the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Battle of the Bulge 
 On 20 December, Eisenhower removed the First and Ninth U.S. Armies from Gen. Bradley's 12th Army Group and placed them under Montgomery's 21st Army Group.
Battle of the Bulge 
 By 21 December the Germans had surrounded Bastogne, which was defended by the 101st Airborne Division and Combat Command B of the 10th Armored Division.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Food was scarce, and by 22 December artillery ammunition was restricted to 10 rounds per gun per day.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The weather cleared the next day, however, and supplies (ammunition) were dropped over four of the next five days.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Because it lacked troops and those of the 26th VG Division were tired, the XLVII Panzer Corps concentrated its attack on several locations on the west side.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The next day, 26 December, Gen. Patton's 4th Armored Division broke through and opened a passage to Bastogne.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Allied air forces also helped the defenders of Bastogne, dropping medicine, food, blankets, and ammunition.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Units of the British XXX Corps were holding the bridges at Dinant, Givet, and Namur and U.S. units were about to take over.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Up to this point the German losses had been light, especially in armor, which was almost unharmed with the exception of Peiper's losses.
Battle of the Bulge 
 On the evening of 24 December, General Hasso von Manteuffel recommended to Hitler a stop to all operations and a withdrawal.
Battle of the Bulge 
 In the center, on Christmas Eve, the 2nd Armored Division attempted to attack the 2nd Panzer Division at the Meuse.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Further Allied attacks near Marche led the Germans to know that no further action towards the Meuse was possible.
Battle of the Bulge 
 At 16:50 on 26 December, the Company D, 37th Tank Battalion of the 4th Armored Division, reached Bastogne, ending the siege.
Battle of the Bulge 
 At 09:15, the Luftwaffe launched Unternehmen Bodenplatte (Operation Baseplate), a major campaign against Allied airfields in the Low Countries.
Battle of the Bulge 
 However, the Luftwaffe lost 277 planes, 62 to Allied fighters and 172 mostly because of an unexpectedly high number of Allied flak guns, set up to protect against German V-1 flying bomb attacks and using proximity fused shells, but also by friendly fire from the German flak guns that were uninformed of the pending large-scale German air operation.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The Germans suffered heavy losses at an airfield named Y-29, losing 24 of their own planes while downing only one American plane.
Battle of the Bulge 
 While the Allies recovered from their losses in just days, the operation left the Luftwaffe weak and ineffective for the remainder of the war.
Battle of the Bulge 
 On the same day, German Army Group G (Heeresgruppe G) and Army Group Upper Rhine (Heeresgruppe Oberrhein) launched a major offensive against the thinly stretched,  line of the Seventh U.S. Army.
Battle of the Bulge 
 This offensive, known as Unternehmen Nordwind (Operation North Wind), was the last major German offensive of the war on the Western Front.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The weakened Seventh Army had, at Eisenhower's orders, sent troops, equipment, and supplies north to reinforce the American armies in the Ardennes, and the offensive left it in dire straits.
Battle of the Bulge 
 With casualties mounting, and running short on replacements, tanks, ammunition, and supplies, Seventh Army was forced to withdraw to defensive positions on the south bank of the Moder River on 21 January.
Battle of the Bulge 
 In the bitter, desperate fighting of Operation Nordwind, VI Corps, which had borne the brunt of the fighting, suffered a total of 14,716 casualties.
Battle of the Bulge 
 While the German offensive had ground to a halt, they still controlled a dangerous salient in the Allied line.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Patton's Third Army in the south, centered around Bastogne, would attack north, Montgomery's forces in the north would strike south, and the two forces planned to meet at Houffalize.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Weapons had to be maintained and truck engines run every half-hour to prevent their oil from congealing.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Eisenhower wanted Montgomery to go on the counter offensive on 1 January, with the aim of meeting up with Patton's advancing Third Army and cutting off most of the attacking Germans, trapping them in a pocket.
Battle of the Bulge 
 However, Montgomery, refusing to risk underprepared infantry in a snowstorm for a strategically unimportant area, did not launch the attack until 3 January, by which time substantial numbers of German troops had already managed to fall back successfully, but at the cost of losing most of their heavy equipment.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The majority of the German force executed a successful fighting withdrawal and escaped the battle area, although the fuel situation had become so dire that most of the German armor had to be abandoned.
Battle of the Bulge 
 On 7 January 1945, Hitler agreed to withdraw all forces from the Ardennes, including the SS Panzer divisions, thus ending all offensive operations.
Battle of the Bulge 
 However, considerable fighting went on for another 3 weeks; St. Vith was recaptured by the Americans on 23 January and the last German units participating in the offensive did not return to their start line until 25 January.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Winston Churchill, addressing the House of Commons following the Battle of the Bulge said, "This is undoubtedly the greatest American battle of the war and will, I believe, be regarded as an ever-famous American victory."
Battle of the Bulge 
 This was approved by Eisenhower, as the northern armies had lost all communications with Bradley, who was based in Luxembourg.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Without radio or telephone communication Montgomery managed to improvise a way of communicating orders.
Battle of the Bulge 
 He called the battle "the most interesting, I think possibly one of the most interesting and tricky battles I have ever handled."
Battle of the Bulge 
 Despite his positive remarks about American soldiers, the Americans thought he took credit for the success of the campaign.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Patton and Eisenhower both felt he did not describe the share of the fighting played by the British and Americans in the Ardennes.
Battle of the Bulge 
 They thought that he did not tell about the part played by Bradley, Patton and other American commanders.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Montgomery saw his error and later wrote: "I think now that I should never have held that press conference."
Battle of the Bulge 
 The official U.S. account lists 80,987 American casualties, while other estimates range from 70,000 to 108,000.
Battle of the Bulge 
 According to the U.S. Department of Defense the American forces suffered 89,500 casualties including 19,000 killed, 47,500 wounded and 23,000 missing.
Battle of the Bulge 
 An official report by the United States Department of the Army lists some 108,347 casualties, including 19,246 killed, 62,489 wounded and 26,612 captured and missing.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The Battle of the Bulge was the most violent battle that U.S. forces experienced in World War II; the 19,000 American dead were unsurpassed by those of any other engagement.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The German High Command's official figure for the campaign was 84,834 casualties, and other estimates range between 60,000 and 100,000.
Battle of the Bulge 
 In early February, the Allies launched an attack all along the Western front: in the north under Montgomery toward Aachen; in the center, under Courtney Hodges; and in the south, under Patton.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The last of the German reserves were now gone, the Luftwaffe had been destroyed and the remaining German forces in the West were being pushed back to the defenses of the Siegfried Line.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The initial success of Hitler's Ardennes offensive, launched 16 December 1944, caused Churchill to ask Stalin on 6 January 1945 for Soviet help by launching a Soviet attack.
Battle of the Bulge 
 On Friday, 12 January, the Soviets began the Vistula–Oder Offensive, planned to begin on 20 January.
Battle of the Bulge 
 In the midst of the Battle of the Bulge, General Eisenhower was short of replacement troops so he allowed African American soldiers to join the white military units to fight in combat for the first time.
Battle of the Bulge 
 We owe our freedom to GIs who fought Battle of the Bulge  by Peter Thomas, veteran of the Hurtgen Forest and Bulge Battles.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Oral history interview with Patrick J. Fay, an infantry scout during the Battle of the Bulge from the Veterans History Project at Central Connecticut State University
Battle of the Bulge 
 Oral history interview with Frank Ladwig, an officer who worked on the logistics of the Battle of the Bulge from the Veterans History Project at Central Connecticut State University
Battle of the Bulge 
 Personalize History – Personal diary account from a radio operator in the 101st Airborne during the Battle of the Bulge.
Moon 
 It moves slowly away from the earth at a rate of 3.8 cm per year, due to the effect of tidal dissipation.
Moon 
 Rocket parts are expected to fall on the Moon on March 4, 2022; They come from a carrier rocket that sent the Deep Space Climate Observatory satellite "to a gravitationally-stable Lagrange point", in 2015.
Moon 
 As it goes around (or orbits) the Earth, sometimes the side that people on Earth can see is all lit brightly.
Moon 
 It takes the Moon about 29.53 days (29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes) to complete the cycle, from big and bright to small and dim and back to big and bright.
Moon 
 The next phase of the moon is called the "waxing crescent", followed by the "first quarter", "waxing gibbous", then to a full moon.
Moon 
 As the Moon continues its orbit it becomes a "waning gibbous", "third quarter", "waning crescent", and finally back to a new moon.
Moon 
 The side facing away from Earth is called the far side or dark side of the Moon even though the sun does shine on it—we just never see it lit.
Moon 
 Astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their lunar ship (the Eagle) on the surface of the moon.
Moon 
 Then, as half the world watched him on television, Armstrong climbed down the ladder of the Eagle and was the first human to touch the Moon as he said, "That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind."
Moon 
 Even though their footprints were left on the moon a long time ago, it is likely that they are still there, as there is no wind or rain, making erosion extremely slow.
Moon 
 A person who jumped as high as possible on the moon would jump higher than on Earth, but still fall back to the ground.
Moon 
 Because the Moon has no atmosphere, there is no air resistance, so a feather will fall as fast as a hammer.
Moon 
 In the Earth, the sky is blue because the blue rays of the sun bounce off the gases in the atmosphere, making it look like blue light is coming from the sky.
Moon 
 There is no atmosphere to protect the moon from the rocks that fall from outer space, and these meteorites crash right into the moon and make wide, shallow holes called craters.
Moon 
 The giant impact hypothesis is that the Moon was created out of the debris from a collision between the young Earth and a Mars-sized protoplanet.
Moon 
 During the Cold War, the United States Army thought about making a military post on the Moon, able to attack targets on Earth.
Moon 
 Even though the Soviet Union left remains on the Moon, and the United States left a few flags, no country has control over the Moon.
Moon 
 The U.S. and Soviet Union both signed the Outer Space Treaty, which calls the Moon and all of outer space the "province of all mankind".
Moon 
 This treaty also banned all use of the military of the Moon, including nuclear weapons tests and military bases.
Will Ryan 
 Since 1988 he has done the voice of Eugene Meltsner (and other characters: Harlow Doyle, Officer O'Ryan, Officer David Harley, etc.)
Captivity (animal) 
 Captivity can be used as a term meaning the keeping of either domesticated animals (livestock, pets) or wild animals.
Captivity (animal) 
 Sometimes humans take care of critically endangered animals and therefore these animals are in captivity.
Native Americans in the United States 
 Native Americans in the United States (also known as American Indians) are the indigenous peoples from the areas of North America now part of the continental United States, including parts of Alaska.
Native Americans in the United States 
 Native American and Native Alaskan women are more likely to be targets of sexual violence than other women.
Brian Cowen 
 He became the taoiseach on 7 May 2008, after Bertie Ahern, he resigned after losing a general election on 9 March 2011.
Web chat 
 Apart from the browser you do not need anything else, which makes a web chat easy to use and ideal for people not very experienced with computers.
British Grand Prix 
 The British Grand Prix is a grand prix motor race organised in Great Britain by the Royal Automobile Club.
British Grand Prix 
 A green background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war World Manufacturers' Championship.
British Grand Prix 
 Multiple winners (engine manufacturers)Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season.
British Grand Prix 
 A green background indicates an event which was part of the AIACR World Manufacturers' Championship.
Ob River 
 Some important cities on the banks of the river include Novosibirsk (Russia's third largest city), Barnaul, Kolpashevo, Nizhnevartovsk, Surgut, Khanty-Mansiysk, Beryozovo, Labytnangi, and Salekhard.
Deductive reasoning 
 Deductive arguments are attempts to show that a conclusion must follow from a set of premises or hypotheses.
Deductive reasoning 
 Aristotle, the first person we know who wrote down laws of deduction, gives this example of deduction:
Deductive reasoning 
 Deductive reasoning is often called "top-down logic", whereas inductive reasoning is called "bottom-up reasoning".
Inductive reasoning 
 For example, watching water in many different situations, we can conclude that water always flows downhill.
Inductive reasoning 
 Early civilisations thought this meant they revolved around the Earth, because that is what they always seem to do.
Inductive reasoning 
 We now know this is quite wrong, but discovering the real explanation was the start of modern science (see Copernicus, Galileo and heliocentrism).
Inductive reasoning 
 What they did was to work out an alternative theory or hypothesis, which eventually was shown to be a much better explanation of all the observations.
Inductive reasoning 
 That is real science, but the observations of the heavens, which started with the Babylonians, showed the regularity which needed to be explained.
Inductive reasoning 
 Another example is the work of Darwin, who spent half his life collecting interesting facts about animals and plants.
Inductive reasoning 
 It is well known now that the theory of evolution by natural selection best explains the way the living world has come to be as we see it.
Inductive reasoning 
 The philosophy of science is about testing hypotheses, rather than collecting facts, though facts are the basis of all science.
Inductive reasoning 
 The philosopher Hume said it meant “instances of which we have had no experience resemble those of which we have had experience”.
Inductive reasoning 
 Later, John Stuart Mill raised the question “Why is a single instance, in some cases, sufficient for a complete induction, while in others [many examples] go such a little way towards establishing a universal proposition?”
Oklahoma Territory 
 Oklahoma Territory was an organized territory of the United States from May 2, 1890 until November 16, 1907, when Oklahoma became the 46th state.
Oklahoma Territory 
 Greer County – March 16, 1896 – officially assigned to Oklahoma Territory (Supreme Court decision May 23, 1895, separated the county from Texas).
Scientific theory 
 In modern science, a scientific theory is a tested and expanded hypothesis that explains many experiments.
Scientific theory 
 If anyone finds a case where all or part of a scientific theory is false, then that theory is either changed or thrown out.
Scientific theory 
 In ancient times, people believed that diseases were caused by the gods, or by curses, or by improper behavior.
Scientific theory 
 With the invention of the microscope, germs were discovered, and the germ theory of disease was proposed.
Scientific theory 
 However, the germ theory of disease had to be modified, because some diseases are not caused by germs.
Scientific theory 
 The flu and scurvy are examples of diseases that are not caused by bacteria, but viruses or poor nutrition.
Scientific theory 
 Scientists modified the germ theory of disease, so that today we would state that theory as "Some diseases are caused by germs".
Scientific theory 
 To be a scientific theory, a theory must be tested a large number of times, by different scientists in different places, and must pass the test every time.
Scientific theory 
 A scientific theory in one branch of science must hold true in all of the other branches of science.
Scientific theory 
 For example, the atomic theory of matter, that all matter is made up of atoms, was discovered using physics, but the chemicals used in chemistry, the living tissue used in biology, the rocks studied in geology, and the planets studied in astronomy are all made up of atoms.
Scientific theory 
 The discovery of an exception to a scientific theory is a major event, and a scientist can become famous by discovering an exception to a rule.
Scientific theory 
 Einstein became famous for his theory of relativity, which found an exception to Isaac Newton's laws of motion.
Scientific theory 
 Newton's theory, which had been accepted for hundreds of years, had to be changed, and has been changed.
Scientific theory 
 The law of conservation of mass and energy: in chemical and physical reactions, mass and energy stay the same, in atomic reactions, mass is changed to energy or energy to mass according to the formula E = mc2.
Scientific theory 
 The tectonic theory of geology: the surface of the earth is composed of tectonic plates, which move slowly.
Scientific theory 
 The periodic table of elements: atoms are distinguished by their atomic number and atomic weight, and can be arranged in a table which illustrates their properties.
Scientific theory 
 Quantum theory: the smallest amount of energy is a "quantum unit", and all energy comes in multiples of this amount.
Scientific theory 
 The theory of evolution: It explains how living things changed over a long time, and how they have come to be the way they are.
Marin-Epagnier 
 Marin-Epagnier is a former municipality in the district of Neuchâtel in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel.
Marin-Epagnier 
 In 1888, the formerly independent municipality merged with Epagnier and Marin to form Marin-Epagnier.
Marin-Epagnier 
 On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Marin-Epagnier and Thielle-Wavre joined together and became the new municipality of La Tène.
Marin-Epagnier 
 It lies at the northeastern tip of Lake Neuchâtel close to Biel, at the boundary between French- and German-speaking regions, and at a knot of highways.
Marin-Epagnier 
 La Tène is a village at the eastern end of the Lake Neuchâtel (Lac de Neuchâtel), a lake in Switzerland.
Magdalenenberg 
 In his first-hand account of the Gallic Wars (Commentarii de Bello Gallico), Julius Caesar observes that the Gallic people have a moon- based calendar, and that the big event for them was what astronomers now call the Lunar Standstill, which occurs every 18.6 years.
Magdalenenberg 
 Lunar Standstills are marked in several ancient cultures (including sites in Colorado and Ohio), usually by standing stones that indicate the point where the moon seems to rise and set in the same place, instead of rising in one place and appearing to move across the sky to set in another.
Magdalenenberg 
 Now a German scholar, Dr Allard Mees, a researcher at the Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum in Mainz, has discovered evidence to back Caesar’s observation: a huge royal tomb that functions as a lunar calendar and that preserves a map of the sky at Midsummer 618 BC, the presumed date of the burial.
Magdalenenberg 
 Dr Mees said that Magdalenenberg was ‘the earliest and most complete example of a Celtic calendar focused on the moon’, and that following Caesar’s conquest of Gaul, ‘Gallic culture was destroyed and these types of calendar were completely forgotten in Europe, to be replaced by the Roman sun-based calendar’.
Cenote 
 The term comes from a word used by the lowland Yucatec Maya to refer to any location where groundwater can be got at.
Cenote 
 While the most well-known cenotes are large open water pools measuring tens of metres in diameter, such as those at Chichén Itzá, most cenotes are smaller sheltered sites and do not necessarily have any surface exposed water.
Cenote 
 The term cenote has also been used to describe similar karst  features in other countries such as Cuba and Australia, in addition to the more generic term of sinkholes.
Cenote 
 Cenote water is often very clear, as the water comes from rain water infiltrating slowly through the ground.
Cenote 
 The groundwater flow rate within a cenote may be very slow at velocities ranging from 1 to 1000 meters per year.
Cenote 
 They have explored extensive flooded cave systems, some of which have been investigated for 100 kilometers or more.
Cenote 
 Cenotes in or near the Yukatán may have been caused by the Chicxulub meteor impact 60 million years ago.
Monkton, Kent 
 It is at the southwestern edge of the Isle of Thanet, Kent near St Nicholas at Wade and Minster-in-Thanet.
Monkton, Kent 
 Inside the Church is a plaque, commemorating a local soldier, Euncie Rochelle, who died in the Iraq war.
Monkton, Kent 
 Monkton is no longer thought of as a village in its own right and is usually assumed to be part of neighbouring village Minster-in-Thanet.
Monkton, Kent 
 In the November of 2007, the village exploded, with the remains afterwards being burnt down, with firefighters attempting to put out the blaze, but having so few people and being so far away from any other main towns, the thirty firefighters were unable to reach it in time.
Monkton, Kent 
 However, Minster was reported to have complained about the overcrowding caused by this and threw out the newcomers, expecting them to go back to the destroyed settlement.
Monkton, Kent 
 Unfortunately for the hamlet, Monkton's largest building, a single storey house, was also lost, and therefore it is thought to take a long time before the people of Monkton are able to resettle in a new place, or whether they will be able to reconstruct some of their old one.
Electric chair 
 An electric chair is a specially built chair which is used to execute condemned criminals by electrocuting (giving them a strong electric shock) them.
Electric chair 
 This means that they are being killed as a punishment for a crime that they were accused of, usually murder.
Electric chair 
 An electric chair is a strong wooden chair which has electrodes (which are objects often made out of metal that conduct electricity) for running electric current through the convict's body.
Electric chair 
 It is also a part of Americana (that is: cultural symbols of USA) and the electric chairs of many states have ironic nicknames like Old Sparky, Yellow Mama, Gruesome Gertie, Sizzling Sally or Hot Seat.
Electric chair 
 Dr. Southwick had seen a drunk man falling in a generator and dying immediately from electric shock.
Electric chair 
 This execution method has been used only in the United States and, for several decades, in the Philippines (its first use there in 1924, last in 1976).
Electric chair 
 However, it is becoming replaced as a method of executing criminals in the United States by lethal injection.
Electric chair 
 Death in the electric chair is usually quick as the convict dies from electric shock which stops the heart.