the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Cartel 
 Examples of prosecuted international cartels are lysine, citric acid, graphite electrodes and bulk vitamins.
Oligopoly 
 In economics, an oligopoly is a market form in which the market or industry is controlled by a small number of sellers.
Oligopoly 
 Usually, the market has high barriers to entry, which prevents new firms from entering the market or even be able to have a significant market share.
Oligopoly 
 As there are only a few sellers in the market, each seller would take note of the actions made by one another, and thinks about how the other sellers will respond when making decisions  As such, there is a possibility in which an oligopoly can come together to make a common decision that allows them to have less competition and charge higher prices for consumers.
Oligopoly 
 As a government gives rights to private sectors to get a hold of some other sectors, they take advantage of it.
Oligopoly 
 Microeconomics by Elmer G. Wiens: Online Interactive Models of Oligopoly, Differentiated Oligopoly, and Monopolistic Competition
Market forms 
 In economics, market structure (also known as market form) describes the state of a market with respect to competition.
Market forms 
 They simply want to get the cheapest one, since all kinds of sugars (or soaps) look the same anyway.
Market forms 
 Perfect competition: there are many numbers of buyers as well as many numbers of sellers, all the producers sell the homogeneous product and price remains unchanged
Market forms 
 Monopolistic competition, also called competitive market: there are a large number of  independent firms.
Market forms 
 Oligopoly: A market is dominated by a small number of firms which own more than 40% of the market share.
Market forms 
 Natural monopoly: A monopoly in which economies of scale cause efficiency to increase continuously with the size of the firm.
Market forms 
 The imperfectly competitive structure is quite identical to the realistic market conditions where some monopolistic competitors, monopolists, oligopolists, and duopolists exist and dominate the market conditions.
Market forms 
 These somewhat abstract concerns usually determine some but not all details of a specific concrete market system where buyers and sellers actually meet and commit to trade.
Market forms 
 The correct sequence of the market structure from most to least competitive is perfect competition, imperfect competition, oligopoly, and pure monopoly.
Market forms 
 The main criteria by which one can distinguish between different market structures are: the number and size of producers and consumers in the market, the type of goods and services being traded, and the degree to which information can flow freely.
Market forms 
 Microeconomics  by Elmer G. Wiens: Online Interactive Models of Oligopoly, Differentiated Oligopoly, and Monopolistic Competition
Perfect competition 
 In economics, perfect competition is a type of market form in which there are many companies that sell the same product or service and no one has enough market power to be able to set prices on the product or service without losing business.
Perfect competition 
 As the conditions for perfect competition are strict, there are only a few markets that are considered to be perfectly competitive and this market form only exists to compare with the other market forms.
Perfect competition 
 Generally, a perfectly competitive market exists when every firm in the market are price takers and no one is able to charge a different price without losing business.
Perfect competition 
 Large number of buyers and sellers: There are many buyers who are willing to buy the product at a certain price and there are many sellers who are willing to sell the product at a certain price.
Perfect competition 
 No barriers to entry and exit: There are no barriers to entry and exit for firms and firms are able to enter or leave the market without any issues.
Perfect competition 
 Perfect information: All buyers are assumed to know the price of the product set by all sellers and sellers are assumed to know the production methods of their competitors.
Perfect competition 
 These characteristics are largely impossible to achieve in reality and there are not many markets that are perfectly competitive.
Perfect competition 
 For example, it is unlikely that there are absolutely no barriers to entry and exit as there are always costs involved in setting up a new firm.
Perfect competition 
 Also, information is always imperfect and it is not possible for buyers to know exactly the price set by all sellers, and sellers are not willing to share their production methods with their competitors.
Perfect competition 
 However, the study of perfect competition is important as it is used to compare with the other market forms.
Perfect competition 
 In the short run, a perfectly competitive firm is not productively efficient as the output will not be at where the marginal cost equals to the average cost (MC = AC).
Perfect competition 
 However, a perfectly competitive firm will be allocatively efficient as the firm will be producing at the profit-maximising output where MC = MR, which is coincidentally the allocatively efficient point.
Perfect competition 
 A model can be used to show the perfectly competitive firm's price and output level for a given product.
Perfect competition 
 In the diagram shown, the cost curves of a perfectly competitive market is shown in its long run equilibrium.
Perfect competition 
 For a perfectly competitive firm, the marginal cost of producing an extra unit of output is shown using the MC curve (in blue) whereas the average total cost of producing an extra unit of output is shown using the ATC curve (in red).
Perfect competition 
 As stated above, a perfectly competitive market has a large number of buyers and sellers and the demand does not change with output.
Perfect competition 
 The point in which the demand curve intersects the vertical axis is the price of the product sold by the firm.
Perfect competition 
 As firms are assumed to be profit-maximising, the firm will thus produce at the output level where the marginal cost equals to the marginal revenue (MC = MR).
Perfect competition 
 As the average total cost curve also meets at this point, the firm is thus earning normal profits in the long run.
Perfect competition 
 A market where there's perfect competition is difficult to find in the real world, mainly because of the restrictions.
Monopolistic competition 
 This is because the products are not homogeneous, or because the buyers have explicit or implicit preferences.
Monopolistic competition 
 There are many bakeries in the town, but one of those bakeries can demand a slightly higher price for bread, because it is the only one in a certain part of the town.
Monopolistic competition 
 Monopolistically competitive firms are able to gain a greater degree of market share and as a result, increase prices.
Monopolistic competition 
 If a particular bakery is known for selling the best pies and pasties in town, they can increase their prices for pies and pasties as they know consumers will pay slightly more for a superior product.
Supply and demand 
 There are two determining factors on such a market, the number of things made available, called supply, and the number of things consumers want, called demand.
Supply and demand 
 For normal goods, and a normal market, there are four basic laws that determine the change in the market, if either supply or demand changes:
Supply and demand 
 If the demand increases, and the supply remains the same, there will be a shortage, and the price will increase.
Supply and demand 
 If the demand decreases, and the supply remains the same, there will be a surplus, and the price will go down.
Supply and demand 
 If the supply increases, and the demand remains the same, there will be a surplus, and the price will go down.
Supply and demand 
 If the supply decreases, and the demand remains the same, there will be a shortage, and the price will increase.
Supply and demand 
 When there is more supply, this will cause prices to fall because people will not want to pay more for items that can be found easily.
Supply and demand 
 When there is more demand, prices will go up because many people want to buy the same item but there is not enough supply for it.
Supply and demand 
 This greater number of providers makes the supply go up, which forces the price down toward the cost of production and distribution.
Supply and demand 
 In his book The Wealth of Nations (1776), he says that the demand was dependent on the price of a good.
Supply and demand 
 David Ricardo published the book Principles of Political Economy and Taxation in 1817, where he explained market equilibrium as it is explained above.
Supply and demand 
 It is possible to classify consumers by the amount of money they have available; there are also certain kinds of goods where the demand for a certain good by people of a higher income level is inversely related to the demand for the good by individuals of a lower income level.
Supply and demand 
 The rules above are only valid for a perfect competition market: In such a market, there are many buyers and sellers, and no single buyer or seller can directly influence the price.
Supply and demand 
 When this happens, the supplier chooses the price and the demand only determines how much is bought.
Supply and demand 
 The supplier will probably raise the price very high as long as people are still willing to buy at that price.
Supply and demand 
 If there is only one buyer, the market is called monopsony, and that buyer is able to fix the price.
Supply and demand 
 Marshallian cross diagrams and their uses before Alfred Marshall: the origins of supply and demand geometry  by Thomas Humphrey (via the Richmond Fed)
Elasticity (economics) 
 In economics, people talk about elasticity of an economic variable, usually supply or demand, in relation to another economic variable such as income or price.
Elasticity (economics) 
 The elasticity of a variable is a measure of how much the variable changes in response to a change in a second variable.
Elasticity (economics) 
 For example, people will buy fewer DVDs if DVDs get more expensive − DVDs have a price-elastic demand.
Elasticity (economics) 
 If a good has a completely price-inelastic demand, the demand for it will not be affected by the price of it.
Elasticity (economics) 
 If a 2% increase in price causes people to buy 1% fewer of a product, it has a price elasticity of demand of -0.5.
Worcestershire 
 Worcestershire (ˈwʊs.təˌʃə; abbreviated Worcs) is a county in the West Midlands region of central England.
Worcestershire 
 The county borders Herefordshire, Shropshire, Staffordshire, West Midlands, Warwickshire, and Gloucestershire.
Worcestershire 
 The Malvern Hills, which run from the south of the county into Herefordshire, are made up mainly of volcanic rock, some of which date from before 1200 million years ago.
Worcestershire 
 A burnt out shell of a large English stately home, famous for its gigantic fountain, now restored to working order.
Metamorphosis 
 Metamorphosis in biology means the process of transformation from an immature form to an adult form in two or more distinct stages.
Metamorphosis 
 Life for most insects begins as a larva or nymph then progresses to the pupa stage and ends as an adult.
Metamorphosis 
 Animals that metamormetamorphosize include tadpoles into frogs, caterpillars into butterflys, bee larva into bees, and more
Metamorphosis 
 Most of the time, the nymph looks similar to the adult, but it is smaller, may have different colouration, and does not have wings.
Metamorphosis 
 The nymph grows through stages called instars, shedding its 'skin' (epicuticle) at each stage (ecdysis).
Metamorphosis 
 The pupa is a special time when the insect is changing into an adult that will look very different from the larva or the pupa.
Metamorphosis 
 In the pupa or chrysalis stage, the caterpillar spins a silk pad on a twig or leaves and hangs from this pad by its last pair of prolegs.
Metamorphosis 
 It hangs upside down in the shape of a "J" and then molts leaving it encased in a green exoskeleton.
Metamorphosis 
 The mature butterfly emerges after about two weeks and feeds on a variety of flowers including milkweed flowers, red clover and goldenrod.
Metamorphosis 
 In typical amphibian development, eggs are laid in water and larvae are adapted to an aquatic lifestyle.
Metamorphosis 
 Afterwards, newt larvae start a predatory lifestyle, while tadpoles mostly scrape food off surfaces with their horny tooth ridges.
Metamorphosis 
 Many marine species have evolved a system where they release their eggs and sperm into the water at the same time, and fertilisation takes place in the sea over one or two days.
Metamorphosis 
 These have the capacity to be transported long distances, and so spread the species around to other places.
Metamorphosis 
 The female will produce over 100,000 eggs in a single spawning, and the resulting larvae are quite tiny.
Metamorphosis 
 The sharp distinction between stages (best seen in insects) is presumably because a longer transition would leave the juvenile less fit, either at its younger or older ways of life.
Resilience 
 resilience in psychology: the mental ability to recover quickly from depression, illness or misfortune
Resilience 
 resilience of a material: the physical property of material that can resume its shape after being stretched or deformed (elasticity)
Resilience 
 Resilience is a term used in psychology to describe the capacity of people to cope with stress and catastrophe.
Resilience 
 In physics and engineering, resilience is defined as the capacity of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically and then, upon unloading to have this energy recovered.
Resilience 
 Modulus of Resilience, , can be calculated using the following formula: , where  is yield stress, E is Young's modulus, and  is strain.
Resilience 
 An example of a biomaterial which has a high resilience is articular cartilage, the substance lining the ends of bones in articulating joints such as the knee and hip.
Resilience 
 In ecology, resilience has been defined in two competing fashions that emphasize two different aspects of stability.
Resilience 
 One definition is the rate at which a system returns to a single steady or cyclic state following a perturbation.
Resilience 
 This definition of resilience assumes that behavior of a system remains within the stable domain that contains this steady state.
Resilience 
 When a system can reorganize, that is shift from one stability domain to another, a more relevant measure of ecosystem dynamics is ecological resilience.
Resilience 
 It is a measure of the amount of change or disruption that is required to transform a system from being maintained by one set of mutually reinforcing processes and structures to a different set of processes and structures.
Resilience 
 The second definition emphasizes conditions far from any steady-states, where instabilities can flip a system into another regime of behavior - i.e. to another stability domain.
Resilience 
 In this case resilience is measured by the magnitude of disturbance that can be absorbed before the system changes its structure by changing the variables and processes that control behavior.
Resilience 
 Economic resilence is the ability of a local economy to retain function, employment and prosperity in the face of the perturbation caused by the shock of the loss of a particular type of local industry or employer.
Resilience 
 Within the broad domain of industrial safety, the term resilience has come into use to emphasise that safety must be proactive as well as reactive.
Resilience 
 Whereas conventional risk management approaches emphasise calculation of failure probabilities, resilience engineering looks for ways to strengthen the ability of organisations to create processes that are robust yet flexible.
Resilience 
 Resilience is the ability of the network to provide and maintain an acceptable level of service in the face of various faults and challenges to normal operation.
Resilience 
 The Resiliency Center A website that focuses on real-life situations of resiliency and how resiliency can affect individual development
Resilience 
 Homepage of the New Zealand Resilience Trust  - an NGO in New Zealand dedicated to promoting healthy communities
Resilience 
 "Resilience," a short (encyclopedic) article coauthored by Holling in pdf format or html conversion format.
Resilience 
 The Resilience Engineering Network  is an open organisation of people and places that focus on safety in complex systems.
St Andrews 
 St Andrews is a town, that has its name from Saint Andrew the Apostle and is a former royal burgh on the east coast of Fife, Scotland, and an important home of golf.
St Andrews 
 It has a population of about 18 000, and stands on the North Sea coast between Edinburgh and Dundee.
St Andrews 
 First, the Royal and Ancient Golf Club, founded in 1754,has authority over the game worldwide except in the USA and Mexico.
St Andrews 
 Second, the beautiful links (acquired by the town in 1894) is the most frequent venue for The Open Championship, the oldest of the Men's major golf championships.
St Andrews 
 Visitors travel to St Andrews in great numbers for several courses ranked amongst the finest in the world, as well as for the sandy beaches.
St Andrews 
 It is said that Bishop Roger erected the first stone castle on the site about the beginning of the 13th century as an episcopal residence.
St Andrews 
 The University of St Andrews owed its origin to a society formed in 1410 by Lawrence of Lindores, abbot of Scone and a few others.
St Andrews 
 The University library, which now includes the older college libraries, was founded about the middle of the 17th century, rebuilt in 1764, and improved in 1829 and 1889 - 1890.
St Andrews (disambiguation) 
 The element St Andrew, St. Andrews or St. Andrew's is found in the names of many places and institutions.
St Andrews (disambiguation) 
 Saint Andrew Fool of Christ, who lived in Byzantium in the 10th century and is venerated by the Eastern Orthodox Church.
St Andrews (disambiguation) 
 The Saint Andrew's Cross (or saltire) is the national Flag of Scotland or the current Russian naval ensign.
St Andrews (disambiguation) 
 St. A's, short for St. Andrew's, is the name of a fraternity at Columbia and Yale Universities in the U.S.
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica 
 The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is one of the most famous editions of the Encyclopædia Britannica.
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica 
 The articles are still of value and interest to modern scholars as examples for the knowledge of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica 
 The eleventh edition is no longer restricted by copyright and is available online, both in its original text and in part in other online encyclopaedias and works.
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica 
 The 1911 eleventh edition was assembled under the leadership of American publisher Horace Everett Hooper, and edited by Hugh Chisholm.
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica 
 Some 11% of the contributors were American, and a New York office was established to run that side of the enterprise.
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica 
 Some articles were written by the best-known scholars of the day, such as Edmund Gosse, J. B. Bury, Algernon Charles Swinburne, John Muir, Prince Peter Kropotkin, T. H. Huxley, G. K. Chesterton, Edmund Husserl and William Michael Rossetti, and others well known to that era.
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica 
 It was the first to be published complete, instead of the previous method of volumes being released as they were ready.
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica 
 The eleventh edition has become a commonly quoted source because of the reputation of the Britannica at that time and because it is now in the public domain and has been made available on the Internet.
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica 
 The Encyclopædia Britannica of 1911 has been used as a source for many modern projects, such as Wikipedia and the Gutenberg Encyclopedia.
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica 
 The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia is actually the eleventh edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, renamed to address Britannica's trademark concerns.
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica 
 In Volume 1, the "Prefatory Note" and "Editorial Introduction," which discuss the history and objectives of the edition. (
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica 
 These, and the different Prefatory Note from the Handy Volume edition of 1915, are also included in the Wikisource 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.)
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica 
 'Information ... Slightly Coloured by Prejudice', by Lawrence Biemiller, The Chronicle of Higher Education, Notes From Academe, Volume 52, Issue 47, Page A40. (
Pontiac 
 Pontiac is named for Pontiac (Ottawa leader), an 18th-century war chief, and for the town of Pontiac, Illinois.
Buick 
 After the discontinuation of the Saturn brand GM announced Buick's styling would be based off the German Opel's.
Cadillac 
 Cadillac, officially the Cadillac Division of the General Motors Company, is a luxury car maker, owned by General Motors.
Cadillac 
 During the 20th century, Cadillacs were so highly thought of that the phrase "the Cadillac of x" was coined, meaning that something of excellent quality and better than everything else in its category.
Cadillac 
 By the 1950s and 1960s, it had become famous for making high-quality and luxurious cars, often setting the standard for automotive styling.
Cadillac 
 CadillacOwners.com – Community of Cadillac owners and enthusiasts with pictures, classifieds, auctions, discussions, tech tips and more.
Chevrolet 
 Chevrolet, also known as Chevy, and formally the Chevrolet Division of the General Motors Company, is a car company owned by General Motors.
Chevrolet 
 It could also be a version of the cross on the Swiss flag, due to Chevrolet having been born in Switzerland.
Chevrolet 
 In 2002, GM acquired the recently bankrupt Daewoo Motors company of South Korea, and in 2011, the brand was folded into Chevrolet making the marque global except for Australasia.
GMC 
 In the past, GMC was part of the General Motors Diesel Division which also made buses, motorhomes, and vehicles for the military.
GMC 
 In 2006 GMC announced it would start selling unibody crossovers, its first was the GMC Acadia, replacing the Safari minivan, GMC Envoy XL SUV and the Pontiac Montana SV6 minivan.
Saturn Corporation 
 Saturn Corporation went defunct on October 31, 2010 as part of General Motors downsizing due to its bankruptcy.
Hummer 
 The design of the Hummer H1 is based on the military High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV – Humvee).
Hummer 
 General Motors wanted to sell the brand, but they could not find a buyer, so the brand will stop being made.
Vauxhall Motors 
 The company was founded in London in 1903 and was named after the area of the city where it was created.
Vauxhall Motors 
 They have 2 factories, 1 in Luton for production of the Vivaro van and 1 in Ellsmere Port for production of the Astra family car.
Vauxhall Motors 
 In March 2017, Vauxhall and parent brand Opel were brought by PSA, the company who owns Peugeot and Citroen.
Battle of Dunkirk 
 The Battle of Dunkirk (French: Bataille de Dunkerque) (Also known as Operation Dynamo) was a major battle during World War II.
1971 Bangladesh atrocities 
 The 1971 Bangladesh atrocities refer to the murder of many people in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) by the Pakistan National Army (PNA) during the Bangladesh Liberation War that began on March 26, 1971 with Operation Searchlight.
1971 Bangladesh atrocities 
 Because Hindus and Muslims lived in so many different places, East Pakistan and West Pakistan were about 1000 miles apart, with all of India in between them.
1971 Bangladesh atrocities 
 The East Pakistanis and West Pakistanis did not speak the same language and did not always like each other.
1971 Bangladesh atrocities 
 There were fewer West Pakistanis than East Pakistanis, but West Pakistanis controlled most of the government.
1971 Bangladesh atrocities 
 Because of these things, East Pakistanis started to want to be a separate country from East Pakistan.