the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
History of Christianity 
 The Crusades were a military conflicts conducted by Christian knights for the defense of Christians and for the expansion of Christian domains.
History of Christianity 
 Generally, the crusades refer to the campaigns in the Holy Land against Muslim forces sponsored by the Papacy.
History of Christianity 
 There were other crusades against Islamic forces in southern Spain, southern Italy, and Sicily, as well as the campaigns of Teutonic knights against pagan strongholds in Eastern Europe, and (to a much lesser extent) crusades against Catharism or other Christian heresies.
History of Christianity 
 The Holy Land had been part of the Roman Empire, and thus Byzantine Empire, until the Islamic conquests of the seventh and eighth centuries.
History of Christianity 
 Thereafter, Christians had generally been permitted to visit the sacred places in the Holy Land until 1071, when the Seljuk Turks closed Christian pilgrimages and assailed the Byzantines, defeating them at the Battle of Manzikert.
History of Christianity 
 Instead of sending money, Urban II called upon the knights of Christendom in a speech made at the Council of Clermont on 27 November 1095, combining the idea of pilgrimage to the Holy Land with that of waging a holy war against infidels.
History of Christianity 
 The East-West Schism, or Great Schism, separated the Church into Western (Latin) and Eastern (Greek) branches, i.e. Western Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy.
History of Christianity 
 It was the first major division since certain groups in the East rejected the decrees of the Council of Chalcedon (see Oriental Orthodoxy), and was far more significant.
History of Christianity 
 Though normally dated to 1054, the East-West Schism was the result of an long time of disagreement between Latin and Greek Christendom over papal primacy and certain doctrinal matters like the filioque.
History of Christianity 
 The schism became "official" in 1054 when the Pope's legates notified Patriarch Michael Cerularius of Constantinople that he had been excommunicated.
History of Christianity 
 Attempts at reconciliation were made in 1274 in Lyon and in 1439 in Basel, but in each case the eastern hierarchs who agreed to the unions were repudiated by the Orthodox as a whole.
History of Christianity 
 However, reconciliation was achieved between the West and what are now called the "Eastern Rite Catholic Churches".
History of Christianity 
 More recently, in 1965 the mutual excommunications were rescinded by the Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople, though schism remains.
History of Christianity 
 Both groups are descended from the Early Church, both acknowledge the apostolic succession of each other's bishops, and the validity of each other's sacraments.
History of Christianity 
 Though both acknowledge the primacy of the Bishop of Rome, Eastern Orthodoxy understands this as a primacy of honor with limited or no ecclesiastical authority in other dioceses.
History of Christianity 
 The Western Schism, or Papal Schism, was a prolonged period of crisis in Latin Christendom from 1378 to 1416, when there were two or more claimants to the See of Rome and thus it was difficult to discern who the true Pope was.
History of Christianity 
 The Renaissance was a period of great cultural change and achievement, marked in Italy by a classical orientation and an increase of wealth through mercantile trade.
History of Christianity 
 On the one hand, it was a time of great artistic patronage and architectural magnificence, where the Church patroned such artists as Michelangelo, Brunelleschi, Bramante, Raphael, Fra Angelico, Donatello, and da Vinci.
History of Christianity 
 On the other hand, wealthy Italian families often secured episcopal offices, including the papacy, for their own members, some of whom were known for immorality, such as Alexander VI and Sixtus IV.
History of Christianity 
 In the early 16th century, movements were begun by two theologians, Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli, that aimed to reform the Church.
History of Christianity 
 Unlike earlier reformers  they considered the root of corruptions to be doctrinal (rather than simply a matter of moral weakness or lack of ecclesiastical discipline) and thus they aimed to change contemporary doctrines to fit their idea of the "true gospel".
History of Christianity 
 The Protestant Reformation is so called because the movement's leaders "protested" against the ecclesiastical hierarchy and the pope, essentially electing to institute their reforms separately from it.
History of Christianity 
 The term "Protestant", however, was not originally used by these leaders; instead, they called themselves "evangelical", emphasizing the "return to the true gospel (Greek: euangelion)".
History of Christianity 
 The beginning of the Protestant Reformation is generally identified with Martin Luther and the posting of the 95 Theses in 1517 in Wittenburg, Germany.
History of Christianity 
 Early protest was against corruptions such as simony, episcopal vacancies, and the sale of indulgences.
History of Christianity 
 The Protestant position, however, would come to incorporate doctrinal changes such as sola scriptura and sola fide.
History of Christianity 
 The three most important traditions to emerge directly from the Protestant Reformation were the Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist, Presbyterian, etc.),
History of Christianity 
 and Anglican traditions, though the latter group identifies as both "Reformed" and "Catholic", and some subgroups reject the classification as "Protestant".
History of Christianity 
 The Protestant Reformation may be divided into two distinct but basically simultaneous movements, the Magisterial Reformation and the Radical Reformation.
History of Christianity 
 The Magisterial Reformation involved the alliance of certain theological teachers (Latin: magistri) such as Luther, Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin, Cranmer, etc.
History of Christianity 
 Radical Reformers, besides forming communities outside state sanction, often employed more extreme doctrinal change, such as the rejection of tenants of the Councils of Nicaea and Chalcedon.
History of Christianity 
 Often the division between magisterial and radical reformers was as or more violent than the general Catholic and Protestant hostilities.
History of Christianity 
 The Protestant Reformation spread almost entirely within the confines of Northern Europe, but did not take hold in certain northern areas such as Ireland and parts of Germany.
History of Christianity 
 By far the magisterial reformers were more successful and their changes more widespread than the radical reformers.
History of Christianity 
 The Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation is known as the Counter Reformation, or Catholic Reformation, which resulted in a reassertion of traditional doctrines and the emergence of new religious orders aimed at both moral reform and new missionary activity.
History of Christianity 
 The Counter Reformation reconverted approximately 33% of Northern Europe to Catholicism and initiated missions in South and Central America, Africa, Asia, and even China and Japan.
History of Christianity 
 Protestant expansion outside of Europe occurred on a smaller scale through colonization of North America and areas of Africa.
History of Christianity 
 In 1517, he published a list of 95 Theses, or points to be debated, concerning the illicitness of selling indulgences.
History of Christianity 
 Luther had a particular disdain for Aristotelian philosophy, and as he began developing his own theology, he increasingly came into conflict with other scholars.
History of Christianity 
 Soon, Luther began to develop his theology of justification, or process by which one is "made right" (righteous) in the eyes of God.
History of Christianity 
 In Catholic theology, one is made righteous by a progressive infusion of grace accepted through faith and cooperated with through good works.
History of Christianity 
 He said justification meant "the declaring of one to be righteous", where God imputes the merits of Christ upon one who remains without inherent merit.
History of Christianity 
 In this process, good works are more of an unessential byproduct that contribute nothing to one's own state of righteousness.
History of Christianity 
 Conflict between Luther and leading theologians lead to his gradual rejection of authority of the Church hierarchy.
History of Christianity 
 In 1520, he was condemned for heresy by the papal bull Exsurge Domine, which he burned at Wittenburg along with books of canon law.
History of Christianity 
 John Calvin was a French cleric and doctor of law turned Protestant reformer in the second generation of the Reformation.
History of Christianity 
 He was well known for publishing the Institutes of the Christian Religion, in 1536 (later revised), and became a leader of the Reformed church in Geneva, which became an "unofficial capital" of Reformed Christianity in the second half of the sixteenth century.
History of Christianity 
 He had great authority in the city and over the city council, such that he has (rather ignominiously) been called a "Protestant pope".
History of Christianity 
 Calvin established an eldership together with a "consistory", where pastors and the elders established matters of religious discipline for the Genevan population.
History of Christianity 
 Calvin's theology is best known for his doctrine of (double) predestination, which held that God had, from all eternity, providentially foreordained who would be saved (the elect) and likewise who would be damned (the reprobate).
History of Christianity 
 Predestination was not the dominant idea in Calvin's works, but it would seemingly become so for many of his Reformed successors.
History of Christianity 
 Henry VIII considered himself a thoroughly Catholic King, and in 1521 he defended the papacy against Luther in a book he commissioned entitled, The Defense of the Seven Sacraments, for which Pope Leo X awarded him the title Fidei Defensor (Defender of the Faith).
History of Christianity 
 However, the king came into conflict with the papacy when he wished to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon, for which he needed papal sanction.
History of Christianity 
 Catherine, among many other noble relations, was the aunt of Emperor Charles V, the papacy's most significant secular supporter.
History of Christianity 
 The ensuing dispute eventually lead to a break from Rome and the declaration of the King of England as head of the English (Anglican) Church.
History of Christianity 
 England then experienced a period of frenetic and eclectic reforms, some more radical and others more traditional, under monarchs such as Edward VI and Elizabeth I, and Archbishops of Canterbury such as Thomas Cranmer and William Laud.
History of Christianity 
 What emerged was a state church that considered itself both "Reformed" and "Catholic" but not "Roman" (and hesitated from the title "Protestant"), and other "unofficial" more radical movements such as the Puritans.
History of Christianity 
 The Counter-Reformation, or Catholic Reformation, was the response of the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation.
History of Christianity 
 The essence of the Counter-Reformation was a renewed conviction in traditional practices and the upholding of Catholic doctrine as the source of ecclesiastic and moral reform, and the answer to halting the spread of Protestantism.
History of Christianity 
 Thus it experienced the founding of new religious orders, such as the Jesuits, the establishment of seminaries for the proper training of priests, renewed worldwide missionary activity, and the development of new yet orthodox forms of spirituality, such as that of the Spanish mystics and the French school of spirituality.
History of Christianity 
 The entire process was spearheaded by the Council of Trent, which clarified and reasserted doctrine, issued dogmatic definitions, and produced the Roman Catechism.
History of Christianity 
 Though Ireland, Spain, France, and elsewhere featured significantly in the Counter-Reformation, its heart was Italy and the various popes of the time, who established the Index Librorum Prohibitorum (the list of prohibited books) and the Roman Inquisition, a system of juridical tribunals that prosecuted heresy and related offences.
History of Christianity 
 The Papacy of St. Pius V (1566-1572) was known not only for its focus on halting heresy and worldly abuses within the Church, but also for its focus on improving popular piety in a determined effort to stem the appeal of Protestantism.
History of Christianity 
 Pius began his pontificate by giving large alms to the poor, charity, and hospitals, and the pontiff was known for consoling the poor and sick, and supporting missionaries.
History of Christianity 
 The activities of these pontiffs coincided with a rediscovery of the ancient Christian catacombs in Rome.
History of Christianity 
 As Diarmaid MacCulloch stated, "Just as these ancient martyrs were revealed once more, Catholics were beginning to be martyred afresh, both in mission fields overseas and in the struggle to win back Protestant northern Europe: the catacombs proved to be an inspiration for many to action and to heroism."
History of Christianity 
 The First Great Awakening was a wave of religious enthusiasm among Protestants in the American colonies c. 1730-1740, emphasizing the traditional Reformed virtues of Godly preaching, rudimentary liturgy, and a deep sense of personal guilt and redemption by Christ Jesus.
History of Christianity 
 Historian Sydney E. Ahlstrom saw it as part of a "great international Protestant upheaval" that also created Pietism in Germany, the Evangelical Revival, and Methodism in England.
History of Christianity 
 It centered on reviving the spirituality of established congregations, and mostly affected Congregational, Presbyterian, Dutch Reformed, German Reformed, Baptist, and Methodist churches, while also spreading within the slave population.
History of Christianity 
 The Second Great Awakening (1800–1830s), unlike the first, focused on the unchurched and sought to instill in them a deep sense of personal salvation as experienced in revival meetings.
History of Christianity 
 It also sparked the beginnings of Restorationist groups such as the Mormons and the Holiness movement.
History of Christianity 
 The Third Great Awakening began from 1857 and was most notable for taking the movement throughout the world, especially in English speaking countries.
History of Christianity 
 The final group to emerge from the "great awakenings" in North America was Pentecostalism, which had its roots in the Methodist, Wesleyan, and Holiness movements, and began in 1906 on Azusa Street, in Los Angeles.
History of Christianity 
 Restorationism refers to various unaffiliated movements that considered contemporary Christianity, in all its forms, to be a deviation from the true, original Christianity, which these groups then attempted to "Reconstruct", often using the Book of Acts as a "guidebook" or sorts.
History of Christianity 
 Restorationism developed out of the Second Great Awakening and is historically connected to the Protestant Reformation, but differs in that Restorationists do not usually describe themselves as "reforming" a Christian church continuously existing from the time of Jesus, but as restoring the Church that they believe was lost at some point.
History of Christianity 
 The name Restoration is also used to describe the Latter-day Saints (Mormons) and the Jehovah's Witness Movement.
History of Christianity 
 Fascism describes certain related political regimes in 20th century Europe, especially Nazi Germany.
History of Christianity 
 When the Italian government closed Catholic youth organizations, Pope Pius XI issued the encyclical Non Abbiamo Bisogno,  saying that Fascist governments had hidden "pagan intentions" and expressed the irreconcilability of the Catholic position and Fascism, which placed the nation above God and fundamental human rights and dignity.
History of Christianity 
 Many Catholic priests and monastics were persecuted under the Nazi regime, such as the concentration camp victims Maximilian Kolbe and Edith Stein (Saint Teresa Benedicta of the Cross).
History of Christianity 
 Furthermore, many Catholic laypeople and clergy helped in sheltering Jews during the Holocaust, including Pope Pius XII.
History of Christianity 
 Various incidents, such as giving aid to downed Allied airmen, nearly caused Nazi Germany to invade the Vatican before the liberation of Rome in 1944.
History of Christianity 
 The relationship between Nazism and Protestantism, especially the German Lutheran Church, is complex.
History of Christianity 
 Though the majority of Protestant church leaders in Germany made little comment on the Nazis' growing anti-Jewish activities, some, such as Dietrich Bonhoeffer (a Lutheran pastor) were strongly opposed to the Nazis.
History of Christianity 
 Fundamentalist Christianity, is a movement that arose mainly within British and American Protestantism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in reaction to modernism and certain liberal Protestant groups that denied doctrines considered fundamental to Christianity yet still called themselves "Christian".
History of Christianity 
 Thus, fundamentalism sought to reestablish tenants that could not be denied without relinquishing a Christian identity, the "fundamentals": the Bible as God`s word, viewed as the sole source of authority, the virgin birth of Christ, the doctrine of atonement through Jesus, the bodily resurrection of Jesus, and the imminent return of Christ.
History of Christianity 
 Ecumenism broadly refers to movements between Christian groups to establish a degree of unity through dialogue.
History of Christianity 
 "Ecumenism" is derived from Greek  (oikoumene), which means "the inhabited world", but more figuratively something like "universal oneness".
History of Christianity 
 The movement can be distinguished into Catholic and Protestant movements, with the latter characterized by a redefined ecclesiology of "denominationalism" (which the Catholic Church, among others, rejects).
History of Christianity 
 On 30 November 1894, Pope Leo XIII publishes the Apostolic Letter Orientalium Dignitas (On the Churches of the East) safeguarding the importance and continuance of the Eastern traditions for the whole Church.
History of Christianity 
 On 7 December 1965, a Joint Catholic-Orthodox Declaration of His Holiness Pope Paul VI and the Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I was issued lifting the mutual excommunications of 1054.
History of Christianity 
 Concerning Catholic relations with Protestant communities, certain commissions were established to foster dialogue and documents have been produced aimed at identifying points of doctrinal unity, such as the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification produced with the Lutheran World Federation in 1999.
History of Christianity 
 Ecumenical movements within Protestantism have focused on determining a list of doctrines and practices essential to being Christian and thus extending to all groups which fulfill these basic criteria a (more or less) equal status, with perhaps one's own group still retaining a "first among equal" standing.
History of Christianity 
 This ecclesiology, known as denominationalism, contends that each group (which fulfills the essential criteria of "being Christian") is a sub-group of a greater "Christian Church", itself a purely abstract concept with no direct representation, i.e. no group, or "denomination", claims to be "the Church".
History of Christianity 
 Obviously, this ecclesiology it at variance with other groups that indeed consider themselves to be "the Church".
History of Christianity 
 But moreover, because the "essential criteria" generally consist of belief in the holy Trinity, it has resulted in strife between these Protestant ecumenical movements and non-Trinitarian groups such as Latter-day Saints (Mormons) and Jehovah's Witnesses, which are not often not regarded as Christian by these ecumenical groups.
History of Christianity 
 The following link provides quantitative data related to Christianity and other major religions, including rates of adherence at different points in time:
History of Christianity 
 Theandros, a journal of Orthodox theology and philosophy, containing articles on early Christianity and patristic studies.
Timeline of Christianity 
 The Gregorian calendar has been in use since 1582 when it replaced the less precise Julian Calendar.
Timeline of Christianity 
 The Gregorian calendar is now used almost everywhere in the world (except for calculating the holy days of other religions).
Timeline of Christianity 
 Years that are before the birth of Jesus have the initials BC (before Christ) and years that are after (traditionally) have the initials AD (anno Domini – "in the year of our Lord").
Timeline of Christianity 
 When the Gregorian calendar was calculated, the scholars tried to work out exactly when the birth of Jesus happened.
Timeline of Christianity 
 The Roman rulers brought together Samaria, Judea and Idumea as "Iudaea Province" with its capital at Caesarea.
Timeline of Christianity 
 7–26 Brief period of peace, relatively free of revolt and bloodshed in Iudaea and Galilee (John P. Meier's A Marginal Jew, v. 1, ch.
Timeline of Christianity 
 18–36 Caiaphas, appointed High Priest of Herod's Temple by Prefect Valerius Gratus, deposed by Syrian Legate Lucius Vitellius
Timeline of Christianity 
 19 Jews, Jewish proselytes, astrologers, expelled from Rome (Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Tiberius 36, Loeb Classics)
Timeline of Christianity 
 26–36 Pontius Pilate, Prefect (governor) of Iudaea, recalled to Rome by Syrian Legate Vitellius on complaints of excess violence (JA18.4.2)
Timeline of Christianity 
 28 or 29 John the Baptist began his ministry in the "15th year of Tiberius" (), saying: "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near" (), a relative of Jesus (), a Nazirite (), baptized Jesus (), later arrested and beheaded by Herod Antipas (), it is possible that, according to Josephus' chronology, John was not killed until 36 (JA18.5.2)
Timeline of Christianity 
 Jesus began his ministry after his baptism by John and during the rule of Pilate, preaching: "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near" ().
Timeline of Christianity 
 While the historicity of the gospel accounts is questioned to some extent by most critical scholars and non-Christians, the traditional view states the following chronology for his ministry: Temptation, Sermon on the Mount, Appointment of the Twelve, Miracles, Temple Money Changers, Last Supper, Arrest, Trial, Passion, Crucifixion on Good Friday (, ), Nisan 14th (, , Gospel of Peter) or Nisan 15th (Synoptic Gospels), (7 Apr 30, 3 Apr 33, 30 Mar 36, possible Fri-14-Nisan dates – Meier), entombment by Pharisees Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus of the Sanhedrin, Resurrection by God on Easter Sunday, appearances to Paul of Tarsus (), Simon Peter (), Mary Magdalene (, ), and others, Great Commission, Ascension, Second Coming Prophecy to fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy such as the Resurrection of the dead, the Last Judgment, and establishment of the Kingdom of God and the Messianic Age.
Timeline of Christianity 
 Shortly after the Crucifixion of Jesus (Nisan 14 or 15), the Jerusalem church was founded as the first Christian church with about 120 Jews and Jewish proselytes (), followed by Pentecost, the Ananias and Sapphira incident, Pharisee Gamaliel's defense of the Apostles (), the stoning of Saint Stephen (see also Persecution of Christians) and the subsequent dispersal of the church () which led to the baptism of Simon Magus in Samaria (), and also an Ethiopian eunuch ().
Timeline of Christianity 
 Peter baptized the Centurion Cornelius, who is traditionally considered the first Gentile convert to Christianity ().
Timeline of Christianity 
 Theudas beheaded by Procurator Cuspius Fadus for saying he would part the Jordan river (like Moses and the Red Sea) (JA20.5.1,  places it before the Census of Quirinius)