the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 He is reported to have spent a lot of time in the mosque and with the study of the Qur'an and his religion, Islam.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 In his course of studying religious topics, he would often interact with many Muslims, non-Muslims, and with Christian missionaries whom he would engage in debates.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 At this time Ghulam claimed that God had begun communicating with him, often through direct revelation.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 Initially, Ghulam's writings from this time were intended to counter what he perceived to be anti-Islamic writings originating from various Christian missionary groups.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 As time progressed, his writings began to exhibit his claims of being the mujaddid or reformer of his era.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 These writings were compiled in one of his most well-known works: Barahin Ahmadiyya, a work consisting of 5 volumes while originally planned 50 volumes.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 He explained that since there is only a dot difference between 50 & 5, therefore his promise was fulfilled.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 This proved and continues to be very controversial, as traditional Islamic thought holds that Jesus is the Messiah, who himself will return in the flesh at the end of times.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 Ghulam countered this by claiming that Jesus was dead, and had in fact escaped crucifixion and died in India.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 According to Ghulam, the promised Mahdi was a spiritual, not military leader as is believed by most Muslims.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 With this proclamation, he also began to step away from the traditional idea of militant Jihad, and redefined it as a “spiritual” battle rather than a physical one.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 In addition to these controversial claims, he would later claim that Guru Nanak, the first Sikh Guru, was in fact a Muslim.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 These writings began to turn the general Muslims ulema (religious clerics) against him, and he was often branded as a heretic.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 Some accused Ghulam of working for the British who were trying to use him to remove the concept of Jihad from Indian Muslims.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 He claimed that the Ahmadiyya Movement stood in the same relation to Islam, as Christianity stood to Judaism at the time of Jesus.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 The mission of the movement according to Ghulam was the prorogation of what he considered to be Islam in its pristine form.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 Mirza Ghulam's teachings which differed from other Muslims of the time can be summarized as follows:
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 That Muhammad is the last prophet to bring a new law/religion but not the last prophet altogether... and Prophethood within the Islamic dispensation is continued after him, and that he himself was a Prophet besides claimant of Imam mehdi and massiah.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 The Qur'an has no contradictions (or abrogations), and has precedence over the Hadith or traditions; i.e., that one verse of the Qur'an does not cancel another and that no Hadith can contradict a verse of the Qur'an.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 Jesus (called Yuz Asaf) was crucified and survived the 4 hours on the cross, then was revived from a swoon in the tomb.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 That Jihad can only be used to protect against extreme religious persecution, not as a political weapon or an excuse for rulers to invade neighbouring territories.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 That the "Messiah" and "Imam Mahdi" are the same person, and that Islam will defeat the Anti-Christ or Dajjal in a period similar to the period of time it took for nascent Christianity to rise (300 years).
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 Mainstream Muslims believe that Jesus was not crucified, but made to look as though he had been, and that he ascended to heaven from where he will return personally in the flesh to revive Islam.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 Mirza Ghulam is widely acknowledged to have devoted his life to furthering the cause of his movement and countering allegations of heresy against his person till his death at Lahore in 1908.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 The Ahmadiyya movement in Islam was founded in 1889, but the name Ahmadiyya was not adopted until about a decade later.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 In a manifesto dated November 4, 1900, the founder explained that the name referred to Ahmad, the alternative name of the prophet Mohammed.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 According to him, ‘Mohammed’, which means ‘the praised one’, refers to the glorious destiny of the prophet who adopted the name from about the time of the Hegira; but ‘Ahmad’ stands for the beauty of his sermons, and for the peace that he was destined to establish in the world through his teachings.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 According to Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, these names thus refer to two aspects of Islam, and in later times it was the latter aspect that commanded greater attention.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 In keeping with this, he believed, his object was to establish peace in the world through the spiritual teachings of Islam.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 He believed that his message had special relevance for the Western world which according to him had descended into materialism.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 One of the main sources of dispute during his lifetime and continuing since then is Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's use of the terms “Nabi” (prophet) and “Rasool” (messenger) when referring to himself.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 Muslims consider the prophet Muhammad to be the last of the prophets and believe that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's use of these terms is a violation of the concept of “finality of prophet hood”.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 His followers fall into two camps in this regard: the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, who believe in a literal interpretation of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's prophethood (with some qualifications), and the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement, who believe in a symbolic interpretation of these two terms.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 In 1974, the Pakistani parliament amended the Pakistani constitution to declare Ahmadi Muslims as non-Muslims for purposes of the constitution of the Islamic Republic.
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 
 In 1984, a series of changes in the Pakistan Penal Code sections relating to blasphemy that, in essence, made it illegal for Ahmadis to preach their religion openly as Islam, leading to 1000s of arrests and prosecutions.
Pharmacology 
 Pharmacology is the study of how medicine and other things have an effect on living organisms and change how they function.
Pharmacology 
 Pharmacology is not exactly the same as pharmacy, and a pharmacologist is not exactly the same as a pharmacist.
Pharmacology 
 A pharmacologist is a scientist who studies how medicine actually works, and usually works in a science lab.
Pharmacology 
 Pharmacology includes how drugs are made, how they interact with living organisms, what harmful effects they could have, how they can be used as medicines, and if they can be used to prevent illness.
Pharmacology 
 Pharmacologists work in a team with biochemists, geneticists, microbiologists, toxicologists and pharmacists to run clinical tests on how drugs work.
Pharmacology 
 The development of drugs is very important to medicine, but it also has strong economical and political uses.
Pharmacology 
 To protect people and prevent abuse, some countries try to control the way in which drugs are made, sold, and administered.
Pharmacology 
 To study chemicals, a person needs to know a lot about what will be affected if it is ingested (taken into the body).
Pharmacology 
 As more people know about cell biology and biochemistry, the field of pharmacology has changed as well.
Pharmacology 
 Pharmacokinetics describes the what effect the body will have on the chemical, and pharmacodynamics describes the chemical's effect on the body (desired or toxic).
Pharmacology 
 When a pharmacologist is talking about pharmacokinetic properties of a chemical, they are interested in four things: ADME.
Pharmacology 
 A medicine with a narrow therapeutic index (close to one) only does what people want it to do when the amount given is enough to put the organism in danger.
Pharmacology 
 A medicine with a wide therapeutic index (greater than five) does what people want it to do and does not necessarily put the organism in danger.
Pharmacology 
 Medication with a narrow margin are more difficult to dose and give to a person, and may require therapeutic drug monitoring (examples are warfarin, some antiepileptics, aminoglycoside antibiotics).
Pharmacology 
 Most anti-cancer drugs have a narrow therapeutic margin; toxic side-effects are almost always encountered at doses needed to kill tumours.
Pharmacology 
 Drugs that are given to people to help cure them of a medical condition or help reduce the symptoms are often licensed.
Pharmacology 
 They can be divided into three groups: over-the-counter, where anybody can buy the drug from a shop; prescription-only medicine, where a doctor has to say that a person is allowed to take a drug; and in some countries, pharmacy medicines, where only a registered pharmacy can sell a drug.
Pharmacology 
 Most over-the-counter medication will not hurt a person if they take a bit more than they are meant to.
Indo-European languages 
 Linguists believe they all come from a single language, Proto-Indo-European, which was originally spoken somewhere in Eurasia.
Indo-European languages 
 The Indo-European languages are a family of several hundred related languages and dialects, including most major languages in Europe, the Iranian plateau, and South Asia.
Indo-European languages 
 The origin of Proto-Indo-European is after the invention of farming since some of its words have to do with farming.
Indo-European languages 
 Although it may have fewer languages than some other language families, it has the most native speakers, about 2.7 billion.
Indo-European languages 
 Of the 20 languages with the most speakers, 12 are Indo-European: English, Spanish, Hindi, Portuguese, Bengali, Russian, German, Sindhi, Punjabi, Marathi, French, and Urdu.
Indo-European languages 
 Four of the six official languages of the United Nations are Indo-European: English, Spanish, French, and Russian.
Indo-European languages 
 Most Indo-European languages use the Latin script, but others use the Devanagari, Cyrillic, or Arabic scripts.
Indo-European languages 
 Suggestions of similarities between Indian and European languages began to be made by European visitors to India in the 16th century.
Indo-European languages 
 In 1583, Thomas Stephens, an English Jesuit missionary in Goa, India, noticed similarities between the Indian languages and Greek and Latin and included them included in a letter to his brother, but it was not published until the 20th century.
Indo-European languages 
 Born in Florence, Italy, in 1540, he was a merchant who was among the first Europeans to study Sanskrit.
Indo-European languages 
 Writing in 1585, he noted some word similarities between Sanskrit and Italian such as devaḥ/dio "God", sarpaḥ/serpe "serpent", sapta/sette "seven", aṣṭa/otto "eight", nava/nove "nine").
Indo-European languages 
 In 1647, the Dutch linguist and scholar Marcus Zuerius van Boxhorn noted the similarity among Indo-European languages and supposed that they had derived from a primitive common language.
Indo-European languages 
 He included in his hypothesis Dutch, Greek, Latin, Persian, and German, and he later added Slavic, Celtic, and Baltic languages.
Indo-European languages 
 Coeurdoux made a thorough comparison of Sanskrit, Latin, and Greek conjugations in the late 1760s to suggest a relationship between the languages.
Indo-European languages 
 Similarly, Mikhail Lomonosov compared different languages groups of the world, including Slavic, Baltic, Iranian, Finnish, Chinese, Hottentot and others.
Indo-European languages 
 The hypothesis reappeared in 1786, 20 years after Coeurdoux, when Sir William Jones lectured on the striking similarities between three of the oldest languages known in his time: Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit.
Indo-European languages 
 He later tentatively added Gothic, Celtic, and Old Persian but made some errors and omissions in his classification.
Indo-European languages 
 In 1813, Thomas Young was first to use the term Indo-European.<ref>In London Quarterly Review X/2 1813.;
Indo-European languages 
 Szemerényi 1999:12, footnote 6</ref> It became the standard scientific term except in Germany through Franz Bopp's Comparative Grammar''.
Indo-European languages 
 Appearing between 1833 and 1852, it was the starting point of Indo-European studies as an academic discipline.
Indo-European languages 
 Some 20th-century scholars thought Indo-European languages started in Armenia or India, but most now think that it started in Eastern Europe or Anatolia.
Gulf of Mexico 
 The Straits of Florida connect to the Atlantic Ocean, and the Yucatán Channel connects to the Caribbean Sea.
Gulf of Mexico 
 Many hurricanes hit this area, for example, Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Rita hurt many of the oil wells in 2005 in the United States.
Zaire 
 Zaire, officially the Republic of Zaire () was the name of a country that is now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Pneumonia 
 According to some research in 2010, in some parts of the world where people are very poor like India, Nigeria, and Pakistan, pneumonia was the cause of death for more children under the age of five than any other disease.
Pneumonia 
 Statistically, however, for every 2,000 children in the developing world who die of pneumonia, only one child in the developed world dies from the disease.
Pneumonia 
 This is because of differences in health care and because of differences in rates of breastfeeding, not because of differences in children.
Pneumonia 
 Breastfeeding newborn babies greatly increases their ability to survive pneumonia, but some cultures think of breastfeeding as taboo.
Pneumonia 
 SARS is a highly contagious and deadly type of pneumonia which first occurred in 2002 after initial outbreaks in China.
Pneumonia 
 SARS is caused by the SARS coronavirus, a pathogen (disease-causing organism) that was not known until then.
Pneumonia 
 Eosinophilic pneumonia often occurs in response to infection with a parasite or after exposure to certain types of environmental factors.
Pneumonia 
 Chemical pneumonia (usually called chemical pneumonitis) is caused by chemical toxins such as pesticides, which may enter the body by inhalation (breathing in) or by skin contact.
Pneumonia 
 When the toxic (poisonous or harmful) substance is an oil, the pneumonia may be called lipoid pneumonia.
Pneumonia 
 Aspiration pneumonia (or aspiration pneumonitis) is caused by accidentally inhaling oral (mouth) or gastric (stomach) contents into the lungs, either while eating, or after reflux or vomiting, and causing damage to the lungs.
Pneumonia 
 The lung inflammation from these materials is not an infection but it can eventually cause one, since the material taken into the lungs may contain bacteria.
Pneumonia 
 Aspiration is a common cause of death among hospital and nursing home patients, since they sometimes cannot cough hard enough to protect their airways.
Winter Olympic Games 
 Winter Olympic Games were originally considered to be linked with the nation hosting the Summer Olympic Games.
Woodside, California 
 It is in the northern region of Silicon Valley and has the highest percapita population of billionaires, as well as being the home of celebrities including Shirley Temple, Neil Diamond, Joan Baez, Michelle Pfeiffer and a gorilla named Koko that knows more than a thousand words of American Sign Language.
Pathogen 
 A pathogen is an infectious thing, such as a virus, bacteria, fungi or parasite, which causes a disease.
Pathogen 
 The body has many ways to defend against some of the common pathogens (such as Pneumocystis) in the form of the human immune system and by some "helpful" bacteria present in the human body's normal human flora.
Pathogen 
 However, if the immune system or "good" bacteria is damaged in any way (for example, chemotherapy, HIV, or antibiotics being taken to kill other pathogens), pathogenic bacteria that were being held back can grow and cause harm to the host.
Pathogen 
 These include the bacterium Yersinia pestis which may have caused the Black Death, the Variola virus, and the malarial protozoa.
Pathogen 
 The most famous and lethal outbreak was the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic (type A influenza, H1N1 subtype), which lasted from 1918 to 1919.
Pathogen 
 This pandemic has been described as "the greatest medical holocaust in history" and may have killed as many people as the Black Death.
Pathogen 
 The huge death toll was caused by an extremely high infection rate of up to 50% and the extreme severity of the symptoms.
Pathogen 
 One observer wrote, "One of the most striking of the complications was hemorrhage from mucous membranes, especially from the nose, stomach, and intestine.
Pathogen 
 The majority of deaths were from bacterial pneumonia, a secondary infection caused by influenza, but the virus also killed people directly, causing massive bleeding and oedema in the lungs.
Pesticide 
 A pesticide is a chemical that is used to kill or prevent small animals (or organisms) which are considered to be unwanted.
Pesticide 
 Some of these pests that people do not want are insects, microbes that destroy plants, and other things that affect humans in a bad way and it may kill humans too.
Pesticide 
 Many pesticides are poisonous, and are bad for not only the organisms they kill, but for humans too.
Pesticide 
 The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants lists chemicals that are very hard to destroy, or very toxic.
Pesticide 
 This will cause acid rain, and organisms living in the water can get sick and die, because the water where they live has more acid.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome 
 It started in November 2002 in Guangdong Province, in the city of Foshan, of the People's Republic of China.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome 
 SARS is a zoonosis: it is a disease which comes from animals: it came from  Asian palm civets to cave-dwelling horseshoe bats.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome 
 Over the next few months, the illness spread to more than 24 countries in Asia, North America, South America, and Europe before the SARS global outbreak of 2003 was contained.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome 
 According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a total of 8098 people worldwide became sick with SARS during the 2003 outbreak; 774 of these died.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome 
 After the Chinese government suppressed news of the SARS outbreak, the disease spread rapidly, reaching Hong Kong and Vietnam in late February 2003, and then to other countries via international travellers.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome 
 There were a total of 8437 known cases of the disease, with 813 deaths (a mortality rate of 9.636%).
Severe acute respiratory syndrome 
 In May 2005 the disease itself was declared 'eradicated' by the WHO and it became the second disease in mankind to receive this label (the other was smallpox).
Severe acute respiratory syndrome 
 The New York Times reported that "not a single case of severe acute respiratory syndrome has been reported this year or in late 2004.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome 
 Also, the epidemic strain of SARS that caused at least 813 deaths worldwide by June of 2003 has not been seen outside a laboratory since then."
Ballet 
 The first reference to ballet is found in a work of Domenico da Piacenza, who lived in the early 14th century.
Ballet 
 The choreography is learnt by the dancers under the supervision of a trainer, called a ballet master or mistress.
Ballet 
 Ballet is always performed to music, and in many cases the music was specially composed for a particular ballet.
Ballet 
 Ballet grew out of Renaissance spectacles which, rather like big pop music events today, used every type of performance art.
Ballet 
 It was staged by Balthazar de Beaujoyeux, a violinist and dancing master at the court of Catherine de Medici.
Ballet 
 The basis of classical ballet was formed in the Court of Louis XIV in France, in the 17th century.p40 Even his title (the 'Sun King') came from a role he danced in a ballet.
Ballet 
 Many of the ballets presented at his court were created by the composer Jean-Baptiste Lully and the choreographer Pierre Beauchamp.
Ballet 
 In the early 19th century ballet technique was codified (sorted out and written down) by Carlo Blasis (1797–1878) of Naples.
Ballet 
 His dance classes, four hours long, were famous for being the toughest training there was at that time. '
Ballet 
 The three famous Tchaikovsky ballets, Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beauty, and The Nutcracker, date from that time.
Ballet 
 In 1909 he founded Les Ballets Russes de Sergei Diaghilev, considered by many to be the greatest ballet company of all time.
Ballet 
 "Its success was so extraordinary, its ballets so revolutionary, and its artists so electrifying that its appearance in Paris before the First World War sparked an international ballet boom".p47
Ballet 
 His dancers included the legendary Nijinsky and the Imperial primaballerina Karsavina; also Pavlova, Danilova and Spessivtseva.
Ballet 
 His choreographers included Fokine, Massine and Balanchine; his composers included Stravinsky, Prokofiev, Ravel and Debussy; his set designers included Picasso, Cezanne, Matisse, Utrillo, Bakst  and Braque; and the ballets created changed the course of ballet history.
Ballet 
 The Royal Ballet in London was started, and in New York a company called the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo was founded (1938–1962).
Ballet 
 Specific methods for refining technique are named after the ballet master or mistress who started them, such as the Vaganova method after Agrippina Vaganova, the Balanchine method after George Balanchine, and the Cecchetti method after Enrico Cecchetti.
Lazio 
 It is bordered to the northwest by the Tuscany region, to the north by the Umbria region, to the northeast with the Marche region, to the east with the Abruzzo and Molise regions, to the southeast is the Campania region and to the west is the Tyrrhenian Sea.
Lazio 
 The highest mountain in the region is Monte Gorzano, on the border with the Abruzzo region, with an altitude of .
Rudolf Diesel 
 Rudolf Christian Karl Diesel (March 18, 1858 – September 30, 1913) was a German engineer and inventor.
Niklaus Otto 
 Up until his invention, all engines were external-combustion engines steam engines and burnt their fuel in a separate compartment.
Quito 
 The Historic Center of Quito, Ecuador is one of the largest, least-changed and best-preserved historic centers in the Americas.
Quito 
 The Historic Centre of Quito is located in the center south of the capital on an area of 320 hectares (790 acres), and is thought of as one of the most important historic areas in Latin America.
Quito 
 There are about 130 monumental buildings (which have a variety of pictorial art and sculpture, mostly of religious inspired in a range of schools and styles) and 5,000 properties registered in the municipal inventory of heritage properties.
Quito 
 Carondelet Palace (Spanish: Palacio de Carondelet) is the seat of government of the Republic of Ecuador, located in the historical center of Quito.
Quito 
 Axis is the nerve of the public space known as Independence Square or Plaza Grande (colonial name), around which were built in addition the Archbishop's Palace, the Municipal Palace, the Hotel Plaza Grande and the Metropolitan Cathedral.
Quito 
 The history of this symbolic building dates back to colonial times, around 1570, with the acquisition of the former royal houses located in the city of Quito.
Quito 
 During the Republican era, almost all of the presidents (constitutional, internees and dictators) have dispatched from this building, which is the seat of Government of the Republic of Ecuador.
Quito 
 In addition to the administrative units in the third level of the Palace is the presidential residence, a luxurious colonial-style apartment in which they live the President and his family.
Quito 
 Rafael Correa, president since 2007, thinking that Carondelet Palace and its offices are Ecuadoran heritages, converted the presidential compound into a museum accessible to all who wish to visit it.