the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Special relativity 
 They expected that if the Earth was moving toward a star, the light from that star should seem faster than if the Earth was moving away from that star.
Special relativity 
 However, they noticed that no matter who performed the experiments, where the experiments were performed, or what star light was used, the measured speed of light in a vacuum was always the same.
Special relativity 
 Einstein said this happens because there is something unexpected about length and duration, or how long something lasts.
Special relativity 
 Any clock used to measure a duration will be wrong by exactly the right amount so that the speed of light remains the same.
Special relativity 
 Imagining a "light clock" allows us to better understand this remarkable fact for the case of a single light wave.
Special relativity 
 Also, Einstein said that as Earth moves through space, all measurable lengths change (ever so slightly).
Special relativity 
 Any device measuring length will give a length off by exactly the right amount so that the speed of light remains the same.
Special relativity 
 The most difficult thing to understand is that events that appear to be simultaneous in one frame may not be simultaneous in another.
Special relativity 
 Since the length of an object is the distance from head to tail at one simultaneous moment, it follows that if two observers disagree about what events are simultaneous then this will affect (sometimes dramatically) their measurements of the length of objects.
Special relativity 
 Furthermore, if a line of clocks appear synchronized to a stationary observer and appear to be out of sync to that same observer after accelerating to a certain velocity then it follows that during the acceleration the clocks ran at different speeds.
Special relativity 
 Other scientists before Einstein had written about light seeming to go the same speed no matter how it was observed.
Special relativity 
 What made Einstein's theory so revolutionary is that it considers the measurement of the speed of light to be constant by definition, in other words it is a law of nature.
Special relativity 
 This has the remarkable implications that speed-related measurements, length and duration, change in order to accommodate this.
Special relativity 
 The mathematical bases of special relativity are the Lorentz transformations, which mathematically describe the views of space and time for two observers who are moving relative to each other but are not experiencing acceleration.
Special relativity 
 To define the transformations we use a Cartesian coordinate system to mathematically describe the time and space of "events".
Special relativity 
 Each observer can describe an event as the position of something in space at a certain time, using coordinates (x,y,z,t).
Special relativity 
 The location of the event is defined in the first three coordinates (x,y,z) in relation to an arbitrary center (0,0,0) so that (3,3,3) is a diagonal going 3 units of distance (like meters or miles) out in each direction.
Special relativity 
 The time of the event is described with the fourth coordinate t in relation to an arbitrary (0) point in time in some unit of time (like seconds or hours or years).
Special relativity 
 Let there be an observer K  who describes when events occur with a time coordinate t, and who describes where events occur with spatial coordinates x, y, and z.
Special relativity 
 This is mathematically defining the first observer whose "point of view" will be our first reference.
Special relativity 
 Let us specify that the time of an event is given: by the time that it is observed t(observed) (say today, at 12 o'clock) minus the time that it took for the observation to reach the observer.
Special relativity 
 This can be calculated as the distance from the observer to the event d(observed) (say the event is on a star which is 1 light year away, so it takes the light 1 year to reach the observer) divided by c, the speed of light (several million miles per hour), which we define as being the same for all observers.
Special relativity 
 This is correct because distance, divided by speed gives the time it takes to go that distance at that speed (e.g. 30 miles divided by 10 mph: give us 3 hours, because if you go at 10 mph for 3 hours, you reach 30 miles).
Special relativity 
 This means that when K' gives a location like (3,1,2), the x (which is 3 in this example) is the same place that K, the first observer would be talking about, but the 1 on the y axis or the 2 on the z axis are only parallel to some location on the K' observer's coordinate system,
Special relativity 
 In other words, both observers have (at least) one time and location that they both agree on, which is location and time zero.
Special relativity 
 Define an event to have spacetime coordinates  in system S and  in a reference frame moving at a velocity v with respect to that frame, S′. Then the Lorentz transformation specifies that these coordinates are related in the following way:
Special relativity 
 is the Lorentz factor and c is the speed of light in vacuum, and the velocity v of S′ is parallel to the x-axis.
Special relativity 
 For simplicity, the y and z coordinates are unaffected; only the x and t coordinates are transformed.
Special relativity 
 These Lorentz transformations form a one-parameter group of linear mappings, that parameter being called rapidity.
Special relativity 
 Solving the above four transformation equations for the unprimed coordinates yields the inverse Lorentz transformation:
Special relativity 
 Enforcing this inverse Lorentz transformation to coincide with the Lorentz transformation from the primed to the unprimed system, shows the unprimed frame as moving with the velocity v′ = −v, as measured in the primed frame.
Special relativity 
 The transformation can apply to the y- or z-axis, or indeed in any direction, which can be done by directions parallel to the motion (which are warped by the γ factor) and perpendicular; see the article Lorentz transformation for details.
Special relativity 
 Writing the Lorentz transformation and its inverse in terms of coordinate differences, where one event has coordinates  and , another event has coordinates and , and the differences are defined as
Special relativity 
 In special relativity, the momentum  and the total energy  of an object as a function of its mass  are
Special relativity 
 A frequently made error (also in some books) is to rewrite this equation using a "relativistic mass" (in the direction of motion) of .
Special relativity 
 If we use this formula, the photon (particle of light) has a mass, which is according to experiments incorrect.
Special relativity 
 The need for special relativity arose from Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism, which were published in 1865.
Special relativity 
 It was later found that they call for electromagnetic waves (such as light) to move at a constant speed (i.e., the speed of light).
Special relativity 
 To have James Clerk Maxwell's equations be consistent with both astronomical observations[1] and Newtonian physics,[2] Maxwell proposed in 1877 that light travels through an ether which is everywhere in the universe.
Special relativity 
 In 1887, the famous Michelson-Morley experiment tried to detect the "ether wind" generated by the movement of the Earth.[3] The persistent null results of this experiment puzzled physicists, and called the ether theory into question.
Special relativity 
 In 1895, Lorentz and Fitzgerald noted that the null result of the Michelson-Morley experiment could be explained by the ether wind contracting the experiment in the direction of motion of the ether.
Special relativity 
 This effect is called the Lorentz contraction, and (without ether) is a consequence of special relativity.
Special relativity 
 Although this was not the first time they had been published, this was the first time that they were used as an explanation of the Michelson-Morley's null result, since the Lorentz contraction is a result of them.
Special relativity 
 In 1900, Poincaré gave a famous speech in which he considered the possibility that some "new physics" was needed to explain the Michelson-Morley experiment.
Special relativity 
 In 1904, Lorentz showed that electrical and magnetic fields can be modified into each other through the Lorentz transformations.
Special relativity 
 In 1905, Einstein published his article introducing special relativity, "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", in Annalen der Physik.
Special relativity 
 In this article, he presented the postulates of relativity, derived the Lorentz transformations from them, and (unaware of Lorentz's 1904 article) also showed how the Lorentz Transformations affect electric and magnetic fields.
Special relativity 
 In that same year, Hermann Minkowski gave a famous speech on Space and Time in which he showed that relativity is self-consistent and further developed the theory.
Special relativity 
 In 1912, Einstein and Lorentz were nominated for the Nobel prize in physics due to their pioneering work on relativity.
Special relativity 
 Unfortunately, relativity was so controversial then, and remained controversial for such a long time that a Nobel prize was never awarded for it.
Special relativity 
 The Michelson-Morley experiment, which failed to detect any difference in the speed of light based on the direction of the light's movement.
Special relativity 
 Fizeau's experiment, in which the index of refraction for light in moving water cannot be made to be less than 1.
Special relativity 
 The transverse doppler effect, which is where the light emitted by a quickly moving object is red-shifted due to time dilation.
Special relativity 
 The issue is that it takes much longer than the half-life of the muons to get down to Earth surface even at nearly the speed of light.
Special relativity 
 Their presence can be seen as either being due to time dilation (in our view) or length contraction of the distance to the earth surface (in the muon's view).
Special relativity 
 [1] Observations of binary stars show that light takes the same amount of time to reach the Earth over the same distance for both stars in such systems.
Special relativity 
 If the speed of light was constant with respect to its source, the light from the approaching star would arrive sooner than the light from the receding star.
Special relativity 
 This would cause binary stars to appear to move in ways that violate Kepler's Laws, but this is not seen.
Special relativity 
 [2] The second postulate of special relativity (that the speed of light is the same for all observers) contradicts Newtonian physics.
Special relativity 
 [3] Since the Earth is constantly being accelerated as it orbits the Sun, the initial null result was not a concern.
Special relativity 
 However, that did mean that a strong ether wind should have been present 6 months later, but none was observed.
Special relativity 
 Relativity Calculator - Learn Special Relativity Mathematics The mathematics of special relativity presented in as simple and comprehensive manner possible within philosophical and historical contexts.
1964 
 January 3 – Footage of The Beatles performing a concert in Bournemouth, England is shown on The Jack Paar Show.
1964 
 January 15 – Vee Jay Records files a lawsuit against Capitol Records and Swan Records over manufacturing and distribution rights to Beatles albums.
1964 
 On April 9, Capitol Records is granted an court order stopping Vee Jay Records from further manufacturing, distributing or advertising recordings by the Beatles.
1964 
 Publisher Max Firetag offers $1,000 to anyone that can find anything "suggestive" in the song's lyrics.
1964 
 February 7 – The Beatles arrive in the United States and are greeted by thousands of screaming fans at New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport.
1964 
 March – Columbia Records is bombarded with requests for heavyweight boxing champion Cassius Clay's album, I Am the Greatest, following Clay's defeat of Sonny Liston in February.
1964 
 March 21 – For the first time in history, all Top Ten singles on the U.K. chart are by British acts.
1964 
 April 4 – The Beatles hold all five top positions on Billboard's Top Pop Singles chart with their singles "Can't Buy Me Love", "Twist and Shout", "She Loves You", "I Want to Hold Your Hand", and "Please Please Me".
1964 
 Previously, the highest number of concurrent singles by one artist on the Hot 100 was nine by Elvis Presley, December 19, 1956.
1964 
 May 2 – In the United States, The Beatles' Second Album climbs to the #1 spot on the LP charts in only its second week of release, making it the first album ever to reach #1 that quickly.
1964 
 October 27 - Ronald Reagan delivers "A Time for Choosing" speech at a campaign ceremony for Barry Goldwater.
1964 
 January 17 – Michelle Obama, First lady and wife of the 44th President of the United States, Barack Obama
1964 
 Nobel Prize in Physics shared by Charles Hard Townes, Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov and Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov for work that led to the development of laser and maser
1964 
 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Konrad Bloch,  German American biochemist, and Feodor Lynen,  German biochemist
587 
 Year 587 (DLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
587 
 The denomination 587 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
September 7 
 1533  Future-Queen Elizabeth I of England is born, as the daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII of England, who had expected a male heir to the throne.
September 7 
 1571  Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk is arrested for his role in the Ridolf plot to assassinate Elizabeth I of England and replace her on the throne with Mary, Queen of Scots.
September 7 
 1706  War of the Spanish Succession: Siege of Turin ends, leading to a French withdrawal from Italy.
September 7 
 1764  Election of Stanislaw August Poniatowski as the last ruler of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
September 7 
 The American submarine Turtle tried to put a time bomb on the hull of British Admiral Richard Howe's flagship Eagle in New York Harbor.
September 7 
 1778  American Revolutionary War: France invades Dominica in the British West Indies, before Britain is even aware of France's involvement in the war, on the US' side.
September 7 
 1812  Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon defeated the Russian army of Alexander I near the village of Borodino.
September 7 
 1864  American Civil War: Atlanta, Georgia is evacuated on orders of Union General William Tecumseh Sherman.
September 7 
 1876  In Northfield, Minnesota, Jesse James and the James Younger-Gang attempt to rob the town's bank, but are driven off by armed citizens.
September 7 
 1907  The Cunard Line's RMS Lusitania sets sail on her first voyage from Liverpool in the UK to New York City in the US.
September 7 
 1909  Eugène Lefebvre crashes a new French-built Wright biplane during a test flight at Juvisy, south of Paris, and dies as a result.
September 7 
 1942  World War II: Australian and American forces inflict a significant defeat on Japan at the Battle of Milne Bay.
September 7 
 1945  World War II: Japanese forces on Wake Island, which they had held since 1941, surrender to US Marines.
September 7 
 1949  The German Bundestag, parliament of West Germany and later the whole of Germany, meets for the first time.
September 7 
 So does the Bundesrat, whose leader Karl Arnold is the first acting President of the Federal Republic.
September 7 
 1965  Vietnam War: In a follow-up to August's Operation Starlight, United States Marines and South Vietnamese forces initiate Operation Pirahna on the Batangan Peninsula.
September 7 
 1970  An anti-war rally is held at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, attended by John Kerry, Jane Fonda and Donald Sutherland.
September 7 
 1977  The Torrijos-Carter Treaties between Panama and the United States on the status of the Panama Canal are signed.
September 7 
 1978  While walking across Waterloo Bridge in London, Bulgarian dissident Georgi Markov is targeted by Bulgarian secret police agent Francesco Giullino by means of a ricin pellet fired from a specially-designed umbrella.
September 7 
 1996  In Las Vegas, Nevada, actor and rapper Tupac Shakur is shot several times after attending a boxing match.
September 7 
 1999  A major earthquake close to Athens, Greece results to the collapse of few buildings in the area.
September 7 
 2004  The Serbian government backs a decision by Ljiljana Colic to require the teaching of both creationism and evolution in schools.
September 7 
 2011  A plane carrying the Russian Lokomotiv Yaroslavl ice hockey team crashes shortly after take-off, killing 43 of the 45 people on board, with one, Alexander Galimov, dying five days later.
September 7 
 Some of Europe's leading ice hockey players are among those killed in the crash, as only the flight engineer, Alexander Sizov, survives.
September 7 
 2012  Canada breaks off diplomatic relations with Iran over its stance on the political crisis in Syria.
September 7 
 2013  The Liberal Party of Australia-led coaltion, under leadership of Tony Abbott, defeats Kevin Rudd's Australian Labor Party in Australia's general election.
September 7 
 2019  Bianca Andreescu becomes the first tennis player born in the 2000s to win a Grand Slam singles title, winning the Women's Final at the US Open against Serena Williams.
September 7 
 1819  Thomas A. Hendricks, 21st Vice President of the United States and 16th Governor of Indiana (d. 1885)
1191 
 September 7 – Third Crusade: Battle of Arsuf – Richard I of England fights against Saladin at Arsuf.
1191 
 The monks of Glastonbury Abbey announce that they have found the burial sites of King Arthur and his Queen Guinevere.
1539 
 May 30 – In Florida, Hernando de Soto lands at Tampa Bay with 600 soldiers with the goal to find gold.
1539 
 March 12 – Thomas Boleyn, 1st Earl of Wiltshire, diplomat, politician, and father of Anne Boleyn (born 1477)
May 30 
 1431 - In Rouen, Normandy, France, Joan of Arc is burned at the stake by an English-dominated tribunal.
May 30 
 1510 - During the reign of Zhengde Emperor in China, Ming Dynasty leader Zhu Zhifan is defeated by commander Qiu Yue, ending the Anhua rebellion.
May 30 
 1539 – In Florida, Hernando de Soto lands at Tampa Bay with 600 soldiers with the goal of finding gold.
May 30 
 1815 - The East Indiaman ship Arniston is wrecked during a storm at Waenhuiskrans, near Cape Agulhas, present-day South Africa.
May 30 
 1868 – Memorial Day (then known as "Decoration Day") is observed in the United States for the first time (it was proclaimed on May 5 by General John Logan).
May 30 
 1879 – New York City's Gilmores Garden is renamed Madison Square Garden by William Vanderbilt and is opened to the public at 26th Street and Madison Avenue.
May 30 
 1883 – In New York City, a rumor that the Brooklyn Bridge is going to collapse causes a stampede which crushes twelve people.
May 30 
 1899 - Pearl Hart, a female outlaw in the Old West, robs a stage coach 30 miles southeast of Globe, Arizona.
May 30 
 1911 – At the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, the first Indianapolis 500 ends with Ray Harroun becoming the first winner of the 500-mile auto race.
May 30 
 1914 - Cunard ocean liner RMS Aquitania leaves Liverpool, England, on its first voyage, to New York City.
May 30 
 1948 – A dike along the flooding Columbia River breaks, obliterating Vanport, Oregon within minutes.
May 30 
 1958 – The bodies of several unidentified soldiers killed in action during World War II and the Korean War are buried at the Tomb of the Unknowns in Arlington National Cemetery.
May 30 
 1967 – At the Ascot Speedway in Gardena, California, daredevil Evel Knievel jumps his motorcycle over 16 cars lined-up in a row.
May 30 
 1972 – Members of the Japanese Red Army carry out the Lod Airport Massacre, killing 24 people and injuring 78 others.
May 30 
 1982 – Spain becomes the 16th member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and the first nation to enter the alliance since West Germany's admission in 1955.
May 30 
 1989 – Tiananmen Square protests of 1989: The 33-foot high "Goddess of Democracy" statue is unveiled in Tiananmen Square by student demonstrators.
May 30 
 2012 - Former President of Liberia Charles Taylor is sentenced to prison for his role in crimes committed during the Sierra Leone Civil War.
May 30 
 2016 - A court in Senegal sentences former President of Chad Hissène Habré to life in prison for crimes against humanity, committed during his time in office from 1982 to 1990.
May 30 
 It is the first time an African Union-backed court convicts a former ruler of another country within its jurisdiction.
May 30 
 1932 - Ivor Richard, Baron Richard, Welsh politician and diplomat, former UK Ambassador to the United Nations (d. 2018)
1574 
 April 14 – Battle of Mookerheyde:  Spanish forces under Sancho de Avila defeat the rebel forces of Louis of Nassau.
1574 
 May 30 – On the death of King Charles IX of France, he is succeeded by his brother King Henry of Poland, who becomes King Henry III.
1574 
 October 3 – The city of Leiden, besieged by the Spanish, is relieved by a Sea Beggar fleet under Louis Boisot.
1984 
 March 22 – People said the teachers at the McMartin preschool in Manhattan Beach, California were abusing the children in the school.
1984 
 March 23 – Sarah Tisdall, who told The Guardian newspaper that cruise missiles were coming to Britain, was sentenced to six months imprisonment.
1984 
 April 17 – WPC Yvonne Fletcher was shot dead by a hidden gunman outside the Libyan Embassy in London during the event known as the 1984 Libyan Embassy Siege.
1984 
 April 19 – Advance Australia Fair was named as Australia's national anthem, and green and gold as the national colours.
1984 
 April 25 – The end of Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Al-Mustain Billah ibni Almarhum Sultan Sir Abu Bakar Riayatuddin Al-Muadzam Shah's as the 7th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
1984 
 April 26-  Her Highness The Queen Of North Last Heir Of The Great Stark Lineage Mellissa Elkin The Indestructible was born.
1984 
 April 26 – Baginda Almutawakkil Alallah Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail, the Sultan of Johor becomes the 8th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.
1984 
 May 8 – The Soviet Union announced that it was not going to the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California.
1984 
 May 8 – Denis Lortie killed three people who worked for the government in the National Assembly of Quebec building.
1984 
 Later, people found out that he won the money by mainly using only two squares of the Press Your Luck "Big Board."
1984 
 November 4 – Ronald Reagan defeats Walter Mondale in the largest landslide in United States History during the presidential elections.
1984 
 November 29 - West Hollywood, California, a predominantly gay community, was incorporated as a city.
1985 
 February 18 - NBA player Larry Bird barely misses a quadruple-double in a game against the Utah Jazz.
1985 
 December 6 - The Boston Celtics pick up their only home loss of the 1985-86 NBA season, losing to the Portland Trail Blazers at Boston Garden.
1985 
 October 21 – Dan White, American politician who assassinated Harvey Milk and George Moscone in 1978 (b. 1946)
1986 
 January 28 – Crew of Space Shuttle Challenger: Francis R. Scobee, Michael J. Smith, Judith Resnik, Ellison Onizuka, Ronald McNair, Greg Jarvis, Christa McAuliffe.
1986 
 December 2 – Desi Arnaz, Cuban-born American actor, bandleader, musician and television producer (b. 1917)
1986 
 January 1 – Aruba gains increased autonomy from the Netherlands and is separated from the Netherlands Antilles.
1986 
 January 12 – Space Shuttle Columbia is launched with the first Hispanic-American astronaut, Dr. Franklin R. Chang-Diaz.
1986 
 January 28 – Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrates 73 seconds after launch, killing all seven astronauts on board.
1986 
 January 29 – Yoweri Kaguta Museveni became President of the Republic of Uganda after leading a successful five-year liberation struggle.
1986 
 April 20 - NBA player Michael Jordan scores a playoff record 63 points in a game against the Boston Celtics.