the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Saturn 
 Other ringlets keep their structure due to the gravitational force of shepherd satellites, such as Prometheus and Pandora.
Saturn 
 Recent data from the Cassini spacecraft has shown that the rings have their own atmosphere, free from the planet's atmosphere.
Saturn 
 The rings' atmosphere is made of oxygen gas, and it is produced when the Sun's ultraviolet light breaks up the water ice in the rings.
Saturn 
 Chemical reaction also occurs between the ultraviolet light and the water molecules, creating hydrogen gas.
Saturn 
 At first it was thought the spokes were made of microscopic dust particles but new evidence shows that they are made of ice.
Saturn 
 They rotate at the same time with the planet's magnetosphere, therefore, it is believed that they have a connection with electromagnetism.
Saturn 
 Titan is the largest moon, larger than the planet Mercury, and it is the only moon in the Solar System to have a thick, dense atmosphere.
Saturn 
 In December 2004 and January 2005 a man-made satellite called the Cassini−Huygens probe took lots of close photos of Titan.
Saturn 
 Named after the Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens, it was the first spacecraft to land in the outer Solar System.
Saturn 
 This is caused by ionised particles from volcanos on the small moon interacting with Saturn's magnetic fields.
Saturn 
 It also discovered that the dark ring gaps appear bright when viewed towards the Sun, which shows the gaps are not empty of material.
Saturn 
 In November 1980, Voyager 1 visited Saturn and took higher resolution photographs of the planet, rings, and moons.
Saturn 
 The Voyager spacecraft discovered a number of moons orbiting close to Saturn's rings, as well as discovering new ring gaps.
Saturn 
 Before then, it flew close to Phoebe, taking very high-resolution photos of its surface and collecting data.
Saturn 
 On December 25, 2004, the Huygens probe separated from the Cassini probe before moving down towards Titan's surface and landed there on January 14, 2005.
Saturn 
 In March 2007, it discovered a large hydrocarbon lake the size of the Caspian Sea near its north pole.
Saturn 
 Orbital information is based on the barycentre of the Saturn system, the centre of mass, not the geometric centre.
Slavery 
 It often means that slaves are forced to work, or else they will be punished by the law (if slavery is legal in that place) or by their master.
Slavery 
 There have been different types of slavery, and they have been in almost all cultures and continents.
Slavery 
 The English word "slave" comes from the medieval word for the Slavic peoples of Central Europe and Eastern Europe, because these were the last ethnic group to be captured and enslaved in Central Europe.
Slavery 
 According to Adam Smith and Auguste Comte, a slave was mainly defined as a captive or prisoner of war.
Slavery 
 Once men gathered in cities and towns and there was more than enough food, having a cheap supply of labor made sense.
Slavery 
 The Deuteronomic Code calls for the death penalty for the crime of kidnapping Israelites to enslave them.
Slavery 
 Other ways people could become slaves was by inheriting the status from their parents who were slaves.
Slavery 
 People also sold themselves into slavery because they were poor peasants and needed food and shelter.
Slavery 
 Young slaves could not be put to hard work, and had to be brought up by the mistress of the household.
Slavery 
 In many places, citizens were partly or fully protected from being enslaved, so most slaves were foreigners.
Slavery 
 They did simple manual labor and domestic services, but also could have complex jobs and professions.
Slavery 
 Most slaves, like those sentenced to slavery as punishment, worked on farms, in mines, and at mills.
Slavery 
 Unlike Roman citizens, they could suffer corporal punishment, sexual exploitation (sex workers were often slaves), torture, and summary execution legally.
Slavery 
 Slave's words could not be accepted in a court of law unless the slave was tortured—a practice based on the belief that slaves would be too loyal to their masters reveal damaging evidence unless coerced.
Slavery 
 Over time, however, slaves gained some legal protection, including the right to file complaints against their masters.
Slavery 
 Attitudes changed in part because of the influence among the educated elite of the Stoics, whose egalitarian views of humanity extended to slaves, and because of slave rebellions.
Slavery 
 Roman slaves could hold property which, even though it belonged to their masters, they were allowed to use as if it were their own.
Slavery 
 Historians estimate that between 650 AD and the 1960s, 10 to 18 million people were enslaved by Arab slave traders.
Slavery 
 According to Ronald Segal, author of Islam’s Black Slaves: The Other Black Diaspora (2002), "The calipha in Baghdad at the beginning of the 10th Century had 7,000 black eunuchs and 4,000 white eunuchs in his palace”.
Slavery 
 While the later Atlantic slave trade concentrated on men for labor, the Arab slave trade started with men and boys, but shifted over time to concentrate more on woman and young girls for sexual purposes.
Slavery 
 For four centuries, beginning in the late 15th century, millions of Africans were taken as slaves by Europeans.
Slavery 
 Europeans began exporting Africans to the New World as a source of cheap labor on colonial plantations.
Slavery 
 Between 1452 and 1455, Pope Nicolas V issued a series of papal bulls authorizing the Portuguese to take African slaves.
Slavery 
 Many Europeans who arrived in North America during the 17th and 18th centuries came under contract as indentured servants.
Slavery 
 This case also marked the disparate treatment of Africans as held by the Virginia County Court, where two white runaways received far lesser sentences.
Slavery 
 The court ruled that John Casor, an indentured servant, be returned to Johnson who claimed that Casor belonged to him for his life.
Slavery 
 According to the 1860 U. S. census, 393,975 individuals, representing 8% of all US families, owned 3,950,528 slaves.
Slavery 
 Slavery in United States was legally abolished by Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1865.
Slavery 
 It is less common in the developed world because of better law enforcement, but it still happens there as well.
Slavery 
 Today, slaves may work because of things like a high debt (for example, slaves have to work to pay off a debt).
Slavery 
 Some children have to work in mines or in plantations, or they have to fight wars as child soldiers, for no pay.
Slavery 
 One study says that there are 27 million people (but others say there could be as many as 200 million) in slavery today.
Slavery 
 Other terms that describe the recruitement of laborers, and that may have similarities to slavery are Blackbirding, Impressment and Shanghaiing.
Slavery 
 The Chinese government made a force of 35,000 police check northern Chinese brick kilns for slaves, and sent lots of kiln supervisors and officials to prison and sentenced one kiln foreman to death for killing a worker who was a slave.
Slavery 
 In Mauritania, it is thought that up to 600,000 men, women and children, or 20% of the population, are slaves, and that many of them are used as bonded labour.
Slavery 
 According to the United States Department of State, more than 109,000 children were working on cocoa farms alone in Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) in 'the worst forms of child labour' in 2002.
Slavery 
 In November 2006, the International Labour Organization said that it would prosecute members of the junta that rules Myanmar (also called Burma) at the International Court of Justice for "Crimes against Humanity".
Slavery 
 The International Labour Organisation says that it thinks that about 800,000 people are forced to work this way.
Slavery 
 Scholars of Islamic law have condemned the revival of the slave trade of non-Muslim women by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
Slavery 
 In the United States, disagreement over slavery led to the American Civil War and the Emancipation Proclamation.
Slavery 
 Forced labor however continued, either against the law or by debt peonage or other methods which the laws of the various countries did not count as slavery.
Soul 
 Many philosophies and religions say that a soul is the part of a living human being which is supernatural and lives after death.
Soul 
 Buddhists understand the idea of an eternal soul, and the idea of simple annihilation as delusion; they say that there is no unchanging, permanent self, soul or essence in phenomena.
Soul 
 Buddhists believe in transmigration, or rebirth in samsara or other planes of existence, based on how they understand kamma (Pāli; karma in Sanskrit), and nibbana (nirvana in Sanskrit) for Enlightened ones.
Soul 
 In most Christian denomination this was realized in Jesus Christ but is also the promise for all souls; see heaven, hell, and Final Judgement.
Soul 
 Most atheists say that there is no such thing as a soul, and that the body is the only part of a person.
Soul 
 What people call the mind could be part of the soul: one soul started this article, other souls have edited it, and another soul is reading it.
Soul 
 This view, however, implies that the human body is a possession, and seems to devalue bodies that do not have souls as defined or understood by the speaker (some people say that animals, heretics, and people of another religion do not have souls).
Soul 
 This means that it is a part of them which does not die when their physical body dies, but lives on with them to heaven or to hell.
Soul 
 One distinction often made is between soul, which is distinct from other souls, and spirit which may be combined with that of other beings.
Soul 
 The idea of the Holy Spirit in Christianity, for example, is a universal and shared spirit many souls are part of, and which is expressed on Earth in that faith by "the Church" meaning "the body of Christ" meaning "all bodies that follow Jesus."
Soap 
 Soap is a chemical compound resulting from the reaction of an alkali (commonly sodium or potassium hydroxide) with a fatty acid.
Soap 
 When mixed with water during bathing or washing, they help people and clothes get clean by lowering the chance of dirt and oil to get to the skin or fabric.
Soap 
 For other forms of oil, dishwashing soap is strong enough to remove almost all forms of oil without damaging petroleum products such as plastics.
Soap 
 The earliest recorded evidence of the making of soap-like materials dates back to around 2800 BC in Ancient Babylon and Sumeria.
Soap 
 The Ebers papyrus (Egypt, 1550 BC) suggests that ancient Egyptians bathed often and had animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salts to make a soap-like substance.
Summary 
 A summary is a condensed explanation of an event, story, document, etc.. i.e. "summing up the facts."
Summary 
 The summarizer may choose any length, but the sumarees may not appreciate anything more than absolutely necessary to get the required facts.
Summary 
 Many scientific journals publish a summary for every large article so people who do not have much time can read the main information quickly without spending too much time reading the article.
Sense 
 When a word has several meanings, one can refer to it as being used "in the sense of..." some context or other.
Sense 
 Fish have lateral lines which detect changes in the water pressure around them, and some can detect changes in electric fields around them.
Sense 
 It has a long history of being used in politics, often to mean that some idea will be accepted or rejected because of human nature (what people are like).
Synagogue 
 In a synagogue, Jews carry out the Jewish services, which consist of prayers, sometimes with special actions.
Synagogue 
 In the front is the holiest part of the synagogue, the Ark. This is a closet which has the Torah scrolls inside.
Synagogue 
 Many Orthodox and Conservative Jews living in English-speaking countries use the name "synagogue" or the word "shul", which is Yiddish.
Synagogue 
 Some synagogues have a separate room or torah study, this is called the "beth midrash" meaning house of study.
Scarcity 
 Scarcity can be used to describe an economic situation in economics, or it can be used to describe more general situations.
Scarcity 
 In economics, scarcity is the result of people having "Unlimited Wants and Needs," or always wanting something new, and having "Limited Resources."
Scarcity 
 Limited Resources means that there are never enough resources, or materials, to satisfy, or fulfill, the wants and needs that every person have.
Scarcity 
 Scarcity exists due to the effects of nature such as drought, floods, storms, pest infestation, fire and other things.
Scarcity 
 Goods (things) and services are also scarce because there are only a limited number of things in the world and due to the limits of technology and our own priorities.
Scarcity 
 Artificial scarcity is when somebody limits the amount of goods or services that are available, although it would be simple to make more.
Scarcity 
 Some people will pay more for something that is scarce, because it shows that they are rich (a status symbol).
Readability 
 They argued that their formula would help to measure and reduce the “vocabulary burden” of textbooks.
Readability 
 These lists are based on samples of published texts in English, and (less often) samples of recorded spoken language.
Readability 
 The Reading Teachers Book of Lists claims that the first 25 words make up about one-third of all printed material in English, and that the first 100 make up about one-half of all written material.
Readability 
 The percentage of listed words in a passage gives the data for the formula, and the user is presented with a grade level.
Readability 
 This is because word length is correlated with word frequency, and word frequency is correlated with word difficulty.
Readability 
 A few tests measure the percentage of words on a list; the list is based on the known frequency of words in a language.
Readability 
 Humans can judge whether a semi-colon or colon should count as the end of a sentence for testing purposes.
Readability 
 Since both factors may vary independently of each other, the best prediction is gained by devising a formula with makes use of both indices.
Readability 
 What this means is that a single score is produced for a text, and that score is looked up on a table or graph.
Readability 
 That tells you how difficult the text is in terms of either a) an American school grade level, or b) an artificial scale of 0% to 100%.
Readability 
 It is possible to get a good prediction by getting a group of subjects to read through a passage, followed by multiple-choice questions.
Readability 
 Even better is a method called cloze, where subjects fill in blanks on a text they have not seen before.
Readability 
 A person can perform readability tests himself by counting and doing some math, or by using word-processing software.
Readability 
 Wikipedia Signposts 2015-06-24 surveyed recent studies of web information on medical topics, including articles in English wiki.
Readability 
 "The authors concluded that the readability of online patient information for ‘liposuction’ and ‘breast reconstruction’ is ‘too difficult’ for many patients as the readability scores of all 20 websites (10 each) far exceeds that of a 6th-grade reading level.
Readability 
 The average score for the most popular ‘liposuction’ websites was determined equal to 13.6-grade level.
Readability 
 "Health care information available at the most popular websites for ‘breast reconstruction’ had an average readability score of 13.4, with 100% of the top 10 websites providing content far above the recommended 6th grade reading level.
Readability 
 Wikipedia.org readability scores aligned at the higher readability range for both terms, with scores above the 14 grade level for ‘liposuction’, and above grade 15 for ‘breast reconstruction’".
Readability 
 That shows these articles, and presumably many other medical articles on English wiki, are written in prose far too difficult for the average member of the public.
Readability 
 Writing Sample Analyzer , reports on the Flesch Reading Ease, Fog Scale Level, and Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level for a given piece of text.
Readability 
 Online Textual Difficulty Calculator - reports ARI, SMOG, Flesch–Kincaid Readability Test, Coleman–Liau Index, Gunning–Fog Index, etc.
Theatre 
 Theatre (British English and also American English), or Theater (mostly American English), has several meanings.
Theatre 
 In American English, the word 'theater' can mean either a place where films are shown (this is also called a cinema) or a place where live stage plays are performed.
Theatre 
 Some people, both English and American, use the spelling 'theatre' to mean a place where live plays are performed, and the spelling 'theater' to mean a cinema.
Theatre 
 An actor might say "I am in the theatre business", or a writer might say "I write for the theatre", meaning that they write plays, rather than writing for movies or television shows.
Theatre 
 The first people we know created plays were the Ancient Greeks, about the year 500 B.C. They divided plays into two kinds: tragedy and comedy.
Theatre 
 These ancient Greek plays were performed outdoors in large amphitheatres, so that many people could see them.
Theatre 
 There were contests among the playwrights (people who write plays are called playwrights) and the winner would get a prize.
Theatre 
 They used mechanical devices like trap doors and the machina: a crane for winching gods on and off the stage (hence 'Deus ex machina').
Theatre 
 Illustrations on vases show helmet-like masks, covering the entire face and head, with holes for the eyes and a small aperture for the mouth, plus a wig.
Theatre 
 In the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church began to use theatre as a way of telling the stories from the Bible to people who did not know how to read.
Theatre 
 They wrote Mystery Plays, where each part of the Bible story would be a play put on by a different group of people.
Theatre 
 These plays were called Commedia dell'arte, and different stories would be created around the same group of characters.
Theatre 
 Other kinds of plays called Neoclassical Dramas and Neoclassical Comedies were also popular in Italy and in France at this time.
Theatre 
 At the end of the sixteenth century (before 1600), the traveling actors began to perform in fixed theatre buildings.
Theatre 
 At that time, in England, women were not allowed to perform, so male actors would play female characters.
Theatre 
 After World War II, playwrights in Europe and the United States began doing plays in a new style called "Theatre of the Absurd."
Theatre 
 After seeing the horrors of war, these playwrights felt that all their old values had been destroyed.
Theatre 
 Playwrights such as Samuel Beckett, Eugène Ionesco, Harold Pinter, and Jean Genet wrote plays that are considered to be "Theatre of the Absurd."
Theatre 
 The "Theatre of the Absurd" plays have some of the same ideas that are found in the philosophy (a way of thinking) called existentialism.
Theatre 
 The plays written in this style make people think about questions like "what is it like to be a person in the world?"
Test 
 The Concise Oxford English Dictionary defines a test as: "a procedure intended to establish the quality, performance, or reliability of something".
Test 
 The car is put under severe conditions to see what will make it fail, or deliberately crashed to measure the damage.
Test 
 In science, tests can done to check for a presence of a substance, or to check the quality of something.
Time horizon 
 A time horizon is a future point in time when something must be "done" (a "deadline") or will be "over" (a "time limit").
Time horizon 
 It is very important to know at what time horizon something you are doing will be scored, evaluated, marked or paid for.
Time limit 
 For instance, if poor people and rich people are debating something, a time limit may be imposed so that the rich people cannot keep debating until the poor people have to go to work, and lose.
Time limit 
 Time limits are very important in accounting so that everyone can report their results (for tax and investment purposes) at the same time.
Time limit 
 For example, in the United States of America, the end of the calendar year on December 31 is the time limit for taxes, but the deadline for reporting is April 15.
Time limit 
 Sometimes the government allows more time, as it did for the families of those who were killed in the September 11, 2001 attacks.
Taiwan 
 Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC; Chinese: 中華民國; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó), is a country in East Asia.
Taiwan 
 Not to be confused with the People's Republic of China (PRC), the Republic of China (Taiwan) once governed all of China (from 1911 - 1949), but relocated to the island of Taiwan following a Chinese civil war.
Taiwan 
 In the years since, the PRC has become the recognized government of China (replacing the ROC at the United Nations in 1971), and the status of the ROC has been left unclear.
Taiwan 
 The region of China of Taiwan comprises the island of Taiwan plus nearby islands (Pescadores islands and parts of Fujian).
Taiwan 
 Taiwan is located southeast of the People's Republic of China's mainland, south of Japan, and north of the Philippines.
Taiwan 
 They speak different dialects of Chinese and their ancestors came from different places: the Southern Fujianese (from China's Fujian Province), the Hakka (from China), and Mainlanders (from Mainland China after 1948).
Taiwan 
 In 1517, A discovery ship of Portuguese saw this island and names it "Ilha Formosa", or "Beautiful Island" in Portuguese.
Taiwan 
 17th century: From 1624 until 1661 Dutch colonize the southern part of Formosa and established a colonial administration in Fort Zeelandia, and the Spanish colonize the north and established a colonial administration in Fuerte Santo Domingo or Fort Santo Domingo.
Taiwan 
 1860: Taiwan becomes a treaty port following the Treaty of Tientsin, opening the island to contact with the world.
Taiwan 
 1874: Japan invaded southern Taiwan, seemingly to "punish" the aborigines there for the murder of ship-wrecked Okinawan fishermen in 1871, but actually to establish a colony.
Taiwan 
 1911: The Xinhai Revolution ended China's last imperial dynasty, the Qing dynasty, and led to the establishment of the Republic of China.
Taiwan 
 1927: Start of the Chinese Civil War between the Kuomintang (KMT) party and the Communist Party of China (CCP).
Taiwan 
 The war would later be put on hold, so the two sides could fight Japan together during World War II.
Taiwan 
 The Nationalists (KMT) lose the civil war, which resumed after World War II, and escape to the island of Taiwan.
Taiwan 
 The Communist Party of China (CCP) establishes Beijing as the capital of The People's Republic of China (PRC).
Taiwan 
 1986: The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) is formed; it is the first party to form in the ROC other than the KMT.
Taiwan 
 2004: Chen Shui-bian is re-elected after a controversial assassination attempt, in which many KMT-supporters believed, was staged by Chen.
Taiwan 
 However, after unwillingness to cooperate about his medical records the investigation was inconclusive.
Taiwan 
 2008: Ma Ying-jeou (KMT) was elected as the president of the Republic of China and thus creating a change of political parties for the second time.
Taiwan 
 There are two Chinese governments in the world: The People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC).
Taiwan 
 Today, in reality, the PRC government controls mainland China, and the ROC government governs Taiwan.
Taiwan 
 The ROC government governed most of China mainland from 1911 to 1949, before losing control of China mainland to the PRC.
Taiwan 
 The ROC constitution still claims ownership of all of China, however in recent years this is rarely mentioned.
Taiwan 
 Although Taiwan's status prevents it from participating in some international organizations, polls show that most Taiwanese prefer to keep things as they are (referred to as the status quo), rather than declare formal independence (and risk inviting an attack by communist China), or to be "reunified" with China.