the Thames in London day and night.
Battle of Britain 
 The RAF 11 Group rose to meet them in greater numbers than the Luftwaffe expected; 12 Group's Big Wing took 20 min to gain formation and missed its intended target, but it came across another formation of bombers while it was still climbing.
Battle of Britain 
 The Luftwaffe began to abandon its morning raids, with attacks on London starting late in the afternoon for 57 nights of attacks in a row.
Battle of Britain 
 Fighter Command had been suffering low morale since it was short of men and machines, and the break from airfield attacks allowed it to recover and so week by week, the defenders were getting stronger, and the losses suffered by the Luftwaffe were growing.
Battle of Britain 
 On 15 September, two massive waves of German attacks were prevented by the RAF, with every aircraft of 11 Group being used that day.
Battle of Britain 
 The German defeat caused Hitler to order two days later a delay of the preparations for the invasion of Britain.
Battle of Britain 
 In the face of increasing losses in men, aircraft and the lack of good replacements, the Luftwaffe later switched from daylight to night-time bombing.
Battle of Britain 
 That was said to be the first time in nearly 300 years that armed invaders had fought with British soldiers on British soil.
Battle of Britain 
 It was called the 'Dowding System', after its chief architect, Air Chief Marshal Sir Hugh Dowding, the leader of RAF Fighter Command.
Battle of Britain 
 The core of the system was the use of Radio Direction Finding (RDF, later called radar, for radio detection and ranging).
Battle of Britain 
 Its use, as we as by information by the Royal Observer Corps, was crucial and allowed the RAF to intercept the incoming German aircraft.
Battle of Britain 
 Radar operators were linked via telephone, whose wires were laid deep underground with concrete anti-bomb protection,p47 to an operational centre.
Battle of Britain 
 During the battle, several Coastal Command and Fleet Air Arm units came under Fighter Command control.
Battle of Britain 
 The Germans' Messerschmitt Bf 109E and 110C squared up against the British workhorse Hawker Hurricane Mk I and the less numerous Supermarine Spitfire Mk I. The Bf 109E had a better climb rate and was 10 to 30 mph faster than the Hurricane, depending on the altitude.p266 In September 1940, the more powerful Mk IIa series 1 Hurricane started entering service but only in small numbers.
Battle of Britain 
 The performance of the Spitfire during the Dunkirk evacuation came as a surprise although the German pilots retained a strong belief that their 109 was the superior fighter.
Battle of Britain 
 The two British fighters had eight Browning 303 machine guns, but most Bf 109Es had two machine guns and two wing cannons.
Battle of Britain 
 The failure of Germany to achieve its objectives of destroying Britain's air defences or forcing Britain to negotiate an armistice or an outright surrender is considered to be its first major defeat and one of the crucial turning points in the war.p388
Battle of Britain 
 If Germany had gained air superiority, Adolf Hitler might have launched Operation Sea Lion, his planned invasion of Britain.
Thermite 
 Some metal oxides that can be used are copper(II) oxide, chromium(III) oxide, iron(II,III) oxide, manganese(IV) oxide, silicon dioxide, boron trioxide, or lead(II,IV) oxide.
Thermite 
 Common metals need to be powdered, though, or they will conduct the heat away too fast to start a fire.
Thermite 
 Especially during World War II, militaries dropped thousands of bombs containing thermite on cities, starting fires everywhere.
Thermite 
 If it is preheated then ignited, thermite can burn very fast, releasing a huge amount of heat and light.
Thermite 
 Dropping it on ice can make the ice explode, however it is safe to drop it into a three-liter beaker filled with lightly moist sand.
Boulder, Colorado 
 The city is thought to be one of the best cities for health, well-being, quality of life, education, and art.
Boulder, Colorado 
 This law said that saloons and bars could not do business in the city, and that people could not drink alcohol.
Boulder, Colorado 
 Prohibition ended in 1933, when the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed by Congress.