the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Commodity market 
 This has led to efforts in measuring well-being, to assign a commercial "value of life", and to the theory of Natural Capitalism - fusions of green and neoclassical approaches - which focus predictably on energy and material efficiency, i.e. using far less of any given commodity input to achieve the same service outputs as a result.
Commodity market 
 Indian economist Amartya Sen, applying this thinking to human freedom itself, argued in his 1999 book "Development as Freedom" that human free time was the only real service, and that sustainable development was best defined as freeing human time.
Commodity market 
 Sen won The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel in 1999 (sometimes incorrectly called the "Nobel Prize in Economics") and based his book on invited lectures he gave at the World Bank.
Political economy 
 Political economy was the original term for the study of production, the acts of buying and selling, and their relationships to laws, customs and government.
Political economy 
 It developed in the 17th century as the study of the economies of states which placed the theory of property in the theory of government.
Political economy 
 Some political economists proposed the labour theory of value (first introduced by John Locke, developed by Adam Smith and later Karl Marx), according to which labour is the real source of value.
Political economy 
 Many political economists also looked at the accelerating development of technology, whose role in economic and social relationships grew ever more important.
Political economy 
 In late 19th century, the term "political economy" was generally replaced by the term economics, which was used by those seeking to place the study of economy on a mathematical basis, rather than studying the relationships within production and consumption.
Political economy 
 In the present, political economy means a variety of different, but related, approaches to studying economic and political behavior, which range from combining economics with other fields, to using different fundamental assumptions which challenge those of orthodox economics:
Political economy 
 Political economy is most commonly used to refer to interdisciplinary studies that draw on economics, law and political science in order to understand how political institutions, the political environment and capitalism influence each other.
Political economy 
 Within political science, the term refers to modern liberal, realist, Marxian, and constructivist theories concerning the relationship between economic and political power among and within states.
Political economy 
 Because political economy is not a unified discipline, there are a variety of studies that use the term which have overlapping subject matter, but radically different viewpoints.
Political economy 
 Sociology is the study of the effects of involvement in society on individuals as members of groups, and how this changes their ability to function.
Political economy 
 Many sociologists begin from a framework of production determining relationship drawn from Karl Marx.
Political economy 
 Anthropology often studies political economy by studying the relationship between the world capitalist system and local cultures.
Political economy 
 Psychology is frequently the fulcrum around which political economy centers, in that it deals with decision making, not as being a black box whose effects are seen only in price decisions, but as being a source of study, and therefore the assumptions in a model of political economy.
Political economy 
 History since it documents change over time, is often used as a means of arguing in political economy, and often historical works have a framework of political economy which they assume or argue as the basis for the narrative structure.
Political economy 
 Economics, because it studies activity and price relationships and the effects of scarcity, grew out of political economy.
Political economy 
 It is often used in political economy to argue policy effects and study the results of actions, and it is often in opposition to political economy, in that many, if not most, practicing economists see political economy as being a hindrance to the operation of economic forces.
Political economy 
 From the point of view of political economy, economics is a branch of the entire study, and economics has, at its basis, a theory of political economy which should be open to examination.
Political economy 
 Law since it concerns the creation of policy, or the mediation of policy ends through political acts which have specific individual results, is seen, in political economy, as both political capital and social infrastructure, on one hand - and as the result of the sociology of a society on the other.
Political economy 
 Constitutional economics tries to explain the selection of different constitutional rules "limiting the choices and activities of economic and political agencies."
Political economy 
 Also, constitutional economics studies how well economic decisions of the state agree with the existing constitutional economic rights of its citizens."
Political economy 
 For example, proper distribution of economic and financial resources of the state is a big question for every nation.
Political economy 
 Ecology is often involved in political economy, because human activity is one of the single largest effects on the environment, and because it is the suitability of the environment for human beings which is one of the central concerns of most human beings.
Political economy 
 The ecological effects of economic activity on the environment have spurred the creation of a great deal of research studying means of changing the incentives balance of the market economy.
Political economy 
 This work is particularly controversial in its interaction with economics, since it questions the fundamental econometric assumptions of market economics and their basic validity.
Political economy 
 Harmony of Interests -Work contrasting American System and British System of political economy by Henry C. Carey
Political economy 
 History of Economic Thought  - This compendium hosted by the New School has collected bios on over 500 economists and introductions to many schools of thought.
Political economy 
 Global Political Economy Net  Mailing lists and other reference material by scholars of "The Global Political Economy"
My Lai Massacre 
 The My Lai Massacre (pronounced IPA: [mi.˧˩˥'lɐːj˧˧], Thảm sát Mỹ Lai, Thảm sát Sơn Mỹ) was the killing of hundreds of civilians by United States troops at the village of My Lai, Vietnam on March 16, 1968.
My Lai Massacre 
 Before the massacre, U.S. troops were told that all of the "true" civilians would be at the market and the remaining people would be members of the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam.
My Lai Massacre 
 Despite this, many troopers began to kill the villagers, mainly elderly people, women, and children.
My Lai Massacre 
 The killings were covered up by the United States Army, but eventually 26 soldiers were charged with being involved in the killings.
My Lai Massacre 
 The massacre caused public opinion in the United States to shift further towards wanting peace and wanting to get American troops out of Vietnam.
Henry II of England 
 Henry II of England, also known as Henry II Curtmantle (Le Mans, France, 5 March 1133 – Chinon, France, 6 July 1189) was also  Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Count of Nantes, Lord of Ireland and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland and western France.
Henry II of England 
 Although he was King of England, he never learnt the English language because his family had come over from Normandy in 1066.
Henry II of England 
 He reduced the power of the barons who had become very powerful in Stephen's reign, and in 1166 introduced trial by jury.
Henry II of England 
 Laws would be applied in the same way in all towns and villages, so everyone was treated the same and with fairness.
Henry II of England 
 He created Judges who would travel the country and judge the cases of people accused of breaking the law.
Henry II of England 
 This meant that all crimes were judged by the King or his judges, and not by local people who might be biased or influenced.
Henry II of England 
 Allowed judges to collect the fines from punishments of small crimes, which would be then given to the King.
Henry II of England 
 This meant that a number of local men, usually 12, would judge the case of someone accused of a crime.
Henry II of England 
 If they believed he was guilty, he would be punished, and if they believed he was innocent, he would be set free.
Henry II of England 
 In 1215, after Pope Innocent III banned priests from overseeing ordeals, jury trials became the most common way of judging criminals.
Henry II of England 
 Henry and Becket were old friends who found themselves in dispute once Becket became the Archbishop of Canterbury.
Henry II of England 
 Becket was trying to increase the power of church courts that had lost power when Henry had made major changes to the legal system.
Henry II of England 
 Legend say that the knights had heard Henry say, "Who will rid me of this turbulent (rebellious) priest?"
Henry II of England 
 In 1170, Henry and Eleanor's fifteen-year-old son, Henry, was crowned king (another reason for Henry's arguing with Thomas Becket, who did not agree with the Henry being crowned).
Henry II of England 
 Young Henry never ruled and is not in the list of the kings and queens of England; he became known as Henry the Young King so he was not confused with his nephew Henry III.
Henry II of England 
 Henry and his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, had five sons and three daughters: William, Henry, Richard, Geoffrey, John, Matilda, Eleanor, and Joan.
Henry II of England 
 Henry also had many children outside of his marriage, including William de Longespee, Earl of Salisbury, whose mother was Ida, Countess of Norfolk; Geoffrey, Archbishop of York, son of a woman named Ykenai; Morgan, Bishop of Durham; and Matilda, Abbess of Barking.
Henry II of England 
 Henry had constant struggles and battles against the French King Louis VII of France, but also many conflicts with his own wife and sons.
Damascus 
 It is believed that people started living in Damascus as long ago as 8000 BC to 10,000 BC (12000 years ago).
Damascus 
 Damascus is about 50 miles inland from the Mediterranean Sea, sheltered by the Anti-Lebanon Mountains.
Damascus 
 Now it is not because of political development in the region as well as the development of modern trade.
Damascus 
 Most goods produced in Damascus, as well as in Syria, are distributed to countries of the Arabian peninsula.
Damascus 
 while other universities are private, such as the Syrian Private University  and the aljazeera Private University.
Damascus 
 Since the city has been built up with every passing job, it has become almost impossible to dig out all the ruins of Damascus that lie up to 8 feet (2.4 m) below the modern level.
Damascus 
 The Bab Sharqi street is filled with small shops and leads to the old Christian quarter of Bab Tuma (St. Thomas's Gate).
Damascus 
 At the end of the Bab Sharqi street, one reaches the House of Ananias, an underground chapel that was the cellar of Ananias's house.
Damascus 
 The Umayyad Mosque, also known as the Grand Mosque of Damascus, is one of the largest mosques in the world and also one of the oldest sites of continuous prayer since the rise of Islam.
Heart-lung transplant 
 During the surgery, a machine called a heart-lung machine pumps blood for the patient and breathes for him or her.
Ronnie Barker 
 Ronald William George Barker (25 September 1929 – 3 October 2005), popularly known as Ronnie Barker and (as a writer) Gerald Wiley, was an English comic actor, comedian and writer.
Guantánamo Bay 
 Christopher Columbus landed at the location known as Fisherman's Point in 1494, naming it Puerto Grande.
Guantánamo Bay 
 When Spanish settlers took control of the island, the bay became a vital harbor on the south side of the island.
Guantánamo Bay 
 Spain also gave the territory of Puerto Rico, and the islands of Guam and the Philippines to the United States, amongst others.
Guantánamo Bay 
 It also said that some territory in the south should be ceded to the United States for a military base.
Guantánamo Bay 
 This treaty was made by Tomás Estrada Palma, an American citizen, who became the first President of Cuba.
Guantánamo Bay 
 The current Cuban government rejects the Cuban-American Treaty because it violates article 52 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.
Guantánamo Bay 
 The Cuban government therefore considers the U.S. presence in Guantánamo to be an illegal occupation of the area.
Guantánamo Bay 
 Article 52 declares a treaty void only if its conclusion has been procured by the threat or use of force in violation of international law.
Guantánamo Bay 
 The southern portion of the bay is surrounded by the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, a naval base established in 1898.
Guantánamo Bay 
 Recently, the base began hosting a detainment camp for suspected militant combatants collected (actions that are viewed by some as kidnapping) from both Afghanistan and Iraq, or from secret NATO prisons in Europe (discovered recently, in 2006).
Guantánamo Bay 
 The base, sometimes called "GTMO" or "Gitmo", covers 116 km² (about 45 square miles) on the western and eastern banks of the bay.
Guantánamo Bay 
 It was established in 1898, when the United States obtained control of Cuba from Spain at the end of the Spanish-American War, following the 1898 invasion of Guantánamo Bay.
Guantánamo Bay 
 NSGtmo.navy.mil  – "U.S. Naval Station Guantánamo Bay Cuba: The United States' oldest overseas Naval Base"
Guantánamo Province 
 The original settlement was done by Catalan families from the Ampurdan region of north-eastern Catalunya, Spain in 1764.
Guantánamo Province 
 British forces had occupied the area for over 40 years and Scot-Irish settlers were a constant preoccupation to the Spanish auhorities.
Guantánamo Province 
 In 1805, when the French were forced out of St. Domingue (Haiti) 35,000 French settlers were given lands in Cuba, many French families settled in the Guantanamo area becoming coffee and cacao planters meaning that many buildings are comparable to those of the French Quarter of New Orleans in the U.S. state of Louisiana.
Guantánamo Province 
 The province is only 80 km away from Haiti its closest point, across the Windward Passage and close enough to see lights on Haiti on a clear night.
Guantánamo Province 
 The Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa mountains (Sierra de Cristal) dominate the province, dividing both climate and landscape.
Guantánamo Province 
 The northern coast, battered by prevailing winds, is the wettest part of the country, while the south, sheltered and dry, is the hottest.
Havana Province 
 It has coasts in the south and north and has dozens of towns and a few small cities which rank between the 20 and 40 largest of the island.
Santiago de Cuba Province 
 Other large cities include Palma Soriano (125,000), Contramaestre (88,000), Mayarí Arriba (80,000), San Luis (65,000) and Songo-la Maya (50,000).
Santiago de Cuba Province 
 The economy, however, relies mostly on agriculture, with large plantations growing bananas, cacao and coffee dotting the landscape.
Santiago de Cuba Province 
 The natural beauty of the area is attracting many tourists from both the rest of Cuba and from overseas.
Santiago de Cuba Province 
 Santiago de Cuba province has been the site of many battles, both during the war for independence and the 1959 Cuban Revolution, where much of the guerrilla fighting took place in the mountainous province.
Granma Province 
 The province was named after the yacht Granma, used by Che Guevara and Fidel Castro to land in Cuba with 82 guerrillas in 1956.
Granma Province 
 The American who sold them the secondhand yacht in Mexico apparently had named it after his grandmother   and so the name of this vessel, with its non-standard spelling, became an icon for Cuban communism.
Granma Province 
 Not every Cuban realizes that the name would translate as abuela, although all can name the mothership of the revolution.
Granma Province 
 This is the area where Raúl Castro holds his centre of power and it is said to be the site of secret garrisons.
Granma Province 
 Coffee is grown in the mountainous regions of the province, and during the coffee harvest, there may be road blocks, where soldiers ensure that the coffee is delivered to the government and not the black market.
Holguín Province 
 Christopher Columbus landed in what is believed to have been today's Holguín province on October 27, 1492.
Holguín Province 
 Army General Raúl Castro (1931), minister of the Revolutionary Army Forces, Vice-President and President of Cuba.
Holguín Province 
 Like much of Cuba, Holguín's economy is based around sugarcane, though mining, corn and coffee are also large earners for the province.
Holguín Province 
 At Moa, there is a huge cobalt processing plant with shipping facilities, that was constructed with the help of foreign aid , much of it from Canada.
Holguín Province 
 Tourism has only recently begun to be experimented with by the Fidel Castro government, and in Holguín, there are numerous hotels around the Guardalavaca area.
Las Tunas Province 
 Major towns include Puerto Padre and Amancio, as well as the capital, Victoria de Las Tunas (sometimes known as Las Tunas, or even just Tuna).
Las Tunas Province 
 The southern coast, which opens onto the Golfo de Guacanayabo, is marshy and characterised by mangroves.
Las Tunas Province 
 Cattle are also grazed in the province, which was, until the 1975, part of the Oriente province that was divided into five smaller provinces by the Cuban government.
Las Tunas Province 
 Victoria de Las Tunas was just a small market town until that year, and a large development program was started to modernise the town and connect it by road to Havana.
Paul Hartley 
 Hartley used to play for Hamilton Academical, Millwall, Raith Rovers, Hibernian, Greenock Morton, St Johnstone and Hearts.
Camagüey Province 
 Numerous large cays (including what used to be one of Fidel Castro's favourite fishing spots; the Archipiélago Jardines de la Reina) characterise both the northern and southern coasts.
Camagüey Province 
 Sandy beaches are found on both coasts also, and despite a large potential for tourism, the province has seen little development in that area.
Camagüey Province 
 The economy of the Camagüey province is primarily cattle and sugar (in the north and south) farming, and the province is known for its cowboy culture, with rodeos frequently held.
Ciego de Ávila Province 
 Its capital is Ciego de Ávila, which lies on the Carretera Central (central highway), and the second city is Morón, farther north.
Ciego de Ávila Province 
 Off the north coast of the province are a string of cayos (cays) - these islands are being developed as tourist resorts, principally Cayo Coco and Cayo Guillermo.
Ciego de Ávila Province 
 Between Morón and the north coast are several lakes, including La Laguna de Leche (the Lake of Milk, so called for its white appearance because of large lime deposits underwater) which is the largest natural lake in Cuba.
Ciego de Ávila Province 
 Central Ciego de Ávila is used for cattle ranching, elsewhere in the province sugar, pineapples and citrus fruit are grown.
Sancti Spíritus Province 
 The southern coast of the province is flat, but the western portion of Sancti Spíritus province is mountainous.
Sancti Spíritus Province 
 Tourism is a big earner for the province, with most of the tourism revolving around the old city of Trinidad, a World Heritage listed city which has dozens of colonial buildings (and almost no 20th century architecture) dating back to the Spanish conquest in the 1500s, and, as with most of Cuba, sugarcane and cattle are important commodities.
Sancti Spíritus Province 
 During the 1600s, both Dutch and British pirates attempted to take control of what is today Sancti Spíritus province, but with little success, as the Spanish garrison held them off.
Sancti Spíritus Province 
 From 1660 to 1680, Trinidad was plagued by pirates from Jamaica and Tortuga, and on two occasions, pirates razed the city.
Sancti Spíritus Province 
 The provinces of Cienfuegos, Sancti Spíritus, and Villa Clara were once all part of the now defunct province of Santa Clara.
Villa Clara Province 
 Its main cities are Santa Clara (the capital), Sagua La Grande, Placetas, Camajuaní, Remedios and Caibarién.
Villa Clara Province 
 The coast of Villa Clara is dotted with numerous cays, and there are many coral reefs and sandy beaches, too.
Villa Clara Province 
 The largest Cuban river to drain into the Atlantic, Río Sagua la Grande, is also in Villa Clara province.
Villa Clara Province 
 Sugar, the commodity that the Cuban economy relies upon, is grown in the plains in the north of the province, and several large mills provide employment to many people.
Villa Clara Province 
 The provinces of Cienfuegos, Sancti Spíritus, and Villa Clara were once all part of the now defunct province of Las Villas.
Cienfuegos Province 
 The capital city of the province is also called Cienfuegos and was founded by French settlers in 1819.
Cienfuegos Province 
 The provinces of Cienfuegos, Sancti Spíritus, and Villa Clara were once all part of the Santa Clara province.
Matanzas Province 
 Major towns in the province include Cárdenas, Jovellanos and the capital of the same name, Matanzas.
Matanzas Province 
 The second largest in Cuba, Matanzas province is largely flat, with its highest point (Pan de Matanzas) at only 380m above sea level.
Matanzas Province 
 The north coast has numerous small cays of its coast, and scrubland and mangroves near the shoreline.
Matanzas Province 
 The southern coast has one of Cuba's most distinctive features: an enormous marsh, Ciénaga de Zapata that covers both the southern part of the province and the peninsula of the same name.
Matanzas Province 
 Of Cuba's provinces, Matanzas is one of the most industrialised, with petroleum wells, refineries, supertanker facilities, and 21 sugar mills to process the harvests of the fields of sugarcane in the province.
Pinar del Río Province 
 The Pinar del Río province has one of Cuba's three main mountain ranges, the Cordillera de Guaniguanico.
Pinar del Río Province 
 The mountains are divided into the easterly Sierra del Rosario and the westerly Sierra de los Organos.
Pinar del Río Province 
 The province relies on tobacco farming, with Pinar del Río producing 70% of Cuba's crop, used to make the cigars that are so prized overseas.
Pinar del Río Province 
 The best tobacco, used for more expensive cigar brands, is grown in the flat lands of San Juan y Martínez.
Isla de la Juventud 
 Because of its superficial extension, population and for its economic characteristics, it is considered to be a Special Municipality.
Isla de la Juventud 
 Other communities are Columbia, Mac Kinley, Santa Bárbara, Cuchilla Alta, Punta del Este, Sierra de Caballos and Sierra de Casas.
Isla de la Juventud 
 Little is known of the pre-Columbian history of the island, though a cave complex near the Punta del Este beach preserves 235 ancient drawings made by the native population.
Isla de la Juventud 
 The island first became known to Europeans during Christopher Columbus's third voyage to the New World  in 1494.
Isla de la Juventud 
 Columbus named the island La Evangelista and claimed it for Spain; the island would also come to be known Isla de Cotorras ("Isle of Parrots") and Isla de Tesoros ("Treasure Island") at various points in its history.
Isla de la Juventud 
 Both Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson and Peter Pan by James Matthew Barrie are rooted in part on accounts of the island and its native and pirate inhabitants, as well as long dugout canoes (which were often used by pirates as well as indigenous peoples) and the great American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) on the island.
Isla de la Juventud 
 Following the victory of the United States in the Spanish-American War, Spain dropped all claims to Cuba under the terms of the 1898 Treaty of Paris.