the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Constantine the Great 
 In November 308, the emperors Diocletian, Maximian, and Galerius met at Carnutum (Petronell-Carnuntum, Austria) and agreed that Constantine was a caesar.
Constantine the Great 
 The Roman provinces that Galerius controlled said that Constantine was Roman consul for the first time in 309, but the provinces Constantine and Maxentius controlled did not accept this.
Constantine the Great 
 Maximian was at Massilia (Marseille, France) when Constantine took control of the city, probably in around July 310.
Constantine the Great 
 Constantine said that his father Constantius had been part of the family of the emperor Claudius Gothicus.
Constantine the Great 
 The Calendar of Philocalus says that the Battle of the Milvian Bridge happened on the 28 October 313.
Constantine the Great 
 The Calendar of Philocalus says that Constantine went into the city on 29 October, and that there was a festival for two days.
Constantine the Great 
 On 1 August 314 in the city of Arelate (Arles, France), the Council of Arles started (a meeting of bishops.
Constantine the Great 
 In the first half of 315, Constantine probably had success in a military campaign he fought against the Goths and Sarmatians.
Constantine the Great 
 The Calendar of Philocalus says that Constantine's army overcame Licinius's army at the Battle of Cibalae on 8 October 314, but historians are not in agreement about the date.
Constantine the Great 
 The Consularia Constantinopolitana and the Chronicon Paschale both say Constantine and Licinius chose co-emperors on 1 March 317.
Constantine the Great 
 Crispus and Constantine II (Constantine's sons) and Licinius II (Licinius's son) were each made caesar at Serdica (Sofia, Bulgaria).
Constantine the Great 
 In 321, it was the fifth anniversary of Crispus, Constantine II, and Licinius II as emperors (each caesar's ).
Constantine the Great 
 The Consularia Constantinopolitana says that Constantine's army overcame the army of Licinius in a battle near Hadrianopolis (Edirne, European Turkey) on 3 July 324.
Constantine the Great 
 At that time, all Constantine's co-emperors were Constantine's own children (the  Crispus, Constantine II, and Constantius II).
Constantine the Great 
 The Chronicle of the Latin theologian Jerome and the Chronicon Paschale both say that on 25 July 325, it was Constantine's twentieth anniversary festival as emperor (his ) at Nicomedia (İzmit, Turkey).
Constantine the Great 
 The Consularia Constantinopolitana says that in around March 326, Constantine executed his oldest son, the caesar Crispus.
Constantine the Great 
 The Calendar of Philocalus says that on 18 July 326 (or the 21 July) Constantine again came to Rome.
Constantine the Great 
 Jerome wrote that on 25 July 326, it was Constantine's twentieth anniversary festival as emperor (his ) in Rome. (
Constantine the Great 
 Jerome's Chronicle and the Chronicon Paschale both say that Constantine set up the city of Helenopolis on 7 January 327.
Constantine the Great 
 The Consularia Constantinopolitana says that on 25 December 333, Constantine made his youngest son, Constans, his caesar.
Constantine the Great 
 The Consularia Constantinopolitana says that the Romans forced the Sarmatians out of the Banat area around the Danube in 334.
Constantine the Great 
 Shapur's Sasanian Empire sent Narses to invade Armenia, but the attack did not have success and Narses died.
Constantine the Great 
 The Consularia Constantinopolitana and the Chronicon Paschale both say that on 25 July 335, it was Constantine's thirtieth anniversary festival as emperor (his ) at Constantinople.
Constantine the Great 
 Constantine probably made Hannibalianus "King of Kings and of the Pontic people" () on the same day.
Constantine the Great 
 Eusebius of Caesarea's Life of Constantine says that a Persian embassy from the Sasanian Empire came to Constantine at Constantinople not long after the festival of Easter.
Constantine the Great 
 Eusebius of Caesarea's Life of Constantine says that Constantine died at Ancyrona, near Nicomedia (İzmit, Turkey).
Constantine the Great 
 This stopped people from punishing Christians, who had often been martyred, or killed for their faith.
Constantine the Great 
 In pagan Rome before this, it had been against the law to practise Christianity, and Christians had often been tortured or killed.
Constantine the Great 
 He went on to organize the whole Christian Church at the First Council of Nicea, even though he himself did not get baptized until near the end of his life.
Constantine the Great 
 After winning the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, he built the Arch of Constantine) to celebrate, but the arch was decorated with pictures of sacrifices to gods like Apollo, Diana, or Hercules.
Constantine the Great 
 In 321, Constantine said that Christians and non-Christians should all join the "day of the sun" (the eastern sun-worship which Aurelian had helped him introduce).
Constantine the Great 
 Even after pagan gods disappeared from the coins, Christians symbols never appeared on the coin, either.
Constantine the Great 
 Even when Constantine dedicated the new city of Constantinople, he was wearing the Apollonian sun-rayed Diadem.
Constantine the Great 
 Constantine the Great A site about Constantine the Great and his bronze coins emphasizing history using coins, with many resources including reverse types issued and reverse translations.
Constantine the Great 
 House of Constantine bronze coins Illustrations and descriptions of coins of Constantine the Great and his relatives.
Constantine the Great 
 This list of Roman laws of the fourth century shows laws passed by Constantine I relating to Christianity.
Cleopatra VII 
 Cleopatra (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ) 69 BC – 10 August 30 BC was part of the Macedonian Ptolemaic dynasty in the Kingdom of Egypt and was the last active ruler of Egypt.
Cleopatra VII 
 She was the last of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Pharaohs set up in Egypt after the death of the famous Macedonian king Alexander the Great.
Cleopatra VII 
 Antony and Cleopatra is the famous tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written sometime between 1603 and 1607.
Cleopatra VII 
 She is the daughter of Ptolemy XII Auletes and Cleopatra V. When she was 18 years old, her father Ptolemy XII - who was Pharaoh, died.
Cleopatra VII 
 They removed Cleopatra from power, as her being a woman, and made Ptolemy sole ruler, in about 51 to 48 BC.
Cleopatra VII 
 Ptolemy was king, but because he was still a boy, Pothinus and his friends were the real leaders of Egypt.
Cleopatra VII 
 Cleopatra was the first of the Ptolemaic dynasty to learn the Egyptian language, and she was fluent in 9 languages in total.
Cleopatra VII 
 Worse still, Pompey was beheaded in front of his fifth wife and children, who were on the ship from which he had just disembarked.
Cleopatra VII 
 This made sure that Pompey's powerful family and supporters would never forget, and would always be enemies of Caesar.
Cleopatra VII 
 Mark Antony, who was Caesar's military commander, and Octavian, Caesar's legal heir, defeated the group who had conspired against Caesar.
Cleopatra VII 
 This group was led by Brutus and Cassius, who took their army to the Eastern Mediterranean, and controlled much of that area.
Cleopatra VII 
 Lepidus was a minor character, and the long-term fate of the Empire was decided by a conflict between Antony and Octavian.
Cleopatra VII 
 After her kingdom was conquered, she allegedly committed suicide by letting an asp (a poisonous snake and small cobra) bite her.
Cleopatra VII 
 Two of them died of illness, but her daughter, Cleopatra Selene II, married an African King Juba II of Numidia.
Cleopatra VII 
 Another story says that she made a bet with Antony that she could make the most expensive meal ever.
Kelly Clarkson 
 Clarkson won the first season of the television series American Idol and first season of the coach The Voice.
Kelly Clarkson 
 Clarkson has sold over 10.6 million albums in the United States, becoming the highest-selling American Idol winner.
Kelly Clarkson 
 According to Nielsen SoundScan, Clarkson is also ranked on the top 200 album sellers of the Nielsen SoundScan era at number 187.
Kelly Clarkson 
 She is the third and youngest child of Jeanne Rose Clarkson a first grade teacher, and Stephen Michael Clarkson.
Kelly Clarkson 
 Clarkson's parents divorced when she was six years old, after having been married for seventeen years.
Kelly Clarkson 
 Her mother is a descendant of Republican state senator Isaiah Rose, whose life story was discussed on Clarkson's episode of Who Do You Think You Are?,
Kelly Clarkson 
 In seventh grade, one of her teachers overheard her singing in a hallway and asked her to audition for the school choir.
Kelly Clarkson 
 In high school, Clarkson performed in musicals such as Annie Get Your Gun, Seven Brides for Seven Brothers and Brigadoon.
Kelly Clarkson 
 She sang at her high school talent show, after which an audience member shared some inspiring words with her: "God has given you this gift.
Kelly Clarkson 
 Clarkson continued singing and soon started classical training, hoping that music would be her ticket to a college scholarship.
Kelly Clarkson 
 After finishing high school, Clarkson was offered full scholarships to The University of Texas at Austin, the University of North Texas, and the Berklee College of Music.
Kelly Clarkson 
 However, she decided against college to pursue a career in music saying, "you're never too old to go to college."
Kelly Clarkson 
 On September 4, 2002, Clarkson won the first season of American Idol, beating Justin Guarini by a margin of 58% to 42%.
Kelly Clarkson 
 After the results were announced, Clarkson performed the song "A Moment Like This", which was written for the winner of American Idol and would be released on her first CD Thankful.
Kelly Clarkson 
 When it was released as a single in October 2002, it set a record on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart when it rose from number 52 to number one.
Maurice Ravel 
 Maurice Ravel (born Ciboure, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, 7 March 1875; died Paris, 28 December 1937) was a French composer.
Maurice Ravel 
 His name is often thought of together with that of Claude Debussy, but their music is really very different.
Maurice Ravel 
 A short version was used by ice-skaters Torvill and Dean for the dance that made them Olympic champions in 1984.
Maurice Ravel 
 It soon became clear that Maurice was musically gifted, so his father arranged for him to have piano lessons with a well-known teacher.
Maurice Ravel 
 He also made friends with a very talented Spanish pianist Ricardo Viñes who was in the same class at the Conservatoire.
Maurice Ravel 
 He left the Conservatoire in 1895, but went back in 1897 to study composition with Gabriel Fauré and counterpoint and orchestration with Andreé Gédalge.
Maurice Ravel 
 His first work that was to become very well-known was the short piece for orchestra called Pavane pour une infante défunte.
Maurice Ravel 
 Fauré had been a very good teacher for Ravel, who dedicated his virtuoso piano piece Jeux d’eau (meaning “Play of water” or “Fountains”) and his String Quartet to Fauré.
Maurice Ravel 
 There was a big argument at the Conservatoire which led to the director, Dubois, resigning and Fauré taking his place.
Maurice Ravel 
 Meanwhile, Ravel left Paris for a time with some friends and started writing some of his best compositions.
Maurice Ravel 
 These included Introduction and Allegro for seven instruments including harp, the Rapsodie espagnole for orchestra, his first opera L’heure espagnole and Gaspard de la Nuit, a virtuoso piece for the piano.
Maurice Ravel 
 Their director Diaghilev asked Ravel to write a ballet for them Ravel took about three years to compose the music for Daphnis et Chloé.
Maurice Ravel 
 Other works he completed before the war broke out include Shéhérazade for soprano and orchestra (not to be confused with the work by Rimsky-Korsakov with the same title), and the Piano Trio.
Maurice Ravel 
 After a time in hospital he was taken back to Paris to get better, but then his mother died and this had a terrible effect on him.
Maurice Ravel 
 He had composed Le Tombeau de Couperin (well-known both as a piano solo piece and for orchestra) which looks back to the style of music in the Baroque period.
Maurice Ravel 
 After the war had ended Debussy was dead and Ravel was seen to be the greatest living French composer.
Maurice Ravel 
 He wrote his opera L’enfant et les sortileges (The child and magic) and the famous virtuoso piece for solo violin called Tzigane.
Maurice Ravel 
 Ravel worked on several things: some ballet music which resulted in the orchestral piece Boléro, a Piano Concerto in G, and the Piano Concerto for the Left Hand that could be played just with the left hand (written for the pianist Paul Wittgenstein who had lost his right arm in the war), and several other projects which were not finished.
Maurice Ravel 
 For several years he had already been finding it difficult to sleep, and this may have been the beginning of the brain disease which would finally kill him.
Maurice Ravel 
 His music came to him during walks on his own, in the country or in Paris, often at night, and in any weather.
Maurice Ravel 
 He worked at each composition until it was perfect and never showed it to anybody until it was ready.
Maurice Ravel 
 Baroque music forms, gamelan music, Spanish music, ancient modes and unusual harmonies were all important in his musical style.
Maurice Ravel 
 He only had a few pupils, including Vaughan Williams, but no one could imitate his music because it is always so personal, full of perfection and humour.
Bedřich Smetana 
 Smetana, Dvořák and Leoš Janáček are the three most famous composers who wrote Czech nationalist music.
Bedřich Smetana 
 Bedřich was the 11th child in a German-speaking family, although he was only the first of the children not to die before they grew up.
Bedřich Smetana 
 He learned the violin from his father and the piano from local teachers, but he soon played better than his teachers.
Bedřich Smetana 
 He gave a piano recital, but nobody came to listen, so he decided to start a school of music, although he hardly had any money.
Bedřich Smetana 
 The Czechs (people who lived in Bohemia and Moravia) wanted to be able to express themselves in their own language instead of in German, which was still the official language in Bohemia.
Bedřich Smetana 
 Smetana, who only spoke German, agreed with the nationalists’ ideas, but he still did not realize how important it would be for him in the future to be able to speak Czech.
Bedřich Smetana 
 He still had very little money, so he went to Sweden where he was very successful as a piano teacher and conductor.
Bedřich Smetana 
 After three years in Sweden he decided to return to his homeland because of his Kateřina’s health, but she died on the way.
Bedřich Smetana 
 After the Austrian defeat by Napoleon III in 1859, it became clear that there were going to be big changes in his native country.
Bedřich Smetana 
 The Czechs were going to be allowed to have a national opera and put on plays in the Czech language instead of having to perform everything in German.
Bedřich Smetana 
 After a big farewell concert in Stockholm to which the Swedish royal family came, Smetana returned to Prague.
Bedřich Smetana 
 He wanted to be director of the Provisional Theatre but the job was given to a man called Mayr who was not very good.
Bedřich Smetana 
 Gradually Smetana’s reputation grew and he started to write operas in Czech which became very popular.
Bedřich Smetana 
 Mayr made things very difficult for Smetana but the audience loved the opera and it was performed ten more times.
Bedřich Smetana 
 His next opera is the one which has become his best-known opera internationally: The Bartered Bride.
Bedřich Smetana 
 Smetana made lots of improvements, introducing well-known German, French and Italian operas to the audiences as well as new operas by young Czech composers.
Bedřich Smetana 
 The operas Dalibor was first performed on the day that the first stone was laid for the building of the National Theatre.
Bedřich Smetana 
 It was a great occasion, although the music critics were unkind and said that his music sounded too much like Wagner.
Bedřich Smetana 
 His opera Libuše was written for the coronation of Franz Joseph in Prague, but that coronation never happened, so the opera was not performed for another ten years when the National Theatre was opened (1881).
Bedřich Smetana 
 These are very popular today, especially the second one, Vltava, which describes the river Vltava flowing from its source all the way to the sea.
Bedřich Smetana 
 He showed this when composing his String Quartet no 2: the first violin plays a very long high note for a long time in the last movement, showing the audience what he had to suffer.
Bedřich Smetana 
 As soon as the Czech people were allowed to produce plays and operas in their own language Smetana thought it was his duty to write a series of nationalist operas.
Bedřich Smetana 
 His symphonic cycle Ma Vlast was programme music, full of heroism, often describing nature and the countryside.
Light-emitting diode 
 An LED is a type of diode that makes one color of light when electricity is sent through it in the expected direction (electrically biased in the forward direction).
Light-emitting diode 
 The color of the light depends on the chemical composition of the semiconducting material used, and can be near-ultraviolet, visible or infrared.
Light-emitting diode 
 Some white LEDs have one single-color LED inside (usually blue), combined with a phosphor that converts that single color to white.
Light-emitting diode 
 They are the colored indicator lights on many electronic devices, they can be used to make bright advertising signs, brake lights on some newer cars, in TVs, and more recently, light bulbs for the home.
Light-emitting diode 
 White LEDs bright enough to illuminate rooms are usually more expensive than regular lightbulbs but they last longer and burn less electricity.
Antonín Dvořák 
 Antonín Dvořák (b.Nelahozeves, nr Kralupy, September 8 1841; d. Prague May 1 1904) was a Czech composer.
Antonín Dvořák 
 Along with Smetana and Janáček, Dvorak is one of three famous composers who wrote nationalist Czech music.
Antonín Dvořák 
 He wrote chamber music including several string quartets, piano music, songs, operas, oratorios and nine symphonies.
Antonín Dvořák 
 The last of his symphonies is known as the New World Symphony because he wrote it in the United States (the “New World”).
Antonín Dvořák 
 Today Prague is the capital city of the Czech Republic, but in those days it was part of the Austrian Empire.
Antonín Dvořák 
 His teacher persuaded Dvořák's parents that he should have a musical career, so they sent him to study music in Prague at the Organ School.
Antonín Dvořák 
 He continued to learn German, and he became a good viola player and played in concerts and in the Estates Theatre when they needed a big orchestra for Wagner’s operas Lohengrin and Tannhäuser.
Antonín Dvořák 
 When Dvořák had finished his studies he got his first job playing in a band in restaurants and for balls.
Antonín Dvořák 
 The band he played with became part of the Bohemian Provisional Theater Orchestra, which from 1866 was conducted by Bedřich Smetana.
Antonín Dvořák 
 In 1877 he had a letter from Hanslick to say that he had won a prize of 600 gulden and that the great composer Johannes Brahms was interested in his music.
Antonín Dvořák 
 His music started to be published by Simrock, a well-known German music publisher, and his music was performed in many countries, even as far away as New York.
Antonín Dvořák 
 Brahms and Hanslick tried to persuade him to move to Vienna because it was a great musical city, but Dvořák wanted to stay in his own country.
Antonín Dvořák 
 He met the student Harry T. Burleigh, one of the earliest African-American composers, who introduced him to traditional American Spirituals.
Antonín Dvořák 
 In the winter and spring of 1893, while in New York, Dvořák wrote his most popular work, the Symphony No.9, "From the New World".
Antonín Dvořák 
 He spent the summer of 1893 with his family in the Czech-speaking community of Spillville, Iowa, where some of his cousins lived.
Antonín Dvořák 
 He also composed chamber music there, including a String Quartet in F which is known as the “American”, and a Sonatina for Violin and Piano.
Antonín Dvořák 
 In 1895, Dvořák wrote his Cello Concerto in B minor, which was to become one of his most popular works.
Antonín Dvořák 
 He decided to return to Bohemia and continue his job as professor of composition at the Prague Conservatory.
Antonín Dvořák 
 The opera is about a fairy-tale and the story is based on Hans Anderson’s story of the Little Mermaid.
Antonín Dvořák 
 Although he based his style on the classical forms such as those of Beethoven, they also show the influence of Czech folksong.
Antonín Dvořák 
 The last three symphonies, numbers 7, 8 and 9 (which used to be called numbers 2, 4 and 5) are the most often performed.
Antonín Dvořák 
 Dvořák wrote many operas (the best known of which is Rusalka); chamber music (including a number of string quartets, and quintets); songs; choral music; and piano music.
Leoš Janáček 
 Leoš Janáček (born Hukvaldy, Moravia, July 3 1854; died Moravská Ostrava, August 12 1928) was a Czech composer who lived at the end of the Romantic period and the beginning of the 20th century.
Leoš Janáček 
 He studied at the Prague Organ School for a year, but he was very poor and could not afford to go to concerts.
Leoš Janáček 
 His marriage was unhappy and, although they remained married all his life, they spent a lot of time separated.
Leoš Janáček 
 He went on a journey to northern Moravia to collect folk songs which he used in some of his dances for orchestra.
Leoš Janáček 
 He also worked on a system of speech-melody (making his melodies sound like the rhythm of his language) which was to influence his operas for the rest of his life.
Leoš Janáček 
 Janáček was now doing less teaching and concentrating on organizing the Brno Organ School which had moved into a new building because it now had 70 students.
Leoš Janáček 
 His compositions from the war years include Taras Bulba which is a work for orchestra which describes a story by the Russian writer Gogol.
Leoš Janáček 
 It was about a landlord from Prague who finds himself in the middle of the 15th century Hussite wars.
Leoš Janáček 
 He was also very happy because he was in love with Kamila Stösslová, who was 38 years younger than himself.
Leoš Janáček 
 He wrote three of his finest operas: Katya Kabanová, The Cunning Little Vixen and The Makropulos Affair.
Leoš Janáček 
 In 1926 he wrote an orchestral work: Sinfonietta, followed by a piano concerto for the left hand (pianist just playing with the left hand) and chamber ensemble, and the Glagolitic Mass. All these works had enormous success in Czechoslovakia as well as abroad, even as far away as New York.
Leoš Janáček 
 In the summer of 1928 he went there and was joined, for the first time in Hukvaldy, by Kamila, her 11-year-old boy and her husband.
Leoš Janáček 
 His funeral in Brno was a large public event, at which some music from his opera The Cunning Little Vixen was performed.
Leoš Janáček 
 Janáček grew up in the middle of the Romantic period, but most of his best music was written in 1920s, by which time musical styles had changed.
Leoš Janáček 
 Although he never wrote music which sounded as modern as that of Stravinsky or Schoenberg his music is Romantic, combined with Moravian folksong and sometimes with ideas from French impressionist composers such as Debussy.
Leoš Janáček 
 His music for instruments often started as programmatic, although a lot of it can be enjoyed without knowing the story it tells.
Leoš Janáček 
 He learned to write operas by learning from the operas of Smetana, but he made many changes such as shortening the duets and ensembles and using folksong in his melodies.
Leoš Janáček 
 Janáček was not just important as a composer, but is remembered for his studies of folk music, and as a music theorist and teacher.