the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Report of 1800 
 H. Jefferson Powell, a modern jurist, identifies three persistent themes of Republican constitutionalism which emerged from the Resolutions and the Report: (1) a textual approach to the Constitution, (2) the compact theory, and (3) that caution, not trust, should characterize our approach to those who hold political power.
Report of 1800 
 In more recent years, the main practical interest in the Report has been its absolutist understanding of the First Amendment.
Report of 1800 
 Multiple Supreme Court decisions have cited the case as evidence of the Framers' ideas on free speech.
Report of 1800 
 In the 1957 Roth v. United States opinion by William Brennan, Madison's Report is cited as evidence that "the fundamental freedoms of speech and press have contributed greatly to the development and well-being of our free society and are indispensable to its continued growth."
Report of 1800 
 Other cases to cite the Report for a similar purpose include Thornhill v. Alabama (1940) and Nixon v. Shrink Missouri Government PAC (2000).
Report of 1800 
 In modern scholarship outside the legal arena the Report is mostly studied for its discussion of states' rights with regard to federalism and republicanism.
Report of 1800 
 According to Kevin Gutzman, the Report, together with the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, forms a foundation for the "radical southern states' rights tradition."
Report of 1800 
 However, Madison rebuffed charges that his writings supported the constitutional interpretation advanced by pro-nullification Southerners.
Report of 1800 
 The Report of 1800, Madison argued, did not say the government was a compact of the individual states, as the pro-nullification elements suggested.
Report of 1800 
 Rather the Report of 1800 described a compact of "the people in each of the States, acting in their highest sovereign capacity."
Report of 1800 
 The state governments themselves, no less than the federal judiciary, possess only delegated power and therefore cannot decide questions of fundamental importance.
Report of 1800 
 Madison thought the Resolutions and Report were consistent with this principle while the Ordinance of Nullification was not.
Report of 1800 
 Gutzman rejects Madison's gloss of the Report as a "specious distinction," saying it is reasonable to read into the Resolutions and the Report an "ominous challenge to federal supremacy."
Report of 1800 
 Drew McCoy, however, has argued that Madison indeed developed a moderate stance which stood between the nationalists and the pro-nullification camp.
Report of 1800 
 Koch and Ammon agree, stating that "Nowhere in American political literature does there exist a more careful, precise and mature reiteration of the principles of republican self-government; and nowhere is it clearer that the intermediate existence of state governments between the people and the 'General Government' should function to prevent a totalitarian imbalance in any one center of authority."
Report of 1800 
 466–471, which covers the period examined here; the book is the third volume of six in Brant's biography of Madison, which is the most detailed scholarly biography thus far published.
Report of 1800 
 The Madisonian Madison and the Question of Consistency: The Significance and Challenge of Recent Research."
Report of 1800 
 The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: An Episode in Jefferson's and Madison's Defense of Civil Liberties."
Report of 1800 
 Lash, Kurt T. "James Madison's Celebrated Report of 1800: The Transformation of the Tenth Amendment."
Rudder 
 A rudder is used to steer ships, boats, submarines, aircraft, hovercraft or other conveniences that move through air or water.
Rudder 
 Oars mounted on the side of ships for steering are documented from the 3rd millennium BC in Persia and Ancient Egypt in artwork, wooden models, and even parts of actual boats of that times.
Rudder 
 An early example of an oar mounted on the stern is found in the Egyptian tomb of Menna (1422-1411 BC).
Rudder 
 Stern-mounted oars were also quite common in Roman river navigation as proved from reliefs more than a millennium later.
Rudder 
 A depiction of a sternpost-mounted rudder can be seen on a pottery model of a Chinese junk dating from the 1st century AD during the Han Dynasty, predating their appearance in the West by a thousand years.
Rudder 
 The technology of stern-mounted rudder in Europe and Islam World, which was introduced by travelers in the Middle Ages, was transferred from China
Rudder 
 Lawrence V. Mott, The Development of the Rudder, A.D. 100-1600: A Technological Tale, Thesis May 1991, Texas A&M University
Rudder 
 Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics.
Exploration of Neptune 
 The Exploration of Neptune started on August 25, 1989, when Voyager 2 became the first and so-far only spacecraft to visit the planet.
Exploration of Neptune 
 Like the other gas giants, Neptune has no solid land on its surface so landing on Neptune would be impossible.
Exploration of Neptune 
 NASA is thinking to send another spacecraft known as the Neptune Orbiter to study more about Neptune; the spacecraft is planned to be probably launched on 2035.
Exploration of Neptune 
 In Voyager 2's last visit with a planet before leaving the solar system, Voyager 2 came 3000 miles (5000 km) above Neptune's north pole, the closest approach it made to any planet after it left Earth.
Exploration of Neptune 
 Voyager 2 found that Neptune's atmosphere was very active, even though it gets only 3% of the sunlight Jupiter receives.
Exploration of Neptune 
 Voyager 2 discovered an anticyclone called the Great Dark Spot, similar to Jupiter's Great Red Spot.
Exploration of Neptune 
 However, pictures taken by the Hubble Space Telescope showed that the Great Dark Spot had disappeared.
Exploration of Neptune 
 Also seen in Neptune's atmosphere at that time was an almond-shaped spot called "D2", and a bright, quickly moving cloud high above the cloud decks named Scooter.
Exploration of Neptune 
 Voyager 2 also found four rings of Neptune and found proof for ring arcs, or incomplete rings around Neptune.
Exploration of Neptune 
 Voyager 2 discovered six moons orbiting Neptune, but only three were photographed in detail: Proteus, Nereid, and Triton.
Exploration of Neptune 
 Proteus turned out to be an ellipsoid, as large as an ellipsoid could become without turning into a sphere.
Exploration of Neptune 
 Triton was flown by at about 25,000 miles (40,000 km) away, and became the last object Voyager 2 would ever explore.
Kinder Scout 
 It is in Derbyshire, England, roughly between the villages of Hayfield to the west, Edale to the southeast, and the town of Glossop to the northwest.
Kinder Scout 
 The gritstone rock under the plateau is covered by a thick layer of peat, cut by a dense network of streams which flow off it.
Kinder Scout 
 Several sections of the path have been surfaced with large stone slabs in this area, to try to minimise environmental damage to the delicate moorland ecosystem by the large number of hikers it attracts all year round.
Kinder Scout 
 In the 1930s, Kinder Scout was the scene of the first mass trespasses by ramblers (Sunday, 24 April 1932) protesting at the lack of public access to the open moorland in many parts of northern England, which were then kept for grouse shooting by the estates of a number of stately homes.
Kinder Scout 
 Public rights of way were established later, and the 2000 Countryside and Rights of Way Act set a new legal framework in which the bulk of Kinder Scout is now "Access Land" where the public has a right to roam freely.
Stern 
 The stern area has always been the place near the steering apparatus (rudder,  tiller, ship's wheel, etc.),
Stern 
 In particular, the stern was the location of the officers' quarters, and during the age of sail became the most opulent part of the ship, with rows of windows, galleries, walkways, and fine decorations.
Stern 
 That meant that this part was rather vulnerable, and the goal of much maneuvering in battle was to achieve the stern rake, in which a ship would pour its entire broadside into the stern.
Urbain Le Verrier 
 Urbain Le Verrier (March 11, 1811 – September 23, 1877) was a French mathematician who was famous for co-discovering the planet, Neptune.
Glenn Close 
 Close has been nominated for and won many awards in her career, for her acting in both movies and theater.
Blaqk Audio 
 Blaqk Audio features Davey Havok as lyricist and vocalist, with Jade Puget writing all music and programming the synthesizers.
Blaqk Audio 
 Blaqk Audio was recently signed to Interscope Records, and their first album, CexCells, was released on August 14, 2007.
Hugh Grant 
 His other movies include: Nine Months, Notting Hill, Mickey Blue Eyes, Bridget Jones's Diary, About a Boy, Love Actually and Paddington 2.
Hugh Grant 
 Grant was born at Charing Cross Hospital in Hammersmith, London, the second son of Fynvola Susan MacLean (b. Wickham, Hampshire, 11 October 1933; d. Hounslow, London, July 2001) and Captain James Murray Grant (b. 1929).
Hugh Grant 
 Grant's grandfather, Colonel James Murray Grant,DSO was decorated for bravery and leadership at Saint-Valery-en-Caux during World War II.
Hugh Grant 
 Grant's father was trained at Sandhurst, Berkshire and served with the Seaforth Highlanders for eight years in Malaya, Germany and Scotland.
Hugh Grant 
 He ran a carpet firm, pursued hobbies such as golf and painting watercolours, and raised his family in Chiswick, west London, where the Grants lived next to Arlington Park Mansions on Sutton Lane.
Hugh Grant 
 His mother worked as a schoolteacher and taught Latin, French and music for more than 30 years in the state schools of west London.
Hugh Grant 
 Grant started his education at Hogarth Primary School in Chiswick but then moved to St Peter's Primary School in Hammersmith, Grant was then educated at an independent prep school Wetherby School.
Hugh Grant 
 From 1969 to 1978, he attended the independent Latymer Upper School in Hammersmith on a scholarship and played 1st XV rugby, cricket and football for the school.
Hugh Grant 
 In 1979, Grant won the Galsworthy scholarship to New College, Oxford where he starred in his first film, Privileged, produced by the Oxford University Film Foundation.
Hugh Grant 
 Actress Anna Chancellor, who met Grant while she was still at school, has recalled, "I first met Hugh at a party at Oxford.
Hugh Grant 
 Grant joined the exclusive Piers Gaveston Society at Oxford, a group with a reputation for debauchery and decadence."
Hugh Grant 
 Viewing acting as nothing more than a creative outlet, he joined the Oxford University Dramatic Society and starred in a successful touring production of Twelfth Night.
Hugh Grant 
 Grant has mostly been a comedy (especially a romantic comedy) actor for almost all of his mainstream film career.
Hugh Grant 
 While some film critics, such as Roger Ebert, have defended the limited variety of his performances, others have dismissed him as a one-trick pony.
Hugh Grant 
 Eric Fellner, co-owner of Working Title Films and a long-time collaborator of Grant, said, "His range hasn't been fully tested, but each performance is unique."
Hugh Grant 
 A majority of Grant's popular films in the 1990s followed a similar plot that captured an optimistic bachelor experiencing a series of embarrassing incidents to find true love, often with an American woman.
James Caan 
 He is known for his role of Sonny Corleone in 1972's The Godfather and for his role as Ed Deline on Las Vegas.
James Coburn 
 But after that, he acted in other different types of roles, and became a more complete and successful actor.
4 Vesta 
 4 Vesta () is the second most massive asteroid in the solar system, with an average diameter of about 530 km (around 330 miles) and an estimated mass 9% the mass of the entire asteroid belt.
4 Vesta 
 Its size and unusually bright surface makes Vesta the brightest asteroid, and the only one ever visible to the naked eye from Earth.
4 Vesta 
 He allowed the prominent mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss to name the asteroid after the Roman virgin goddess of home and hearth, Vesta.
4 Vesta 
 During this time the four known asteroids were counted among the planets, and each had its own planetary symbol.
4 Vesta 
 Vesta's shape is close to the shape of a sphere by its own gravity, but the large concavity and lump at the pole (see 'Surface Features' below) did not fit the criteria from being considered a planet under the IAU.
4 Vesta 
 In any case, this resolution was rejected by the IAU membership and Vesta will continue to be called an asteroid.
4 Vesta 
 However, it is possible that Vesta may be listed as a dwarf planet in the future, if it is convincingly determined that its shape is from hydrostatic equilibrium.
4 Vesta 
 Its rotation is actually fast for an asteroid (5.342 h) and prograde, with the north pole pointing in the direction of right ascension 20 h 32 min, declination +48° with an uncertainty of about 10°.
4 Vesta 
 Temperatures on the surface have been thought to be between about -20°C with the Sun overhead, dropping to about -190°C at the winter pole.
4 Vesta 
 This estimate is for May 6, 1996, very close to perihelion, while details vary somewhat with the seasons.
4 Vesta 
 For Vesta, there is a large collection of possible samples available to scientists, in the form of over 200 HED meteorites, giving insight into Vesta's geologic history and structure.
4 Vesta 
 Vesta is thought to consist of a metallic iron-nickel core, above with a rocky olivine mantle, and a surface crust.
4 Vesta 
 From the first appearance of Ca-Al-rich inclusions (the first solid matter in the Solar System, forming about 4567 million years ago), a likely timeline is as follows:
4 Vesta 
 Complete or almost complete melting due to radioactive decay of 26Al, leading to separation of the metal core at about 4-5 million years.
4 Vesta 
 The deeper layers of the crust crystallize to form plutonic rocks, while older basalts are metamorphosed due to the pressure of newer surface layers.
4 Vesta 
 However, the presence of iron meteorites and achondritic meteorite classes without identified parent bodies indicates that there once were other differentiated planetesimals with igneous histories, which have since been broken by impacts.
4 Vesta 
 Some Vestian surface features have been resolved using the Hubble Space Telescope and ground based telescopes, e.g. the Keck Telescope.
4 Vesta 
 The most notable surface feature is a very large crater that is 460 km in diameter centered near the south pole.
4 Vesta 
 The floor of this crater is about 13 km below, and its rim rises 4–12 km above the surrounding area, with total surface relief of about 25 km.
4 Vesta 
 It is thought that the impact responsible blew up about 1% of the entire volume of Vesta, and it is likely that a group of smaller asteroids known as the Vesta family are the remains of this collision.
4 Vesta 
 If this is the case, then the fact that 10 km fragments of the Vesta family have survived bombardment until the present indicates that the crater is only about 1 billion years old or younger.
4 Vesta 
 In fact, all the known V-type asteroids taken together account for only about 6% of the ejected volume, with the rest presumably either in small fragments, ejected by approaching the 3:1 Kirkwood gap, or perturbed away by radiation pressure.
4 Vesta 
 Spectroscopic analyses of the Hubble images have shown that this crater has penetrated deep through several distinct layers of the crust, and possibly into the mantle which is indicated by spectral signatures of olivine.
4 Vesta 
 A dark feature about 200 km across has been named Olbers in honour of Vesta's discoverer, but it does not appear in elevation maps as a fresh crater would, and its nature is presently unknown, perhaps an old basaltic surface.
4 Vesta 
 It serves as a reference point with the 0° longitude prime meridian defined to pass through its center.
4 Vesta 
 From preliminary spectral analyses of the Hubble Space Telescope images, the eastern hemisphere appears to be have a highly reflective, heavily cratered "highland" terrain with old, dusty rocks, and craters probing into deeper plutonic layers of the crust.
4 Vesta 
 On the other hand, large regions of the western hemisphere are taken up by dark geologic units thought to be surface basalts.
4 Vesta 
 The V-type asteroid 1929 Kollaa has been determined to have a composition akin to cumulate eucrite meteorites, indicating its origin deep within Vesta's crust.
4 Vesta 
 Because a number of meteorites are believed to be Vestian fragments, Vesta is currently one of only five identified Solar system bodies for which we have physical samples, the others being Mars, the Moon, comet Wild 2, and Earth itself.
4 Vesta 
 Vesta is the source of the HED meteorites, which are about 6% of all the meteorites which fall to Earth.
4 Vesta 
 This has been matched exactly to the mineral signatures on Vesta's surface captured by Dawn's instruments.
4 Vesta 
 Its size and unusually bright surface make Vesta the brightest asteroid, and it is occasionally visible to the naked eye from dark (non-light polluted) skies.
4 Vesta 
 Less favourable oppositions during late autumn in the Northern Hemisphere still have Vesta at a magnitude of around +7.0.
4 Vesta 
 Even when in conjunction with the Sun, Vesta will have a magnitude around +8.5; thus from a pollution-free sky it can be observed with binoculars even at elongations much smaller than near opposition.
4 Vesta 
 K. Keil, Geological History of Asteroid 4 Vesta: The Smallest Terrestrial Planet in Asteroids III, William Bottke, Alberto Cellino, Paolo Paolicchi, and Richard P. Binzel, (Editors), Univ.
Animal liberation movement 
 The animal liberation movement or animal rights movement (sometimes called the animal personhood movement and animal advocacy movement), is the movement of activists, academics, lawyers, campaigns, and organized groups who oppose the use of non-human animals in research, as food, as clothing, or as entertainment.
Animal liberation movement 
 In Eastern religions such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Jainism, the concept of ahiṃsā, meaning non-violence, is a central principle.
Animal liberation movement 
 Jainism stresses non-cruelty towards animals, prohibiting adherents from working at a zoo, cutting trees, or using any fabrics, including silk, which are produced through harming other living beings.
Animal liberation movement 
 Within Europe and North America, there were many precursors of the modern-day animal rights movement.
Animal liberation movement 
 The first animal cruelty legislation was passed in 1635, which prohibited tearing wool off of living sheep.
Animal liberation movement 
 In 1822, Richard Martin, known as “Humanity Dick”, passed Martin’s Act aimed at preventing cruelty towards cattle.
Animal liberation movement 
 Martin went on to be one of the founding members of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the world’s first animal welfare charity, in 1824.
Animal liberation movement 
 Lawrence Finsen and Susan Finsen, The Animal Rights Movement in America: From Compassion to Respect (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1994).
Animal liberation movement 
 Gary L. Francione, Rain without Thunder: The Ideology of the Animal Rights Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996).
Animal liberation movement 
 Harold D. Guither, Animal Rights: History and Scope of a Radical Social Movement (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1998).
Animal liberation movement 
 James M. Jasper and Dorothy Nelkin, The Animal Rights Crusade: The Growth of a Moral Protest (New York: The Free Press, 1992).
Animal liberation movement 
 Peter Singer, Ethics into Action: Henry Spira and the Animal Rights Movement (Lanham, MD: Bowman & Littlefield, 1998).
Sex symbol 
 A sex symbol is a famous or notable person, male or female, who is found sexually attractive by many people.
Sex symbol 
 Many actors, actresses, and popular musicians are considered to be sex symbols by their fans and the public.
Breakfast cereal 
 In the 19th century, Americans ate meat a lot for breakfast and usually did not eat grains and fiber.
Breakfast cereal 
 But after that, people who were interested in eating more healthy foods began a push for healthy breakfasts.
Breakfast cereal 
 In 1863 this became the first breakfast cereal and included heavy nuggets made from bran, the outer husk of a grain that is taken out when making flour.
Sexual attraction 
 Sexual attraction is an attraction to other members of the same species for sexual or erotic activity.
Sexual attraction 
 In many species this does not always mean a sexual act; indeed, some sexual behavior among primates is mostly a social activity.
Sexual attraction 
 This involves the impact one's appearance has on the senses, especially in the beginning of a relationship:
Rehearsal 
 They may rehearse together many times before the performance so that they get used to performing with one another.
Rehearsal 
 When an orchestra or other music group have a 'dress rehearsal' this does not mean that they have to dress up.
Rehearsal 
 It simply means that it is the last rehearsal, and it will be in the hall where they are going to perform so that everything is as it will be for the performance.
Rehearsal 
 This means that each group of instruments rehearse separately, e.g. the string sectional will be all the string instruments rehearsing together.
Rehearsal 
 This can be useful because they can concentrate on the bits which are particularly difficult for them: the string instruments can talk about the bowing etc.
Rehearsal 
 The entry may be free or the audience may have to pay, but not as much as for a ticket for a performance.
Rehearsal 
 The audience will have to understand that the performance may be stopped if something goes wrong and needs to be rehearsed.
Rehearsal 
 Singers will often save their voices by not singing as loudly as they will in the performance (this is called "marking").
Rehearsal 
 A technical rehearsal in a theatre is a rehearsal for practising things such as lighting and using props.
London Symphony Orchestra 
 They left that orchestra when Henry Wood made a rule that they were not allowed to send deputies to rehearsals or concerts.
London Symphony Orchestra 
 This means that the players themselves organize everything: they decide how much they are going to be paid, who can be in the orchestra, etc.
London Symphony Orchestra 
 In 2006, Daniel Harding became the co-principal guest conductor together with Michael Tilson Thomas.
London Symphony Orchestra 
 The LSO players all came close to death in 1912 because they were due to sail on the RMS Titanic for a concert in New York.
London Symphony Orchestra 
 For many years the LSO refused to allow women to become members because they thought the sound would not be so good.
Obtuse angle 
 Angles are measured with a protractor obtuse angle is specifically present in hexagon and pentagon and others.
London Philharmonic Orchestra 
 The orchestra was formed in 1932 by Sir Thomas Beecham, and played its first concert on October 7 1932 at the Queen's Hall, London.
London Philharmonic Orchestra 
 At one of the orchestra's early concerts in November 1932 the sixteen-year old Yehudi Menuhin played a programme of violin concertos including the concerto by Elgar which the composer himself conducted.
London Philharmonic Orchestra 
 In the 1930s, when Beecham conducted at the Royal Opera House, the orchestra played for operas there.
London Philharmonic Orchestra 
 The orchestra became a self-governing body, which meant that, like the London Symphony Orchestra, the players organized the orchestra themselves, deciding on their pay, their members, what music they should play etc.
London Philharmonic Orchestra 
 During the Second World War they went round the country playing in places where people would not otherwise hear music.
London Philharmonic Orchestra 
 Many of the players' instruments were destroyed when the Queen's Hall was bombed in May 1941, but lots of people gave money for them to buy new instruments.