the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Fairy tale 
 He suggested that fairy tales could be recognized by their story, but this has been criticized, because the same stories can be found in stories that are not fairy tales.
Fairy tale 
 In fact, people such as Stith Thompson point out that there are often more talking animals and magic in fairy tales than fairies.
Fairy tale 
 However, just because there is a talking animal in a story does not mean that the story is a fairy tale.
Fairy tale 
 Steven Swann Jones said that fairy tales were different from other sorts of folktales because of magic.
Fairy tale 
 Davidson and Chaudri say that "transformation (changing)" is the most important part of a fairy tale.
Fairy tale 
 For example, in his 1977 edition of The Folktale, Thompson said that fairy tales were "a tale of some length involving a succession of motifs or episodes.
Fairy tale 
 It moves in an unreal world without definite locality or definite creatures and is filled with the marvelous.
Fairy tale 
 In this never-never land, humble heroes kill adversaries (enemies), succeed to kingdoms and marry princesses."
Fairy tale 
 The characters and motifs of fairy tales are simple: princesses and girls taking care of geese; youngest sons and brave princes; ogres, giants, dragons, and trolls; wicked stepmothers and false heroes; fairy godmothers and other magic helpers, often talking horses, or foxes, or birds; rules, and people breaking rules.
Fairy tale 
 There are sometimes fairy tales in written literature in different cultures, such as The Golden Ass, which includes Cupid and Psyche (Roman, 100–200 AD).
Fairy tale 
 Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson: The Types of the Folktale: A Classification and Bibliography (Helsinki, 1961)
Fairy tale 
 Heidi Anne Heiner, "The Quest for the Earliest Fairy Tales: Searching for the Earliest Versions of European Fairy Tales with Commentary on English Translations"
Game show 
 A game show is a reality television program where people play a game for points, with the goal of winning money or prizes.
Game show 
 Many game shows incorporate some element of chance; for example, in Wheel of Fortune, contestants spin a wheel to determine how much prize money they will get for a correct letter.
Game show 
 Some game shows have the contestants compete against other individual contestants; other game shows group contestants into teams.
Genre 
 For example, if a fantasy story has darker and more frightening elements of fantasy, it would belong in the subgenre of dark fantasy; whereas another fantasy story that features magic swords and wizards would belong to the subgenre of sword and sorcery.
Kristy Swanson 
 She has also starred in the movie Flowers in the Attic as well as many movies and television programs.
Octopus 
 For defense against predators, they hide, flee quickly, expel ink, or use colour-changing camouflage.
Octopus 
 Because of this, it is very easy for an octopus to squeeze through very narrow openings between rocks, for example squeezing through a hole as big as its eye.
Octopus 
 So, when we look somewhere, part of what is there is not actually perceived (the brain 'fills in' so we do not notice).
Octopus 
 When a camera focuses on an object to take a picture, the lens moves back and forth until the image that the camera sees is in the right focus.
Octopus 
 Some octopods, such as the mimic octopus, can move their arms in ways which copy the movements of other sea creatures.
Octopus 
 In laboratory experiments, octopuses can be readily trained to distinguish between different shapes and patterns.
Octopus 
 They have been seen in what some have described as play: repeatedly releasing bottles or toys into a circular current in their aquariums and then catching them.
Octopus 
 In the UK, cephalopods such as octopuses are regarded as honorary vertebrates under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986.
Octopus 
 At least four specimens of the veined octopus (Amphioctopus marginatus) have been seen picking up discarded coconut shells, and then reassembling them to use as shelter.
Octopus 
 When octopods reproduce, males use a specialized arm to put packets of sperm into the female's mantle cavity.
Octopus 
 In some species, the female octopus can keep the sperm alive inside her for weeks until her eggs are mature.
Octopus 
 After they have been fertilized, the female lays about 200,000 eggs (this figure dramatically varies between species).
Octopus 
 The female cares for the eggs, guarding them against predators, and gently blows currents of water over them so they get enough oxygen.
Octopus 
 The female does not hunt during the one-month period spent taking care of the unhatched eggs, and may ingest some of her own arms for sustenance.
Octopus 
 At around the time the eggs hatch, the mother leaves the lair and is too weak to defend herself from predators like cod, often succumbing to their attacks.
Octopus 
 The young larval octopuses spend a period of time drifting in clouds of plankton, where they feed until they are ready to descend to the ocean bottom, where the cycle repeats.
Octopus 
 Larger species, such as the North Pacific giant octopus, may live for up to five years under suitable circumstances.
Octopus 
 Reproduction is a cause of death: males can only live for a few months after mating, and females die shortly after their eggs hatch.
Octopus 
 They neglect to eat during the (roughly) one-month period spent taking care of their unhatched eggs, but apparently they do not die of starvation.
Octopus 
 Off the coast of California, marine biologists have watched the same female octopod guarding her eggs for over four years.
Byzantine Empire 
 The Byzantine Empire (or Eastern Roman Empire) was the name of the eastern remnant of the Roman Empire which survived into the Middle Ages.
Byzantine Empire 
 Unlike the Western Roman Empire, the most important language was Greek, not Latin, and Greek culture and identity dominated.
Byzantine Empire 
 the "Roman Empire" or the "Empire of the Romans" (Latin: Imperium Romanum, Imperium Romanorum; Greek:  Basileia tōn Rhōmaiōn,  Archē tōn Rhōmaiōn),
Byzantine Empire 
 In 324, the Roman emperor Constantine I moved the capital of the Roman Empire to the Greek city of Byzantium, and he renamed the city Constantinople.
Byzantine Empire 
 150 years later, after the city of Rome was slowly taken over by Germanic people during the Migration period, Constantinople was the only remaining capital of the empire.
Byzantine Empire 
 After the 560s, the invaders gradually conquered the Balkans except for parts of modern Greece and Albania.
Byzantine Empire 
 After western Rome was captured by Germanic people, the Empire continued to control modern Egypt, Greece, Palestine, Syria and Turkey.
Byzantine Empire 
 However, another empire, known as the Persian or Sassanid Empire, tried to take these lands for itself.
Byzantine Empire 
 Between 224 and 628, the Greco-Romans and the Persians fought many battles with many men killed in the fighting.
Byzantine Empire 
 Eventually, the Persians were defeated in 627 in modern-day Iraq, near the ancient city of Nineveh, allowing the Byzantines to keep their lands.
Byzantine Empire 
 In 718, the Arabs were defeated outside Constantinople, ending the Arab threat in the east, but leaving the Byzantine Empire severely weakened.
Byzantine Empire 
 Between 1007–1014, the ambitious Byzantine emperor Basil II attacked Bulgaria many times and eventually won a great victory.
Byzantine Empire 
 Later, the Byzantines relied on mercenaries, soldiers who fought for money and not for their country, so they were less loyal and reliable and more expensive.
Byzantine Empire 
 Because they had mercenaries, military generals were able to rise to power and grab it from the elaborate bureaucracy, a system of administration where tasks are divided by departments.
Byzantine Empire 
 A large number of people known as the Turks rode on horseback from central Asia and attacked the Byzantine Empire.
Byzantine Empire 
 Many knights and soldiers left to help the Byzantines but also to secure Jerusalem for Christians, which at the time was in Muslim hands.
Byzantine Empire 
 The Byzantine Empire survived and with the help of the Europeans took back half of Turkey from the Turks, with the other half remaining under the Turks.
Byzantine Empire 
 The Byzantines survived because three good Emperors ruled one after the other, allowing the Byzantines to grow strong again.
Byzantine Empire 
 After the three good Emperors, the remaining Emperors ruled badly and again wasted a lot of money and soldiers.
Byzantine Empire 
 The Byzantines were then divided into many smaller Greek states that were fighting with each other for the throne of the empire.
Byzantine Empire 
 After the Byzantines took back Constantinople, they were too busy fighting the Europeans who had betrayed them and could not find enough soldiers or money to fight the new Ottoman Empire of the Turks.
Byzantine Empire 
 In 1369, the Turks crossed over from Turkey and into Greece, taking over much of Greece between 1354 and 1450.
Byzantine Empire 
 The Byzantines lost so much land, money and soldiers that they became very weak and begged for help from the Europeans.
Byzantine Empire 
 Some soldiers and ships came from Italy and the Pope to assist the Byzantines when the Turks attacked Constantinople in April 1453.
Byzantine Empire 
 They were very outnumbered though and the walls of Constantinople were badly damaged by cannons used by the Turks.
Byzantine Empire 
 At the end of May 1453, the Turks captured Constantinople by entering through one of the gates along the walls and the empire came to an end.
Byzantine Empire 
 At the end, the population which had not been able to escape, was deported to Edirne, Bursa and other Ottoman cities, leaving the city deserted except for the Jews of Balat and the Genoese of Pera.
Byzantine Empire 
 After that, Constantinople became Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, which it would be until the 1900s, when the capital was moved to Ankara, a city in the Asian part of Turkey.
Byzantine Empire 
 They were the protectors and sponsors of the Eastern Church, which later becomes the Orthodox Church.
Byzantine Empire 
 A lot of beautiful churches and mosques in Turkey and Greece today are either made from Byzantine buildings or inspired by them.
Byzantine Empire 
 18 centuries of Roman Empire by Howard Wiseman (Maps of the Roman/Byzantine Empire throughout its lifetime).
Guqin 
 The  (; ; Wade–Giles: ku-ch'in; literally "ancient stringed-instrument") is the modern name for a plucked seven-string Chinese musical instrument of the zither family.
Guqin 
 It has been played since ancient times, and has traditionally been favored by educated people as an instrument of great beauty and refinement.
Guqin 
 Traditionally the instrument was called simply qin 「琴」, but by the 20th century the term had come to be used on many other musical instruments as well (for example, the yangqin 「揚琴」 hammered dulcimer, the huqin 「胡琴」 family of bowed string instruments, and the Western piano (; literally "steel stringed-instrument")), so the prefix "gu-" 「古」 (meaning "ancient") was added for clarification.
Guqin 
 The guqin is not to be confused with the guzheng, another Chinese long zither also without frets, but with moveable bridges under each string.
Guqin 
 Because Robert Hans van Gulik's famous book about the qin is called The Lore of the Chinese Lute, the qin is sometimes inaccurately called a lute.
Guqin 
 The qin is a very quiet instrument, with a range of about four octaves, and its open strings are tuned in the bass register (its lowest pitch is about two octaves below middle C, or the lowest note on the cello).
Guqin 
 Stopped sounds are special for the variety of slides and ornaments used, and the use of glissando (sliding tones) gives it a sound similar to a pizzicato cello or fretless bass guitar.
Guqin 
 Extended sections in music scores consisting entirely of harmonics are common, this made possible because the 91 indicated harmonic positions allow great flexibility; early tablature shows that even more harmonic positions were used in the past.
Guqin 
 By tradition the qin originally had five strings, but ancient qin-like instruments with 10 or more strings have been found.
Guqin 
 Legend has it that the qin, has a history of about 5,000 years; that the legendary people of China's pre-history; Fuxi, Shennong and Huang Di (the Yellow Emperor), was involved in its creation.
Guqin 
 It is mentioned in Chinese writings dating back nearly 3,000 years, and related instruments have been found in tombs from about 2,500 years ago.
Guqin 
 Chinese tradition says the qin originally had five strings, but then two were added about 1,000 BCE, making seven.
Guqin 
 Based on the detailed description in the poetic essay "Qin Fu" 【琴賦】 by Xi Kang / Ji Kang (223–262), the form of the qin that is recognizable today was most likely set around the late Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD).
Guqin 
 The earliest surviving qin in this modern form, preserved in both Japan and China, have been dated to the Tang Dynasty (618-907).
Guqin 
 Many are still playable, the most famous perhaps being the one named "Jiuxiao Huanpei" 《九霄環佩》, said to have been made by the famous late Tang dynasty qin maker Lei Wei (雷威).
Guqin 
 According to Robert Temple, the qin played an important part in the gaining the first understanding of music timbre for the Chinese.
Guqin 
 He said that "the Chinese understanding of the nature of sound as vibration was much increased by studying the production of timbre on the strings of the ch'in."
Guqin 
 This understanding of timbre, overtones and higher harmonics eventually led the Chinese to discover equal temperament in music.
Guqin 
 In 1977, a recording of "Liu Shui" (Flowing Water, as performed by Guan Pinghu, one of the best qin players of the 20th century) was chosen to be included in the Voyager Golden Record, a gold-plated LP recording containing music from around the world, which was sent into outer space by NASA on the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecrafts.
Guqin 
 In 2003, guqin music was proclaimed one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.
Guqin 
 Because of the difference in geography in China, many qin schools known as qin pai (琴派) developed over the centuries.
Guqin 
 Japan has published a qinpu (qin tablature collection) in the past, known as Toukou Kinpu or Donggao Qinpu 【東臯琴譜】.
Guqin 
 Confucius 孔子: Philosopher, 551–479 BCE, associated with the piece Kongzi Duyi 《孔子讀易》, Weibian Sanjue 《韋編三絕》 and Youlan 《幽蘭》.
Guqin 
 Bo Ya 伯牙: Qin player of the Spring and Autumn Period, associated with the piece Gao Shan 《高山》 and Liu Shui 《流水》.
Guqin 
 Zhuangzi 莊子: Daoist philosopher of the Warring States Period, associated with the piece Zhuang Zhou Mengdie 《莊周蒙蝶》 and Shenhua Yin 《神化引》.
Guqin 
 Song Huizong 宋徽宗: Song emperor famous for his patronage of the arts, had a Wanqin Tang 『萬琴堂』 ("10,000 Qin Hall") in his palace.
Guqin 
 Guo Chuwang 郭楚望: Patriot at the end of the Song Dynasty, composer of the piece Xiaoxiang Shuiyun 《瀟湘水雲》.
Guqin 
 Classical books such as Qin Shi, Qinshi Bu and Qinshi Xu have biographies of hundreds of more players.
Guqin 
 The beauty of qin melodies comes not only from the melodies themselves, but from the variation a player can apply to the individual tones and their combinations.
Guqin 
 These are harmonics, and the player simply lightly touches the string with one or more fingers of the left hand at a position indicated by the white hui dots, pluck and then lift, creating a crisp and clear sound ringing sound.
Guqin 
 This forms the majority of most qin pieces and requires the player to press on a string with a finger or thumb of the left hand until it touches with the surface board, then pluck.
Guqin 
 The length is subjective and will depend on the player's preference, but it is usually around 3-4mm from the finger tip.
Guqin 
 If it is too short, then the finger tip will deaden the sound as it touches the string after the nail has plucked it.
Guqin 
 Generally, the nails of the right hand are kept long, whilst the nails of the left are cut short, so as to be able to press on the strings without difficulty.
Guqin 
 There are eight basic right hand finger techniques: pi 〈劈〉 (thumb pluck outwards), tuo 〈托〉 (thumb pluck inwards), mo 〈抹〉 (index in), tiao 〈挑〉 (index out), gou 〈勾〉 (middle in), ti 〈剔〉 (middle out), da 〈打〉 (ring in), and zhai 〈摘〉 (ring out); the little finger is not used.
Guqin 
 Cuo 〈撮〉 is to pluck two strings at the same time, lun 〈輪〉 is to pluck a string with the ring, middle and index finger out in quick succession, the suo 〈鎖〉 technique involves plucking a string several times in a fixed rhythm, bo 〈撥〉 cups the fingers and strums two strings at the same time, and gun fu 〈滾拂〉 is to create a sequence of sounds by running up and down the strings continuously with the index and middle fingers.
Guqin 
 Left hand techniques start from the simple pressing down on the string (mostly with the thumb between the flesh and nail, and the ring finger), sliding up or down to the next note (shang 〈上〉 and xia 〈下〉), to vibrati by swaying the hand (yin 〈吟〉 and nao 〈猱〉, there are as many as 15 plus different forms of vibrato), plucking the string with the thumb whilst the ring finger stops the string at the lower position (qiaqi 〈掐起 / 搯起〉), hammering on a string using the thumb (yan 〈掩 / 罨〉), to more difficult techniques such as pressing on several strings at the same time.
Guqin 
 Techniques executed by both hands together are more difficult to achieve, for example, qia cuo san sheng 〈掐撮三聲〉 (a combination of hammering on and off then plucking two strings, then repeating), to more exciting forms, like pressing of all seven strings with the left, then strumming all the strings with the right, then the left hand quickly moves up the qin, creating a rolling sound like a bucket of water being thrown in a deep pool of water (this technique is used in the Shu style of Liu Shui to copy the sound of water).
Guqin 
 Even the most commonly used (such as tiao) are difficult to get right without proper instruction from a teacher.
Guqin 
 Written qin music did not directly tell what notes were played like many outer musical instruments; instead, it was written in a tablature detailing tuning, finger positions, and plucking technique, thus made up of a step by step method and description of how to play a piece.
Guqin 
 An earlier form of music notation from the Tang era survives in just one manuscript, dated to the 7th century CE, called Jieshi Diao: You Lan 《碣石調幽蘭》 (Solitary Orchid, in Stone Tablet Mode).
Guqin 
 It is written in a longhand form called wenzi pu 〔文字譜〕 (literally "written notation"), which gives all the details using ordinary written Chinese characters.
Guqin 
 Later in the Tang dynasty, Cao Rou (曹柔) and others simplified the notation, using only the important elements of the characters (like string number, plucking technique, hui number and which finger to stop the string) and combined them into one character notation.
Guqin 
 This meant that instead of having two lines of written text to describe a few notes, a single character could represent one note, or sometimes as many as nine.
Guqin 
 This notation form was called jianzi pu 〔減字譜〕 (literally "reduced notation") and it was a great step forward for recording qin scores.
Guqin 
 It was so successful that from the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) onwards, a lot of qinpu 〔琴譜〕 (qin tablature collections) appeared, the most famous and useful being "Shenqi Mipu" (The Mysterious and Marvellous Tablature) compiled by Zhu Quan (朱勸), the 17th son of the founder of the Ming dynasty.
Guqin 
 In the 1960s, Zha Fuxi discovered more than 130 qinpu that contain well over 3360 pieces of written music.
Guqin 
 Many qinpu compiled before the Ming dynasty are now lost, and many pieces have remained unplayed for hundreds of years.
Guqin 
 Existing qinpu generally come from private collections or in public libraries throughout China, etc.
Guqin 
 Those that are available for public purchase are photographic copies printed and bound in the traditional Chinese bookbinding process.
Guqin 
 Qin pieces are usually around three to eight minutes in length, with the longest being "Guangling San" 《廣陵散》, which is 22 minutes long.
Guqin 
 Other famous pieces include "Liu Shui" 《流水》 (Flowing Water), "Yangguan San Die" 《陽關三疊》 (Three Refrains on the Yang Pass Theme), "Meihua San Nong" 《梅花三弄》 (Three Variations on the Plum Blossom Theme), "Xiao Xiang Shui Yun" 《瀟湘水雲》 (Mist and Clouds over the Xiao and Xiang Rivers), and "Pingsha Luo Yan" 《平沙落雁》 (Wild Geese Descending on the Sandbank).
Guqin 
 The average player can generally play around ten pieces from memory which they will aim to play very well, learning new pieces as and when they feel like it.
Guqin 
 In addition to learning to play established or ancient pieces very well, highly skilled qin players may also compose or improvise, although the player must be very good and extremely familiar with the instrument to be successful at it.
Guqin 
 Since qin tablature does not indicate note value, tempo or rhythm, the player must work it out for him/herself.
Guqin 
 By the 20th century, there had been attempts to try to replace the shorthand notation, but so far, it has been unsuccessful; since the 20th century, qin music is generally printed with staff notation above the qin tablature.
Guqin 
 Because qin tablature is so useful, logical, easy, and the fastest way (once the performer knows how to read the notation) of learning a piece, it is invaluable to the qin player and cannot totally be replaced.
Guqin 
 There are two views of how to best use dapu: one is to use it to create new music, and the other is to use it to reconstruct the way the original music was played.
Guqin 
 According to tradition, the qin originally had five strings, representing the five elements of metal, wood, water, fire and earth.
Guqin 
 His successor, Zhou Wu Wang 周武王, added a seventh string to motivate his troops into battle with the Shang.
Guqin 
 The thirteen hui 『徽』 on the surface represent the 13 months of the year (the extra 13th is the 'leap month' in the lunar calendar).
Guqin 
 The entire length of the qin (in Chinese measurements) is 3 feet, 6.5 inches, representing the 365 days of the year (though this is just a standard since qins can be shorter or longer depending on the period's measurement standard or the maker's preference).
Guqin 
 Each part of the qin has meaning, some more obvious, like "dragon pool" 『龍池』 and "phoenix pond" 『鳳沼』.
Guqin 
 The sound chamber of the qin is constructed with two boards of wood, typically of differing wood types.
Guqin 
 The slightly rounded top board (soundboard) is usually made of tong wood 『桐』, the Chinese parasol tree, or Chinese paulownia.
Guqin 
 The bottom board is made of zi mu 『梓木』 catalpa (Catalpa ovata) or, more recently, nan mu 『楠木』 camphor wood (Machilus nanmu).
Guqin 
 If sap remains then the sound will not be clear and, as the moisture evaporates, the wood will warp and crack.
Guqin 
 Some makers use old or ancient wood to construct qins because most of the sap and moisture has been removed naturally by time (old shan mu 『杉木』, Chinese Cunninghamia or Japanese Cryptomeria, is often used for creating modern qins).
Guqin 
 Some go to lengths to obtain extremely ancient wood, such as that from Han dynasty tomb structures or coffins.
Guqin 
 Although such wood is very dry, it is not necessarily the best since it may be infected with wood worm or be of a bad quality or type.
Guqin 
 Many modern qins made out of new tong wood (such as those made by Zeng Chengwei) can be better than the quality of antique qins.
Guqin 
 There are two sound holes in the bottom board, as the playing techniques of the qin employ the entire surface of the top board which is curved / humped.
Guqin 
 Inside the qin, there are 'nayin' 『納音』 sound absorbers, and a 'tian chu' 『天柱』 and 'di chu' 『地柱』 soundposts that connect the bottom board to the top.
Guqin 
 Lacquer 『漆』 from the Chinese lacquer tree (Rhus vernicifera) is then applied to the surfaces of the qin, mixed with various types of powder, the most common being "lujiao shuang" 『鹿角霜』, the remains of deer antler after the glue has been eremoved.