the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Native American 
 Among other things this agreement would establish close ties between the Bering Land Bridge National Preserve and the Cape Krusenstern National Monument in the United States and Beringia National Park in Russia.
Native American 
 Native Americans are divided into many small nations, called First Nations in Canada and tribes elsewhere.
Native American 
 Today, many Native Americans practice Christianity, a religion that was brought to the Americas by Europeans.
Native American 
 Many of these languages are endangered because more people are speaking European languages and not teaching Native American languages to their kids.
Native American 
 According to the 2010 United States census, 0.9% of Americans say they are Native American, 2.9 million people, and 1.7% of Americans say they are both Native American and something else.
Native American 
 About a third of the people in Alaska are Native Alaskan and about a sixth of the people in Oklahoma are Native American.
Native American 
 The history of violence against Native Americans persists today in higher rates of violence against Native American people than white people.
Native American 
 Peru has a large indigenous population, around 80% of Peru's population identify as indigenous or mestizo.
Native American 
 In the later half of the 20th century, many Native Americans started to protest the unfair treatment they experienced from the societies they lived in.
Apple 
 The apple tree comes from southern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and northwestern part of China.
Apple 
 Different cultivars are bred for various tastes and uses: cooking, eating raw and cider production are the most common uses.
Apple 
 In 2010, the fruit's genome was sequenced as part of research on disease control and selective breeding in apple production.
Apple 
 They grow wild in the mountains of Central Asia in the north of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Xinjiang, China, and possibly also Malus sylvestris.
Apple 
 In the 1900s, costly fruit industries, where the apple was a very important species, began developing.
Apple 
 In Norse mythology, the goddess Iðunn gives apples to the gods in Prose Edda (written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson) that makes them young forever.
Apple 
 English scholar H. R. Ellis Davidson suggests that apples were related to religious practices in Germanic paganism.
Apple 
 She points out that buckets of apples were discovered in the place of burial for the Oseberg ship in Norway.
Apple 
 She also remarks that fruit and nuts (Iðunn having been described as changing into a nut in Skáldskaparmál) have been discovered in the early graves of the Germanic peoples in England.
Apple 
 Apples used for cooking are sour, and need to be cooked with sugar, while other apples are sweet, and do not need cooking.
Apple 
 There are some seeds at the core, that can be removed with a tool that removes the core, or by carefully using a knife.
Apple 
 Most apples are good to eat raw (not cooked), and are also used in many kinds of baked foods, such as apple pie.
Apple 
 If one wants to grow a certain type of apple it is not possible to do this by planting a seed from the wanted type.
Apple 
 The seed will have DNA from the apple that the seeds came from, but it will also  have DNA from the apple flower that pollinated the seeds, which may well be a different type.
Apple 
 In order to grow a certain type of apple, a small twig, or 'scion', is cut from the tree that grows the type of apple desired, and then added on to a specially grown stump called a rootstock.
Apple 
 Colorful skin, easy shipping, disease resistance, 'Red Delicious' apple shape, and popular flavor are also needed.
Apple 
 The most common apple type grown in England is the 'Bramley seedling', which is a popular cooking apple.
Apple 
 Apple orchards are not as common as they were in the early 1900s, when apples were rarely brought in from other countries.
Apple 
 Organizations such as Common Ground teach people about the importance of rare and local varieties of fruit.
Apple 
 Washington State Apple Blossom Festival - held two weeks every spring (April-May) in Wenatchee, Washington
Abrahamic religion 
 Smaller religious traditions sometimes included as Abrahamic religions are Samaritanism, Druze, Rastafari, Babism and Bahá'í Faith.
Abrahamic religion 
 Mandaeism (a religion that holds many Abrahamic beliefs) is not called Abrahamic because its followers think Abraham was a false prophet
Algebra 
 Algebra (from Arabic: الجبر‎, transliterated "al-jabr", meaning "reunion of broken parts") is a part of mathematics.
Algebra 
 Algebra can be used to solve real problems because the rules of algebra work in real life and numbers can be used to represent the values of real things.
Algebra 
 Two examples are linear equations (the equation of a straight line,  or ) and quadratic equations, which has variables that are squared (multiplied by itself, for example: , , or ).
Algebra 
 Early forms of algebra were developed by the Babylonians and the Greek geometers such as Hero of Alexandria.
Algebra 
 However the word "algebra" is a Latin form of the Arabic word Al-Jabr ("casting") and comes from a mathematics book Al-Maqala fi Hisab-al Jabr wa-al-Muqabilah, ("Essay on the Computation of Casting and Equation") written in the 9th century by a Persian mathematician, Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī, who was a Muslim born in Khwarizm in Uzbekistan.
Algebra 
 The ending of the mathematician's name, al-Khwarizmi, was changed into a word easier to say in Latin, and became the English word algorithm).
Algebra 
 What happens on one side of the equal sign must happen on the other side too, for the equation to still be true.
Algebra 
 With practice, algebra can be used when faced with a problem that is too hard to solve any other way.
Algebra 
 Problems such as building a freeway, designing a cell phone, or finding the cure for a disease all require algebra.
Algebra 
 The symbol "" used in arithmetic is not used in algebra, because it looks too much like the letter , which is often used as a variable.
Algebra 
 When we multiply a number and a variable in algebra, we can simply write the number in front of the letter: .
Algebra 
 When the number is 1, then it is not written because 1 times any number is that number () and so it is not needed.
Algebra 
 Variables are just symbols that mean some unknown number or value, so you can use any letter for a variable (except  (Euler's number) and  (Imaginary unit), because these are mathematical constants).
Algebra 
 An important part of algebra is the study of functions, since they often appear in equations that we are trying to solve.
Algebra 
 A function is like a machine you can put a number (or numbers) into and get a certain number (or numbers) out.
Algebra 
 When using functions, graphs can be powerful tools in helping us to study the solutions to equations.
Algebra 
 A graph is a picture that shows all the values of the variables that make the equation or inequality true.
Algebra 
 The graph is often a line, and if the line does not bend or go straight up-and-down it can be described by the basic formula .
Algebra 
 The variable  is the y-intercept of the graph (where the line crosses the vertical axis) and  is the slope or steepness of the line.
Algebra 
 In some math problems like the equation for a line, there can be more than one variable ( and  in this case).
Algebra 
 Most of the time the independent variable is written as  and the dependent variable is written as , for example, in .
Algebra 
 This is often put on a graph, using an  axis (going left and right) and a  axis (going up and down).
Algebra 
 So there would be a line going through the points (5,16), (2,7), and (0,1) as seen in the graph to the right.
Algebra 
 If it uses an inequality ( or ), then usually part of the graph is shaded, either above or below the line.
Algebra 
 While these rules may seem senseless or obvious, it is wise to understand that these properties do not hold throughout all branches of mathematics.
Algebra 
 Therefore, it will be useful to know how these axiomatic rules are declared, before taking them for granted.
Algebra 
 When two terms (factors) are being multiplied, the 'commutative property of multiplication' is applicable.
Algebra 
 The associative property of addition implies that, when adding three or more terms, it doesn't matter how these terms are grouped.
Algebra 
 The associative property of multiplication implies that, when multiplying three or more terms, it doesn't matter how these terms are grouped.
Algebra 
 The distributive property states that the multiplication of a term by another term can be distributed.
Algebra 
 The multiplicative inverse property means that when we multiply a number and its inverse, the result is 1.
Algebra 
 In addition to "elementary algebra", or basic algebra, there are advanced forms of algebra, taught in colleges and universities, such as abstract algebra, linear algebra, and universal algebra.
Algebra 
 Abstract algebra is the study of things that are found in equations, going beyond numbers to the more abstract with groups of numbers.
Algebra 
 Using the basic ideas in algebra can help reduce a math problem to its simplest form making it easier to solve difficult problems.
Algebra 
 This is used in some famous equations, like  and  (although more complex math beyond algebra was needed to come up with that last equation).
Atom 
 Atoms can join together to make molecules: for example, two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom combine to make a water molecule, and many separate molecules make up a glass of water.
Atom 
 Atoms can join together without forming separate molecules, in this case every atom is connected to a giant web of atoms, these are called crystals.
Atom 
 The protons and neutrons are heavier, and stay in the middle of the atom, which is called the nucleus.
Atom 
 The nucleus is surrounded by a cloud of light-weight electrons, these are attracted to the protons in the nucleus by the electromagnetic force because they have opposite electric charges.
Atom 
 The number of protons an atom has defines what chemical element it is, this number is sometimes called its atomic number.
Atom 
 Because the mass of neutrons and protons is very similar, and the mass of electrons is very small, we can call the amount of protons and neutrons in an atom its atomic mass.
Atom 
 Atoms move faster when they are in their gas form (because they are free to move) than they do in liquid form and solid matter.
Atom 
 In solid materials, the atoms are tightly packed next to each other so they vibrate, but are not able to move (there is no room) as atoms in liquids do.
Atom 
 The word "atom" comes from the Greek (ἀτόμος) "atomos", indivisible, from (ἀ)-, not, and τόμος, a cut.
Atom 
 The first historical mention of the word atom came from works by the Greek philosopher Democritus, around 400 BC.
Atom 
 Atomic theory stayed as a mostly philosophical subject, with not much actual scientific investigation or study, until the development of chemistry in the 1650s.
Atom 
 He said that an element was any basic substance that could not be broken down into other substances by the methods of chemistry.
Atom 
 In 1803, English philosopher John Dalton suggested that elements were tiny, solid balls made of atoms.
Atom 
 According to Dalton, in a certain compound, the atoms of the compound's elements always combine the same way.
Atom 
 In 1905 Albert Einstein used mathematics to prove that the seemingly random movements were caused by the reactions of atoms, and by doing this he conclusively proved the existence of the atom.
Atom 
 For example, helium, neon, argon, krypton and xenon are all in the same column and have very similar properties.
Atom 
 Thomson created the plum pudding model, which stated that an atom was like plum pudding: the dried fruit (electrons) were stuck in a mass of pudding (nucleus).
Atom 
 In 1909, a scientist named Ernest Rutherford used the Geiger–Marsden experiment to prove that most of an atom is in a very small space, the atomic nucleus.
Atom 
 Rutherford took a photo plate and covered it with gold foil, and then shot alpha particles (made of two protons and two neutrons stuck together) at it.
Atom 
 In 1925, chemist Frederick Soddy found that some elements in the periodic table had more than one kind of atom.
Atom 
 This means they truly are helium, because an element is defined by the number of protons, but they are not normal helium, either.
Atom 
 To get the name of the isotope we look at how many protons and neutrons it has in its nucleus and add this to the name of the element.
Atom 
 So a helium atom with two protons and one neutron is called helium-3, and a carbon atom with six protons and six neutrons is called carbon-12.
Atom 
 To prove they were real, physicist James Chadwick and a team of others created the mass spectrometer.
Atom 
 In 1937, German chemist Otto Hahn became the first person to create nuclear fission in a laboratory.
Atom 
 He discovered this by chance when he was shooting neutrons at a uranium atom, hoping to create a new isotope.
Atom 
 However, he noticed that instead of a new isotope the uranium simply changed into a barium atom, a smaller atom than uranium.
Atom 
 Using particle accelerators they discovered that protons and neutrons were actually made of other particles, called quarks.
Atom 
 Schrödinger realized that the electrons exist in a cloud around the nucleus, called the electron cloud.
Atom 
 These two examples are the only known exceptions to the rule that all other atoms have at least one proton, one neutron and one electron each.
Atom 
 Electrons are by far the smallest of the three atomic particles, their mass and size is too small to be measured using current technology.
Atom 
 Protons and neutrons are of similar size and weight to each other, protons are positively charged and neutrons have no charge.
Atom 
 Most atoms have a neutral charge; because the number of protons (positive) and electrons (negative) are the same, the charges balance out to zero.
Atom 
 However, in ions (different number of electrons) this is not always the case, and they can have a positive or a negative charge.
Atom 
 A proton is made of two up quarks and one down quark and a neutron is made of two down quarks and one up quark.
Atom 
 So for a long time it was a mystery to scientists how the positively charged protons in the nucleus stayed together.
Atom 
 Its name comes from the word glue as gluons act like atomic glue, sticking the protons together using the strong nuclear force.
Atom 
 The number of neutrons in relation to protons defines whether the nucleus is stable or goes through radioactive decay.
Atom 
 When there are too many neutrons or protons, the atom tries to make the numbers the same by getting rid of the extra particles.
Atom 
 Nuclear fission is when the nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei, releasing a lot of stored energy.
Atom 
 This release of energy is what makes nuclear fission useful for making bombs and electricity, in the form of nuclear power.
Atom 
 The other way nuclei can change is through nuclear fusion, when two nuclei join together, or fuse, to make a heavier nucleus.
Atom 
 This process requires extreme amounts of energy in order to overcome the electrostatic repulsion between the protons, as they have the same charge.
Atom 
 Electrons have a negative charge and the nucleus always has a positive charge, so they attract each other.
Atom 
 The electromagnetism of the nucleus is not strong enough to hold onto their electrons and atoms lose electrons to the strong attraction of smaller atoms.
Atom 
 This means the nucleus is either too big to hold itself together or has too many protons or neutrons.
Atom 
 Unstable atoms continue to be radioactive until they lose enough mass/particles that they become stable.
Atom 
 So for example if a beryllium atom (atomic number 4) went through alpha decay it would become helium (atomic number 2).
Atom 
 There is no change in the mass, or atomic number or the atom, only in the stored energy inside the nucleus.
Atom 
 This is how long it takes half of any sample of atoms of that type to decay until they become a different stable isotope or element.
Atom 
 Large atoms, or isotopes with a big difference between the number of protons and neutrons will therefore have a long half life, because they must lose more neutrons to become stable.
Atom 
 Suddenly, helium (containing 2 protons and 2 neutrons) appeared in the bulb, and from this experiment he discovered this type of radiation has a positive charge.
Atom 
 James Chadwick discovered the neutron, by observing decay products of different types of radioactive isotopes.
Atom 
 Chadwick noticed that the atomic number of the elements was lower than the total atomic mass of the atom.
Atom 
 He discovered that uranium decayed a lot faster than usual and produced a lot of alpha and beta particles.
Atom 
 Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann repeated Fermi's experiment to see if the new element hesperium was actually created.
Atom 
 Also the fission products of uranium were already discovered: thorium, palladium, radium, radon and lead.
Atom 
 Fermi then noticed that the fission of one uranium atom shot off more neutrons, which then split other atoms, creating chain reactions.
Atom 
 He realised that this process is called nuclear fission and could create huge amounts of heat energy.
Atom 
 That very discovery of Fermi's led to the development of the first nuclear bomb code-named 'Trinity'.
Astronomy 
 Astronomy (from the Greek astron (ἄστρον) meaning "star" and nomos (nόμος) meaning "law") is the scientific study of celestial bodies.
Astronomy 
 Phenomena that are studied include supernovae explosions, gamma ray bursts, and cosmic microwave background radiation.
Astronomy 
 Astronomy concerns the development, physics, chemistry, meteorology and movement of celestial bodies, as well as the structure and development of the Universe.
Astronomy 
 Ancient Greek people used the positions of the stars to navigate, and to find when was the best time to plant crops.
Astronomy 
 A related subject, cosmology, is concerned with studying the Universe as a whole, and the way the universe changed over time.
Astronomy 
 Astronomy is not the same as astrology, the belief that motion of the stars and the planets may affect human lives.
Astronomy 
 Since the 20th century there have been two main types of astronomy, observational and theoretical astronomy.
Astronomy 
 Observational astronomy uses telescopes and cameras to observe or look at stars, galaxies and other astronomical objects.
Astronomy 
 Theoretical astronomy uses maths and computer models to explain the observations and predict what might happen.
Astronomy 
 Working together, theories predict what should happen and observations show whether the predictions work.
Astronomy 
 For many years the most important issue was the motions of planets; now many other topics are studied.
Astronomy 
 They made maps of the constellations and stars for religious reasons and calendars to work out the time of year.
Astronomy 
 Early civilisations such as the Maya people and the Ancient Egyptians built simple observatories and drew maps of the stars positions.
Astronomy 
 For a long time people thought Earth was the center of the universe, and that the planets, the stars and the sun went around it.
Astronomy 
 A mathematician named Eratosthenes was the first who measured the size of the Earth and proved that the Earth is a sphere.
Astronomy 
 A theory by another mathematician named Aristarchus was, that the sun is in the center and the Earth is moving around it.
Astronomy 
 Arabic astronomers made many advancements during the Middle Ages including improved star maps and ways to estimate the size of the Earth.
Astronomy 
 During the renaissance a priest named Nicolaus Copernicus thought, from looking at the way the planets moved, that the Earth was not the center of everything.
Astronomy 
 Based on previous works, he said that the Earth was a planet and all the planets moved around the sun.
Astronomy 
 A physicist called Galileo Galilei built his own telescopes, and used them to look more closely at the stars and planets for the first time.
Astronomy 
 Heliocentric ideas were soon improved by Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton, who invented the theory of gravity.
Astronomy 
 After Galileo, people made better telescopes and used them to see farther objects such as the planets Uranus and Neptune.
Astronomy 
 In the early 1920s it began to be accepted that the galaxy in which we live, the Milky Way, is not the only galaxy.
Astronomy 
 The existence of other galaxies was settled by Edwin Hubble, who identified the Andromeda nebula as a different galaxy.
Astronomy 
 There were many other galaxies at large distances and they are receding, moving away from our galaxy.
Astronomy 
 In 1931, Karl Jansky discovered radio emission from outside the Earth when trying to isolate a source of noise in radio communications, marking the birth of radio astronomy and the first attempts at using another part of the electromagnetic spectrum to observe the sky.
Astronomy 
 Those parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that the atmosphere did not block were now opened up to astronomy, allowing more discoveries to be made.
Astronomy 
 The opening of this new window on the Universe saw the discovery of entirely new things, for example pulsars, which sent regular pulses of radio waves out into space.
Astronomy 
 The waves were first thought to be alien in origin because the pulses were so regular that it implied an artificial source.
Astronomy 
 The period after World War 2 saw more observatories where large and accurate telescopes are built and operated at good observing sites, normally by governments.
Astronomy 
 For example, Bernard Lovell began radio astronomy at Jodrell Bank using leftover military radar equipment.
Astronomy 
 Similarly, the end of the 1960s saw the start of the building of dedicated observatories at Mauna Kea in Hawaii, a good site for visible and infra-red telescopes thanks to its high altitude and clear skies.
Astronomy 
 Space telescopes gave access, for the first time in history, to the entire electromagnetic spectrum including rays that had been blocked by the atmosphere.
Astronomy 
 The X-rays, gamma rays, ultraviolet light and parts of the infra-red spectrum were all opened to astronomy as observing telescopes were launched.
Astronomy 
 From 1970s satellites were launched to be replaced with more accurate and better satellites, causing the sky to be mapped in nearly all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Astronomy 
 Bodies are things in the Universe, whether it is a planet like our Earth or a galaxy like our Milky Way.
Astronomy 
 For convenience, this section has been divided by where these astronomical bodies may be found: those found around stars are solar bodies, those inside galaxies are galactic bodies and everything else larger are cosmic bodies.
Astronomy 
 These are called bursts because they are normally associated with large explosions producing a "burst" of energy.
Astronomy 
 The name periodic comes from period, which is the length of time required for a wave to complete one cycle.
Astronomy 
 The signal from these events bounce around the Universe until it seems to come from everywhere and varies little in intensity.
Astronomy 
 In this way, it resembles "noise", the background signal that pervades every instrument used for astronomy.
Astronomy 
 The Earth’s atmosphere blocks some parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, but special telescopes  above the atmosphere can detect that radiation.
Astronomy 
 Aperture synthesis combines smaller telescopes to create a phased array, which works like a telescope as big as the distance between the smaller telescopes.
Astronomy 
 Light from a distant source reaches a sensor and gets measured, normally by a human eye or a camera.
Astronomy 
 For very dim sources, there may not be enough light particles coming from the source for it to be seen.
Astronomy 
 One technique that astronomers have for making it visible is using integration (which is like longer exposures in photography).