the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
United States Department of War 
 The War Department also had responsibility for the young nation's naval affairs until the establishment of the Navy Department in 1798.
United States Department of Commerce and Labor 
 The United States Department of Commerce and Labor was a Cabinet department of the United States government.
United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 
 The United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (also known as HEW) was a cabinet-level department of the United States government from 1953 until 1979.
United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 
 In 1979, a separate Department of Education (ED) was created from this department, and HEW was renamed as the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).
United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 
 President Warren G. Harding proposed a Department of Education and Welfare as early as 1923, and similar proposals were also recommended by subsequent presidents, but for various reasons was not implemented.
United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 
 It was only enacted as part of Reorganization Plan Number 1 of 1953, transmitted to Congress by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on March 12, 1953.
United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 
 HEW ran a Community Public Health Program, which was famous for its grants to cities like Chicago for rat control.
United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 
 It ran a Solid Waste program focused on municipal waste issues, like how to build sanitary landfills rather than dumps.
United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 
 When the EPA was created in 1970, it assumed a number of HEW’s programs that related to environmental protection, including its pesticides program and half of its radiation program.
United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 
 To date, this was the only department of the U.S. government to be created through presidential reorganization authority, in which the president is allowed to create or reorganize bureaucracies as long as neither house of Congress passed a legislative veto.
United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 
 This power to create new departments was removed after 1962, but in the early 1980s, the Supreme Court declared legislative vetoes unconstitutional.
United States Post Office Department 
 The Post Office Department is the former name of the United States Postal Service when it was a Cabinet department.
United States Post Office Department 
 The Postal Service Act signed by President George Washington on February 20, 1792 established the Department.
United States Post Office Department 
 Postmaster General John McLean was the first to call it the Post Office Department rather than just the "Post Office."
United States Post Office Department 
 The organization became more important in the government when President Andrew Jackson asked his Postmaster General, William T. Barry, to sit as a member of the Cabinet.
United States Post Office Department 
 During the Civil War, postal services in the  Confederacy were provided by the Confederate States of America Post Office Department, headed by Postmaster General John Henninger Reagan.
United States Post Office Department 
 The Postal Reorganization Act signed by President Richard Nixon on August 12, 1970, replaced the cabinet-level Post Office Department with the independent United States Postal Service.
United States Department of Education 
 The United States Department of Education (also referred to as ED, for Education Department) is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government.
United States Department of Education 
 Created by the Department of Education Organization Act (Public Law 96-88), it was signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on October 17, 1979 and began operating on May 4, 1980.
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development 
 The United States Department of Housing, often abbreviated HUD, is a Cabinet department of the United States federal government.
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development 
 Although its beginnings were in the House and Home Financing Agency, it was founded in 1965 to develop and execute policy on housing and cities.
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development 
 The department was established on September 9, 1965 when President Lyndon Johnson signed the Department of Housing and Urban Development Act  into law.
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development 
 It stipulated that the department was to be created no later than November 8, 60 days following the date of enactment.
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development 
 The actual implementation was postponed until January 13, 1966, following the completion of a special study group report on the federal role in solving urban problems.
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development 
 The former administrator of the US Small Business Association, Steve Preston, was nominated to the Position of Secretary of HUD by President Bush on April 18, 2008.
United States Department of Veterans Affairs 
 The United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is a government-run military veteran benefit system with Cabinet-level status.
United States Department of Veterans Affairs 
 It is responsible for administering programs of veterans’ benefits for veterans, their families, and survivors.
United States Department of Veterans Affairs 
 The benefits provided include disability compensation, pension, education, home loans, life insurance, vocational rehabilitation, survivors’ benefits, medical benefits and burial benefits.
United States Department of Veterans Affairs 
 The beginning of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs dates back to 1636 when the Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony voted that the Colony would support soldiers disabled by its war with the Native American tribe called the Pequot.
United States Department of Veterans Affairs 
 During the Revolutionary War, the Continental Congress of 1776 enacted pensions for disabled soldiers.
United States Department of Veterans Affairs 
 Veterans' benefits expanded further during World War I, with the first consolidation of World War I veterans' programs occurring in 1921 when Congress created the Veterans Bureau.
United States Department of Veterans Affairs 
 With increased benefits and agencies disbursing the benefits, the Veterans Administration was established in 1930, bringing all the agencies together.
United States Department of Veterans Affairs 
 Frank T. Hines was the first administrator of veterans affairs, leading the organisation until 1945.
United States Department of Veterans Affairs 
 The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs was officially established as a Cabinet-level department on March 15, 1989, by President George H.W. Bush.
Particle accelerator 
 A particle accelerator, also called an atom smasher, is a machine that accelerates (speeds up) particles and makes them travel at very high speeds.
Particle accelerator 
 Accelerators work by pushing particles like electrons, protons, or atomic nuclei (the centers of atoms) with electric fields and by steering them with magnetic fields.
Particle accelerator 
 The largest accelerators are used to study particles smaller than atoms; smaller accelerators are used to study atomic nuclei and make radioactive materials.
Particle accelerator 
 Linear accelerators move the particles in a line, while circular accelerators move the particles in a circle.
Particle accelerator 
 The cathode ray tube, used in 20th century televisions and computer monitors is also a simple accelerator for electrons.
Particle accelerator 
 The particle accelerator at CERN was set up to search for the Higgs Boson particle, which would complete the Standard Model of Particle Physics.
United States Secretary of Education 
 The Secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet, and 16th in line of United States presidential line of succession.
United States Secretary of Education 
 Previously, Education had been handled by the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, henceforth known as the Secretary of Health and Human Services.
United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare 
 The United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare was the head of the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare 
 In 1979, there was a division of the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare's position into separate secretaries of Health and Human Services and Education.
Oveta Culp Hobby 
 Oveta Culp Hobby (January 19, 1905–August 16, 1995) was the first secretary of the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, first commanding officer of the Women's Army Corps, and chairman of the board of the Houston Post.
Patricia Roberts Harris 
 Patricia Roberts Harris (May 31, 1924 – March 23, 1985) served as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, the last United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare and the first United States Secretary of Health and Human Services in the administration of President Jimmy Carter.
Patricia Roberts Harris 
 She was the first African American woman to serve as a United States Ambassador, representing the U.S. in Luxembourg under President Lyndon B. Johnson, and the first to enter the line of succession to the Presidency.
Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development for Housing 
 The Assistant Secretary for Housing, who also carries the title Federal Housing Commissioner, is a position within the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development.
Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development for Housing 
 The Assistant Secretary is responsible for overseeing the $400 billion Federal Housing Administration insurance portfolio.
Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development for Housing 
 He or she also oversees the Department of Housing and Urban Development's regulatory responsibilities in the areas of the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act, the housing mission of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, and the manufactured housing industry.
Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development for Housing 
 The Federal Housing Commissioner is appointed by the President and confirmed by the United States Senate.
Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development for Housing 
 The Assistant Secretary is third in the order of succession for the office of Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development for Housing 
 The Assistant Secretary is paid at level IV of the Executive Schedule, meaning he or she receives a basic annual salary of $143,000.
Assistant Secretary of Housing and Urban Development for Housing 
 The incumbent Federal Housing Commissioner is Brian D. Montgomery, who was confirmed in February 2005.
United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development 
 The United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development is the head of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, concerned with urban housing matters.
United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development 
 On January 13, 1966, Robert C. Weaver became the first African American Cabinet member by being appointed to the position.
Henry Paulson 
 Henry Merritt "Hank" Paulson Jr. (born March 28, 1946) was the United States Treasury Secretary from 2006 to 2009 and member of the International Monetary Fund Board of Governors.
Henry Paulson 
 Paulson is co-chair with Tom Steyer and Michael Bloomberg for a  report called Risky Business  by a coalition of top U.S. political and economic leaders from the political left, right, and center on the dire economic consequences from climate change (global warming), from lost property to ruined crops.
Reconquista 
 The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest"; Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing") was a period of 800 years in the Middle Ages during which the several Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula expanded themselves (grew) by fighting the Muslim states of al-Andalus (Arabic الأندلس), the Muslim states on the Iberian Peninsula, and pushing them out of the peninsula.
Reconquista 
 Much of the ideology of the Reconquista was common to most Crusading: soldiers from all Christendom travelled to Iberia to fight the Muslims as an act of Christian repentance.
Reconquista 
 The last Muslim ruler of Granada surrendered (gave up) his kingdom to Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, the Catholic kings (los Reyes Católicos).
Reconquista 
 3: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, edited by Harry W. Hazard, (University of Wisconsin Press)
John W. Snow 
 John William Snow (born August 2, 1939, in Toledo, Ohio) served as the 73rd United States Secretary of the Treasury.
John W. Snow 
 He replaced Secretary Paul O'Neill on February 3, 2003 and was succeeded by Henry Paulson on July 3, 2006, in a move that had been anticipated for several weeks.
John W. Snow 
 Snow submitted a letter of resignation on May 30, 2006, effective "after an orderly transition period for my successor."
John W. Snow 
 To replace him, U.S. President George W. Bush nominated Henry M. Paulson, Jr.. Snow announced on Thursday, June 29, 2006 that he had completed his last day on the job; Robert Kimmitt served as acting secretary until Paulson was sworn in.
Paul H. O'Neill 
 He served as the 72nd United States Secretary of the Treasury for part of President George W. Bush's first Administration.
Paul H. O'Neill 
 O'Neill was chairman and CEO of Pittsburgh-based industrial giant Alcoa from 1987 to 1999, and retired as chairman at the end of 2000.
Oliver Wolcott Jr. 
 Oliver Wolcott Jr. (January 11, 1760– June 1, 1833) was United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1795 to 1800 and governor of Connecticut from 1817 to 1827.
Samuel Dexter 
 Samuel Dexter (May 14, 1761 – May 4, 1816) was an early American statesman who served both in Congress and in the Presidential Cabinet.
Samuel Dexter 
 Born in Boston, Massachusetts, to the Rev. Samuel Dexter, the 4th minister of Dedham, he graduated from Harvard University in 1781 and then studied law at Worcester under Levi Lincoln, Sr.,
United States Secretary of the Army 
 The United States Secretary of the Army is a civilian office within the Department of Defense with statutory responsibility for all matters relating to the United States Army: manpower, personnel, reserve affairs, installations, environmental issues, weapons systems and equipment acquisition, communications, and financial management.
United States Secretary of the Army 
 Nominated by the President and confirmed by the U.S. Senate, the Secretary of the Army is a non-Cabinet position serving under the Secretary of Defense.
United States Secretary of the Army 
 This position was created September 18, 1947, when the Department of War became the Department of the Army and made a branch of the new Department of Defense.
Kenneth Claiborne Royall 
 Kenneth Claiborne Royall (July 24, 1894–May 25, 1971) was a United States Army general and the last person to hold the office of Secretary of War.
Kenneth Claiborne Royall 
 That position was abolished in 1947, and Royall served as the first Secretary of the Army (a successory position) from 1947 to 1949.
Pete Geren 
 Preston M. Geren, III (born January 29, 1952 in Fort Worth, Texas) was the 20th United States Secretary of the Army from 16 July 2007 to 16 September 2009.
Pete Geren 
 He had already been acting United States Secretary of the Air Force, between 29 July 2005 and position he served in until the confirmation of his successor Michael Wynne on 4 November 2005.
Astor markhor 
 The astor markhor or flare-horned markhor (Capra falconeri falconeri) is an endangered species of markhor.
Kabul markhor 
 The Kabul markhor (Capra falconeri megaceros) is a goat-antelope native to Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Junagarh 
 Junagarh City () was the former capital of the former princely state of Junagadh, which was integrated into the Indian Union in 1948.
Nirvana (album) 
 Nirvana was a greatest hits album of songs by the popular American grunge band Nirvana, who disbanded in 1994 because the lead singer, Kurt Cobain died.
Nirvana (album) 
 This was because of a song on the album, "You Know You're Right", that Love thought would be wasted on a box-set album.
India–Pakistan border 
 The Hindustan–Pakistan Border, known locally as the International Border (IB), is the international boundary between the Republic of India and Pakistan that demarcates the Indian states of Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat from the Pakistani provinces of Punjab and Sindh except for Kashmir that is disputed (Line of Control).
India–Pakistan border 
 Wagah, the ceremonial point of crossing between India and Pakistan lies along this border between the Indian city of Amritsar and the Pakistani city of Lahore.
India–Pakistan border 
 The border between two countries is called an international border from Gujrat/Sindh to the Line of Control.
India–Pakistan border 
 The Kashmir region is divided by the 1949 UN ceasefire line into two parts and the de facto border dividing Pakistan-administered Kashmir from Indian-administered Kashmir has been called the Line of Control since 1972.
India–Pakistan border 
 On the south side of the border of the Jammu Division is Pakistan's Punjab border, and is called the working boundary by Pakistan (which is a recent term) but the "international border" by India.
Emblem of Afghanistan 
 The Coat of arms of Afghanistan has appeared in some form on the Flag of Afghanistan since the inception of that nation.
Emblem of Afghanistan 
 The most notable absence was during the 1980s when a Communist regime ruled the nation, and in the late 1990s, during the rule of the Taliban.
Emblem of Afghanistan 
 The latest incarnation of the coat of arms has the added inscription of the shahadah in Arabic at the top.
USB hub 
 USB is an international standard of technology for connecting peripherals to computers and other devices that support it.
USB hub 
 The additional ports share one USB connection to the computer; for this reason,  each of them cannot carry as much data as a direct USB connection can.
USB hub 
 There are different versions of the USB standard; main difference between the version is the maximum speed that is supported.
USB hub 
 Connecting an USB 3.0 device to the computer using an USB 2.0 hub will limit the transfer rate to that of USB 2.0.
Digital signature 
 For messages sent through an insecure channel, a good implementation of digital signature algorithm is by panduthe one that makes the receiver believe that the message was sent by the claimed sender, and trust the message.
Digital signature 
 Digital signatures are equivalent to traditional handwritten signatures in many respects; properly implemented digital signatures are more difficult to copy than the handwritten type.
Digital signature 
 Digital signatures can also provide acknowledgement, meaning that the signer cannot successfully claim they did not sign a message, while also claiming their private key remains secret.
Digital signature 
 Digital signatures are regularly used in USA, European countries and India in government as well as private offices.
Digital signature 
 In India certificate called Digital Signing Certificate (DSC) is widely used for e-filing the business related documents and income tax return filing etc.
Digital signature 
 Digital signatures are often used to implement electronic signatures, a broader term that refers to any electronic data that holds a meaning of a signature, but not all electronic signatures use digital signatures.
Digital signature 
 In some countries, including the United States, and in the European Union, electronic signatures may have legal significance.
Digital signature 
 In India electronic signature do not have any legal significance but digital signature does have legal validity and considered as legally valid signature as per the information technology  act, 2000.
Digital signature 
 A signature verifying algorithm which given a message, public key and a signature, decides either to accept or reject.
Digital signature 
 A signature generated from a fixed message and fixed private key should verify on that message and the corresponding public key.
Digital signature 
 It should be computationally infeasible to generate a valid signature for a person who does not own the private key.
Digital signature 
 In 1984, Shafi Goldwasser, Silvio Micali, and Ronald Rivest became the first to strictly define the security requirements of digital signature schemes.
Digital signature 
 They described a hierarchy of attack models for signature schemes, they also present the GMR signature scheme.
Digital signature 
 GMR scheme was proven to be secure against adaptive chosen-message attacks — even when an attacker receives signatures for messages of his choice, this does not allow him to copy a signature for a single additional message.
Digital signature 
 In their foundational paper, Goldwasser, Micali, and Rivest lay out a hierarchy of attack models against digital signatures:
Digital signature 
 In a known message attack, the attacker is given valid signatures for a variety of messages known by the attacker but not chosen by the attacker.
Digital signature 
 In an adaptive chosen message attack, the attacker first learns signatures on arbitrary messages of the attacker's choice.
Digital signature 
 An existential forgery merely results in some valid message/signature pair not already known to the adversary.
Digital signature 
 The strongest notion of security, therefore, is security against existential forgery under an adaptive chosen message attack.
Key generation 
 Modern cryptographic systems include symmetric-key algorithms (such as DES and AES) and public-key algorithms (such as RSA).
Key generation 
 Symmetric-key algorithms use a single shared key; keeping data secret requires keeping this key secret.
Key generation 
 A sender will encrypt data with the public key; only the holder of the private key can decrypt this data.
Key generation 
 Since public-key algorithms tend to be much slower than symmetric-key algorithms, modern systems such as TLS and its predecessor SSL as well as the SSH use a combination of the two in which:
Key generation 
 One party receives the other's public key, and encrypts a small piece of data (either a symmetric key or some data that will be used to generate it).
Key generation 
 The remainder of the conversation (the remaining party) uses a (typically faster) symmetric-key algorithm for encryption.
Key generation 
 The simplest method to read encrypted data is a brute force attack–simply attempting every number, up to the maximum length of the key.
Key generation 
 Therefore, it is important to use a sufficiently long key length; longer keys take exponentially longer time to attack, making a brute force attack invisible and impractical.
Key generation 
 In some cases keys are randomly generated using a random number generator (RNG) or pseudorandom number generator (PRNG), the latter being a computer algorithm that produces data which appears random under analysis.
Key generation 
 Some types the PRNGs algorithms utilize system entropy to generate a seed data, such seeds produce better results, since this makes the initial conditions of the PRNG much more difficult for an attacker to guess.
Key generation 
 In other situations, the key is created using a passphrase and a key generation algorithm, using a cryptographic hash function such as SHA-1.
Key generation 
 Distributed key generation: For some protocols no party should be in the sole possession of the secret key.
Key generation 
 A threshold of the participating parties need to work together in order to achieve a cryptographic task, such as decrypting a message.
Symmetric-key algorithm 
 You can generate the secret randomly, or from a password, or through a secret key-exchange procedure like Diffie-Hellman.
Symmetric-key algorithm 
 Symmetric-key algorithms are very important because they are faster on computers than the other kind:public-key algorithms.