the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 Each of the working groups was made by its own working group, and each has a Summary for Policymakers (SPM) that is a list of agreements by governments.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 Climate has changed over the past century (air temperature has increased by between 0.3 and 0.6 °C since the late 19th century; this is almost the same as the 1990 report).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 The evidence is that humans are changing the Earths climate (a lot of extra work was done since the 1990 report to see the difference between natural climate change and human changes, for example: the effects of aerosol gases)
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 Three scientists involved in climate research believe that the IPCC reports do not accurately summarize the state of knowledge.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 On December 20, 1995, Reuters news agency claimed a British scientist Keith Shine, one of IPCC's most important authors, talking about the Policymakers' Summary, said: "We produce a draft, and then the policymakers go through it line by line and change the way it is presented.... It's peculiar that they have the final say in what goes into a scientists' report".
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 Frederick Seitz, a physicist of Rockefeller University, said the IPCC report was not good, writing "I have never witnessed a more disturbing corruption of the peer-review process than the events that led to this IPCC report".
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 He opposed it in the Leipzig Declaration of S. Fred Singer's Science and Environmental Policy Project.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 Professor Seitzs comments were opposed by the presidents of the American Meteorological Society and University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, who wrote about an effort by some people make it seem that humans had not changed the climate.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 Three important parts — the views of the authors, contributors, and reviewers —  should have been put in the Summary but they were deleted;
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 The purpose was to produce the best possible and most clear report of the science, and was under his full control.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 The Second Assessment Report was the only one with a chapter on the economic effect of climate change.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 This part of the report was thought to be unfair because the value of life in poorer countries was less.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 The 1992 supplementary report was an update of the 1990 report, requested for the Framework Convention on Climate Change at the Earth Summit (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 It claimed the prediction methods in the First Assessment Report, were now improved, but did not include aerosol or ozone changes.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 The IPCC first assessment report was completed in 1990, and used to make the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 We are certain there is a natural greenhouse effect...; humans are making the greenhouse effect stronger by releasing these gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, CFC gases and nitrous oxide gas.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 We calculate that: ...CO2 has been responsible for over half the stronger greenhouse effect; gases that stay in the air for a long time need to be used 60% less to stop making the greenhouse effect even stronger
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 We predict: global temperature during the [21st] century will rise by 0.3 oC per decade (but possibly between 0.2 to 0.5 oC per decade); this is more warming than the past 10,000 years; Some other sudies predict that temperature will rise between 0.2 oC and 0.1 oC per decade.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 The predictions are not exact because we do not yet understand the effects of clouds, ice sheets, oceans and other important parts.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 We believe that world temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 oC over the last 100 years...; This warming does not appear to be caused by humans but it is possible that humans have caused this warming.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 The Chairperson of the IPCC is Rajendra K. Pachauri, elected in May 2002; before that Robert Watson headed the IPCC.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 The chairperson is helped by an elected Bureau including vice-chairpersons, Working Group co-chairpersons and a Secretariat (see below).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 The meeting report  says there were 322 persons in attendance at meetings with about seven-eighths of visitors being from governments.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 30 members include IPCC Vice-Chairpersons, Co-Chairpersons and Vice-Chairpersons of Working Groups and Task Force.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 Working Groups: Each has two Co-Chairpersons, one from a richer country and one from a poorer country, and a technical support unit.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 Working Group 2: Studies the effects and dangers of human activity in relation to climate change and gives ideas for how to change human activity.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 Working Group 3: Studies options for limiting greenhouse gas and other ways to reduce climate change.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 These people included more than 2500 scientific expert reviewers, more than 800 contributing authors, and more than 450 lead authors.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 The Working Group 1 report of 2007 (including the summary for policy makers) included contributions by 600 authors from 40 countries, over 620 expert reviewers, a large number of government reviewers, and representatives from 113 governments.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 The IPCC activities are controlled by the WMO Executive Council and UNEP Governing Council to support the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 By May 2005, there had been 3 AR4 meetings, the only public information was the meeting locations, an author list, one invitation, one agenda, and one list of presentation titles.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 Documentation on the meetings for the AR4 are available  , the outlines for the Working Group 1 report  and a provisional author list .
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 The IPCC also supports other activities, such as the Data Distribution Centre Welcome to the IPCC Data Distribution Centre and the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme IPCC - Task Force on National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 This involves estimating greenhouse gas based on the levels of fuel used, industrial production and so on.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 The IPCC also answers questions from the UNFCCC Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 Each IPCC report explains improvements to the previous report and also explains where more research is needed.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 A chapter usually has two "Coordinating" Lead Authors who control what words go in their chapter, ten to fifteen Lead Authors, and a larger number of Contributing Authors.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 Authors are chosen from a list of researchers prepared by governments, other important groups, the Working Group/Task Force Bureaux, and other experts (, 4.2.1,2).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 The group of Coordinating Lead Authors and Lead Authors for a section or chapter of a Report is expected to have many different views and to have people from different parts of the world.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 In December 2007, the IPCC was awarded The Nobel Peace Prize 2007 "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change."
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 The award is shared with Former U.S. Vice-President Al Gore for his work on climate change and the documentary An Inconvenient Truth.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 In January 2005 Christopher Landsea resigned from work on the IPCC AR4, saying that it was "both being motivated by pre-conceived agendas and being scientifically unsound" because of Kevin Trenberth of the National Center for Atmospheric Research's idea that global warming was contributing to recent hurricane activity.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 Roger A. Pielke who published Landsea's letter writes: "How anyone can deny that political factors were everpresent in the negotiations isn't paying attention", but says that "Despite the pressures, on tropical cyclones they figured out a way to maintain consistency with the actual balance of opinion(s) in the community of relevant experts."
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 He continues "So there might be a human contribution (and presumably this is just to the observed upwards trends observed in some basins, and not to downward trends observed in others, but this is unclear) but the human contribution itself has not been quantitatively assessed, yet the experts, using their judgment, expect it to be there.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 The IPCC Third Assessment Report showed a graph labeled "Millennial Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstruction" from a paper by Mann, Bradley and Hughes (MBH98) often called the "Hockey Stick Graph".
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 This graph was different to the IPCC First assessment report which showed global temperature for the past 1000 years, and higher temperatures during the Medieval Warm Period.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 In a 2006 letter to Nature, Bradley, Hughes and Mann claimed the original article had said that they could not be exact.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 Some critics say the IPCC reports underestimate dangers, understate risks, and report only the lowest risks.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 On February 1, 2007, the night before publication of IPCCs report on climate, a study was published saying that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the speed the IPCC reported in 2001.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 The study compared IPCC 2001 predictions of temperature and sea level change with what actually happened.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 Over the six years, the actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given by IPCC's 2001 prediction and the actual rise was more than the top of the range the IPCC predicted.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 An example of scientific research which has indicated that predictions by the IPCC have uderstated risks is a study on rises in sea levels.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 Political influence on the IPCC has been shown by the release of a memo by ExxonMobil to the Bush administration, and its effects on the IPCCs leadership.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 The Bush administration, at the request of ExxonMobil, wanted rid of Robert Watson, a climate scientist and IPCC chairperson, and to have him replaced by Pachauri, who was seen at the time as more friendly to industry.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 In 2005, the UK House of Lords Select Committee on Economic Affairs produced a report on the economics of climate change.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 "We have some concerns about the objectivity of the IPCC process, with some of its emissions scenarios and summary documentation apparently influenced by political considerations.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 There are significant doubts about some aspects of the IPCCs emissions scenario exercise, in particular, the high emissions scenarios.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 There are some positive aspects to global warming and these appear to have been played down in the IPCC reports; the Government should press the IPCC to reflect in a more balanced way the costs and benefits of climate change.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 The Government should press the IPCC for better estimates of the monetary costs of global warming damage and for explicit monetary comparisons between the costs of measures to control warming and their benefits.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 
 Climate Change Freeview Video Interview 2006 - Sherwood Rowland, Nobel Laureate (1995) for work on ozone depletion discusses climate change.
Zimmermann Telegram 
 The Zimmermann Telegram (also called the Zimmermann Note) was a telegram sent to Mexico from Germany on January 16, 1917.
Zimmermann Telegram 
 It was what made America enter World War I.  It is named for the German man who sent it, Arthur Zimmermann.
Zimmermann Telegram 
 In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal of alliance on the following basis: make war together, make peace together, generous financial support and an understanding on our part that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.
Zimmermann Telegram 
 You will inform the President of the above most secretly as soon as the outbreak of war with the United States of America is certain and add the suggestion that he should, on his own initiative, invite Japan to immediate adherence and at the same time mediate between Japan and ourselves.
Zimmermann Telegram 
 Please call the President's attention to the fact that the ruthless employment of our submarines now offers the prospect of compelling England in a few months to make peace."
Zimmermann Telegram 
 The telegram told the ambassador to ask the Mexicans to join the war on the German side by attacking America.
Zimmermann Telegram 
 Germany promised to help Mexico take back land the United States had taken from Mexico in the Mexican–American War.
Zimmermann Telegram 
 Americans were already angry over German submarines sinking ships, but this telegram is what made America come into the war.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 The Battle of Stalingrad was fought during the Second World War between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 It was one of the most important battles of the war because it marked the end of Germany's advances.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 It is reported that, due to limited supplies, soldiers and civilians had to resort to eating rats, mice, and even cannibalism.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 Hitler also wanted to capture Stalingrad because it was named after Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, thus it would embarrass him.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 They had killed so many Germans that Hitler's overall plan to conquer the Soviet Union, started with Operation Barbarossa, was seriously weakened.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 The war was still going well for the Germans: the U-boat offensive in the Atlantic had been very successful and Rommel had just captured Tobruk.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 In the east, they had captured land including Leningrad in the north and  Rostov-on-Don in the south.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 There were a number of places where Soviet attacks had pushed the Germans back (to the northwest of Moscow and south of Kharkov) but this did not threaten the Germans.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 Even though Army Group Centre had heavy losses near Moscow the previous winter, 65% of its infantry had not fought and had been rested and given new equipment.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 The Germans decided that their summer campaign in 1942 would be directed at the southern parts of the Soviet Union.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 The Germans thought that if they captured Stalingrad, it would help the northern and western parts of the German armies to attack Baku.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 The capture of Stalingrad was [a place] where we could block an attack...by Russian forces coming from the east.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 The Soviets had enough warning of the German attack to move all the city's grain, cattle, and railway cars across the Volga.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 The Luftwaffe air attacks made the Soviets unable to use the River Volga to bring supplies into the city.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 Stalin prevented most civilians from leaving the city because he thought that this would make the Soviet armies fight harder.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 The Soviets continued to bring new planes into Stalingrad in late September, but they were destroyed by the Germans.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 The city was briefly defended by the 1077th Anti-Aircraft Regiment, an all-women's regiment that was actually able to halt an entire German division due to their massive firepower.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 The Germans eventually swarmed and killed them, but were shocked to discover that this whole time they were being held back by young women that seemed fresh out of high school.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 In the battle, the NKVD organized  "Workers' militias" who were often sent into battle without rifles.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 By 1 September, the Soviets could only supply their forces in Stalingrad by crossing the Volga under constant bombing by artillery and aircraft.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 In the wrecked city, the Soviet 62nd and 64th Armies, which included the Soviet 13th Guards Rifle Division, used houses and factories to hide in.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 227 of 27 July 1942 decreed that all commanders who retreated without being told to do so would have to go to a military tribunal.84-5 "Not a step back!"
Battle of Stalingrad 
 These operations started the Winter Campaign of 1942-1943 (19 November 1942 – 3 March 1943), which involved 15 armies.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 In autumn, the Soviet generals Georgy Zhukov and Aleksandr Vasilevsky gathered their soldiers in the north and south of the city.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 This included a total of 18 infantry divisions, eight tank brigades, two motorized brigades, six cavalry divisions and one anti-tank brigade.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 On 20 November, a second Soviet offensive (two armies) was launched to the south of Stalingrad against the Romanian 4th Army Corps.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 About 265,000 German, Romanian, Italian soldiers, the 369th (Croatian) Reinforced Infantry Regiment, and other troops including 40,000 Soviet volunteers fighting for the Germans.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 There were also around 10,000 Soviet civilians and several thousand Soviet soldiers the Germans had taken captive during the battle.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 Of the 210,000 Germans surrounded, 10,000 remained to fight, 105,000 surrendered, 35,000 left by air and the remaining 60,000 died.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 Manstein thought that he could break through the Soviet troops and free the 6th Army.p451 After 1945, Manstein says he told Hitler that the 6th Army must break out.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 At a meeting shortly after the Soviets formed a ring around the Germans, the German army chiefs wanted to try to escape to the west of the Don.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 The forces under 6th Army were almost twice as large as a regular German army unit, plus there was also a corps of the 4th Panzer Army trapped in the city.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 To add to the limited number of Junkers Ju 52 planes the Germans used other planes like the Heinkel He 177 .
Battle of Stalingrad 
 General Richthofen told Manstein on 27 November that the Luftwaffe could not supply 300 tons a day by air.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 He said that giving up Stalingrad would be a difficult loss, but that it would keep the Sixth Army intact.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 Hitler said that the Sixth Army would have to stay at Stalingrad and that the air force would supply it until the Germans could attack the Soviets.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 In the early parts of the operation, more fuel was shipped than food and ammunition because the Germans thought they could escape from the city.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 Operation Winter Storm (Operation Wintergewitter), the German attempt to rescue the trapped army from the south, was at first successful.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 Some German officers asked Paulus go against  Hitler's orders and try to escape out of the Stalingrad.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 15 Soviet divisions—supported by at least 100 tanks—attacked the Italian Cosseria and Ravenna Divisions.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 The German attempt to break through to Stalingrad was stopped and Army Group A was told to come back from the Caucasus.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 As well, the German soldiers have found it very hard to break through the Soviet lines on foot in the cold winter conditions.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 The loss of the two airfields, at Pitomnik on 16 January 1943 and Gumrak on the night of 21/22 January, meant an end to air supplies and to the flying out the wounded.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 The third and last runway was at the Stalingradskaja flight school, which had the last landings and takeoffs on the night of 22–23 January.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 A Soviet group (Major Aleksandr Smyslov, Captain Nikolay Dyatlenko and a trumpeter) carried an offer to Paulus: if he surrendered within 24 hours, he would receive a guarantee of safety for all prisoners, medical care for the sick and wounded, prisoners allowed to keep their personal belongings, food rations, and be sent to any country they wanted after the war.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 On 30 January 1943, the 10th anniversary of Hitler coming to power, Goebbels said "The heroic struggle of our soldiers on the Volga should be a warning for everybody..." Also on that day Hitler promoted Paulus to Generalfeldmarschall.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 Since no German Field Marshal had ever been taken prisoner, Hitler assumed that Paulus would fight on or kill himself.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 Around 91,000 tired, ill, wounded, and starving prisoners were taken, including 3,000 Romanians (the survivors of the 20th Infantry Division, 1st Cavalry Division and "Col.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 Hitler was angry and said that Paulus should have killed himself, but instead "he prefers to go to Moscow."
Battle of Stalingrad 
 The German public was not officially told of the loss until the end of January 1943, though positive media reports had stopped in the weeks before the announcement.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 Stalingrad marked the first time that the Nazi government publicly admitted a failure in its war effort.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 On 31 January, German state radio played the Adagio movement from Anton Bruckner's Seventh Symphony, followed by the announcement of the defeat at Stalingrad.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 On 18 February, Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels gave the Sportpalast speech in Berlin, encouraging the Germans to accept a total war.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 General Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach offered to raise an anti-Hitler army from the Stalingrad survivors, but the Soviets did not accept.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 During the defence of Stalingrad, the Red Army used six armies (8th, 28th, 51st, 57th, 62nd and 64th Armies) in and around the city.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 The nine armies used for the final attack were the 24th Army, 65th Army, 66th Army and 16th Air Army from the north as part of the Don Front offensive and 1st Guards Army, 5th Tank, 21st Army, 2nd Air Army and 17th Air Army from the south as part of the Soviet Southwestern Front.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 Another way of counting is to count all the fighting on the southern part of the Soviet-German front from the spring of 1942 to the winter of 1943.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 The Axis had from 500,000 to 850,000 casualties (killed, wounded, captured) among all branches of the German armed forces and its allies and only 5-6,000 returned to Germany by 1955.
Battle of Stalingrad 
 The Red Army had a total of 1,129,619 total casualties; 478,741 men killed or missing and 650,878 wounded.