the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 
 It was formed in 1672 when Frederick Wilhelm III, the last duke of Saxe-Altenburg died and Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha (who had married Frederick Wilhelm's cousin, Elisabeth Sophie) inherited his possessions.
Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 
 The duchy was split up again after Ernest’s death in 1675, and the Duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg officially came into existence in 1680 when his eldest son, Frederick, took control of the parts of the country Gotha and Altenburg.
Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 
 When the royal house of Saxe-Gotha and Altenburg became extinct in 1825, Saxe-Gotha was given to Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Saxe-Altenburg passed to the Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen.
Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 
 After the abolition of German monarchies at the end of the First World War, both Saxe-Gotha and Saxe-Altenburg became part of the newly created state of Thuringia in 1920.
Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 
 Frederick I (1675-1691), son of Ernest the Pious and the first to be called Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg.
Thucydides 
 Thucydides (; ; born around 460 BC, died around 400 BC) was an ancient Greek historian best remembered for his work on the Peloponnesian War.
Thucydides 
 Pausanias, Description of Greece, Books I-II, (Loeb Classical Library) translated by W. H. S. Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. (1918). .
Rhône 
 Then, the Rhône River joints the Saône, in France (and other rivers) and ends in the Mediterranean Sea.
Luis Egidio Meléndez 
 Although he received little acclaim or praise during his lifetime and died in poverty, Meléndez is recognized today as the greatest Spanish still life painter of the eighteenth century.
Luis Egidio Meléndez 
 His mastery of composition and light, and his remarkable ability to convey the volume and texture of individual objects enabled him to transform the most mundane (ordinary) of kitchen fare into powerful images.
Augustine 
 Mar Augustine Kandathil (1874-1956): First Indian Archbishop and First Metropolitan of the Catholic St. Thomas Christians.
Augustine 
 Augustine Huy Viet Phan, Augustine Moi Van Nguyen, and Augustine Schoffler, three of the Vietnamese Martyrs
Saxe-Hildburghausen 
 In 1684 the duchy changed its capital from Heldburg to Hildburghausen, and changed its name to Saxe-Hildburghausen.
Saxe-Hildburghausen 
 In 1810, a Princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen married Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria, who became king of Bavaria 15 years later.
Saxe-Hildburghausen 
 In 1826, the Ernestine duchies were reorganised after the last ruler of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg died without an heir.
Saxe-Hildburghausen 
 Hildburghausen was not one of the duchies in the Imperial circle, Altenburg was, so by swapping his land the duke gained in social rank, even though the Holy Roman Empire no longer existed
Saxe-Hildburghausen 
 Hildburghausen was one of these districts, with boundaries very similar to those of the former duchy.
Saxe-Hildburghausen 
 It remained almost unchanged until 1993, when the former district of Suhl was dissolved and most of its municipalities joined the district.
Augustine of Hippo 
 Augustine of Hippo (; ; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430), also known as Saint Augustine, was a Christian philosopher and theologian.
Augustine of Hippo 
 After growing up, he began to learn and write a lot about Christianity, and became a bishop in Hippo Regius, which was in modern-day Annaba, Algeria.
Augustine of Hippo 
 Later in life, Augustine moved to Italy, and over the next years his religious ideology grew stronger, and he became a teacher.
Augustine of Hippo 
 426-428) Augustine revisited his previous works in chronological order and suggested what he would have said differently in a work titled the "Retractions", giving the reader a rare picture of the development of a writer and his final thoughts.
Augustine of Hippo 
 University of Pennsylvania, Augustine of Hippo - Texts, translations, introductions, commentaries (Webarchive), 2006-10-22
Augustine of Hippo 
 At "IntraText Digital Library": Works by Augustine in several languages, with concordance and frequency list
House of Wettin 
 The House of Wettin was a dynasty of German counts, dukes, prince-electors (Kurfürsten) and kings that ruled in what is known today as the German states of Saxony and Thuringia for more than 800 years.
House of Wettin 
 Members of the Wettin family were also kings of Poland, as well as forming the ruling houses of Great Britain, Portugal, Bulgaria, Poland, Saxony, and Belgium.
House of Wettin 
 Today only the British and Belgian lines still rule their countries, but the last Tsar of Bulgaria, Simeon II, was Prime Minister of Bulgaria between 2001 and 2005.
House of Wettin 
 Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha is the only ex-king who has ever returned to his country as an elected leader.
House of Wettin 
 Around 1000, as part of the German conquest of Slavic territory, the family got Wettin Castle and changed their name.
House of Wettin 
 The descendants of Ernest often subdivided their land and ended up with a lot of small duchies, but one (Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) became very important.
House of Wettin 
 The wife of the Emperor of Mexico (Carlota of Mexico) was also a member of the house of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
House of Wettin 
 As such, the British, Portuguese, and for a time, Mexican, thrones became a possession of persons who belonged to the House of Wettin.
House of Wettin 
 During World War I the British Royal Family changed the name as well as their personal surnames  to Windsor by an Order-in-Council of King George V. The Kings of Belgiums now do not use the Saxe-Coburg and Gotha name, but have never officially changed it.
Durham 
 It is within the County Durham local government district, and is the county town of the larger ceremonial county.
Durham 
 It lies to the south of Newcastle upon Tyne, Chester-le-Street and Sunderland and to the north of Darlington.
Durham 
 Durham is well known for its Norman Cathedral and 11th-century  castle, and is home to Durham University.
Durham 
 The present city can clearly be traced back to AD 995, when a group of monks from Lindisfarne chose to settle there with the body of Saint Cuthbert, which had previously lain in Chester-le-Street.
Durham 
 Before the Reformation the shrine of Saint Cuthbert, behind the High Altar of Durham Cathedral, was the most important religious site in England until the martyrdom of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury.
Durham 
 Despite a brief translation back to Holy Island during the Norman Invasion the saint's relics remain enshrined to the present day.
Durham 
 Durham’s geographical position has always given it an important position in the defence of England against the Scots.
Durham 
 The city has played an important part in the defence of the north and Durham Castle is the only Norman castle keep never to have suffered a breach.
Durham 
 The Battle of Neville's Cross which took place near the city on 17 October 1346 between the English and Scots was the most famous battle of its age.
Durham 
 They had the ability to hold their own parliament, raise their own armies, appoint their own sheriffs and Justices, administer their own laws, levy taxes and customs duties, create fairs and markets, issue charters, salvage shipwrecks, collect revenue from mines, administer the forests and mint their own coins.
Durham 
 Basically, William the Conqueror delegated many powers to bishops in the furthest reaches of England.
Durham 
 So far reaching were the bishop’s powers that the steward of Bishop Anthony Bek commented in 1299 AD:
Durham 
 “There are two kings in England, namely the Lord King of England, wearing a crown in sign of his regality and the Lord Bishop of Durham wearing a mitre in place of a crown, in sign of his regality in the diocese of Durham”.
Durham 
 Every Bishop of Durham from 1071 to 1836 was a Prince Bishop except for the first Norman-appointed Bishop Walcher who was styled an Earl-Bishop.
Durham 
 Henry VIII cut some of the Prince-Bishop's powers and, in 1538, ordered the destruction of the shrine of Saint Cuthbert.
Durham 
 The county also had its own attorney general, whose authority to bring an indictment for criminal matters was tested by central government in the infamous case of Rex v. Mary Ann Cotton (1832).
Durham 
 Local Government Committee for England Final Recommendations on electoral arrangements in Durham City
Anti-fascism 
 Anti-fascism was most popular during and after World War II, when fascist governments were very powerful in Europe.
Anti-fascism 
 Some of these parties have been Marxist, nationalist, anarchist, socialist, pacifist, social democratic, conservative, and liberal.
History of the Peloponnesian War 
 The war was fought between the Peloponnesian League (led by Sparta) and the Athenian league (led by Athens).
History of the Peloponnesian War 
 Many historians regard this History of  Thucydides as one of the earliest scholarly works of history.
History of the Peloponnesian War 
 Many of his principles have become standard methods of history writing today, though others have not.
History of the Peloponnesian War 
 One of Thucydides' major innovations was to use a strict standard of chronology, recording events by year, each year consisting of the summer campaigning season and a less active winter season.
History of the Peloponnesian War 
 As a result, events that span several years are divided up and described in parts of the book that are sometimes quite distant from one another, causing the impression that he is oscillating between the various theatres of conflict.
History of the Peloponnesian War 
 This method contrasts sharply with Herodotus' earlier work The Histories, which jumps around chronologically.
History of the Peloponnesian War 
 Another feature of the work is that Thucydides writes dozens of speeches of the most important figures who were engaged in the war.
History of the Peloponnesian War 
 Thucydides heard some of these speeches himself but some of the speeches he wrote without knowing exactly what was really spoken.
History of the Peloponnesian War 
 Therefore he tried to be as neutral as possible though as general of Athens that was difficult for him.
History of the Peloponnesian War 
 The History concentrates on the military aspects of the Peloponnesian War, but it uses these events as a medium to suggest several other themes as well, for instance to show degenerative effects of war on humanity itself.
History of the Peloponnesian War 
 For the most part, the History does not discuss topics such as the art and architecture of Greece, but speaks of the development of military technologies
History of the Peloponnesian War 
 The History explains that the cause of the Peloponnesian War was the "growth in power of Athens, and the alarm which this inspired in Sparta" (1.23.6).
History of the Peloponnesian War 
 This is in contrast to Herodotus, who frequently mentions multiple versions of his stories and allows the reader to decide which is true.
History of the Peloponnesian War 
 The state of Greece from the earliest times to the commencement of the Peloponnesian War, also known as the Archaeology.
History of the Peloponnesian War 
 From the end of the Persian War to the beginning of the Peloponnesian War, also known as the Pentacontaetia.
History of the Peloponnesian War 
 The Athenian general Demosthenes coordinates the defense of Pylos and rouses the troops with a speech.
History of the Peloponnesian War 
 The Athenians defeat the Spartan assault on Pylos and cut off a garrison of Spartiates on the adjacent island of Sphacteria.
History of the Peloponnesian War 
 The Spartans, concerned for the men on the island, conclude an immediate armistice and send an embassy to Athens to negotiate peace.
History of the Peloponnesian War 
 The speech of the Spartan ambassadors offers to peace and alliance to Athens in exchange for the return of the men on Sphacteria.
History of the Peloponnesian War 
 The Athenian Cleon, speaking in the Assembly, encourages the Athenians to demand the return of the territories surrendered by Athens at the conclusion of the First Peloponnesian War.
History of the Peloponnesian War 
 With the siege of Sphacteria yielding no results, the Athenians grow angry at Cleon for encouraging them to reject the Spartan offer of peace.
Historiography 
 For thousands of years people have been telling stories about the past, and making written records of the actions of kings and prophets and other famous persons.
Historiography 
 Written history appeared first with the ancient Greeks, whose historians greatly contributed to the development of historical methodology.
Historiography 
 The very first historical works were The Histories composed by Herodotus of Halicarnassus (484 BC–ca.425 BC), who became later known as the 'father of history' (Cicero).
Historiography 
 Thucydides was the first to distinguish between cause and immediate origins of an event, and his successor Xenophon (ca.
Historiography 
 The Romans adopted the Greek tradition, becoming the first people to write history in a non-Greek language.
Historiography 
 They wrote about the history of Jesus Christ, the Church and of their patrons, the dynastic history of the local rulers.
Historiography 
 In the Early Middles Ages historical writing often took the form of annals or chronicles recording events year by year but this style tended to hampered the analysis of events and causes.
Historiography 
 An example of this type of writing are Anglo-Saxon Chronicles which were the work of several different writers and start during the reign of Alfred the Great in the late 9th century and one copy of which was still being updated in 1154.
Historiography 
 Voltaire described the history of certain ages that were important according to him, instead of describing events in a chronological order.
Historiography 
 Modern historiography began with Leopold Ranke in the 19th century, who was very critical on the sources used in history.
Historiography 
 Fernand Braudel wanted history to become more scientific by demanding more mathematical evidence in history, in order to make the history discipline less subjective.
Historiography 
 Other French historians, like Philippe Ariès and Michel Foucault described history of daily life topics such as death and sexuality.
Historiography 
 The early journals were similar to the academic journals used in the physical sciences, and were seen as a means by which history could be professionalised.
Historiography 
 Journals also helped historians to establish various historiographical approaches, the most notable example of which was Annales.
Historiography 
 1960 Technology and culture: the international quarterly of the Society for the History of Technology (USA)
Historiography 
 1982 Storia della Storiografia — History of Historiography — Histoire de l'Historiographie — Geschichte der Geschichtsschreibung
Historiography 
 The question of how a historian approaches historical events is one of the most important questions within historiography.
Historiography 
 It is commonly recognised by historians that, in themselves, individual historical facts are not particularly meaningful.
Historiography 
 Such facts will only become useful when assembled with other historical evidence, and the process of assembling this evidence is understood as a particular historiographical approach.
Historiography 
 Determinism means that historians view history as being caused more by certain factors than by other factors.
Historiography 
 Other historians believe that history is caused mostly by politics or mostly by a struggle for natural rights, but these are usually not labeled as determinism.
Historiography 
 David Hackett Fischer, Historians' Fallacies: Towards a Logic of Historical Thought, Harper & Row, 1970.
Historiography 
 Georg G. Iggers, Historiography in the 20th Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge (2005)
Historiography 
 Susan Kinnell, Historiography: An Annotated Bibliography of Journal Article, Books and Dissertations, 1987,
Historiography 
 Gerda Lerner,  The Majority Finds its Past: Placing Women in History, New York: Oxford University Press 1979
Historiography 
 Judith M. Bennett, History Matters: Patriarchy and the Challenge of Feminism, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006
Historiography 
 Themes in Australian History: Questions, Issues and Interpretation in an Evolving Historiography (1990)
Historiography 
 James W. Loewen, Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong, Touchstone Books 1996
Historiography 
 Peter Novick, That Noble Dream: The "Objectivity Question" and the American Historical Profession (1988),
Historical method 
 The historical method are the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write history.
Historical method 
 Following Garraghan (in: A Guide to Historical Method, 168) puts six questions that should be answered as minimal standard for a sound historical method:
Historical method 
 Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History: A Primer of Historical Method, Alfred A. Knopf: New York (1950). .
Historical method 
 Martha Howell and Walter Prevenier, From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods, Cornell University Press: Ithaca (2001). .
Historical method 
 C. Behan McCullagh, Justifying Historical Descriptions, Cambridge University Press: New York (1984). .
Primary source 
 Thus, a memoir of a participant in an event is a primary source, whilst a history of that event based on several memoirs is a secondary source.
Primary source 
 Thomas Cripps, "Historical Truth: An Interview with Ken Burns", American Historical Review 100 (1995), 741-64.
Primary source 
 Michael Drake and Ruth Finnegan (Eds), Sources and Methods for Family and Community Historians: A Handbook, (Cambridge University Press in conjunction with the Open University, 1997)
Primary source 
 Wood Gray, Historian's handbook, a key to the study and writing of history (Houghton Mifflin, 1964).
Primary source 
 A listing of over 5000 websites describing holdings of manuscripts, archives, rare books, historical photographs, and other primary sources
Primary source 
 Wikisource – The Free Library – is the Wikimedia project that collects, edits, and catalogs all source texts.
Primary source 
 "How to distinguish between primary and secondary sources" from the University of California, Santa Cruz Library
Primary source 
 Joan of Arc: Primary Sources Series -- Example of a publication focusing on primary source documents.
Source 
 Source text, in research (especially in the humanities), a source of information referred to by citation
Source 
 Primary source, firsthand written evidence of history made at the time of the event by someone who was present
Source 
 Source (UNSW), a community service provider that used to operate at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia
Source 
 The Source (film), a 2002 science fiction movie, also known as The Secret Craft in the UK and The Surge for its American DVD release
Source 
 Source theory, any process that generates successive messages can be considered a source of information
Source 
 Sources of international law, the materials and processes out of which the rules and principles regulating the international community are developed
Secondary source 
 A secondary source is a document or recording that writes or speaks about information that is one step removed from the original source.
Secondary source 
 A secondary source would be a book on 13th century politics, while the Magna Carta itself would be a primary source.
Breinigerberg 
 Breinigerberg is a small village in the West of Germany, the state of North Rhine-Westphalia About 972 people live at the place.
Breinigerberg 
 It is close to the Naturpark Nordeifel, a large forest area in Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands.
Document 
 Canonical Documents: The Bible,Iliad and Odyssey,Vedas, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Quran, Code of Hammurabi,Tao Te Ching
Document 
 Non-Prototypical Documents: Post-it notes, Fortune cookie strips, Maps, Paintings, milk cartons, cereal boxes
Document 
 Boundary Examples: The plaque on the Pioneer 11 spacecraft, designed by astronomer Carl Sagan, and using information assumed to be universal is an extreme example of a document that is intended to communicate with aliens.
Document 
 On the other hand, the recorded and printed signals of the SETI project would constitute documents if they were discovered to contain alien communication.
Document 
 What most people understand, when they speak of a document one can see from the connotations and denotations that appear in a  search for document.
Document 
 Of particular importances are practices concerning the preservation, archival, destruction and management of documents.
Document 
 Physical preservation: Documents in both traditional physical forms and in digital physical forms such as magnetic media must be physically preserved.
Document 
 This aspect of document management deals with such issues as the aging of paper (the innovation of acid-free paper is an advance in preservation) and obsolescence of magnetic media.
Document 
 Storage: This aspect includes management of scarce resources such as shelf space and disk space, and associated technologies such as optimal space utilization.
Document 
 Modern libraries such as the University of Nevada and the University of Michigan often use complex space-saving technologies such as robotic retrieval systems for stacks and moving bookshelves.
Document 
 In the digital realm, the entire discipline of compression technologies can be viewed as concerned with the storage of documents.
Document 
 Cultural Preservation: This function, traditionally ascribed to librarians involves the selection, arrangement and storage of documents in safe places.
Document 
 The importance of this part of document life cycle management can be seen in the impact of historical events such as the burning of the Library of Alexandria.
Document 
 Bibliometrics: This aspect of document management involves functions of indexing, generating statistics and taxonomies, and improving the usability of large collections of documents.
Document 
 The modern history of this management technology dates back to Melvil Dewey and the Dewey Decimal System.
Document 
 Today, the science of bibliometrics is largely concerned with managing the impact of electronic technologies.
Document 
 Digital Content Management: The explosion of digital content has resulted in technologies to manage large collections of digital information generated by organizations.
Document 
 Such systems must manage access control and privileges, multiple electronic format, interface with printing infrastructures and enable collaborative workflows around documents.
Document 
 Digital-Physical Interaction Management: As long as both paper and digital documents continue to have value, the modern management technologies to manage their interaction will continue.
Document 
 Key to this management is the management of large scale and systematic scanning of physical documents (such as the Google book scanning project).
Document 
 Destruction: With the increased cost of identity theft, corporate scandals and privacy concerns, the destruction of both paper and electronic documents  has become increasingly important to manage.
Document 
 Technologies such as shredders play a role, as do verifiable processes of destruction of electronic documents to ensure compliance with privacy laws.
Document 
 Security: Shannon's information theory has led to an entire discipline that concerns itself with the security of documents, and associated technologies such as encryption, as well as more physical security features such as watermarks and making currency documents safe from counterfeiting.
Document 
 Transportation: The entire postal system, as well as modern courier systems, is largely built on the need to move documents physically from one location to the other.
Document 
 Owen, D., 2004, Copies in Seconds: How a Lone Inventor and an Unknown Company Created the Biggest Communication Breakthrough Since Gutenberg—Chester Carlson and the Birth of the Xerox Machine