the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Canopus 
 Canopus, or Alpha Carinae in the Bayer designation system, is the brightest star in its constellation (Carina) and the brightest star in the southern night sky.
Canopus 
 Before the launching of the Hipparcos satellite telescope, distance estimates for the star varied widely, from 96 light years to 1200 light years.
Canopus 
 This in turn made it difficult to know how intrinsically bright Canopus is, and therefore how far away it might be.
Canopus 
 Canopus is too far away for Earth-based parallax observations to be made, so the star's distance was not known with certainty until the early 1990s.
Canopus 
 Canopus is 13,600 times more luminous than the Sun and the most intrinsically bright star within about 700 light years.
Canopus 
 Canopus appears less bright than Sirius in our sky only because Sirius is much closer to the Earth (8.6 light years).
Canopus 
 The surface temperature of Canopus is 7350 ± 30 K. Its diameter has been measured at 0.6 astronomical units (the measured angular diameter being 0.006 arcseconds), 65 times that of the Sun.
Canopus 
 If it were placed at the centre of the solar system, it would extend three-quarters of the way to Mercury.
Canopus 
 An Earth-like planet would have to lie three times the distance of Pluto for its star to appear the same size in the sky as our own sun.
Canopus 
 Canopus is a strong source of X-rays, which are probably produced by its corona, magnetically heated to around 15 million K.
Canopus 
 Canopus is part of the Scorpius-Centaurus Association, a group of stars which share similar origins.
Bayer designation 
 It usually starts with the letter alpha (α) assigned to the brightest star in the constellation, then going down the Greek alphabet to assign letters for other stars (beta, gamma, delta, etc.)
Demographics of Pakistan 
 Between 1951-1998, the number of people in Pakistan's cities and towns (known as the urban population) increased sevenfold.
Demographics of Pakistan 
 Between 1990-2003, Pakistan sustained its historical lead as the most urbanised nation in South Asia, with city dwellers making up 34% of its population.
Demographics of Pakistan 
 Pakistan has a multicultural and multi-ethnic society and has one of the largest refugee populations in the world as well as a young population.
Demographics of Pakistan 
 In the northern half, most of the population lives about an arc formed by the cities of Faisalabad, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Nowshera, Swabi, Mardan and Peshawar.
Culture of Iran 
 The culture of Iran has been influenced by many different things, by religion and by its ancient history.
Apollo 17 
 It went up to space on December 7, 1972, carrying three astronauts: Eugene Cernan, Harrison Schmitt and Ronald Evans.
Apollo 17 
 On December 11, 1972, Cernan and Schmitt became the last humans to land on the moon, while Evans stayed in orbit around the Moon.
Apollo 17 
 The bit with the people in it had two parts, the Apollo Command Module called America and the Apollo Lunar Module called Challenger.
Cultural geography 
 Cultural Geography is the study of cultures, customs, foods, clothing, music, architecture, traditions, religions and languages of the world  - and how and why these cultures are spread across the world.
Cultural geography 
 An example would be the Arab World, there are many nations inhabited by Arabic people, from Morocco in the north-west of Africa and lies near to Spain, to Syria which borders Turkey - and Yemen which is near to Ethiopia.
Arab world 
 The Arab world (; pronounced: al-`alam al-`arabi) are the Arabic language-speaking countries stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Horn of Africa and the Indian Ocean in the southeast.
Arab world 
 It consists of 24 countries and territories with a combined population of some 325 million people spanning at least 2 billion acres across two continents.
Horn of Africa 
 The Horn of Africa (alternatively Northeast Africa, and sometimes Somali Peninsula) is a peninsula in East Africa that sticks out into the Somali Sea and Guardafui Channel, and is along the southern side of the Gulf of Aden.
Horn of Africa 
 Some people said that its a good idea for Horn Africans to help each other with making money and politics.
Horn of Africa 
 The northernmost areas of the Horn are Ras Kasar in the west, settled by the Rashaida tribe, and Alula in the east, settled by Dishiishe.
Horn of Africa 
 The easternmost area is Ras Hafun, settled by Leelkase, and the southernmost in Ras Kamboni, settled by Dhulbahante.
Horn of Africa 
 Northeast Africa, or Northeastern Africa or Northern East Africa as it was known in the past, is a geographic regional term used to refer to the countries of Africa in and around the Red Sea.
Horn of Africa 
 The region is between North Africa and East Africa, and mainly encompasses the Horn of Africa (Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti) and the Sudans (Sudan and South Sudan) as well as Egypt.
Horn of Africa 
 It is one of the most genetically and linguistically diverse regions of the world, being the home to many civilizations and located on an important trade route that connects multiple continents.
Horn of Africa 
 Those countries which fought back were Ethiopia, led by Menelik II, and the Daraawiish State, led by Ismail Mire.
Horn of Africa 
 Horn of Africa can also mean the greater region containing the countries of Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia and Somalia.
Horn of Africa 
 The greater region covers about 2,000,000 km2 (or 772,200 square miles) and is inhabited by about 94.2 million people (Ethiopia: 79 million, Somalia: 10 million, Eritrea: 4.5 million, and Djibouti: 0.7 million).
Horn of Africa 
 Paternally, E-M35 (also known as E1b1b1, formerly E3b1) forms an important lineage in many Cushitic populations, other important paternal lineages in Cushitic populations include J-M267 (also known as J1), A-M13 (A1b1b2b, formerly A3b2), and T-M70 (T1a, formerly K2).
Horn of Africa 
 Many Cushitic populations can be paternally traced back to having ethnic origins in the Nile Valley (Egypt and Northern Sudan) through haplogroup E-M78 and the Red Sea region of the Horn of Africa through haplogroup E-V1515 This coincides with anthropological and linguistic hypotheses placing the ethnogensis of the Cushitic language family in the aforementioned regions.
Horn of Africa 
 Maternally, Cushitic populations are more diverse, yet share certain lineages in common such as various East African-origin Macro-haplogroup L lineages (various L0, L1, L5, L2, L6, L4, L3 lineages) and North African and/or Middle Eastern-origin M1 and Macro-haplogroup N (in particular N subclades N1a, N1b, R0a, HV1b1, I, K1a, U3a, and U6a).
Horn of Africa 
 Cushitic populations have existed at the cross-roads of Africa and Eurasia since the Stone Age, with the Nile acting as a corridor between sub-Saharan Africa and Levant and North Africa thus Cushitic populations have multiple origins, like most other populations, that have become idiosyncratic of Cushitic populations.
Horn of Africa 
 Cushitic populations tend to combine in their ancestries both, genetic components indigenous to East Africa, and non-African components of West Asian origin.
Horn of Africa 
 2014), the Afro-Asiatic languages were likely spread across Africa and the Near East by an ancestral population(s) carrying a newly identified non-African genetic component, which the researchers dub the “Ethio-Somali” or “Semitic-Cushitic” in another study.
Horn of Africa 
 This Ethio-Somali component is today most common among Cushitic and Ethiosemitic populations in the Horn of Africa and reaches a frequency peak among ethnic Somalis, representing the majority of their ancestry.
Horn of Africa 
 The Ethio-Somali component is most closely related to the Maghrebi non-African genetic component, and is believed to have diverged from all other non-African ancestries at least 23,000 years ago.
Horn of Africa 
 On this basis, the researchers suggest that the original Ethio-Somali carrying population(s) probably arrived in the pre-agricultural period from the Near East, having crossed over into northeastern Africa via the Sinai Peninsula.
Horn of Africa 
 The population then likely split into two branches, with one group heading westward toward the Maghreb and the other moving south into the Horn.
Horn of Africa 
 Ancient DNA analysis indicates that this foundational ancestry in the Horn region is akin to that of the Neolithic farmers of the southern Levant.
Horn of Africa 
 2014), both the African ancestry (Ethiopic) and the non-African ancestry (Ethio-Somali) in Cushitic speaking populations is significantly differentiated from all neighboring African and non-African ancestries in East Africa, North Africa, the Levant and Arabia.
Horn of Africa 
 The genetic ancestry of Cushitic and Semitic speaking populations in the Horn of Africa represents ancestries (Ethiopic and Ethio-Somali) not found outside of Cushitic and Semitic speaking HOA populations in any significance.
Horn of Africa 
 Therefore, both ancestries are distinct, unique to, and considered the signature autosomal genetic ancestry of Cushitic and Semitic speaking HOA populations.
Horn of Africa 
 states:”The African Ethiopic ancestry is tightly restricted to HOA populations and likely represents an autochthonous HOA population.
Horn of Africa 
 The non-African ancestry in the HOA, which is primarily attributed to a novel Ethio-Somali inferred ancestry component, is significantly differentiated from all neighboring non-African ancestries in North Africa, the Levant, and Arabia.
Horn of Africa 
 2014), the non-African ancestry (Ethio-Somali) in the Cushitic speaking populations is distinct and unique to Cushitic and Semitic speaking HOA populations.
Horn of Africa 
 states:”We find that most of the non-African ancestry in the HOA can be assigned to a distinct non-African origin Ethio-Somali ancestry component, which is found at its highest frequencies in Cushitic and Semitic speaking HOA populations.
Horn of Africa 
 ”When calculated the genetic distance (FST) between Ethiosemitic-speaking and Cushitic-speaking Ethiopians, and populations of the Levant, North Africa, and the Arabian Peninsula using two approaches: (1) the whole genome and (2) only the non-African component — in the whole-genome analysis, Ethiopian Semitic and Cushitic populations appear to be closest to the Yemeni; when only the non-African component is used, they are closer to the Egyptians and populations inhabiting the Levant.
Horn of Africa 
 However this is due to the fact that the similarity is because of the Ethiopian contribution to the Yemeni gene pool.
Horn of Africa 
 2012) states:”The Ethiopian similarity with the Yemeni detected throughout the genome could be explained as an Ethiopian contribution to the Yemeni gene pool, consistent with that observed with mtDNA.”A 2015 study by Dobon et al.
Horn of Africa 
 identified an ancestral autosomal component of West Eurasian origin that is common to many modern Afroasiatic-speaking populations in Northeast Africa.
Horn of Africa 
 Known as the ‘’Coptic’’ component, it peaks among Egyptian Copts who settled in Sudan over the past two centuries.
Horn of Africa 
 The Coptic component evolved out of a main Northeast African and Middle Eastern ancestral component that is shared by other Egyptians and also found at high frequencies among Cushites (≈40–60%), with the remaining 40–60% of the ancestry of Cushites being of sub-Saharan East African origin.
Horn of Africa 
 2015), the results were not conclusive and states that there needs to be more studies on the East African samples.
Horn of Africa 
 states:”Our main results add new and interesting features to the North East African genetic complexity, with new populations that define a genetic component in southern Nilo-Saharan speakers that cannot be related to a North-African or other sub-Saharan components.
Horn of Africa 
 These populations should be included in further population genetics and epidemiological studies to have a representative sample of the genetic diversity of the region of East Africa.
Horn of Africa 
 ”The scientists involved in the study suggest that this points to a common origin for the general population of Egypt.
Horn of Africa 
 They also associate the Coptic component with Ancient Egyptian ancestry, without the later Arabian influence that is present among other Egyptians.
Horn of Africa 
 2005) tested various populations in Africa for paternal lineages, including 26 Maasai and 9 Luo from Kenya, and 9 Alur from the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Horn of Africa 
 The signature Nilotic paternal marker Haplogroup A3b2 was observed in 27% of the Maasai, 22% of the Alur, and 11% of the Luo.
Horn of Africa 
 The E1b1b haplogroup has been observed at overall frequencies of around 11% among Nilo-Saharan-speaking groups in the Great Lakes area, with this influence concentrated among the Maasai (50%).
Horn of Africa 
 This is indicative of substantial historic gene flow from Cushitic-speaking males into these Nilo-Saharan-speaking populations.
Horn of Africa 
 2008) analysed the Y-DNA of populations in the Sudan region, with various local Nilotic groups included for comparison.
Horn of Africa 
 The researchers found the signature Nilotic A and B clades to be the most common paternal lineages amongst the Nilo-Saharan speakers, except those inhabiting western Sudan.
Horn of Africa 
 Haplogroup A was observed amongst 62% of Dinka, 53.3% of Shilluk, 46.4% of Nuba, 33.3% of Nuer, 31.3% of Fur and 18.8% of Masalit.
Horn of Africa 
 Haplogroup B was found in 50% of Nuer, 26.7% of Shilluk, 23% of Dinka, 14.3% of Nuba, 3.1% of Fur and 3.1% of Masalit.
Horn of Africa 
 The E1b1b clade was also observed in 71.9% of the Masalit, 59.4% of the Fur, 39.3% of the Nuba, 20% of the Shilluk, 16.7% of the Nuer, and 15% of the Dinka.
Horn of Africa 
 attributed the atypically high frequencies of the haplogroup in the Masalit to either a recent population bottleneck, which likely altered the community’s original haplogroup diversity, or to geographical proximity to E1b1b’s place of origin in North Africa.
Horn of Africa 
 The researchers suggest that the clade “might have been brought to Sudan […] after the progressive desertification of the Sahara around 6,000–8,000 years ago”.
Horn of Africa 
 2008) similarly observed Afro-Asiatic influence in the Nilotic Datog of northern Tanzania, 43% of whom carried the M293 sub-clade of E1b1b.
Horn of Africa 
 Unlike the paternal DNA of Nilotes, the maternal lineages of Nilotes in general show low-to-negligible amounts of Afro-Asiatic and other extraneous influences.
Horn of Africa 
 2008) examined the maternal ancestry of various Nilotic populations in Kenya, with Turkana, Samburu, Maasai and Luo individuals sampled.
Horn of Africa 
 The mtDNA of almost all of the tested Nilotes belonged to various Sub-Saharan macro-haplogroup L sub-clades, including L0, L2, L3, L4 and L5.
Horn of Africa 
 Low levels of maternal gene flow from North Africa and the Horn of Africa were observed in a few groups, mainly via the presence of mtDNA haplogroup M and haplogroup I lineages in about 12.5% of the Maasai and 7% of the Samburu samples, respectively.
Horn of Africa 
 The autosomal DNA of Nilotic peoples has been examined in a comprehensive study by Tishkoff et al. (
Horn of Africa 
 The authors also found that certain Nilotic populations in the eastern Great Lakes region, such as the Maasai, showed some additional Afro-Asiatic affinities due to repeated assimilation of Cushitic-speaking peoples over the past 5000 or so years.
Horn of Africa 
 Tishkoff ‘’et al’’ in 2009 published the largest study done to characterise genetic variation and relationships among populations in Africa.
Horn of Africa 
 They examined 121 African populations, 4 African American populations and 60 non-African populations.
Horn of Africa 
 In East Africa, all population groups examined had elements of Nilotic, Cushitic and Bantu ancestry amongst others to varying degrees.
Horn of Africa 
 They also found that by and large, genetic clusters were consistent with linguistic classification with notable exceptions including the Luo of Kenya.
Horn of Africa 
 Despite being Nilo-Saharan speakers, the Luo cluster with the Niger-Kordofanian speaking populations that surround them.
Horn of Africa 
 They suggest that this indicates a high degree of admixture occurred during the southward migration of Southern Luo.
Horn of Africa 
 Kalenjin groups and Maasai groups were found to have less Bantu ancestry but significant Cushitic ancestry.
Horn of Africa 
 David Reich, a geneticist known for his studies on ancient DNA carried out a study which found that mutation frequencies in Luo people were much more similar to those of the surrounding Bantu speakers.
Horn of Africa 
 They suggested that Luo speakers in East Africa may not have always been socially disadvantaged as they migrated into territories already inhabited by Bantu speakers.
Horn of Africa 
 This is in keeping with oral history which affirms that large groups of Bantu speakers adopted Luo language, culture and customs that were dominant at the time.
East Africa 
 There are different ways to describe the area East Africa covers - it can be defined by geography or countries.
Battle of Miani 
 The Battle of Miani (February 17, 1843) was a battle between British forces under Sir Charles Napier and the Talpur rulers of Sindh (now a province of Pakistan).
Battle of Miani 
 After Napier first gained military control of the region by forcing an agreement with the Sindh amirs, his forces attacked the fortress at Imamgarh.
Battle of Miani 
 The Battle of Miani (also known as Meeanee by the British) was the decisive victory that allowed British to take control of all of Sindh (apart from the state of Khairpur).
Battle of Miani 
 Later, on March 24, 1843, Mir Sher Muhammad Khan Talpur, the ruler of Southeastern Sindh (Mirpurkhas) tried to liberate Sindh from the occupation of the British East India Company forces at the Battle of Dubbo but he could not succeed
Charles James Napier 
 General Sir Charles James Napier, GCB (August 10, 1782 – August 29, 1853) was a British general and Commander-in-Chief in India, famous for conquering Sindh province in present-day Pakistan.
William Griffiths 
 William Griffiths (politician) (1912–1973), British Member of Parliament for Manchester Exchange 1950–1973
BBC iPlayer 
 BBC iPlayer, commonly shortened to iPlayer, is an online service developed by the BBC which lets you catch up on the last week's television and radio.
BBC iPlayer 
 BBC iPlayer was first called the Integrated Media Player (iMP), the Interactive Media Player, and then MyBBCPlayer.
BBC iPlayer 
 During this BETA time, iPlayer was only available as a download (WMV format) meaning that any person who did not have Windows loaded on their computer could not use iPlayer.
BBC iPlayer 
 People could now also watch programmes on the website instead of having to download the video as people had to do before.
BBC iPlayer 
 This meant that people who did not have Windows installed on their computers could use iPlayer as well.
BBC iPlayer 
 This made iPlayer a lot more popular and easier to use, so much so that 3.5 million programmes were viewed in a fortnight.
BBC Online 
 It is currently the 4th most popular web service in the UK, and includes features such as BBC News, BBC Sport, BBC Weather, BBC iPlayer and learning services such as Bitesize.
BBC Online 
 The BBC has had a website for information about its TV and radio programmes since 1994, but did not launch officially as BBC Online until December 1997, following government approval to fund it by TV licence fee.
Commander-in-Chief, India 
 The British Commander-in-Chief in India (or Commander-in-Chief of India) was the chief military commander of the British administration in India.
Commander-in-Chief, India 
 The Commander-in-Chief's staff were known as India Command and most were based at the General Headquarters India (GHQ India).
History of colonialism 
 The history of colonialism goes back thousands of years, colonialism is the taking over of one country by another.
History of colonialism 
 However people usually use the word colonialism to talk about the European overseas empires rather than land-based empires.
History of colonialism 
 Overseas empires include British rule in India and French rule in Algeria - both of which could only be reached by ships.
History of colonialism 
 The Ottoman Empire was created across Mediterranean, North Africa and into Southern Europe and existed during the time of European colonization of the other parts of the world.
History of colonialism 
 European colonialism began in the fifteenth century when the  Spanish and Portuguese began exploring the Americas, and the coasts of Africa, the Middle East, India, and East Asia.
History of colonialism 
 During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, England, France and Holland made their own overseas empires.
History of colonialism 
 However the end of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century many European colonies in the Americas gained their independence.
History of colonialism 
 Spain and Portugal became weakened after the loss of their New World colonies and could not get back the power they once had.
History of colonialism 
 But Britain, France and Holland turned their attention to South Africa, India and South East Asia and began expanding.
History of colonialism 
 In the nineteenth century Europe underwent industrialisation, the population got larger, armies became more organised and had better weapons produced in factories.
History of colonialism 
 After World War I the European countries who had lost the war had to give up their colonies to the countries that had won the war.
History of colonialism 
 In 1999 Portugal returned the last of Europe's colonies in Asia, Macau, to China, ending an era that had lasted five hundred years.
Pakistan Movement 
 The Pakistan Movement (also called Tehrik-e-Pakistan, ) was a political movement which was active during the first half of the 20th century.
Pakistan Movement 
 This struggle was organised by the All India Muslim League party and resulted in the partition of the British Empire in India.
Pakistan Movement 
 Other important leaders were Nawab   Muhammad Ismail Khan, Raja Amir Ahmed Khan of Mahmudabad, Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan, Fatimah Jinnah, Amjadi Bano Begum, Sir Abdullah Haroon, Khawaja Nazimuddin, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, Sardar Shaukat Hayat Khan, Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman, A.K. Fazlul Huq, Aurangzeb Khan, Qazi Muhammad Isa and Abdur Rab Nishtar
Pakistan Movement 
 The first person who had the idea of a separate state was not Allama Iqbal as is reckoned generally.
Pakistan Movement 
 From 1901 onwards, many other Muslim scholars had also been proposing the idea of a separate Muslim state within the subcontinent.
Pakistan Movement 
 In 1940 during its meeting in Lahore, the Muslim League passed the Lahore Resolution (also known as Pakistan Resolution) that asked for an independent state of Pakistan.
Pakistan Movement 
 Soon after World War II, the United Kingdom became convinced that they would not be able to keep their colonies in South Asia, as the British Empire suffered very badly from the war.
Pakistan Movement 
 By 1947, British India was divided into two countries, a Muslim majority Pakistan and a Hindu majority India.
Sexual arousal 
 Sexual arousal is the feeling humans and  animals get when they are ready to have sexual intercourse.
Sexual arousal 
 Someone who can only get sexually aroused after forming an emotional bond with someone is called a demisexual.
Sexual arousal 
 Animal sexuality is not very well understood today, but scientists are sure that animals do get sexually aroused without having sexual intercourse.
Brahan Castle 
 The castle was also the place where the Jacobite Mackenzies became the first defeated clan who were forced to surrender and be ruled by the English.
Clan Mackenzie 
 Clan Mackenzie is a Highland Scottish clan, historically associated with lands in Kintail and Ross-shire.