the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
January 15 
 1962 - The Derveni papyrus, Europe's oldest-surviving manuscript dating back to 340 BC, is found in Northern Greece.
January 15 
 1966 - Nigeria's First Republic, led by Abubakar Tafawa Balewa is overthrown in military coup d'état.
January 15 
 1967 – The first-ever Super Bowl takes place in Los Angeles, as the Green Bay Packers defeat the Kansas City Chiefs 35-10.
January 15 
 1973 - Vietnam War: Richard Nixon announces the suspension of offensive action in North Vietnam, citing the progress of peace negotiations.
January 15 
 1981 - Pope John Paul II receives a delegation from the Polish Solidarity Trade Union, led by Lech Walesa.
January 15 
 1992 - The international community recognizes the independence of Slovenia and Croatia from Yugoslavia.
January 15 
 2004 – The South Korean Foreign Minister, Yoon Young-kwan resigns following his support for American policy towards North Korea.
January 15 
 2005 - The European Space Agency's SMART-1 lunar orbiter discovers elements such as calcium, aluminium, silicon, iron and other elements on the Moon.
January 15 
 2009 – Chesley Sullenberger, pilot of US Airways Flight 1549, steers the plane to a safe emergency landing on the Hudson River after experiencing trouble shortly after take off from New York's LaGuardia Airport.
January 15 
 2018 - Mihai Tudose announces his resignation as Prime Minister of Romania after losing support within his own party.
January 15 
 2019 - British Prime Minister Theresa May loses a parliamentary vote in the House of Commons by the biggest margin ever for a sitting Prime Minister, losing a vote on her proposed Brexit deal by 432 votes to 202.
January 15 
 1990 – Gordon Jackson, Scottish  movie and TV actor; best known as the butler "Hudson" on Upstairs Downstairs (b. 1923)
January 15 
 2005 – Ruth Warrick, United States actress best known for Citizen Kane and All My Children (b. 1915)
January 15 
 2010 – Marshall Warren Nirenberg, American biochemist, won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1927)
January 15 
 Earliest day that Martin Luther King, Jr. Day can fall, while January 21 is the latest, on the third Monday in January (United States)
May 19 
 1649 – An Act of Parliament declares England a Commonwealth in a law passed by the Long Parliament, making England a republic.
May 19 
 1743 - Jean-Pierre Christin develops the Centigrade temperature scale, similar to the Celsius scale, which was later flipped round to the same as the centigrade scale.
May 19 
 1749 – George II of Great Britain grants a charter of land to the Ohio Company around the Forks of the Ohio River.
May 19 
 1776 - American Revolutionary War: A Continental Army garrison surrenders in the Battle of the Cedars.
May 19 
 1780 – New England's Dark Day: thick smoke and heavy cloud causes darkness to fall over parts of Eastern Canada and New England.
May 19 
 1792 - George Vancouver and members of his expedition become the first Europeans known to have seen Mount St. Helens, in present-day Washington in the Pacific Northwest of the United States.
May 19 
 1848 - Mexican-American War: Mexico ratifies the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, therefore ending the war and ceding the territories of several current Southwestern United States, including California, Nevada and Utah, to the US for 15 million US dollars.
May 19 
 1911 - Parks Canada, the world's first National Park Service, is founded as the Dominion Parks Branch.
May 19 
 1934 - Zveno and the Bulgarian army engineer a coup d'état and install Kimo Georgiev as the new Prime Minister of Bulgaria.
May 19 
 1959 - The North Vietnamese Army creates Group 559, whose responsibility is to determine how to maintain supply lines to South Vietnam.
May 19 
 1962 – Marilyn Monroe sings Happy Birthday, Mr. President to John F. Kennedy at Madison Square Garden in New York.
May 19 
 1974 – Valery Giscard d'Estaing is elected President of France over Francois Mitterrand, following the death of Georges Pompidou on April 2.
May 19 
 1993 - Heide Simonis becomes Minister-President of Schleswig-Holstein, as the first female Minister-President of a state of the Federal Republic of Germany.
May 19 
 1993 - Shortly after take-off from Panama City, on the way to Medellin, Colombia, a Boeing 727 of the SAM Colombia airline crashes against a mountain in poor weather, killing all 133 people on board.
May 19 
 2001 – China's "One child policy": Zhonghua Sun is put to death by the People's Republic of China government officials because she refused to be sterilized.
May 19 
 2004 – Fathers 4 Justice activists hit Tony Blair with purple flour at the House of Commons in London, prompting questions about security.
May 19 
 2011 – Dominique Strauss-Kahn resigns as head of the International Monetary Fund, after he was arrested and charged with sexual assault in New York.
May 19 
 2016 - EgyptAir Flight 804, travelling from Paris to Cairo, crashes in the Southeastern Mediterranean Sea, killing all 66 people on board.
May 19 
 2018 - The wedding of Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex and Meghan, Duchess of Sussex takes place in Windsor, Berkshire.
May 19 
 1879 – Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor, American-born British politician and newspaper proprietor (d. 1952)
May 19 
 1909 – Nicholas Winton, British man who organised the Czech Kindertransport to save hundreds of Jewish children (d. 2015)
May 19 
 1831 - Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz, Estonian-German physician, botanist and entomologist (b. 1793)
May 19 
 2018 - Harvey Hall, American businessman and politician, 25th Mayor of Bakersfield, California (b. 1941)
February 24 
 303 - Galerius publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Roman Empire.
February 24 
 1711 - London premiere (first performance) of Rinaldo by George Friedric Handel, the first Italian opera written for the London stage.
February 24 
 1831 - Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek: The first removal treaty in line with the Indian Removal Act in the United States is announced.
February 24 
 The Choctaws of Mississippi cede land east of the river in exchange and payment for land in the west.
February 24 
 1868 – Andrew Johnson becomes the first US President to be impeached, by the House of Representatives.
February 24 
 1942 - The steamer Struma, with 764 Jewish refugees on board is sunk in the Bosporus by a Soviet U-boat, having sailed under the Flag of Panama.
February 24 
 1966 – While abroad, Ghana's President Kwame Nkrumah is diposed from power in a military coup, and replaced by Joseph Arthur Ankrah.
February 24 
 1983 - A special commission of the United States Congress releases a report that condemns the practice of Japanese internment during World War II.
February 24 
 1984 - Tyrone Mitchell carries out the 49th Street Elementary School shooting in Los Angeles, California, killing 2 children and injuring 12.
February 24 
 1989 - Ayatollah Khomeini offers 3 million $ to anyone who kills the writer Salman Rushdie for his novel The Satanic Verses.
February 24 
 1989 - United Airlines Flight 811, travelling from Honolulu, Hawaii to New Zealand, rips open during mid-flight, blowing 9 passengers out of the business class section, all of died as result.
February 24 
 1996 - Last occurrence of February 24 as leap year day in the European Union and the Roman Catholic Church.
February 24 
 2006 – After an attempted coup in the Philippines, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo declares a state of emergency.
February 24 
 1951 - David Ford, Northern Irish politician and former leader of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland
February 24 
 2019 - Donald Keene, American and Japanese scholar, writer, translator and Japanese studies expert (b. 1922)
1962 
 February 22 – Steve Irwin, Australian animal expert and television personality (The Crocodile Hunter) (d. 2006)
1962 
 November 7- Eleanor Roosevelt, First Lady of the United States, wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt (b. 1884)
Evolution 
 The theory of evolution explains how evolution works, and how living and extinct things have come to be the way they are.
Evolution 
 Theodosius Dobzhansky, a well-known evolutionary biologist, has said: "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution".
Evolution 
 Differences may make it easier to find food, hide from danger, or give birth to offspring which survive.
Evolution 
 It is known that living things have changed over time, because their remains can be seen in the rocks.
Evolution 
 That evolution has taken place is a fact, because it is overwhelmingly supported by many lines of evidence.
Evolution 
 In 2010 an analysis compared sequences to phylogenetic trees, and supported the idea of common descent.
Evolution 
 Realizing that things in rocks which looked organic actually were the altered remains of living things.
Evolution 
 This was settled in the 16th and 17th centuries by Conrad Gessner, Nicolaus Steno, Robert Hooke and others.
Evolution 
 It was Georges Cuvier, the comparative anatomist, who proved that extinction occurred, and that different strata contained different fossils.p108
Evolution 
 "The most convincing evidence for the occurrence of evolution is the discovery of extinct organisms in older geological strata... The older the strata are...the more different the fossil will be from living representatives... that is to be expected if the fauna and flora of the earlier strata had gradually evolved into their descendants.
Evolution 
 When new species occur, usually by the splitting of older species, this takes place in one place in the world.
Evolution 
 In the main part of the continent, Australia, 83% of mammals, 89% of reptiles, 90% of fish and insects and 93% of amphibians are endemic.
Evolution 
 By contrast, marsupials are today totally absent from Africa and form a small portion of the mammalian fauna of South America, where opossums, shrew opossums, and the monito del monte occur (see the Great American Interchange).
Evolution 
 The only living representatives of primitive egg-laying mammals (monotremes) are the echidnas and the platypus.
Evolution 
 On the other hand, Australia is missing many groups of placental mammals that are common on other continents (carnivora, artiodactyls, shrews, squirrels, lagomorphs), although it does have indigenous bats and rodents, which arrived later.
Evolution 
 The evolutionary story is that placental mammals evolved in Eurasia, and wiped out the marsupials and monotremes wherever they spread.
Evolution 
 That is the simple reason why Australia has most of the world's marsupials and all the world's monotremes.
Evolution 
 It has teeth which grow all its life, hooves on single toes, great long legs for running, and the animal is big and strong enough to survive in the open plain.
Evolution 
 Horses lived in western Canada until 12,000 years ago, but all horses in North America became extinct about 11,000 years ago.
Evolution 
 In about , the Hawaiian Islands have the most diverse collection of Drosophila flies in the world, living from rainforests to mountain meadows.
Evolution 
 Genetic evidence shows that all the native fruit fly species in Hawaii have descended from a single ancestral species that came to the islands, about 20 million years ago.
Evolution 
 Although it would be possible for a single pregnant female to colonise an island, it is more likely to have been a group from the same species.
Evolution 
 Glossopteris is an extinct species of seed fern plants from the Permian period on the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana.
Evolution 
 Glossopteris fossils are found in Permian strata in southeast South America, southeast Africa, all of Madagascar, northern India, all of Australia, all of New Zealand, and scattered on the southern and northern edges of Antarctica.
Evolution 
 This is known from magnetic striping in the rocks, other fossil distributions, and glacial scratches pointing away from the temperate climate of the South Pole during the Permian.p103
Evolution 
 When biologists look at living things, they see that animals and plants belong to groups which have something in common.
Evolution 
 Charles Darwin explained that this followed naturally if "we admit the common parentage of allied forms, together with their modification through variation and natural selection".p402p456
Evolution 
 They have six legs; they have hard parts on the outside of the body (an exoskeleton); they have eyes formed of many separate chambers, and so on.
Evolution 
 It was Darwin who first suggested that all life on Earth had a single origin, and from that beginning "endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved".p490 Evidence from molecular biology in recent years has supported the idea that all life is related by common descent.
Evolution 
 Strong evidence for common descent comes from vestigial structures.p397 The useless wings of flightless beetles are sealed under fused wing covers.
Evolution 
 This can be simply explained by their descent from ancestral beetles which had wings that worked.p49
Evolution 
 Rudimentary body parts, those that are smaller and simpler in structure than corresponding parts in ancestral species, are called vestigial organs.
Evolution 
 Those organs are functional in the ancestral species but are now either nonfunctional or re-adapted to a new function.
Evolution 
 Examples are the pelvic girdles of whales, halteres (hind wings) of flies, wings of flightless birds, and the leaves of some xerophytes (e.g. cactus) and parasitic plants (e.g. dodder).
Evolution 
 For example, the halteres in flies help balance the insect while in flight, and the wings of ostriches are used in mating rituals, and in aggressive display.
Evolution 
 Rudimentary organs... are the record of a former state of things, and have been retained solely though the powers of inheritance...  far from being a difficulty, as they assuredly do on the old doctrine of creation, might even have been anticipated in accordance with the views here explained" (p402).
Evolution 
 In 1893, Robert Wiedersheim published a book on human anatomy and its relevance to man's evolutionary history.
Evolution 
 It is a vestigial reflex, a remnant of the past when pre-human babies clung to their mothers' hair as the mothers swung through the trees.
Evolution 
 This is borne out by the babies' feet, which curl up when it is sitting down (primate babies grip with the feet as well).
Evolution 
 All primates except modern man have thick body hair to which an infant can cling, unlike modern humans.
Evolution 
 This may be because the nervous tissue dealing with sight now becomes available to handle other sensory input.p310
Evolution 
 From the eighteenth century it was known that embryos of different species were much more similar than the adults.
Evolution 
 Of course, this is only a temporary stage, which gives rise to many structures in the neck of reptiles, birds and mammals.
Evolution 
 Their adults look so unlike other crustacea, but their larvae are very similar to those of other crustacea.
Evolution 
 Charles Darwin lived in a world where animal husbandry and domesticated crops were vitally important.
Evolution 
 In both cases farmers selected for breeding individuals with special properties, and prevented the breeding of individuals with less desirable characteristics.
Evolution 
 The eighteenth and early nineteenth century saw a growth in scientific agriculture, and artificial breeding was part of this.
Evolution 
 Darwin discussed artificial selection as a model for natural selection in the 1859 first edition of his work On the Origin of Species, in Chapter IV: Natural selection:
Evolution 
 "Slow though the process of selection may be, if feeble man can do much by his powers of artificial selection, I can see no limit to the amount of change... which may be effected in the long course of time by nature's power of selection".p109
Evolution 
 Nikolai Vavilov showed that rye, originally a weed, came to be a crop plant by unintentional selection.
Evolution 
 Having become a crop like the wheat, rye was able to become a crop plant in harsh areas, such as hills and mountains.
Evolution 
 There is no real difference in the genetic processes underlying artificial and natural selection, and the concept of artificial selection was used by Charles Darwin as an illustration of the wider process of natural selection.
Evolution 
 Experimental studies of artificial selection show that "the rate of evolution in selection experiments is at least two orders of magnitude (that is 100 times) greater than any rate seen in nature or the fossil record".p157
Evolution 
 New species have been created by domesticated animal husbandry, but the details are not known or not clear.
Evolution 
 For example, domestic sheep were created by hybridisation, and no longer produce viable offspring with Ovis orientalis, one species from which they are descended.
Evolution 
 Domestic cattle, on the other hand, can be considered the same species as several varieties of wild ox, gaur, yak, etc.,
Evolution 
 William Rice and G.W. Salt bred fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, using a maze with three different choices of habitat such as light/dark and wet/dry.
Evolution 
 Each generation was put into the maze, and the groups of flies that came out of two of the eight exits were set apart to breed with each other in their respective groups.
Evolution 
 After thirty-five generations, the two groups and their offspring were isolated reproductively because of their strong habitat preferences: they mated only within the areas they preferred, and so did not mate with flies that preferred the other areas.
Evolution 
 Diane Dodd was also able to show how reproductive isolation can develop from mating preferences in Drosophila pseudoobscura fruit flies after only eight generations using different food types, starch and maltose.
Evolution 
 Some biologists say that evolution has happened when a trait that is caused by genetics becomes more or less common in a group of organisms.
Evolution 
 For example, many bacteria that cause disease can no longer be killed with some of the antibiotic medicines.
Evolution 
 Over the last 50 years it has become resistant to 52 chemical compounds used in insecticides, including cyanide.
Evolution 
 Although there were a number of natural historians in the 18th century who had some idea of evolution, the first well-formed ideas came in the 19th century.
Evolution 
 Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744–1829), a French biologist, claimed that animals changed according to natural laws.
Evolution 
 He said that animals could pass on traits they had acquired during their lifetime to their offspring, using inheritance.
Evolution 
 He proposed a tendency for organisms to become more complex, moving up a ladder of progress, plus use and disuse.
Evolution 
 In contrast to Lamarck, Darwin's idea was that the giraffe's neck became longer because those with longer necks survived better.p177/9 These survivors passed their genes on, and in time the whole species got longer necks.
Evolution 
 Alfred Russel Wallace OM FRS (1823–1913) was a British naturalist, explorer, biologist and social activist.
Evolution 
 Mendel proved that the genes from the two parents stay separate, and may be passed on unchanged to later generations.
Evolution 
 Mendel published his results in a journal that was not well-known, and his discoveries were overlooked.
Evolution 
 With mammals, and many other living things, a copy of each gene comes from the father and another copy from the mother.
Evolution 
 Some living organisms, including some plants, only have one parent, so get all their genes from them.
Evolution 
 Darwin's On the Origin of Species has two themes: the evidence for evolution, and his ideas on how evolution took place.
Evolution 
 The first two chapters of the Origin deal with variation in domesticated plants and animals, and variation in nature.
Evolution 
 Every population which has been studied shows that animal and plants vary as much as humans do.p90 This is a great fact of nature, and without it evolution would not occur.
Evolution 
 Darwin said that, just as man selects what he wants in his farm animals, so in nature the variations allow natural selection to work.
Evolution 
 Just to be clear: the fact that humans can speak is inherited, but what language is spoken depends on where a person lives and what they are taught.
Evolution 
 What happens after birth depends on many things such as home environment, education and other experiences.
Evolution 
 Organisms in any population vary in reproductive success.p81 From the point of view of evolution, 'reproductive success' means the total number of offspring which live to breed and leave offspring themselves.
Evolution 
 Research has shown that almost every individual in a sexually reproducing species is genetically unique.p204
Evolution 
 Sexual reproduction, by the crossing over of chromosomes during meiosis, spreads variation through the population.
Evolution 
 Natural selection explains why living organisms change over time to have the anatomy, the functions and behaviour that they have.
Evolution 
 After many generations of this, the population will have more helpful genetic differences, and fewer harmful ones.
Evolution 
 Natural selection is really a process of elimination.p117 The elimination is being caused by the relative fit between individuals and the environment they live in.
Evolution 
 Almost every case investigated of camouflage, mimicry and polymorphism has shown strong effects of selection.
Evolution 
 Resistance to warfarin in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) grew rapidly because those that survived made up more and more of the population.
Evolution 
 Research showed that, in the absence of warfarin, the resistant homozygote was at a 54% disadvantage to the normal wild type homozygote.p182 This great disadvantage was quickly overcome by the selection for warfarin resistance.
Evolution 
 Milk is digested by the enzyme lactase, which switches off as mammals stop taking milk from their mothers.
Evolution 
 The human ability to drink milk during adult life is supported by a lactase mutation which prevents this switch-off.
Evolution 
 The spread of this 'milk tolerance' is promoted by natural selection, because it helps people survive where milk is available.
Evolution 
 Genetic studies suggest that the oldest mutations causing lactase persistence only reached high levels in human populations in the last ten thousand years.
Evolution 
 As lactase persistence is genetic, but animal husbandry a cultural trait, this is gene–culture coevolution.
Evolution 
 A favourite example used today to study the interplay of adaptation and speciation is the evolution of cichlid fish in African rivers and lakes.
Evolution 
 When people speak about adaptation they often mean something which helps an animal or plant survive.
Evolution 
 The better adapted animals are the most likely to survive, and to reproduce successfully (natural selection).
Evolution 
 An internal parasite (such as a fluke) is a good example: it has a very simple bodily structure, but still the organism is highly adapted to its particular environment.
Evolution 
 From this we see that adaptation is not just a matter of visible traits: in such parasites critical adaptations take place in the life cycle, which is often quite complex.
Evolution 
 Not all features of an organism are adaptations.p251 Adaptations tend to reflect the past life of a species.
Evolution 
 If a species has recently changed its life style, a once valuable adaptation may become useless, and eventually become a dwindling vestige.
Evolution 
 It is the organism as a whole which lives and reproduces, therefore it is the complete set of adaptations which gets passed on to future generations.
Evolution 
 In populations, there are forces which add variation to the population (such as mutation), and forces which remove it.
Evolution 
 Genetic drift gets rid of variation at the rate of 1/(2N) where N = population size.p29 It is therefore "a very weak evolutionary force in large populations".p55
Evolution 
 Genetic drift explains how random chance can affect evolution in surprisingly big ways, but only when populations are quite small.