the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Social responses to the idea of evolution 
 Spencer had ideas about "survival of the fittest", which he applied to commerce and human societies as a whole.
Social responses to the idea of evolution 
 Other people used these ideas to claim that social differences, racism, and imperialism were justified.
Social responses to the idea of evolution 
 Today, most scientists and philosophers say that the theory of evolution should not be used to support such ideas.
Palembang 
 The city was the capital of the old, Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya that included a large part of Malaysia and Indonesia.
Palembang 
 Palembang is also the home of Parameswara, the ruler of Malacca (a state in Malaysia) who started the most important empire in Malaysian history.
Palembang 
 The Battle of Palembang was fought near the city during the Second World War between February 13-February 15 1942.
Palembang 
 The city is served by Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Airport which has many flights to many cities in Indonesia and also to Singapore and Malaysia.
Social Darwinism 
 Evolution is a concept from biology that tries to explain how different life-forms change over time.
Social Darwinism 
 They claimed the Aryan race was better than all the other races and therefore needed more space to live.
Social Darwinism 
 Most of the ideas for the theories are from Lamarckism and not from the theory of evolution, proposed by Charles Darwin.
Social Darwinism 
 Although Darwin's idea was revered in most of the western societies, many Russian intellectuals did not accept his ideas.
Social Darwinism 
 One of Darwin's biggest critic was Leo Tolstoy, who felt strongly against what he thought was Darwin's idea.
Social Darwinism 
 In a letter from his death bed, he warned his children not to take Darwin's struggle for existence as a moral guide.
Social Darwinism 
 Darwin never suggested his ideas were a basis for human life, just a description of what had happened in evolution.
Social Darwinism 
 Social Darwinism takes the ideas from Darwin’s theory of evolution and uses it on different parts of society, like politics.
Social Darwinism 
 Darwin believed that people who were more able to survive were able to have kids with similar abilities.
Social Darwinism 
 These people can spread their influence and change the politics and society around them to make it better for themselves.
Social Darwinism 
 They preferred some people over others based on ideas like race, and the amount of political control they had.
Social Darwinism 
 The did not like the Jewish people because they thought they were less than human and were not as important as the rest of the people of Germany.
Social Darwinism 
 Herbert Spencer is the one who came up with the idea of “survival of the fittest”, those people that had better things and places in their lives (for example money and political power) were able to survive longer and have kids with the same skill sets.
Social Darwinism 
 Spencer believed that different people possess different skills in life, some are naturally better at succeeding at life because of their physical abilities, or because of their mental abilities.
Social Darwinism 
 Spencer believed that humans have become more and more different as time goes by, people will grow up with very different abilities, and these different abilities become more and more obvious as time passes.
Social Darwinism 
 Spencer believed in the concept of teleology, or that people were destined to become who they are, for better or worse.
Social Darwinism 
 Different people did not have to work to become who they wanted to be; they were born in a way that made it easier for them.
Social Darwinism 
 Retrieved December 14, 2021, from http://meguerian.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Herbet-   Spencer-social-darwinism1.pdf.
Beccles 
 The Puritan Peck was eventually forced to leave, and went to Hingham, Massachusetts, founded by many members of his parish, where he lived for several years, until King Charles I had been executed and Oliver Cromwell was in charge of government.
Beccles 
 At that time, Robert Peck decided to return to Hingham, Norfolk, and continued his pastorship of St. Andrews Church.
Beccles 
 He died in Hingham but he left descendants in America, as well as his brother Joseph Peck, who settled in Rehoboth, Massachusetts.
Lamarckism 
 Today, the only widely accepted theory of evolution is that developed from the ideas of Charles Darwin.
Lamarckism 
 Lamarckism says that individuals do not only pass on the things they received from their parents, but also some things they experienced during their lifetime.
Lamarckism 
 Although Darwin did not entirely break with these ideas, his characteristic idea of natural selection relates to the individuals's relative survival and success in reproduction.
Lamarckism 
 These rules of Mendelian inheritance contradict Lamarck's hypotheses entirely, but are consistent with natural selection.
Lamarckism 
 The identification of "Lamarckism" with the inheritance of acquired characteristics alone is regarded by some as an over-simplification, rehashed in textbooks repeatedly.
Lamarckism 
 Stephen Jay Gould wrote that late 19th century evolutionists "re-read Lamarck, cast aside the guts of it... and elevated one aspect of the mechanics – inheritance of acquired characters – to a central focus it never had for Lamarck himself".
Lamarckism 
 He argued that "the restriction of Lamarckism to this relatively small and non-distinctive corner of Lamarck's thought must be labelled as more than a misnomer, and truly a discredit to the memory of a man and his much more comprehensive system".
Lamarckism 
 Gould advocated defining "Lamarckism" more broadly, in line with Lamarck's overall evolutionary theory.
Lamarckism 
 However, as scientist historians such as Michael Ghiselin and Stephen Jay Gould have pointed out, none of these views were original to Lamarck.
Lamarckism 
 On the contrary, Lamarck's contribution was a systematic theoretical framework for understanding evolution.
Lamarckism 
 Le pouvoir de la vie (a complexifying force) – in which the natural, alchemical movements of fluids would etch out organs from tissues, leading to ever more complex construction regardless of the organ's use or disuse.
Lamarckism 
 L'influence des circonstances (an adaptive force) – in which the use and disuse of characters led organisms to become more adapted to their environment.
Lamarckism 
 This would take organisms sideways off the path from simple to complex, specialising them for their environment.
Lamarckism 
 In essence, a change in the environment brings about a change in needs (besoins), resulting in a change in behavior, bringing change in organ usage and development, bringing change in form over time — and thus the gradual transmutation (change) of the species.
Lamarckism 
 The modern point of view is that neither of his two 'forces' exists; Lamarck can be credited with the first fully worked-out account of evolution.
Darwinism 
 Even though all species produce a large number of offsprings, populations remain fairly constant naturally.
Darwinism 
 This is due to the struggle between members of the same species and different species for food, space, and mate.
Darwinism 
 The individuals having favourable variations pass on these variations to their progeny from generation to generation.
Darwinism 
 He used it to describe evolutionary concepts, including similar ideas such as Malthusianism and Spencerism.
Darwinism 
 In the late 19th century it came to mean the concept that natural selection was the only mechanism of evolution, in contrast to Lamarckism.
Istria 
 Istria (Croatian, Slovene: Istra, Italian: Istria), formerly Histria (Latin), is the biggest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea.
Prenatal diagnosis 
 For example, in some parts of the world, if an ultrasound shows that a fetus is female, it is sometimes aborted.
Compulsory sterilization 
 Compulsory sterilization is a term used for laws that force certain groups of people to be sterilized so that they can no longer make babies.
Compulsory sterilization 
 Transgender persons are often obliged to undergo sterilization for legal rocognition of legal status depite the Principle 3 of the Yogyakarta Principles.
Compulsory sterilization 
 Today, most compulsory sterilizations are done to mentally ill people who are not able to handle a pregnancy on their own.
List of Italian place names in Dalmatia 
 This is a list of Italian language place names on the Dalmatian coast, including the islands up to Rijeka/Fiume.
Malthusianism 
 This means if there are no limits to the growth of the population, that it will not be possible to produce food for all of them.
Malthusianism 
 Its  opponents  described the act as "a Malthusian bill designed to force the poor to emigrate, to work for lower wages, to live on a coarser sort of food".
Malthusianism 
 One supporter was the novelist Harriet Martineau whose circle of acquaintances included Charles Darwin.
Malthusianism 
 According to Dr. Dan Ritschel of the Center for History Education at the University of Maryland, <blockquote>The great Malthusian dread was that "indiscriminate charity" would lead to exponential growth in the population in poverty, increased charges to the public purse to support this growing army of the dependent, and, eventually, the catastrophe of national bankruptcy.
Malthusianism 
 Though Malthusianism has since come to be identified with the issue of general over-population, the original Malthusian concern was more specifically with the fear of over-population by the dependent poor!
Malthusianism 
 One of the earliest critics of Malthusian theory was Karl Marx who referred (in "Capital", see Marx's footnote on Malthus from Capital - a reference below) to it as "nothing more than a schoolboyish, superficial plagiary of De Foe, Sir James Steuart, Townsend, Franklin, Wallace" and others, postulating that progress in science and technology would allow for indefinite exponential population growth.
Malthusianism 
 Many people today still believe that Mathus was right about human population growth getting out of hand.
Greg LeMond 
 Gregory James "Greg" LeMond (born June 26, 1961 in Lakewood, California) is an American  road racing cyclist who raced as a professional from 1981 to 1994.
Greg LeMond 
 In 1987 he was injured in a shooting accident, and could not race again until 1989, when he won the Tour de France again.
Greg LeMond 
 He beat the French cyclist Laurent Fignon in an individual time trial using aero bars, which made him more aerodynamic (able to move through air easily).
Greg LeMond 
 Tour de France (1st overall; Stage 5 ITT win; Stage 19 win; Stage 21 Champs-Élysées ITT; 7 days in maillot jaune)
Francis Galton 
 Sir Francis Galton FRS (Birmingham, 16 February 1822 – Surrey, 17 January 1911), half-cousin of Charles Darwin, was an English  scientist.
Francis Galton 
 Galton was a polymath: an anthropologist, a eugenicist, a tropical explorer, geographer, inventor, meteorologist, proto-geneticist, psychometrician, and statistician.
Francis Galton 
 He created the statistical concepts of normal distribution, correlation and regression toward the mean.
Francis Galton 
 He was the first to apply statistical methods to the study of human differences and inheritance of intelligence.
Francis Galton 
 Unfortunately, though he knew about monozygotic (identical twins) and dizygotic twins, he did not appreciate the real genetic difference.
Francis Galton 
 As an investigator of the human mind, he founded psychometrics (the science of measuring mental faculties) and differential psychology.
Francis Galton 
 As the initiator of scientific meteorology, he devised the first weather map, proposed a theory of anticyclones, and was the first to establish a complete record of short-term climatic phenomena on a European scale.
Herbert Spencer 
 Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an English philosopher, and a prominent liberal political and social theorist of the Victorian era.
Herbert Spencer 
 He saw evolution as the progressive development of the physical world, biological organisms, the human mind, and human culture and societies.
Herbert Spencer 
 He contributed to a wide range of subjects, including ethics, religion, politics, philosophy, biology, sociology, and psychology.
Herbert Spencer 
 Like Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, he read Malthus' Essay on the principle of population, and was deeply impressed by its argument.
Herbert Spencer 
 Malthus said that sooner or later population growth gets checked by famine and disease, and there are then many deaths.
Herbert Spencer 
 So, he was prepared for Darwin's idea of natural selection, which he preferred to call "survival of the fittest".
Herbert Spencer 
 He did this in  Principles of Biology (1864), after reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species.
Herbert Spencer 
 "This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called ‘natural selection’, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life."
Herbert Spencer 
 Spencer's term does strongly suggest natural selection, yet as he extended evolution into realms of sociology and ethics, Spencer made use of Lamarckism rather than natural selection, so it seems he was not a Darwinian after all.
Herbert Spencer 
 Others took up his social ideas, and drew the conclusion that it was useless to try and help the poor, and that competition without limits was the way society should go.
Herbert Spencer 
 Darwin himself did not accept these ideas, but they were quite widespread in the United States at the end of the nineteenth century.
National sport 
 A national sport is a sport or game that was invented and firstly played by citizens of the same country or nation.
Coevolution 
 Coevolution is where the existence of one species is tightly bound up with the life of one or more other species.
Coevolution 
 What happens is that survival rates in each species changes as a result of changes in the other species.
Coevolution 
 New or 'improved' adaptations which occur in one species are often followed by the appearance and spread of related features in the other species.
Coevolution 
 His papers in the journal Nature had heading On the fertilisation of flowers by insects and on the reciprocal adaptations of both.
Coevolution 
 The life and death of living things is intimately connected, not just with the physical environment, but with the life of other species.
Coevolution 
 These relationships are dynamic, and may continue for millions of years, as has the relationship between flowering plants and insects (pollination).The gut contents, wing structures, and mouthparts of fossilized beetles and flies suggest that they acted as early pollinators.
Coevolution 
 The association between beetles and angiosperms during the Lower Cretaceous period led to parallel radiations of angiosperms and insects into the late Cretaceous.
Coevolution 
 The evolution of nectaries in Upper Cretaceous flowers signals the beginning of the mutualism between hymenopterans and angiosperms.
Coevolution 
 Another good example is malaria, in which there are three 'partners': the mosquito, the parasite Plasmodium, and a land vertebrate, such as a mammal or bird.
Coevolution 
 The actual species of malaria differs according to the vertebrate, so there are actually thousands of different relationships which follow the same pattern.
Coevolution 
 Sibling species are very common in the bug Erythroneura, in which about 150 transfers from one host to another has resulted in about 500 species in the genus.
Coevolution 
 "Even though some parasitic taxa evolved much later than predatory taxa, families of parasites on plants are on average almost eight times larger than those of predators, and families of parasites on animals are over ten times larger".p26
Coevolution 
 A survey of the feeding habits of British insects showed that about 35% were parasites on plants, and slightly more were parasites on animals.
Coevolution 
 Since British insects are better known than those elsewhere (because of the length of time they have been studied), this means that by far the majority of insect species throughout the world are parasitic.
Coevolution 
 Recent publications have given an overview of the 150 years of research into co-evolution after the Origin of species.
Coevolution 
 "Specializations in interactions with other species is the root cause why the world has millions of species rather than thousands".p8
Coevolution 
 Since there are 50,000 tropical tree species, and beetles amount to 40% of total insect species, and there are also tree-specific species below the canopy, it is possible to estimate the total number of arthropod species living in tropical forests.
Coevolution 
 This contrasts rather strongly with the total of 1.4 to 1.8 million species which have already been described.
Coevolution 
 The single factor which most causes this high number of species is phytophagy: the huge number of insect species, each eating one or a few plant species.
Coevolution 
 The geographic mosaic theory of coevolution was developed by John N Thompson as a framework for envisioning the coevolutionary process in real populations and species.
Coevolution 
 It has been an attempt to incorporate the minimum components of population biology needed for an ecologically and evolutionarily realistic theory of coevolution and evolving interactions in general.
Coevolution 
 It applies to pairs of interacting species, small groups of interacting species, and large webs of interactions.
Coevolution 
 The Hypothesis: From these assumptions, geographic mosaic theory argues that coevolution proceeds by natural selection acting on three sources of variation that affect interactions among species.
Coevolution 
 These three sources of variation can be formally partitioned as genotype by genotype by environment interactions (GxGxE).
Coevolution 
 Geographic selection mosaics: The structure of natural selection on interactions differs among environments (e.g., high vs. low temperatures, high vs. low nutrient conditions; a surrounding species web that is species-rich vs. species poor).
Coevolution 
 This variation occurs because genes are expressed in different ways in different environments (GxE interactions) and species affect each other's fitness in different ways in different environments.
Coevolution 
 For example,  an interaction may be antagonistic in one environment and mutualistic in another environment; or it may be antagonistic in all environments but selection may favor different traits in different environments).
Coevolution 
 Interactions are subject to reciprocal selection only within some local communities, called coevolutionary hotspots.
Coevolution 
 These coevolutionary hotspots are embedded in a broader matrix of coevolutionary coldspots, where local natural selection is non-reciprocal  or where only one of the participants occurs.
Coevolution 
 For example, an interaction may be mutualistic or antagonistic in some environments (coevolutionary hotspots) but commensalistic in other environments (coevolutionary coldspots).
Coevolution 
 Trait remixing: The overall genetic structure of coevolving species continually changes through new mutations, genomic alterations, gene flow among populations, differential random genetic drift among populations, and extinction of local populations that differ in the combinations of coevolving traits they harbor.
Coevolution 
 New genetic material on which natural selection can act can result from simple genetic mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, hybridization between populations, or whole genome duplications (polypoloidy).
Coevolution 
 These processes contribute to the shifting geographic mosaic of coevolution by continually altering the spatial distributions of potentially coevolving genes and traits.
Coevolution 
 The combination of these processes continually changes the distribution of genotypes within any local population and the distribution of genotypes among populations.
Coevolution 
 NOTE: Some descriptions of geographic mosaic theory collapse this “trait remixing” part of geographic mosaic theory to gene flow.
Coevolution 
 The point of trait remixing is that through a combination of genetic, genomic, and ecological processes, the available distribution of coevolving traits on which natural selection can act continues to change over time within and among populations.
Coevolution 
 In studies of coevolution, a GxGxE interaction can be viewed either in the most formal way at the gene or genotype level (i.e., how selection acts on the same gene or genotype in across contrasting environments), or it can be viewed more generally at the level of how natural selection acts on two or more interacting species across many contrasting environments.
Coevolution 
 See books by John N Thompson (1982 Interaction and Coevolution; 1994 The Coevolutionary Process; 2005 The Geographic Mosaic of Coevolution; 2013 Relentless Evolution)
Rongorongo 
 There are two dozen examples of rongorongo script, mostly carved on tablets made from wood of the portia tree Thespesia populnea, known as makoi in Rapanui (Easter Island) language.
Rongorongo 
 The longest inscription in existence is the Santiago Staff, a wooden sceptre 126 centimetres long and 6.5 centimetres wide, bearing 2300 glyphs (Gr.
Rongorongo 
 The staff, which once belonged to an Easter Island king, was acquired by the Chilean Navy in 1870 and is now in Santiago's Museum of Natural History.
Rongorongo 
 These texts and artefacts are distributed over diffent museum in the world, none remains on the Easter Island.
Rongorongo 
 The knowledge of the plant must have been passed on from the first settlers, from generation to generation.
Candle Festival 
 At the start of rainy season, it is traditional for the devout to donate to monks items of personal use, such as candles.
Candle Festival 
 It is now a major event both for residents and for tourists: giant candles are paraded through the town, each representing a local temple, district or other institution.
Candle Festival 
 The more elaborate versions are accompanied by scenes of Hindu and Buddhist mythology sculpted in wood or plaster and coated with wax.
Portia tree 
 The portia tree (Thespesia populnea) Family Malvaceae, is a small tree or shrub 5-10 (-20) m high that is pantropical in littoral environments, although probably native only to the Old World.
Portia tree 
 In Hawai‘i and elsewhere in the Pacific it is possibly indigenous, although may have been spread by early Polynesians for its useful wood and fiber.
Portia tree 
 Common names vary according to the country and include "Indian tulip tree", "Pacific rosewood", "seaside mahoe" (in Florida), surina (the "elegant tree"), suriya (Sinhala), bebaru or baru baru (Malay), milo or miro (in many Polynesian languages), mako‘i (Rapanui), gangaraavi (Telugu), poovarasu (Tamil), and plaksa (Sanskrit).
Portia tree 
 Traditionally it was planted in sacred groves and used for religious sculpture throughout eastern Polynesia.
The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap 
 The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap, known in Japan as , is an action adventure video game made by Flagship and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance game console.
PAL region 
 The PAL region is a PAL region which covers most of Asia, Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Europe.
The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords Adventures 
 The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords Adventures, known in Japan as , is an action adventure video game made by Nintendo for the Nintendo GameCube game console.
The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Ages and Oracle of Seasons 
 The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Ages and The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Seasons are action adventure video games made by Capcom and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Color game console.
The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Ages and Oracle of Seasons 
 The Triforce sends Link to the land of Holodrum, where he stumbles upon a traveling group of performers.
The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Ages and Oracle of Seasons 
 After resting with them a bit, he finds out that the mysterious dancer from the troupe is actually the Oracle of Seasons, Din.