the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
St. Peter's Basilica 
 Another idea that Bramante got from Florence Cathedral was the design for the little stone tower which sits on top of the dome and is called the lantern.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 When Pope Julius died in 1513, the next pope, Leo X, called in three architects, Giuliano da Sangallo, Fra Giocondo and Raphael.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 Instead of having a Greek Cross, he decided to change the plan to a Latin Cross, which had a long nave and aisles like the old basilica.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 Raphael also died, in his mid-30s, in 1520, before any important changes could be made to the building.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 The next architect was Peruzzi who like some of the ideas that Raphael had, but did not like the Latin Cross plan.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 Then in 1527 Rome was invaded by Emperor Charles V. Peruzzi died in 1536 without his plan being built.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 The only main parts of the building which had been constructed were Bramante's four big piers to hold the dome.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 Antonio da Sangallo (known as "Sangallo the Younger") looked at all the different plans by Peruzzi, Raphael and Bramante.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 He put some of their ideas together in a design that had a very short nave, (not a long one like Raphael's design) and had a big porch at the front.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 On January 1st, 1547 in the reign of Pope Paul III, Michelangelo, who was already over 70, became the architect of St. Peter's.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 Michelangelo died before the job was finished, but by that time, he had got the construction up to a point where other people could get it finished.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 Michelangelo had already done a lot of work for the popes, carving figures for the tomb of Pope Julius II, painting the Sistine Chapel ceiling, which took five years, and the enormous fresco the "Last Judgement" on the wall of the Sistine Chapel.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 When Pope Paul asked him to be the new architect for St. Peter's, Michelangelo did not want the job.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 Michelangelo told the pope that he would only do the job, if he could do it in whatever way he thought was best.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 When Michelangelo took over a building site in 1547, the nave of the old basilica was still standing and in use.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 There were four of the most enormous piers in the world standing where the western part of the old basilica had been.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 The building work had stopped for so long that weeds and bushes were growing out between the stones of the unfinished building as if it was a cliff.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 Michelangelo looked at all the plans that had been drawn by some of the greatest architects and engineers of the 16th century.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 He knew he could do whatever he liked but he had respect for the other designers, especially Bramante.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 He knew that he was expected to make a design that would be the symbol of the city of Rome, in the same way as Brunelleschi's dome was the symbol of Florence where Michelangelo had lived as a young man.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 He went back to the Greek Cross idea and re-drew Bramante's plan, making every part of it much stronger and simpler.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 If you could put your hands around the whole building and squeeze it, then the dome would bulge upwards.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 But other artists like Gianlorenzo Bernini looked at what Michelangelo did at St. Peter's and used this clever new idea in their own work.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 As it stands today, the Greek Cross part of the basilica is Michelangelo's design and the nave, which was added later, is by Carlo Maderna.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 Comparing Michelangelo's plan with Raphael's plan shows that while the outside-line of Raphael's plan has clear square and round shapes, the outside-line in Michelangelo's plan has lots of changes of direction.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 All around the outside of the building are enormous "pilasters" (which are like giant columns stuck on the building).
St. Peter's Basilica 
 Almost every pilaster is set at a different angle to the next one as if the flat walls had been folded up.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 A "cornice" is usually quite flat, but because of all the changes of direction, this cornice ripples like a giant piece of ribbon, tied around the outside of the building.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 The art historian Helen Gardner wrote that it looked as of the whole building was being held together from top to bottom.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 Three important ideas came from the dome that Brunelleschi had built in Florence more than 100 years earlier.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 Michelangelo designed a brick dome with stone ribs, like Sangallo's plan, not like the concrete dome planned by Bramante.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 The third way that the dome of St. Peter's is like that of Florence Cathedral is that it rises up to a point on top like an egg.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 This means that the sides of the dome are steeper and do not push outward as much as a dome that is completely round.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 No-one knows exactly what shape Michelangelo wanted the dome to be, because he died before it was built.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 Thirdly, there is a very large wooden model that Michelangelo had made, to show the building committee and the pope.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 When Michelangelo died in 1564, the walls were being built, the piers had been strengthened and everything was ready for the building of the dome.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 After twenty years Pope Sixtus V gave the job to the architect Giacomo della Porta and the engineer Domenico Fontana.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 He made some changes to the design, like adding some lions' heads to the decoration because they were the symbol of Pope Sixtus' family.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 Some writers believe that Michelangelo had changed his mind from his first plan, and did not want the pointy dome.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 Other writers believe that Michelangelo wanted the pointed dome, not just because it was safer to build, but also because it looked more exciting, as if the building was pushing upwards.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 It took a whole day and everyone in Rome was given a holiday, and all the church-bells of the city were rung.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 In the arms of the cross are set two lead boxes, one containing a fragment of the True Cross and a bone of Saint Andrew and the other containing medals of the "Holy Lamb".
St. Peter's Basilica 
 Its inside diameter is 41.47 metres (136.06 ft), just slightly smaller than those of the Pantheon and the Florence Cathedral.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 ("...you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church ... and I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven...." Vulgate, .)
St. Peter's Basilica 
 They decided that the church was the wrong shape, and that they wanted a Latin Cross plan because it was the symbol of the death of Jesus.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 For the inside, he used very large piers with pilasters like Michelangelo's, but he made a clear join between the two parts of the building.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 It is 114.69 metres (376.28 ft) wide and 45.55 metres (149.44 ft) high and is built of pale grey travertine stone, with a giant Corinthian columns and a central triangular pediment.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 Inside the main doors is a portico (a long hall) which runs across the front of the building and has five doors leading into the basilica.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 They are Charlemagne sculpted by Cornacchini (18th century) to the south and Emperor Constantine by Bernini (1670) to the north.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 Maderna's last work at St. Peter's was to design a sunken crypt called the "Confessio" under the dome, where people can go to be nearer the burial place of the apostle.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 As a young boy Gianlorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) visited St. Peter's and said that one day he wanted to build "a mighty throne for the apostle".
St. Peter's Basilica 
 Bernini's first work at St. Peter's was to design the "baldacchino" which is like a tent or "pavilion" above the High Altar.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 This amazing thing is 30 metres (98 ft) tall and is probably the largest piece of bronze in the world.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 It stands underneath the dome and has four huge bronze twisted columns decorated with olive leaves and bees, because bees were the symbol of Pope Urban.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 Pope Urban had a niece that he loved very much and he got Bernini to put her face and the face of her new-born baby boy on the columns as well.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 The basilica owns some precious relics: a piece of the True Cross of Jesus, a veil that a woman wiped the face of Jesus with, while he was carrying the cross, the spear that was used to pierce Jesus side, and the bones of St. Andrew, the brother of St. Peter.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 No-one knows for sure whether these things are real or not, but for hundreds of years they have been precious.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 Bernini's plan was the make four marble statues of the four Holy people: St. Helena who found the cross, St. Longinus who was the soldier with the spear, St Veronica who wiped Jesus' face and St. Andrew. (
St. Peter's Basilica 
 Bernini's next job was to make a special throne out of bronze, to hold an ancient wood and ivory throne that had been at the basilica for more than 500 years.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 The bronze throne, with the old wooden throne inside it, is held up high at the end of the basilica, by four important saints who are called "Doctors of the Church" because they were all great writers and teachers.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 They are Saints Ambrose and Augustine for the Church of Rome and Saints Athanasius and John Chrysostum for the Orthodox Church.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 Above the chair is a window which is made not from glass but thin translucent stone called alabaster.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 The Dove of the Holy Spirit is in the middle of the window with rays of light spreading out into the basilica through a sculpture of golden clouds and angels.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 On either side is an angel, one gazing in adoration and the other looking towards the viewer in welcome.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 Firstly, many people complained that Maderna's facade on St. Peter's looked too wide, so Bernini wanted to make it look narrower, not wider.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 Secondly, in the old square left over from the Old St. Peter's, Pope Sixtus V had a monument set up.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 This monument was a precious Ancient Egyptian obelisk (which is like a tall column, but with four flat sides).
St. Peter's Basilica 
 From its base to the top of the cross (that the pope had put on top) it was 40 metres (131 ft) high, and had been brought to Rome in ancient times.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 The obelisk really should be at the center of the new square, but it was not in quite the right place, and was very difficult to move without breaking.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 The third problem was that Maderna had built a fountain to one side of the obelisk, and Bernini needed to make another fountain to match it, otherwise the design would look unbalanced.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 The two parts of the piazza are surrounded by a colonnade (covered walk-way) which is carried on tall columns.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 All around are large statues of saints which seem to look down on the thousands of visitors that come to the square every day.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 The colonnade is in two great arcs that seem to stretch out like loving arms, welcoming people to the Basilica.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 In recent times some buildings were demolished, making another square, to match the one near the piazza.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 The famous architectural historian, Sir Banister Fletcher, said that no other city in the world had given such a wonderful view to people visiting their main church.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 These include Christian relics, the tombs of popes and many other important people, famous artworks which are mostly sculpture and other interesting things.
St. Peter's Basilica 
 A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method, first published 1896, current edition 2001, Elsevier Science & Technology
Alcúdia 
 Tourism is one of the main resources in the city, especially during the summer, which is known as the high season.
Computer memory 
 When the computer scientists needed a word for half a byte, they thought nibble, as in half a bite, would be a fun word to choose.
Computer memory 
 A byte of memory is used to store a code to represent a character such as a number, a letter or a symbol.
Computer memory 
 To allow for all the different characters in all the worlds languages, modern computers need more than 256 different characters.
Computer memory 
 Another code system called Unicode allows for 1,112,064 different characters by using from one to four bytes for each character.
Computer memory 
 Modern computers use 64 bits and could address up to 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 bytes = 16 exabytes of memory.
Computer memory 
 One Kibibyte is two to the power of 10, that is 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 and written as 210 = 1024 bytes.
Computer memory 
 For example, 64 Kibibytes, written as 64KiB or 64KB, of memory is the same as 65,536 bytes (1,024 × 64 = 65,536).
Computer memory 
 For larger memory capacities, the units megabyte (MB) or mebibyte (MiB) and gigabyte (GB) or gibibyte (GiB) are used.
Computer memory 
 To try to avoid this confusion the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) use the names kibibyte, mebibyte, and gibibyte for binary powers.
Computer memory 
 To make it worse the sizes of computer storage, such as hard disk drives (HDD), are measured in powers of ten.
Computer memory 
 Most computer scientists still use the old names and have to remember that the units are different when talking about memory and storage devices.
Computer memory 
 Read only memory (ROM) is the permanent memory which is used to store these important control programs and systems software to perform functions such as booting up or starting up programs.
Computer memory 
 Its contents are written when the computer is built, but in modern computers, the user can change the contents using special software.
Setebos (moon) 
 Confirmed as Uranus XIX it is named after the god worshipped by Caliban and Sycorax in William Shakespeare's play The Tempest.
Setebos (moon) 
 The orbital parameters suggest that it may belong, together with Sycorax and Prospero to the same dynamic cluster, suggesting common origin.
Setebos (moon) 
 The moon appears grey in the visible light, similar to Prospero but different from Sycorax (which is light red).
Hydroelectricity and dams in the Dominican Republic 
 There are many hydroelectric plants in the Dominican Republic, which is composed of rivers, lakes, streams, and several waterfalls.
Culebra, Puerto Rico 
 Isla Culebra () (Snake Island) is an island-municipality of Puerto Rico originally called Isla Pasaje and Isla de San Ildefonso.
Culebra, Puerto Rico 
 It is located about seventeen miles east of the Puerto Rican mainland, twelve miles west of St. Thomas and nine miles north of Vieques.
Culebra, Puerto Rico 
 Culebra is spread over 5 wards and Culebra (Dewey) Pueblo (The downtown area and the administrative center of the city).
Vieques, Puerto Rico 
 Vieques (English pronunciation: vee-AY-kayz or -kez), in full Isla de Vieques, is an island-municipality of Puerto Rico in the northeastern Caribbean.
Vieques, Puerto Rico 
 Like mainland Puerto Rico the island is US territory, though it retains strong Spanish influences from 400 years of Spanish ownership.
Fajardo, Puerto Rico 
 Fajardo has 7 wards and Fajardo Pueblo (The downtown area and the administrative center of the city).
Hurricane Noel 
 Hurricane Noel was the fourteenth named storm and sixth hurricane of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season.
Hurricane Noel 
 Noel formed on October 27 from the interaction between a tropical wave and an upper-level low in the north-central Caribbean Sea.
Hurricane Noel 
 It strengthened to winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) before making landfall on western Haiti and the north coast of eastern Cuba.
Hurricane Noel 
 The hurricane accelerated northeastward after crossing the Bahamas, and on November 2 it became an extratropical cyclone. (
Hurricane Noel 
 The Canadian Hurricane Centre classified Noel as a post-tropical storm until 2200 UTC November 4 when it determined that it had lost all tropical characteristics.)
Hurricane Noel 
 The storm caused at least 169 deaths along its path, primarily in Hispaniola, due to flooding and mudslides.
Hurricane Noel 
 After its transition to post-tropical, Noel became a very strong low pressure system causing flooding and wind damage over Maine and Eastern Canada.
Hurricane Noel 
 The name Noel was retired in May 2008 and replaced by Nestor for the 2013 Atlantic hurricane season.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 The meteorological history of Hurricane Wilma, the strongest tropical cyclone known in the Western Hemisphere, began in the second week of October 2005.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 A big weather system formed across much of the Caribbean Sea and slowly organized to the southeast of Jamaica.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 By late on October 15, the system was became strong for the National Hurricane Center to name it Tropical Depression Twenty-Four.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 The depression slowly moved southwestward, and in conditions that were good for strengthening, it strengthened into Tropical Storm Wilma on October 17.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 In the beginning, development was slow because of its large size, although thunderstorms slowly organized.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 From October 18, and over the next day, Wilma underwent explosive deepening over the open waters of the Caribbean; in a 30-hour period, the system's central atmospheric pressure dropped from 982 mbar (29.00 inHg) to the record-low value of 882 mbar (26.05 inHg), while the winds increased to 185 mph (300 km/h).
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 At its strongest, the pinhole eye of Wilma was about 3 miles (5 km) in diameter, the smallest known eye in an Atlantic hurricane.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 After the inner eye died off because of an eyewall replacement cycle, Wilma weakened to Category 4 status, and on October 21, it made landfall on Cozumel and on the Mexican mainland with winds of about 150 mph (240 km/h).
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 Wilma weakened over the Yucatán Peninsula, and reached the southern Gulf of Mexico before speeding up northeastward.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 Despite increasing amounts of wind shear, the hurricane re-strengthened to hit Cape Romano, Florida as a major hurricane.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 Wilma weakened as it quickly crossed the state, and entered the Atlantic Ocean near Jupiter, Florida.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 The hurricane again re-intensified before cold air and wind shear penetrated the inner core of convection.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 On October 26, it turned into an extratropical cyclone, and the next day, the remnants of Wilma were absorbed by another extratropical storm over Atlantic Canada.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 During the second week of October, an unusually large, monsoon-like lower-level circulation and a large area of disturbed weather developed over much of the Caribbean Sea.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 The system was enhanced by diffluence—the rate at which a fluid moves—from an upper-level low across the southwestern Atlantic.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 By October 13, a broad area of low pressure developed and persisted about 150 miles (240 km) southeast of Jamaica, possibly aided by the passage of tropical waves through the area at the time.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 Convection increased and became slightly better organized, though upper-level wind shear originally stopped development.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 The system moved westward, and early on October 14 the convection became more concentrated and a little better organized as upper-level wind shear lessened slightly.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 Later on October 14, the system became much better organized, with increasingly organized shower and thunderstorm activity, as conditions in the upper levels of the atmosphere became significantly more favorable.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 It was then that the National Hurricane Center first said that it was possible for a tropical depression to develop in the area.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 The system continued to organize, with the National Hurricane Center remarking the system could ultimately become a hurricane.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 By late on October 15, the surface circulation became defined well-enough, with enough organized deep convection, for the National Hurricane Center to designate the system as Tropical Depression Twenty-Four while it was about 220 miles (345 km) east-southeast of Grand Cayman.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 The depression tracked slowly westward, a motion due to weak steering currents caused by a high pressure system to its north across the Gulf of Mexico.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 Initially, the center of circulation was broad without a defined inner core; forecaster Lixion Avila remarked, "The area of minimum pressure could [have been] anywhere within 60 miles (95 km) of its [initial advisory position]."
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 Originally, the tropical depression was forecast to drift west-southwestward before turning to the north; within 120 hours of the forecast's issuance, the system was predicted to be about 80 miles (130 km) south of the Isle of Youth as a 105 mph (170 km/h) hurricane.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 However, the National Hurricane Center noted in the first advisory on the depression that there were "all indications that there could a dangerous hurricane in the northwestern Caribbean Sea in 3 to 5 days."
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 This was due to the depression being in an environment very ideal for development, specifically low amounts of wind shear and very warm water temperatures.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 As Tropical Depression Twenty-Four drifted southwestward, it steadily organized; by early on October 16, rainbands began to slowly consolidate with well-established outflow, and a large upper-level anticyclone developed over the depression.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 Although deep convection and banding features increased, mid-level dry air from the north prevented significant organization, and the convection was split into two primary areas.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 Surface buoy reports indicated that, due to its large size, the system failed to strengthen beyond tropical depression status, even though it received tropical storm strength Dvorak classifications from The National Hurricane Center's Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Satellite Analysis Branch.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 By early on October 17, the outer rainbands, which had previously controlled the structure of the cyclone, dissipated, while deep convection developed near and to the south of the center.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 Computer models predicted steady strengthening as the depression moved westward before turning to the north.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 Of the intensity models, the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory predicted an intensity of 135 mph (215 km/h) within 36 hours, with other forecasts being more conservative in their predictions.
Storm history of Hurricane Wilma 
 Deep convection continued to develop to the south of the center, and the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Wilma at 0600 UTC on October 17, while about 200 miles (320 km) southeast of Grand Cayman.