the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Haile Selassie I 
 The publicity created interest on the faraway island of Jamaica, where a belief in his divinity (Godliness) soon arose because of his titles, and he was seen as a symbol of black liberation.
Haile Selassie I 
 The Emperor gave a speech at the League of Nations that asked the world to stop the Italians, but it failed to act.
Haile Selassie I 
 In 1963, the Emperor did everything he could to help start the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), with its headquarters in Addis Ababa.
Haile Selassie I 
 He was said to have died of natural causes in August 1975, but evidence later showed that he had been murdered.
Haile Selassie I 
 Haile Selassie contributed Ethiopian troops to the United Nations operation in the Congo peacekeeping force during the 1960 Congo Crisis to preserve Congolese integrity, according to United Nations Security Council Resolution 143.
Haile Selassie I 
 On 13 December 1960, while Haile Selassie was on a state visit to Brazil, his Kebur Zabagna (Imperial Guard) forces staged an unsuccessful coup and briefly proclaimed Haile Selassie's eldest son, Asfa Wossen, as emperor.
Haile Selassie I 
 The regular army and police forces crushed the coup attempt since it lacked broad popular support; was denounced by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church; and was unpopular with the army, the air force, and thr police.
Haile Selassie I 
 The coup attempt has been characterized as a pivotal moment in Ethiopian history, when Ethiopians "for the first time questioned the power of the king to rule without the people's consent".
Haile Selassie I 
 Student populations began to empathise with the peasantry and the poor and advocate on their behalf.
Haile Selassie I 
 The coup spurred Haile Selassie to accelerate reform, which was manifested in the form of land grants to military and police officials.
Haile Selassie I 
 The Emperor continued to be a staunch ally of the West although he pursued a firm policy of decolonisation in Africa, which was still largely under European colonial rule.
Haile Selassie I 
 The United Nations conducted a lengthy inquiry regarding Eritrea's status, with each of the superpowers vying for a stake in the state's future.
Haile Selassie I 
 The British administrator suggested Eritrea's partition between Sudan and Ethiopia to separate Christians and Muslims.
Haile Selassie I 
 A UN plebiscite voted 46 to 10 to have Eritrea be federated with Ethiopia, which was later stipulated on 2 December 1950 in resolution 390 (V).
Haile Selassie I 
 Eritrea would have its own parliament and administration and be represented in what had been the Ethiopian PA, which would become the federal parliament.
Haile Selassie I 
 Haile Selassie would have none of the European attempts to draft a separate constitution under which Eritrea would be governed, and he wanted his own 1955 Constitution protecting families to apply to both Ethiopia and Eritrea.
Haile Selassie I 
 In 1961, the 30-year Eritrean Struggle for Independence began, followed by Haile Selassie's dissolution of the federation and shutting down of the Eritrean Parliament.
Haile Selassie I 
 In September 1961, Haile Selassie attended the Conference of Heads of State of Government of Non-Aligned Countries in Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
Haile Selassie I 
 In 1961, tensions between independence-minded Eritreans and Ethiopian forces culminated in the Eritrean War of Independence.
Haile Selassie I 
 Haile Selassie and then the Soviet-backed junta that succeeded him attempted to retain Eritrea by force.
Haile Selassie I 
 In 1963, Haile Selassie presided over the formation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the precursor of the today's African Union (AU).
Haile Selassie I 
 In May that year, Haile Selassie was elected as the OAU's first official chairperson, a rotating seat.
Haile Selassie I 
 Along with Modibo Keïta of Mali, the Ethiopian leader would later help successfully negotiate the Bamako Accords, which brought an end to the border conflict between Morocco and Algeria.
Haile Selassie I 
 In 1964, Haile Selassie would initiate the concept of the United States of Africa, a proposition later taken up by Muammar Gaddafi.
Haile Selassie I 
 On 4 October 1963, Haile Selassie addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations that referred to his address to his earlier speech to the League of Nations:Twenty-seven years ago, as Emperor of Ethiopia, I mounted the rostrum in Geneva, Switzerland, to address the League of Nations and to appeal for relief from the destruction which had been unleashed against my defenseless nation, by the fascist invader.
Haile Selassie I 
 Today, I stand before the world organization which has succeeded to the mantle discarded by its discredited predecessor.
Haile Selassie I 
 In this body is enshrined the principle of collective security which I unsuccessfully invoked at Geneva.
Haile Selassie I 
 Here, in this Assembly, reposes the best – perhaps the last – hope for the peaceful survival of mankind.
Haile Selassie I 
 On 25 November 1963, the Emperor was among other heads of state, including French President Charles de Gaulle, ti traveed to Washington, DC, and attend the funeral of assassinated President John F. Kennedy.
Haile Selassie I 
 In 1966, Haile Selassie attempted to replace the historical tax system with a single progressive income tax, which would significantly weaken the nobility, which had previously avoided paying most of their taxes.
Haile Selassie I 
 Even with alterations, the law led to a revolt in Gojjam, which was repressed although enforcement of the tax was abandoned.
Haile Selassie I 
 Having achieved its design in undermining the tax, the revolt encouraged other landowners to defy Haile Selassie.
Haile Selassie I 
 A parade in honoir of Emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie I, turns onto Pennsylvania Avenue from New York Avenue; crowds line the street.
Haile Selassie I 
 While he had fully approved and assured Ethiopia's participation in UN-approved collective security operations, including Korea and Congo, Haile Selassie drew a distinction between it and the non-UN-approved foreign intervention in Indochina, consistently deplored it as needless suffering and called for the Vietnam War to end on several occasions.
Haile Selassie I 
 At the same time, he remained open toward the United States and praised it for making progress with civil rights legislation in the 1950s and the 1960s.
Haile Selassie I 
 2 November 1930 – 12 September 1974: His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I, King of Kings, Lord of Lords, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, Elect of God and Light of the Universe.
Haile Selassie I 
 On 21 January 1965, Haile Selassie I was venerated with the title of "Defender of the Faith" by the Patriarchs of the Oriental Orthodox Churches of the World.
Ethiopia 
 It avoided being colonized until 1935, when it was invaded by the Italians, who took over the country for a brief time.
Ethiopia 
 The word "Ethiopia" is from the Greek word Αἰθιοπία (IPA: /ˌaitʰioˈpia/) meaning sun light burned face.
Ethiopia 
 The conception of an Ethiopian nation  is stated to have begun with the Aksumite Kingdom in the 4th century A.D. The Aksumite Kingdom was a predominantly Christian state that at the height of its power controlled what is now the Ethiopian Highlands, Eritrea, and the coastal regions of Southern Arabia.
Ethiopia 
 The Aksumite Kingdom was responsible for the development of the religious movement that became the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.
Ethiopia 
 However, the expansion of Islam in the 7th century caused the decline of the Aksumite Kingdom, and most of the lowland populations converted to Islam, while the highland people remained Christian.
Ethiopia 
 Since the Aksumite people became divided between Christian highlands and Islamic lowlands, religious and tribal tensions and rivalries between the people intensified.
Ethiopia 
 The Aksumite society changed into a loose confederation of city-states that maintained traditions and languages influenced by Aksum.
Ethiopia 
 After the fall of Aksum due to declining sea trade from fierce competition by Muslims and changing climate, the power base of the kingdom migrated south and shifted its capital to Kubar (near Agew).
Ethiopia 
 They moved southwards because, even though the Axumite Kingdom welcomed and protected the companions of Prophet Muhammad to Ethiopia, who came as refugees to escape the persecution of the ruling families of Mecca and earned the friendship and respect of the Prophet.
Ethiopia 
 Their friendship deteriorated when South-Arabians invaded the Dahlak islands through the port of Adulis and destroyed it, which was the economic backbone for the prosperous Aksumite Kingdom.
Ethiopia 
 After a second golden age in the early 6th century the Aksumite empire began to decline in the mid 6th century, eventually ceasing its production of coins in the early 7th century.
Ethiopia 
 Around this same time, the Aksumite population was forced to go farther inland to the highlands for protection, abandoning Aksum as the capital.
Ethiopia 
 Arab writers of the time continued to describe Ethiopia (no longer referred to as Aksum) as an extensive and powerful state, though they had lost control of most of the coast and their tributaries.
Ethiopia 
 While land was lost in the north, it was gained in the south; and, though Ethiopia was no longer an economic power, it still attracted Arab merchants.
Ethiopia 
 The capital was moved to a new location, currently unknown, though it may have been called Ku'bar or Jarmi.
Ethiopia 
 Under the reign of Degna Djan, during the 10th century, the empire kept expanding south, and sent troops into the modern-day region of Kaffa, while at the same time undertaking missionary activity into Angot and Amhara.
Ethiopia 
 Local history holds that, around 960, a Jewish Queen named Yodit (Judith) or "Gudit" defeated the empire and burned its churches and literature.
Ethiopia 
 While there is evidence of churches being burned and an invasion around this time, her existence has been questioned by some western authors.
Ethiopia 
 Another possibility is that the Aksumite power was ended by a southern pagan queen named Bani al-Hamwiyah, possibly of the tribe al-Damutah or Damoti of the Sidama people.
Ethiopia 
 It is clear from contemporary sources that a female usurper did indeed rule the country at this time, and that her reign ended some time before 1003.
Ethiopia 
 After a short Dark Age, the Aksumite Empire was succeeded by the Agaw Zagwe dynasty in the 11th or 12th century (most likely around 1137), although limited in size and scope.
Ethiopia 
 However, Yekuno Amlak, who killed the last Zagwe king and founded the modern Solomonic dynasty around 1270 traced his ancestry and his right to rule from the last emperor of Aksum, Dil Na'od.
Ethiopia 
 It should be mentioned that the end of the Aksumite Empire didn't mean the end of Aksumite culture and traditions; for example, the architecture of the Zagwe dynasty at Lalibela and Yemrehana Krestos Church shows heavy Aksumite influence.
Ethiopia 
 Fearing of what recently occurred, Axum shifted its capital near Agew In the middle of the sixteenth century Adal Sultanate armies led by Harar leader Ahmed Gragn invaded the Ethiopian Highlands in what is known as the "Conquest of Habasha".
Ethiopia 
 Following Gragn invasions the southern part of the Empire was lost to Ethiopia and scattered several groups like the Gurage people were cut off from the rest of Abyssinia.
Ethiopia 
 In the late sixteenth century the nomadic Oromo people penetrated the Abyssinian plains occupying large territories during the Oromo migrations.
Ethiopia 
 The Amharas seemed to gain the upper hand with the accession of Yekuno Amlak of Ancient Bete Amhara in 1270, after defeating the Agaw lords of Lasta.
Ethiopia 
 The Gondarian dynasty, which since the 16th century had become the centre of Royal pomp and ceremony of Abyssinia, finally lost its influence as a result of the emergence of powerful regional lords, following the murder of Iyasu I, also known as Iyasu the Great.
Ethiopia 
 The decline in the prestige of the dynasty led to the semi-anarchic era of Zemene Mesafint("Era of the Princes"), in which rival warlords fought for power and the Yejju Oromo  enderases ("regents") had effective control.
Ethiopia 
 Until a young man named Kassa Haile Giorgis also known as Emperor Tewodros brought end to Zemene Mesafint by defeating all his rivals and took the throne in 1855.
Ethiopia 
 The Tigrayans made only a brief return to the throne in the person of Yohannes IV in 1872, whose death in 1889 resulted in the power base shifting back to the dominant Amharic-speaking elite prior to Yejju Oromo and Tigrayan rule.
Ethiopia 
 League of Nations in 1935 reported that after the invasion of Menelik's forces into non Abyssinian-proper lands of Somalis, Harari, Southern Oromo, Sidama, Shanqellaetc, the inhabitants were enslaved and heavily taxed by the gebbar-feudal system leading to depopulation.
Ethiopia 
 Some scholars consider the Amhara to have been Ethiopia's ruling elite for centuries, represented by the Solomonic line of Emperors ending in Haile Selassie I. Marcos Lemma and other scholars dispute the accuracy of such a statement, arguing that other ethnic groups have always been active in the country's politics.
Ethiopia 
 This confusion may largely stem from the mislabeling of all Amharic-speakers as "Amhara" even though they were from a different ethnic group, and the fact that many people from other ethnic groups have adopted Amharic names.
Ethiopia 
 Another is the claim that most Ethiopians can trace their ancestry to multiple ethnic groups, including the last self-proclaimed emperor Haile Selassie I and his Empress Itege Menen Asfaw of Ambassel of having both Amhara and Oromo linage.
Ethiopia 
 Oromo migrations, occurred with the movement of a large pastoral population from the southeastern provinces of the Empire.
Ethiopia 
 Subsequently, the empire organization changed progressively, with faraway provinces taking more independence.
Ethiopia 
 A remote province such as Bale is last recorded paying tribute to the imperial throne during Yaqob reign (1590-1607).
Ethiopia 
 By 1607, Oromos were also major players in the imperial politics, when Susenyos I, raised by a clan through gudifacha(or adoption), took power.
Ethiopia 
 He was helped by fellow Luba age-group generals Mecha, Yilma and Densa, who were rewarded by Rist feudal lands, in the present-day Gojjam districts of the same name.
Ethiopia 
 During the reign of Iyasu II (1730-1755), the Empire was strong enough to undertake a war on the Sennar Sultanate, where the emperor leading its army to Sennar itself, was afterwards forced to retreat upon defeat along the Setit river.
Ethiopia 
 Iyasu II also conferred the dignity of Kantibai of the Habab (northern Eritrea) after homage by a new dynasty.
Ethiopia 
 The Wallo and Yejju clans of the Oromo people rise to power culminated in 1755, when Emperor Iyoas I ascended to the imperial throne in Gondar.
Ethiopia 
 They would be one of the major factions contending for imperial power during the ensuing Zemene Mesafint, starting from 1769, when Mikael Sehul, Ras of Tigray killed Iyoas I and replaced him with Yohannes II.
Ethiopia 
 The establishment of modern Ethiopia was led by the Shawan people (which included both Amharas and Oromos), particularly Amhara emperors Tewodros II of Gondar, who governed from 1855 to 1868, Yohannis IV, who was from Tigray governed from 1869 to 1889 and managed to expand his authority into Eritrea, and Menelik II, who governed from 1889 to 1913 and repelled the Italian invasion of 1896.
Ethiopia 
 From 1874 to 1876, the Empire, under Yohannes IV, won the Ethiopian-Egyptian War, decisively beating the invading forces at the Battle of Gundet, in Hamasien province (in modern day Eritrea).
Ethiopia 
 In 1887 Menelik king of Shewa invaded the Emirate of Harar after his victory at the Battle of Chelenqo.
Ethiopia 
 Beginning in the 1890s, under the reign of the Emperor Menelik II, the empire's forces set off from the central province of Shoa to incorporate through conquest inhabited lands to the west, east and south of its realm.
Ethiopia 
 The territories that were annexed included those of the Western Oromo (non-Shawan Oromo), Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta, and Dizi.
Ethiopia 
 Many of the lands that they annexed had never been under the empire's rule, with the newly incorporated territories resulting in the modern borders of Ethiopia.
Ethiopia 
 Ethiopia was accepted as the first independent African-governed state at the League of Nations in 1922.
Ethiopia 
 Ethiopia was occupied by Italy after the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, but it was liberated by the Allies during World War II.
Ethiopia 
 However, ethnic tensions surged between the Amhara and the various ethnic groups of Eritrea, as well as Oromo, Somali, and Tigray peoples, in Ethiopia proper, each of whom had formed separatist movements dedicated to leaving Ethiopia.
Ethiopia 
 After the overthrow of the Ethiopian monarchy by the Derg military junta, the country became aligned with the Soviet Union and Cuba after the United States failed to support it in its military struggle with Somali separatists in the Ogaden region.
Ethiopia 
 The Kingdom of Aksum, the first known kingdom of great power to rise in Ethiopia, rose during the first century AD.
Ethiopia 
 The Persian religious figure Mani listed Axum with Rome, Persia, and China as one of the four great powers of his time.
Ethiopia 
 It was in the early 4th century that a Syro-Greek castaway, Frumentius, was taken to the court and over time changed King Ezana to Christianity, making Christianity Ethiopia's religion.
Ethiopia 
 At different times, including a time in the 6th century, Axum ruled most of modern-day Yemen just across the Red Sea.
Ethiopia 
 The line of rulers of the actual Axumite kings ended around 950 AD when they were overthrown by the Jewish Queen Gudit; then it was followed by the Zagwe dynasty for around 300 years.
Ethiopia 
 Around 1270 AD, the Solomonid dynasty came to control Ethiopia, claiming that they were related to the kings of Axum (though their claim was unscientific, they were even southern Ethiopia people, like from Shewa and such).
Ethiopia 
 They called themselves Neguse Negest ("King of Kings," or Emperor), basing their claims on their direct relation to king Solomon and the queen of Sheba.
Ethiopia 
 During the rule of Emperor Lebna Dengel, Ethiopia made its first good contact with a European country, Portugal in 1520.
Ethiopia 
 When the Empire was attacked by Somali General and Imam, Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, Portugal responded to Lebna Dengel's request for help with 400 musketeers, helping his son Gelawdewos beat al-Ghazi and remake his rule.
Ethiopia 
 However, Jesuit missionaries over time offended the Orthodox faith of the local Ethiopians, and in the mid-17th century Emperor Fasilidos got rid of these missionaries.
Ethiopia 
 At the same time, the Oromo people began to question the Ethiopian Christian authorities in the Abyssinian territories, and wanted to keep their own religion.
Ethiopia 
 Ethiopian isolationism ended following a British mission that made friendship between the two nations; however, it was not until the reign of Tewodros II that Ethiopia began to take part in world matters once again.
Ethiopia 
 In 1896 Italy was decisively defeated in the battle of Adwa by Emperor Menelik; an Amhara Emperor from the province of Shewa.
Ethiopia 
 This battle dispelled the notion that Europeans were superior and could not be defeated by a black army.
Ethiopia 
 This victory made Ethiopia the only African country to successfully repel a European power during the Scramble of Africa.
Ethiopia 
 Ethiopians constitute several component ethnic groups, many of which are closely related to ethnic groups in neighboring Eritrea and other parts of the Horn of Africa.
Ethiopia 
 Most of its people speak a Semitic or Cushitic language which are both part of the Afroasiatic language family, while others speak Nilo-Saharan languages.
Ethiopia 
 The Oromo, Amhara, Somali and Tigrayans make up more than three-quarters (75%) of the population, but there are more than 80 different ethnic groups within Ethiopia.
Ethiopia 
 Ethiopian nationalism, also referred to as Ethiopianism, Ethiopianness, Pan-Ethiopian nationalism, Ethiopian national identity, and Civic Nationalism in Ethiopia and the Ethiopian Community, asserts that Ethiopians are a nation and promotes the equality of all component ethnic groups.
Ethiopia 
 Ethiopian nationalism is a type of civic nationalism in that it is multi-ethnic in nature and promotes multiculturalism.
Ethiopia 
 The view espoused by Ethiopian nationalists is that Ethiopian civic nationalism is in contrast to and in opposition against ethno-nationalist supremacism fueled by ethnic federalist policies introduced by the EPRDF in which Ethiopian nationalists claim that regional subdivisions of the state were segregated according to ethnicity brought about by the partitioning and dissolution of traditionally multi-ethnic regions causing the internal displacement of people through internal population transfers.
Ethiopia 
 However, there has been opposition to multi-ethnic Ethiopian civic nationalism from ethnic nationalist and separatists groups as seen in the surge of ethnic tensions between various Ethiopian ethnic groups and political parties most notably among the most populous ethnic groups in the country such as the Amhara, Oromo, Somali, and Tigray peoples, most of whom who have separatist movements among their ranks, and conflict between Ethiopia and various ethnic groups that make up the Eritrean population with Eritrean Provincial Separatists vying for and later accomplishing the independence of Eritrea (who had already formed their own region specific Eritrean Nationalism and national identity of the Eritreans which has keen similarities to that of Ethiopian civic nationalism because of its multi-ethnic nature).
Ethiopia 
 In the aftermath of the Shewan Neftenya period that occurred, as a result of feudal lords from Shewa settling in the southern regions, other ethnic groups assimilated into the royal court culture by adopting the Amharic language, Orthodox Christianity, and other aristocratic cultural traits.
Ethiopia 
 The Amhara culture-influenced royal court culture dominated throughout the eras of military and monarchic rule.
Ethiopia 
 Both peasant Amhara culture and Ethiopian Empire royal court culture have heavily influenced each other; this Ethiopian royal court culture (that influenced and was influenced by Amhara culture) but is separate from traditional peasant Amhara culture, dominated throughout the eras of military and monarchic rule.
Ethiopia 
 The difference between the average Amhara people (generally those of the peasant class) and high status royal court class (which was multi-ethnic but adopted the Amharic language) are described by Siegfried Pausewang says that "the term Amhara relates in contemporary Ethiopia to two different and distinct social groups.
Ethiopia 
 The ethnic group of the Amhara, mostly a peasant population, is  different from a mixed group of urban people coming from different ethnic background, who have adopted Amharic as a common language and identify themselves as Ethiopians".
Ethiopia 
 Due to language and certain cultural similarities, the multi-ethnic ruling class of the military and monarchic era has erroneously been described as an Amhara ruling class, in addition to the questionable existence of an ethnic group known as the Amhara people during  the time periods in question, has erroneously made the terms interchangeable (even within this article).
Ethiopia 
 Aspects of Ethiopian nationalism have been described as a political principle centered at unification of Ethiopian identity.
Ethiopia 
 For more than a century, Amhara ruling elite used this ideology to pursue an assimilation policy and consolidate power.
Ethiopia 
 The conflict started between Abyssinia, ruled by Amhara ethnic groups, and various subjugated ethnic groups such as Oromo, Sidama, and Tigray.
Ethiopia 
 In 1991 Eritrea achieved independence as the Derg collapsed and the TPLF assumed power and created an ethnic-federal state.