the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Kraken Mare 
 It was discovered in 2007 by the Cassini probe and was named in 2008 after the Kraken, a legendary sea monster.
Kraken Mare 
 Only a small part of the sea has been pictured by radar, but its full size is seen in visible light pictures.
Ligeia Mare 
 Ligeia Mare has been a proposed lake to land the Titan Lake In-situ Sampling Propelled Explorer space probe
Keystream 
 In cryptography, a keystream is a stream of random or pseudorandom characters that are combined with a plaintext message to produce an encrypted message (the ciphertext).
Keystream 
 The "characters" in the keystream can be bits, bytes, numbers or actual characters like A-Z depending on the usage case.
Keystream 
 Usually each character in the keystream is either added, subtracted or XORed with a character in the plaintext to produce the ciphertext, using modular arithmetic.
Keystream 
 For example, the CTR mode (also known as Integer Counter Mode (ICM)) is a block mode that makes a block cipher produce a keystream then turns the block cipher into a stream cipher.
Keystream 
 In this simple example we will use only the English alphabet of 26 characters from a-z, therefore we will not encrypt numbers, commas, spaces and other symbols.
Keystream 
 As we have only 26 characters the random numbers in the keystream have to be at least between 0 and 25.
Keystream 
 Here the plaintext message "attack at dawn" is combined by addition with the keystream "kjcngmlhylyu" and produces the ciphertext "kcvniwlabluh".
Noor Jehan 
 She is renowned as one of the greatest singers of her time in the Indian subcontinent and was given the honorific title of Mallika-e-Tarranum (, English: the queen of melody).
Noor Jehan 
 She achieved special national recognition and popularity in Pakistan with her patriotic songs of 1965, which elevated her to an iconic level.
Noor Jehan 
 Along with Ahmed Rushdi, she holds the record for having given voice to the largest number of film songs in the history of Pakistani cinema.
Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan 
 Among other honorary titles given to him, Nusrat was called Shahenshah-e-Qawwali, meaning The Emperor of Qawwali.
Aziz Mian 
 Aziz Mian Qawwal () (April 17, 1942 – December 6, 2000) was a Pakistani singer, most famous for his performing of Qawwalis.
Aziz Mian 
 The word Mairthi refers to Meerut, a city in northern India, from which he migrated to Pakistan in 1947.
Aziz Mian 
 At the age of ten, he began learning the art of Qawwali under the tutelage of Ustad Abdul Wahid Khan.
Aziz Mian 
 He received sixteen years of training at the Data Ganj Baksh School of Lahore, and obtained a degree in Urdu literature from the University of Punjab, Lahore.
National emblem of Bangladesh 
 The water lily is the country's national flower, and is representative of the many rivers that run through Bangladesh.
National emblem of Bangladesh 
 Rice represents its presence as the staple food of Bangladesh, and for the agriculture of that nation.
National emblem of Bangladesh 
 The four stars represent the four founding principles that were originally enshrined in the first constitution of Bangladesh in 1972: Nationalism, Secularism, Socialism, and Democracy.
National emblem of Bangladesh 
 The national emblem of the Republic is the national flower Shapla (Nymphaea pubescens) resting on water, having on each side an ear of paddy and being surmounted by three connected leaves of jute with two stars on each side of the leaves. -
National emblem of Bangladesh 
 The Government of Bangladesh has adopted Education, Nationalism and Democracy as its "National Motto".
Instrument of Surrender 
 The Instrument of Surrender () was a written agreement that enabled the surrender of the Pakistan Armed Forces in the Bangladesh Liberation War.
Instrument of Surrender 
 Lieutenant-General A A K Niazi, joint commander of the Pakistan Armed Forces in East Pakistan,  and Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora, joint commander of the Bangladesh-India Allied Forces, signed the instrument amid thousands of cheering crowds at the race course.
Instrument of Surrender 
 Air Commodore A. K. Khandker, Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Bangladesh Armed Forces, and Lieutenant General J F R Jacob of the Indian Eastern Command, acted as witnesses to the surrender.
Instrument of Surrender 
 Subsequently, around 93,000 Pakistani troops and officials were taken as prisoners-of-war by the Indian Army, the largest number of POWs since World War II.
Instrument of Surrender 
 The Pakistan Eastern Command agree to surrender all Pakistan Armed Forces in Bangladesh to Lieutenant-General Jagjit Singh Aurora, General Officer Commanding in Chief of the Indian and Bangladesh forces in the Eastern Theatre.
Instrument of Surrender 
 This surrender includes all Pakistan land, air and naval forces as also all para-military forces and civil armed forces.
Instrument of Surrender 
 These forces will lay down their arms and surrender at the places where they are currently located to the nearest regular troops under the command of Lieutenant- General Jagjit Singh Aurora.
Instrument of Surrender 
 The Pakistan Eastern Command shall come under the orders of Lieutenant-General Jagjit Singh Aurora as soon as this instrument has been signed.
Instrument of Surrender 
 Disobedience of orders will be regarded as a breach of the surrender terms and will be dealt with in accordance with the accepted laws and usages of war.
Instrument of Surrender 
 The decision of Lieutenant-General Jagjit Singh Aurora will be final, should any doubt arise as to the meaning or interpretation of the surrender terms.
Instrument of Surrender 
 Lieutenant- General Jagjit Singh Aurora gives a solemn assurance that personnel who surrender will be treated with dignity and respect that soldiers are entitled to in accordance with the provisions of the Geneva Convention and guarantees the safety and well-being of all PAKISTAN military and para-military forces who surrender.
Instrument of Surrender 
 Protection will be provided to foreign nationals, ethnic minorities and personnel of Western Pakistan origin by the forces under the command of Lieutenant - General Jagjit Singh Aurora.
Instrument of Surrender 
 (Jagjit Singh Aurora) Lieutenant-General General Officer Commanding in Chief Indian and Bangladesh Forces in the Eastern Theatre
Instrument of Surrender 
 (Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi) Lieutenant-General Martial Law Administrator Zone B and Commander Eastern Command (Pakistan)
Product cipher 
 In cryptography, a product cipher is a popular type of stream ciphers that works by executing in sequence a number of simple transformations such as substitution, permutation, and modular arithmetic.
Product cipher 
 However, it is hoped that a sufficiently long chain of rounds loads the cipher with sufficient confusion and diffusion properties to make it resistant to cryptanalysis.
Islamic Republic 
 These states have Islam as a state religion and are governed by the principles of the Islamic law called Sharia.
Islamic Republic 
 Laws made by the state cannot contradict Sharia in some of these countries, and in other countries civil law is more dominant than Sharia law.
Islamic Republic 
 Pakistan (Since the constitution of 1956, state founded to provide a homeland for Muslims living in Colonial India, in 1947)
Key schedule 
 In cryptography,  the so-called product ciphers are a certain kind of ciphers, where the decryption of data is done in "rounds".
Key schedule 
 The general setup of each round is the same, except for some hard-coded parameters and a part of the cipher key, called a subkey.
Key schedule 
 For example, the block cipher TEA simply splits the 128-bit key into four 32-bit pieces and uses them repeatedly in successive rounds.
Key schedule 
 DES uses a key schedule where the 56 bit key is divided into two 28-bit halves then each half is treated separately.
Key schedule 
 In successive rounds, both halves are rotated left by one or two bits (specified for each round), and then 48 subkey bits are selected by Permuted Choice 2 (PC-2) — 24 bits from the left half, and 24 from the right.
Key schedule 
 The rotations mean that a different set of bits is used in each subkey; each bit is used in approximately 14 out of the 16 subkeys.
Key schedule 
 In an effort to avoid simple relationships between the cipher key and the subkeys, to resist such forms of cryptanalysis as related-key attacks and slide attacks, many modern ciphers use much more complex key schedules, such as algorithms that use a one-way function to generate an "expanded key" from which subkeys are drawn.
Key schedule 
 Some ciphers, such as Rijndael (AES) and Blowfish, use parts of the cipher algorithm itself for this key expansion, sometimes initialized with some "nothing up my sleeve numbers".
Key schedule 
 Other ciphers, such as RC5, expand keys with functions that are somewhat or completely different from the encryption functions.
Key schedule 
 Knudsen and Mathiassen (2004) give some experimental evidence that indicate that the key schedule plays a part in providing strength against linear and differential cryptanalysis.
Key schedule 
 For toy Feistel ciphers, it was observed that those with complex and well-designed key schedules can reach a uniform distribution for the probabilities of differentials and linear hulls faster than those with poorly-designed key schedules.
Key schedule 
 Lars R. Knudsen and John Erik Mathiassen, On the Role of Key Schedules in Attacks on Iterated Ciphers, ESORICS 2004, pp322–334.
EFF DES cracker 
 In cryptography, the EFF DES cracker (nicknamed "Deep Crack") is a machine built by the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) to perform a brute force search of DES cipher's key space — that is, to decrypt an encrypted message by trying every possible key.
EFF DES cracker 
 The DES uses a 56-bit key, meaning that there are 256 possible keys under which a message can be encrypted.
EFF DES cracker 
 When DES was approved as a federal standard in 1976, a machine fast enough to test such a number of keys in a reasonable time would have cost an unreasonable amount of money to build.
Classified information 
 Classified information is sensitive information to which access is restricted by law or regulation to particular classes of people.
Classified information 
 This sort of hierarchical system of sharing information among a group of people is almost used by every national government.
Classified information 
 The purpose of classification is to protect information from being used to damage or cause danger to national security.
Classified information 
 Classification formalizes what constitutes a "state secret" and deals with different levels of protection based on the expected damage the information might cause if it reached the wrong hands.
Classified information 
 Certain non-government organizations and corporations also have their own secret information, normally referred to as trade secrets.
Classified information 
 Although the classification systems vary from country to country, most have levels corresponding to the following British definitions (from the highest level to lowest):
Classified information 
 Confidential Such material would cause "damage" or be "prejudicial" to national security if publicly available.
Classified information 
 Unclassified Technically not a classification level, but is used for government documents that do not have a classification listed above.
Classified information 
 Depending on the level of classification there are different rules controlling the level of clearance needed to view such information, and how it must be stored, transmitted, and destroyed.
Classified information 
 Simply possessing a clearance does not automatically authorize the individual to view all material classified at that level or below that level.
Classified information 
 The individual must present a legitimate "need to know" in addition to the proper level of clearance.
Classified information 
 US "NISPOM" manual, explaining rules on classified information among other things - full title is "National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual".
Classified information 
 RADNA GRUPA ZA IZRADU ZAKONA O TAJNIM INFORMACIJAMA, proposition of Serbian non government working group for Classification of secrets law, .DOC Serbian
Security clearance 
 A security clearance is a status granted (approved) to individuals allowing them access to classified information, e.g. state secrets.
Security clearance 
 The term "security clearance" is also sometimes used in private organizations that have a formal process of selecting employees to access "sensitive information".
Security clearance 
 A clearance by itself is normally not sufficient to gain access; the organization must determine that the cleared person "needs to know" the information.
Security clearance 
 No one is supposed to be granted access to classified information only because of rank, position, or a security clearance.
Sensitive information 
 Sensitive information is information or knowledge that might result in loss of an advantage or level of security if exposed to others who might be unfriends or have low or unknown trustability.
Sensitive information 
 Loss, misuse, modification or unauthorized access to sensitive information can negatively affect the privacy of an individual, trade secrets of a business or even the security, internal and foreign affairs of a nation depending on the level of sensitivity and nature of the information.
Sensitive information 
 The term classified information generally refers to information that is subject to special security classification regulations imposed by many national governments.
Sensitive information 
 The term "Unclassified" as used in the below refers to information that is not subject to security classification regulations.
Sensitive information 
 Information can be reclassified to a different level or declassified (made available to the public) depending on changes of situation or new intelligence.
Trade secret 
 A trade secret is a formula, practice, process, design, instrument, pattern, or a collection of information which is not generally known, invented or created, by which a business can obtain an economic advantage over competitors or customers.
Trade secret 
 In some jurisdictions, such secrets are referred to as "confidential information" or "classified information".
Trade secret 
 With its broad definition of eligible subject matter, trade secret law protects a wide range of valuable information, including information that would not be eligible for protection under existing patent, trademark, or copyright law.
Trade secret 
 This could include formulae and recipes, proprietary databases, business processes and methods, information about costs, pricing, margins, overhead, manufacturing processes, proprietary computer software programs, customer lists, and strategic plans and marketing programs.
Trade secret 
 There are three factors that are common to all definitions of a trade secret, a trade secret is information that:
Trade secret 
 Grants some sort of economic benefit on its holder (where this benefit must derive specifically from its not being generally known, not just from the value of the information itself);
Trade secret 
 The unauthorized acquisition, use, or disclosure of such secret information in a manner contrary to honest commercial practices by others is regarded as an unfair practice and a violation of the trade secret protection.
Rock Steady 
 The album was influenced a lot by reggae, dancehall, and electronica, compared to their previous albums.
Rock Steady 
 For example, Rolling Stone magazine put the album as the 316th greatest album of all time in their book Rolling Stone's List of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.
Rock Steady 
 The first single, "Hey Baby", won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal.
Rock Steady 
 It won a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 2004 Grammy Awards.
Meet-in-the-middle attack 
 The Meet-in-the-middle attack is a cryptographic attack which, like the birthday attack, makes use of a space-time tradeoff.
Meet-in-the-middle attack 
 While the birthday attack attempts to find two values in the domain of a function that map to the same value in its range, the meet-in-the-middle attack attempts to find a value in each of the ranges and domains of the composition of two functions such that the forward mapping of one through the first function is the same as the inverse image of the other through the second function—quite literally meeting in the middle of the composed function.
Meet-in-the-middle attack 
 It was first developed as an attack on an attempted expansion of a block cipher by Diffie and Hellman in 1977.
Meet-in-the-middle attack 
 When trying to improve the security of a block cipher, one might get the idea to simply use two independent keys to encrypt the data twice and think that this would square the security of the double-encryption scheme.
Meet-in-the-middle attack 
 Certainly, an exhaustive search of all possible combination of keys would take  attempts if each key is n bits long, compared to the  attempts required for a single key.
Meet-in-the-middle attack 
 However, Diffie and Hellman, discovered a time-memory tradeoff that could break the scheme in only double the time to break the single-encryption scheme.
Meet-in-the-middle attack 
 The attack works by encrypting from one end and decrypting from the other end, thus meeting in the middle.
Meet-in-the-middle attack 
 Afterwards he can decrypt the ciphertext by computing DK(C) for each K. Any matches between these two resulting sets are likely to reveal the correct keys. (
Meet-in-the-middle attack 
 To speed up the comparison, the EK(P) set is stored in an in-memory lookup table, then each DK(C) can be matched against the values in the lookup table to find the candidate keys.)
Meet-in-the-middle attack 
 Once the matches are discovered, they can be verified with a second test-set of plaintext and ciphertext.
Meet-in-the-middle attack 
 If the keysize is n, this attack uses only  encryptions (and  space) in contrast to the naive attack, which needs  encryptions (but only  space).
Key whitening 
 It consists of steps that combine the data with portions of the key (most commonly using a simple XOR) before the first round and after the last round of encryption.
ESTREAM 
 eSTREAM is a project to identify "new stream ciphers that might become suitable for widespread adoption",  organized by the EU ECRYPT network.
ESTREAM 
 The project was divided into separate phases and the project goal was to find algorithms suitable for different kinds of application.
MacGuffin (cipher) 
 In cryptography, MacGuffin is a block cipher created in 1994 by Bruce Schneier and Matt Blaze at a Fast Software Encryption workshop.
MacGuffin (cipher) 
 It was intended as a catalyst for analysis of a new cipher structure, known as Generalized Unbalanced Feistel Networks (GUFNs).
MacGuffin (cipher) 
 Schneier and Blaze based MacGuffin on DES, their main change was spliting the DES 64 bits data block into two unequal halves in the Feistel network, 48 bits of the 64-bit data block are fed through the round function, whose output is XORed with the other 16 bits of the data block.
MacGuffin (cipher) 
 Since MacGuffin is a Feistel network, decryption is easy; simply run the encryption algorithm in reverse.
MacGuffin (cipher) 
 The algorithm was experimental, intended to explore the security properties of unbalanced Feistel networks.
MacGuffin (cipher) 
 The cryptanalysis proceeded very quickly, so quickly that the cipher was broken using differential cryptanalysis at the same workshop by Vincent Rijmen and Bart Preneel.
MacGuffin (cipher) 
 Rijmen and Preneel warn that designing an algorithm to resist only known attacks is generally not a good design principle.
Feistel cipher 
 In cryptography, a Feistel cipher is a symmetric structure used in the construction of block ciphers, named after the German IBM cryptographer Horst Feistel; it is also commonly known as a Feistel network.
Feistel cipher 
 The Feistel structure has the advantage that encryption and decryption operations are very similar, even identical in some cases, requiring only a reversal of the key schedule.
Feistel cipher 
 Feistel construction is iterative in nature which makes implementing the cryptosystem in hardware easier.
Feistel cipher 
 Feistel networks and similar constructions are product ciphers, and so combine multiple rounds of repeated operations, such as:
Feistel cipher 
 Linear mixing  (in the sense of modular algebra) using XOR to produce a function with large amounts of what Claude Shannon described as "confusion and diffusion".
Feistel cipher 
 Many modern symmetric block ciphers use Feistel networks, and the structure and properties of Feistel ciphers have been extensively explored by cryptographers.
Feistel cipher 
 Specifically, Michael Luby and Charles Rackoff analyzed the Feistel block cipher construction, and proved that if the round function is a cryptographically secure pseudorandom function, with Ki used as the seed, then 3 rounds is sufficient to make the block cipher a pseudorandom permutation, while 4 rounds is sufficient to make it a "strong" pseudorandom permutation (which means that it remains pseudorandom even to an adversary who gets oracle access to its inverse permutation).
Feistel cipher 
 Because of this very important result of Luby and Rackoff, Feistel ciphers are sometimes called Luby-Rackoff block ciphers.
Feistel cipher 
 Further theoretical studies generalized the construction, and defined more precise limits for security.
Feistel cipher 
 One advantage of this model is that the round function  does not have to be invertible, and can be very complex.
Feistel cipher 
 Decryption requires only reversing the order of the subkey  using the same process; this is the only difference between encryption and decryption:
Feistel cipher 
 For example, the Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding (OAEP) scheme uses a simple Feistel network to randomize ciphertexts in certain asymmetric-key encryption schemes.
George Wythe 
 George Wythe (1726 – June 8, 1806), was a lawyer, judge, prominent law professor and "Virginia's foremost classical scholar."
George Wythe 
 Wythe was one of the seven men from Virginia who signed the United States Declaration of Independence.
George Wythe 
 In 1779 he was appointed to the newly created Chair of Law at William and Mary, becoming the first law professor in the United States.
Josiah Bartlett 
 Josiah Bartlett (November 21, 1729– May 19, 1795), was an American physician and statesman, delegate to the Continental Congress for New Hampshire.
Josiah Bartlett 
 He was later Chief Justice of the New Hampshire Superior Court of Judicature and governor of the state.
Carter Braxton 
 Carter Braxton (September 10, 1736 – October 10, 1797), was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence and a representative of Virginia.
Carter Braxton 
 He was born on Newington Plantation in King and Queen County, Virginia and educated at the William and Mary.
Carter Braxton 
 He married a wealthy heiress named Judith Robinson at the age nineteen, but she died two years later, leaving him two daughters.
Carter Braxton 
 He journeyed to England for two years and returned to the colonies in 1760, marrying again, this time to Elizabeth Corbin, and represented King William County in the Virginia House of Burgesses.
Carter Braxton 
 He joined the patriot's Committee of Safety in Virginia in 1774 and represented his county in the Virginia Convention.
Carter Braxton 
 When Peyton Randolph died in 1775, Braxton was appointed to take his place in the Continental Congress.
Carter Braxton 
 He served in the Congress from February 1776 until August, when Virginia reduced its delegation to five members.
Carter Braxton 
 Afterwards he returned to the House of Burgesses, and later served on the State's Executive Council.
Islamic theology 
 Islamic theology comes from the Qur'an, Hadith, and the story of Muhammad's life (Sirah Rasul Allah).
Islamic theology 
 Eschatology is understood as the last things or ultimate things, and in Muslim theology, eschatology is about the end of this world and what will happen in the next world.