the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Gunpowder Plot 
 These effigies would be shown in the street, to collect money for fireworks, although this practice is becoming less common.
Gunpowder Plot 
 The word guy came thus in the 19th century to mean an oddly dressed person, and in the 20th and 21st centuries to mean any male person.
Gunpowder Plot 
 Institutions and towns may hold firework displays and bonfire parties, and the same is done on a smaller scale in back gardens throughout the country.
Gunpowder Plot 
 In some areas, particularly in Sussex, there are extensive processions, large bonfires and firework displays organised by local bonfire societies; the most extensive of which takes place in Lewes.
Gunpowder Plot 
 The Houses of Parliament are still searched by the Yeomen of the Guard before the State Opening of Parliament, however, this is done as a traditional custom rather than a serious anti-terrorist precaution.
Gunpowder Plot 
 A commemorative British two pound coin was issued in 2005 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of the plot.
Gunpowder Plot 
 The area was further damaged in the 1834 fire and destroyed in the subsequent rebuilding of the Palace of Westminster.
Gunpowder Plot 
 These two items were shown in a major exhibition held in Westminster Hall from July to November 2005.
Gunpowder Plot 
 According to Esther Forbes (a biographer), the Guy Fawkes Day celebration in the pre-revolutionary American Colonies was a very popular holiday.
Gunpowder Plot 
 In Boston, the celebration took on anti-authoritarian overtones, and often became so dangerous that many would not venture out of their homes.
Gunpowder Plot 
 In November 1930, taking advantage of the bonfires used on the holiday, Alfred Arthur Rouse murdered an unknown man and planted his body as a substitute for Rouse's in his Morris Minor (1928) automobile (which was then set alight).
Gunpowder Plot 
 Many at the time felt that Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury had been involved in the plot to gain favour with the king and enact more stridently anti-Catholic legislation.
Gunpowder Plot 
 Such theories alleged that Cecil had either actually invented the plot or allowed it to continue when his agents had already infiltrated it, for the purposes of propaganda.
Gunpowder Plot 
 Yet while there was no "golden time" of "toleration" of Catholics which Father Garnet had hoped for at the start of James' reign, the legislative backlash had nothing to do with the plot: it had already happened by 1605, as recusancy fines were re-imposed and some priests expelled.
Gunpowder Plot 
 There was no purge of Catholics from power and influence in the kingdom after the Gunpowder Plot, despite Puritan complaints.
Gunpowder Plot 
 The reign of James I was, in fact, a time of relative leniency for Catholics, few being subject to prosecution.
Gunpowder Plot 
 In 1897 Father John Gerard of Stonyhurst College,  namesake  of a Jesuit priest who had performed Mass to some of the plotters, wrote an account called What was the Gunpowder Plot?,
Gunpowder Plot 
 This prompted  a refutation later that year by Samuel Gardiner, who argued that Gerard had gone too far in trying to "wipe away the reproach" which the plot had exacted on generations of English Catholics.
Gunpowder Plot 
 Subsequent attempts to prove Cecil's responsibility, such as Francis Edwards's 1969 work Guy Fawkes: the real story of the gunpowder plot?,
Gunpowder Plot 
 have similarly foundered on the lack of positive proof of any government involvement in setting up the plot.
Gunpowder Plot 
 There has been little support by historians for the conspiracy theory since this time, other than to acknowledge that Cecil may have known about the plot some days before it was uncovered.
Gunpowder Plot 
 According to the historian Lady Antonia Fraser, the gunpowder was taken to the Tower of London magazine.
Gunpowder Plot 
 Ordnance records for the Tower state that 18 hundredweight (equivalent to about 816 kg) of it was "decayed", which could imply that it was rendered harmless due to having separated into its component chemical parts, as happens with gunpowder when left to sit for too long—if Fawkes had ignited the gunpowder during the opening, it would only have resulted in a weak splutter.
Gunpowder Plot 
 Alternatively, "decayed" may refer to the powder being damp and sticking together, making it unfit for use in firearms — in which case the explosive capabilities of the barrels would not have been significantly affected.
Gunpowder Plot 
 The Gunpowder Plot: Exploding The Legend, an ITV programme presented by Richard Hammond and broadcast on 1 November 2005, re-enacted the plot by blowing up an exact replica of the 17th-century House of Lords filled with test dummies, using the exact amount of gunpowder in the underground of the building.
Gunpowder Plot 
 The dramatic experiment, conducted on the Advantica Spadeadam test site, proved unambiguously that the explosion would have killed all those attending the State Opening of Parliament in the Lords chamber.
Gunpowder Plot 
 The power of the explosion, which surprised even gunpowder experts, was such that seven-foot deep solid concrete walls (made deliberately to replicate how archives suggest the walls in the old House of Lords were constructed) were reduced to rubble.
Gunpowder Plot 
 Measuring devices placed in the chamber to calculate the force of the blast were themselves destroyed by the blast, while the skull of the dummy representing King James, which had been placed on a throne inside the chamber surrounded by courtiers, peers and bishops, was found a large distance away from the site.
Gunpowder Plot 
 According to the findings of the programme, no-one within 100 metres of the blast could have survived, while all the stained glass windows in Westminster Abbey would have been shattered, as would all windows within a large distance of the Palace.
Gunpowder Plot 
 Even if only half the gunpowder had gone off, everyone in the House of Lords and its environs would have been killed instantly.
Gunpowder Plot 
 The programme also disproved claims that some deterioration in the quality of the gunpowder would have prevented the explosion.
Gunpowder Plot 
 A portion of deliberately deteriorated gunpowder, at such a low quality as to make it unusable in firearms, when placed in a heap and ignited, still managed to create a large explosion.
Gunpowder Plot 
 The impact of even deteriorated gunpowder would have been magnified by the impact of its compression in wooden barrels, with the compression overcoming any deterioration in the quality of the contents.
Gunpowder Plot 
 The compression would have created a cannon effect, with the powder first blowing up from the top of the barrel before, a millisecond later, blowing out.
Gunpowder Plot 
 In addition, mathematical calculations showed that Fawkes, who was skilled in the use of gunpowder, had used double the amount of gunpowder needed.
Gunpowder Plot 
 A sample of the gunpowder may have survived: in March 2002, workers investigating archives of John Evelyn at the British Library found a box containing various samples of gunpowder and several notes suggesting a relation to the Gunpowder Plot:
John Knox 
 John Knox (c. 1510 – 24 November 1572) was the man who brought the Protestant Reformation to Scotland.
John Knox 
 A  fight between Catholic France and Protestant England for Scotland began again because of the Reformation.
John Knox 
 During 1500 and 1561, the Scottish Parliament accepted the Reformed confession of faith made by Knox and other people.
John Knox 
 In his book History of the Reformation in Scotland he writes about his five "conversations" with the Roman Catholic queen.
John Knox 
 In one of these conversations, Mary asked Knox what right he had to rebuke the queen so directly and openly.
John Knox 
 Knox replied, "...I am a worm of this earth, and yet a subject...but I am a watchman, both over the realm (land) and the Kirk [Church] of God...For that reason I am bound in conscience (it is my duty) to blow the trumpet publicly (openly)".
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is one of the Nobel Prizes which were created by Alfred Nobel.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 The Prize is given every year to a person or persons who have done excellent work in the area of medicine (treating or stopping disease) or physiology (the way the body works).
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1903 – Niels Ryberg Finsen, Denmark, for treating Lupus vulgaris (tuberculosis of the skin), with light radiation.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1906 – Camillo Golgi, Italy and Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spain for their work on the parts of the nervous system
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1908 – Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Russia, and Paul Ehrlich, Germany, for finding out how immunity fights disease
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1912 – Alexis Carrel, France, for his work on joining blood vessels and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1922 – Otto Fritz Meyerhof, Germany, for finding out how oxygen makes chemical changes in lactic acid in muscles
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1926 – Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger, Denmark, for his discovery that an infection could lead to cancer
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1927 – Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Austria, for his discovery that malaria inoculation helps the treatment of paralysis
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1929 – Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, United Kingdom, for his discovery of the vitamins that help growth
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1932 – Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, United Kingdom, and Edgar Douglas Adrian, United Kingdom, for discoveries about neurons (nerve cells).
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1934 – George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, and William Parry Murphy, United States, for their work on how eating liver could cure anaemia.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1936 – Sir Henry Hallett Dale, United Kingdom, and Otto Loewi, Austria for their discoveries about neurotransmitters and nerve impulses.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1937 – Albert Szent-Györgyi, Hungary, for his discoveries about cells, vitamin C and chemical changes of fumaric acid.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1938 – Corneille Heymans, Belgium, for work on the paranasal sinus and aortic mechanisms in the control of breathing.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1944 – Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Gasser, United States, for their discoveries about single nerve fibres
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1945 – Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, United Kingdom and Howard Walter Florey, Australia, for the discovery of penicillin and making it into an antibiotic to cure infectious diseases
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1946 – Hermann Joseph Muller, United States, for the discovery of mutations caused by X-ray irradiation
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1947 – Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz, United States, for their work on catalytic conversion of glycogen
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1947 – Bernardo Alberto Houssay, Argentina, for finding out how the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe works in the metabolism of sugar
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1949 – Walter Rudolf Hess, Switzerland, for his discovery of the way the brain controls the internal organs
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1949 – António Egas Moniz, Portugal, for using leucotomy (brain surgery) to cure some mental illnesses.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1950 – Philip French, Edward Kendall, United States, and Tadeusz Reichstein, Switzerland, for the hormones of the adrenal cortex.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1952 – Selman Waksman, United States, for discovering streptomycin, the first antibiotic to work against tuberculosis.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1954 – John Enders, Frederick Robbins, and Thomas Weller, United States, for discovering the poliomyelitis virus and growing it in a laboratory.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1956 – André Cournand, Dickinson Richards, United States, and Werner Forssmann, Federal Republic of Germany, for their discoveries about heart catheterization and changes in the circulatory system.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1958 – Joshua Lederberg, United States, for finding out how genetic recombination works in bacteria (transduction (genetics)).
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1959 – Arthur Kornberg and Severo Ochoa, United States, for their discovery of how living things make ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1960 – Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Australia, and Sir Peter Medawar, United Kingdom, for their discovery of acquired immune tolerance.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1962 – Francis Crick, United Kingdom, James D. Watson, United States, and Maurice Wilkins, New Zealand, for finding the structure of nucleic acids and its importance in coding information in living things.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1963 – Sir John Eccles, Australia, Alan Hodgkin, United Kingdom, and Andrew Huxley, United Kingdom, for their discoveries about nerve cell membrane.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1964 – Konrad Bloch, United States, and Feodor Lynen, Federal Republic of Germany, for finding out how cholesterol and fatty acid work in the body.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1965 – François Jacob, André Lwoff, and Jacques Monod, France, for finding out how genes control viruses.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1967 – Ragnar Granit, Sweden, Haldan Keffer Hartline, and George Wald, United States, for their discoveries about how the eye works.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1968 – Robert W. Holley (U.S), Har Gobind Khorana (India), and Marshall W. Nirenberg, United States, for their understanding of the genetic code and its role in protein synthesis.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1969 – Max Delbrück, Alfred Hershey, and Salvador Luria, United States, for finding how viruses reproduce.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1970 – Julius Axelrod, Ulf von Euler, Sweden, and Sir Bernard Katz, United Kingdom, for finding out about transmittors in the nerve terminals and how they work
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1972 – Gerald M. Edelman, United States, and Rodney R. Porter, United Kingdom, for finding out the chemical structure of antibodies
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1973 – Karl von Frisch, Federal Republic of Germany, Konrad Lorenz, Austria, and Nikolaas Tinbergen, United Kingdom, for their discoveries about individual and social behaviour patterns
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1974 – Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, Belgium, and George E. Palade, United States, for their discoveries about cells
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1975 – David Baltimore, Howard Temin, and Renato Dulbecco, United States, for finding what happens when tumour causing viruses infect normal cells.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1976 – Baruch S. Blumberg and D. Carleton Gajdusek, United States, for their discoveries about the beginnings and spreading of infectious diseases
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1977 – Roger Guillemin, Andrew W. Schally, United States, for their discoveries about how the brain makes peptide hormone
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1978 – Werner Arber, Switzerland, Daniel Nathans, United States, and Hamilton O. Smith, United States for finding restriction enzymes and their use in molecular genetics"
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1979 – Allan M. Cormack, United States, and Godfrey N. Hounsfield, United Kingdom, for the development of computer assisted tomography
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1980 – Baruj Benacerraf, United States, Jean Dausset, France, and George D. Snell, United States, for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that control immunological reactions
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1981 – Roger Sperry, United States, for finding out the role of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1981 – David Hubel, United States, and Torsten Wiesel, Sweden, for their discoveries about information processing in the visual system"
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1982 – Sune Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson, Sweden, and John R. Vane, United Kingdom, for their discoveries about prostaglandins.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1984 – Niels K. Jerne, Denmark, Georges Köhler, Germany, Federal Republic of Germany, César Milstein, Argentina and the United Kingdom, for theories about the development and control of the immune system and the discovery of monoclonal antibodies are made
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1985 – Michael S. Brown, and Joseph L. Goldstein, United States, for finding out how cholesterol is controlled
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1986 – Stanley Cohen, United States, and Rita Levi-Montalcini, Italy and the United States, for their discoveries of growth factors
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1988 – Sir James Black United Kingdom, Gertrude B. Elion, and George H. Hitchings, United States, for finding important rules for drug treatment
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1989 – J. Michael Bishop and Harold Varmus, United States, found how disturbing a large family of genes that control the normal growth and division of cells, can cause normal cells to change into cancer cells.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1990 – Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas, United States, for their discoveries about organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of disease.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1991 – Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann, Federal Republic of Germany, for finding what single ion channels do in cells.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1992 – Edmond H. Fischer, Switzerland and the United States, and Edwin G. Krebs, United States, for finding reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological control mechanism.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1993 – Richard Roberts, United Kingdom, and Phillip Sharp, United States, for their discoveries of split genes.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1994 – Alfred G. Gilman, and Martin Rodbell, United States, for finding G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1995 – Edward B. Lewis, United States, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Federal Republic of Germany, and Eric F. Wieschaus, United States, for finding how embryonic development is changed by genes.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1996 – Peter C. Doherty,Australia,and Rolf M. Zinkernagel, Switzerland, for finding how the immune system knows which cells are virus-infected.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1997 – Stanley B. Prusiner, United States, for his discovery of prions, proteins that make people sick.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1998 – Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro and Ferid Murad, United States, for finding how nitric oxide works as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 1999 – Günter Blobel, United States, for the discovery that proteins have built-in signals that control their transport and localization in the cell.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 2000  Arvid Carlsson, Sweden, Paul Greengard, United States, and Eric Kandel, United States, for their discoveries about signal transduction in the nervous system.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 2001  Leland Hartwell, United States, Tim Hunt, United Kingdom, and Sir Paul Nurse, United Kingdom, for finding the main controls in the cell cycle.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 2002  Sydney Brenner, United Kingdom, H. Robert Horvitz, United States, and Sir John Sulston, United Kingdom, for their finding the genetic controls of organ development and programmed cell death.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 2003  Paul Lauterbur, United States, and Sir Peter Mansfield, United Kingdom, for inventing magnetic resonance imaging.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 2004  Richard Axel and Linda Buck, United States, for finding small receptors and the organization of the olfactory system, (how we smell things).
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 2005  Barry Marshall and Robin Warren, Australia, for finding the bacterium Helicobacter pylori that causes gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 2006  Andrew Fire and Craig Mello, United States, for finding how RNA interference can switch genes on or off.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 2007  Mario Capecchi, United States, Sir Martin Evans, United Kingdom, Oliver Smithies, United States, for finding a way to switch off genes in mouse embryonic stem cells.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 2009  Elizabeth Blackburn, Australia, Carol Greider, US, and Jack Szostak, England, for their work on chromosomes.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 2011  Bruce Beutler, U.S.A., Jules Hoffmann, France, for their discoveries about how innate immunity is activated.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 Ralph Steinman, Canada/U.S.A. for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity. (
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 2012  John Gurdon, U.K.,  and Shinya Yamanaka, Japan, for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become stem cells.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 2013  James Rothman, Randy Schekman, both US, and Thomas G. Sudhof, Germany for "discovering the molecular basis of neutrotransmitters release".
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 2014  John O'Keefe U.K./U.S., May-Britt Moser & Edvard Moser Norway for "discovering the cells that make a positing system in the brain" (the hippocampus as a mental map for spatial memory).
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 2015 William C. Campbell (1/4)/ Satoshi Ōmura (1/4) / Tu Youyou (1/2) for therapy against (respectively) roundworm parasites, and malaria.
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 2017 Michael Rosbash, Michael W. Young & Jeffrey C. Hall, all U.S., for "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm"
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 2018 James P. Allison, U.S, Tasuku Honjo, Japan for "discovery of cancer therapy by inhibitation of negative immune regulation".
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 2019 William Kaelin Jr., U.S., Peter J. Ratcliffe, U.K., Gregg L. Semenza, U.S. for "their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability".
List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine 
 2020 Harvey J. Alter, U.S, Michael Houghton, U.K, & Charles M. Rice, U.S. for "the discovery of Hepatitis C virus".