the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Speciation 
 Richard Highton argued that Ensatina is a case of multiple species and not a continuum of one species.
Speciation 
 It is a ring species with populations diverging east and westwards of the Tibetan Plateau, later meeting on the northern side.
Speciation 
 Sympatric speciation Sympatric speciation refers to the formation of two or more descendant species from a single ancestral species all occupying the same geographic location.
Speciation 
 Often-cited examples of sympatric speciation are found in insects that become dependent on different host plants in the same area.
Speciation 
 People argued that the evidences of sympatric speciation are in fact examples of micro-geographic speciation.
Speciation 
 Rather, it is the result of hybridisation between closely related species, followed by natural selection working on the offspring of such crosses.
Speciation 
 One widely accepted example of sympatric speciation is that of the cichlids of Lake Nabugabo in East Africa, which is thought to be due to sexual selection.
Speciation 
 Polyploidy has caused many rapid speciation events because offspring of, for example, tetraploid x diploid matings often result in triploid sterile progeny.
Speciation 
 However, not all polyploids are reproductively isolated from their parental plants, and gene flow may still occur for example through triploid hybrid x diploid matings that produce tetraploids.
Speciation 
 Many of the existing plant and most animal species have apparently undergone polyploidization in their evolutionary history.
Speciation 
 One example of evolution at work is the case of the hawthorn fly, Rhagoletis pomonella, which appears to be undergoing sympatric speciation.
Speciation 
 A distinct population emerged in North America in the 19th century some time after apples, a non-native species, were introduced.
Speciation 
 This apple-feeding population normally feeds only on apples and not on the historically preferred fruit of hawthorns.
Speciation 
 Hawthorn flies mature later in the season and take longer to mature than apple flies; and there is little evidence of interbreeding (researchers have documented a 4-6% hybridization rate).
Speciation 
 Usually, the products of such hybrid matings are infertile (not fertile), or relatively so, and so get eliminated by natural selection.
Speciation 
 The new species is a hybrid of the Italian and Spanish sparrows, and the basic facts have been checked by sequence analysis from the DNA in their blood.
Speciation 
 New species have been created by domesticated animal husbandry, but the initial dates and methods are not clear.
Speciation 
 For example, domestic sheep were created by hybridisation, and no longer produce viable offspring with Ovis orientalis, one species from which they are descended.
Speciation 
 Domestic cattle, on the other hand, can be considered the same species as several varieties of wild ox, gaur, yak, etc.,
Speciation 
 William Rice and G.W. Salt bred fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, using a maze with three different choices of habitat such as light/dark and wet/dry.
Speciation 
 Each generation was placed into the maze, and the groups of flies that came out of two of the eight exits were set apart to breed with each other in their respective groups.
Speciation 
 After thirty-five generations, the two groups and their offspring were isolated reproductively because of their strong habitat preferences: they mated only within the areas they preferred, and so did not mate with flies that preferred the other areas.
Speciation 
 Diane Dodd was also able to show how reproductive isolation can develop from mating preferences in Drosophila pseudoobscura after only eight generations using different food types, starch and maltose.
Speciation 
 Dodd's experiment has been easy for many others to replicate, including with other kinds of fruit flies and foods.
Speciation 
 It may occur after two populations of the same species are separated and then come back into contact.
Speciation 
 If their reproductive isolation was complete, then they will have already developed into two separate incompatible species.
Speciation 
 If their reproductive isolation is incomplete, then further mating between the populations will produce hybrids, which may or may not be fertile.
Speciation 
 If the hybrids are infertile, or fertile but less fit than their ancestors, then there will be no further reproductive isolation and speciation has essentially occurred (e.g., as in horses and donkeys.)
Speciation 
 The reasoning behind this is that if the parents of the hybrid offspring each have naturally selected traits for their own different environments, the hybrid offspring will bear traits from both, and would not fit either niche as well as either parent.
Speciation 
 The low fitness of the hybrids would cause selection to favour assortative mating, which would reduce hybridization.
Speciation 
 This is sometimes called the Wallace effect''' after the evolutionary biologist Alfred Russel Wallace who suggested in the late 19th century that it might be an important factor in speciation.
Speciation 
 If the hybrid offspring are more fit than their ancestors, then the populations will merge back into the same species within the area they are in contact.
Speciation 
 Reinforcement is required for separation when there is a "hybrid zone" between two forms of a species.
Speciation 
 Hybrid offspring are very common in these regions, which are usually created by diverged species coming into secondary contact.
Calhoun County, Alabama 
 It destroyed Piedmont's Goshen United Methodist Church twelve minutes after the National Weather Service of Birmingham issued a tornado warning for northern Calhoun, southeastern Etowah, and southern Cherokee.
Calhoun County, Alabama 
 Calhoun County is home to the Anniston Museum of Natural History and the Berman Museum of World History.
Dallas (1978 TV series) 
 The cast included Charlene Tilton, Victoria Principal, Priscilla Presley, Patrick Duffy, and Larry Hagman as J.R. Ewing.
Elasmobranchii 
 During the following Carboniferous period, the sharks underwent a period of diversification, with many new forms evolving.
Elasmobranchii 
 Many of these became extinct during the Permian, but the remaining sharks underwent a second burst of adaptive radiation during the Jurassic, around which time the skates and rays first appeared.
Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. 
 Earl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr. (November 19, 1915 – March 9, 1974) was an American pharmacologist and biochemist.
Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. 
 He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1971 for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones.
Persian Wikipedia 
 Many of the first articles on the Persian Wikipedia were about chemical materials and historical subjects.
Edward B. Lewis 
 Lewis was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania He received a BA in Biostatistics from the University of Minnesota in 1939.
Edward B. Lewis 
 In 1942 Lewis received a PhD from California Institute of Technology (Caltech), working on Drosophila melanogaster under the guidance of Alfred Sturtevant.
Edward B. Lewis 
 After serving as a meteorologist in the U.S. Air Force in World War II, Lewis joined the Caltech faculty in 1946 as an instructor.
Edward B. Lewis 
 In 1956 he was appointed Professor of Biology, and in 1966 the Thomas Hunt Morgan Professor of Biology.
Edward B. Lewis 
 His Nobel Prize winning studies with Drosophila founded the field of developmental genetics and laid the groundwork for our current understanding of the universal, evolutionarily conserved strategies controlling animal development.
Edward B. Lewis 
 His key publications in the fields of genetics, developmental biology, radiation and cancer are available in a book.
Edward B. Lewis 
 During the 1950s, Lewis studied the effects of radiation from X-rays, nuclear fallout and other sources as possible causes of cancer.
Edward B. Lewis 
 He reviewed medical records from survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as well as radiologists and patients exposed to X-rays.
Edward B. Lewis 
 Lewis published articles in Science and other journals and made a presentation to a Congressional committee on atomic energy in 1957.
Edward B. Lewis 
 At the scientific level of the debate, the crucial question was whether the "threshold theory" was valid or whether, as Lewis insisted, the effects of radioactivity were "linear with no threshold", where every exposure to radiation had a long-term cumulative effect.
Edward B. Lewis 
 In a series of experiments with the fruit-fly Drosophila, Lewis was able to identify a complex of genes whose proteins bind to the regulatory regions of target genes.
Edward B. Lewis 
 The latter then activate or repress cell processes which direct the final development of the organism.
Edward B. Lewis 
 Furthermore, the sequence of these control genes show co-linearity: the order of the loci in the chromosome parallels the order in which the loci are expressed in segments along the body.
Edward B. Lewis 
 Not only that, but this cluster of master control genes programs the development of all higher organisms.
Edward B. Lewis 
 In his Nobel lecture, Lewis said "Ultimately, comparisons of the [control complexes] throughout the animal kingdom should provide a picture of how the organisms, as well as the [control genes] have evolved".
Angela Burdett-Coutts 
 Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts (21 April 1814 – 30 December 1906), born Angela Georgina Burdett, was a noted nineteenth century philanthropist.
Angela Burdett-Coutts 
 She was the daughter of Sir Francis Burdett, 5th Baronet and Sophia Coutts, daughter of Thomas Coutts the banker.
Angela Burdett-Coutts 
 In 1837 she became the wealthiest woman in England when she inherited her grandfather's fortune of nearly three million pounds sterling.
Angela Burdett-Coutts 
 At the same time she got a Royal Licence (permission from the monarch) to join her father's and grandfather's surnames and become Angela Burdett-Coutts.
Angela Burdett-Coutts 
 She married her 29-year-old secretary, the American born William Lehman Ashmead Bartlett, who later became MP for Westminster on 12 February, 1881.
Angela Burdett-Coutts 
 She gave away most of her wealth, setting up on scholarships, endowments, and giving to a wide range of charitable causes.
Angela Burdett-Coutts 
 One of her earliest was to establish, with the novelist Charles Dickens, Urania Cottage, a home that helped young women who had 'turned to a life of immorality'including theft and prostitution.
Angela Burdett-Coutts 
 Among many gifts to churches, she also personally endowed the bishoprics of Cape Town, and Adelaide (1847), and the founding bishopric of British Columbia (1857).
Angela Burdett-Coutts 
 The granite fountain in Edinburgh, with a statue of Greyfriars Bobby, was erected by Baroness Burdett-Coutts.
Angela Burdett-Coutts 
 She also established the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) in 1883, the Westminster Technical Institute in 1893 and was closely involved with the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA).
Angela Burdett-Coutts 
 Help for Turkish peasants and the refugees of the 1877 Russo-Turkish War, receiving the order of the Medjidieh, the only time it was conferred on a woman
Angela Burdett-Coutts 
 Promotion of the fishing industry in Ireland by helping to start schools and provide boats; she also advanced £250,000 in 1880 for supplying seed to the impoverished tenants
Angela Burdett-Coutts 
 Prominent supporter of the British Horological Institute at a crucial time in its history, due to her acquaintance with John Jones, a BHI founder
Angela Burdett-Coutts 
 In 1858 donated £500 to the Cotton Supply Association and contributed an annual subscription of £100 for five years.
Angela Burdett-Coutts 
 In 1864 purchased more than one hundred Greek manuscripts (532-546) from Janina (Epirus), transported to England between 1870 and 1872 and presented them to Sir Roger Cholmely's School, they were housed at the Highgate, in London
Angela Burdett-Coutts 
 Commissioned a monument for St Pancras Old Church, containing the names of many people whose bodies had been dug up from the churchyard to make space for the railway.
Angela Burdett-Coutts 
 In 1871, in recognition of her charity work, Queen Victoria made her a peer on her own under the title Baroness Burdett-Coutts, of Highgate and Brookfield in the County of Middlesex.,
Angela Burdett-Coutts 
 On 18 July 1872 she became the first woman to be presented with the Freedom of the City of London at the Guildhall and in 1874 was Edinburgh's first woman Burgess, also being presented with the Freedom of that city.
Angela Burdett-Coutts 
 Charles Dickens dedicated his novel Martin Chuzzlewit to her and she had many royal and eminent friends.
Angela Burdett-Coutts 
 The book Flashman's Lady by George MacDonald Fraser makes reference to Angela Burdett-Coutts (fictional) love interest for James Brooke (The White Rajah); and his rejection of her due to his physical affliction.
General Secretary 
 General Secretary is a title most often used in political parties, and is usually the leader of the party.
General Secretary 
 The General Secretary (sometimes called First Secretary or Secretary-General) is usually the leader of the Secretariat and the Politburo.
General Secretary 
 On April 3, 1922, Joseph Stalin became General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and had the job of deciding who was a member of the party and where they went.
General Secretary 
 Once Lenin died, Stalin used his power to give allies jobs in the party to become more powerful than everybody else.
Sid Caesar 
 Sid Caesar (Isaac Sidney Caesar; September 8, 1922 – February 12, 2014) was an American comedian and actor.
Sid Caesar 
 Caesar died on the morning of February 12, 2014 in Beverly Hills, California from natural causes, aged 91.
Swallow 
 Within the swallow, the name "martin" tends to be used for the squarer-tailed species, and the name "swallow" for the more fork-tailed species.
Patti Page 
 Clara Ann Fowler, better known as Patti Page, (November 8, 1927 - January 1, 2013) was an American singer.
All My Children 
 The show aired on ABC for 43 years since its beginning until September 23, 2011 when cancellation was announced on April 2011.
All My Children 
 It was canceled on April 14, 2011 along with One Life to Live due to low ratings and production costs.
Oregon State University 
 The university has classes for both graduate and undergraduate students, and also offers classes online.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone GCVO GBE GStJ (Alice Mary Victoria Augusta Pauline; née Princess Alice of Albany; 25 February 1883 – 3 January 1981) was a member of the British Royal Family.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 Alice was the longest-lived Princess of the British Royal Family and the last surviving grandchild of Queen Victoria.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 She was by birth a Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and a "Duchess in Saxony", as well as a Princess of Teck by marriage.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 On 1917 she was ordered to give up all German titles by George V. Alice was godmother to Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, the granddaughter of her first cousin, Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 Princess Alice was the last grandchild of Queen Victoria to die, in January 1981, almost 115 years after the death of Prince Sigismund of Prussia, the first grandchild of Queen Victoria to die.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 Her father was Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, the youngest son of Queen Victoria and Albert, Prince Consort.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 She had one brother, Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany (1884–1954) who was reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1900–1918).
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 As the granddaughter of the Sovereign through the male line, she was a Princess of the United Kingdom and a Royal Highness.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 As the daughter of the Duke of Albany, she was, therefore, styled Her Royal Highness Princess Alice of Albany.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 On 10 February 1904, at St George's Chapel, Windsor, Princess Alice of Albany married her second cousin once-removed, Prince Alexander of Teck, the brother of Queen Mary.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 Her eldest son, Rupert, inherited the disease from her; this led to his early death following an automobile accident.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 When the British Royal Family abandoned all German titles by Letters Patent issued by King George V in June 1917, Prince Alexander of Teck gave up the title "Prince of Teck" in the Kingdom of Württemberg and the style Serene Highness, and took the surname Cambridge,.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 Princess Alice gave up her titles of Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duchess of Saxony, but her brother Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, who held a commission in the German Army, did not and was stripped of his British titles instead.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 Alice stayed, a Princess of Great Britain and Ireland and a Royal Highness in her own right, as granddaughter of Queen Victoria in the male line.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 From June 1917 until her death, she was styled Her Royal Highness Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 The Earl was appointed Governor-General of the Union of South Africa and served from 1924-31: Princess Alice accompanied him and was the Vicereine during that period.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 Lord and Lady Athlone had a coastal beach house constructed at Muizenberg, which still stands today and is one of South Africa's national monuments.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 The Cape Town Suburb of Athlone was named in honour of the Governor-General and it and the beach house are the only physical reminder of the Athlones' residence at the Cape.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 On the sudden death of the very popular John Buchan in 1940 Canada was without a Governor General in time of war.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 For a long time Canadian governments had intended appointing only Canadians as governors general — Australia had long since done so with the appointment of Sir Isaac Isaacs as its governor general.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 As the Royal Family had got a lot of public support during the Royal Tour of 1939, Lord Athlone seemed a very good candidate.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 He was Queen Mary's brother (and thus the King's uncle) and a former governor general of another of His Majesty's Dominions and Mackenzie King advised the King to appoint him.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 It does not appear that the Athlones left any lasting mark in Canada, or indeed conducted any public works, delivered any speeches or performed any works of lasting value, though photos of the Earl with Roosevelt, Churchill and Mackenzie King on the ramparts of the Citadel during the Quebec Conference were amply published at the time.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 At the end of World War II, the American Military Government in Bavaria, under the command of General George S. Patton, arrested and imprisoned Alice's brother, Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, (who was a member of the Reichstag from 1937 to 1945), because of his Nazi sympathies.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 They would not yield, and in 1946, he was sentenced by a de-nazification court, heavily fined and almost bankrupted.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 Apart from her normal duties as Vicereine of South Africa and then Canada, she attended the Coronations of four monarchs: Edward VII, George V, George VI, and Elizabeth II.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 During the Second World War, she was Honorary Air Commandant of the Royal Canadian Air Force Women's Division.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 In 1950, she became the first Chancellor of the University of the West Indies (then the University College of the West Indies).
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 From the 1930s-60s she was Chair of the Council (governing body) of Royal Holloway College, University of London.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 At her death, she was the longest-lived British Princess of the Blood Royal and the last surviving grandchild of Queen Victoria .
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 Her funeral took place in St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, attended by all members of the Royal Family.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 She is buried alongside her husband and son in the private British Royal Burial Grounds at Frogmore, directly behind the mausoleum of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, in Windsor Great Park.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 She lived through six reigns:- Victoria (grandmother), Edward VII (uncle), George V (cousin and brother-in-law), Edward VIII (nephew), George VI (nephew) and Elizabeth II (grand-niece).
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 As a granddaughter of Queen Victoria in the male line, Princess Alice was entitled to use the Royal Arms, with a 5-point label as a difference, the central point bearing a cross gules, the others hearts gules.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 Until George V's warrant of 1917, her arms, like all those of Prince Albert's British royal descendants, bore an inescutcheon for Saxony.
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone 
 A YouTube video of HRH Princess Alice speaking informally about Queen Victoria, her paternal grandmother - circa 1977
André Theuriet 
 Claude Adhémar André Theuriet (8 October 1833, Marly-le-Roi - 23 April 1907) French poet and novelist, was born at Marly-le-Roi (Seine et Oise).
André Theuriet 
 The was the Chemin des bois, a collection of poems, many of which had already appeared in the Revue des Deux Mondes.
André Theuriet 
 Theuriet received in 1890 the  from the French Academy, and was made a member of the Academy in 1896.
Oliver Smithies 
 Oliver Smithies (23 June 1925 – 10 January 2017) was a British-American geneticist and Nobel laureate,
Oliver Smithies 
 He invented gel electrophoresis in 1955, which is now one of the basic techniques of biochemistry and molecular biology.
Oliver Smithies 
 Much later, he worked on the technique of homologous recombination of transgenic DNA with genomic DNA.
Oliver Smithies 
 This is the most reliable method of altering animal genomes at present, and the technique behind gene targeting and knockout mice.
Oliver Smithies 
 Martin Evans and Mario Capecchi were also working on this idea, and they were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2007.
Danica McKellar 
 She wrote four popular non-fiction books: Math Doesn't Suck, Kiss My Math, Hot X: Algebra Exposed and Girls Get Curves: Geometry Takes Shape.
Danica McKellar 
 The books are meant to encourage middle-school and high-school girls to have confidence and succeed in mathematics.
Sleepwalking 
 Sleepwalking, or somnambulism, is a disorder belonging to the parasomnia family of sleeping problems.
Sleepwalking 
 According to research done, sleepwalking seems to be a problem related to the mechanism of waking up.
Sleepwalking 
 Sometimes they are dangerous; examples include  cooking, driving, extremely violent gesture or grabbing at hallucinated objects, or even homicide.
Sleepwalking 
 Generally, sleepwalking cases consist of simple, repeated behaviours; occasionally there are reports of people performing complex behaviours while asleep, but the legitimacy of these claims is often disputed.
Sleepwalking 
 In 2004, sleep medicine experts in Australia claimed to have successfully treated a woman who claimed to have sex with strangers in her sleep.
Sleepwalking 
 In December 2008, reports were published of a woman who sent semi-coherent emails while sleepwalking, including one inviting a friend around for dinner and drinks.
Sleepwalking 
 Sleepwalkers often have little or no memory of the what they do, because they are not truly conscious.