the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Marie Antoinette 
 By the time she left Austria, she was speaking French easily and well, even if it had a small German accent.
Marie Antoinette 
 The Abbe also found that Marie Antoinette did not know much about French history, which they studied carefully together.
Marie Antoinette 
 Marie Antoinette was publicly executed by guillotine for treason in Paris, France, on 16 October 1793, months after the death of her husband.
Montesquieu 
 Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (18 January 1689 – 10 February 1755), was commonly known as Montesquieu.
Montesquieu 
 Montesquieu's radical work divided French people into three classes, or groups: three classes (or trias politica, a term he coined):
Montesquieu 
 These should be balanced, so that no one power would be able to overcome the other two, either singly or in combination.
Montesquieu 
 This view is possibly influenced by similar statements in Germania by Tacitus, one of Montesquieu's favourite authors.)
Montesquieu 
 Montesquieu's philosophy that "government should be set up so that no man need be afraid of another" prompted the creators of the Constitution to divide the U.S. government into three separate branches.
Montesquieu 
 Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence (Considerations on the Causes of the Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans, 1734)
Aristocracy 
 Aristocracy is a kind of government that puts power in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class.
Aristocracy 
 In Ancient Greek, the word aristocracy means the rule of the best, but it has come to be linked with rule by Nobility.
Aristocracy 
 Some good examples of this are the Spartiates in Sparta, the eupatridae in Athens, the patricians or Optimates in Rome to name a few
Aristocracy 
 monarchy - (inherited rule by a single individual) The monarch and his or her relatives are usually the aristocracy.
Aristocracy 
 autocracy - (all power in one person) Aristocracies in an autocratic society tend to be very small, usually only the autocrat's family or close friends.
Aristocracy 
 Meritocracy - (rule by those who most deserve to rule) The rulers are people who have special credentials or those who went to a particular school or passed a special examination.
Aristocracy 
 It is possible to lose your place in the ruling group because someone with better skills replaced you.
Aristocracy 
 Democracy - (rule by the people) There are usually not official groups of aristocrats in a democracy.
Aristocracy 
 However, rich and famous people sometimes informally form a group of people who get special treatment.
Poseidon 
 Poseidon () is the god of the sea, earthquakes, storms and horses in ancient Greek religion and myth.
Poseidon 
 While he was married to the goddess Amphitrite, one of the Nereids, like his brother Zeus, Poseidon had a number of affairs with other goddesses and mortal woman, siring such heroes as Theseus and Bellerophon.
Poseidon 
 Lord of the waters, Poseidon was both patron and protector of both sailors and seafarers, who would pray to him for safe passage across the sea.
Poseidon 
 He was additionally the chief deity and patron of the city of Corinth, whereupon the Isthmian Games were held every other four years in his honor.
Poseidon 
 Otherwise known as the Earth-Shaker (), Poseidon was thought to be the cause of such disasters, striking the Earth with his trident (a three-pronged spear) whenever he was particularly enraged.
Poseidon 
 Some have theorized this god is in fact Owen's hair coming from the popular belief that it summoned a storm.
Object-oriented programming 
 Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a way of writing computer programs using "objects" to stand for data and methods.
Object-oriented programming 
 Computer programs that are not object-oriented are a list of instructions for the computer, telling it to do certain things in a certain way, which is called procedural programming.
Object-oriented programming 
 However, in object-oriented programming, computer programs use objects that talk to one another to change the data in those objects and to work in a way that the user wants.
Object-oriented programming 
 Because of the way object-oriented programming is designed, it helps the developer by allowing for code to be easily reused by other parts of the program or even by other people.
Object-oriented programming 
 For example, Python allows for computer programs to be written both in object-oriented programming and in procedural programming.
Object-oriented programming 
 There are many programming languages that allow you to write computer programs in object-oriented programming.
Object-oriented programming 
 Some of these programming languages are:  C++, Java, Ruby, Perl, Emarald, Sapphire, PHP, Python, C#, etc.
Object-oriented programming 
 Procedures are lists of instructions telling the computer to take input, do some calculations or change data, and return the output to the user.
Object-oriented programming 
 Classes usually talk to one another to make changes to data in order to work in a way that the user wants.
Object-oriented programming 
 This class contains the attributes name (for the name of the person) and friend (for the name of the friend).
Object-oriented programming 
 Each of the methods in the Human class contains a list of instructions that makes use of both the name and friend attributes.
Object-oriented programming 
 Even though object-oriented programming is popular, some people think that it is bad and criticize it.
Object-oriented programming 
 Richard Stallman wrote in 1995, "Adding OOP to Emacs is not clearly an improvement; I used OOP when working on the Lisp Machine window systems, and I disagree with the usual view that it is a superior way to program."
Object-oriented programming 
 tells us that there is very little difference in productivity between OOP and procedural approaches.
Object-oriented programming 
 Christopher J. Date said that comparing OOP to other things, especially how OOP and the other things are related, is difficult because people don't agree on the meaning of OOP.
Object-oriented programming 
 Alexander Stepanov suggested that OOP gives a point of view that is limited as far as math, and called it, "almost as much of a hoax as Artificial Intelligence"
Object-oriented programming 
 Paul Graham has suggested that the purpose of OOP is to act as a herding mechanism which keeps average programmers in average organizations from "doing too much damage".
Object-oriented programming 
 This also slows down faster, better programmers who know how to do things in a more powerful and more compact way.
Handball 
 Handball (also known as team handball, field handball or Olympic handball) is a team sport similar to football (soccer).
Handball 
 Two teams of 7 players each (six players and a goalkeeper) pass and bounce a ball using the hands, trying to throw it into the goal of the other team.
Handball 
 Games are an hour of playing time, divided into 30-minute halves, with 15 minutes break at halftime.
Handball 
 The size of the court is a little bigger than a basketball court, 40 meters by 20 meters, which is the same court as indoor soccer.
Handball 
 It has a six-meter line which no one but the goalie is allowed to have possession of the ball and touching the ground.
Handball 
 If this happens, a foul is called and the player committing the foul gets ejected, (sitting out of the game for two minutes, five minutes, or the rest of the game).
Twelve Olympians 
 Seventeen gods have been said to have been Olympians, but there were never more than twelve at the same time.
Twelve Olympians 
 Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Athena, Apollo, and Artemis are always considered to be Olympians.
Twelve Olympians 
 Thus, it is theorized that Hestia gave up her place to Dionysus because she wanted to live amongst humans however no records of this actually exist
Twelve Olympians 
 The Olympians became the most important gods when Zeus and his brothers and sisters won a war against the Titans.
Twelve Olympians 
 If you were to chain the heavens and attempt to drag me down, with the power of you all, you could not.
Sandro Botticelli 
 Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi ( – May 17, 1510), known as Sandro Botticelli (, ), was one of the greatest painters of the Florentine Renaissance.
Sandro Botticelli 
 His The Birth of Venus and Primavera are often said to epitomize for modern viewers the spirit of the Renaissance.
Sandro Botticelli 
 His most famous painting is Birth of Venus, however he does have a lot of famous artworks: Fortitude, Madonna and Child, Adoration of the kings and many more.
Sandro Botticelli 
 Sandro Botticelli was unique; he was influenced by the revival of greek and roman ideas in Florence at the time, Botticelli was one of the first western artists since classical times to depict non religious subject matter
Sandro Botticelli 
 Lippi's synthesis of the new control of three-dimensional forms, tender expressiveness in face and gesture, and decorative details inherited from the late Gothic style were the strongest influences on Botticelli.
Sandro Botticelli 
 He was an apprentice too of Andrea del Verrocchio, where Leonardo da Vinci worked beside him, but he made his name in his local Church of Ognissanti, with a St. Augustine that successfully competed as a pendant with Domenico Ghirlandaio's Jerome on the other side "the head of the saint being expressive of profound thought and quick subtlety" (Vasari).
Sandro Botticelli 
 Botticelli made consistent use of the circular tondo form and did many beautiful female nudes, according to Vasari.
Sandro Botticelli 
 Earlier, Botticelli had painted an Assumption of the Virgin for Matteo Palmieri in a chapel at San Pietro Maggiore.
Sandro Botticelli 
 In this painting, it was rumored, both the patron who dictated the iconic scheme and the painter who painted it, were guilty of heresy.
Sandro Botticelli 
 In it, a large number of figures represent the Assumption of Our Lady with zones of patriarchs, prophets, apostles, evangelists, martyrs, confessors, doctors, virgins, and the orders of angels, the whole from a design he received from Matteo.
Sandro Botticelli 
 But although the great beauty of this work could find no other fault with it, people said that Matteo and Sandro were guilty of grave heresy.
Sandro Botticelli 
 The Adoration of the Magi for Santa Maria Novella, ca1476, contains portraits of Cosimo de' Medici ("the finest of all that are now extant for its life and vigour"), his grandson Giuliano de' Medici, and Cosimo's son Giovanni, were effusively described by Vasari:
Sandro Botticelli 
 "The beauty of the heads in this scene is indescribable, their attitudes all different, some full-face, some in profile, some three-quarters, some bent down, and in various other ways, while the expressions of the attendants, both young and old, are greatly varied, displaying the artist's perfect mastery of his profession.
Sandro Botticelli 
 In 1481, Pope Sixtus IV summoned him and prominent Florentine and Umbrian artists who had been summoned to fresco the walls of the Sistine Chapel.
Sandro Botticelli 
 He returned to Florence, and "being of a sophistical turn of mind, he there wrote a commentary on a portion of Dante and illustrated the Inferno which he printed, spending much time over it, and this abstension from work led to serious disorders in his living."
Sandro Botticelli 
 Thus Vasari characterized the first printed Dante (1481) with Botticelli's decorations; he could not imagine that the new art of printing might occupy an artist.
Sandro Botticelli 
 As for the subject, when Fra Girolamo Savonarola began to preach hellfire and damnation, the susceptible Sandro Botticelli became one of his adherents, a piagnone left painting as a worldly vanity, burned much of his own early work, fell into poverty as a result, and would have starved but for the tender support of his former patrons.
Hermes 
 One of the myths about Hermes is that he once stole his brother's oxen, and burned them as a sacrifice.
Maia 
 When she woke up, Hermes had crawled away to Thessaly and had invented the lyre and stole some of Apollo's cattle.
Medieval commune 
 Medieval townspeople in western Europe during the period of the High Middle Ages needed protection from lawless nobles and bandits.
Medieval commune 
 The walled city was protection from direct assault, but once a townsperson left the city walls, he or she was at the mercy of often violent and lawless nobles in the countryside.
Medieval commune 
 Because much of medieval Europe lacked central authority to provide protection, such as a police force (to use a modern analogy), each city had to provide its own protection for citizens both inside the city walls, and outside.
Medieval commune 
 Every town had its own commune and no two communes were alike, but at the heart, communes were sworn alliegences of mutual defense.
Medieval commune 
 When a commune was formed, all particpitating members gathered and swore an oath together, in public, they would defend each other in time of trouble.
Medieval commune 
 Obviously if a commune member was attacked outside the city it was too late to call for help as it would be unlikely anyone would be around in time.
Medieval commune 
 Instead the commune would promise to exact revenge on the attacker, the promise of revenge being a form of defense.
Medieval commune 
 However, what would happen if the attacker was a noble who had a castle, too strong for the townspeople?
Medieval commune 
 This was often the case and certainly the town commune could not muster the forces to attack a castle.
Medieval commune 
 Instead they might attack the nobles family, or burn his crops, or kill his serfs, or destroy his orchards.
Medieval commune 
 The commune movement started in the 11th century in northern Italy which had the most urbanized population of Europe at the time, and in what is now Belgium which was also relatively urban at the time.
Medieval commune 
 England never saw much of the commune movement because it was by comparison a pretty well run kingdom and did not need local protection forces.
Medieval commune 
 Although in most cases the development of communes was connected with that of the cities, there were rural communes, notably in France and England, that were formed to protect the common interests of villagers.
Medieval commune 
 On the one hand they agreed safety and protection from lawless nobles was in everyones best interest.
Medieval commune 
 The communes intention was to keep the peace through the threat of revenge, and the Church was sympathetic to the end result of peace.
Medieval commune 
 However the Church had their own ways to enforce the peace such as the Peace and Truce of God movement, for example.
Medieval commune 
 The methods the commune used, eye for an eye, violence begets violence, were generally not acceptable to Church or King.
Medieval commune 
 Normally only the noble lords are allowed to fight and the merchant townspeople were the workers, not fighters.
Medieval commune 
 There was a sense the communes were a threat to the medieval 3-tiered social order: Those who work, those who pray, those who fight.
Medieval commune 
 One of the most famous cases of a commune being suppressed and the resulting defiant urban revolt occurred in the French town of Laon in 1112.
Imperialism 
 Imperialism is a policy (way of governing) in which large or powerful countries seek to extend their authority beyond their own borders.
Imperialism 
 Imperialist policies of countries or kingdoms have goals of taking over more land to create bigger empires.
Imperialism 
 The people under an imperial government may be forced to buy products from that government or from that government's industries.
Imperialism 
 During the Age of Imperialism, modern and industrialized countries competed for control of pre-industrial parts of the world.
Imperialism 
 The imperialist countries that acquired the largest empires during the Age of Imperialism are The United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States.
Heresy 
 Heresy is a word used by different religious groups, used to describe someone who has ideas that are different from what the religion or law teaches.
Heresy 
 Still in the 21st century Muslims who apostatize are often treated very harshly and frequently killed.
Heresy 
 Jesus Christ himself was regarded as a heretic by the Jewish leaders at the time- see Gospel of Matthew 26:57-67
Heresy 
 The Roman Catholic Church in early times had great trouble with heretical christological doctrines, such as Monophysitism and Arianism.
Heresy 
 Protestants claim only scripture (the Bible) is relevant for the faith (sola scriptura); the Catholic Church says traditions are also important.
Heresy 
 As a result of the Protestant Reformation, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith was created in the Roman Catholic Church which protects the Church against heresies.
Cossacks 
 Cossacks () (from Cuman cosac, meaning "free man") was a group of people in the southern land of Ukraine and Russia.
Cossacks 
 The most well known Cossacks are the Ukrainian Cossacks from Zaporizhzhia and the Russian Cossacks (kazaks) from Don, Terek, Kuban and Ural areas.
Cossacks 
 In Soviet times, the Cossacks' life was subject to a lot of Bolshevik attacks and Cossack lands survived several famines.
41 
 January 24 – Roman Emperor Gaius Caesar (Caligula) is assassinated by his unhappy Praetorian Guards.
1341 
 Margarete Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol, expels her husband John Henry of Bohemia, to whom she had been married as a child.
1341 
 She subsequently marries Louis of Bavaria without having been divorced, which results in the excommunication of the couple.
1522 
 February 26 – Execution by hanging of Cuauhtémoc, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan under orders of conquistador Hernán Cortés.
1522 
 April 22 – Battle of Bicocca – French and Swiss forces under Odet de Lautrec are defeated by the Spanish in their attempt to retake Milan, and are forced to withdraw into Venetian territory.
1522 
 September 6 – The Vittoria, one of the surviving ships of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition, returns to Sanlcar de Barrameda in Spain, becoming the first ship to circumnavigate the world.
1522 
 December 18 – The Turks finally break into Rhodes, but the Knights continue fierce resistance in the streets.
1522 
 December 20 – Suleiman the Magnificent accepts the surrender of the surviving Knights, who are allowed to evacuate.
American Sign Language 
 American Sign Language (old names: Amslan, Ameslan ) is the most popular sign language for the Deaf in the United States, in the English-speaking parts of Canada, and in parts of Mexico.
American Sign Language 
 Although the United Kingdom and the United States share English as a spoken and written language, British Sign Language (BSL) is different from American Sign Language.
American Sign Language 
 ASL actually comes from French Sign Language, as Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet went to England for help learning sign language to teach to his deaf neighbors.
American Sign Language 
 He could not find anyone willing to teach him the British Sign Language, but did find some French people who were willing to help, he convinced one of them to travel back to the United States with him to set up the first deaf school in the U.S.
American Sign Language 
 ASL is also used (sometimes with other sign languages) in the Philippines, Singapore, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Côte d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Chad, Gabon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Mauritania, Kenya, Madagascar, and Zimbabwe.
American Sign Language 
 ASL uses one hand to show the English alphabet, although there are ways to show alphabets from other languages.
American Sign Language 
 Fingerspelling is also used for words that have no sign, or for when people are confused about what a used sign means.
American Sign Language 
 Counting the number of ASL speakers is difficult because ASL users have never been counted by the American census.
American Sign Language 
 The ultimate source for current estimates of the number of ASL users in the United States is a report for the National Census of the Deaf Population (NCDP) by Schein and Delk (1974).
American Sign Language 
 Based on a 1972 survey of the NCDP, Schein and Delk provided estimates consistent with a signing population between 250,000 and 500,000.
American Sign Language 
 Incorrect figures are sometimes cited for the population of ASL speakers in the United States based on misunderstandings of statistics.
American Sign Language 
 ASL is sometimes incorrectly cited as the third- or fourth-most-spoken language in the United States.
American Sign Language 
 These figures misquote Schein and Delk (1974), who said ASL speakers constituted the third-largest population requiring an interpreter in court.
Sign language 
 Deaf people sometimes learn a sign language from their family, especially if their parents are deaf.
Sign language 
 Or, they may learn a sign language by going to signing classes or by studying a sign language workbook, which can come with an interactive DVD.
Sign language 
 Sometimes signing and lip-reading are combined, especially when deaf and hearing people are talking to each other.
Sign language 
 In 1620, in Spain, the priest Juan Pablo Bonnet published a text about teaching deaf people to speak, using gestures as a tool.
Sign language 
 The language of signs created by Bonet was used by Abbé Charles-Michel de l-Épée, to create a fingerspelling alphabet in the 18th century.
Sign language 
 This alphabet has changed very little since then, and is used with sign languages in many countries.
Sign language 
 The sign alphabet created by l-Épée, however, is not the origin of French Sign Language, the sign language that has influenced many other sign languages around the world.
Sign language 
 Even before l-Épée started teaching deaf people, they already used Old French Sign Language, and could read and write in French.
Sign language 
 This was a great advance, because it proved that deaf people could be educated and didn’t needed speech to think and learn.
Sign language 
 According to the American Heritage Dictionary, signing is "a language that uses a system of manual, facial, and other body movements as the means of communication, especially among deaf people."
Sign language 
 (People sometimes also use the term "sign language" to talk about a "method of communication, as between speakers of different languages, that uses hand movements and other gestures."
Sign language 
 It is talking about a real language that must be learned, not just a set of simple gestures that anyone can dream up to communicate.)
Sign language 
 For example, American Sign Language (ASL) and British Sign Language (BSL) are not copies of English.
Sign language 
 Sometimes sign languages may copy a few elements from a spoken language, but usually they are very different.
Sign language 
 For example, sign languages often use different locations in space around the signer to represent people or objects that are being talked about.
Sign language 
 The main difference between sign languages and spoken languages is that sign languages use hand and body movements to form signs while spoken languages use sounds to form words.
Sign language 
 That's what makes them languages, and why both types of languages are different from mime or simple gestures.
Sign language 
 In the same way, signs are made up of smaller pieces: handshapes, movements and locations of the hands, facial expressions and other body movements.
Sign language 
 These pieces are used in different combinations to make the signs in the language Some signs are made with only one hand, and others are made with both hands.
Sign language 
 Some signs include movements of the mouth or other parts of the body; without those other movements, the sign is not correct.
Sign language 
 For example, in many sign languages, raised eyebrows indicate a question that has a "yes" or "no" answer.
Sign language 
 For example, sign languages use different handshapes to form signs; each sign language has its own set of handshapes.