the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
E 
 In computers, the letter e is often used to start other words to mean "electronic", like in e-mail or e-commerce.
E 
 In Wheel of Fortune, E is one of the six letters given to any contestant participating in the "Bonus Round."
G 
 In movies, G is a rating given by the Motion Picture Association of America, meaning the movie is good to be viewed by all people ("general" audiences).
G 
 When you see G near your signal strength indicator, it is certain that your net connection is working at the slowest speed.
J 
 It comes before the letter K and after the letter I. The letter was not used in the Roman civilization until 16th Century.
J 
 It can also be used as a middle initial for people with middle names such as Jack, James, John, Jesus, or Jason.
L 
 In Wheel of Fortune, L is one of the six letters given to any contestant participating in the "Bonus Round."
N 
 In Wheel of Fortune, N is one of the six letters given to any contestant participating in the "Bonus Round."
Q 
 Some people say that the letter Q is not needed, because the sound it makes can be made with "K" and "W" instead.
Q 
 Q is also the name of a character in the James Bond film series, who was played by Desmond Llewelyn (and John Cleese after Desmond Llewelyn died).
R 
 On calendars, R is sometimes used as an short letter for Thursday instead of T, to avoid mistakes with Tuesday.
R 
 In Wheel of Fortune, R is one of the six letters given to any contestant participating in the "Bonus Round."
S 
 In Wheel of Fortune, S is one of the six letters given to any contestant participating in the "Bonus Round."
S 
 S is the letter onomotopeiacally used to characterize the hissing noise known to be made by snakes, e.g. "sssssss..."
U 
 U (u) is the twenty-first (21) letter in the English alphabet (it is also used as a short form for 'you').
X 
 It sometimes makes a sound like ks (for example: exit, next, fox), or if it is at the beginning of a word, it makes a sound like zzz (for example: xylophone).
Y 
 In Mathematics, y is another unknown variable, used as a second unknown variable ("x" is used as the first unknown variable)
Z 
 The Greek form of Z was a close copy of the Phoenician symbol I. It stayed like this for a long time.
Z 
 The letter Z appeared only in Greek words, and is the only letter besides Y that the Romans took from Greek.
Virus 
 The RNA or DNA strand then takes over the cell machinery to reproduce copies of itself and the protein coat.
Virus 
 With eukaryotic cells, the virus protein coat is able to enter the target cells via certain cell membrane receptors.
Virus 
 With prokaryote bacteria cells, the bacteriophage physically injects the nucleic acid strand into the host cell.
Virus 
 Viruses can remain "silent" (inactive) for a long time, and will infect cells when the time and conditions are right.
Virus 
 Bacteriophages have evolved to enter bacterial cells, which have a different type of cell wall from eukaryote cell membranes.
Virus 
 Envelope viruses, when they reproduce, cover themselves with a modified form of the host cell membrane, thus gaining an outer lipid layer that helps entry.
Virus 
 However, some viruses (including those causing AIDS and viral hepatitis) escape from these immune responses and cause chronic infections.
Virus 
 There are millions of different types of viruses, but only about 5,000 of them have been described in detail.49
Virus 
 Plant viruses usually have single-stranded RNA genomes and bacteriophages usually have double-stranded DNA genomes.96/99
Virus 
 Instead, they use the machinery and metabolism of a host cell to produce many copies of themselves, and they assemble (put together) in the cell.
Virus 
 The life cycle of viruses differs greatly between species but there are six basic stages in the life cycle of viruses:75/91
Virus 
 Attachment is a specific binding between viral capsid proteins and specific receptors on the host cellular surface.
Virus 
 Penetration follows attachment: Virions (single virus particles) enter the host cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis or fusion with the lipid bilayer.
Virus 
 This means most viruses can only get inside these cells by force.70 An example would be: a virus travels on an insect vector which feeds on plant sap.
Virus 
 However, bacterial cell walls are much thinner than plant cell walls, and some viruses have mechanisms that inject their genome into the bacterial cell across the cell wall, while the viral capsid remains outside.71
Virus 
 Uncoating is how the viral capsid is removed: This may be by degradation by viral enzymes or host enzymes or by simple dissociation; the end-result is the releasing of the viral nucleic acid.
Virus 
 This may be followed, for complex viruses with larger genomes, by one or more further rounds of mRNA synthesis: "late" gene expression is of structural or virion proteins.
Virus 
 Following the structure-mediated self-assembly of the virus particles, some modification of the proteins often occurs.
Virus 
 In viruses such as HIV, this modification (sometimes called maturation) occurs after the virus has been released from the host cell.
Virus 
 Viruses can be released from the host cell by lysis, a process that kills the cell by bursting its membrane and cell wall.
Virus 
 In some viruses  the viral genome is put by genetic recombination into a specific place in the host's chromosome.
Virus 
 The viral genome is then known as a "provirus" or, in the case of bacteriophages a "prophage".60 Whenever the host divides, the viral genome is also replicated.
Virus 
 The viral genome is mostly silent within the host; however, at some point, the provirus or prophage may give rise to active virus, which may lyse the host cells.chapter 15 Enveloped viruses (e.g. HIV) typically are released from the host cell after the virus acquires its envelope.
Virus 
 The genetic material within virus particles, and the method by which the material is replicated, varies considerably between different types of viruses.
Virus 
 Most DNA viruses are entirely dependent on the host cell's DNA and RNA synthesising machinery, and RNA processing machinery.
Virus 
 In eukaryotes the viral genome must cross the cell's nuclear membrane to access this machinery, while in bacteria it need only enter the cell.5478
Virus 
 Reverse transcribing viruses Reverse transcribing viruses with RNA genomes (retroviruses) use a DNA intermediate to replicate.
Virus 
 Rotaviruses avoid this by not uncoating fully inside the cell and by releasing newly produced mRNA through pores in the particle's inner capsid.
Virus 
 Its role in immunity is complex; it eventually stops the viruses from reproducing by killing the infected cell and its close neighbours.
Virus 
 When it meets a virus, it produces specific antibodies that bind to the virus and render it non-infectious.
Virus 
 The first, called IgM, is highly effective at neutralizing viruses but is produced by the cells of the immune system only for a few weeks.
Virus 
 The presence of IgM in the blood of the host is used to test for acute infection, whereas IgG indicates an infection sometime in the past.
Virus 
 The body's cells constantly display short fragments of their proteins on the cell's surface, and, if a T cell recognises a suspicious viral fragment there, the host cell is destroyed by killer T cells and the virus-specific T-cells proliferate.
Virus 
 These persistent viruses evade immune control by sequestration (hiding away); cytokine resistance; evading natural killer cell activity; escape from apoptosis (cell death), and antigenic shift (changing surface proteins).
Virus 
 HIV evades the immune system by constantly changing the amino acid sequence of the proteins on the surface of the virion.
Virus 
 They do not meet all the requirements for being classified as a living organism because they are not active until the point of infection.
Virus 
 Obviously, their structure and mode of operation means they have evolved from other living things, and the loss of normal structure occurs in many endoparasites.
Virus 
 The origins of viruses in the evolutionary history of life are unclear: some may have evolved from plasmids – pieces of DNA that can move between cells – while others may have evolved from bacteria.
Virus 
 In evolution, viruses are an important means of horizontal gene transfer, which increases genetic diversity.
Virus 
 A recent project discovered nearly 1500 new RNA viruses by sampling over 200 invertebrate species. "
Virus 
 The research team... extracted their RNA and, using next-generation sequencing, deciphered the sequence of a staggering 6 trillion letters present in the invertebrate RNA libraries".
Virus 
 The research showed that viruses changed bits and pieces of their RNA by a variety of genetic mechanisms. "
Virus 
 The invertebrate virome [shows] remarkable genomic flexibility that includes frequent recombination, lateral gene transfer among viruses and hosts, gene gain and loss, and complex genomic rearrangements".
Virus 
 We now know that bacteria and archaea had to deal with them first, before our type of cellular life evolved.
Virus 
 Details of the defence mechanisms used by archaea and bacteria are discussed on the page CRISPR, which briefly introduces the topic of early defences against viruses.
Virus 
 This is useful for making the cell produce a foreign substance, or to study the effect of introducing a new gene into the genome.
Virus 
 Eastern European scientists have used phage therapy as an alternative to antibiotics for some time, and interest in this approach is increasing, because of the high level of antibiotic resistance now found in some pathogenic bacteria.
Microprocessor 
 It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together.
Microprocessor 
 Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second.
Microprocessor 
 The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances.
Microprocessor 
 Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when opened.
Microprocessor 
 Like other central processing units, microprocessors use three steps commonly called Fetch, Decode, and Execute.
Microprocessor 
 1823	Baron Jöns Jacob Berzelius discovers silicon (Si), which today is the basic component of electronics.
Microprocessor 
 1947	John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invent the first transistor at the Bell Laboratories on December 23, 1947.
Microprocessor 
 1956	John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley are awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for their work on the transistor.
Heat 
 In thermodynamics, heat means energy which is moved between two things, when one of them has a higher temperature than the other thing.
Heat 
 The first law of thermodynamics says that the increase in internal energy is equal to the heat added minus the work done on the surroundings.
Heat 
 In thermodynamics, thermal energy is the internal energy present in a system in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium because of its temperature.
Heat 
 That is, heat is defined as a spontaneous flow of energy (energy in transit) from one object to another, caused by a difference in temperature between two objects; therefore, objects do not possess heat.
Heat 
 The measure of how much heat is needed to cause a change in temperature for a material is the specific heat capacity of the material.
Heat 
 If the particles in the material are hard to move, then more energy is needed to make them move quickly, so a lot of heat will cause a small change in temperature.
Heat 
 The calorie is one of the units of measurement for heat but the joule is also used for all kinds of energy including heat.
Heat 
 Heat is usually measured with a calorimeter, where the energy in a material is allowed to flow into nearby water, which has a known specific heat capacity.
Heat 
 The temperature of the water is then measured before and after, and heat can be found using a formula.
Heat 
 Plasma heat at 2 gigakelvins - Article about extremely high temperature generated by scientists (Foxnews.com)
Heat 
 An Introduction to the Quantitative Definition and Analysis of Heat written for High School Students
Shogun 
 The full name was Seii Taishogun (Great General who fights against the Eastern savages and will win).
Shogun 
 In 1192 a samurai, military leader Minamoto no Yoritomo got the title of Shogun from the last Emperor Go-Shirakawa.
Shogun 
 The office of the Shogun is called the shogunate (bakufu, meaning office in a tent).-  This is because Shogun had originally been military leaders and he had his office in a tent on a battle field.
Bratislava 
 Bratislava is in the extreme southwest of Slovakia, on the borders with Austria and Hungary, and not far from the Czech Republic border.
Bratislava 
 The Roman Empire set up border military camps near Bratislava from the 1st century until the 5th century, for example "Gerulata".
Bratislava 
 From the second half of the 10th century until 1918, it was part of the Kingdom of Hungary, with some exceptions.
Bratislava 
 After the World War I ended in 1918, it was part of newly founded Czechoslovakia until 1939, when it became capital of World War II Slovak Republic until 1945.
Bratislava 
 After 1945, it was part of Czechoslovakia again, becoming capital of Slovak Socialist Republic (which was still part of Czechoslovakia) in 1968.
Bratislava 
 After the event called Velvet Divorce, when the Czechoslovakia broke up, Bratislava became capital of Slovakia.
Bratislava 
 Economy of Bratislava is prosperous and based on automobile industry, chemical industry and services.
Bratislava 
 The unemployment (people without work) is lowest in Slovakia (around 2%, compared to the national average 7%).
Bratislava 
 The international river traffic passes along the Danube through Bratislava, with its own river port.
Bratislava 
 Further it is divided into 20 cadastral areas, which are identical with the city parts with 2 exceptions:
Wellington 
 The climate is a temperate marine one, (Köppen: Cfb ) is generally moderate all year round, and rarely sees temperatures above  or below .
Wellington 
 The city is notorious for its southerly blasts in winter, which may make the temperature feel much colder.
Wellington 
 It is generally very windy all year round with high rainfall; average annual rainfall is , June and July being the wettest months.
Wellington 
 Snow is very rare at low altitudes, although snow fell on the city and many other parts of the Wellington region during separate events in July and August 2011.
Biochemistry 
 Biochemistry is the study of chemical reactions in living beings, and of biological molecules in general.
Biochemistry 
 The study of biochemistry involves enzymes, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, sugars, proteins, and lipids.
Biochemistry 
 Biochemistry studies the chemical transformations which produce these small building-block molecules, and which produce energy from food.
Biochemistry 
 They also contain sulfur, phosphorus, and few other atoms, which are critical to the biological functioning of these polymers.
Biochemistry 
 It is the substance of heredity, and holds the information which life passes from generation to generation.
Biochemistry 
 The RNA which makes protein is called a ribosome and it acts as a ribozyme vastly increasing the speed with which the individual amino acids connect together to form the protein.
Biochemistry 
 All cellular life consists of a thousand, or more, chemical reactions, called metabolism, which transform the molecules eaten into energy, or into other molecules the cell needs to survive.
Biochemistry 
 In addition they cause chemical reactions to occur which would not without the action of the protein.
Biochemistry 
 The vast majority of polysaccharides are polymers of glucose, and are of two types: starch and cellulose.
Biochemistry 
 Starch is the white stuff of grain, potatoes, apples, and bread, and is a readily available source of energy for the body.
Biochemistry 
 Carbohydrates have a number of functions in the body, but the most important is to act as a ready source of energy for the cell's metabolism.
Biochemistry 
 When the body needs a large amount of energy, lipid molecules are broken down to release that energy.
Sadness 
 When people are very sad, and for a long time, the person could have a serious mental illness called depression or Bipolar disorder.
Sadness 
 It is normally thought of as the opposite of happiness, but you can feel both happy and sad at the same time.
Microeconomics 
 It is different from macroeconomics which looks at how the economy works as a whole ("on aggregate").
Microeconomics 
 In microeconomics, we might look at how a person chooses what to buy at the store, or how many things a company will make.
Microeconomics 
 Some parts of microeconomics include Consumer Theory and Theory of the Firm, which study how people and businesses make decisions.
Microeconomics 
 Game theory looks at how people make decisions when the outcome (how something ends) depends on what decision another person makes; when agents are said to act "strategically".
Cryptography 
 Both the person that sends the message and the one that gets it should know the secret way to change it, but other people should not be able to.
Cryptography 
 Studying the cyphertext to discover the secret is called "cryptanalysis" or "cracking" or sometimes "code breaking".
Cryptography 
 Different types of cryptography can be easier or harder to use and can hide the secret message better or worse.
Cryptography 
 Various people can use the same method but different keys, so they cannot read each other's messages.
Cryptography 
 Since the Caesar cipher has only as many keys as the number of letters in the alphabet, it is easily cracked by trying all the keys.
Cryptography 
 Each person who wants to use asymmetric cryptography uses a secret number (a "private key") that is not shared, and a different number (a "public key") that they can tell everyone.
Cryptography 
 If someone else wants to send this person a message, they'll use the number they've been told to hide the message.
Cryptography 
 Now the message cannot be revealed, even by the sender, but the receiver can easily reveal the message with his secret or "private key".
Cryptography 
 Asymmetric cryptography generally takes more time and requires more computer power, therefore it is not used most of the time.
Cryptography 
 Instead, it is often used for computer signatures, when a computer must know that some data (like a file or a website) was sent from a certain sender.
Cryptography 
 For example, computer software companies that release updates for their software can sign those updates to prove that the update was made by them, so that hackers cannot make their own updates that would cause harm.
Cryptography 
 Websites that use HTTPS use an popular algorithm named RSA to create certificates, that show they own the website and that it is secure.
Cryptography 
 Because people are slower than computers, any cryptography they use can probably be broken if enough of the secret way to change it is known.
Cryptography 
 Simple forms of cryptography that people can do without machines are Caesar ciphers and transposition ciphers, but many other kinds were used before computers were used.
Tuesday 
 In French, Spanish, Italian and Romanian, the (Romance languages), the word for "Tuesday" is nearly the same as the Latin name.
Tuesday 
 Tuesday is mardi in French, martes in Spanish, martedì in Italian, dimarts in Catalan, and marţi in Romanian.
Tuesday 
 The Celtic languages still spoken use the Latin names, even though none of these languages came from Latin.
Tuesday 
 Tuesday is dé máirt in Irish, Meurzh in Breton, dydd Mawrth in Welsh and Dimàirt in Scottish Gaelic.
Friday 
 In other parts of the world, for example the United Kingdom, it is said to be the fifth day of the week.
Friday 
 Because many people are happy to not have to go to work during the weekend, there are sayings like "Thank God it's Friday!".
Saturday 
 In some countries, like the United States of America, Saturday is the seventh and final day of the week.
Saturday 
 In other parts of the world, like the United Kingdom, Saturday is said to be the sixth day of the week.
Laos 
 It is bordered by Myanmar (used to be known in English as "Burma") and by China to the northwest, by Vietnam to the east, by Cambodia to the south and by Thailand to the west.
Laos 
 Boats from Laos cannot get to the ocean using the Mekong because of rapids and waterfalls in the south of the country.
Laos 
 Later there was a civil war, and in 1975 it became a One-party state under the leadership of the communist party.
Laos 
 Shortly after the end of the Vietnam War, the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) joined forces with the Pathet Lao, started a coup on December 2, 1975 to overthrow the royalist Lao government, and established a communist government that continues to run the country to this day.
Yes 
 Yes is an English word that shows acceptance or agreement, or making a positive response or exclamation.
Amaterasu 
 Amaterasu (), Amaterasu-ōmikami ( or ) or Ōhirume-no-muchi-no-kami (), is a goddess in Japanese mythology.
Amaterasu 
 Amaterasu is the sister of Susano'o, the god of the sea and storms, and of Tsukuyomi, the god of the moon.
Amaterasu 
 All three were created from Izanagi, when he washed his face to clean the dirtiness of Yomi, the underworld.
Amaterasu 
 Amaterasu was born when Izanagi washed out his left eye, Tsukuyomi was born from the washing of the right eye, and Susano'o from the washing of the nose.
Amaterasu 
 When he was to leave Heaven forever because Izanagi ordered him to, he went to say goodbye to his sister.
Amaterasu 
 Amaterasu, suspicious, proposed him a challenge: each of them was to turn an object of the other's into people.
Amaterasu 
 Susano'o destroyed her rice fields, threw a dead pony into her loom, and killed one of her assistants in anger.
Amaterasu 
 For this, Amaterasu, sad, angry and scared, went to hide inside Ama-no-Iwato, the "heavenly rock cave", so the Sun was hidden and the world became dark for a long time.
Amaterasu 
 The Oni (devils of Japanese mythology) came out to the dark world, and the gods could not make Amaterasu come out of the cave.
Amaterasu 
 The intelligent goddess of happiness, Ama-no-Uzume (天宇受売命), took a big bucket, turned it upside down near the cave entrance, and began a dance on it, tearing off her clothing in front of the other Kami.
Amaterasu 
 When she opened the cave, she saw her wonderful reflection in a mirror Uzume had put on a tree, and slowly came out of the cave.
Amaterasu 
 At that moment, the god Ameno-Tajikarao (天手力男命) closed the cave behind her, so she could not go back in.
Amaterasu 
 She agreed, and light came back to the earth, but Susanoo was punished by being banished from Heaven.
Organism 
 Another example from biology is the spore, which is a distribution phase of a bacteria, fungus or some plants.
Organism 
 They have all the working parts to build a complete organism, but for the moment it is switched off.
Organism 
 The LUCA is estimated to have lived some 3.8 billion years ago (sometime in the Palaeoarchaean era).
Organism 
 A model with a single common ancestor but allowing for some gene swapping among species was... 103489 times more probable than the best multi-ancestor model...
Organism 
 The idea came from Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species, "Therefore... probably all the organic beings which have ever lived on this earth have descended from some one primordial form..."
Kinetic energy 
 This energy can be converted into other kinds, such as gravitational or electric potential energy, which is the energy that an object has because of its position in a gravitational or electric field.
Kinetic energy 
 Kinetic Energy is the maximum amount of work a moving body due to its motion can do, whereas Potential energy is the maximum amount of work a body can do due to its configuration or position in a field force.