the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Organic compound 
 Although an IUPAC name makes every single possible molecule unique, the names are often long and complicated, so in everyday life, trivial names--unofficial but widely understood names--are used, such as the trivial names Paracetamol, Tylenol, and Acetaminophen, which are used for a compound whose IUPAC name is N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide.
Organic compound 
 These could also be made in a lab, but many of these compounds are taken from nature because it is easier and less expensive to do it that way.
Organic compound 
 Other common natural compounds are: amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, many antibiotics like Penicillin and Amoxicillin.
Organic compound 
 Sometimes, this is done by taking something natural and changing the molecule in a small way, such as making glycerin from vegetable oils.
Organic compound 
 Since a compound is often first discovered in nature instead of being made on purpose in a lab, people may know the compound exists, and even know what it does sometimes, but not know exactly what atoms it is made of and how it is arranged.
Coal 
 Peat, and therefore coal, is formed from the remains of plants which lived millions of years ago in tropical wetlands  (coal swamps), such as those of the late Carboniferous period (the Pennsylvanian).
Coal 
 Like oil, when coal is burned its carbon joins with oxygen in the air and makes a lot of carbon dioxide, which causes climate change.
Coal 
 Coal was an important part of rail freight in the UK in the 20th century, forming the greater part of several companies' freight volume.
Coal 
 Early in the 21st century most coal fired power stations in the United Kingdom and several other countries were closed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Coal 
 Lignite (brown coal) is the dirtiest coal, is about 60%-70% carbon, and is used as fuel for electric power generation.
Coal 
 Jet is a compact form of lignite that is sometimes polished and has long been used as an ornamental stone.
Coal 
 It used as fuel in power stations, and for heat and power applications in manufacturing, for blacksmithing; and to make coke to make steel.
Coal 
 Coal, when burnt, gives off almost a third more carbon dioxide per unit of energy than oil, and 80% more than natural gas.
Coal 
 Almost half of the carbon dioxide from people is because of burning coal so it is the biggest single cause of global warming.
Coal 
 Burning coal releases toxic chemicals, including soot, mercury, and carbon monoxide, which contribute to diseases such as cancer and asthma in both humans and wild animals.
Coal 
 Coal mining, especially mountaintop removal mining, can damage large areas of land and destroy natural habitats.
Coal 
 Higher grades of coal burn more cleanly than lower grades, although they still pollute more than other fuels.
Coal 
 In addition to air pollution, burning coal produces toxic coal ash, which can cause water pollution if it is accidentally released into the environment.
Coal 
 These underground fires release toxic smoke into the air, and can also cause the ground above to collapse.
Coal 
 The city of Centralia, Pennsylvania was evacuated and is now abandoned due to an underground coal mine fire.
Coal 
 Because of coal every year more than one hundred thousand people die early and millions of people get ill.
Coal 
 Opposition to coal pollution was one of the main reasons the modern environmental movement started in the 19th century.
Coal 
 Many countries have already passed their peak coal years, for example Germany in 1985 and the United States in 2008.
Coal 
 Compared to other non-renewable sources of energy, coal is inefficient and produces high amounts of greenhouse gases.
Coal 
 India, the United States, Australia, Indonesia and Russia also produce coal, less than a billion tonnes a year each.
Petroleum 
 Petroleum, (from Greek πέτρα - rock and έλαιο - oil) also called crude oil, is a thick and black liquid.
Petroleum 
 Most petroleum is found by drilling down through rocks on land or off-shore on the continental shelf.
Petroleum 
 It is separated into simpler, more useful mixtures by fractional distillation in oil refineries to give separate chemicals such as gasoline (or petrol) for cars, kerosene for airplanes and bitumen for roads.
Petroleum 
 The bitumen gives crude oil its dark black color; most of the other chemicals in crude are slightly yellow or colorless.
Petroleum 
 Refined petroleum is used as fuels; mainly gasoline (petrol) for cars, diesel fuel for diesel engines used in trucks, trains and ships, kerosene fuel for jets and as lubricants.
Petroleum 
 Burning petroleum or other fossil fuel adds the carbon in the oil to the oxygen in the air to create carbon dioxide, which is an air pollutant.
Petroleum 
 Oil companies quote "reserves" which some people confuse with the actual amount of oil underground, but are more to do with the cost of extracting it by oil wells.
Petroleum 
 Most of the crude left underground is in the Middle East which is not a politically stable part of the world.
Petroleum 
 Some governments with lots of oil reserves work together through OPEC to keep production low and prices high.
Petroleum 
 Politicians in countries that burn much oil complain about high oil prices, because voters complain.
Petroleum 
 However many environmentalists worry about damage being done by using oil as a fuel source (especially global warming) and are therefore happy when prices are kept high so that people use less oil.
Petroleum 
 US Energy Information Administration - Part of the informative website of the US Government's Energy Information Administration.
Petroleum 
 Crude: 2007 Australian Broadcasting Corporation documentary [3 x 30 minutes] about the formation of oil, and humanity's use of it
Natural gas 
 When natural gas is burned in a power station it boils water into steam that spins a steam turbine that turns a generator to make electricity.
Energy 
 In everyday use, the word is used to describe someone acting or speaking in a lively and vigorous way.
Energy 
 Kinetic energy - energy of an object in motion, which acts as the capacity to undergo change in position over time.
Energy 
 Energy is a property that is not created or destroyed, although energy can change in detectable form.
Energy 
 In respects to this rule, the total amount of energy that exists in an isolated system will always be the same, no matter what changes have been made to it.
Energy 
 In the early 20th century, scientist found that matter itself can be created from energy (energy and matter are interchangeable, in spite of everyday experiences).
Energy 
 After these discoveries, the conservation law of energy was extended to become the conservation law of matter and energy: matter and energy can neither be created from nothing nor destroyed to the point of complete erasure from reality.
Energy 
 Matter can be created from energy or converted into energy through  processes such as nuclear fission or nuclear fusion.
Energy 
 Scientists have identified many types of energy, and found that they can be changed from one kind into another.
Jewel 
 However, some other non-mineral rocks (such as lapis lazuli) or organic materials can also be also used for jewelry and are called gemstones.
Jewel 
 In modern times, the precious stones are diamond, ruby, sapphire and emerald, with all other gemstones being semi-precious.
Jewel 
 "The Blossoms of Thoughts Regarding the Precious Stones" is an old book from the 1600s that is considered one of the most important books about precious stones.
Xenon 
 However, in 1962, chemists have found that xenon can react with fluorine under special conditions, such as high pressure and high temperature.
Xenon 
 Xenon gas is used in electron tubes, bactericidal lamps, trobe lamps, and lamps used to excite ruby lasers.
Xenon 
 Xenon is also a trace gas in the atmosphere, occurring at 87 ±1 nL/L (parts per billion) or approximately 1 in 11.5 million.
Kuala Lumpur 
 | official_name            = Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur{{nobold|Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur}}
Kuala Lumpur 
 | motto                    = Bersedia Menyumbang Bandaraya Cemerlang| anthem                   = Maju dan Sejahtera
Kuala Lumpur 
 Since Kuala Lumpur became a Federal Territory of Malaysia on February 1, 1972, the city has been led by seven mayors.
Kuala Lumpur 
 Kuala Lumpur Travel Guide  - Comprehensive Travel Guide to Kuala Lumpur | City Guide, hotels, attractions and vacations.
Speed of light 
 The speed of light, in any medium,which is usually denoted by , is a physical constant important in many areas of physics.
Speed of light 
 It is denoted by 'c^0' especially in vacuum medium, although the symbol 'c' can be used to refer to that in any medium.
Speed of light 
 According to special relativity,  is the maximum speed at which all energy, matter, and physical information in the universe can travel.
Speed of light 
 It is the speed of all massless particles such as photons, and associated fields—including electromagnetic radiation such as light—in a vacuum.
Speed of light 
 Such particles and waves travel at  regardless of the motion of the source or the inertial frame of reference of the observer.
Speed of light 
 In the theory of relativity,  interrelates space and time, and appears in the famous equation of mass–energy equivalence .
Speed of light 
 The special theory of relativity is based on the prediction, so far upheld by observations, that the measured speed of light in a vacuum is the same whether or not the source of the light and the person doing the measuring are moving relative to each other.
Speed of light 
 Because he is on the train, Tom is already moving at  in the direction of the throw, so Tom measures the speed of the ball as only .
Speed of light 
 In other words, the speed of the baseball, as measured by Tom on the train, depends on the speed of the train.
Speed of light 
 In the example above, the train was moving at 1/3 the speed of the ball, and the speed of the ball as measured on the train was 2/3 of the throwing speed as measured on the ground.
Speed of light 
 Now, repeat the experiment with light instead of a baseball; that is, George has a flashlight instead of throwing a baseball.
Speed of light 
 George and Tom both have devices that are the same to measure the speed of light (instead of the radar gun in the baseball example).
Speed of light 
 Intuitively, one may think that the speed of the light from the flashlight as measured on the train should be 2/3 the speed measured on the ground, just like the speed of the baseball was 2/3.
Speed of light 
 A consequence of this fact that the speed of light is the same for all observers, is that nothing can go faster than the speed of light.
Speed of light 
 Another consequence is that for objects that have mass, no matter how much energy is used to increase the speed of an object, it will get closer and closer, but it will never reach the speed of light.
Speed of light 
 These ideas were discovered in the early 1900s by Albert Einstein, whose work completely changed our understanding of light.
Speed of light 
 Maxwell's equations predicted the speed of light and confirmed Michael Faraday's idea that light was an electromagnetic wave (a way that energy moves).
Speed of light 
 From these equations, we find that the speed of light is related to the inverse of the square root of the permittivity of free space, ε0, and the permeability of free space, μ0:
Speed of light 
 The index of refraction of a clear material is the ratio between the speed of light in a vacuum and the speed of light in that material.
Speed of light 
 Ole Christensen Rømer used an astronomical measurement to make the first quantitative estimate of the speed of light.
Speed of light 
 When measured from Earth, the periods of moons orbiting a distant planet are shorter when the Earth is approaching the planet than when the Earth is receding from it.
Speed of light 
 The distance travelled by light from the planet (or its moon) to Earth is shorter when the Earth is at the point in its orbit that is closest to its planet than when the Earth is at the farthest point in its orbit, the difference in distance being the diameter of the Earth's orbit around the Sun.
Speed of light 
 The observed change in the moon's orbital period is actually the difference in the time it takes light to traverse the shorter or longer distance.
Speed of light 
 Rømer observed this effect for Jupiter's innermost moon Io, and he deduced that light takes 22 minutes to cross the diameter of the Earth's orbit.
Speed of light 
 Another method is to use the aberration of light, discovered and explained by James Bradley in the 18th century.
Speed of light 
 This effect results from the vector addition of the velocity of light arriving from a distant source (such as a star) and the velocity of its observer (see diagram on the right).
Speed of light 
 A moving observer thus sees the light coming from a slightly different direction and consequently sees the source at a position shifted from its original position.
Speed of light 
 Since the direction of the Earth's velocity changes continuously as the Earth orbits the Sun, this effect causes the apparent position of stars to move around.
Speed of light 
 From the angular difference in the position of stars, it is possible to express the speed of light in terms of the Earth's velocity around the Sun.
Speed of light 
 This, with the known length of a year, can be easily converted to the time needed to travel from the Sun to the Earth.
Speed of light 
 In 1729, Bradley used this method to derive that light travelled 10,210 times faster than the Earth in its orbit (the modern figure is 10,066 times faster) or, equivalently, that it would take light 8 minutes 12 seconds to travel from the Sun to the Earth.
Speed of light 
 Nowadays, the "light time for unit distance"—the inverse of c (1/c), expressed in seconds per astronomical unit—is measured by comparing the time for radio signals to reach different spacecraft in the Solar System.
Speed of light 
 The position of spacecraft is calculated from the gravitational effects of the Sun and various planets.
Speed of light 
 By combining many such measurements, a best fit value for the light time per unit distance is obtained. ,
Speed of light 
 The relative uncertainty in these measurements is 0.02 parts per billion (2), as equivalent to the uncertainty in Earth-based measurements of length by interferometry.
Speed of light 
 Since the metre is defined to be the length travelled by light in a certain time interval, the measurement of the light time for unit distance can also be interpreted as measuring the length of an AU in metres.
Speed of light 
 The metre is considered to be a unit of proper length, whereas the AU is often used as a unit of observed length in a given frame of reference.
Speed of light 
 Supposing a journey to the other side of the Milky Way, the total time for a message and its reply would be about 200,000 years.
Speed of light 
 Even more seriously, no spacecraft could travel faster than light, so all galactic-scale transport would be effectively one-way, and would take much longer than than any modern civilisation has existed.
Speed of light 
 In supercomputers, the speed of light imposes a limit on how quickly data can be sent between processors.
Speed of light 
 If a processor operates at 1 gigahertz, a signal can only travel a maximum of about  in a single cycle.
Speed of light 
 Processors must therefore be placed close to each other to minimize communication latencies; this can cause difficulty with cooling.
Speed of light 
 If clock frequencies continue to increase, the speed of light will eventually become a limiting factor for the internal design of single chips.
Denial 
 It  means that someone denies that something has happened or is happening although he really knows it is true.
Denial 
 For example, if someone close to a person dies, the survivor's first feeling might be denial, or refusal to accept the fact that the person is really dead.
Denial 
 Denial, is also when you think that a team (like in football) will win a football match before its even started and refuse to accept the fact thet they could lose
Denial 
 Denial, is also when you refuse to accept the fact that someone else did something (like change something) when you 'think you know' it was a different person
Tokyo 
 It became the capital city of Japan in the middle of 19th century, when its name changed from "Edo" to "Tokyo".
Tokyo 
 However, since the shogun was more powerful than the emperor throughout Japanese history, Edo had more power.
Tokyo 
 In 1943, Tokyo City and the "associated municipalities of what was formerly  (1869-1943)" combined into one.
Tokyo 
 The Bombing of Tokyo from 1944 through 1945 killed between 75,000 and 200,000 people and destroyed half the city.
Tokyo 
 Tokyo has a four-season humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa) with hot rainy summers and cool dry winters.
Tokyo 
 As of 2005, the regular population in those three areas was only 326,000 at night, but there are 2.4 million in those areas during the day.
Tokyo 
 As of 2005, the most common groups in Tokyo are Chinese (123,661), Koreans (106,697), and Filipinos (31,077).
Tokyo 
 The Tokyo Metropolitan Government manages some public works such as water, sewer, and fire-fighting.
Tokyo 
 Popular places for visitors range from Tokyo Tower in the center of the city to Mount Takao out in the western countryside.
Tokyo 
 Several Shinkansen super-express railway lines begin at Tokyo Station, including the  Tōkaidō Shinkansen going west and Tōhoku Shinkansen going northeast.
Tokyo 
 Tokyo has a busy international and domestic port, but more traffic goes through the nearby port of Yokohama.
Tokyo 
 There are domestic ferries to the islands of Tokyo, but also to other parts of the country such as Hokkaido.
Laozi 
 Laozi (Lao Tsu, Lao-Tze) was a Chinese philosopher best known for Taoism, the Tao Te Ching, and for becoming a deity of Taoism and Chinese folk religions.
Laozi 
 During the Tang dynasty, he was called the "Supremely Mysterious and Primordial Emperor"  Tàishàng Xuānyuán Huángdì).
Laozi 
 In a third, he appears as a royal astrologer named "Lao Dan" living at the time of Duke Xian during the Qin Dynasty.
Laozi 
 According to traditional accounts, Laozi worked as the Keeper of the Archives (librarian) during the Zhou.
Laozi 
 Laozi was said to have been born as a grown man with a full grey beard and long ears, symbols of wisdom and long life.
Laozi 
 Laozi says it is better to treat a beaten enemy with respect and that disrespect to the dead would cause his enemies to seek revenge.
Laozi 
 In some versions of the tale, Yinxi liked the work so much that he became a student and left with Laozi, never to be seen again.
Laozi 
 In others, the "Old Master" traveled all the way to India and was the teacher of Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha.
Laozi 
 A seventh-century work, the Sandong Zhunang ("Pearly Bag of the Three Caverns"), said Laozi pretended to be a farmer when reaching the western gate, but was recognized by Yinxi, who asked to be taught by the great master.
Laozi 
 Religious Taoism says that Laozi did not disappear after writing the Daodejing but spent his whole life traveling and revealing the Dao to others.
Laozi 
 Intellectual Taoists, such as the Celestial Masters sect, usually present Laozi (Laojun, 老君, "Lord Lao") and the Three Pure Ones at the main gods.
Laozi 
 Like other ancient Chinese philosophers, Laozi often explains his ideas using paradox, analogy, ancient sayings, repetition, rhyme, and rhythm.
Laozi 
 In fact, the whole book can be read as an analogy: the ruler is the self, and the others and empire are the body, senses, and desires.
Laozi 
 The Daodejing says the Dao is the source and ideal of all existence: it is unseen, very powerful but also very humble, being the root of all things.
Laozi 
 Laozi says not to reject technology, but instead seek the calm state of wu wei (無爲), without desires.
Laozi 
 The concept is multifaceted, and this is shown by how it can mean many different things and be translated in multiple ways; it can mean "not doing anything", "not forcing", "not acting" (as in movies or drama), "creating nothingness", "acting spontaneously", and "flowing with the moment".
Laozi 
 Some Taoists see a connection between wu wei and esoteric practices, such as zuowang (坐忘, "sitting in oblivion", emptying the mind of thought) found in the Zhuangzi.
Laozi 
 In his 1937 book Nationalism and Culture, the anarcho-syndicalist writer Rudolf Rocker praised Laozi's "gentle wisdom" and understanding that sometimes political power opposed culture and the community.
Laozi 
 In his 1910 article for the Encyclopædia Britannica, Peter Kropotkin said Laozi was one of the earliest supporters for anarchism.
Laozi 
 He sees rightful power as earned and wrongful power as usurped... He sees sacrifice of self or others as a corruption of power, and power as available to anyone who follows the Way.
Laozi 
 Economist Murray Rothbard suggested that Laozi was the first libertarian, comparing Laozi's ideas to Friedrich Hayek's theory of spontaneous order.
Laozi 
 James A. Dorn agreed, arguing that Laozi like many liberals "argued that minimizing the role of government and letting individuals develop spontaneously would best achieve social and economic harmony."
Laozi 
 Philosopher Roderick Long argues that libertarianism in Taoism actually borrowed from earlier Confucian writers.
Brass 
 The melting point of brass can be 900 to 940 °C or 1,650 to 1,720 °F, depending on what it is made of.
Body 
 The human body has a head, neck, torso, two arms, two legs and the genitals of the groin, which differ between males and females.
Alloy 
 Most alloys are made by melting the metals, mixing them while they are liquid to form a solution, then leaving them to cool and turn solid again.
Alloy 
 Physical properties like density, reactivity and electrical and thermal (heat) conductivity may not be much different than the elements (substances) which make the alloy.
Alloy 
 The temperature at which melting just starts is called solidus and the temperature at which the melting is just finished is called liquidus.
Alloy 
 The term alloy means a mixture of atoms in which the main substance or the primary constituent is a metal.
Alloy 
 If an alloy has only two types of atoms, like copper-nickel alloy, then such an alloy is called binary alloy.
Alloy 
 If an alloy has three types of atoms, like iron, nickel and chromium, then it is called a ternary alloy.
Alloy 
 An alloy with four types of atoms is called a quaternary alloy and an alloy with five types of atoms is called a quinary alloy.
Alloy 
 Different varieties or forms of alloys can be made from the same constituent materials (substances from which the alloy is formed).
Alloy 
 Brass is made of 35% zinc and 65% copper and is used for musical instruments, jewellery, faucets and decorative hardware.
Alloy 
 Stainless steel is mostly iron, plus more than 11% chromium, and various amounts of nickel and carbon and is used for tableware, cookware and surgical tools.
Alloy 
 Steel is made of 99% iron and 1% carbon and is used for tools, car bodies, machinery, girders and rails.
Material 
 Raw material is materials such as ores which we can clean and mix with other materials to make another material like steel, for example.
Brain 
 The brain is made up of special cells called nerves, which are connected with each other and with other nerves in our body.
Brain 
 The brain also controls basic autonomic body actions, like breathing, digestion, heartbeat, that happen automatically.
Brain 
 These activities, and much else, are governed by unconscious functions of the brain and nervous system.
Brain 
 All the information about the world gathered by our senses is sent through nerves into the brain, allowing us to see, hear, smell, taste and feel things.
Brain 
 The brain also uses nerves to tell the body what to do, for example by telling muscles to move or our heart to beat faster.
Brain 
 This is generally true but some activity is caused by the spinal cord directly, for example, reflex actions do not involve the brain.