the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Gothic cathedrals 
 The facade also had a big round window in the centre, called a rose window, which was the first one in France.
Gothic cathedrals 
 Abbot Suger did not rebuild the church inside the west doors where most of the ordinary people stood.
Gothic cathedrals 
 After Abbot Suger's death, the rest of the church was also rebuilt in the new style, and got two more much larger and more decorated rose windows, one on either side.
Gothic cathedrals 
 The style soon spread to England and through France, the Low Countries, Germany, Spain and northern of Italy and Sicily.
Gothic cathedrals 
 Note:- The architectural vocabulary words are written in bold type and are explained and/or shown on the plan and cross-section.
Gothic cathedrals 
 All the types of buildings, and the general shape of the buildings were already there in the Romanesque period.
Gothic cathedrals 
 The types of buildings were:- the cathedral church, the parish church, the monastery, the castle, the palace, the great hall and the gatehouse.
Gothic cathedrals 
 Before the 20th century, the landmark building in almost every town was a church, cathedral, abbey, or town hall with its tall tower or spire rising high above all the houses.
Gothic cathedrals 
 On the other side of the transept is the chancel which is often called the choir because that is where the priest and the choir sing the services.
Gothic cathedrals 
 The nave is usually a lot taller than the aisles, and has high windows which light up the central space.
Gothic cathedrals 
 The upper part of the building, where these windows are, is called the clerestory (or clear storey). (
Gothic cathedrals 
 Some Gothic churches in Germany and Austria and also Milan Cathedral (which was built in the German style) often have nave and aisles of almost the same height and are called "hallenkirke" (hall church).
Gothic cathedrals 
 In some churches with double aisles, like Notre Dame, Paris, the transept does not stick out beyond the aisles.
Gothic cathedrals 
 In English cathedrals the transepts always stick out a long way and sometimes there are two transepts as at Salisbury Cathedral.
Gothic cathedrals 
 The "facade" or West Front of a large church or cathedral is designed to make a big impression on the worshippers.
Gothic cathedrals 
 In the arch of the middle door is often an important piece of sculpture, usually "Christ in Majesty".
Gothic cathedrals 
 Sometimes there is a stone post in the middle of the doorway where there is a statue of the "Madonna and Child".
Gothic cathedrals 
 Above the middle door there is a large window, which is usually a rose window like that at Reims Cathedral, but not in England, Scotland, Belgium or Scandinavia where there will nearly always be a very large pointed window to let in lots of light.
Gothic cathedrals 
 In Italy, the facade is often decorated with coloured marble and mosaic made of little coloured tiles, and not so many statues, as at Orvieto Cathedral
Gothic cathedrals 
 The facade of a French cathedral and many English, Spanish and German cathedrals usually has two towers.
Gothic cathedrals 
 On the inside, the nave is usually at least twice as high as it is wide, which gives the church a very tall narrow look.
Gothic cathedrals 
 Some of the churches in France and Germany have naves that are three times as high as they are wide.
Gothic cathedrals 
 On the outside, there are often lots of fancy bits along the edge of the roof and on the tops of buttresses and above the windows.
Gothic cathedrals 
 The flying buttresses which arch across the roof of the aisle were used to support the roof above the windows, so the walls did not have to be so thick.
Gothic cathedrals 
 The columns of the inside, the ribs of the vault (or roof) and the flying buttresses, made a strong stone skeleton.
Gothic cathedrals 
 in between these parts, the walls and the filling of the vaults could be of lighter thinner material.
Gothic cathedrals 
 Through the Gothic period, because of the pointed arch, Gothic windows were able to change from simple openings to very rich designs.
Gothic cathedrals 
 The windows were very often filled with stained glass which made coloured light in the building, and was used for story-telling pictures.
Gothic cathedrals 
 Pointed arches were used in Persian architecture, and from 641 AD onwards, they were a feature of Islamic architecture.
Gothic cathedrals 
 Knowledge of the pointed arch spread into Europe through the Crusaders who travelled to the Middle East from 1096 onwards.
Gothic cathedrals 
 Also, Islamic forces had taken over parts of Spain, where they built cities and Mosques with pointed arches.
Gothic cathedrals 
 Architectural historians think that the pointed arch was also used by some European architects because it was a very strong way of making an arch.
Gothic cathedrals 
 In Gothic Architecture, the pointed arch is used in every place where an arch is needed, both for strength and for decoration.
Gothic cathedrals 
 Often walls were made with tall narrow arched openings in them that could be used to stand statues in.
Gothic cathedrals 
 This meant that the columns that carried the vault always had to be placed on a perfectly square ground plan, which was not always possible.
Gothic cathedrals 
 One of the good things about pointed arches was that they could be narrow and tall, or flattened and wide.
Gothic cathedrals 
 A Gothic architect could make a vault with one side narrow, two sides wide and the last side even wider.
Gothic cathedrals 
 In between the ribs were sloping surfaces of stone or brick that could be much thinner and lighter than the ribs.
Gothic cathedrals 
 At first the pattern made by the ribs was quite plain, like Romanesque vaults, but architects, particularly in England, soon started adding small ribs in between the main ones and making different patterns.
Gothic cathedrals 
 These designs were often used in windows, which look as if they are filled with beautiful stone lace.
Gothic cathedrals 
 An Architectural Historian can often tell just how old a part of a building is by looking at the window tracery design.
Gothic cathedrals 
 York Cathedral in England has a group of five lancet windows that are 50 feet high and are still full of ancient glass.
Gothic cathedrals 
 The Equilateral Arch has a very pleasing look and gives a wide opening useful for doorways, arcades and big windows.
Gothic cathedrals 
 It can be seen at many English and French Cathedrals, for example Lincoln cathedral in England and Notre Dame in Paris.
Gothic cathedrals 
 Some Gothic windows have designs in the tracery, or even in the top of the window itself, that rises up like a flame.
Gothic cathedrals 
 It can be seen at St Stephen's Vienna, Sainte Chapelle in Paris, at the Cathedrals of Limoges and Rouen in France, and at Milan Cathedral in Italy.
Gothic cathedrals 
 In England the most famous windows like this are the West Window of York Minster with its design based on the Sacred Heart, the East Window at Carlisle Cathedral and the East window of Selby Abbey.
Gothic cathedrals 
 The most famous examples in are in the Lady Chapel at Ely, the Screen at Lincoln and the facade of Exeter Cathedral.
Gothic cathedrals 
 In German and Spanish Gothic architecture the Flamboyant style is often used for opnwork stone screens.
Gothic cathedrals 
 When arches like this are used to make great big windows they need to be supported by many tall thin vertical shafts and horizontal transoms, so that the window looks as if it has been divided up into a grid (lots of rectangles).
Gothic cathedrals 
 There are three very famous large chapels in this style- King's College Chapel, Cambridge; St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle; Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster Abbey.
Gothic cathedrals 
 The statues, the decoration, stained glass windows and wall paintings told Bible stories such as how God created the world and how he rules over everything that is in the universe, the seasons of the year and the stars in the sky.
Gothic cathedrals 
 Carvings near the door often show the signs of the Zodiac because the patterns of stars in the sky were very important to farming people who did not have calendars to tell them when to plant and when to harvest.
Gothic cathedrals 
 Many pictures and sculptures are there to remind people to live good lives because they never know what will happen next.
Gothic cathedrals 
 the statues were often painted in bright colours but nowadays only tiny bits remain at Chartres cathedral and some other places.
Gothic cathedrals 
 Even though some things about Gothic architecture stay the same, other things look different in different countries.
Gothic cathedrals 
 It was good for building because it was soft to cut, but got much harder when the air and rain got on it.
Gothic cathedrals 
 France also had beautiful white limestone from Caen which was perfect for making very fine carvings.
Gothic cathedrals 
 England had coarse limestone, red sandstone and dark green Purbeck marble which was often used for architectural decorations like thin columns.
Gothic cathedrals 
 In Northern Germany, Netherlands, Denmark, Baltic countries and northern Poland there was no good building stone, but there was clay for making bricks and tiles.
Gothic cathedrals 
 Because Italy had lots of beautiful marble in many different colours, many buildings have fronts or "facades" decorated in coloured marble.
Gothic cathedrals 
 In some parts of Europe, there were many tall straight trees that were good for making very large roofs.
Gothic cathedrals 
 That is how they invented the hammer-beam roofs which are one of the beautiful features seen in many old English churches.
Gothic cathedrals 
 The thing that makes English cathedrals different from the others is that they are long, and  look horizontal, like big ocean liners.
Gothic cathedrals 
 English cathedrals nearly all took hundreds of years to build, and every part is in a style that is quite different to the next part. (
Gothic cathedrals 
 Like an English Cathedral, a Spanish or Portuguese Gothic Cathedral is often built in many different styles.
Gothic cathedrals 
 The windows are not as large as in northern Europe and, although stained glass windows are often found, the favorite way of decorating the churches is fresco (wall painting).
Cathedral 
 Cathedrals can be found in the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican as well as some Lutheran churches.
Cathedral 
 In the Greek Orthodox Church, the terms "kathedrikos naos" (literally: "cathedral shrine") and "metropolis" (literally "mother city") are both used to describe the same thing. "
Cathedral 
 There are variations on the use of the term "cathedral"; for example, some pre-Reformation cathedrals in Scotland now within the Church of Scotland still retain the term cathedral, despite the Church's Presbyterian polity which does not have bishops.
Cathedral 
 As cathedrals are often particularly impressive buildings, the term is often used incorrectly to refer to any large important church.
Cathedral 
 Several cathedrals in Europe, such as Strasbourg, and in England at York, Lincoln and Southwell, are referred to as Minster (German: Münster) churches, from Latin monasterium, because the establishments were served by canons living in community or may have been an abbey, prior to the Reformation.
Cathedral 
 The word cathedral is derived from the Latin noun "cathedra" (seat or chair), and refers to the presence of the bishop's or archbishop's chair or throne.
Cathedral 
 In the ancient world, the chair was the symbol of a teacher and thus of the bishop's role as teacher, and also of an official presiding as a magistrate and thus of the bishop's role in governing a diocese.
Cathedral 
 The word cathedral, though now grammatically used as a noun, is originally the adjective in the phrase "cathedral church", from the Latin "ecclesia cathedralis".
Cathedral 
 The seat marks the place set aside in the prominent church of the diocese for the head of that diocese and is therefore a major symbol of authority.
Cathedral 
 Churches that formerly were a diocesan seat may be called concathedral, co-cathedral, or pro-cathedral.
Patron saint 
 Saint George (Canada, England, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, Montenegro, Ethiopia, Aragon, Catalonia, Moscow)
Saint David 
 The earliest mention of St. David is found in a tenth-century manuscript Of the "Annales Cambriae", which assigns his death to A.D. 601.
Saint George 
 A city called Silene had a large lake, where a plague-bearing dragon who breathed fire and disease lived.
Saint George 
 To please the dragon, the people of Silene gave it a sheep every day, for food, and when there were no more sheep, they gave their children to the dragon.
Saint George 
 The King, sad and desperate, asked the people to take all his gold and silver, and half of his empire - but only if his daughter could be saved.
Saint George 
 The daughter was sent out to the lake, dressed in white as a bride, to be a fine meal for the dragon.
Saint George 
 The princess, terrified and trembling, tried to send him away, but George said he would stay and protect her.
Saint George 
 The Princess and Saint George took the dragon back to the city of Silene, where the people were terrified to see the dragon enter.
Saint George 
 He said that if the people became Christians and went to Church to be baptized, he would kill the dragon immediately.
Saint George 
 The king and the people of Silene converted to Christianity, George killed the dragon with his sword, 'Ascalon', and its body was taken out of the city on carts.
Saint George 
 On the site where the dragon died, the king built a Church for the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint George.
Saint George 
 In Sweden, the Princess symbolizes the nation of Sweden, and the dragon represents a foreign army of enemies.
Saint George 
 It was also made into the story 'The Reluctant Dragon' by Ken Ransom, which was made into a Disney film.
Saint George 
 He is the patron saint of many other countries, too - including Greece, Palestine, Georgia, Portugal and Russia.
Saint George 
 Moscow has 41 Churches with the name of Saint George, and the Moscow city Coat of Arms, or symbol, is of Saint George on a horse killing the dragon.
Saint Andrew 
 Saint Andrew is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus and the patron saint of Scotland, Romania, Ukraine and several other countries.
Saint Patrick 
 According to the autobiographical Confessio of Patrick, when he was about sixteen years old, he was captured by Irish pirates.
Saint Patrick 
 He also challenged many of their leaders and druids such as Aodhan the Brave also known as Chief Aodhan.
Saint Patrick 
 There is a bell in the National Museum of Ireland that was made around the time of Saint Patrick's life.
Saint Patrick 
 There is no evidence that Saint Patrick owned the bell but the Irish have believed for 1400 years that the bell belonged to Saint Patrick.
Saint Patrick 
 One of the kings of Ulster who was the high king of Ireland at the time had a beautiful cover made out of gold and gems to preserve the bell.
Saint Patrick 
 There are no snakes in Ireland but there is a legend that at the time of Saint Patrick there were lots of snakes and he chased them all into the Irish Sea.
Saint Patrick 
 Some say that this legend came to be because pagans had tattoos of snakes and Saint Patrick got rid of the pagans by teaching Christianity and therefore drove out the snakes from Ireland.
491 
 March 17 – Saint Patrick, patron saint of Ireland (possibly died this year, could also have died in the year 493)
March 17 
 45 BC - In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda.
March 17 
 624 - Led by the Prophet Muhammad, the Muslims of Medina defeat the Quraysh of Mecca in the Battle of Badr.
March 17 
 1328 - Isabella of France, on behalf of her 15-year-old son, Edward III of England, recognizes the independence of Scotland, ending the first of the Scottish Wars of Independence.
March 17 
 1452 - The Battle of Los Alporchones is fought in the context of the Spanish Reconquista between the Emirate of Granada and the combined forces of the Kingdom of Castile and Murcia, resulting in a Christian victory.
March 17 
 1667 - Siege of Valenciennes: During the Franco-Dutch War, ends with France's taking over of the city.
March 17 
 1776 - American Revolution: British forces evacuate Boston, Massachusetts, ending the Siege of Boston, after George Washington and Henry Knox place artillery in positions overlooking the city.
March 17 
 1780 - American Revolution: George Washington grants the Continental Army a holiday on St. Patrick's Day, in solidarity with the Irish people.
March 17 
 1800 - British ship HMS Queen Charlotte sinks after a fire on board off Livorno, Tuscany, Italy, killing 673 people.
March 17 
 1860 - The First Taranaki War begins in Taranaki, New Zealand, a major phase in the New Zealand Land Wars.
March 17 
 1891 – The USS Utopia collides with the HMS Anson in the Bay of Gibraltar, and sinks, killing 562 people.
March 17 
 1939 - Second Sino-Japanese War: The Battle of Nanchang between the Republic of China's Kuomintang and Japan begins.
March 17 
 1945 – World War II: The Ludendorff Bridge in Remagen, Germany, collapses, shortly after its capture.
March 17 
 1948 - The Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France and the United Kingdom sign the Treaty of Brussels.
March 17 
 1950 - Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley announce the creation of element 98, which they name Californium.
March 17 
 1960 - US President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the National Security Council directive on the anti-Cuban covert action program that will ultimately lead to the Bay of Pigs invasion.
March 17 
 1988 - Avianca Flight 410, a Colombian Boeing 727 jetliner, crashes into a mountainside in Eastern Colombia, near the Venezuelan border, killing 143 people.
March 17 
 1988 - Eritrean War of Independence: The Nadew Command, an Ethiopian army corps in Eritrea, is attacked on three sides by military units of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front in the opening action of the Battle of Afabet.
March 17 
 2000 - More than 800 members of the Ugandan cult Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God die in what is considered to be a mass murder and suicide, orchestrated by the leaders of the cult.
March 17 
 22 people are killed, and 220 injured, as 35 Serbian Orthodox Shrines in Kosovo and 2 mosques in Belgrade and Nis, Serbia, are destroyed.
March 17 
 2009 – Marc Ravalomanana resigns as President of Madagascar, as Andry Rajoelina takes over, following weeks of unrest.
March 17 
 2011 - 2011 Libyan civil war: The United Nations Security Council authorizes military intervention to protect civilians in Libya, as well as a no-fly zone over Libya.
March 17 
 2018 - Russia expels 23 British diplomats (after the UK did the same with 23 Russian diplomats on March 14) and also decides to close the British Consulate in Saint Petersburg and end the work of the British Council in Russia.
March 17 
 This is because of an ongoing diplomatic row between the two countries over the poisoning of former Russian spy Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia in Salisbury.
March 17 
 1938 – Keith O'Brien, former Roman Catholic Archbishop of St. Andrews and Edinburgh and cardinal (d. 2018)
March 17 
 St. Patrick's Day - celebrating the patron saint of Ireland, celebrated in Ireland and in Irish communities worldwide
Somerset 
 The name "Somerset" comes from the Anglo-Saxon phrase Sumorsaete, which was used to describe people from Somerton.
Somerset 
 In 1974 parts of north Somerset, the city of Bristol and parts of south Gloucestershire were joined into a new county.
Somerset 
 People usually say that 2 of these parts (named North Somerset and Bath and North East Somerset) are part of Somerset, even though they have their own councils.
Somerset 
 There is not much large industry in Somerset, but Bridgwater is a port, and Yeovil is important in building helicopters.
Glastonbury 
 This is because Glastonbury Abbey is said to be the place where King Arthur is buried, and it was burned down when King Henry the Eighth got angry at all Catholic monasteries in the country as the Pope would not grant him a divorce.
Yeovil, Somerset 
 Yeovil is home to the giant killer football club Yeovil Town F.C..  The club played against Liverpool F.C in 2004.
Street 
 A street is a piece of land, made flat and often with pavement, so that people can travel on it better. "
Street 
 New Orleans’ Bourbon Street, for example, is famous for its active nightlife and also for its role as the center of the city’s French Quarter.
Street 
 The Bowery in Manhattan was, at different times, a main highway, a center of underground punk culture, and a specialized shopping district for light fixtures.
Taunton 
 In 1685, Judge Jefferies was based in Taunton during the Bloody Assizes that followed the Battle of Sedgemoor.
Bath, Somerset 
 The city is also mentioned in many of Jane Austen's books, like Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, and Pride and Prejudice.
East Coker, Somerset 
 Along the approach to the church are 12 almshouses built in 1640 by Archdeacon Helyar, chaplain to Queen Elizabeth l.
Chard (Somerset) 
 It was in Chard, during 1848, that John Stringfellow (1799 - 1883), first demonstrated that powered flight was possible.
Chard (Somerset) 
 In 1685, Chard was one of the towns in which Judge Jefferies held some of the Bloody Assizes after the failure of the Monmouth Rebellion.
Crewkerne 
 The first time it is mentioned in history is 899, when king Alfred the Great left the manor to his son Ethelweard.
Crewkerne 
 The name Crewkerne comes from the Saxon words Cruce (cross) and earne (cottage), because of the early church there.
River Aire 
 It runs through the counties of North Yorkshire, West Yorkshire and the East Riding of Yorkshire, although most of it is in West Yorkshire.
River Aire 
 The river starts in Malham, and from there flows through (in order) Skipton, Keighley, Shipley, Leeds, Castleford, Knottingley and Airmyn.
River Alt 
 The river begins near Huyton and flows about 28 km northeast to empty into the Irish Sea at the town of Hightown.
River Alt 
 The northern part of the river forms the boundary between the counties of Merseyside and Lancashire.
River Exe 
 The island had many mills making paper and textiles, and also created valuable land by draining the marshlands.
Watchet 
 It gets its name either from the blue wacet dye found in the cliffs, or from British gwo coed or waeced, "under the wood".
Watchet 
 It is first recorded in the 7th century, when Saint Decuman crossed over from South Wales on a raft with a cow to help the people there.
Watchet 
 They have been found as far away as Scandinavia, probably because they were part of the Danegeld - payments made to the Vikings, who attacked Watchet in 918, 977, 988, and destroyed part of it in 997.
Watchet 
 Watchet is the only place in England to still have the Court leet system, but only in name, with people chosen for ceremonial jobs like port reeve and ale taster.
Burnham-on-Sea 
 Burnham-on-Sea is a small town in the county of Somerset in England on the mouth of the River Parrett at Bridgwater Bay.
Burnham-on-Sea 
 Burnham was a small fishing village until the late-18th century when it became popular as a seaside resort.
Cheddar cheese 
 It is the second most popular cheese in the United States, behind mozzarella, with an average annual consumption of  per person.
Cheddar cheese 
 Only cheddar produced from local milk within four counties of South West England may use the name "West Country Farmhouse Cheddar."
Yatton 
 Archaeology in the area has found a Roman villa (country-house) belonging to some rich person who lived here in the late 3rd century, judging from the coins.
Yatton 
 Records show the land was part of the manor of John the Dane before the Norman Conquest, and Giso, bishop of Wells afterward.
Clevedon 
 At the time of the Domesday Book (1086) it belonged to Matthew of Mortaigne and had only a few people living there.
Weston-super-Mare 
 Weston is linked to the M5 motorway by junction 21 where the daul carriageway A370 goes to the town centre.