the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Relative humidity 
 Relative humidity is a way of describing how much humidity is present in the air, compared to how much there could be.
Relative humidity 
 Meteorologists often use the relative humidity as a measurement to describe the weather at various places.
Relative humidity 
 If the actual amount of vapor is compared to the total amount there could be as a fraction, then the number tells if the air feels dry or moist.
Relative humidity 
 The value is usually written in percent, where 0% means that the air is totally dry, and 100% means that it is so moist that mist or dew is about to form.
Relative humidity 
 When the temperature is lowered to the dew point, relative humidity become 100% and the water vapor  condenses, making precipitation as dew, rain or snow (etc.).
Vitamin C 
 Lack of vitamin C was a serious health problem on long ocean trips where supplies of fresh fruit were quickly used up.
Vitamin C 
 Those that cannot include the main suborder of primates, the Haplorrhini: these are the tarsiers, monkeys and apes, including humans.
Vitamin C 
 Through history the need for people to eat fresh plant food to help them get through long sieges or long sea trips was known by some wise people but was often forgotten.
Vitamin C 
 The first attempt to prove this idea was by a ship's doctor in the British Royal Navy called James Lind, who at sea in May 1747 gave some crew members lemon juice as well as their normal ships food, while others continued on normal food alone.
Vitamin C 
 As well as lemons, limes and oranges; sauerkraut, salted cabbage, malt, and soup were tried with different effects.
Vitamin C 
 It was believed that only humans got scurvy but in 1907, Alex Holst and Theodore Frohlich, two Norwegian chemists found that guinea pigs could also get it if not given fresh food.
Vitamin C 
 In 1928 the Arctic explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson proved that Eskimo (Inuit) people are able to avoid scurvy with almost no plant food in their diet by eating raw meat.
Vitamin C 
 In 1912 the Polish American scientist Casimir Funk first used the word vitamin for something present in food in small amounts that is essential to health.
Vitamin C 
 From 1928 to 1933, the Hungarian research team of Joseph L Svirbely and Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, and separately the American Charles Glen King, first took out vitamin C from food and showed it to be an acid they called ascorbic acid.
Vitamin C 
 In 1933/1934, the British chemists  Norman Haworth and  Edmund Hirst, and separately the Polish Tadeus Reichstein, successfully synthesized the vitamin.
Vitamin C 
 In 1959 the American J.J. Burns showed that the reason why some animals get scurvy is because their liver cannot make one chemical enzyme that other animals have.
Vitamin C 
 Citrus fruits (such as lime, Indian gooseberry, lemon, orange, and grapefruit) are good sources of vitamin C.
Vitamin C 
 Other foods that are good sources of vitamin C include papaya, broccoli, brussels sprouts, blackcurrants, strawberries, cauliflower, spinach, cantaloupe, sweet peppers, and kiwifruit.
Vitamin C 
 The amount of vitamin C in foods of plant origin depends on the kind of plant, the kind of soil where it grew, how much rain and sun it got, the length of time since it was picked, and how it was stored since then.
Vitamin C 
 Synthesis is achieved through a sequence of enzyme driven steps, which convert glucose to ascorbic acid.
Vitamin C 
 It is carried out either in the kidneys, in reptiles and birds, or the liver, in mammals and perching birds.
Vitamin C 
 The loss of an enzyme concerned with ascorbic acid synthesis has occurred quite frequently in evolution and has affected most fish, many birds; some bats, guinea pigs and most but not all primates, including humans.
Vitamin C 
 The mutations have not been lethal because ascorbic acid is so prevalent in the surrounding food sources.
Vitamin C 
 It was only realised in the 1920s that some cuts of meat and fish are also a source of vitamin C for humans.
Vitamin C 
 The Reichstein process developed in the 1930s uses a single pre-fermentation followed by a purely chemical route.
Vitamin C 
 The more modern Two-Step fermentation process was originally developed in China in the 1960s, uses additional fermentation to replace part of the later chemical stages.
Vitamin C 
 In 1934, the Swiss pharmaceutical company Hoffmann-La Roche was the first to mass-produce synthetic vitamin C, under the brand name of Redoxon.
Vitamin C 
 Main producers today are BASF/ Takeda, Roche, Merck and the China Pharmaceutical Group Ltd of the People's Republic of China.
Vitamin C 
 In living organisms, ascorbate is an antioxidant, since it protects the body against oxidative stress.
Vitamin C 
 It is also a cofactor in at least eight enzymatic reactions, including several collagen synthesis reactions that cause the most severe symptoms of scurvy when they are dysfunctional.
Vitamin C 
 In animals, these reactions are especially important in wound-healing and in preventing bleeding from capillaries.
Vitamin C 
 Some tissues have a greater percentage of collagen, especially: skin, mucous membranes, teeth, and bones.
Vitamin C 
 Vitamin C is required for making of dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline in the nervous system or in the adrenal glands.
Vitamin C 
 Vitamin C is also needed to make carnitine, important in the transfer of energy to the cell mitochondria.
Vitamin C 
 The tissues with greatest percentage of vitamin C—over 100 times the level in blood plasma—are the adrenal glands, pituitary, thymus, corpus luteum, and retina.
Vitamin C 
 The brain, spleen, lung, testicle, lymph nodes, liver, thyroid, small intestinal mucosa, leukocytes, pancreas, kidney, and salivary glands usually have 10 to 50 times the concentration present in plasma.
Vitamin C 
 A healthy person on a balanced western diet should be able to get all the vitamin C needed to prevent the symptoms of scurvy from their daily diet.
Vitamin C 
 The amount of vitamin C needed to avoid deficiency symptoms and maintain health has been set by variously national agencies as follows:
Vitamin C 
 Some researchers have calculated the amount needed for an adult human to achieve similar blood serum levels as Vitamin C synthesising mammals as follows:
Vitamin C 
 High doses (thousands of mg) may result in diarrhoea, which is harmless if the dose is reduced immediately.
Vitamin C 
 Some researchers (Cathcart) claim the onset of diarrhoea to be an indication of where the body’s true vitamin C requirement lies.
Vitamin C 
 In April 1998 Nature reported alleged carcinogenic and teratogenic effects of excessive doses of vitamin C. This was given great prominence in the world's media.
Vitamin C 
 The effects were noted in test tube experiments and on only two of the 20 markers of free radical damage to DNA.
Vitamin C 
 Almost all mammals manufacture their own vitamin C in amounts equivalent to human doses of thousands of milligrams per day.
Vitamin C 
 Large amounts of the vitamin are used in orthomolecular medicine and no harmful effects have been observed even in doses of 10,000 mg per day or more.
Vitamin C 
 The evidence to support this idea, however, is ambiguous and the effect may depend on the dose size and dosing regime.
Vitamin C 
 The Vitamin C Foundation recommends 8 grams of vitamin C every half hour to show an effect on cold symptoms.
Vitamin C 
 Fred R. Klenner, a doctor in Reidsville, North Carolina reported in 1949 that poliomyelitis yielded to repeated megadoses of intravenous vitamin C.
Vitamin C 
 Nobel Prize winning chemist Linus Pauling began actively promoting vitamin C in the 1960s as a means to greatly improve human health and resistance to disease.
Vitamin C 
 A minority of medical and scientific opinion continues to see vitamin C as being a low cost and safe way to treat infectious disease and to deal with a wide range of poisons.
Vitamin C 
 A meta-study of the published research claimed that relatively high levels of vitamin C must be maintained in the body for it to function effectively as an antioxidant.
Vitamin C 
 One meta-study of the published research examined the effectiveness of ascorbic acid in the treatment of infectious disease and toxins.
Vitamin C 
 It was conducted in 2002 by Dr. Thomas Levy, Medical Director of the Colorado Integrative Medical Center in Denver.
Vitamin C 
 Some vitamin C advocates say that vitamin C is not used therapeutically because it cannot be patented.
Dichlorphenolindophenol 
 DCPIP (its full name is 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol) is a blue chemical used as a dye because when it is oxidized it is blue.
Dichlorphenolindophenol 
 It has a higher redox potential (electron affinity) than the Fe-S complex in cytochrome b and will therefore "steal" electrons from it.
Dichlorphenolindophenol 
 The process cuts off the electron supply of  photosystem I. A common way to illustrate this change is by the addition of vitamin C solution.
Dichlorphenolindophenol 
 This experiment can be carried out to illustrate the effect of changing cell sizes on SA/V (surface area:volume ratio).
Healthy diet 
 A healthy diet or balanced diet is a diet (what you eat) that contains the right amounts of all the food groups.
Healthy diet 
 Eating wrong amounts of a food group, whether it be too much or too little, is called an "unhealthy diet" or an "imbalanced diet".
Healthy diet 
 The best advice is to talk to a doctor or dietitian for personalized information based on an individual's lifestyle, health, and food likes and dislikes.
Healthy diet 
 Basic nutrition begins with a diet based on the major food groups that includes vegetables, whole grains, and dairy products.
Healthy diet 
 Foods should be those that can be found in local grocery stores instead of specialty and gourmet food stores.
Healthy diet 
 For example, labels usually show what foods are lower in sodium such as in soup, bread, and frozen meals.
Healthy diet 
 A healthy diet should include seafoods (such as salmon, tuna, and trout) and shellfish (such as crab, mussels, and oysters).
Healthy diet 
 Carbohydrates are one of the three macro-nutrients in the human diet (fat and protein are the other two).
Healthy diet 
 Eating healthy, along with physical exercise and practicing moderation, can lead to better health in the long run.
Dye 
 A dye can be natural, usually made from plant material such as berries, or artificial, meaning that it is made by humans from chemicals such as petrochemicals.
Dye 
 Most natural dyes are gotten from different parts of a plant like the roots, fruits, bark, leaves, wood, fungi and lichens.
Poetry 
 Some of forms are: Sonnet, Haiku, Ballad, Stev, Prose poem, Ode, Free verse, Blank verse, thematic, limerick and nursery rhymes.
Poetry 
 So called interdisciplinary poetry (wich means combination of different forms of poetry) are made possible by linking the poetic texts with audio, video or web-animation (e.g. with CSS) or among themselves via hyperlinks.
Poetry 
 Modern artists use digital poetry to not only express artistic intention, but also to design a layout around their texts.
Poetry 
 An example for this use of interdisciplinary art, which combines abstract text and abstract visuals is the german project "Schwarzer Flamingo".
Poetry 
 It uses digital poetry to collect pieces of written art but also to give different artists a plattform.
Literature 
 They can also be put into groups through their language, historical period, origin, genre, and subject.
Literature 
 The word "Literature" comes from the Latin word "Literatura" (English: "Learning", "Writing", "Grammar").
Literature 
 Literature can also mean imaginative or creative writing, which is looked at for its artistic value.
Imagination 
 When someone imagines something, they are trying to picture something in their mind that they are not experiencing at the moment or that is not really happening.
Calorimeter 
 A calorimeter is a tool that measures the amount of thermal energy contained in a substance, or released in a reaction.
Bolus 
 In medicine, a bolus is a large amount of a drug given to patients to raise the blood level before treatment.
Protease 
 We know this because different kinds of protease can do the same reaction in completely different ways.
Dental floss 
 These bacteria that come from the food on the teeth and between the teeth are called "plaque" or "bacterial plaque" and also can cause the gums to become less healthy. "
Dental floss 
 Very serious diseases can start on the teeth and move to the bone of the jaw, damaging the jaw badly.
Dental floss 
 Some people use toothpicks to try to remove trapped food from between the teeth and other people use dental floss to do this.
Dental floss 
 Dental floss can do most things that a toothpick can do but dental floss is much thinner than a toothpick and can thus get to places that most toothpicks cannot reach.
Dental floss 
 So floss presumably does a better job at getting bits of food out from between the teeth, relieving discomfort and pain quicker.
Rickets 
 Then the liver changes vitamin D3 into calcitriol, which sends calcium from the blood into the bones.
Rickets 
 The best way to do this is to get a lot of sunlight, and eat foods that have a lot of vitamin D and calcium in them.
Rickets 
 However, people who cannot get enough vitamin D and calcium this way can take supplements (vitamin pills that have calcium and vitamin D in them).
Rickets 
 Because of this, doctors suggest eating smaller amounts of foods with calcium in them, at different times in the day, instead of all at once.
Rickets 
 There are three ways to get vitamin D: sunlight, foods, or supplements (vitamin pills that have vitamin D in them).
Rickets 
 Babies who are only breastfed, and not fed any other foods, may be given vitamin D drops to make sure they do not get rickets.
Rickets 
 Children this age are at the greatest risk for rickets because their bones are growing so quickly, and are supposed to get bigger and stronger during this time
Rickets 
 Even mild sunscreen decreases the amount of vitamin D the body makes by 95% (by stopping the body from taking in vitamin D from sunlight)
Rickets 
 They do not eat enough food that has calcium or vitamin D in it, because of lactose intolerance or a strict vegan diet
Rickets 
 They cannot make or use vitamin D because of a medical disorder, like coeliac disease, or because they take certain anti-seizure medications
Protoplasm 
 However, this is rather misleading because the cytoplasm is full of structures called organelles, which do various tasks.
Protoplasm 
 The word "protoplasm" was first used in 1846 by Hugo von Mohl to describe the substance in plant cells, apart from the cell wall, the cell nucleus and the vacuole.
Protoplasm 
 After the invention of the electron microscope it was clear that a living cell is much more complicated than von Mohl knew.
Amylase 
 More accurately, it is a family of similar enzymes which work in a wide range of animals, plants and fungi.
Amylase 
 The closest evolutionary relatives of humans, chimpanzees and bonobos, have either one or no copies of the gene for producing salivary amylase.
Amylase 
 This shows the importance of salivary amylase in organisms that eat relatively large amounts of starch.
Amylase 
 After the agricultural revolution, human diet began to rely more on plant and animal domestication in place of hunting and gathering.
Amylase 
 This shift marked the beginning of a diet composed of 49% carbohydrates as opposed to the previous 35% observed in Paleolithic humans.
Amylase 
 Humans that contained amylase in the saliva would benefit from increased ability to digest starch more efficiently and in higher quantities.
Amylase 
 Populations which rely on carbohydrates have a higher number of AMY1 copies than populations that eat little starch.
Amylase 
 The number of AMY1 gene copies in humans can range from six copies in agricultural groups such as European-American and Japanese (two high starch populations) to only 2-3 copies in hunter-gatherer societies such as the Biaka, Datog, and Yakuts.
Amylase 
 The correlation between starch consumption and number of AMY1 copies suggests that more AMY1 copies in high starch populations is caused by natural selection.
Amylase 
 Therefore, it is likely that having more copies of AMY1 in a high starch population increases fitness and produces healthier, fitter offspring.
Amylase 
 Geographically close populations with different eating habits possess a different number of copies of the AMY1 gene.
Variegated leaf 
 A variegated leaf is useful in conducting experiments to show that chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis to happen.
Variegated leaf 
 The easiest of these experiments is to stain the places where starch is produced (starch is a more compact form of glucose).
Variegated leaf 
 Place the leaves in boiling water for six minutes to soften the cells, and then in ethanol (alcohol).
Variegated leaf 
 Soak the leaves in iodine and the green parts will turn blue/black and the non green parts will stay the yellowish brown colour of iodine liquid.
Seam ripper 
 The head has two points: one flattened to form a pointed blade and the other  forming a small point.
Seam ripper 
 The thread slips down between the two points, and the tool is then lifted upwards allowing the blade to cut through the thread.
Chemical cell 
 A rechargeable battery can be recharged by passing electric current backwards through the battery; it can then be used again to produce more electricity.
Chemical cell 
 Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from very small ones used in toys and cameras, to those used in cars or even larger ones.
Chemical cell 
 An extremely important class of oxidation and reduction reactions are used to provide useful electrical energy in batteries.
Chemical cell 
 A simple electrochemical cell can be made from copper and zinc metals with solutions of their sulphates.
Chemical cell 
 In the process of the reaction, electrons can be transferred from the zinc to the copper through an electrically conducting path as a useful electric current.
Chemical cell 
 An electrochemical cell can be created by placing metallic electrodes into an electrolyte where a chemical reaction either uses or generates an electric current.
Chemical cell 
 Electrochemical cells which generate an electric current are called voltaic cells or galvanic cells, and common batteries consist of one or more such cells.
Chemical cell 
 In other electrochemical cells an externally supplied electric current is used to drive a chemical reaction which would not occur spontaneously.
Chemical cell 
 An electrochemical cell which causes external electric current flow can be created using any two different metals since metals differ in their tendency to lose electrons.
Chemical cell 
 Zinc more readily loses electrons than copper, so placing zinc and copper metal in solutions of their salts can cause electrons to flow through an external wire which leads from the zinc to the copper.
Chemical cell 
 As a zinc atom provides the electrons, it becomes a positive ion and goes into aqueous solution, decreasing the mass of the zinc electrode.
Chemical cell 
 On the copper side, the two electrons received allow it to convert a copper ion from solution into an uncharged copper atom which deposits on the copper electrode, increasing its mass.
Chemical cell 
 The two reactions are typically writtenZn(s) --> Zn2+(aq) + 2e-Cu2+(aq) + 2e- --> Cu(s)The letters in parentheses are just reminders that the zinc goes from a solid (s) into a water solution (aq) and vice versa for the copper.
Chemical cell 
 It is typical in the language of electrochemistry to refer to these two processes as "half-reactions" which occur at the two electrodes.
Chemical cell 
 In order for the voltaic cell to continue to produce an external electric current, there must be a movement of the sulfate ions in solution from the right to the left to balance the electron flow in the external circuit.
Chemical cell 
 The metal ions themselves must be prevented from moving between the electrodes, so some kind of porous membrane or other mechanism must provide for the selective movement of the negative ions in the electrolyte from the right to the left.
Chemical cell 
 Energy is required to force the electrons to move from the zinc to the copper electrode, and the amount of energy per unit charge available from the voltaic cell is called the electromotive force (emf) of the cell.
Chemical cell 
 Clearly, to get energy from the cell, you must get more energy released from the oxidation of the zinc than it takes to reduce the copper.
Chemical cell 
 The cell can yield a finite amount of energy from this process, the process being limited by the amount of material available either in the electrolyte or in the metal electrodes.
Chemical cell 
 For example, if there were one mole of the sulfate ions SO42- on the copper side, then the process is limited to transferring two moles of electrons through the external circuit.
Chemical cell 
 The amount of electric charge contained in a mole of electrons is called the Faraday constant, and is equal to Avogadro's number times the electron charge:Faraday constant = F = NAe = 6.022 x 1023 x 1.602 x 10-19 = 96,485 Coulombs/moleThe energy yield from a voltaic cell is given by the cell voltage times the number of moles of electrons transferred times the Faraday constant.
Chemical cell 
 Electrical energy output = nFEcellThe cell emf Ecell may be predicted from the standard electrode potentials for the two metals.
Chemical cell 
 These hydrogen bubbles interfere with the passage of current so a simple cell can only be used for a short time.
Chemical cell 
 In the Leclanche battery, the depolarizer is manganese dioxide, which oxidizes the hydrogen to water.
Chemical cell 
 English chemist John Frederick Daniell developed a voltaic cell in 1836 which used zinc and copper and solutions of their ions.
Das Lied der Deutschen 
 Das Lied der Deutschen ("The Song of the German people"), also known as Deutschlandlied, ("The Song of Germany"), is a song written by Joseph Haydn and Hoffmann von Fallersleben.
Das Lied der Deutschen 
 A line from this song, "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit" ("Unity and justice and freedom") is the considered to be the unofficial motto of Germany.
Das Lied der Deutschen 
 The words which are used today were written by the poet August Heinrich Hoffman von Fallersleben in 1841.
Das Lied der Deutschen 
 Today, the first line "Germany, Germany above all" sounds too strong for some people, and is often misunderstood.
Das Lied der Deutschen 
 In 1918, it replaced the anthem of the German Empire "Heil Dir im Siegerkranz" ("Praise to the war-winner"), when the Emperor Wilhelm II lost power at the end of the First World War.
Das Lied der Deutschen 
 In 1921, a "fourth stanza", a new part or verse, was written by poet Albert Matthai with words about the difficult life in Germany at that time.
Das Lied der Deutschen 
 This offended the international audience as the first stanza supports Germany holding colonial powers in non-consenting nations.
Das Lied der Deutschen 
 In the other part of Germany, the Eastern Germany, the words of poet Johannes R. Becher ("Auferstanden aus Ruinen" - "Re-built from the Ruins") were used with a song written by Hanns Eisler.
Das Lied der Deutschen 
 It was not very popular, and from the 1970s the words were not sung, because of the line "Germany, [our] unified fatherland".
Das Lied der Deutschen 
 After East and West Germany united again in 1990, the Fallersleben song again became the national anthem of Germany but only the third part is used.
Evidence 
 For example, if someone come across a cup of spilled milk, that person could look for evidence as to how the milk was spilled.
Evidence 
 If hairs of a cat and paw prints were found on the ground, they could be evidence that a cat was the cause of the spilled milk.
Hill 
 A hill is a landform that is higher than the surrounding terrain and that is smaller than a mountain.
Enzyme 
 Enzymes speed up chemical reactions in the body, but do not get used up in the process, therefore can be used over and over again.
Enzyme 
 With an enzyme, chemical reactions go much faster than they would without the enzyme.p39  Other biocatalysts are catalytic RNA molecules, called ribozymes.