the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Orthography 
 Printing coincided with the Great Vowel Shift at the end of Middle English (end 14th to 15th centuries).
Orthography 
 To avoid complex details, here is what happened: over a century, the pronunciation of all the vowels changed, and is still not standard throughout Britain.
Orthography 
 In any event, the spelling of thousands of words now reflects their pronunciation in Geoffrey Chaucer's time.
Orthography 
 16th-century scholars tried to indicate the history of a word by its spelling: the silent 'b' in 'debt' is there to reflect the Latin debitum.
Orthography 
 More loan words added in the late 16th to early 17th century, such as pneumonia, idiosyncrasy, epitome, cocoa.
Orthography 
 The large and varied lexicon of English has been bought at the expense of an increasingly deversified graphology".p275
Orthography 
 The orthographic depth of an alphabetic script is the degree to which a written language deviates from simple one-to-one letter–phoneme correspondence.
Orthography 
 Shallow orthographies are easy to pronounce based on the written word, and deep orthographies are difficult to pronounce based on how they are written.
Orthography 
 In shallow orthographies, the spelling-sound correspondence is direct: given the rules of pronunciation, one is able to "say" the word correctly.
Orthography 
 Most other international languages have similar problems: in French, Arabic or Hebrew, new readers have difficulty learning to decode words.
Oil 
 Some kinds of plant oils that people use are palm oil, maize (corn), olive, peanut, soy, and sunflower.
Oil 
 The oil is sent in special ships called tankers or in pipelines to factories called refineries where it is distilled into LPG, gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel, and fuel oil.
Oil 
 Oils from crude oil are also used as fuels for engines or as lubricants to make the parts of machines work together without sticking or stopping.
Oil 
 Different kinds of oils are also used for many other things, for example to make cosmetics, medicines, paints, and detergents, like washing up liquids.
OK 
 It is not certain where the word "OK" originally comes from, but some experts say it came from a funny way of writing "Ol Korrect" (All correct).
OK 
 The term appears to have achieved prominence in the United States in 1840, when supporters of the American Democratic political party claimed during the 1840 United States presidential election that it stood for "Old Kinderhook," a nickname for a Democratic presidential candidate, Martin Van Buren, a native of Kinderhook, New York. "'
OK 
 In response, Whig opponents attributed OK, in the sense of "Oll Korrect," to Andrew Jackson's bad spelling.
OK 
 The country-wide publicity surrounding the election appears to have been a critical event in okay's history, widely and suddenly popularizing it across the United States.
Oxymoron 
 It is made up of two or more words that seem to be opposite to each other, or actually are opposite.
Oxymoron 
 The word oxymoron is an oxymoron; 'oxy' comes from the Greek word that means 'sharp', while 'moron' comes from the Greek word that means 'dull'.
Operating system 
 An operating system (or OS) is a group of computer programs, including device drivers, kernels, and other software that lets people interact with a computer.
Operating system 
 It makes sure that all the programs can use the CPU, system memory, displays, input devices, and other hardware.
Operating system 
 How the operating system worked was based on how the switches and cables were put together and depending on this factor punch cards would make a result.
Operating system 
 The first operating system that looked and felt like operating systems in the modern age was UNIX, made in 1969 by Bell Labs.
Operating system 
 It had a small kernel and many tiny programs that could be put together to work with user input and data.
Operating system 
 Single-user operating systems cannot distinguish between users, but may allow multiple programs to run simultaneously.
Operating system 
 A distributed operating system manages a group of distinct computers and makes them appear to be a single computer.
Operating system 
 In an OS, distributed and cloud computing context, templating refers to creating a single virtual machine as a guest operating system, then saving it as a tool for multiple running virtual machines.
Operating system 
 They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy and are able to operate with a limited number of resources.
Operating system 
 A real-time operating system may be single- or multi-tasking, but when multitasking, it uses specialized scheduling algorithms so that a deterministic nature of behavior is achieved.
Operating system 
 An event-driven system switches between tasks based on their priorities or external events while time-sharing operating systems switch tasks based on clock interrupts.
Operating system 
 A library operating system is one in which the services that a typical operating system provides, such as networking, are provided in the form of libraries and composed with the application and configuration code to construct a unikernel: a specialized, single address space, machine image that can be deployed to cloud or embedded environments.
Philosophy 
 Sometimes people talk about how they have a ‘personal philosophy’, which means the way a person thinks about the world.
Philosophy 
 This article is about the ideas that have been discussed by philosophers (people who think and write about ways of thinking) for a long time.
Philosophy 
 One philosophical question is this: "Is there any knowledge in the world which is so certain that no reasonable man could doubt it?".
Philosophy 
 It comes from the Greek word 'Philosophia', with 'Philo' meaning 'beloved' and 'Sophia' meaning 'wisdom.
Philosophy 
 Some philosophers are from the Middle Ages in Europe, such as William of Ockham or Saint Thomas Aquinas.
Philosophy 
 Philosophers from the 1600s, 1700s, and 1800s included Thomas Hobbes, René Descartes, John Locke, David Hume, and Immanuel Kant.
Philosophy 
 Philosophy tries to answer important questions by coming up with answers about real things and asking "why?"
Philosophy 
 There are many different 'philosophies', because all of these questions have many different answers according to different people.
Philosophy 
 Metaphysics is sometimes split up into ontology (the philosophy of real life and living things), the philosophy of mind and the philosophy of religion; but these sub-branches are very close together.
Philosophy 
 If a sculptor sculpts a sculpture of a rock from clay, and puts it in a museum, many would call it art.
Philosophy 
 Philosophers believe that asking philosophical questions is useful because it brings wisdom and helps people to learn about the world and each other.
Philosophy 
 However, some people think that philosophy is harmful, as philosophy encourages free-thinking and often questions the beliefs that others hold.
Philosophy 
 For example, philosophies such as some existentialist views say that there is no meaning to life or human existence, except the meaning that we make up or invent.
Philosophy 
 Every major science, including physics, biology, and chemistry, are disciplines that were once considered as philosophy.
Philosophy 
 In our own time, subjects such as consciousness studies, decision theory, and applied ethics have increasingly found independence from philosophy as a whole.
Philosophy 
 When they find answers to some of these questions philosophers often have the same problem, that is how to best tell the answers they found to other people.
Philosophy 
 These philosophers write books and articles about philosophy and teach classes about philosophy to university or college students.
Philosophy 
 A small number of hobby thinkers have thought so much about philosophy that they are able to write articles for philosophy magazines.
Philosophy 
 Most philosophers work by asking questions and looking for good definitions (meanings) of words to help them understand what a question means.
Philosophy 
 The only thing that makes philosophical questions (such as those above) difficult is that people do not really know what they mean.
Philosophy 
 For example, they may write about a real or fictional person in order to show what they think a good person or a bad person is like.
Philosophy 
 Some philosophers look for the simplest way to answer a question and say that is probably the right answer.
Philosophy 
 If they do not find an inconsistency, the philosopher might show that the theory leads to a conclusion which is either unacceptable or ridiculous.
Physics 
 The main goal of physics is to explain how things move in space and time and understand how the universe behaves.
Physics 
 Physics can also be defined as "that department of knowledge which relates to the order of nature, or, in other words, to the regular succession of events".
Physics 
 Physics is very important in the development of new technologies, such as airplanes, televisions, computers and nuclear weapons.
Physics 
 Modern physics connects ideas about the four laws of symmetry and conservation of energy, momentum, charge, and parity.
Physics 
 In the past it was a part of 'natural philosophy' with other fields of science, such as chemistry and biology.
Physics 
 During the scientific revolution, these fields became separate, and physics became a distinct field of knowledge.
Physics 
 The Sumerians, and Ancient Egyptians studied the stars, mostly with a view to prediction and religion.
Physics 
 Astronomers from Egypt built monuments that showed how objects in the sky moved, and most of the names for the constellations in the Northern hemisphere came from Greek astronomers.
Physics 
 Natural philosophy started in Greece around 650 BC when a movement of philosophers replaced superstition with naturalism, which refuted the spiritual.
Physics 
 Some, like Ibn Sahl, Al-Kindi, Ibn al-Haytham, Al-Farisi and Avicenna, worked  on optics and vision.
Physics 
 In The Book of Optics, Ibn al-Haytham rejected previous Greek ideas concerning vision and proposed a new theory.
Physics 
 European scientists later built eyeglasses, magnifying glasses, telescopes, and cameras from this book.
Physics 
 Isaac Newton used Galileo's ideas to create his three laws of motion and his law of universal gravitation.
Physics 
 Together these laws explained the motion of falling bodies near the earth and the motion of earth and planets around the sun.
Physics 
 In a couple centuries, the Industrial Revolution was in full swing and many more discoveries were made in many fields of science.
Physics 
 The laws of classical physics are good enough to study objects that move much slower than the speed of light, and are not microscopic.
Physics 
 When scientists first studied quantum mechanics, they had to create a new set of laws, which was the start of modern physics.
Physics 
 Classical mechanics predicted that the speed of light varied, but experiments showed the speed of light stayed the same.
Physics 
 Einstein predicted that the speed of electromagnetic radiation through empty space would always be the same.
Physics 
 Max Planck came up with quantum mechanics to explain why metal releases electrons when you shine a light at it, and why matter emits radiation.
Physics 
 Quantum mechanics applies for very small things like the electrons, protons, and neutrons that make up an atom.
Physics 
 People like Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, and Paul Dirac continued to work on quantum mechanics and eventually we got the Standard Model.
Physics 
 Physicists assume the existence of mass, length, time and electric current and then define (give the meaning of) all other physical quantities in terms of these basic units.
Physics 
 Mass, length, time, and electric current are never defined but the standard units used to measure them are always defined.
Physics 
 In the International System of Units (abbreviated SI from the French Système International), the kilogram is the basic unit of mass, the metre is the basic unit of length, the second is the basic unit of time, and the ampere is the basic unit of electric current.
Physics 
 In addition to these four units, there are three other ones: the mole, which is the unit of the quantity of matter, the candela which measures the luminous intensity (the power of lighting) and the kelvin, the unit of temperature.
Physics 
 Also, physicists study the forces of gravity, electricity, magnetism and the forces that hold things together.
Physics 
 For instance, physicists can study stars, planets and galaxies but could also study small pieces of matter, such as atoms and electrons.
Physics 
 Physics not only helps people understand how objects move, but how they change form, how they make noise, how hot or cold they will be, and what they are made of at the smallest level.
Physics 
 In short, physics is the branch of science that deals with properties of matter and energy along with the interaction between them.
Physics 
 Classical mechanics contains major topics such as Newton's laws of motion, Lagrangian mechanics, Hamiltonian mechanics, kinematics, statics, dynamics, chaos theory, acoustics, fluid dynamics, continuum mechanics.
Physics 
 Classical mechanics is all about forces acting on a body in nature, balancing forces, maintaining equlibrium state, etc .
Physics 
 It contains subtopics such as Electrostatics, electrodynamics, electricity, magnetism, magnetostatics, Maxwell's equations, optics .
Physics 
 Quantum mechanics is the study of particle at the atomic level taking into consideration the atomic model.
Physics 
 It includes subtopics Path integral formulation, scattering theory, Schrödinger equation, quantum field theory, quantum statistical mechanics.
Physics 
 Physics is the science concerned with the discovery and characterization of the universal laws which govern matter, movement and forces, and space and time, and other features of the natural world.
Physics 
 The sweep of physics is broad, from the smallest components of matter and the forces that hold it together, to galaxies and even larger things.
Physics 
 However, even these four forces (gravity, electromagnetism, the weak force associated with radioactivity, and the strong force which holds protons and neutrons in an atom together) are believed to be different parts of a single force.
Physics 
 Physics is mainly focused on the goal of making ever simpler, more general, and more accurate rules that define the character and behavior of matter and space itself.
Physics 
 In other words, physics can be viewed as the study of those universal laws which define, at the most basic level possible, the behavior of the physical universe.
Physics 
 Physics uses these theories to not only describe physical phenomena, but to model physical systems and predict how these physical systems will behave.
Physics 
 Physicists then compare these predictions to observations or experimental evidence to show whether the theory is right or wrong.
Physics 
 The theories that are well supported by data and are especially simple and general are sometimes called scientific laws.
Physics 
 Of course, all theories, including those known as laws, can be replaced by more accurate and more general laws, when a disagreement with data is found.
Physics 
 That is, many of the observations in physics may be represented in the form of numerical measurements.
Physics 
 This is because of the areas which physics has addressed work better with quantitative approaches than other areas.
Physics 
 Sciences also tend to become more quantitative with time as they become more highly developed, and physics is one of the oldest sciences.
Physics 
 Classical physics normally includes the fields of mechanics, optics, electricity, magnetism, acoustics and thermodynamics.
Physics 
 Modern physics is a term normally used to cover fields which rely on quantum theory, including quantum mechanics, atomic physics, nuclear physics, particle physics and condensed matter physics, as well as the more modern fields of general and special relativity, but these last two are often considered fields of classical physics as they do not rely on quantum theory.
Physics 
 Although this difference can be found in older writings, it is of little new interest as quantum effects are now understood to be of importance even in fields that before were called classical.
Physics 
 Some experiments are done to explore nature, and other experiments are performed to produce data to compare with the predictions of theories.
Physics 
 Some other fields in physics like astrophysics and geophysics are mostly observational sciences because most of their data has to be collected passively instead of through experimentation.
Physics 
 However, observational programs in these fields use many of the same tools and technology that are used in the experimental subfields of physics.
Physics 
 Theoretical physics often uses quantitative approaches to develop the theories that attempt to explain the data.
Physics 
 Theoretical physics often can involve creating quantitative predictions of physical theories, and comparing these predictions quantitatively with data.
Physics 
 Theoretical physics sometimes creates models of physical systems before data is available to test and support these models.
Physics 
 These two main activities in physics, data collection, theory production and testing, use many different skills.
Physics 
 This has led to a lot of specialization in physics, and the introduction, development and use of tools from other fields.
Physics 
 For example, theoretical physicists use mathematics and numerical analysis and statistics and probability and computer software in their work.
Physics 
 Experimental physicists develop instruments and techniques for collecting data, using engineering and computer technology and many other fields of technology.
Physics 
 Often the tools from these other areas are not quite appropriate for the needs of physics, and need to be changed or more advanced versions have to be made.
Physics 
 It is frequent for new physics to be discovered if experimental physicists do an experiment that current theories cannot explain, or for theoretical physicists to generate theories which can then be put to the test by experimental physicists.
Physics 
 Experiments often need specialized tools such as particle accelerators, lasers, and important industrial applications such as transistors and magnetic resonance imaging have come from applied research.
Politics 
 Politics is about making agreements between people so that they can live together in groups such as tribes, cities, or countries.
Politics 
 In large groups, such as countries, some people may spend a lot of their time making such agreements.
Politics 
 The study of politics in universities is called political science, political studies, or public administration.
Politics 
 In everyday life, the term "politics" refers to the way that countries are governed, and to the ways that governments make rules and laws.
Politics 
 Manage the welfare of the country and manages the money available for spending on services (Hospitals, Schools, etc.)
Politics 
 One of the ways the government leads the group is by making laws and rules which tell everybody what they can and can not do.
Politics 
 The law that says "you must not drink alcohol while driving a car" stops people from drunk driving, which could kill people.
Politics 
 The law that says "you must wear a helmet on a motorcycle" makes sure that people protect themselves when riding their motorcycles.
Politics 
 The government can also control people and what happens in a country in other ways besides making laws.
Politics 
 For example, how the government spends its money makes a big difference in what people will do or what will happen to people.
Politics 
 If the government spends a lot of money on hospitals and nurses, the people will probably become healthier.
Politics 
 Also, if people like their government, or think that their government is wise, they may do something just because their government says it is a good thing to do.
Politics 
 Governments often make posters or television advertisements that encourage people to stop smoking cigarettes or eat more fruits and vegetables.
Politics 
 Ethics is usually more concerned with principle than law or politics or diplomacy, so many people think ethics is not practical.
Politics 
 But without some agreement on ethics, there is probably no way to even have a debate, laws or an election.
Politics 
 There is usually some disagreement between people within a party, but they work together because they feel that they agree on enough things, and they will have more power if they join together.
Politics 
 They agree to take the same position on many issues, and agree to support the same changes to law and the same leaders.
Politics 
 The Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote that humans are a political animal and that ethics and politics are closely linked.
Politics 
 Niccolò Machiavelli wrote, in his 1532 book, The Prince, that politics was firstly about having and keeping power.
Politics 
 Hobbes wrote that people living in groups often give up some of their rights in exchange for some protections from a government.
Politics 
 Bernard Crick wrote a list of the political virtues, which were about best practices of politics itself.
Value (personal and cultural) 
 A value (or principle) usually means an abstract rule, one that can be seen to apply in many experiences, or can be applied by choice in a lot of situations.
Value (personal and cultural) 
 It can also mean a moral choice one makes often and consistently, for example, some Buddhists avoid eating meat as a matter of principle.
Value (personal and cultural) 
 They may also try to agree on the order in which they are to apply, that is, which principles should be violated before which other ones.
Value (personal and cultural) 
 They might also try to list best practices which reflect the principles in the right order, and provide more practical (less abstract) instruction.
Profanity 
 Profanities can also be called curse ("cuss") words, dirty words, bad words, foul language, obscenity, obscene language, or expletives.
Profanity 
 as an expression of surprise or annoyance is considered by many to be blasphemy, mostly because one of the Ten Commandments says not to use God's name "in vain" (without substance or without relevance).
Profanity 
 Swearing oaths can also be considered wrong by some who follow Jesus' teaching against swearing oaths in the Gospels (such as Matthew 5:34).
Profanity 
 Different words can be profane to different people, and what words are thought of as profanity in English can change over time.
Profanity 
 Some people call profanity "crude," but some say that it is no cruder to say "damn" or "crap" than it is to use "hate" (a word that is about a very strong emotion, but not a swear word).
Profanity 
 People who use profanity do not always mean to make anybody feel bad, and tolerance for different forms of profanity can vary widely, from person to person.
Profanity 
 Most often, using profanity is a verbal outlet for strong feelings (usually unpleasant ones), that might otherwise cause a physical reaction.
Profanity 
 Several of these words come from Anglo-Saxon or old Norse names for body parts, and bodily functions.
Profanity 
 They came to be thought of as profanity mostly after the Normans brought French and Latin words for them to England.
Profanity 
 Performed by placing the tip of a thumb under the front teeth, then pulling the thumb slightly forward, with the fingers closed.
Profanity 
 One pokes out a cheek with the tongue while rocking a closed hand toward the mouth, at the same time.
People's Republic of China 
 The People's Republic of China (PRC) () is a one-party state in East Asia governed by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
People's Republic of China 
 It currently has more than 1.4 billion people (as of 2017), which is more than any other country in the world.
People's Republic of China 
 Along with the cities of Tianjin and Chongqing, these four cities are "municipalities" directly controlled by the national government.