the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Travelling salesman problem 
 The general form of the TSP appears to have been first studied by mathematicians during the 1930s in Vienna and at Harvard, notably by Karl Menger.
Travelling salesman problem 
 Menger defines the problem, considers the obvious brute-force algorithm, and observes the non-optimality of the nearest neighbour heuristic:We denote by messenger problem (since in practice this question should be solved by each postman, anyway also by many travelers) the task to find, for ﬁnitely many points whose pairwise distances are known, the shortest route connecting the points.
Travelling salesman problem 
 Rules which would push the number of trials below the number of permutations of the given points, are not known.
Travelling salesman problem 
 The rule that one first should go from the starting point to the closest point, then to the point closest to this, etc.,
Travelling salesman problem 
 The order in which he does so is something he does not care about, as long as he visits each once during his trip, and finishes where he was at first.
Travelling salesman problem 
 The cost describes how "difficult" it is to traverse this edge on the graph, and may be given, for example, by the cost of an airplane ticket or train ticket, or perhaps by the length of the edge, or time required to complete the traversal.
Travelling salesman problem 
 The salesman wants to keep both the travel costs, as well as the distance he travels as low as possible.
Travelling salesman problem 
 The Traveling Salesman Problem is typical of a large class of "hard" optimization problems that have intrigued mathematicians and computer scientists for years.
Travelling salesman problem 
 For example, in the manufacture of a circuit board, it is important to determine the best order in which a laser will drill thousands of holes.
Travelling salesman problem 
 If there is a way to break this problem into smaller component problems, the components will be at least as complex as the original one.
Travelling salesman problem 
 This means that for only 10 cities there are over 180 thousand combinations to try (since the start city is defined, there can be permutations on the remaining nine).
Travelling salesman problem 
 But since heuristics result in approximations, they will not always give the optimal solution, although high quality admissible heuristics can find a useful solution in a fraction of the time required for a full brute force of the problem.
Travelling salesman problem 
 An example of a heuristic for a node would be a summation of how many unvisited nodes are "close by" a connected node.
Travelling salesman problem 
 This could encourage the salesman to visit a group of close-by nodes clustered together before moving onto another natural cluster in the graph.
Anno Domini 
 Anno Domini (Medieval Latin : "in the year of the Lord"), shortened as AD or A.D., is used to refer to the years after the birth of Jesus.
Anno Domini 
 Similarly, Before Christ, shortened as BC or B.C., is used in the English language to refer to all years before the start of the time period Anno Domini.
Anno Domini 
 The abbreviation “A.D.” was originally placed before the year number (e.g. A.D. 145); then “B.C.” often placed after the year number (e.g. 145 B.C.).
Anno Domini 
 This dating system was meant to signal the year of Christ's birth, but modern scholars have decided Jesus was actually born a few years earlier.
Anno Domini 
 He fixed the point Anno Domini, which is used to number the years of both the Gregorian calendar and the Julian calendar.
Anno Domini 
 When he devised his table, Julian calendar years were identified by naming the consuls who held office that year — he himself stated that the "present year" was "the consulship of Probus Junior [Flavius Probus]", which he also stated was 525 years "since the incarnation [conception] of our Lord Jesus Christ".
Anno Domini 
 He invented a new system of numbering years to replace the Diocletian years that had been used in an old Easter table because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians.
Anno Domini 
 The Anno Domini calendar era became dominant in Western Europe only after it was used by the Venerable Bede to date the events in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, completed in 731.
Neighbours 
 Rival network Network Ten decided to start making and broadcasting the show, and have done that since 1986.
Neighbours 
 These two characters became a couple known as "Scott and Charlene", and by the time they married in 1987, ratings were much higher.
John McEwen 
 He was leader of the Country Party when Harold Holt disappeared in 1967, and so was appointed Prime Minister until the Liberal Party elected a new leader.
John McEwen 
 The Party elected John Gorton as the leader, and Gorton took over as Prime Minister on 10 January 1968.
John Gorton 
 His government set up the Australian Council for the Arts, the Australian Film Development Corporation and the National Film and Television Training School.
John Gorton 
 His government increased pensions and allowances and education scholarships and provided free health care to 250,000 poor people (but not universal health care).
John Gorton 
 Gorton's government kept Australia in the Vietnam War but stopped replacing troops at the end of 1970 - the beginning of the end of Australia being in the war.
John Gorton 
 He had good relations with U.S. President Richard Nixon and with Britain's Prime Ministers, but this was a time when Australia was starting to move closer to Asia.
John Gorton 
 Gorton was popular with lots of ordinary people, but not a good manager of other people in his party.
John Gorton 
 State Liberal leaders did not like that he was moving more power to Canberra (the national capital) and some other Liberals did not like his policies or personal behaviour.
John Gorton 
 In 1971, the Defence Minister, Malcolm Fraser, resigned and said Gorton was "not fit to hold the great office of Prime Minister".
John Gorton 
 The Liberal party split 50/50 over a vote to replace him and he decided not to vote for himself and resigned as their leader.
John Gorton 
 William McMahon became Prime Minister and Gorton became Defence Minister from March to August, 1971.
John Gorton 
 But Gorton wrote articles for the newspapers about his time in office - headed: "I did it my way" - and McMahon got him to resign.
John Gorton 
 After Gough Whitlam's Labor Party won in 1972, Liberal leader Billy Snedden made Gorton the Opposition Spokesman for the Environment.
John Gorton 
 Gorton was unhappy with the way the Governor General sacked Gough Whitlam and the way Malcolm Fraser became Prime Minister, so he said people should vote Labor in 1975.
John Gorton 
 With Fraser gone, John Howard's Liberal Party got Gorton back in the party and had a special gala dinner in Canberra in 1999.
John Gorton 
 It was organised by some of his old Liberal and National Party friends, but there were also messages from the Queen, U.S. and British leaders and all the Labor Prime Ministers of Australia.
William McMahon 
 He was elected to the Australian parliament in 1949, and stayed as Member for Lowe, in Sydney, for 33 years.
William McMahon 
 This made him the first Prime Minister not to win an election since Labor's Ben Chifley (who lost in 1949).
William McMahon 
 McMahon replaced John Gorton, then made him defence minister, but soon after made him resign for talking about problems in the Liberal Party.
William McMahon 
 On foreign affairs, McMahon said the Opposition leader, Gough Whitlam, was wrong to visit communist China in 1972 - but soon after U.S. President Richard Nixon visited China and McMahon was embarrassed.
IRC bot 
 They can do many of the things that a human user can do such as gather data, kick users out of the channel, ban users, or even send stats to other programs and websites.
IRC bot 
 IRC Bots/Chatroom bots are used in many things now, from sending RuneScape statistics, to keeping track of users who abuse the networks.
Shawn Lane 
 By age ten, he picked up a guitar and found out he was better with a guitar than his other instruments.
Shawn Lane 
 In February 2003, Lane accomplished one of his life long dreams and toured over India with his band.
Shawn Lane 
 In September 2003, when getting ready to make an album with the Swedish bassist Jonas Hellborg and drummer Ginger Baker, Lane had bad breathing problems.
Twin Dragons 
 Identical brothers, separated at birth, end up as a criminal and a U.S. pianist, then cross paths years later in Hong Kong.
Motorola 
 After losing $4.3 billion from 2007 to 2009, Motorola was divided in two separate companies on January 4, 2011; Motorola Mobility and Motorola Solutions.
Motorola 
 The company began with the name Galvin Manufacturing Corporation in 1928, and then later adopted the 'Motorola' name in 1947.
Extrasolar planet 
 An extrasolar planet (or exoplanet) is a natural planet in a planetary system outside our own solar system.
Extrasolar planet 
 In 2013, estimates of the number of terrestrial planets in the Milky Way ranged from at least 17 billion to at least 144 billion.
Extrasolar planet 
 Among them are 461 Earth-size planets, at least four of which are in the "habitable zone" where liquid water can exist.
Extrasolar planet 
 One of the four, dubbed Kepler-69c, is a mere 1.5 times the size of the Earth and around a star like our own Sun – about as near as the current data allow to finding an "Earth 2.0".
Extrasolar planet 
 Earlier work suggested that there are at least 100 billion planets of all types in our galaxy, an average of at least one per star.
Extrasolar planet 
 There are also planets that orbit brown dwarfs, and free-floating planets that orbit the galaxy directly just as the stars do.
Extrasolar planet 
 In the sixteenth century, the Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno, an early supporter of the Copernican theory that the Earth and other planets orbit the Sun, put forward the view that the fixed stars are similar to the Sun and are likewise accompanied by planets.
Extrasolar planet 
 Making a comparison to the Sun's planets, he wrote "And if the fixed stars are the centres of similar systems, they will all be constructed according to a similar design and subject to the dominion of One".
Extrasolar planet 
 These pulsar planets are believed to have formed from the unusual remnants of the supernova that produced the pulsar, in a second round of planet formation.
Extrasolar planet 
 Otherwise they may be the remaining rocky cores of gas giants that survived the supernova and then decayed into their current orbits.
Extrasolar planet 
 On October 6, 1995, Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz of the University of Geneva announced the first definitive detection of an exoplanet orbiting an ordinary main-sequence star (51 Pegasi).
Extrasolar planet 
 This discovery, made at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence, started the modern era of exoplanetary discovery.
Extrasolar planet 
 Technological advances, most notably in high-resolution spectroscopy, led to the quick detection of many new exoplanets.
Extrasolar planet 
 These advances allowed astronomers to detect exoplanets indirectly by measuring their gravitational influence on the motion of their parent stars.
Extrasolar planet 
 Additional extrasolar planets were eventually detected by watching occultations when a star becomes dimmer as an orbiting planet passed in front of it.
Extrasolar planet 
 In May 2016 NASA announced the discovery of 1,284 exoplanets which brought the total number of exoplanets to over 3,000.
Extrasolar planet 
 One recently discovered exoplanet, Gliese 581g is thought to possibly support life, but the existence of this planet is not yet confirmed.
Extratropical cyclone 
 They are actually many masses of cold and warm fronts producing rain, heavy wind, and sometimes tornadoes and even hail.
Extratropical cyclone 
 As the cold front passes, there is a change of wind, the temperature decreases and rain is also common.
Extratropical cyclone 
 Some extratropical cyclones are made from tropical cyclones that become weak but do not die when they move over cold water.
Extratropical cyclone 
 Sometimes, these weather areas can become even stronger than before as they turn into extratropical cyclones.
Extratropical cyclone 
 When made from tropical cyclones, they can still have an eye (a place in the middle of a tropical cyclone that is not as windy, cloudy, or rainy).
Extratropical cyclone 
 European windstorms are sometimes made when wind from the northwestern part of the Atlantic carry them more east and north towards Europe.
Extratropical cyclone 
 Nor'easters often hit northeastern North America, and are made when it is cold, most often in late fall.
Extratropical cyclone 
 When a nor'easter drops in pressure and become stronger, by more than one millibar every hour, it is called a weather bomb.
Extratropical cyclone 
 A violent storm during the Crimean War on November 14, 1854, wrecked 30 vessels, and sparked initial investigations into meteorology and forecasting in Europe.
Small solar system body 
 A small solar system body (SSSB) is a term defined in 2006 by the International Astronomical Union to describe solar system objects which are not planets or dwarf planets:
Small solar system body 
 All other objects orbiting the Sun shall be referred to collectively as "Small Solar System Bodies" ... These currently include most of the Solar System asteroids, most Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs), comets, and other small bodies.
Small solar system body 
 Therefore, it refers to these objects that can be further grouped based on their orbit or what they are made of:
Small solar system body 
 It is not yet clear whether there will be a lower bound on the group of small solar system bodies, or if it will encompass all material down to the level of meteoroids.
Small solar system body 
 Some of the larger "small solar system bodies" may be reclassified in future as dwarf planets, pending further examination to determine whether or not they are in hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly-round shape).
Frankenstein 
 Ideas about occultism were topics of conversation among her travelling companions, especially her future husband, Percy Bysshe Shelley.
Frankenstein 
 Mary, Percy, Lord Byron, and his doctor John Polidori decided to have a competition to see who could write the best horror story.
Frankenstein 
 After thinking for weeks about what her possible storyline could be, Shelley dreamt about a scientist who created life and was horrified by the result.
Frankenstein 
 Since publication of the novel, the name "Frankenstein" is often used to refer to the monster itself.
Frankenstein 
 This usage is sometimes considered erroneous, but usage commentators regard the monster sense of "Frankenstein" as well-established and an acceptable usage.
Frankenstein 
 In the novel, the monster however is called "creature", "monster", "fiend", "wretch", "vile insect", "daemon", "being", and "it".
Frankenstein 
 Speaking to Victor Frankenstein, the monster refers to himself as "the Adam of your labors", and elsewhere as someone who "would have" been "your Adam", but is instead "your fallen angel."
Frankenstein 
 After years alone, it decides to go back to Frankenstein to ask him to make another monster to be its wife.
ESPN 
 ESPN is an American sports television network owned by ESPN, Inc., a joint venture between The Walt Disney Company which own Sony Corporation which WarnerCBS 90% owns 20%.
ESPN 
 ESPN shows sporting events and games, and also has shows that show highlights of sporting events and that show people talking about sports.
Advance Australia Fair 
 In 1977 there was a vote for the national anthem between four songs during the 1977 Australian referendum.
Advance Australia Fair 
 Advance Australia Fair received 43.29% of the vote, defeating the three alternatives: Waltzing Matilda (28.28%), Song of Australia (9.65%), and the existing national anthem God Save the Queen (18.78%).
Advance Australia Fair 
 Other songs and marches have been influenced by Advance Australia Fair, such as the Australian Vice-Regal salute.
2006 Winter Olympics 
 The 2006 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XX Olympic Winter Games, were held in Turin, Italy from 10 to 26 February 2006.
1683 
 July 8 – The Qing Dynasty Chinese admiral Shi Lang led 300 ships with 20,000 troops out of Tongshan, Fujian and sailed towards the Kingdom of Tungning, in modern-day Taiwan and the Pescadores in order to quell the kingdom in the name of Qing.
1683 
 The siege is broken at the Battle of Vienna on September 12 with the arrival of a force of 70,000 Polish, Austrians and Germans under Polish-Lithuanian king Jan III Sobieski, whose cavalry turns their flank.
1683 
 July 16 and July 17 – Battle of Penghu, the Qing Chinese admiral Shi Lang defeats the naval forces of Zheng Keshuang in a decisive victory.
1683 
 September 5 – the Qing Chinese admiral Shi Lang receives the formal surrender of Zheng Keshuang, ushering in the collapse of the Kingdom of Tungning, which was then incorporated into the Qing Empire.
1683 
 October 6 – Germantown, Pennsylvania is founded, leading in 1983 to U.S. President Ronald Reagan declaring a 300th Year Celebration, and in 1987, it became an annual holiday, German-American Day.
1683 
 March 29 – Yaoya Oshichi, a young girl burned at the stake for arson in 17th Century Japan (born 1667)
1692 
 March 1 – The Salem witch trials begin in Salem Village, Massachusetts Bay Colony, with the charging of 3 women with witchcraft.
1692 
 June 8 – During a famine in Mexico City, an angry mob torches the Viceroy's palace and ignites the archives; most of the documents and some paintings are saved by royal geographer Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora.
1692 
 September 8 – An earthquake in Brabant of scale 5.8 is felt across the Low Countries, Germany and England.
1692 
 September 14 – Diego de Vargas leads Spanish colonists in retaking the city of Santa Fe, New Mexico, after a 12-year exile, following the Pueblo Revolt of 1680.
1692 
 September 19 – Giles Corey is pressed to death, in an attempt to coerce a confession from him of witchcraft.
1692 
 September 22 – The last of those convicted of witchcraft in the Salem witch trials are hanged; the remainder of those convicted are all eventually released.
1631 
 May 18 – In Massachusetts, John Winthrop takes the oath of office and becomes the first Governor of Massachusetts.
1635 
 February 22 – The Académie française in Paris is founded as the national academy for the preservation of the French language.
1635 
 August 25 – The Great Colonial Hurricane strikes Narragansett Bay as a possible Category 3 hurricane, killing over 46 people.
1670 
 July 18 – Spain recognises Jamaica and the Cayman Islands as English possessions by the Treaty of Madrid.
1673 
 August 9 – Dutch forces under Admiral Cornelis Evertsen de Jonge recapture New York City from the English (regained by the English in 1674).
1674 
 Part of the agreement transfers the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam to England, which renames it New York.
1663 
 March 4 – The Prince Edward Islands in the subantarctic Indian Ocean are discovered by Dutch explorer Barent Barentszoon Lam.
1669 
 July – The Hanseatic League, 400 years after it was formed, holds its last official meeting in Lübeck.
1523 
 June 6 – Gustav Vasa is elected king of Sweden, finally establishing its full independence from Denmark, ending of the Kalmar Union.
1511 
 October 18 – Philippe de Commines, French-speaking Fleming in the courts of Burgundy and France (b. 1447)
1506 
 January 22 – The Swiss Guard arrives at the Vatican, to serve as permanent ceremonial and palace guards under Pope Julius II.
1693 
 January 11 – 1693 Sicily earthquake: Mount Etna erupts, causing a devastating earthquake that affects parts of Sicily and Malta.
1693 
 February 8 – The College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, is granted a Royal charter from King William III and Queen Mary II of England.
Dracula 
 The character 'Dracula' may have been based in part on Sir Henry Irving (who was an actor and friend of Bram Stoker) and on Vlad III the Impaler (a Romanian king).
Dracula 
 A young solicitor (a type of lawyer) Jonathan Harker goes to the country Transylvania to sell a house in England to a nobleman named Dracula.
Dracula 
 After living in the castle for a week, he realizes that Dracula is a vampire that wants to take over England.
Dracula 
 Dracula traps Harker in his castle with three other vampire women (who are called his brides) and goes to England, by hiding on a ship and killing the crew.
Dracula 
 Because of this, the other characters try to defeat Dracula, by chasing him back to Transylvania and stabbing him in the heart with a wooden stake.
Dracula 
 The movie director could not get permission to use the actual story from Stoker's widow, who ordered many copies of the movie to be destroyed after its release.
Dracula 
 Van Helsing is a 2004 movie that has Hugh Jackman as the title character (Gabriel Van Helsing) and Richard Boxburgh as Count Vladislaus Dracula.
1002 
 January 23 – Emperor Otto III dies, at the age of 22, of smallpox at Castle of Paterno (near Rome) after a 19-year reign.
1570 
 February 25 – Pope Pius V excommunicates Queen Elizabeth I of England with the bull Regnans in Excelsis.
1470 
 March 12 – Wars of the Roses in England – Battle of Losecoat Field: The House of York defeats the House of Lancaster.
1470 
 October 3 – Warwick releases Henry VI of England from the Tower of London, and restores him to the throne.
1534 
 Joan Waste (d. 1 August 1556), English woman burned to death because she would not stop being a Protestant
1708 
 July 11 – War of the Spanish Succession: Allied forces commanded by John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough defeated the French at the Battle of Oudenarde.
1586 
 Simon Stevin, a Flemish mathematician, demonstrates that two objects of different weight fall with the same speed.
1576 
 August 11 – English navigator Martin Frobisher, on his search for the Northwest Passage, enters the bay now named after him.
1646 
 February 16 – First English Civil War: The Battle of Great Torrington, Devon, the last major battle of the conflict, is fought.
United States Air Force 
 The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare branch of the United States armed forces and one of the seven uniformed services.
United States Air Force 
 It has thousands of aircraft in service including bombers, fighter aircraft, transports and other kinds, and hundreds of Intercontinental ballistic missiles.
United States Air Force 
 Hundreds of thousands of men and women are on active duty in the Air Force and others are in the Reserves and the United States National Guard.
European Broadcasting Union 
 The European Broadcasting Union (EBU), known in French as L'Union Européenne de Radio-Télévision (UER), and unrelated to the European Union, was formed on 12 February 1950 by 23 broadcasting organizations from Europe and the Mediterranean at a conference in the coastal resort of Torquay in Devon, England.
European Broadcasting Union 
 In 1993, the International Radio and Television Organisation (OIRT), an equivalent organisation of broadcasters from Central and Eastern Europe, was merged with the EBU.
European Broadcasting Union 
 The names of the broadcasting companies not in Roman script are either in English or French, the official languages of the EBU.
European Broadcasting Union 
 Liechtenstein: currently Liechtenstein has no national television or radio station, but if they get one it will be possible for them to join the EBU (this technicality had affected them once before when they were not allowed to participate in the Eurovision Song Contest 1969)
European Broadcasting Union 
 It is still unknown if Morocco will participate in the Eurovision Song Contest or the Junior Eurovision Song Contest.
Annular hurricane 
 An annular hurricane is a term used in the north Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean east of the International Dateline.
Annular hurricane 
 An annular hurricane is a rare type of hurricane that has a big, circular eyewall, and thick, deep convection around it with no spiral rainbands.