the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Mandarin Chinese 
 Mandarin Chinese or simply Mandarin (; ) is the language of government and education of the Chinese mainland and Taiwan, with the notable exceptions of Hong Kong and Macau where a local dialect of Chinese called Cantonese is more often used.
Mandarin Chinese 
 It spreads wider than any other regional variety, from the whole northern part of China to Yunnan Province in the southwest corner of China.
Mandarin Chinese 
 In that big area there are many regional differences in vocabulary, so somebody who moves from Beijing to Yunnan could not understand people there who were speaking their own dialect, Yunnanhua.
Mandarin Chinese 
 Therefore, starting in the 1920s, the Chinese government set up a national language based on the Beijing dialect and on the most widely understood words and pronunciations.
Mandarin Chinese 
 It is nobody's native language, but a good average between various language forms and a common language everyone can understand and communicate with.
Mandarin Chinese 
 Schools use a dialect called Standard Mandarin, Putonghua (普通话/普通話) meaning "common (spoken) language" or Hanyu (汉语/漢語) meaning "language of the Han".
Mandarin Chinese 
 Most people emigrating from the Greater China region now speak Mandarin, while in past centuries most spoke Cantonese or Taishanese, another local Chinese dialect.
Mandarin Chinese 
 Mandarin is written with Chinese characters called Hànzì (漢字 or 汉字) which literally means "Han characters".
Mandarin Chinese 
 Spoken Mandarin uses very many compound words, words that combine meanings the way English does in such terms as "machine gun," "fire truck," "playground," etc.
Mandarin Chinese 
 Mandarin can be also written phonetically (that is: written as it is spoken) with the Latin alphabet as you really cannot see the spelling from Hanzi characters.
Mandarin Chinese 
 As time went on, people chose to write simpler versions that are easier to write but do not look so much like the real thing, just as people sometimes draw stick men rather than drawing people with real-looking bodies, arms, legs, etc.
Mandarin Chinese 
 Most characters, however, are made by combining pictures, using one to give a general meaning, and the other to represent a sound.
Mandarin Chinese 
 In most dialects of ancient Chinese, one character was generally enough for one word, but modern spoken Mandarin uses mostly compounds like "媽媽 māma," which is just "mama,"
Mandarin Chinese 
 Just as the English used in Great Britain favors "petrol" but the English used in the United States almost always uses "gasoline," different regional languages in China may use different compound words to name the same thing.
Mandarin Chinese 
 In Spoken Mandarin, most words are character compounds because over time Mandarin lost many sounds that existed in earlier forms of Chinese.
Mandarin Chinese 
 Due to the loss of sounds, many Chinese words ended up becoming homophones, thus more characters were added to words to tell them apart.
Mandarin Chinese 
 For example, the Chinese title of the poem Lion-Eating Poet in the Stone Den 施氏食狮史 is pronounced "Shī Shì Shí Shī Shǐ", and every character in the poem is pronounced with the same syllable, but with different tones.
Mandarin Chinese 
 In older forms of Chinese, one could have been to tell apart the different characters making up the title, as they could have sounded noticeably different from each other.
Mandarin Chinese 
 to clearly distinguish such words from their homophones, otherwise the already mentioned characters could be mistaken for similar sounding characters like
Mandarin Chinese 
 In China, there are over 600,000 dialects and more accents although they all use Chinese language and characters, but their pronunciation and some expressions are totally different.
Mandarin Chinese 
 China must find a standard pronunciation to allow all people to understand each other and communicate.
Mandarin Chinese 
 Beijing has been the capital city of China for more than 1,000 years, so China defined Beijing Accent as standard Mandarin.
Mandarin Chinese 
 Beijing also has some local dialects that are not included by Mandarin or standard Chinese language yet.
Mandarin Chinese 
 But with Beijing being the capital city as well as the political, economic, cultural and education center of China, more and more new Beijing dialects have been or will be accepted as Mandarin or standard Chinese language.
Mandarin Chinese 
 have few opportunities to be included into Mandarin or standard Chinese language or be accepted by the whole of China.
Mandarin Chinese 
 倍儿: bèi'ér means 'very much'; 拌蒜: bànsuàn means 'stagger'; 不吝: bùlìn means 'do not worry about'; 撮: cuò means 'eat'; 出溜: chūliū means 'slip'; 大老爷儿们儿: dàlǎoyérmenr means 'men, males';
Mandarin Chinese 
 The following samples are some Beijing dialects which have been already accepted as Mandarin in recent years.
Mandarin Chinese 
 二把刀: èrbǎdāo means 'not very skillful'; 哥们儿: gēmenr means 'good male friends'; 抠门儿: kōuménr means 'parsimony'; 打小儿: dǎxiǎo'ér means 'since childhood'
Algeria 
 Algeria ( or ), officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a former French colony and the largest country in Africa.
Algeria 
 It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea in the north, Tunisia in the northeast, Libya in the east, Niger in the southeast, Mauritania and Mali in the southwest, Western Sahara in the west and Morocco in the northwest.
Algeria 
 People have lived in Algeria for thousands of years, which can be seen in the cave paintings at Tassili National Park that date to around 7000BC.
Algeria 
 By 600 BC, Phoenicians were in Hippo Regius (now called Annaba), Rusicade (now Skikda), and Tipasa in the central coastal part of the country.
Algeria 
 The Romans would annex (take over) the region by the conclusion of the Punic Wars in 146BC, with what is now modern-day Algeria staying in Roman hands till the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century and the region being taken over by the Germanic Vandals.
Algeria 
 Algeria would become part of the Islamic world when the first Muslim Arabs came to Algeria in the mid-7th century, resulting in many people converting to the new religion of Islam.
Algeria 
 In the 11th century, the Arab tribes of Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym were living between Tunisia and eastern Algeria (Constantois).
Algeria 
 In 1954, the National Liberation Front (Front de Libération Nationale or FLN) wanted freedom from France.
Algeria 
 The official languages of the country are Arabic as a first language and Berber as a second language.
Algeria 
 French is considered a lingua franca in Algeria - common language between members of the population.
Algeria 
 There are several UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Algeria including Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad, the first capital of the Hammadid empire; Tipasa, a Phoenician and later Roman town; and Djémila and Timgad, both Roman ruins; M'Zab Valley, a limestone valley containing a large urbanized oasis; also the Casbah of Algiers is an important citadel.
Plymouth 
 Plymouth was badly affected by German bombing during the Second World War, when many buildings were destroyed.
Plymouth 
 Plymouth is linked to Saltash in Cornwall by two bridges across the River Tamar: the Royal Albert Bridge (built in 1859) carries the railway line to Penzance and the Tamar Bridge the A38 main road.
Plymouth 
 On Plymouth Hoe is the third lighthouse, which used to stand on the Eddystone Rock in the English Channel.
George Washington 
 George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799) was the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797.
George Washington 
 Before he became president, he was the commander in chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.
George Washington 
 Washington was a delegate to the First Continental Congress, which was created by the Thirteen Colonies to respond to various laws passed by the British government.
George Washington 
 After losing the big Battle of Long Island, and being chased across New Jersey, Washington led his troops back across the Delaware River on Christmas Day, 1776, in a surprise attack on Hessian mercenaries at the small Battle of Princeton and Trenton, New Jersey.
George Washington 
 The British had more troops and more supplies than Washington, however, Washington kept his troops together and won these small battles.
George Washington 
 With the help of the French army and navy, Washington made a British army surrender at Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781, as the final major battle of the Revolutionary War.
George Washington 
 He was offered a government position that would have been considered a dictatorship over the colonies, but in a surprising move, Washington refused, left the army, and returned to Mount Vernon.
George Washington 
 He wanted the colonies to have a strong government but did not wish to head that government, nor did he want the colonies to be run by a tyrant.
George Washington 
 The delegates wrote the Constitution of the United States, and all the states ratified it and joined the new government.
George Washington 
 In 1789, Washington was elected president without any competition, making him the first President of the United States.
George Washington 
 While Washington did not belong to any political party, he agreed with certain Federalist Party policies, such as the country should have a standing army and a national bank.
George Washington 
 After his second term, Washington decided not to run for reelection, despite his popularity remaining high.
George Washington 
 His decision, to stop at 2 terms, set a precedent that every president followed until Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940.
George Washington 
 In Washington's farewell address in 1796, he warned the country not to divide into political parties and not to get involved in wars outside of the United States.
George Washington 
 Washington's non-intervention foreign policy was supported by most Americans for over one hundred years.
George Washington 
 From his marriage, George Washington owned a substantial amount of farm land, where he grew tobacco, wheat, and vegetables.
George Washington 
 He did, however, try many different ways to replace his teeth, including having teeth carved from elk's teeth or ivory.
George Washington 
 Ivory and bone both have hairline fractures in them, which normally cannot be seen, but started to darken due to Washington's use of wine.
George Washington 
 George Washington's teeth started falling out when he was about 22 years old, and he had only one tooth left by the time he became president.
George Washington 
 At one time, he had false teeth with a special hole so the one tooth he still had could poke through.
George Washington 
 He tried to keep them smelling clean by soaking them in wine, but instead they became mushy and black.
George Washington 
 In 1796, a dentist had to pull out George Washington's last tooth, and he kept his tooth in a gold locket attached to his watch chain.
George Washington 
 When the time came for the president to have his portrait painted, cotton was pushed under his lips to make him look as if he had teeth.
February 22 
 1651 - St. Peter's Flood: A storm surge floods the Frisian coast in present-day Germany and the Netherlands, killing about 15,000 people.
February 22 
 1797 - The last invasion of the Great Britain begins when a force of 4,000 French troops lands in Fishguard, Pembrokeshire, Wales.
February 22 
 1819 – By the Adams–Onís Treaty, Spain sold Florida to the United States for five million U.S. dollars.
February 22 
 1847 – Mexican-American War: The Battle of Buena Vista – 5,000 American troops drive off 15,000 Mexican.
February 22 
 1848 - The French Revolution of 1848 begins, later leading to the creation of the French Second Republic.
February 22 
 1862 - Jefferson Davis is inaugurated as President of the Confederate States of America in Richmond, Virginia.
February 22 
 1872 - The Prohibition Party holds its first national convention in Columbus, Ohio, with James Black as its nominee for President of the United States.
February 22 
 1879 – In Utica, New York, Frank Woolworth opens the first of many of 5 and 10-cent Woolworth stores.
February 22 
 1889 – President Grover Cleveland signs a bill admitting North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington as U.S. states.
February 22 
 1890 - The Walmut Grove Dam breaks in Arizona, causing a flood that kills between 50 and 150 people.
February 22 
 1899 - Filipino forces led by General Antonio Luna launch counter-attacks for the first time, against American forces in the Philippine-American War, though fail to retake Manila.
February 22 
 1923 – Barcelona (Catalonia): Albert Einstein visits the city, invited by the scientist Esteban Terradas i Illa, as part of the monografics course of High Studies and Exchange organized by the Mancomunitat de Catalunya and conducted by Rafael de Campalans.
February 22 
 1924 – Calvin Coolidge becomes the first President of the United States to deliver a radio broadcast from the White House.
February 22 
 1942 – World War II: President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders General Douglas MacArthur out of the Philippines as American defense collapses.
February 22 
 1944 - World War II: American aircraft mistakenly bomb the Dutch cities of Nijmegen, Arnhem, Enschede and Deventer, killing 800 in Nijmegen alone.
February 22 
 1949 – Grady the Cow, a 1,200-pound cow gets stuck inside a silo on a farm in Yukon, Oklahoma and garners national media attention.
February 22 
 1957 - South Vietnamese leader Ngo Dinh Diem survives a Communist shooting assassination attempt in Ban Me Thuot.
February 22 
 1969 – Barbara Jo Rubin wins a United States thoroughbred horse race making history as the first woman to do so.
February 22 
 1973 – Cold War: Following President Richard Nixon's visit to China, the United States and the People's Republic of China agree to establish liaison offices.
February 22 
 1974 - The Organisation of the Islamic Conference summit begins in Lahore, Pakistan and Bangladesh is recognized by Islamabad Officials.
February 22 
 1980 – The United States men's ice hockey team defeats the Soviet Union team at the 1980 Winter Olympic Games in an upset dubbed the "Miracle on Ice".
February 22 
 1994 – Aldrich Ames and his wife are charged by the United States Department of Justice with spying for the Soviet Union.
February 22 
 1997 – In Roslin, Scotland, scientists announce that an adult sheep named Dolly had been successfully cloned.
February 22 
 2002 – A MH-47E Chinook helicopter crashes into the ocean near the Philippines, killing all 10 aboard.
February 22 
 2004 – Ralph Nader announces his intention to run as an independent candidate for President of the United States.
February 22 
 2006 - The Al-Askari Shrine in Samarra, Iraq, a Shi'ite Holy Site, is badly damaged in a bomb attack.
February 22 
 2011 – 2011 Canterbury earthquake: A magnitude 6.3 earthquake hits Christchurch, New Zealand, causing major damage and more than 180 deaths.
February 22 
 2014 - Matteo Renzi is sworn in as Prime Minister of Italy, making him the youngest holder of this office, at age 39.
February 22 
 2014 - In Ukraine, parliament votes to remove President Viktor Yanukovych from power and to install a caretaker government.
February 22 
 Yanukovych is reported to have fled to Eastern Ukraine, while former Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko is released from prison.
February 22 
 Among the winners are Julianne Moore (Best Actress) and Eddie Redmayne (Best Actor), for playing Stephen Hawking in The Theory of Everything.
February 22 
 2017 - Scientists announce the discovery of seven planets of similar size to Earth orbiting around the dwarf star "TRAPPIST-1".
February 22 
 1836 - Mahesh Chandra Nyayratna Bhattacharyya, Indian Sanskrit scholar and social reformer (d. 1906)
Abraham Lincoln 
 Just five days after most of the Confederate forces had surrendered and the war was ending, John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln.
Abraham Lincoln 
 Lincoln has been remembered as the "Great Emancipator" because he worked to end slavery in the United States.
Abraham Lincoln 
 Although slavery was legal in Kentucky at that time, Lincoln's father, who was a religious Baptist, refused to own any slaves.
Abraham Lincoln 
 In his childhood he helped his father on the farm, but when he was 22 years old he left home and moved to New Salem, Illinois, where he worked in a general store.
Abraham Lincoln 
 Later, he said that he had gone to school for just one year, but that was enough to learn how to read, write, and do simple math.
Abraham Lincoln 
 Abraham Lincoln was sometimes called Abe Lincoln or "Honest Abe" because of a legend stating that he ran miles to give a customer the right amount of change.
Abraham Lincoln 
 Lincoln started his political career in 1832 when he ran for the IGA Illinois General Assembly, but he lost the election.
Abraham Lincoln 
 He served as a captain in the Illinois militia during the Black Hawk War, a war with Native American tribes.
Abraham Lincoln 
 In 1837, as a member of the Illinois General Assembly, Lincoln issued a written protest of its passage of a resolution stating that slavery could not be abolished in Washington, D.C.
Abraham Lincoln 
 He represented a black woman who claimed she had already been freed and could not be sold as a slave.
Abraham Lincoln 
 In 1847, he lost a case (Matson v. Rutherford) representing a slave owner (Robert Matson) claiming the return of fugitive slaves.
Abraham Lincoln 
 In 1854, in reaction to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Lincoln became involved in politics again.
Abraham Lincoln 
 He joined the Republican Party, which had recently been formed in opposition to the expansion of slavery.
Abraham Lincoln 
 In 1858, he wanted to become senator; although this was unsuccessful, the debates drew national attention to him.
Abraham Lincoln 
 Among these reasons was that his views on slavery were less extreme than those of other people who wanted to be candidates.
Abraham Lincoln 
 Lincoln was from what was then one of the Western states and had a bigger chance of winning the election there.
Abraham Lincoln 
 Lincoln's family was poor, which added to the Republican position of free labor, the opposite of slave labor.
Abraham Lincoln 
 For the first time, a president had won the election because of the large support he got from the states in the North.
Abraham Lincoln 
 After Lincoln's election in 1860, seven States (South Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Texas and Louisiana) formed the Confederate States of America.
Abraham Lincoln 
 When the United States refused to surrender Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, the Confederates attacked the fort, beginning the American Civil War.
Abraham Lincoln 
 Later, four more states (Arkansas, Virginia, Tennessee, and North Carolina) joined the Confederacy for a total of eleven.
Abraham Lincoln 
 In his whole period as President, he had to rebuild the Union with military force and many bloody battles.
Abraham Lincoln 
 He also had to stop the "border states", like Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland, from leaving the Union and joining the Confederacy.
Abraham Lincoln 
 Lincoln was not a general, and had only been in the army for a short time during the Black Hawk War.
Abraham Lincoln 
 His plan was to cut off the South by surrounding it with ships, control the Mississippi River, and take Richmond, the Confederate capital.
Abraham Lincoln 
 He often clashed with generals in the field, especially George B. McClellan, and fired generals who lost battles or were not aggressive enough.
Abraham Lincoln 
 With the Emancipation Proclamation begun on January 1, 1863, Lincoln ordered the freedom of all slaves in those states still in rebellion during the American Civil War.
Abraham Lincoln 
 It did not actually immediately free all those slaves however, since those areas were still controlled by the rebelling states of the Confederacy.
Abraham Lincoln 
 The Proclamation also did not free slaves in the slave states that had remained loyal to the Union (the federal government of the US).
Abraham Lincoln 
 Until the Thirteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1865, only the states had power to end slavery within their own borders, so Lincoln issued the proclamation as a war measure.
Abraham Lincoln 
 The Proclamation made freeing the slaves a Union goal for the war, and put an end to movements in European nations (especially in Great Britain and France) that would have recognized the Confederacy as an independent nation.
Abraham Lincoln 
 The Thirteenth Amendment, making slavery illegal everywhere in the United States, was passed late in 1865, eight months after Lincoln was assassinated.
Abraham Lincoln 
 Lincoln was re-elected president by a small number of votes in 1864 and re-inaugurated on March 4, 1865.
Abraham Lincoln 
 On April 11, 1865, Lincoln gave a speech in which he promoted voting rights for black American citizens.
Abraham Lincoln 
 During the day on April 14, 1865, Lincoln signed the law that created the secret service, the US President's security force.
Abraham Lincoln 
 On the evening of April 14, Lincoln went to attend a play with his wife, Mary Todd at Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C.. He had invited Ulysses S. Grant to attend the play with him and his wife Mary Todd, and Grant planned to attend.
Abraham Lincoln 
 As a general, Grant would have brought his own extra military security force, but he did not attend the play because his wife Julia and Mary Todd did not get along well.
Abraham Lincoln 
 During the third act of the play, John Wilkes Booth, a well-known actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland, entered the presidential box and shot Lincoln at point-blank range, mortally wounding him and shouted "Sic semper tyrannis" ("Thus always to tyrants").
Abraham Lincoln 
 He was placed diagonally on the bed because his tall frame would not fit normally on the smaller bed.
Abraham Lincoln 
 According to some accounts, at his last drawn breath, on the morning after the assassination, he smiled broadly and then expired.
Abraham Lincoln 
 Lincoln has been consistently ranked both by scholars and the public as one of the greatest U.S. presidents.
Abraham Lincoln 
 He is often considered the greatest president for his leadership during the American Civil War and his eloquence in speeches such as the Gettysburg Address.
February 12 
 1354 – Treaty of Stralsund settles border disputes between the duchies of Mecklenburg and Pomerania.
February 12 
 1554 – A year after claiming the throne of England for nine days, Lady Jane Grey is beheaded for treason.
February 12 
 1593 - Japanese invasion of Korea: Approximately 3,000 Joseon defenders led by General Kwok Yul, successfully repel over 30,000 Japanese in the Siege of Haengju.
February 12 
 1689 – The Convention Parliament convenes and declares that the flight to France in 1688 by James II, the last Catholic British monarch, constitutes an abdication.
February 12 
 1733 – Englishman James Oglethorpe founds the 13th and final American colony of Georgia, and its first city at Savannah.
February 12 
 1771 – Gustav III becomes the King of Sweden when his father Adolf Frederick "[eats] himself to death".
February 12 
 1772 - Yves Joseph de Kerguelen de Tremarec's expedition discovers the Kerguelen Islands in the Southern Indian Ocean near Antarctica.
February 12 
 1817 – The Chilean patriotic army, after crossing the Andes, defeats Spanish troops at the Battle of Chacabuco.
February 12 
 1825 – The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government, and migrate west.
February 12 
 1851 - The Australian gold rushes start, as Edward Hargreaves announces finding gold in Bathurst, New South Wales.
February 12 
 1879 – At New York City's Madison Square Garden the first artificial ice rink in North America opens.
February 12 
 1892 – Former President Abraham Lincoln's birthday is declared a national holiday in the United States.
February 12 
 1924 – Premiere of George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue with Paul Whiteman's Palais Royal Orchestra in Aeolian Hall in New York City.
February 12 
 1924 – Calvin Coolidge becomes the first President of the United States to deliver a political speech on radio.