the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
String theory 
 The popularized notion that relative in Einstein's theory suggests subjective or arbitrary was to some regret of Einstein, who later thought he ought have to named it general theory.
String theory 
 The electromagnetic field's messenger particles, photons, carry an image timelessly across the universe while observers within this field have enough flow through time to decode this image and react by moving within 3D space, yet can never outrun this timeless image.
String theory 
 The universe's state under 400 000 years after the presumed big bang that began our universe is thought to be displayed as the cosmic microwave background (CMB).
String theory 
 In 1915, the universe was thought to be entirely what we now call the Milky Way galaxy and to be static.
String theory 
 Einstein operated his recently published equations of the gravitational field, and discovered the consequence that the universe was expanding or shrinking. (
String theory 
 Nearing 1930, Edwin Hubble's telescopic data, interpreted through general relativity, revealed the universe was expanding.
String theory 
 In 1916 while on a World War I battlefield, Karl Schwarzschild operated Einstein's equations, and the Schwarzschild solution predicted black holes.
String theory 
 Decades later, astrophysicists identified a supermassive black hole in the center of perhaps every galaxy.
String theory 
 Black holes seem to lead galaxy formation and maintenance by regulating star formation and destruction.
String theory 
 In the 1930s, it was noticed that according to general relativity, galaxies would fall apart unless surrounded by invisible matter holding a galaxy together, and by the 1970s dark matter began to be accepted.
String theory 
 In 1998 it was inferred that the universe's expansion, not slowing, is accelerating, indicating a vast energy density—enough to accelerate both visible matter and dark matter—throughout the universe, a vast field of dark energy.
String theory 
 Apparently, under 5% of the universe's composition is known, while the other 95% is mysterious—dark matter and dark energy.
String theory 
 By the 1920s, to probe the operating of the electromagnetic field at minuscule scales of space and time, quantum mechanics (QM) was developed.
String theory 
 Yet electrons—the matter particles that interact with the photons that are the electromagnetic field's force carriers—would appear to defy mechanical principles altogether.
String theory 
 Yet a single electron would travel simultaneously though multiple holes, however many were placed in front of it.
String theory 
 The single electron would leave on the detection board an interference pattern as if the single particle were a wave that had passed through all the holes simultaneously.
String theory 
 If light were shone on the expected event, the photon's interaction with the field would set the electron to a single position.
String theory 
 By the uncertainty principle, any quantum particle's exact location and momentum cannot be determined with certainty, however.
String theory 
 The particle's interaction with the observation/measurement instrument deflects the particle such that greater determination of its position yields lower determination of its momentum, and vice versa.
String theory 
 From location to adjacent location, the probability of the particle existing there would rise and fall like a wave of probability—a rising and falling probability density.
String theory 
 When unobserved, any quantum particle enters superposition, such that even a single particle fills the entire field, however large.
String theory 
 Yet the particle is not definitely anywhere in the field, but there at a definite probability in relation to whether it was had been at the adjacent location.
String theory 
 The waveform of Maxwell's electromagnetic field was generated by an accumulation of probabilistic events.
String theory 
 When the Standard Model is set to general relativity in order to include mass, probability densities of infinity appear.
String theory 
 Some theoretical physicists suspect that the problem is in the Standard Model, which represents each particle by a zero-dimensional point that in principle can be infinitely small.
String theory 
 Yet in quantum physics, the Planck's constant is the minimum energy unit that a field can be divided into, perhaps a clue to the smallest size a particle can be.
String theory 
 String conjectures that on the microscopic scale, Einstein's 4D spacetime is a field of Calabi-Yau manifolds, each containing 6 space dimensions curled up, thus not extended into the 3 space dimensions presented to the classical realm.
String theory 
 In string theory, each quantum particle is replaced by a 1D string of vibrating energy whose length is the Planck length.
String theory 
 As a string vibrates and moves within the 6D Calabi-Yau space, the string becomes a quantum particle.
String theory 
 With this approach, the hypothetical graviton—predicted to explain general relativity—emerges easily.
String theory 
 Yet this modeled only bosons, which are energy particles, while omitting fermions, which are matter particles.
String theory 
 Yet by adding supersymmetry to bosonic string theory, fermions were achieved, and string theory became superstring theory, explaining matter, too.
String theory 
 (In versions of quantum field theory that include supersymmetry (SUSY), each boson has a corresponding fermion, and vice versa.
String theory 
 That is, each energy particle has a corresponding matter particle, and each matter particle has a corresponding energy particle, yet the unobservable partner is more massive and thus super.
String theory 
 These superpartners might seem an extravagant prediction, yet many theorists and experimentalists favor supersymmetric versions of the Standard Model, whose equations must otherwise be tweaked extravagantly and sometimes arbitrarily to maintain predictive success or mathematical consistency, but with the superpartners align.)
String theory 
 There are many versions of string theory, none quite successfully predicting the observational data explained by the Standard Model.
String theory 
 M theory is now known to have countless solutions, often predicting things strange and unknown to exist.
String theory 
 No theory—a predictive and perhaps explanatory model of some domain of natural phenomena—is verifiable.
String theory 
 All conventional physical theories until the Standard Model have made claims about unobservable aspects of the natural world.
String theory 
 When the Standard Model is operated, it is often made a version with supersymmetry, doubling the number of particle species so far identified by particle physicists.
String theory 
 None can literally measure space, yet Newton postulated absolute space and time, and Newton's theory made explicit predictions, highly testable and predictively successful for 200 years, but the theory was still falsified as explanatory of nature.
String theory 
 Physicists accept that there exists no such attractive force directly attracting matter to matter, let alone that the force traverses the universe instantly.
String theory 
 Some theorists of loop quantum gravity—a contender for quantum gravity—regard string theory as fundamentally misguided by presuming that space even has a shape until particles shape it.
String theory 
 That is, they do not doubt that space takes various shapes, simply regard the particles as determining space's shape, not the other way around.
String theory 
 If interpreted as naturally true, the Standard Model, representing a quantum particle as a 0D point, already indicates that spacetime is a sea of roiling shapes, quantum foam.
String theory 
 String theorists tend to believe nature more elegant, a belief that loop theorist Lee Smolin dismisses as romantic while using biology's Modern Synthesis as a rhetorical device.
String theory 
 Experiments to detect added spatial dimensions have so far failed, yet there is still the possibility that signs of them can emerge.
String theory 
 Leonard Susskind, a leader of string theory, interprets string theory's plasticity of solutions as paradoxical support resolving the mystery of why this universe exists, as M theory shows it but a variant of a general pattern that always approximately results.
String theory 
 General relativity has brought many discoveries that in 1915 were all but unimaginable except in fiction.
String theory 
 A solution of Einstein's equations that sought to explain quantum particles' dynamics, the Einstein-Rosen Bridge predicts a shortcut connecting two distant points in spacetime.
String theory 
 Commonly called a wormhole, the Einstein-Rosen Bridge is doubted but not disproved, showing either that not all consequences of a theory must be accurate or that reality is quite bizarre in ways unobservable.
String theory 
 Even the Standard Model of particle physics suggests bizarre possibilities that populist accounts of science either omit or mention as unexplained curiosities.
String theory 
 The theory conventionally receives the Copenhagen interpretation, whereby the field is only possibilities, none real until an observer or instrument interacts with the field, whose wavefunction then collapses and leaves only its particle function, only the particles being real.
String theory 
 Yet wavefunction collapse was merely assumed—neither experimentally confirmed nor even mathematically modeled—and no variance from either the wavefunction in the quantum realm or the particle function in the classical realm has been found.
String theory 
 Everett maintained that the wavefunction does not collapse, and since all matter and interactions are presumed to be built up from quantum waveparticles, all possible variations of the quantum field—indicated by the mathematical equations—are real and simultaneously occurring but different courses of history.
String theory 
 By this interpretation, whatever interacts with the field joins the field's state that is relative to the observer's state—itself a waveform in its own quantum field—while the two simply interact in a universal waveform never collapsing.
String theory 
 By now, many physicists' interpretation of the apparent transition from the quantum to the classical realms is not wavefunction collapse, but quantum decoherence.
String theory 
 In decoherence, an interaction with the field takes the observer into only one determinant constellation of the quantum field, and so all observations align with that new, combined quantum state.
String theory 
 Everett's thesis has inspired Many worlds interpretation, whereby within our universe are predicted to be virtually or potentially infinite parallel worlds that are real, yet each a minuscule distance from the other worlds.
String theory 
 As each world's waveform is universal—not collapsing—and its mathematical relations are invariant, parallel worlds simply fill the gaps and do not touch.
String theory 
 Some now conjecture that black holes do not exist as such but are dark energy, or that our universe is both—a black hole and dark energy.
String theory 
 The Schwarzschild solution of Einstein's equations can be maximally extended to predict a black hole having a flip side—another universe emerging from a white hole.
String theory 
 Perhaps our universe's big bang was half of a big bounce, something's collapse down to a black hole, and our universe popping out its other side as a white hole.
String theory 
 Physicists widely doubt that quantum particles are truly 0D points as represented in Standard Model, which offers formalism—mathematical devices whose strokes predict phenomena of interest upon input of data—not interpretation of the mechanisms determining those phenomena.
String theory 
 Yet string theorists do tend to optimistically conjecture that the strings are both real and explanatory, not merely predictive devices.
String theory 
 It is far beyond the capacity of today's particle accelerators to propel any probing particles at energy levels high enough to overcome a quantum particle's own energy and determine whether it is a string.
String theory 
 Paradoxically, even if testing confirmed that particles are strings of energy, that still would not conclusively prove even that particles are strings, since there could be other explanations, perhaps an unexpected warpage of space although the particle was a 0D point of true solidity.
String theory 
 Even when predictions succeed, there are many possible explanations—the problem of underdetermination—and philosophers of science as well as some scientists do not accept even flawless predictive success as verification of the successful theory's explanations if these are posed as offering scientific realism, true description of the natural world.
String theory 
 Talk of particle physicists testing theoretical physicists' predicted particles by colliding particles in accelerators suggests that quantum particles are tiny Newtonian particles that experimentalists crack open to reveal their structure.
String theory 
 Instead, when two particles, each of a certain mass—measured in terms of energy as electronvolts—are collided, they can combine into a particle of that combined mass/energy, and the generated particle is "observed" for correspondence with the prediction.
String theory 
 Loop theorists, sometimes in rivalry with string theory, claim that spacetime itself converts into the particles.
String theory 
 Matter's being a special variant of energy was a consequence of Einstein's special theory of relativity, and thereupon Einstein formalized the mass-energy equivalence, E=mc2.
String theory 
 All particles have antiparticles, and atoms of matter have antiatoms of antimatter, whose union annihilates the particles and matter while leaving energy.
String theory 
 An inspiring development is discovery of mirror symmetry, whereby Calabi-Yau spaces tend to come in pairs such that solutions previously difficult within the extreme vibrational mode of one string can be solved by through the mirror Calabi-Yau space's geometry in its opposite range.
String theory 
 It is confirmed that molecules can collapse to 2D.  And the electron, long presumed an elementary particle, apparently splits into three entities separately carrying the electron's three degrees of freedom when the molecules that contain the electrons are channeled through a 1D pathway.
Scientist 
 Scientists make observations, ask questions and do extensive research work in finding the answers to many questions others may not know about.
Scientist 
 Scientists often do experiments to find out more about reality, and sometimes may repeat experiments or use control groups.
Soapbox 
 When a person had new or unusual ideas, and wanted to talk to a crowd about them, sometimes he or she would stand on an empty soapbox so that everyone could see and hear the talk well.
Supernatural 
 The word supernatural (from ) is used for things that some people believe are real, but that are not part of nature or inexplicable by the scientific laws of nature.
Supernatural 
 Some say that we should talk about things without talking about the supernatural, because we cannot prove that supernatural things are real.
Supernatural 
 Other people say that although we cannot prove supernatural things in a scientific way, they are real.
Spirit 
 Many religions forbid communicating with such spirits in any way, (see Leviticus 19:31) but a few include this as part of their practice.
Spirit 
 This phrase is often used when the words and sentences of a law could mean more than one thing, but a judge must decide what meaning is correct.
Seed 
 A typical seed includes three basic parts: (1) an embryo, (2) a supply of nutrients for the embryo, and (3) a seed coat.
Seed 
 When the seed is ready to develop, it needs water, air and warmth but not sunlight to become a seedling.
Seed 
 Seed dormancy: means the seed does not develop for a while even when conditions are suitable.p98 Delayed germination (development) allows time for dispersal.
Seed 
 Many seeds only germinate after they have been eaten and passed through the digestive system of an animal.
Seed 
 It uses the soft fleshy material inside the seed for nutrients (food) until it is ready to make food on its own using sunlight, water and air.
Seed 
 The plant does not need the nutrients in soil for a few days or weeks, because the seed has all the things it needs to grow.
Seed 
 If there is no light, the plant will still grow for a while, but its plastids will not mature: the chlorophyll does not turn green.
Seed 
 The oldest carbon 14-dated seed that has grown into a plant was a Judean date palm seed about 2,000 years old, recovered from excavations at Herod the Great's palace on Masada in Israel.
Seed 
 Seeds have been an important development in the reproduction and spread of conifers and flowering plants.
Seed 
 Plants such as mosses, liverworts and ferns do not have seeds, and use unprotected spores and other methods to propagate themselves.
Seed 
 Before the upper Devonian period, land plants, like modern ferns, reproduced by sending spores into the air.
Seed 
 The evolution of seeds changed the plant life cycle by freeing plants from the need for external water for sexual reproduction, and by providing protection and nutrients for the developing embryo.
Seed 
 They were able to exploit environments which were drier and more upland.p92 This can be seen by the success of seed plants in important biological niches on land, from forests to grasslands both in hot and cold climates.
Seed 
 The present-day seed plants are the Gymnosperms, with naked seeds, and the Angiosperms with covered seeds, usually fruits.
Seed 
 The first true seeds are from the upper Devonian 370–354 million years ago, which is probably the theatre of their first evolutionary radiation.
Seed 
 The earliest seed-producing trees were in the forests of the Carboniferous period.p112 The seed plants steadily became one of the most important elements of nearly all ecosystems.
Sail 
 Before people made boats with engines that used coal or oil, sailing boats were an important way to travel across oceans.
Sail 
 Now they are not so important for transport, but they are still used for recreation and competition.
Sail 
 A staysail is a fore-and-aft rigged sail whose luff can be attached to a forestay running from a mast to the  bowsprit.
Sail 
 High-performance yachts, in particular some catamarans such as the International C-Class Catamaran, have used or use rigid wing sails, which are said to perform better than traditional soft sails.
Sail 
 In particular, a rigid wing sail was used by Stars and Stripes, the defender which won the 1988 America's Cup, and by USA-17, the challenger which won the 2010 America's Cup.
Sail 
 Most modern yachts, including bermuda rig, ketch and yawl boats, have a sail "inventory" which usually includes more than one of these types of sails.
Sail 
 Although the mainsail is “permanently” hoisted while sailing, headsails and spinnakers can be changed depending on the particular weather conditions to allow better handling and speed.
Skin 
 Humans can have different skin colours like black people and white people depending on their race and has to do with genetics.
Skin 
 People often say that fruits, such as apples, bananas, grapes, kiwis, and strawberrys, and vegetables, such as potatoes, have "skins".
Search engine 
 A search engine is a website that allows users to look up information on the World Wide Web (WWW), part of the Internet.
Search engine 
 The search engine will achieve this by looking at many web pages to find matches to the user's search inputs.
Search engine 
 The search engine looks for matches between the keyword(s) entered and its database of websites and words.
Search engine 
 After the user inputs their search or query into the search bar, a list of results will appear on the screen known as search engine results page (SERP).
Search engine 
 This list of webpages contains matches related to the user's query in a particular order determined by a ranking system.
Search engine 
 Most search engine will remove "spam" pages from the list of results to provide a better list of results.
Search engine 
 A search service may also include a portal with news, games, and more information besides a search engine.
Search engine 
 has a popular portal, and MSN Search is part of the MSN portal, while Google has a simple design on its front page.
Search engine 
 Search services usually work without charging money for finding sites, and are often supported with text or banner advertisements.
Search engine 
 The process of crawling is the first measure that search engines take before indexing content in virtually any form–videos, text, images, webpages, etc..The content may constitute newly uploaded content to the internet or content that features updates or changes to its material.
Search engine 
 After the bots crawl content, it can be indexed in the database and arranged in terms of its relevance.
Search engine 
 If internet content has not been crawled or indexed, it is unlikely to appear in the search results when someone makes a query no matter how relevant that content may be.
Search engine 
 During the indexing process, the search engine compares the content to other content with similar ‘words’ and decides how to organize it within its index.
Search engine 
 When a searcher makes a query on Google looking for anything from 19th century British landscape painters to New York City plumbers, the search engine will generate a list of good matches to that query.
Search engine 
 The search engine lists what it ‘thinks’ are the best answers to the query early in its search results.
Search engine 
 Google and other search engines rely on algorithms to interpret the searcher’s query, identify the websites and pages in its index that are related to the request, and it then ranks them in terms of relevance in its presented search results list.
Search engine 
 What’s important to search engines is to provide searchers with the most relevant matches to their queries as possible.
Sabbath in Christianity 
 Like the Jewish Sabbath (Shabbat), the Sabbath in Christianity comes from the Genesis story of Creation.
Sabbath in Christianity 
 Most Christians honor the Sabbath on Sunday to remember the Resurrection of Jesus on the first day of the week on the Jewish calendar.
Sabbath in Christianity 
 They say that there is an analogy between the obligation of the Christian day of worship and the Sabbath-day ordinance.
Sabbath in Christianity 
 They say that this ordinance is no longer valid, because God has replaced his old creation by a new one.
Sabbath in Christianity 
 They say there are examples in the New Testament, and in other writings surviving from the first few centuries.
Sabbath in Christianity 
 This is because the 4th commandment has never been revoked and Sabbath-keeping is in any case a creation ordinance.
Sabbath in Christianity 
 Still others believe that the Sabbath remains as a day of rest on the Saturday, reserving Sunday as a day of worship.
Sabbath in Christianity 
 In reference to Acts 20:7, the disciples came together on the first day of the week (Sunday) to break bread and to hear the preaching of the apostle Paul.
Sabbath in Christianity 
 This is not the first time Christians assembled together on a Sunday; Jesus appeared to the Christians on the "first day of the week" while they were in hiding.
Sabbath in Christianity 
 One can maintain this argument in that Jesus himself maintained the Sabbath, although not within the restrictions that were mandated by Jewish traditions;  the Pharisees often tried Jesus by asking him if certain tasks were acceptable according to the Law.
Sabbath in Christianity 
 This would seem to show that while the Sabbath was still of importance to the Jews, Sunday was a separate day for worship and teaching from Scriptures.
Sabbath in Christianity 
 They argue that the custom of meeting for worship on Sunday originated in paganism, specifically Sol Invictus and Mithraism (in which sun god worship took place on Sunday).
Sabbath in Christianity 
 Instead, they keep Saturday as the Sabbath as a memorial to God's work of creation believing that none of the Ten Commandments can ever be destroyed.