the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 Official data shows that between 1948 and 1961 (the exodus started in 1943 in Dalmatia and in 1945 in the rest of the territory) the numbers of ethnic Italians living in Slovenia - almost exclusively in Slovenian Istria and along the Italian border - actually decreased by nearly -87% (from 25,451 to 3,072).
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 According to Slovenian historian Matjaž Klemenčič, "in 1953 only 36,000 (Italians) lived in the region of former Yugoslavia, i.e. 16% of the Italian population before World War II.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 Italians also emigrated in later decades (most of them to the Australia, Canada, South America or the USA).
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 We have to emphasize that the data of the Yugoslav census are unrealiable in relation to the real number if Italians, since many members of the Italian minority, for various reasons, chose 'Nationality Undeclared' or their regional identity (most as 'Istrians').
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 In the 1991 census there was a relatively large increase of Italians, (19,213 in the Regions of autochthonous settlements of Italians in Croatia) compared to 1981 census (15,132).
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 Many Italians who in previous census did not declare as such, declared themselves 'Italians' in 1991 because they counted on the help of Italy in forthcoming crises in the region".
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 In some municipalities in Croatia in Slovenia, census data shows that there are still many Italians living in Istria, such as 66% of the population of Grisignano (519 Italians), 41% at Bertoniglia (652 Italians) and nearly 40% in Buie (2,118 Italians).
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 The Italians in coastal Slovenia and Croatia were mostly an indigenous population (in 1910 they accounted for more than a third of the local inhabitants, while in Istria they were nearly 55%), bolstered by new arrivals or the so called regnicoli, never well liked by the slavs by the indigenous Venetian-speaking Istrians, who arrived between 1918-1943, when Istria, Fiume, part of Dalmatia, and the islands of Cres (Cherso), Lussino, Lagosta, and Pelagosa (Palagruža) were part of Italy.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 Austrian 1910 census indicated approximately 182,500 people who listed Italian as their language of communication in what is now the territory of Slovenia and Croatia: 137,131 in Istria, 28,911 in Fiume/Rijeka (1918), 11,487 in Zara/Zadar, 5,000 in Dalmatia, while the Italian 1936 census indicated approximately 230,000 people who listed Italian as their language of communication in what is now the territory of Slovenia and Croatia, then part of the Italian state (ca.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 From the end of World War II until 1953, according to various data, between 250,000 and 350,000 people emigrated from these regions.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 Some thousands were Slovenes and Croats who opposed the Communist government in Yugoslavia, while most were ethnic Italians, the so-called optanti emigrants who were living permanently in this region on 10 June 1940 and who expressed their wish to obtain Italian citizenship and emigrate to Italy.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 The emigration of Italians greatly reduced the total population of the region and totally altered its ethnic structure.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 In 1953, officially, only 36,000 Italians lived in Yugoslavia, 16% of the Italian population before World War II.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 In its 1996 report on 'Local self-government, territorial integrity and protection of minorities' the Council of Europe's European Commission for Democracy through Law (the Venice Commission) put it that "a great majority of the local Italians, Italianites (of Slavic and other origin), many thousands of Slovenes and of nationally undefined bilingual 'Istrians' used their legal right from the peace treaty to 'opt out' of the Yugoslav controlled part of Istria.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 In several waves they moved to Italy and elsewhere (also overseas) and claimed Italian or other citizenship.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 The mass exodus of the optanti (or esuli as they were called in Italy) from 'godless communist Yugoslavia' was actively encouraged by the Italian authorities, Italian radio and the Roman Catholic bishop of Trieste.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 Evidence of Italic people living alongside those from other ethnic groups on the eastern side of the Adriatic as far north as the Alps goes back at least to the Bronze Age, and the populations have been mixed ever since.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 From the Middle Ages onwards numbers of Slavic people near and on the Adriatic coast were ever increasing, due to their expanding population and due to pressure from the Turks pushing them from the south and east.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 This led to Italic people becoming ever more confined to urban areas in Dalmatia, while the countryside was populated by Slavs, with certain isolated exceptions.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 The original majority Italian population suffered economic and political disadvantages, which gradually increased with the Austro-Hungarian empire in the 19th century.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 This created a strong emigration: in Dalmatia the Dalmatian Italians were 25% in 1815, but a century later in 1915 they were only 2%.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 In 1915, the Italians attacked the Austro-Hungarian Empire  leading to bloody conflict mainly on the Isonzo and Piave fronts.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 Italy however drove a hard bargain, demanding extensive territorial concessions once the war had been won".
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 In a deal to draw Italy into the war, under the London Pact, Italy was granted Trentino, Trieste, (the German-speaking) South Tyrol, and Istria including large non-Italian communities.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 In Dalmatia, not granted to Italy by the London pact, Italy gained the city of Zadar and some islands.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 After World War I, under the Treaty of Rapallo between the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Kingdom of Yugoslavia) and the Kingdom of Italy (12 November 1920), Italy obtained all of Istria with Trieste, the exception being the island of Krk and part of Kastav commune, which went to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 By the Treaty of Rome (27 January 1924) the Free state of Fiume was split between Italy and Yugoslavia.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 After the Wehrmacht invasion of Yugoslavia (6 April 1941), the Italian zone of occupation was further expanded.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 Italy annexed large areas of coastal Yugoslavia (including most of coastal Dalmatia) and Slovenia (including its capital Ljubljana).
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 After the Second World War, there were large-scale movements of people choosing to move to Italy rather than live in Yugoslavia.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 In Yugoslavia, the people who left were called optanti, which translates as 'choosers', while they call themselves esuli or exiles.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 Their motives for leaving may have been fear of reprisals and murders, economic motives, or ethnically based.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 When the Fascist regime collapsed in 1943 reprisals against Italian fascists and civilians (even Italian communists) took place.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 At least 200 Italians were killed by Tito's resistance movement in September 1943; some had been connected to the fascist regime, while others were victims of personal hatred or the attempt of the partisan resistance to get rid of its real or supposed enemies.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 This was known as the foibe massacres; actually it was a reenaction of what had been already began in 1943 but in larger scale.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 Many Italian sources claim that these killings were ethnic cleansing and genocide: Italian people were forced to mass migration by Tito supporters.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 The mixed Italian-Slovenian Historical Commission, established in 1995 by the two governments to investigate the matters,  described the 1945 killings:
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 The Italian historian Raoul Pupo suggests 4,500 were killed (including the events of 1943), mostly Italians, but many bodies wearing Partisan uniforms were found as well, so the number is subject to many interpretations.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 Economic insecurity, ethnic hatred and the international political context that eventually led to the Iron Curtain resulted in approximately 350,000 people, mostly Italians, choosing to leave the region.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 The London Memorandum of 1954 gave to the ethnic Italians the choice of either opting to leave (the so-called optants) or staying.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 These exiles were to be given compensation for their loss of property and other indemnity by the Italian state under the terms of the peace treaties.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 The first period took place after the surrender of the Italian army and the beginning of the first wave of anti-fascist violence.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 The second period was soon after the end of the war and approximately around the time of the second wave of anti-fascist violence.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 The Wehrmacht was engaged in a front-wide retreat from the Yugoslav Partisans, along with the local collaborationist forces (the Ustaše, the Domobranci, the Chetniks, and units of Mussolini's puppet Italian Social Republic).
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 The third period took place after the Paris peace treaty, when Istria was assigned to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, except for a small area in the northwest part that formed the independent Free Territory of Trieste.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 It gave provisional civil administration of Zone A (with Trieste), to Italy, and Zone B to Yugoslavia: in 1975 the Treaty of Osimo finally divided the former Free Territory of Trieste.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 The mixed Italian-Slovenian Historical Commission verified 27,000 Italian and 3,000 Slovene migrants, but only from Slovenian territory.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 In the list are persons who worked in other places before the war and are also considered exiles due to their properties being confiscated by the communist dictatorship under Josip Broz.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 Nino Benvenuti from Izola (then Isola d'Istria), boxer: three times professional world's champion and olympic gold medalist
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 Ottavio Missoni from Zadar (then Zara), stylist and former Sindaco (Mayor) del Comune di Zara in Esilio, an association of exiles Dalmatian Italians
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 Yugoslavia agreed to pay US$110 million for the compensation of the exiles' property which was confiscated after the war in the Zone B of Free Territory of Trieste.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 Italy did not want to reveal the bank account number so in 1994 Slovenia opened a fiduciary account at Dresdner Bank in Luxembourg, informed Italy about it and started paying its US$55,976,930 share.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 It has been established that foibe massacres were been used by Slav communists for ethnic-political cleansing.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 In fact, foibe massacres and exodus were described as a democide and an ethnic-political cleansing by Italian president Giorgio Napolitano.
Istrian-Dalmatian exodus 
 The Effects of the Dissolution of Yugoslavia on Minority Rights: the Italian Minority in Post-Yugoslav Slovenia and Croatia by Matjaž Klemenčič
Kochi, India 
 Kochi was an important spice trading centre on the west coast of India from the 14th century onward, and maintained a trade network with Arab merchants from the pre-Islamic era.
Kochi, India 
 The city was later occupied by the Dutch and the British, with the Kingdom of Cochin becoming a princely state.
Kochi, India 
 The city was ranked the sixth best tourist destination in India according to a survey conducted by the Nielsen Company on behalf of the Outlook Traveller magazine.
Kochi, India 
 Kochi was one of the 28 Indian cities among the emerging 440 global cities that will contribute 50% of the world GDP by the year 2025, in a 2011 study done by the McKinsey Global Institute.
Kochi, India 
 In July 2018, Kochi was ranked the topmost emerging future megacity in India by global professional services firm JLL.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia is related to the Italian influence in Dalmatia (now divided between Croatia, Herzegovina and Montenegro) from the historical and cultural points of view.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 The historical influence from the Italian peninsula in Dalmatia started with the Roman conquest of Illyrian Dalmatia.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 The historian Theodore Mommsen stated in his book History of Rome that all Dalmatia was fully Romanised and Latin speaking by the fourth century.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 The actual Dalmatians may in part trace their origins back to the Romanised Illyrians during the "Barbarian Invasions" of the fifth and sixth centuries when Avars with some Slavs invaded Illyria.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 During those years the original Latin population took refuge in the coastal cities and in the islands, whilst other migrated to the mountains (they were later called "Morlachs").
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 So, in the early Middle Ages, the coastal area of Dalmatia retained its original Latinized culture, mainly on the islands and cities such as Zara, Spalato, Ragusa and Cattaro.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 These cities during the Middle Ages were called "Citta' marittime di Dalmazia" (Dalmatian maritime neolatin cities) and maintained deep cultural and commercial links with the Italian mainland, thanks to intense commerce through the Adriatic sea.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 Starting from the tenth century the Republic of Venice imposed its influence on Dalmatia, gradually assimilating the neolatin Dalmatians while the local Slavs maintained their language.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 The Venetian possessions were called "Venetian Dalmatia" and enjoyed a flourishing period of economic bonanza with huge development of the arts and culture.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 Dalmatia was greatly influenced by the Italian Renaissance and many buildings, churches and cathedrals were done in those years, from Zara and Spalato to Sebenik and Ragusa.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 In these centuries, the Venetian language became the "lingua franca" of all Dalmatia, assimilating the Dalmatian language of the Romanised Illyrians and influencing partially the coastal Croatian language ("Chakavian") and the Albanian language.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 Zara was the capital of the Venetian Dalmatia, a role that it has maintained through the successive centuries (during WWII it was the capital of the Italian "Governatorato di Dalmazia").
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 In those centuries, the most southern area of Dalmatia was called Albania veneta, now called coastal Montenegro.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 After the fall of the Republic of Venice in 1797 to the Napoleon Armies, the Dalmatia was incorporated briefly (1805-1809) in the "Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy".
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 In those years the scholastic system was expanded to all the population (following the ideals of the French Revolution) and the Italian language was instituted as the official language in the schools of Dalmatia.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 The Italian (venetian speaking) population, that was (according to the Italian linguist Bartoli) nearly one third of the Dalmatians in the second half of the XVIII century, according to the Austrian census decreased from 22% in 1816 to 12.5% in 1853 and a mere 2.9% in 1910.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 After WWI, by the Treaty of London, Italy obtained Zara and some northern Dalmatian islands (Cherso and Lussino).
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 During WWII the Kingdom of Italy annexed, to the newly created Governatorato di Dalmazia, most of Dalmatia.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 In 1942 there were 4020 Italians in these newly annexed areas: 2220 in Spalato (Split), 300 in Sebenico (Sibenik), 500 Cattaro (Kotor) and 1000 Veglia (Krk).
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 Furthermore there were in the Governatorato 10000 Italians who took the Yugoslav citizenship after WWI, in order to remain there and be accepted without problems by the new Yugoslavian regime after the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 After WWII Italy lost all the territories in Dalmatia, and more than 22000 Dalmatian Italians exiled mainly in Italy.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 In Zara the small Dalmatian Italian community only in September 2012 has been allowed to have a kindergarten for Italian speaking children
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 That means that in only one hundred years (from the 1850s to the 1950s) the Dalmatian Italians decreased from 45000 in the 1857 Austrian Census to less than one thousand in the last Croatian and Montenegrin Census.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 The cultural influence from the Italian peninsula is extremely important in Dalmatia since the Roman times.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 It has increased to influence totally the dalmatian culture during the times of the Republic of Venice and the Italian Renaissance.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 Indeed, the "British Encyclopedia" states that: "the monuments left in Dalmatia by the Romans are numerous and precious.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 They are chiefly confined to the cities; for the civilization of the country was always urban, just as its history is a record of isolated city-states rather than of a united nation.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 Beyond the walls of its larger towns, little was spared by the barbarian Goths, Avars and Slavs; and the battered fragments of Roman work which mark the sites of Salona, near Spalato, and of many other ancient cities, are of slight antiquarian interest and slighter artistic value.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 Among the monuments of the Roman period, by far the most noteworthy in Dalmatia, and, indeed, in the whole Balkan Peninsula, is the Palace of Diocletian at Spalato.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 Dalmatian architecture was influenced by Constantinople in its general character from the 6th century until the close of the tenth.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 The oldest memorials of this period are the vestiges of three basilicas, excavated in Salona, and dating from the first half of the 7th century at latest.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 At Arbe there is a beautiful Romanesque campanile which also belongs to the 12th century; but the finest example in this style is the cathedral of Trail.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 Romanesque lingered on in Dalmatia until it was displaced by Venetian Gothic in the early years of the 15th century.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 Even in the relatively hostile republic of Ragusa the Romanesque of the custom-house and Rectors' palace is combined with Venetian Gothic, while the graceful balconies and ogee windows of the Prijeki closely follow their Venetian models.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 In 1441 Giorgio Orsini of Zara, summoned from Venice to design the cathedral of Sebenico, brought with him the influence of the Italian Renaissance.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 The new forms which he introduced were eagerly imitated and developed by other architects, until the period of decadence - which virtually concludes the history of Dalmatian art - set in during the latter half of the 17th century.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 Special mention must be made of the carved woodwork, embroideries and plate preserved in many churches.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 The silver statuette and the reliquary of St Biagio at Ragusa, and the silver ark of St Simeon at Zara, are fine specimens of Italian jewellers' work, ranging in date from the 11th or 12th to the 17th century".
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 In the XIX century the cultural influence from Italy originated the creation in Zara of the first dalmatian newspaper, edited in Italian and Croat: Il Regio Dalmata - Kraglski Dalmatin.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 The Regio Dalmata - Kraglski Dalmatin was stamped in the tipography of Antonio Luigi Battara and was the first done in Croat language.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 The cultural influence from Italy is clearly evident in the urbanization plans of the main Dalmatian cities in the XIX/XX centuries.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 In 1880 Antonio Bajamonti (the last Dalmatian Italian Major of Spalato under Austrian rule) developed an urbanization project of this city centered on the "Riva", a seaside walkway full of palms based on the Italian Riviera models.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 Even today the Riva (with cafe bars) is used by the locals to stroll in a typical Italian way from the "Palace of Diocletian" toward an old square called locally "Pjaca" (or square in venetian).
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 An enduring example of the Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia is the small town of Perasto (actually Perast in montenegrin language) in coastal Montenegro.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 Perasto was at its peak in the 18th century under the Republic of Venice, when it had as many as four active shipyards, a fleet of around one hundred ships, and 1,643 residents.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 Many ornate baroque palaces and magnificent dwelling-houses decorated the town of Perast (Perasto), full of typical venetian architecture.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 Perasto had the privilege to keep war-flag of the Venetian Navy in the peace time (it was called "La fedelissma Gonfaloniera") .
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 The sailormen of Perasto were involved in the last battle of the Venitian navy, fought in Venice in 1797 .
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 At the fall of the "Serenissima" (1797) Perasto was the last city of the Repubblic to lower the Venetian flag.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 On 12 May 1797, the Republic of Venice ended, but a few places in the Albania veneta for several months still continued to remain loyal to the Venetian Repubblic: Perasto was the last place of the Republic to surrender.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 On 22 August 1797 the Count Giuseppe Viscovich, Captain of Perasto lowered the Venetian war-flag of the Lion of Saint Mark pronouncing the farewell words in front of the crying people of the city and buried the "Gonfalon of Venice" under the altar of the main church of Perasto.
Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia 
 According to the "Comunita' nazionale italiana del Montenegro", in Perast actually there are 140 persons who still speak at home the original venetian dialect of Perasto (called "veneto da mar"), and call themselves in the census "Montenegrins".
Frugivore 
 The animal digests the pulp but not the seeds, ensuring the plant's genes are spread wherever the animal goes.