the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Kirk Douglas 
 He came in at #17 on AFI's list of the greatest male American screen legends of all time and was one of two living actors on the list (Sidney Poitier is the other).
Kirk Douglas 
 Personal papers of Kirk Douglas at the Wisconsin Historical Society - Roughly 180,000 documents on Douglas's personal and professional life
James Stewart 
 James Maitland Stewart (May 20, 1908 – July 2, 1997) was one of the most famous American movie and stage actors of all times.
James Stewart 
 In his career, he starred in many movies considered classics and was nominated for five Oscars, winning one in competition and one life achievement.
James Stewart 
 He also had an important military career, and made it to the rank of Brigadier General in the United States Air Force.
James Stewart 
 Stewart became so familiar to the American public that he was most usually referred to by them as "Jimmy" Stewart.
James Cagney 
 James Francis Cagney, Jr. (July 17, 1899 – March 30, 1986) was an American movie actor who had many roles in his long career, and won the Oscar for Best Actor in 1942 for his role in Yankee Doodle Dandy.
James Cagney 
 Like James Stewart, Cagney became so familiar to the public that they usually referred to him as "Jimmy" Cagney.
James Cagney 
 In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Cagney eighth among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time.
James Cagney 
 The New York Times (March 31, 1986): "James Cagney Is Dead at 86; Master of Pugnacious Grace", by Peter B. Flint
Spencer Tracy 
 Spencer Tracy (April 5, 1900 – June 10, 1967) was an American movie and stage actor who appeared in movies for thirty years.
Spencer Tracy 
 In 1999, the American Film Institute named Tracy among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, ranking 9th on the list of 100.
Spencer Tracy 
 Along with Tom Hanks, he is one of the only two actors to ever be given two Oscars in two consecutive years.
Spencer Tracy 
 He was a long-time live-in partner of famous actress Katharine Hepburn whilst remaining legally married to another woman until his death.
Gary Cooper 
 Gary Cooper (born Frank James Cooper; May 7, 1901 – May 13, 1961) was an American movie actor whose career lasted 36 years.
Gary Cooper 
 In 1999, the American Film Institute named Cooper among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, ranking at No.
James Edward Keeler 
 He worked at Lick Observatory beginning in 1888 but was appointed director of the University of Pittsburgh's  Allegheny Observatory in 1891.
Cassini–Huygens 
 It was the first spacecraft to orbit Saturn and the fourth one to visit Saturn (the others were fly-by's and did not enter orbit).
Cassini–Huygens 
 The orbiter was named after the Italian-French astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini, who discovered some moons of Saturn.
Cassini–Huygens 
 Most of the orbiter was designed and built by NASA, although ASI built and programmed some parts that talked to the Huygens probe.
Cassini–Huygens 
 ESA (European Space Agency) made the Huygens probe, named after the Dutch astronomer, mathematician, and physicist Christiaan Huygens who discovered Titan.
Cassini–Huygens 
 Astronomers have wondered what the surface of Titan was like, since it was hidden under thick clouds.
Cassini–Huygens 
 Cassini's Tour de Saturn part A, B, C, D, E, F – descriptions of the 4-year tour of Saturn by Bruce Moomaw
Cassini–Huygens 
 Countdown to Cancel the Cassini Space Probe by the Baltimore Peace Network in 1997 due to concerns over the use of plutonium
Fern 
 Ferns are a group of about 20,000 species of plants (of which about 10,000 are living) in the division Pteridophyta.
Fern 
 The horsetails belong to another class, the Equisetopsida, which was extremely important in the Carboniferous period.<ref>Taylor, Thomas N. & Edith L. Taylor.
Fern 
 This means that they best live in a place where there is a lot of fog or has a lot of rainfall and is in a shade that protects them from direct sunlight.
Fern 
 Pryer, Kathleen M., Harald Schneider, Alan R. Smith, Raymond Cranfill, Paul G. Wolf, Jeffrey S. Hunt and Sedonia D. Sipes.
Fern 
 Pryer, Kathleen M., Eric Schuettpelz, Paul G. Wolf, Harald Schneider, Alan R. Smith and Raymond Cranfill.
Fern 
 Phylogeny and evolution of ferns (monilophytes) with a focus on the early leptosporangiate divergences.
Horror movie 
 Early horror movies often took ideas from classic literature, such as The Mummy, Dracula and The Wolf Man.
Horror movie 
 While movies made as early as 1932 had aspects of slasher movies in them, the genre was not really defined until the late 1970s.
Horror movie 
 The 1974 movie Black Christmas is considered the first slasher movie.. Halloween (1978),  Friday the 13th (1980) and Scream (1996) did very well at the box office and showed that slasher movies could make lots of money.
Horror movie 
 Psychological horror movies are a subgenre of traditional horror movies which focuses more on the mental instability of its characters than on graphic violence, serial killers or monsters, for example.
Horror movie 
 Most of the time this genre deal with the character's phobias, psychological traumas, paranoia, and etc.
Horror movie 
 Dead Silence (2007), The Shining and Babadook (2014), are some examples of psychological horror movies.
Horror movie 
 Unlike common, traditional horror movies, in this movie genre, the viewer may be scared and laugh at the same time.
Laurence Fishburne 
 Laurence Fishburne III (born July 30, 1961) is an American actor of movies and theater, playwright, director, and producer.
Martin Sheen 
 He is best known for his role as Captain Willard in the film Apocalypse Now and, most recently, as President Josiah Bartlet on the acclaimed and long-running television drama series The West Wing.
Marlene Dietrich 
 Marlene Dietrich ; (27 December 1901 – 6 May 1992) was a German-American actress, singer, and entertainer.
Marlene Dietrich 
 In her long career, starting as a cabaret singer, chorus girl and movie actress in Berlin in the 1920s, Hollywood movie star in the 1930s, World War II entertainer at the front of war during the 1940s, and finally as an international theatre show performer from the 1950s to the 1970s, Dietrich became one of the most important movie icons of the 20th century.
Marlene Dietrich 
 ABC Nightline (03/28/07): 'I Want to Kiss You Forever': Romance and Friendship Mix in Rare Dietrich, Hemingway Letters Set for First Public Viewing
Northern Kurdistan 
 Northern Kurdistan, or Turkish Kurdistan, is the part of Kurdistan which is in Turkey, in the Middle East.
Northern Kurdistan 
 To the south-west is Syrian Kurdistan, and to the south-east is Iraqi Kurdistan and Iranian Kurdistan.
Mount Etna 
 It produced lava flows that destroyed 10 villages and reached the town of Catania five weeks later, on 15 April.
Mount Etna 
 Major twentieth century eruptions occurred in 1928, 1949, 1971, 1983 and 1992, as well as the 2001 eruption.
Mount Etna 
 The 1992 eruption saw the town of Zafferana threatened by a lava flow, but successful diversion efforts saved the town with the loss of only one building a few hundred metres outside it.
Mount Etna 
 In 2002–2003, the biggest series of eruptions for many years threw up a huge column of ash that could easily be seen from space and fell as far away as Libya, on the far side of the Mediterranean Sea.
Mount Etna 
 Seismic activity in this eruption caused the eastern flanks of the volcano to slip by up to two metres, and many houses on the flanks of the volcano were damaged.
Mount Etna 
 The eruption also destroyed the Rifugio Sapienza, a ski resort on the southern flank of the volcano.
Mount Etna 
 Italy's Volcanoes: The Cradle of Volcanology, with detailed information of Italy's volcanoes, including Etna
Mount Etna 
 Stromboli Online, with info on Etna, photo galleries and video clips of Etna's past eruptions including those of the 1990s and the 2000s
Rojava 
 Rojava, or Western Kurdistan, or Syrian Kurdistan, is a part of divided Kurdistan in the Middle East.
Rojava 
 It consists of three areas called 'cantons' in Northern Syria but the Syrian government is not in control there.
Rojava 
 Instead, since a revolution which happened early on in the Syrian Civil War, it has had its own independent government, although it does not claim to be a new independent country, calling itself a 'federal autonomous region' inside of Syria instead.
Rojava 
 Many people in Rojava are Kurds, but there are also many different ethnic groups living there, such as Turkmen, Arabs, Syriacs, Assyrians, and Yezidis.
Rojava 
 Before the civil war, many human rights organizations such as Amnesty International said that the Syrian government treated the Kurds very poorly.
Rojava 
 Kurds in Syria are not allowed to officially use the Kurdish language, and also  not allowed to register children with Kurdish names, start businesses that do not have Arabic names, build Kurdish private schools, or publish any books or other materials written in Kurdish.
Rojava 
 They also needed to organize an army to defend themselves from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) which almost took control of Rojava because the government could not defend it due to the civil war.
Rojava 
 The United States have given money and weapons to Rojava to help  defeat ISIL but some say that they are supporting ISIL.
Rojava 
 It has a constitution which says that women's rights and the rights of ethnic and religious minorities have to be respected.
Rojava 
 The Kurds are the largest ethnic group (group of people) in the world that does not have its own state.
Rojava 
 The Kurds are traditionally nomadic (with no fixed living place) and live in a region in Asia called Kurdistan.
Rojava 
 There is discussion in academia about the origins (start) and migrations (movements of people) of the Kurds in history.
Rojava 
 Kurdistan was part of the empire of the Medes, then the Achaemenid Empire, the Seleucid Empire, the Roman and Byzantine empire, and then the Sassanid Empire.
Rojava 
 In the 7th century AD, the Muslim conquests of the Ancient Near East meant that Kurdistan became part of the Rashidun Empire.
Rojava 
 The Kurdish tribes (social groups) in Upper Mesopotamia and the western Iranian plateau fought against the attacking armies for a time.
Rojava 
 In the three centuries after this, some Kurds gained some autonomy (self-rule) for their culture and politics, in the time of the Umayyad Caliphate and the following Abbasid Caliphate.
Rojava 
 The Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty (line of rulers) rose to power in the 10th century, as the power of the Abbasid Caliphate fell.
Rojava 
 The "Kurdish quarter" (an area in the city) where these soldiers lived was a place where Kurdish language and culture was in existence into the 20th century.
Rojava 
 In the 11th century, Krak de Chevaliers, a castle (military building made strong against attack) in the Alawite Mountains, was named "fortress of the Kurds" or "Castle of the Kurds".
Rojava 
 In the early 16th century, the Mamluks lost control of Syria when the Ottoman Empire overcame them in war.
Rojava 
 In the Saharfnama, Sharaf Khan Bidlisi wrote that Kurdistan was the country between the Persian Gulf and the vilayets (local government areas) of Malatya and Marash (modern Kahramanmaraş).
Rojava 
 He wrote that parts of the vilayets of Diyarbakır, Mosul, "Persian Iraq", "Arabic Iraq", Fars Province, Azerbaijan, Lesser Armenia, and Greater Armenia were part of Kurdistan.
Rojava 
 He also wrote that Kurdistan contained the cities of Nusaybin (ancient Nisibis) and Alexandretta (İskenderun).
Rojava 
 At the start of the 17th century, the Ottoman Sultans ordered Kurds from different parts of their empire to move to the area around the Euphrates river.
Rojava 
 The western side of the river and the town of Kobanî were where most of these Kurds lived afterwards.
Rojava 
 In the 18th century, some of these Kurdish people in Greater Syria (also named Bilad al-Sham) kept their Kurdish culture and their relations with Kurds in other parts of Kurdistan.
Rojava 
 The Triple Entente overcame the Ottoman Empire, and the lands where Kurdish people lived before the war were separated.
Rojava 
 In 1916, the United Kingdom and French Third Republic had secretly agreed on how to share the territory in the Near East in the Sykes–Picot Agreement.
Rojava 
 This was very influential and important, and stayed in the memory of Kurdish people as a betrayal by imperialism.
Rojava 
 When the fighting was completed in World War I and the Arab Revolt, Britain and France suggested a Kurdish state could be set up.
Rojava 
 However, neither country wanted to pull back their armies from the lands that had been Ottoman (the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration).
Rojava 
 In late 1919, the French Armed Forces fought their first battle with the Kurds, in the Kurd Mountains.
Rojava 
 In this campaign (military operation), the French soldiers soon won victory, but they also had to fight Kurds in al-Jazira, and there they did not succeed so easily.
Rojava 
 The British and French governments did not want to move their armies back, and because of this they said any Kurdish state would have to be in parts of Kurdistan controlled by Turkey in August 1920, when the Ottomans, British, and French all signed the Treaty of Sèvres.
Rojava 
 The Turks did not fully agree to (ratify) this treaty (agreement between nations), but it would have brought into existence a small independent Kurdistan under French control (suzerainty).
Rojava 
 This state, which did not become a material fact, would have been without the Kurdish lands in Iraq, Iran, or Syria.
Rojava 
 The Turkish National Movement led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and the Kemalists (supporters of Atatürk) did not agree to the Treaty of Sèvres.
Rojava 
 This treaty meant that the border between French-controlled Syria and the new Republic of Turkey was moved further south than had been agreed in the Treaty of Sèvres.
Rojava 
 Turkey and France both tried to make good relations with tribes in the border area, hoping that they would help to get control over the land.
Rojava 
 Instead, the Kurdish areas of the old Ottoman Empire were separated by the border between Turkey to the north, and British Iraq and French Syria to the south.
Rojava 
 The new border between Turkey and Syria was agreed to be the railway line running through the area: the part of the Berlin–Baghdad railway line that went between the cities of Aleppo and Mosul.
Rojava 
 Thomas Schmidinger, a German cultural anthropologist wrote that modern Rojava, or Syrian Kurdistan, came into existence as "a waste product of the colonial division of the Middle East" south of the Berlin–Baghdad railway line.
Rojava 
 For Kurds in Turkey, Syria is "below the line" () on the map, but for Kurds in Syria, Turkey is "above the line" ().
Rojava 
 On the south side of the railway line, in French Syria, some mostly Kurdish areas came under the control of France.
Rojava 
 These Kurdish areas were around the Kurd Mountains (Kurd-Dagh), around the town of Jarabulus, and the lands in Upper Mesopotamia (the Northern Jazira).
Rojava 
 They had been given to France after World War I. From the start of French control in Syria, the geography of these separated areas was very important for their later history.
Rojava 
 According to the historian Jordi Tejel, "These three Kurdish enclaves constituted … a natural extension of Kurdish territory into Turkey and Iraq".
Rojava 
 The new borders meant that the Kurdish people in the area were divided into two groups, with two different governments.
Rojava 
 However, they were able to come and go across the border: there was at first no material separation.
Rojava 
 Many Kurds ran away from Turkey in the 1920s and 1930s because of repression by the Kemalist government.
Rojava 
 The Kurds in Turkey rose up against the government in the Sheikh Said rebellion (1925) and the Ararat rebellion (1927–1930).
Rojava 
 These uprisings failed, and after them many Kurds ran away from the Turkish government, coming to live in Syria.
Rojava 
 The French government in Syria, led by the High Commissioner of the Levant in Beirut, tried to improve the profits from land in the Jazira by making these Kurdish refugees live there.
Rojava 
 The government hoped to make their control over Syria more popular in France, where the population disliked French colonialism in Syria.
Rojava 
 France's military operations were made more difficult by propaganda supporting Turkey which the Turks gave to the Kurdish and Arab tribes.
Rojava 
 The French government's settlement of Kurdish refugees in the Jazira made Kurdishness a political subject in Syria.
Rojava 
 The Kurds came from outside Syrian Kurdistan, which meant that the Kurdish population in the Jazira increased even more.
Rojava 
 The brothers Celadet Bedir Khan and Kamuran Alî Bedirxan started to use the Latin alphabet, which then became normal in Syrian Kurdistan and in Turkish Kurdistan.
Rojava 
 At the start, French Syria's Kurds mostly spoke Kurmanji, a Kurdish language spoken in the north of Kurdistan.
Rojava 
 In French Syria, Kurds lived both in the three enclaves of Syrian Kurdistan and outside them, in the rest of Syria.
Rojava 
 There were large Kurdish populations in the biggest cities (Aleppo and Damascus), and there were also Kurdish nomads (people with no fixed living place) and Yazidi Kurds on the hills of Jabal Sam'an.
Rojava 
 Kurdish refugees from Turkish Kurdistan and Iraqi Kurdistan helped the Kurds become active in political work.
Rojava 
 A political movement of "pan-Kurdism" (for all the Kurds) started to come into existence, together with different Kurdish identities.
Rojava 
 In 1924, Kurdish delegate from the Kurd Mountains made a petition to the French Syrian government, requesting for self-rule in Kurdish-majority lands in French Syria.
Rojava 
 Xoybûn was an important pan-Kurdish political movement making early arguments for Kurdish nationalism.
Rojava 
 Xoybûn supported a military resistance in Turkish Kurdistan, but in French Syria, Xoybûn worked for self-rule in Syrian Kurdistan.
Rojava 
 Xoybûn were popular in Syrian Kurdistan and Xoybûn delegates were elected from Kurd Dagh, Jarabulus, and the Jazira in the elections of 1931.
Rojava 
 In 1936, the French government and the First Syrian Republic made an agreement on Syria's independence from France: the Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence.
Rojava 
 After the Battle of France, Nazi Germany occupied France, and Syria came under the control of Vichy France.
Rojava 
 When Syria was captured by the Allies of World War II in 1941's Syria–Lebanon campaign, they accepted the Syrian Republic's independence and sovereignty (right to self-rule).
Rojava 
 They were the first Kurdish national political party in Syria, and worked to better the lives of Syrian Kurds.
Rojava 
 The KDPS did not request the independence of Syrian Kurdistan, and worked for a "Syrianized" agenda.
Rojava 
 At the same time, events in Iraqi Kurdistan meant that the lives of the Kurdish population Syria became much worse.
Rojava 
 In August 1961, the Syrian government ordered a special census of al-Jazira Province in November that year.
Rojava 
 The census took away Syrian citizenship and civil rights from about 120,000 Kurds in al-Jazira Province.
Rojava 
 The government decree (order) in August 1961 said that Kurds were "illegally infiltrating" from Turkish Kurdistan into Syria, in order to "destroy its Arab character".
Rojava 
 The Kurdish lands in the Kurd Mountains were not changed by this census, and Kurdish people there kept their citizenship and were not made stateless.
Rojava 
 In 1962 the Syrian government started the Arab Belt plan to "save Arabism" and stop the "Kurdish threat".
Rojava 
 The government's decision was made after the discovery of an oil field at Qaratchok, in the Kurdish Jazira.
Rojava 
 Much of the land in the Arab Belt was fertile arable land (for growing crops) and had rich oil fields.
Rojava 
 Things became worse for the Kurdish population when the ultra-nationalist Ba'ath Party of Michel Aflaq took power by a coup d'état in Damascus in March 1963.
Rojava 
 In November, the party published a pamphlet named Study of the Jezireh Provnce in its National, Social, and Political Aspects and written by the al-Jazira Province's chief of police, Mohamed Talab Hilal.
Rojava 
 Hilal was an Arab nationalist, and said he used "anthropological" arguments to "prove scientifically" that Kurds "do not constitute a nation".
Rojava 
 He wrote that "the Kurdish people are a people without history or civilization or language or even definite ethnic origin of their own.
Rojava 
 Their only characteristics are those shaped by force, destructive power and violence, characteristics which are, by the way, inherent in all mountain populations".
Rojava 
 Hilial also wrote in the pamphlet that "The Kurds live from civilization and history of other nations.
Rojava 
 obscurantism (tajhil)  education of the Kurds was to be stopped, including teaching in Arabic language
Rojava 
 factionalism  arguments between Kurdish political groups were to be encouraged, to weaken them by divide and rule
Rojava 
 the Arab Belt (hizam)  Arabs were to be moved onto old Kurdish lands, as the government had planned in 1962
Rojava 
 colonization (iskan)  "pure and nationalist Arabs" were to be moved into Syrian Kurdistan so Kurds might be "watched until their dispersion"
Rojava 
 the Syrian Army was to be sent to the lands in the Arab Belt, to help the government complete the plan
Rojava 
 "anybody ignorant of the Arabic language" was to be stopped from voting in elections or holding political office
Rojava 
 Kurdish ulemas (Muslim religious teachers) were to be moved away to the south and replaced with Arabs
Rojava 
 Many of these steps were taken over the following years and the Arab Belt continued to be the government's plan.
Rojava 
 The 120,000 Kurds of al-Jazira Province whom the government decided were non-Syrians could not get education or health care, and could not marry or vote.
Rojava 
 Like all of Syrian Kurdistan, the Kurd Mountains are on the Syria–Turkey border, and they are to the west of the areas first named as Arab Belt land.)
Rojava 
 In 1967, the lands of Kurds in al-Jazira Province were nationalized by a law named the Plan to establish model state farms in the Jezireh Province.
Rojava 
 In 1975, the Syrian government built forty "model villages" in the Arab Belt area, and moved in 7,000 armed Arab peasant families to live in them.
Rojava 
 The government built the "model villages" in an area stretching from Amuda to Derik, with some near Qamishli.
Rojava 
 Water from the new Lake Assad flooded the lands of Arabs living in the Euphrates valley when Syria built the Tabqa Dam.
Rojava 
 The government suppressed Kurdish culture, harassed Kurdish people, and confiscated Kurdish literature and Kurdish music.
Rojava 
 The government sent people in the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria to jail for years for what the government said were "anti-Arabist" crimes.
Rojava 
 There were Kurdish people in the People's Council of Syria (the legislature of Syria), but the official identity was Arab-only for everyone in the Syrian Arab Republic.
Rojava 
 According to Kurds, the government took  of land away from Kurdish farmers in al-Jazira Province: the government was following Hilal's plan.
Rojava 
 In the Kurd Mountains, the government's land reforms mostly redistributed land to Kurdish farmers, but in other parts of Syria, the government took many Kurds' lands and gave them to Arabs.
Rojava 
 Even in the Kurd Mountains, which were outside the lands of the Arab Belt in al-Jazira Province, all schools taught in Arabic language only and Kurdish language was marginalized in public life.
Rojava 
 In 1976, Hafez al-Assad stopped the Arab Belt plan going any further by not building any more Arab villages.
Rojava 
 The villages the government had built and the Arabs the government had moved stayed where they were.
Rojava 
 The position of Kurds in Syrian Kurdistan was related to the changing political positions of Kurds in Iraqi Kurdistan.
Rojava 
 In 1977, the government changed all Kurdish language place names in the Kurd Mountains to official Arabic language names, as in other parts of Syria.