the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Chess 
 The simplest way to learn the middlegame is to select an opening and learn it well (see examples in English opening and French defence).
Chess 
 The centre: in the centre pieces have their greatest effect, and some (such as the knight) attack more squares in the centre than at the sides.
Chess 
 He can do this by playing 10.g3, or by playing 10.Re1 so that if 10...Nf4 11.Bf1 will preserve the bishop (in this position an important defensive piece).
Chess 
 What the player does is note the features on the board, and formulate a plan which takes the features into account.
Chess 
 The endgame (or end game or ending) is the part of the game when there are few pieces left on the board.
Chess 
 In the endgame, one thing players try to do is to promote a pawn by advancing it to the eighth rank.
Chess 
 Draws: in the endgame, a game may be drawn because there are too few pieces on the board to allow a player to win.
Chess 
 The ones that are drawn for certain may be legally drawn (mate could not happen) or drawn by chess experience (no sane defence could lose).
Chess 
 Generally, once a 'textbook' drawn position is reached the players will agree a draw; otherwise they play on.
Chess 
 For example, king and pawn endgames have only kings and pawns on one or both sides and the task of the stronger side is to promote one of the pawns.
Chess 
 Other endings are studied according to the pieces on board other than kings, e.g. rook and pawn versus rook endgame.
Chess 
 Basic checkmates are positions in which one side has only a king and the other side has one or two pieces, enough to checkmate the opponent's king.
Chess 
 Quite a number have been devised; they can play at master level, though their processes are quite different from a human being.p87
Chess 
 The existence of chess databases is one of the reasons young players can achieve mastery at an early age.
Chess 
 If that computer happens to be a laptop, then they might take the laptop to tournaments, to help prepare for games.
Chess 
 Players may not use computers or any other aid during games, but much preparation goes on behind the scenes.
Chess 
 This is a Dutch magazine for advanced players, which runs an on-line database called NicBase as part of its services.
Chess 
 All standards of players are amongst the members, and various events are on offer at different rates of play.
Chess 
 and  This goes further than improvers need, but might be used by chess teachers as a source of classic positions.
Gold 
 As a precious metal, it has been used for many thousands of years by people all over the world, for jewelry, and as money.
Gold 
 When it is used in money or in jewelry, it is often alloyed with silver or some other metal to make it harder.
Gold 
 Caesium also has a gold-like color, but it is not commonly used as a metal because it reacts with water.
Gold 
 Gold is a fairly good electrical conductor, better than aluminium, but not as good as copper or silver.
Gold 
 Copper and brass electrical connectors, especially those used with computer and audio/video equipment, are often plated with gold for corrosion resistance.
Gold 
 Most of the cyanide is destroyed in the production process, so it is not present in the final product, but it can be a hazard to workers in a gold processing plant.
Century 
 The ancient Romans used the word centuria to describe a group of about one hundred soldiers, organized into a single unit.
Kilogram 
 An object with a mass (m) of one kilogram will accelerate (a) at one meter per second per second when acted upon by a force (F) of one newton.
Kilogram 
 Matter has invariant mass assuming it is not traveling at a relativistic speed with respect to an observer.
Kilogram 
 According to Einstein’s theory of special relativity, the relativistic mass (apparent mass with respect to an observer) of an object or particle with rest mass m0 increases with its speed as M=γm0 (where γ is the Lorentz factor).
Kilogram 
 This effect is vanishingly small at everyday speeds, which are by orders of magnitude less than the speed of light, but becomes noticeable at very high speeds.
Kilogram 
 For example, traveling at just 10% the speed of light with respect to an observer—exceedingly fast compared to everyday speeds (about )—increases an object’s relativistic mass just over 0.5%.
Kilogram 
 As regards the kilogram, relativity’s effect upon the constancy of matter’s mass is simply an interesting scientific phenomenon that has zero effect on the definition of the kilogram and its practical realizations.</ref> Objects are "weightless" for astronauts in microgravity.
Kilogram 
 Astronaut must use ten times as much force to accelerate a ten-kilogram object at the same rate as a one-kilogram object.
Second 
 In science, a second is the time it takes for a caesium atom to vibrate 9,192,631,770 (around 9 billion) times.
Second 
 Metric prefixes are frequently combined with the word second to denote subdivisions of the second, e.g., the millisecond (one thousandth of a second) and nanosecond (one billionth of a second).
Second 
 Though SI prefixes may also be used to form multiples of the second (such as “kilosecond”, or one thousand seconds), such units are rarely used in practice.
Second 
 More commonly encountered, non-SI units of time such as the minute, hour, and day increase by multiples of 60 and 24 (rather than by powers of ten as in the SI system).
Second 
 Under the International System of Units, the second is currently defined as the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.
Second 
 1/86,400 day (1 day, in the sense of non-SI units accepted for use with the International System of Units, is equal to 86,400 seconds)
Second 
 There are 31,536,000 seconds in a common year, 31,622,400 seconds in a leap year, and 31,557,600 seconds in a Julian year
Second 
 Originally, the second was known as a "second minute", meaning the second minute (i.e. small) division of an hour.
Second 
 The hour had been defined by the ancient Egyptians as either 1/12 of daytime or 1/12 of nighttime, hence both varied with the seasons.
Second 
 Greek astronomers, for example Hipparchus and Ptolemy, defined the hour as 1/24 of a mean solar day.
Second 
 SI prefixes are commonly used for times shorter than one second, but rarely for multiples of a second.
Second 
 Instead, certain non-SI units are permitted for use in SI: minutes, hours, days, and in astronomy Julian days.
Second 
 Greek time periods, for example the mean synodic month, were usually specified quite precisely because they were calculated from carefully selected eclipses separated by hundreds of years—individual mean synodic months and similar time periods cannot be measured.
Second 
 Nevertheless, with the development of pendulum clocks keeping mean time (as opposed to the apparent time displayed by sundials), the second became measurable.
Second 
 The seconds pendulum was proposed as a unit of length as early as 1660 by the Royal Society of London.
Second 
 The duration of a beat or half period (one swing, not back and forth) of a pendulum one metre in length on the Earth's surface is approximately one second.
Second 
 In 1956 the second was defined in terms of the period of revolution of the Earth around the Sun for a particular epoch, because by then it had become recognized that the Earth's rotation on its own axis was not sufficiently uniform as a standard of time.
Second 
 The Earth's motion was described in Newcomb's Tables of the Sun, which provides a formula for the motion of the Sun at the epoch 1900 based on astronomical observations made between 1750 and 1892.
Second 
 The tropical year in the definition was not measured, but calculated from a formula describing a tropical year which decreased linearly over time, hence the curious reference to a specific instantaneous tropical year.
Second 
 Because this second was the independent variable of time used in ephemerides of the Sun and Moon during most of the twentieth century (Newcomb's Tables of the Sun were used from 1900 through 1983, and Brown's Tables of the Moon were used from 1920 through 1983), it was called the ephemeris second.
Second 
 When atomic clocks were made, they became the basis of the definition of the second, rather than the revolution of the Earth around the Sun.
Second 
 Following several years of work, Louis Essen from the National Physical Laboratory (Teddington, England) and William Markowitz from the United States Naval Observatory (USNO) determined the relationship between the hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium atom and the ephemeris second.
Second 
 Using a common-view measurement method based on the received signals from radio station WWV, they determined the orbital motion of the Moon about the Earth, from which the apparent motion of the Sun could be inferred, in terms of time as measured by an atomic clock.
Second 
 As a result, in 1967 the Thirteenth General Conference on Weights and Measures defined the second of atomic time in the International System of Units (SI) as
Second 
 the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom.
Second 
 The definition of the second was later refined at the 1997 meeting of the BIPM to include the statement
Second 
 The revised definition would seem to imply that the ideal atomic clock would contain a single caesium atom at rest emitting a single frequency.
Second 
 In practice, however, the definition means that high-precision realizations of the second should compensate for the effects of the ambient temperature (black-body radiation) within which atomic clocks operate and extrapolate accordingly to the value of the second as defined above.
Second 
 Sometimes in role-playing games a second is used to refer to a small period of time or a single turn of combat.
Second 
 It is used as a standard moment of time, and does not necessarily refer to a real second, and could be shorter or longer depending on the scenario.
Second 
 Until modern times, degrees and hours were divided successively by 60 in pars minuta prima, pars minuta secunda, pars minuta tertia and so on.
Second 
 This evolved to the modern minute and second, but for smaller divisions we follow now the decimal division.
Second 
 In some languages, dictionaries still keep the word for third for 1/60 of a second, for example Polish (tercja) and Arabic (ثالثة).
Orange (color) 
 The first recorded use of orange as a color name in English was in 1512, in the court of King Henry VIII.
Orange (color) 
 Orange is very easy to see, so people can use it to catch attention and highlight the most important elements of a design.
Basque Country (greater region) 
 The Basque Country (Basque: Euskal Herria) is a region in Southwestern Europe that is within the borders of France and Spain.
Basque Country (greater region) 
 Its boundaries are complicated, as it consists of seven districts: four within Spain and three within France.
Basque Country (greater region) 
 Many say that they have been in Europe since the Neolithic period at the end of the Stone Age, but others say that they were here even earlier.
Basque Country (greater region) 
 The first written information about the Basque Country is from the Roman times, when the Basque people already spoke their own language.
Basque Country (greater region) 
 During the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Basque Country was isolated from the invading Goths.
Basque Country (greater region) 
 During the Muslim invasion of Southern Europe, the Basque Country split in two: the Castilian and the Navarrese lands.
Basque Country (greater region) 
 After the Reconquista, the Castilian Basque lands and Navarre became part of the new country: Spain.
Basque Country (greater region) 
 Since then, Basque people from the Spanish area of the Basque Country have had their own government and have fought to gain the northern part of the Basque Country from France.
Basque Country (greater region) 
 Today, three of the Basque districts in Spain (Araba, Bizkaia, and Gipuzkoa) form the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country.
Basque Country (greater region) 
 The three districts in the North (French) Basque Country are Lapurdi (Labourd), Nafarroa Beherea (Basse-Navarre) and Zuberoa/Xiberoa (Soule).
Basque Country (greater region) 
 The Autonomous Community of the Basque Country has 7,234 km2 (2793 sq mi), and its population is about 2,000,000 - about 5% of the total population of Spain.
Basque Country (greater region) 
 Basque and Spanish are spoken, and its largest city is Bilbao although the capital is Vitoria-Gasteiz.
M-theory 
 M-theory is a new idea in small-particle physics that is part of superstring theory that was initially proposed by Edward Witten.
M-theory 
 The idea, or theory, often causes arguments among scientists, because there is no way to test it to see if it is true.
M-theory 
 For hundreds of years, scientists have thought that the simplest objects in the universe are points, like dots.
M-theory 
 String theory says that this is wrong and that the simplest objects in the universe are shaped like pieces of string.
M-theory 
 The reason scientists had not thought of this idea for so long is that strings are much harder to work with than points.
M-theory 
 They seem to break such rules as causality and special relativity, which says that information cannot travel faster than the speed of light.
M-theory 
 String theory has been developed because of a very important problem that has existed for almost 100 years.
M-theory 
 Albert Einstein's theory that describes the universe on very large scales (it is called general relativity), and it disagrees with two theories that describe things on very small scales (they are called quantum mechanics and the standard model).
M-theory 
 There are also problems with the Standard Model: it includes about 20 numbers that seem to have no explanation; it has too many basic particles - some scientists think it needs to have fewer; and it does not include gravity, which is needed to explain weight.
M-theory 
 String theory includes particles that cause gravity, called gravitons; finding this out delighted the scientists who work on string theory.
M-theory 
 These six other directions can be explained if they are "curled up", so they are much too small to see.
M-theory 
 For example, by following the path of a spiral, it is possible to go a great distance along it without moving very far.
M-theory 
 The 6 other directions can be thought of as tiny spirals - strings can move along them a great distance but not seem to move.
M-theory 
 This can be looked at as a mathematical trick—a trick that has little to do with the real world that can  be seen and touched.
M-theory 
 In 1995 Edward Witten started what has been called the Second Superstring Revolution by introducing M-theory to the world.
M-theory 
 This theory combines the 5 different string theories (along with a previously abandoned attempt to unify General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics called 11D-Supergravity) into one theory.
M-theory 
 What Witten actually did was to predict that the fact that all these different theories were connected was a result of there being some underlying theory of  which they were all approximations.
M-theory 
 Additionally, it was found that the equations that required string theory to exist in 10 dimensions were actually approximations as well.
M-theory 
 The proposed M-theory would need one extra dimension and instead be a theory that takes place in 11 dimensions.
M-theory 
 Witten has himself compared this idea in simple terms to a general who takes up a position on a hilltop, the extra space-coordinate, to get a better view of the battlefield's two other dimensions.
M-theory 
 The combination is accomplished by knitting together a web of relationships between each of the string theories called dualities (specifically, S-duality, T-duality, and U-duality).
M-theory 
 It was discovered that by taking a Type IIA string theory that has a size R and changing the radius to 1/R the result will end up being what is equivalent to a Type IIB theory of size R. This duality, along with the others, creates connections between all 5 (or 6, if supergravity is counted) theories.
M-theory 
 The fact that these dualities existed had been known before Witten came up with the idea of M-theory.
M-theory 
 Additional amusement has come for many in guessing what the M might stand for (possibilities include Matrix, Magic, Muffin, Mystery, Mother and Membrane).
M-theory 
 Regardless of what the M might possibly mean, M-theory has become one of the most interesting and active areas of research in theoretical physics today.
M-theory 
 Brian Greene has written a book that explains string theory and M-theory for the layman called The Elegant Universe
M-theory 
 The Official String Theory Website has excellent references on string theory for the layman and expert
Jaguar Cars 
 In 1999 it was made part of Ford's "Premier Automotive Group" along with Aston Martin, Land Rover, Volvo and Lincoln.
Jaguar Cars 
 As of 2017, JLR sells the following different Jaguar automobile ranges: XJ, XF, XE, XK, F-Pace, E-Pace, iPace, and the F-Type.
Scientific method 
 Scientific method refers to ways to investigate phenomena, get new knowledge, correct errors and mistakes, and test theories.
Scientific method 
 The Oxford English Dictionary says that scientific method is: "a method or procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses".
Scientific method 
 It is an answer to the question: is there a way to tell whether a concept or theory is science, as opposed to some other kind of knowledge or belief?
Scientific method 
 Logical positivists thought a theory was scientific if it could be verified; but Karl Popper thought this was a mistake.
Scientific method 
 They support a theory when its predictions are confirmed, and challenge it when its predictions prove false.
Scientific method 
 Scientific researchers offer hypotheses as explanations of phenomena, and design experiments to test these hypotheses.
Scientific method 
 Since big theories cannot be tested directly, it is done by testing predictions derived from the theory.
Scientific method 
 These steps must be repeatable, to guard against mistake or confusion by any particular experimenter.
Scientific method 
 To reduce biased interpretations of results, scientists publish their work, and so share data and methods with other scientists.
Scientific method 
 Science and things that are not science (such as pseudoscience) are often distinguished by whether they use the scientific method.
Scientific method 
 One of the first people to create an outline of the steps in the scientific method was John Stuart Mill.
Scientific method 
 Other fields, such as many fields of social science, have rough theories and rely more on patterns that emerge from their data.
Scientific method 
 Sometimes scientists focus on testing and confirming hypotheses, but open-ended exploration is also important.
Scientific method 
 But some areas, especially in social science, use qualitative methods, such as interviews or detailed observations of human or animal behavior.
Scientific method 
 This idea of a single scientific method is largely based on experimental, hypothesis-testing, quantitative areas of science.
Scientific method 
 More people like the color blue than green" could be a scientific hypothesis, though, because one could ask many people whether they like blue more than green and come up with an answer one way or the other.
Scientific method 
 An experiment should be able to tell the scientist if the hypothesis is wrong; it may not tell him or her if the hypothesis is right.
Scientific method 
 In the example above, an experiment might involve asking many people what their favorite colors are.
Scientific method 
 These are all the types of questions that scientists have to ask, before they make an experiment and do it.
Scientific method 
 To do this, they try to make every part of an experiment the same for everything, except for the thing they want to test.
Scientific method 
 A key element of science is sharing the results of experiments, so that other scientists can then use the knowledge themselves and all of science can benefit.
Scientific method 
 Usually scientists do not trust a new claim unless other scientists have looked it over first to make sure it sounds like real science.
Scientific method 
 Although written as a list, scientists may go back and forth between different steps a number of times before being satisfied with the answer.
Scientific method 
 Let's say we are going to find out the effect of temperature on the way sugar dissolves in a glass of water.
Scientific method 
 One simple experiment would be to dissolve sugar in water of different temperatures and to keep track of how much time it takes for the sugar to dissolve.
Scientific method 
 This would be a test of the idea that the rate of dissolving varies according to the kinetic energy of the solvent.
Scientific method 
 We want to make sure to use exactly the same amount of water in each trial, and exactly the same amount of sugar.
Scientific method 
 It might be, for example, that the ratio of sugar to water is also a factor in the rate of dissolving.
Scientific method 
 To be extra careful, we might also run the experiment so that the water temperature does not change during the experiment.
Scientific method 
 This means that, of the factors which might have an effect, only one is being changed in the experiment.
Scientific method 
 We will do the experiment in three trials, which are exactly the same, except for the temperature of the water.
Scientific method 
 One way that makes it easy to see results is to make a table of them, listing all of the things that changed each time we ran the experiment.
Scientific method 
 If every other part of the experiment was the same (we did not use more sugar one time than the other, we did not stir one time or the other, etc.),
Scientific method 
 An example of a hidden cause might be that sugar dissolves faster each time more sugar is dissolved into the same pot.
Scientific method 
 This is probably not true, but if it were, it could make the results exactly the same: three trials, and the last one would be fastest.
Scientific method 
 We have no reason to think that this is true at this time, but we might want to note it as another possible answer.
Scientific method 
 Very often the result of a scientific experiment is difficult or impossible to replicate later, either by independent researchers or by the original researchers themselves.
Scientific method 
 While the crisis has long-standing roots, the phrase was coined in the early 2010s as part of a growing awareness of the problem.
Scientific method 
 Since the reproducibility of experiments is an essential part of the scientific method, the inability to replicate studies has potentially grave consequences.
Scientific method 
 The replication crisis has been particularly widely discussed in the field of psychology (and in particular, social psychology) and in medicine, where a number of efforts have been made to re-investigate classic results, and to attempt to determine both the validity of the results, and, if invalid, the reasons for the failure of replication.
Scientific method 
 Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965–1039), Robert Grosseteste (1175–1253) and Roger Bacon (1214–1294), all made some progress in developing scientific method.
Scientific method 
 Scientists in the 17th century started agreeing that the experimental method is the main way to find the truth.
Scientific method 
 At the same time, the microscope and the telescope were invented (in Holland), and the Royal Society was formed.
Gas 
 This makes it different from a liquid where the molecules are loosely attached to or touching each other.
Gas 
 It is also different from a solid where the molecular bonds are strong and hold the molecules together in one shape.