the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Essen 
 The most known people from Essen are the actor Heinz Rühmann, whose parents were the owner of Essen's famous hotel Handelshof near the Central Station (Hauptbahnhof), Carl Humann, explorer of the Great Altar of Pergamon, Karl Baedeker, a publisher whose company made many books for tourists (Baedeker), Alfred Krupp and Franz Dinndendahl, who made the first steam machine in the Ruhr area.
Essen 
 Other people who were not born in Essen but lived and worked there a long time are Berthold Beitz, who saved the Krupp company from the ruin, Wilhelm Busch, a famous poet and painter or Gustav Heinemann, a German politician who was mayor of Essen and federal president of Germany.
Essen 
 More successfully is the women's association football club SG Essen-Schönebeck that plays in the first Bundesliga.
Essen 
 The most popular ice hockey club is named ESC Moskitos Essen and the biggest basketball club ETB Wohnbau Baskets Essen.
Gardening 
 People do gardening outdoors in the soil in their backyard, or in pots or containers on their balcony or on their patio.
Gardening 
 Sometimes indoor gardening is done in greenhouses, which are special buildings where plants are grown.
Gardening 
 Gardening can be done outside of the home, in city parks, botanical gardens, zoos, amusement parks, theme parks, and around tourist attractions.
Gardening 
 These tools include a spade, a fork, a hoe, a basket, a watering can, a hose, a Sprinkler, a bucket, a trowel  and a wheelbarrow.
Gardening 
 With growing, technology gardeners now have tech like Self-watering containers, Garden sensors, Hydroponic systems and Indoor lighting systems.
Gardening 
 Landscaping, the making of an artificial landscape, may include gardening and the designer may be a professional landscape architect.
Democracy 
 The name is used for different forms of government, where the people can take part in the decisions that affect the way their community is run.
Democracy 
 Democracy is the opposite of a dictatorship, a type of government in which the power is centralized on the hands of a single person who rules the nation.
Democracy 
 In Europe, trials with a jury are only used for serious crimes, such as murder, hostage taking or arson.
Democracy 
 Usually, the people being elected need to meet certain conditions: They need to have a certain age or a government body needs to determine that they are suitably qualified to perform the job.
Democracy 
 One modern example of direct democracy is a referendum, which is the name for the kind of way to pass a law where everyone in the community votes on it.
Democracy 
 Direct democracies are not usually used to run countries, because it is hard to get millions of people to get together all the time to make laws and other decisions.
Democracy 
 Large communities like cities and countries use this method, but it may not be needed for a small group.
Democracy 
 They had everyone who was a citizen (not slaves, women, foreigners, and children) get together in one area.
Democracy 
 The participants in the Council would change every year and the number of people in the Council was at the most 500.
Democracy 
 For some offices the Athenian citizens would pick a leader by writing the name of their favorite candidate on a piece of stone or wood.
Democracy 
 The Parliament of England began from the Magna Carta, a document which said that the King's power was limited, and protected certain rights of the people.
Democracy 
 Parliament was chosen by only a few percent of the people (in 1780, fewer than 3% of people joined in).
Democracy 
 After the Glorious Revolution in 1688, the English Bill of Rights 1689 made Parliament more powerful.
Democracy 
 The idea is that unconsolidated democracies suffer from intermittent elections which are not free and fair.
Game 
 For example, in video games, people often use controllers or their keyboard to control what happens on a screen, such as a television screens and computers ones too.
Game 
 Ludwig Wittgenstein was probably the first academic philosopher to address the definition of the word game.
Game 
 In his Philosophical Investigations, Wittgenstein demonstrated that the elements (parts) of games, such as play, rules, and competition, all fail to correctly define what games are.
Game 
 He concluded that people apply the term game to a range of different human activities that are related, but not closely related.
Game 
 French sociologist Roger Caillois, in his book Les jeux et les hommes (Games and Men), said that a game is an activity which is these things:
Game 
 Something creative is art if it was made because it is beautiful, and entertainment if it was made for money.
Game 
 If the player can do better at something than an opponent but cannot affect the opponent, the conflict is a competition.
Game 
 Crawford's definition of a game is: an interactive, goal-oriented activity, with opponents to play against, and where players and opponents can interfere with each other.
Game 
 Herodotus tells us about king Atys; he ruled about 5,500 [five thousand five hundred] years ago in a country called Lydia.
Game 
 Atys had a serious problem; his lands had very little food because the climate was not good for agriculture.
Game 
 But when things failed to get better, the people of Lydia thought up a strange solution for their problem.
Game 
 The path they took to fight their natural need to eat – the hungry times caused by the unusually hard climate - was to play games for one entire day so that they would not think about food.
Game 
 In this way they passed 18 years, and in that time they invented dice, balls, and all the games commonly played today.
Game 
 Games appear in all cultures all over the world, an ancient custom that brings people together for social opportunities.
Game 
 Games allow people to go beyond the limit of the immediate physical experience, to use their imagination.
Game 
 Common features of games include a finish that you cannot forecast, agreed upon rules, competition, separate place and time, imaginary elements, elements of chance, established goals and personal enjoyment.
Game 
 In his 1938 history book the Dutch writer Johan Huizinga says that games are older than human culture.
Game 
 He sees games as the beginning of complex human activities such as language, law, war, philosophy and art.
Game 
 The oldest gaming pieces ever found – 49 [forty nine] small painted stones with pictures cut into them from 5,000 [five thousand] years ago – come from Turkey, so perhaps the history of Herodotus is true.
Game 
 One of the first board games, Senet, appears in ancient Egypt around 3,500 [three thousand five hundred] years ago.
Game 
 The first reference to the game of Go occurs in Chinese records from around 2,400 [two thousand four hundred] years ago.
Game 
 Knowing how to play Go was required by a Chinese gentleman, along with the skills of artistic writing or calligraphy, painting and the ability to play a musical instrument.
Game 
 In ancient China, a gentleman had to pass a test in these four key skills in order to get a good paying job in the government.
Game 
 The Chinese brought Go to Korea, and it entered Japan around 1,500 [one thousand five hundred] years ago, and it has been popular ever since.
Game 
 Demis Hassabis, who made the Google program, called it an important moment in history, because a machine beat the best person in the world in an intelligent game.
Game 
 Go is a two-player game of strategy said to have had an origin in China perhaps around 3,000 [three thousand] years ago.
Game 
 Players compete to win more territory by placing black and white “stones” on a board made up of 19 [nineteen] lines by 19 [nineteen] lines.
Game 
 The first computer game that was ever created was probably the game OXO by Alexander Douglas in 1952.
Game 
 But most people consider the first true computer game where players actually participate to be Tennis for Two developed in 1958 by the physics scientist William Higginbotham.
Game 
 These men who created the early computer games did not forecast the potential for the popular use of games, because at that period in modern history it took a small room full of computers to make these games work!
Game 
 In 1972 the company Atari produced the Pong game which was a huge commercial success; being a commercial success means that it made a lot of money.
Game 
 Today, all around the world people spend more the 3,000,000,000 [three billion] hours a week playing computer games.
Game 
 "A game is a system in which players engage in an artificial conflict, defined by rules, that results in a quantifiable outcome".
Game 
 "A game is a form of art in which participants, termed players, make decisions in order to manage resources through game tokens in the pursuit of a goal". (
Game 
 "A game is an activity among two or more independent decision-makers seeking to achieve their objectives in some limiting context''".
Game 
 "At its most elementary level then we can define game as an exercise of voluntary control systems in which there is an opposition between forces, confined by a procedure and rules in order to produce a disequilibrial outcome".
Nebraska 
 A temperature of 30 °C (which is about 86 °F) is common in the summer, and in the winter it can be -20 °C (which is about -4 °F) or colder at night.
Nebraska 
 Native American tribes, including the Omaha, Oto, Missouri, Pawnee, Arapaho and Cheyenne, all ceded land in Nebraska to the U.S. government.
Time 
 Two more are the phases of the moon (as it orbits the Earth), and the seasons of the year (as the Earth orbits the Sun).
Time 
 They also developed sundials that used the moving shadows cast by the sun through the day to measure times smaller than a day.
Time 
 The SI (International Systems of Units) unit of time is one second, written as s. When used as a variable in mathematics, time is often represented by the symbol .
Time 
 1 millennium = 10 centuries = 100 decades = 200 lustrums = 250 quadrenniums = 333.33 trienniums = 500 bienniums = 1,000 years
Time 
 1 century = 10 decades = 20 lustrums = 25 quadrenniums = 33.33 trienniums = 50 bienniums = 100 years
Force 
 It is called an interaction because if one object acts on another, its action  is matched by a reaction from the other object.
Force 
 This idea is known as Newton's third law, where action and reaction are "equal and opposite"  (matched).
Force 
 Another example is electromagnetic force, which acts between objects with charge, like an electron and the nucleus of an atom.
Force 
 A force changes the state of an object (some physical quantity changes) or, strictly, the states of two objects, since the force is an interaction.
Force 
 Forces cause objects to accelerate, add to the object's overall pressure, change direction, or change shape.
Force 
 A force is always a push, pull, or a twist, and it affects objects by pushing them up, pulling them down, pushing them to a side, or by changing their motion or shape in some other way.
Force 
 If the force is weak and the object is heavy, then it will take a long time to increase the speed very much,
Force 
 One can take the equation above and change  to the standard gravity g, then a formula about the gravity on earth can be found:
Force 
 This formula says that when you know the mass of an object, then you can calculate how much force there is on the object because of gravity.
Force 
 is force;  is the gravitational constant, which is used to show how gravity accelerates an object;  is the mass of one object;  is the mass of the second object; and  is the distance between the objects.
Force 
 This equation is used to calculate how the earth moves around the sun and how the moon moves around the earth.
Force 
 The equation says that if two objects are very heavy then there is a strong force between them because of gravity.
International System of Units 
 The name of this system can be shortened or abbreviated to SI, from the French name Système International d'unités.
International System of Units 
 The International System of Units is a system of measurement based on 7 base units: the metre (length), kilogram (mass), second (time), ampere (electric current), Kelvin (temperature), mole (quantity), and candela (brightness).
International System of Units 
 This creates SI derived units, which can be used to describe other quantities, such as volume, energy, pressure, and velocity.
International System of Units 
 In the 1860s, James Clerk Maxwell and William Thomson (later known as Lord Kelvin) suggested a system with three base units - length, mass, and time.
International System of Units 
 Later, this suggestion would be used to create the centimetre-gram-second system of units (CGS), which used the centimetre as the base unit for length, the gram as the base unit for mass, and the second as the base unit for time.
International System of Units 
 As scientists studied electricity and magnetism, they realized other base units were needed to describe these subjects.
International System of Units 
 In 1954, the 9th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) created the first version of the International System of Units.
International System of Units 
 SI is now used almost everywhere in the world, except in the United States, Liberia and Myanmar, where the older imperial units are still widely used.
International System of Units 
 Other countries, most of them historically related to the British Empire, are slowly replacing the old imperial system with the metric system or using both systems at the same time.
International System of Units 
 Current (1967): The duration of  periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.
International System of Units 
 Interim (1960):  wavelengths in a vacuum of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the 2p and 5d quantum levels of the krypton-86 atom.
International System of Units 
 Prior (1793): The grave was defined as being the mass (then called weight) of one litre of pure water at its freezing point.
International System of Units 
 Interim (1889): The mass of a small squat cylinder of ~47 cubic centimetres of platinum-iridium alloy kept in the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, Paris, France.
International System of Units 
 Current (2019): The kilogram is defined by setting the Planck constant h exactly to  (), given the definitions of the metre and the second.
International System of Units 
 The [CGS] electromagnetic unit of current is that current, flowing in an arc 1 cm long of a circle 1 cm in radius, that creates a field of one oersted at the centre.
International System of Units 
 Interim (1946): The constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 m apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to  newtons per metre of length.
International System of Units 
 Prior (1743): The centigrade scale is obtained by assigning 0 °C to the freezing point of water and 100 °C to the boiling point of water.
International System of Units 
 Current (2019): The kelvin is defined by setting the fixed numerical value of the Boltzmann constant k to , (J = kg⋅m2⋅s−2), given the definition of the kilogram, the metre and the second.
International System of Units 
 Prior (1900): A stoichiometric quantity which is the equivalent mass in grams of Avogadro's number of molecules of a substance.
International System of Units 
 Interim (1967): The amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12.
International System of Units 
 This number is the fixed numerical value of the Avogadro constant, NA, when expressed in the unit mol−1 and is called the Avogadro number.
International System of Units 
 Prior (1946): The value of the new candle (early name for the candela) is such that the brightness of the full radiator at the temperature of solidification of platinum is 60 new candles per square centimetre.
International System of Units 
 Current (1979): The luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency  hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of  watt per steradian.
International System of Units 
 Note: both old and new definitions are approximately the luminous intensity of a whale blubber candle burning modestly bright, in the late 19th century called a "candlepower" or a "candle".
International System of Units 
 The Prior definitions of the various base units in the above table were made by the following authorities:
International System of Units 
 All other definitions result from resolutions by either CGPM or the CIPM and are catalogued in the SI Brochure.
International System of Units 
 For example, the prefix kilo- means "1000" times the original unit and the prefix milli- means "0.001" times the original unit.
Mixture 
 For instance, a mixture of the gases hydrogen and nitrogen contains hydrogen and nitrogen, not the compound ammonia which is made of hydrogen and nitrogen atoms.
Mixture 
 A mixture where the different parts can be distinguished easily is called heterogenous, one where this is not the case is called homogeneous.
Language family 
 Language families are groups of languages that are related to each other because they come from a common older language.
Language family 
 Latin was spoken a long time ago, and some of the people who spoke it started to speak one way, saying, for example, for good: "bueno" while another group started saying "bon."
Language family 
 Most words are said a little differently in Spanish and French, so the two are called different languages.
Language family 
 Constructed languages are made for different reasons: making a 'world language', for fun, for use in fiction, etc.
Chess 
 Each player starts with sixteen pieces: eight pawns, two knights, two bishops, two rooks, one queen and one king.
Chess 
 During the game the two opponents take turns to move one of their pieces to a different square of the board.
Chess 
 One player ('White') has pieces of a light color; the other player ('Black') has pieces of a dark color.
Chess 
 Most historians agree that the game of chess was first played in northern India during the Gupta Empire in the 6th century AD.
Chess 
 The Gupta chess pieces were divided like their military into the infantry, cavalry, elephants, and chariots.
Chess 
 The earliest written evidence of chess is found in three romances (epic stories) written in Sassanid Persia around 600AD.
Chess 
 When Persia was taken over by Muslims (633–644) the game was spread to all parts of the Muslim world.
Chess 
 In the 13th century a Spanish manuscript called Libro de los Juegos describes the games of shatranj (chess), backgammon, and dice.
Chess 
 The rules of the older game were changed in the West so that some of the pieces (queen, bishop) had more scope, development of the pieces was faster, and the game more exciting.
Chess 
 The rules of chess are governed by the World Chess Federation, which is known by the initials FIDE, meaning Fédération Internationale des Échecs.
Chess 
 Chess is played on a square board divided into eight rows of squares called ranks and eight columns called files, with a dark square in each player's lower left corner.
Chess 
 Each rank has a number from 1 to 8, and each file a letter from a to h. This means that every square on the board has its own label, such as g1 or f5.
Chess 
 However, the king can move to a square that is occupied by an opponent's piece and capture the piece, taking it off the board.
Chess 
 Each move must be either two squares along a rank and one square along a file, or two squares along a file and one square along a rank.
Chess 
 In some situations, pawns can capture opponent's pawns in a special way called en passant, which means in passing in French (see below).
Chess 
 The options are: moving the king, capturing the threatening piece, or moving another piece between the threatening piece and the king.
Chess 
 If the player whose king is in danger cannot do any of these things, it is checkmate, and the player loses the game.
Chess 
 The king may not be currently in check, nor may the king pass through any square attacked by the opponent.
Chess 
 It is only available when a pawn moves forward two squares past an opposing pawn on an adjacent file.
Chess 
 For example, if the black pawn has just moved up two squares from g7 to g5, then the white pawn on f5 can take it by en passant on g6.
Chess 
 When a pawn moves to its eighth rank, it must be changed for a piece: a queen, rook, bishop, or knight of the same color (player's choice).
Chess 
 Normally, the pawn is queened, but in some advantageous cases another piece is chosen, called 'under-promotion'.
Chess 
 Strictly speaking, this is not part of the rules of the game, but part of the rules of tournament and match chess where chess clocks are used.
Chess 
 If the exactly same position is repeated three times during a game with the same player to move each time, the player next to move may claim a draw.
Chess 
 If players wish to adjust a piece on the board, they must first say "J'adoube" (I adjust) or the equivalent.
Chess 
 This is the 'touch and move' law.p425 If no legal move is possible with the touched piece, the player must make a legal move with another piece.
Chess 
 Section 4p90 et seq When a player's hand leaves a piece after moving it then the move is over and may not be changed (if the move was legal).
Chess 
 The most famous example was by the then World Champion Garry Kasparov against Judit Polgar in a top-class tournament.
Chess 
 Competitive games of chess must be played with special chess clocks which time a player only when it is his/her turn to move.
Chess 
 Article 6p92 et seq Electronic clocks can be set to various programs, and they can count moves made.chapter 8
Chess 
 In algebraic notation, each square has one and only one name (whether you are looking from White's side of the board or Black's).
Chess 
 Here, moves are written in the format of: initial of piece moved – file where it moved – rank where it moved.
Chess 
 If there are two pieces of the same type that can move to the same square, one more letter or number is added to show the file or rank from which the piece moved, e.g. Ngf3 means "knight from the g-file moves to the square f3".
Chess 
 If the piece makes a capture, "x" is written before the square in which the capturing piece lands on.
Chess 
 If a pawn moves to its eighth rank, getting a promotion, the piece chosen is written after the move, for example e1Q or e1=Q. Castling is written by the special notations 0-0 for kingside castling and 0-0-0 for queenside.
Chess 
 In print, figurines (like those in diagrams, but smaller) are used for the pieces rather than initials.
Chess 
 This has the advantage of being language-free, whereas the initials of pieces are different in every language.
Chess 
 For example, one kind of a simple "trap" known as the Scholar's mate, as in the diagram to the right, may be recorded:
Chess 
 The best-known move, the King's Pawn opening, is the white player moving his king's pawn on e2 forward two spaces to e4.
Chess 
 Recognized patterns of opening moves are openings and have been given names such as the Ruy Lopez or Sicilian defence.
Chess 
 They range from gambits, where a pawn, say, is offered for fast development (e.g. the King's Gambit), to slower openings which lead to a maneuvering type of game (e.g. the Réti opening).
Chess 
 In some opening lines, the sequence thought best for both sides has been worked out to 20–30 moves, but most players avoid such lines.
Chess 
 Development: to place (develop) the pieces (mostly bishops and knights) on useful squares where they will have the most powerful impact on the game.
Chess 
 Players try to avoid making pawn weaknesses such as isolated, doubled or backward pawns, and pawn islands – and to force such weaknesses in the opponent's position.
Chess 
 Players think, and chess databases prove, that White, by virtue of the first move, begins the game with a better chance.