the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Messerschmitt Me 262 
 It began test flights in 1942, but was not used in combat by the German air force, the Luftwaffe, until 1944.
Messerschmitt Me 262 
 The jet engines of the new machine often caused problems, that's why a lot of machines had deathly accidents.
Osmosis 
 Osmosis (/ɒzˈmoʊ.sɪs/) is the spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a selectively permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.
Osmosis 
 It may also be describe how any solvent moves across a selectively permeable membrane (permeable to the solvent, but not the solute) separating two solutions of different concentrations.
Osmosis 
 Osmotic pressure is defined as the external pressure required to be applied so that there is no net movement of solvent across the membrane.
Osmosis 
 Osmotic pressure is a colligative property, meaning that the osmotic pressure depends on the molar concentration of the solute but not on its identity.
Osmosis 
 In general, these membranes are impermeable to large and polar molecules, such as ions, proteins, and polysaccharides, while being permeable to non-polar or hydrophobic molecules like lipids as well as to small molecules like oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and nitric oxide.
Osmosis 
 Water molecules travel through the plasma membrane, tonoplast membrane (vacuole) or protoplast by diffusing across the phospholipid bilayer via aquaporins (small transmembrane proteins similar to those responsible for facilitated diffusion and ion channels).
Osmosis 
 The turgor pressure of a cell is largely maintained by osmosis across the cell membrane between the cell interior and its relatively hypotonic environment.
Osmosis 
 When the hypotonic solution is outside the cell,and hypertonic solution inside, the cell becomes swollen and distorted.
Osmosis 
 The plasma membrane of a cell is semi-permeable, which means it allowed the entry of certain molecules in or out, it lets small molecules pass through, but blocks larger molecules,.
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 
 It first flew in 1950, and was supposed to replace the MiG-15 in the Korean War, but it did not arrive fast enough.
Mikoyan 
 The company was first formed in December 1939 as a design office called Mikoyan-Gurevich or MiG, this was because its designers were Artem Mikoyan and Mikhail Gurevich.
Mikoyan 
 Mikoyan will join other Russian airplane companies in a new company called United Aircraft Corporation.
Mikoyan 
 In the Soviet communist system there were two types of airplane companies, companies that designed aircraft known as design offices or OKB, and companies that made airplanes called zavods.
Mikoyan 
 Artom Mikoyan and Mikhail Gurevich had been designers in another design office helping a designer called Nikolai Polikarpov.
Mikoyan 
 One airplane design that Artem Mikoyan and Mikhail Gurevich worked on at Polikarpov was called the I-200.
Mikoyan 
 When Nikolai Polikarpov lost the trust of the Soviet leader Stalin, Artem Mikoyan and Mikhail Gurevich were given the I-200 design to finish.
Mikoyan 
 As it was being made, ways to make the MiG-1 into a better airplane were found and airplanes with these changes became known as the MiG-3 and later the MiG-7.
Mikoyan 
 However even with changes the MiG fighter airplanes were not as good as the fighter airplanes designed by the design offices of Lavochkin or Yakovlev.
Mikoyan 
 In the Soviet system the airplane designs of the design offices would compete to see which was the best.
Mikoyan 
 When the best design had been found the design would be built by the airplane manufacturing company.
Mikoyan 
 Even though Mikoyan-Gurevich airplanes in World War II had not been as good as airplanes by Lavochkin or Yakovlev.
Mikoyan 
 Mikoyan-Gurevich jet aircraft won more of the competitions to be sent to the zavods and in the time of the Cold War Mikoyan-Gurevich, together with another design office called Sukhoi, became one of the two most important design offices of fighter planes in the Soviet Union.
Mikoyan 
 One airforce was called PVO Strany, this airforce was used to defend the cities and land of the Soviet Union.
Mikoyan 
 One airforce was called Frontal Aviation, this airforce was used to defend the Soviet Union's ground soldiers against enemy fighter airplanes, and to attack enemy ground forces.
Juno 
 Juno (musical), a Broadway musical with score by Marc Blitzstein based on Sean O'Casey's play Juno and the Paycock
Juno 
 Later re-recorded for debut LP Casually Dressed and Deep in Conversation and released as a single under the name Juneau
Juno 
 After its 1997 discovery in Assateague coast (Virginia) the Spanish government claimed ownership of the wreck.
Neptune (mythology) 
 Neptune was associated with fresh water as well as the sea, while Oceanus was the god of the world-ocean.
Neptune (mythology) 
 Like his Greek equivalent, Neptune was also worshipped by the Romans as the god of horses, and, under the name Neptune Equester, he was a patron god of horse-racing.
Fortuna (disambiguation) 
 Fortuna (PRNG), a cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator design by Niels Ferguson and Bruce Schneier
Sol Invictus 
 Sol Invictus ("the Unconquered Sun") or, more fully, Deus Sol Invictus ("the Unconquered Sun God") was a religious title applied to at least three distinct deities during the later Roman Empire: El Gabal, Mithras, and Sol.
Sol Invictus 
 The title Deus Sol Invictus was formed similar to the imperial titulature pius felix invictus ("dutiful, fortunate, unconquered").
Sol Invictus 
 The Romans held a festival on December 25 called Dies Natalis Solis Invicti, "the birthday of the unconquered sun."
Sol Invictus 
 The use of the title Sol Invictus allowed several solar deities to be worshipped together, including Elah-Gabal, a Syrian sun god; Sol, the patron god of Emperor Aurelian (AD 270-274); and Mithras, a soldiers' god of Persian origin.
Sol Invictus 
 Emperor Elagabalus (218-222) introduced the festival, and it reached the height of its popularity under Aurelian, who promoted it as an empire-wide holiday that was a possible inspiration of Christmas.
Sol Invictus 
 Clement A. Miles, Christmas in Ritual and Tradition, Christian and Pagan (1912): December 25 and the Natalis Invicti
Optical printer 
 The optical printer is used for making special effects for motion pictures or for copying and restoring old movie material.
Optical printer 
 Common optical effects include fade outs and fade ins, dissolves, slow motion, fast motion, and matte work.
Optical printer 
 Ideally, the audience in a theater should not be able to notice any optical printers work, but this is not always the case.
Optical printer 
 For economical reasons, especially in the 1950s, and later in TV series produced on movie, printer work was limited to only the actual parts of a scene needing the effect, so there is a clear change in the image quality when the transition occurs.
Optical printer 
 The development continued well into the 1980s, when the printers were controlled with minicomputers.
Optical printer 
 As a technique, it proves particularly useful for making copies of hand painted or physically manipulated movie.
Lares 
 Lares are presumed sons of Mercury and Lara, and deeply venerated by ancient Romans through small statues, usually put in higher places of the house, far from the floor, or even on the roof.
Lares 
 Later, a sort of confusion connected their figure with those of Manes, deities of Hades (and the most virtuous dead persons of the family).
Charter Trustees 
 They are allowed by the Charter Trustees Act 1985, so that some of the privileges and dignities of former city can be carried on.
Quirinus 
 The Sabines had a settlement near the site of what was to become Rome, and erected an altar to Quirinus on the Collis Quirinalis, the Quirinal Hill, one of the Seven Hills of Rome.
Quirinus 
 When the Romans settled there, they absorbed the cult of Quirinus into their early belief system — previous to direct Greek influence — and he was said to be the deified Romulus.
Quirinus 
 In later times, however, Quirinus became far less important, losing his place to (Juno and Minerva and Mars' place).
Kreisfreie stadt 
 The name kreisfreie Stadt (plural: kreisfreie Städte) is used for German towns that have their own government.
Kreisfreie stadt 
 This town government is independent of the government of the next-higher level of authority, the Landkreis.
Kreisfreie stadt 
 Today, most of the cities that have this statute, are big cities, with 100.000 people living there, or more.
Kreisfreie stadt 
 There are also some cities who have only taken a part of the responsibilities of a Landkreis (or Kreis).
Kreisfreie stadt 
 The city state of Bremen (state) is made of two kreisfreie Städte, the city of Bremen, and the city of Bremerhaven, about 60 km to the north.
Kreisfreie stadt 
 About half a million people live in Bremen (1.5 million in the agglomeration), about 117.000 people live in Bremerhaven.
Kreisfreie stadt 
 Some of them, for example Recklinghausen or Göttingen (both more 120.000 inhabitants) are part of a Landkreis.
Kreisfreie stadt 
 Similar concepts to that of the kreisfreie Stadt are Unitary authorities in the United Kingdom, or that of independent city in the United States.
Jet aircraft 
 Unlike propeller-powered aircraft, jet aircraft normally fly at altitudes as high as 100 to 1,5 meters, about 33 to .
Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty 
 The Egypt–Israel treaty was signed by Egyptian president Anwar Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin, and witnessed by United States president Jimmy Carter.
Downtown 
 Downtown (called a city centre in British English) is a word used in North America which refers to the main part of a city.
Downtown 
 It is usually the central business district where most commercial and office areas are; many of them being in skyscrapers.
IEEE 802.11 
 Such a protocol allows computers that have the needed radio parts to communicate with each other, without a cable.
IEEE 802.11 
 They are labelled IEEE  802.11a to IEEE 802.11g.  There are plans for ones labeled h, i, j, n, p and s.  They are all compatible with each other.
IEEE 802.11 
 Newer standards have a Bit rate of 54 MBit/s.  About 40-50% of this is usable in real-life situations.
IEEE 802.11 
 The 2.4 GHz band has the problem that there are only very few channels that can be used at the same time, without the signals interfering.
IEEE 802.11 
 When more than three networks operate in the same place, signals still get to the user correctly, but interference slows them.
Wireless LAN 
 In computing, Wireless LAN (WLAN) or Wireless local area network is a term to refer to a Local Area Network that does not need cables to connect the different devices.
Wireless LAN 
 People can access the network from where they want; they are no longer limited by the length of the cable
Wireless LAN 
 This lets people access the internet even outside their normal work environment, for example in a restaurant or train.
Wireless LAN 
 Wireless LANs are much slower than wired ones; this may not matter for most users though, because the bottleneck in a home network is usually the speed of the ADSL line or other Internet connection.
Wireless LAN 
 Signals that are close to each other, but that belong to different channels do not disturb each other, as they use different coding schemes.
Wireless LAN 
 Depending on the material used, it is possible to cover between 30 metres and 100 metres indoors; outdoors, the range is about 100-300m, if there are no obstacles.
Bluetooth 
 Devices such as mobile phones, laptops, PCs, printers, digital cameras and video game consoles can connect to each other, and exchange information.
Bluetooth 
 Typical Bluetooth applications are to connect a headset to a mobile phone, or to connect a computer mouse, keyboard or printer.
Bluetooth 
 This can be used worldwide, without the need to pay license fees, but many other devices, like DECT telephones (wireless phones), smart tags with RFID, baby phones use it too.
Bluetooth 
 Examples include setting up networks, printing or transferring files and data from a PDA to a computer.
Bluetooth 
 Bluetooth wanted to get rid of the peripheral equipment cables, WLANs wanted to get rid of the cables needed to set up a LAN.
Bluetooth 
 The technology is useful when transferring information between two or more devices that are near each other in low-bandwidth situations.
Bluetooth 
 Bluetooth is commonly used to transfer sound data with telephones (i.e. with a Bluetooth headset) or byte data with hand-held computers (transferring files).
Bluetooth 
 Bluetooth uses protocols that make it easy to discover devices that are nearby, and to set up a connection between these devices.
Bluetooth 
 Using services becomes easier; a lot of the setup related to security, networking or permissions is automatic.
Bluetooth 
 More configuration is needed to set up the network, and to make resources accessible by other devices in the network.
Noraduz 
 It was formed a church dedicated to Sainte-mère-de-Dieu (built in the ninth century), and an exceptional site of medieval tombs.
1921 New York Yankees season 
 The New York Yankees during 1921 (the 1921 season) was the 19th season for the Yankees in New York, and overall it was their 21st season.
1921 New York Yankees season 
 The season ended in the team having a record (the number of wins and losses) of 98-55 (98 wins, 55 losses).
Hominidae 
 Sometimes people mean to include humans in the category of “great apes,” and sometimes they mean non-human apes.
Hominidae 
 However, if fossil hominids were included, all of the Australopithecines and the genus Homo would be members of the Hominidae family.
Hominidae 
 Also in Asia, they found fossils of a huge version of the orangutan called Gigantopithecus, which is now extinct.
Hominidae 
 Fossils also show that Neanderthals were in Europe and western Asia for at least half a million years before modern humans appeared.
Hominidae 
 A more recent classification shows humans and the Australopithecines as distinct from the rainforest apes.
Acropolis of Athens 
 It is a large hill in the center of Athens, on which the Parthenon and other Greek buildings were built.
Toki Pona 
 Toki Pona (in Toki Pona it means good language or simple language) is a constructed (made-up) language.
Toki Pona 
 It is not created to be an international auxiliary language (a language for communication between people speaking different languages).
Toki Pona 
 Normally Toki Pona uses the Latin alphabet, but many Toki Pona speakers create other systems of writing for this language.
Toki Pona 
 There are some attempts to create a writing system based on pictograms, but they have not been very successful.
Canadian Hurricane Centre 
 The Canadian Hurricane Centre (CHC) is a Canadian agency that is responsible for monitoring and tracking tropical cyclones that come near or affects Canadian territory.
Canadian Hurricane Centre 
 The agency warns people about on-coming tropical cyclones and makes hurricane advisories when needed.
Canadian Hurricane Centre 
 CHC usually works together with its United States counterpart, the National Hurricane Center in Miami, to coordinate the tracks and positions of all storms that show a possible threat to Canada.
Canadian Hurricane Centre 
 While Atlantic hurricanes are normally uncommon in Canada, they do approach or strike from time to time.
Canadian Hurricane Centre 
 Among recent events are Hurricane Bob, which struck New Brunswick, in 1991, Hurricane Luis which struck Newfoundland in September 1995, Hurricane Hortense which struck Nova Scotia in September 1996, Hurricane Michael which struck Newfoundland in October 2000, and Hurricane Juan, which struck Nova Scotia in September 2003.
Vulcan (Star Trek) 
 Vulcans are a humanoid species in the fictional Star Trek universe who hail from the planet Vulcan, and are noted for their attempt to live by reason and logic with no interference from emotion.
Vulcan (Star Trek) 
 extraterrestrial species encountered by Humans, and later became one of the founding members of the United Federation of Planets.
Vulcan (Star Trek) 
 Vulcans are featured in all six Star Trek series, four of which featured a Vulcan as a main character.
Vulcan (Star Trek) 
 Star Trek: The Magazine v3#10 (February 2003 - "Romulan Propulsion Historical Overview" by Rick Sternbach & Tim Earls)
Vulcan (Star Trek) 
 359 Pocket Books, a division of Simon & Schuster Inc.  1230 Avenue of the Americas, NY, 10020 Paperback Edition 1989.
Keck Observatory 
 The W. M. Keck Observatory is a pair of two large, ground-based telescopes located at Mauna Kea, Hawaii.
Keck Observatory 
 Sitting four km (more than two miles) above sea level, the paired telescopes are used to examine light from distant stars in great detail.
Keck Observatory 
 The primary mirrors of each of the two telescopes are 10 meters (33 feet) across, making them slightly smaller than the Gran Telescopio Canarias primary mirrors.
Keck Observatory 
 However, all of the light collected by the Keck Observatory primary mirrors (75.76m2) is sent to the secondary mirror and the instruments, compared to GTC's primary mirror, which has an effective light-collection area of 73.4m2, or 25.4 square feet less than each of the Keck Observatory primary mirrors.
Keck Observatory 
 Because of this fundamental difference in design, Keck Observatory's telescopes arguably remain the largest steerable, optical/infrared telescopes on Earth.
Vulcan 
 HMS Vulcan, either one of two Royal Navy ships, or a Royal Navy shore establishment at Dounreay, Scotland, dedicated to the development of nuclear power
Vulcan 
 Vulcan (hypothetical planet), a hypothetical planet between Mercury and the Sun, and Vulcanoid asteroids, hypothetical minor planets in the same place
Vulcan 
 Vulcan laser, the most intensely focused in the world, based at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Chilton, Oxfordshire.
Vulcan 
 VULCAN (operating system), an operating system for some 24-bit Datacraft/Harris Corporation minicomputers
Vulcan 
 The Vulcans, an informal name of George W. Bush's foreign policy advisory team for the 2000 U.S. presidential election
Vulcan 
 The Vulcan, an occasional magazine from various organizations within the Young Fine Gael, the youth wing of the Irish Fine Gael political party
HED meteorite 
 Their crystallization ages are between 4.43 and 4.55 billion years ago, by their radioisotope ratios.
Metamorphic rock 
 In the root of a mountain chain or a volcano these forces will be enough to change shape of the strata and the minerals it is made of.
Metamorphic rock 
 Sedimentary rock which has been near such forces often looks as if a giant had twisted it and heated it over a fire.
Metamorphic rock 
 The recrystallisation of minerals after heating generally causes the destruction of any fossils the rocks might have contained.
Metamorphic rock 
 These rocks are formed when igneous or sedimentary rocks are subjected to extreme heat and pressure as result they undergo a complete change in their form and characteristics.
Metamorphic rock 
 If the metamorphosed rocks are later uplifted and exposed by erosion, they are seen as long belts or other large areas at the surface.
Metamorphic rock 
 Metamorphic minerals are those that form only at the high temperatures and pressures of metamorphism.
Metamorphic rock 
 These minerals, known as index minerals, include sillimanite, kyanite, staurolite, andalusite, and some garnet.
Metamorphic rock 
 Other minerals, such as olivines, pyroxenes, amphiboles, micas, feldspars, and quartz may be found in metamorphic rocks.
Metamorphic rock 
 They are stable at high temperatures and pressures and may remain chemically unchanged during the metamorphic process.
Extrusion 
 Extrusive means to the mode of igneous volcanic rock formation in which hot magma from inside the Earth flows out (extrudes) onto the surface as lava or explodes violently into the atmosphere to fall back as pyroclastics or tuff.
Extrusion 
 Extruded when talking about an artificial material like soft metals like aluminium, plastic or glass means that it is pushed out of a nozzle when the material is in a soft state.
Intrusion 
 Large bodies of magma that solidify underground before they reach the surface of the crust are called plutons.
Radiation pressure 
 This happens because the waves that make up electromagnetic radiation carry momentum with them and pass that momentum on when they reach a surface.
Radiation pressure 
 A Crookes radiometer appears to demonstrate the pressure of light, but instead it demonstrate the energy that light brings to a surface.
Radiation pressure 
 The black side of each paddle absorbs most of the light's energy an causes the air near that surface to have a higher pressure.
Radiation pressure 
 So, while a Crookes radiometer turns because of pressure, it is air pressure caused by the heat energy that light brings to the device.
Radiation pressure 
 The solar radiation at Earth's distance from the Sun has an energy flux density of 1370 W/m2, and more than half of this energy reaches surface.
Radiation pressure 
 A calculation shows that this value of the flux would cause on an absorbing surface to experience 4.6 µPa of radiation pressure.
Radiation pressure 
 A convenient way to compare the Sun's energy flux and radiation pressure is to imagine the pressure and energy deposited on one square meter:
Radiation pressure 
 To understand how small a micro-newton is, convert calculate how much mass you need on Earth to get that force using :
Radiation pressure 
 The difference between the energy flux and the pressure is like the difference between the heat coming through a large window and the weight of a very small mosquito.
Radiation pressure 
 Demir, Dilek,"A table-top demonstration of radiation pressure",2011, Diplomathesis, E-Theses univie (http://othes.univie.ac.at/16381/)
Kirkwood gap 
 Kirkwood gaps are areas of the asteroid belt where asteroids are unusually scarce, as seen in the graph on the right.
Kirkwood gap 
 The gaps were first noticed in 1857 by Daniel Kirkwood, who also correctly explained their origin in the orbital resonances with Jupiter while a professor at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania.
Ca-Al-rich inclusions 
 Ca-Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) are centimeter-sized light-coloured calcium and aluminium rich inclusions found in carbonaceous chondrites.
Ca-Al-rich inclusions 
 CAIs contains high-temperature minerals and are among the first solids which solidified from the cooling protoplanetary disk.
Ca-Al-rich inclusions 
 CAIs were formed at much higher temperatures than the associated chondrules, and may have survived many high-temperature events, whereas most chondrules are the product of a single transient melting event.
Ca-Al-rich inclusions 
 The isotopic anomalies of CAIs give valuable clues about the solar system's formation, suggesting that the solar nebula collapsed shortly after a nearby supernova.
Eucrite 
 Eucrites are achondritic stony meteorites that originate from the surface of the asteroid 4 Vesta, and as such are part of the HED meteorite group.
81P/Wild 
 Comet 81P/Wild, also known as Wild 2, is a comet named after Swiss astronomer Paul Wild (pronounced Vilt), who discovered it in 1978.
81P/Wild 
 It is believed that for most of its 4.5 billion-year lifetime, Wild 2 had a more distant and circular orbit.
81P/Wild 
 In 1974, it passed within only about one million kilometers of the planet Jupiter, whose strong gravitational pull altered the comet's orbit and brought it into the inner solar system.
81P/Wild 
 Its orbital period changed from 40 years to about 6 years, and its perihelion is now about 1.59 AU (astronomical unit).
Shell (projectile) 
 Shells are usually large caliber projectiles fired by artillery, armored vehicles (including tanks), and warships.
Ion thruster 
 It works by using static electricity or magnetism to push ions (electrically charged atoms) out the back of the spacecraft.
Ion thruster 
 It has to be carried into outer space by a regular rocket, because the ions don't push hard enough for it to escape the Earth's gravity, but after it gets to outer space it can travel a very long way.