the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Pipe organ 
 A more modern development was to have a "tubular pneumatic" action, in which the console could be away from the organ, but connected to it by tubes through which air could be pushed to open the valves.
Pipe organ 
 This makes it possible for the organist to sit in a position where he/she has good contact with the people in the church, or with other musicians.
Pipe organ 
 The upper manual is called the Swell because it operates pipes which are inside a “swell box” which has  that can be opened or closed.
Pipe organ 
 It is thought that the word "chair" gradually changed to "choir" because it was often used to accompany the choir.
Pipe organ 
 The name “Rückpositiv” (“back positive”) was used because the pipes were behind the organist’s back as he/she sat facing the main organ.
Pipe organ 
 These started to become popular again with organ builders in the 1950s when it was felt that the Romantic organ was not suitable for old music, and some organ builders started using Baroque principles again so that the music of composers such as Bach could sound like it used to.
Pipe organ 
 The Choir manual is nearest to the player, the Great is in the middle and the Swell is farthest away.
Pipe organ 
 On French organs from the late 19th century onwards, the three manuals are arranged differently: the Great (“Grande Orgue”) is nearest to the player, the “Positif” is the middle manual and is like a smaller version of the Great, and the Swell (“Recit”) is the top manual.
Pipe organ 
 This makes it easy for the organist to build up the music, getting louder gradually, by starting at the top and gradually coming down.
Pipe organ 
 The fourth manual is called the Solo because the stops on this manual are used to play out the tune as a solo.
Pipe organ 
 For instance: a State Trumpet or Pontifical Trumpet might be placed on this manual which can be heard above all the other stops playing.
Pipe organ 
 The Bombarde is borrowed from French Organs where it is a standard stop on nearly all the manuals and pedals.
Pipe organ 
 It is extremely unusual to have more than five manuals, but in America there are a few very large organs.
Pipe organ 
 This is particularly useful to make a tune louder than the accompaniment (on a piano this can be done by pressing harder).
Pipe organ 
 The manuals can also be coupled together, for example, pulling out the “Swell to Great” stop will make all the sounds from the Swell come out on the Great as well.
Pipe organ 
 On an organ with mechanical action the keys of the Swell will be seen “playing by themselves” like a pianola, but on some older organs it can be hard work for the organist’s fingers when the manuals are coupled as it makes the action very heavy.
Pipe organ 
 The player needs to learn to play by 'feel', otherwise he will have to spend all his time looking at his feet.
Pipe organ 
 He plays each note, either with the toe or the heel and either on the inside of the foot or the outside.
Pipe organ 
 The American and British Standard organ contains 30 notes giving a range of nearly 2 ½ octaves (C to F, or sometimes C to G: 32 notes).
Pipe organ 
 They are not quite in a straight line but fan out a little to make it easier to play (it is called a ",  pedalboard").
Pipe organ 
 In German and French organs and organs built before 1920, the pedalboard will be straight without any fan curvature to it.
Pipe organ 
 Organists need a good pair of shoes: ones which have good  narrow heels and preferably pointed toes.
Pipe organ 
 The soles need to be fairly slippery, but not too much, so that the player can slide the foot from one pedal to another.
Pipe organ 
 Organists usually like to keep a pair of shoes which are worn only for playing the organ so that the soles do not have grit or dirt from the street.
Pipe organ 
 The stops on an organ console give different sounds, like the instruments of an orchestra, and  have names which tell the organist what kind of sound they will produce.
Pipe organ 
 The stops are usually to the left and right of the organist and they are pulled out (“drawstops” or “pulls” because they are “drawn” i.e. pulled).
Pipe organ 
 Some organs have “tab stops” or “rocker stops” which are in front of the player and can be rocked forwards and backwards for on/off.
Pipe organ 
 The chorus stops are the foundation stops, the basic ones which are good for building up the big, solid sound.
Pipe organ 
 This is the normal pitch: the note will sound as it is written, e.g. when playing Middle C the sound will be Middle C.  A 4 foot stop will sound an octave higher than written, a 2 foot stop will be two octaves higher.
Pipe organ 
 8 foot is therefore the normal pitch, and the others are added to it to make a larger, brighter sound.
Pipe organ 
 Mutation stops are stops in which a note does not sound a whole number of octaves above the normal pitch.
Pipe organ 
 Examples are the Tierce 1 3/5 (which sounds 2 octaves and a third above) and the Nazard or Twelfth 2 2/3 (one octave and a fifth).
Pipe organ 
 An organist needs to learn which combinations of stops sound good together and how to balance them well.
Pipe organ 
 The combination of stops that an organist chooses for a particular piece of music is called the “registration”.
Pipe organ 
 The specification of an organ shows the names of the stops for each of the manuals and for the pedals, as well as the list of couplers.
Pipe organ 
 Organs also have buttons called “pistons” which help to change the registration in the middle of a piece.
Pipe organ 
 There are “toe pistons” operated by the feet, and “thumb pistons” which are placed just below each manual so that they can be pushed by the thumb while the fingers keep playing.
Pipe organ 
 These are often be computerised so that players can set them up differently depending on the music they are going to play.
Pipe organ 
 If several players regularly use the instrument they can each have their own personal settings for the pistons which they can lock so that no one else can change them.
Pipe organ 
 Each rank makes a different sound (one row for the “diapason” sound, another row for the “flute”, another for the “trumpet” and so on).
Pipe organ 
 For instance, a Mixture stop of three ranks will have 182 pipes (3 ranks of 61 pipes each) and in some organs the Celeste is a 2 rank stop.
Pipe organ 
 The celeste pipes are tuned slightly sharper than the rest of the organ so that, when played together with another quiet stop such as the Salicional, there will be a pleasant throbbing beat because two pipes are slightly out of tune with one another.
Pipe organ 
 The Pipes are placed on windchests inside an "organ case" in a special room called an Organ chamber.
Pipe organ 
 A windchest is a box-like device which contains pallets that are opened and closed to admit air to a pipe so that it sounds.
Pipe organ 
 The pallets are operated by pull wires and rollers in the case of a tracker instrument but may also be operated by pneumatics or direct electric action using magnets.
Pipe organ 
 In the days before electricity someone (an organ blower) had to pump the air into the windchest using bellows.
Pipe organ 
 If Bach, who lived in the early 18th century, had gone from his home in Germany to France, he would have found it impossible to play his music properly on French organs.
Pipe organ 
 If Couperin, who lived at the same time, had gone from his home in France to Germany, he would not have been able to play his music on the organs that Bach was using.
Pipe organ 
 This means that organists need to know a lot about what organs were like in other countries in other centuries in order to know what registrations to use when playing music by composers of the past.
Pipe organ 
 They were still popular in some countries a few hundred years ago, for example, in pleasure gardens.
Pipe organ 
 The world's oldest organ is generally agreed to be the one built at Sion, Switzerland in the 15th century.
Pipe organ 
 By about 1450, the organs that were being built in Germany and the Netherlands had two or three manuals and pedals.
Pipe organ 
 The collection of pieces called the Buxheimer Orgelbuch (about 1470), is one of the first collections we have of organ music.
Pipe organ 
 Organs there were built on the Werkprinzip (literally: work principle) which meant that each keyboard with its pipes was built separately, like two or three different organs, although they were played from the same console.
Pipe organ 
 Many famous German composers wrote organ music, especially Johann Pachelbel (1653-1709) in South Germany and (Dietrich Buxtehude) (1637-1707) in North Germany.
Pipe organ 
 The great composer Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) learnt from these composers and wrote some of the most famous organ music of all times.
Pipe organ 
 The great organ builder Gottfried Silbermann (1683-1753) lived during this time and built organs with a very beautiful tone.
Pipe organ 
 Instead of a keyboard called a Choir (or Chair Organ) he built an Oberwerk which was above the Hauptwerk (Great).
Pipe organ 
 Composers included Nicolas de Grigny (1672-1703), Louis Marchand (1669-1732), Louis Nicolas Clérambault (1676-1749), Louis Claude Daquin (1694-1772) and François Couperin (1683-1733).
Pipe organ 
 Organ composition reached a great peak in the work of J.S.Bach, but then people started to lose interest.
Pipe organ 
 Although Mozart played the organ and called it the “King of Instruments” he did not often write music for it.
Pipe organ 
 Among the organ builders at this time were Joseph and Claude-Ignace Callinet who built the organ at Notre-Dame's (St. Etienne, Loire) in 1837.
Pipe organ 
 Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847) wrote some excellent sonatas and preludes and fugues  which were inspired by Bach’s music and made other composers want to write organ music.
Pipe organ 
 Robert Schumann (1810-1856) and Franz Liszt (1811-1886) wrote for the organ and later in the century Max Reger (1873-1916) and Sigfrid Karg-Elert (1877-1933).
Pipe organ 
 His organs had lots of new ideas including the Barker lever (which made it easier to play on coupled manuals) and placing families of stops on to separate chests.
Pipe organ 
 Organists could change their registrations quickly, pushing in or pulling out the stops that they needed.
Pipe organ 
 Composers included César Franck (1822-1890), Charles-Marie Widor (1845-1937) and Louis Vierne (1870-1937).
Pipe organ 
 The last two wrote long works in several movements which they called Symphonies because they were full of colourful sounds like those in a symphony orchestra.
Pipe organ 
 There were usually three manuals called Grand, Positif and Récit placed in that order (with Grand nearest to the player).
Pipe organ 
 The Grand had warm foundation stops and big reeds (it was like combining the classical plein jeux and grand jeux).
Pipe organ 
 In England, Samuel Wesley (1766-1837) wrote some important organ music inspired by J.S. Bach, and his son Samuel Sebastian Wesley (1810-1876) was influenced by Continental Romantic composers such as Mendelssohn.
Pipe organ 
 During the 20th century organ builders became more and more interested in returning to some of the ideas of the Baroque and Classical periods.
Pipe organ 
 Many organs now have electric action, but a good mechanical action has the advantage that the player feels more close to the instrument that he is playing.
Pipe organ 
 Other 20th century organs were built as copies of Baroque or Classical instruments, but this means these instruments are mainly suitable for Baroque or Classical music, and are not well suited for music of the 19th and 20th centuries.
Pipe organ 
 In the 19th century, many organs in England and America were placed in corners of churches where they could not be heard very well.
Pipe organ 
 In the 20th century, organ builders thought more about the best position for the organ, so that the sound would fill the main part of the church, the nave.
Pipe organ 
 Among the most famous 20th century organ composers are Marcel Dupré (1886-1971), Jehan Alain (1911-1940) and Olivier Messiaen (1908-1992) in France, Paul Hindemith (1895-1963) in Germany, and Edward Elgar (1857-1934) and Herbert Howells (1892-1983) in England.
Pipe organ 
 The Czech composer Petr Eben (1929-2007) was one of the most important organ composers at the end of the 20th century, writing in an individual style.
Pipe organ 
 As well as the obvious use of the organ for accompanying church choirs and  singing the organ has often been used to accompany instruments.
Pipe organ 
 In the Baroque period small organs were used to accompany solo instruments or small groups of instruments or orchestras.
Pipe organ 
 Occasionally composers have written organ concertos in which the organ is the solo instrument and the orchestra accompanies.
Pipe organ 
 Organists have often made organ “transcriptions”, i.e. arranged music written for other instruments so that it can be played on the organ.
Celtic 
 Celtic languages, descending from the Proto-Celtic language, spoken by these people and their modern descendants
Manx language 
 Manx, or Manx Gaelic, (known in Manx as "Gaelg" or "Gailck"), is a language spoken in the Isle of Man.
Manx language 
 Manx was beginning to differ from Middle Irish in about 900–1600 AD, and it is called Yn Ghaelg / Yn Ghailck by Manx speakers.
Manx language 
 There became fewer and fewer Manx speakers during the 19th century and the language was replaced by English.
Manx language 
 In 1901, 9% of the people in the Isle of Man were said to speak Manx but in 1921 the number dropped to only 1%.
Agave 
 They were an important food for many indigenous people in the southwestern United States, such as the Navajo and the Hokoham.
Charles Richter 
 Charles Francis Richter (April 26, 1900 – September 30, 1985) was an American seismologist (someone who studies earthquakes) and a physicist.
Charles Richter 
 Richter went to work at the Carnegie Institute in 1927 after Robert Millikan offered him a position as a research assistant there, where he began a collaboration with Beno Gutenberg.
Charles Richter 
 The Seismology Lab at the California Institute of Technology wanted to begin publishing regular reports on earthquakes in southern California and had a pressing need for a system of measuring the strength of earthquakes for these reports.
Charles Richter 
 Together, Richter and Gutenberg devised the scale that would become known at the Richter scale to fill this need, based on measuring quantitatively the displacement of the earth by seismic waves, as Kiyoo Wadati had suggested.
1104 
 Baldwin II, count of Edessa, is taken prisoner by the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Harran; Tancred becomes regent.
Charles II of England 
 Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685) was king of England, Ireland, and Scotland from 1649 to 1685.
Charles II of England 
 By the time he grew into a young man, his father was already at war with Parliament in the English Civil War.
Charles II of England 
 His mother, Henrietta Maria, was French, and she took her children to France when the war broke out, to keep them safe.
Charles II of England 
 However, Parliament was still in control of Britain and would not let him take his throne because after Charles I's execution, Oliver Cromwell became the Lord Protector of Britain from 1653-1658.
Charles II of England 
 A young lady called Jane Lane helped him to escape, and he sailed to the Netherlands to re-join his supporters.
Charles II of England 
 While Charles was in Holland, Britain was being ruled by Oliver Cromwell, an extraordinary man who had no title, but many followers.
Charles II of England 
 Many of his enemies were punished for having executed his father and fought against him, but Richard Cromwell was allowed to go and live quietly away from London.
Charles II of England 
 Charles was popular and was called "The Merry Monarch" because he changed many laws that Cromwell had made and allowed people more freedom to enjoy themselves.
Charles II of England 
 He had been brought up by his mother, who was Roman Catholic, while most people in the country were Protestant.
Charles II of England 
 Before he was married, he had several girlfriends and lovers, and even after he was married, he went on having lovers, who were called mistresses.
Charles II of England 
 However, none of these children were allowed to follow Charles as king because they were bastards, meaning that they had been born to parents who were not married to each other.
Charles II of England 
 James's mother had been Charles's girlfriend when he was living in Holland, and some people said that they had been secretly married.
Charles II of England 
 There were many who wanted this to happen, because they did not like the thought of Charles's younger brother being the next king.
Charles II of England 
 Charles II died quite suddenly of an illness, and his son James, Duke of Monmouth, started a rebellion in the hope of becoming the next king.
Charles II of England 
 The Duke of Monmouth was executed by having his head chopped off, and Charles's brother became the next ruler, King James II.
Charles II of England 
 Letters claiming that she bore Charles a son named James de la Cloche in 1646 are dismissed by historians as forgeries.
Charles II of England 
 James Crofts, later Scott (1649–1685), created Duke of Monmouth (1663) in England and Duke of Buccleuch (1663) in Scotland.
Charles II of England 
 By Elizabeth Killigrew (1622–1680), daughter of Sir Robert Killigrew, married Francis Boyle, 1st Viscount Shannon in 1660
Charles II of England 
 By Barbara Villiers Palmer (1641–1709), wife of Roger Palmer, 1st Earl of Castlemaine created Duchess of Cleveland in her own right
Charles II of England 
 Henry Fitzroy (1663–1690), created Earl of Euston (1672), Duke of Grafton (1675), also 7 Greats-Grandfather of Diana, Princess of Wales
Charles II of England 
 later Duke of Marlborough, who was another of Cleveland's many lovers, and was never acknowledged by Charles as his own daughter.
Charles II of England 
 By Louise Renée de Penancoet de Kérouaille (1649–1734), created Duchess of Portsmouth in her own right (1673)
Charles II of England 
 Lady Mary Tudor (1673–1726), married Edward Radclyffe, 2nd Earl of Derwentwater; after Edward's death, she married Henry Graham, and upon his death she married James Rooke.
Charles II of England 
 Elizabeth Berkeley, née Bagot, Dowager Countess of Falmouth – the widow of Charles Berkeley, 1st Earl of Falmouth
Crunk 
 Crunk is a sub-genre of hip hop music that started in the clubs of Memphis, Tennessee in the mid-1990s.
Crunk 
 Lil Jon is the most popular crunk artist, and his song 'Get Low' with the Ying Yang Twins is the song that made crunk music mainstream.
Crunk 
 After this song came out, crunk became a really popular style of music and it saw it's heyday in the mid-2000s, but it eventually started to fade away and disappear, being replaced with trap music in the 2010s.
Pimp 
 Usually, the prostitutes make money for themselves, but the pimp takes a percentage of the money in exchange for providing them with security and other services.
Pimp 
 Pimps has gotten connected to a special look, often a male with fancy and colorful clothes with gold accessories.
Allan Kardec 
 Allan Kardec  (Hippolyte Léon Denizard Rivail 3 October 1804  31 March 1869) was a French philosopher and teacher.
Allan Kardec 
 He published books on grammar, mathematics and suggestions for the improvement of public education in France.
Allan Kardec 
 In his philosophy the spiritual manifestations were useful to the social and moral improvement of men.
Sex organ 
 The sex organs, which scientists call the genitalia or genitals, are the parts of the body that allow sexual reproduction (the making of young) to take place.
Sex organ 
 Inside his body the testicles produce sperm and a substance called testosterone which makes a person grow into a man and to feel like a man.
Sex organ 
 Inside her body are the vagina, which holds the penis during sexual intercourse; the uterus (womb), in which a baby grows when the woman is pregnant; the ovaries, which produce ova (egg cells) and a substance called estrogen which makes a person grow into a woman and to feel like a woman; and the Fallopian tubes, which connect the ovaries to the uterus.
Sex organ 
 This prudery has resulted in public indecency laws which makes it a crime for genitals to be left uncovered in public except in special places called nudist colonies.
Sex organ 
 If a sperm in the semen reaches the woman's Fallopian tubes and fuses with an ovum, this causes the woman to become pregnant.
Sex organ 
 Men and women, and gay couples (two women or two men) can also use their sex organs in other ways for pleasure.
Sex organ 
 The sex organs are the parts of the body that allow sexual reproduction (the making of young) to take place.
Sex organ 
 In humans, the sex organs are in the lower abdomen, at the part of the body where the legs join the torso.
Sex organ 
 The genitals include both organs that can be seen on the outside of the body (the primary genitalia or external genitalia), as well as internal organs (the secondary genitalia or internal genitalia).
Sex organ 
 Sometimes, however, the words genitalia or genitals are used to refer only to the external sex organs.
Sex organ 
 The parts that can be seen on the outside of a man's body are his penis, which is shaped like a banana or a sausage; and his scrotum, which is a bag that hangs beneath the penis and contains the two testicles.
Sex organ 
 Inside a man's body, the testicles make tiny cells called sperm, which are needed for sexual reproduction.
Sex organ 
 Other glands that make up the genitals are the prostate, seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands (also called the Cowper's glands).
Sex organ 
 Finally, a man's body contains ducts (tubes) such as the two vasa deferentia or ducta deferentia, which carry sperm out of the testicles; and the urethra, which carries semen through the penis and out of the body.
Sex organ 
 In reproduction the job of the penis is to carry sperm from the testicles into a woman's body so that a sperm can join together with the woman's ovum (egg cell) to form a new cell that will grow into a baby.
Sex organ 
 This causes the penis to become bigger, thicker and harder and to stand upright, and is called having an erection.
Sex organ 
 When a man has an erection, he is able to have sexual intercourse by putting his penis into a woman's vagina.
Sex organ 
 During an erection, a valve stops urine from entering the urethra so that only semen flows along it.
Sex organ 
 Young boys can have erections, but their bodies do not start producing sperm until they have reached puberty.
Sex organ 
 At the front of the inner labia is the outside part of the clitoris which is covered by the clitoral hood.
Sex organ 
 When a woman menstruates (has her menstrual period), blood and other fluid from the uterus pass out from her body through the vagina.
Sex organ 
 If a woman uses a tampon (a specially-made wad of material) to absorb this fluid, she puts it into her vagina.
Sex organ 
 The vagina is also called the birth canal, because when a pregnant woman has a baby, it passes through the vagina.
Sex organ 
 Like a man, a woman has a tube called the urethra connecting the bladder to the vulva through which urine is removed from the body.
Sex organ 
 In many women, the opening of the vagina is partly or completely blocked by a thin tissue called the hymen.
Sex organ 
 The hymen usually breaks when a woman has sexual intercourse for the first time, that may cause or not some bleeding depending particularly on each woman.
Sex organ 
 However, a broken hymen is not a clear sign of sexual intercourse because other activities such as exercise can also cause the hymen to break.
Sex organ 
 At the top of the vagina is the cervix which is a ring of muscle separating the vagina from the uterus or womb.
Sex organ 
 The cervix allows menstrual fluid to flow from the uterus into the vagina, and during sexual intercourse it allows semen from a man's penis to flow from the vagina into the uterus.
Sex organ 
 When a woman is not pregnant, each month the lining of the uterus grows thicker, then breaks down, causing her to menstruate.