the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Camera obscura 
 The first camera obscura was later built by an Iraqi scientist named Abu Ali Al-Hasan Ibn al-Haytham, born in Basra (965-1039 AD), known in the West as Alhacen or Alhazen, who carried out practical experiments on optics in his Book of Optics.
Camera obscura 
 In his various experiments, Ibn Al-Haitham used the term “al-Bayt al-Muẓlim”(), translated in English as dark room.
Camera obscura 
 In the experiment he undertook, in order to establish that light travels in time and with speed, he says: “If the hole was covered with a curtain and the curtain was taken off, the light traveling from the hole to the opposite wall will consume time.”
Camera obscura 
 The most revealing experiment which indeed introduced the camera obscura was in his studies of the half-moon shape of the sun’s image during eclipses which he observed on the wall opposite a small hole made in the window shutters.
Camera obscura 
 In his famous essay "On the form of the Eclipse" (Maqālah fī Sura al-Kosūf) () he commented on his observation "The image of the sun at the time of the eclipse, unless it is total, demonstrates that when its light passes through a narrow, round hole and is cast on a plane opposite to the hole it takes on the form of a moon-sickle”.
Camera obscura 
 In his experiment of the sun light he extended his observation of the penetration of light through the pinhole to conclude that when the sun light reaches and penetrates the hole it makes a conic shape at the points meeting at the pinhole, forming later another conic shape reverse to the first one on the opposite wall in the dark room.
Camera obscura 
 This happens when sun light diverges from point “ﺍ” until it reaches an aperture “ﺏﺤ” and is projected through it onto a screen at the luminous spot “ﺩﻫ”.
Camera obscura 
 Since the distance between the aperture and the screen is insignificant in comparison to the distance between the aperture and the sun, the divergence of sunlight after going through the aperture should be insignificant.
Camera obscura 
 However, it is observed to be much greater “ﻙﻁ” when the paths of the rays which form the extremities of “ﻙﻁ” are retraced in the reverse direction, it is found that they meet at a point outside the aperture and then diverge again toward the sun as illustrated in figure 1.
Camera obscura 
 In camera terms, the light converges into the room through the hole transmitting with it the object(s) facing it.
Camera obscura 
 The object will appear in full colour but upside down on the projecting screen/wall opposite the hole inside the dark room.
Camera obscura 
 The explanation is that light travels in a straight line and when some of the rays reflected from a bright subject pass through the small hole in thin material they do not scatter but cross and reform as an upside down image on a flat white surface held parallel to the hole.
Camera obscura 
 Although both the pinhole camera and camera obscura is credited to Ibn al-Haytham, the camera obscura was first described by Aristotle, who was the first to describe how an image is formed on the eye, using the camera obscura as an analogy.
Camera obscura 
 Alhazen states (in the Latin translation), and with respect to the camera obscura, "Et nos non inventimus ita", we did not invent this.
Camera obscura 
 Some camera obscura have been built as tourist attractions, often taking the form of a large chamber within a high building that can be darkened so that a 'live' panorama of the world outside is projected onto a horizontal surface through a rotating lens.
Camera obscura 
 Hill, D.R. (1993), ‘Islamic and Jewish Science and Engineering’, Edinburgh University Press, page 70.
Camera obscura 
 The Camera Obscura in San Francisco — The Giant Camera of San Francisco at Ocean Beach, added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001
Camera obscura 
 Cameraobscuras.com George T Keene builds custom camera obscuras like the Griffith Observatory CO in Los Angeles.
Camera obscura 
 Camera obscura in Trondheim, Norway  Built by students of architecture and engineering from NTNU (The Norwegian University of Science and Technology)
Camera obscura (disambiguation) 
 Camera obscura means "darkened chamber" to describe early devices for projecting an image on a screen, by use of a lens or a pinhole.
Camera obscura (disambiguation) 
 The Camera Obscura (Fatal Frame) is also the name of a camera used to exorcise spirits by taking pictures, used in the game Fatal Frame
Camera obscura (disambiguation) 
 Camera Obscura (German band), a German instrumental group, who had a minor hit in 1983 with the Destitution EP
Pinhole camera 
 An extremely small hole in a thin material can create an image when all light rays from a scene go through a single point.
Pinhole camera 
 In order to produce a reasonably clear image, the aperture has to be about 1/100th the distance to the screen, or less.
Pinhole camera 
 The shutter of a pinhole camera usually consists of a hand operated flap of some light-proof material to cover and uncover the pinhole.
Pinhole camera 
 Pinhole cameras require much longer exposure times than conventional cameras because of the small aperture; typical exposure times can range from 5 seconds to hours or days.
Pinhole camera 
 The image may be projected on a translucent screen for real-time viewing (popular for viewing solar eclipses; see also camera obscura).
Pinhole camera 
 Very early in history (as far back as 500 B.C.), Greeks such as Aristotle and Euclid wrote on naturally-occurring rudimentary pinhole cameras, for example light may travel through the slits of wicker baskets and the crossing of leaves  The ancient Greeks, however, believed that our eye emitted rays which enabled us to see.
Pinhole camera 
 What enabled a much better understanding of the pinhole camera was the discovery that light enters the eye rather than leaving it.
Pinhole camera 
 It was the 10th-century Muslim mathematician, astronomer and physicist Ibn al-Haytham who published this idea.
Shutter 
 Shutter (photography), a photographic device that administers the exposure by limiting the time over which light is admitted
Shutter 
 Movie projector shutter, used to interrupt the emitted light during the time the film is advanced to the next frame
Shutter (photography) 
 In photography, a shutter is the part of a camera that opens for a controlled period of time to let light in during taking a picture.
Shutter (photography) 
 A shutter can also be used to allow pulses of light to pass outwards, as in a movie projector or signal lamp.
Shutter (photography) 
 Central shutters are mounted within a lens assembly, or more rarely behind or even in front of a lens and shut off the beam of light where it is narrow.
Shutter (photography) 
 Shutters immediately behind the lens were used in some cameras with limited lens interchangeability.
Movie projector 
 A movie projector is a machine that shows moving pictures by projecting them on a projection screen.
Movie projector 
 Most of the optical and mechanical elements, except for the illumination and sound devices, are present in movie cameras.
Emmanuel College: Notre Dame Campus 
 The Emmanuel College: Notre Dame Campus is a Roman Catholic, secondary day school, located in Point Cook, a south-western suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Emmanuel College: Notre Dame Campus 
 Construction of the education facility began in 2007 and was completed before the school's opening, ready for the school's first year of education.
Emmanuel College: Notre Dame Campus 
 The school only teaches year sevens, but will expand to educating years seven to twelve by the year 2013.
Emmanuel College: Notre Dame Campus 
 It was planned for the school to expand one year level each year, so when the year sevens of 2008 become year eights, the school will teach both years seven and eight, and so on until 2013 when it would have finished this process.
Emmanuel College: Notre Dame Campus 
 The VCE program will be implemented in 2012 at the Notre Dame Campus when it commences it's year 11 education.
Claudette Colbert 
 Claudette Colbert ( ; born Émilie Claudette Chauchoin; September 13, 1903 – July 30, 1996) was an American actress.
Claudette Colbert 
 In 1999, she was ranked as the 12th greatest female star of all time by the American Film Institute in their list AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars.
Claudette Colbert 
 Colbert once said to an interviewer, "Audiences always sound like they're glad to see me, and I'm damned glad to see them."
Claudette Colbert 
 She had one brother, Charles, who used the surname Wendling and went on to become his sister's agent.
Claudette Colbert 
 After her formal education ended, she enrolled in the Art Students League, where she paid for her dramatic training by working in a dress shop.
Claudette Colbert 
 One of the brightest film stars to grace the screen was born Emilie Claudette Chauchoin on September 13, 1903, in Saint Mandé, France where her father owned a bakery at 57, rue de la République (now Avenue Général de Gaulle).
Claudette Colbert 
 She made her first motion picture appearance in 1927, in For the Love of Mike, a silent movie shot on location in Paramount Studios in New York, New York facilities.
Claudette Colbert 
 However, talking movies were taking over and two years later, Colbert appeared in her first talking movie, The Hole in the Wall, co-starring another newcomer, Edward G. Robinson.
Claudette Colbert 
 In 1930 Colbert signed a contract with Paramount Pictures, who were looking for stage actors who could handle dialog in the new "talkies" medium.
Claudette Colbert 
 Some of her early hit movies were Manslaughter (1930) and Honor Among Lovers (1931), both with Fredric March, The Smiling Lieutenant (1931), with Maurice Chevalier and Miriam Hopkins, and  Torch Singer (1933), with Ricardo Cortez and David Manners.
Claudette Colbert 
 Colbert's career got a huge boost when Cecil B. DeMille cast her as the Roman empress Poppaea in his historical epic The Sign of the Cross (1932), opposite Fredric March and Charles Laughton (as Nero).
Claudette Colbert 
 In one of the most memorable scenes in movie history, Claudette bathes nude in a marble pool filled with asses' milk.
Claudette Colbert 
 She worked again for DeMille and was dazzling as his  Cleopatra (1934), opposite Warren William and Henry Wilcoxon.
Claudette Colbert 
 In 1934 she won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her role opposite Clark Gable in the Frank Capra classic screwball comedy It Happened One Night, a movie she initially described as the "worst picture in the world".
Claudette Colbert 
 She initially balked at pulling up her skirt to entice a passing car to give her and Gable a ride in one famous scene, complaining that it was unladylike.
Claudette Colbert 
 However, upon seeing the chorus girl who was brought in as her body double, an outraged Colbert told the director, "Get her out of here.
Claudette Colbert 
 Colbert then starred in the original Imitation of Life (1934), opposite Warren William and Louise Beavers.
Claudette Colbert 
 Claudette spent the rest of the 1930s deftly alternating between romantic comedies and dramas, and found success in both: Private Worlds (1935), with Charles Boyer; She Married Her Boss (1935), with Melvyn Douglas; The Gilded Lily (1935) and The Bride Comes Home (1935), both with Fred MacMurray; Under Two Flags (1936), with Ronald Colman; Tovarich (1937), again with Boyer; Bluebeard's Eighth Wife (1938), with Gary Cooper; Zaza (1939), with Herbert Marshall; Midnight (1939), with Don Ameche; It's a Wonderful World (1939), with James Stewart; and Drums Along the Mohawk (1939), with Henry Fonda.
Claudette Colbert 
 In addition to Capra and DeMille, Colbert was working with the top directors in the industry: Dorothy Arzner, Ernst Lubitsch, Preston Sturges, Frank Lloyd, John M. Stahl, Wesley Ruggles, Gregory La Cava, Anatole Litvak, George Cukor, Mitchell Leisen, and John Ford.
Claudette Colbert 
 Colbert believed that her face was difficult to light and photograph, and was obsessed with not showing her "bad" side, the right, to the camera, because of a small bump that resulted from a childhood broken nose.
Claudette Colbert 
 From 1936 to 1944, she starred in numerous programs of Cecil B. DeMille's Lux Radio Theater, which was one of the most popular dramatic radio shows at the time.
Claudette Colbert 
 Apart from making two more Hollywood movies, she went back to Broadway in 1958 doing "The Marriage Go-Round" with Charles Boyer, earning a 1959 Tony Award nomination for her work.
Claudette Colbert 
 In 1984 she appeared with Rex Harrison in Frederick Lonsdale's "Aren't We All" at the Haymarket Theatre, London, and also the Brooks Atkinson Theatre on Broadway, presented by Douglas Urbanski.
Claudette Colbert 
 In 1987, she did a television mini-series titled The Two Mrs. Grenvilles and was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Mini-series or a Special.
Claudette Colbert 
 In 1988, she won the Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture made for TV.
Claudette Colbert 
 For her contribution to the motion picture industry, she was honoured with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.
Claudette Colbert 
 Her first husband was Norman Foster, an actor and later a director, whom she married in 1928 and divorced in Mexico in 1935.
Claudette Colbert 
 According to the account of the divorce in the New York Times, published on August 31, 1935, "Some secrecy surrounded the proceedings, for while Mr. Feldman [Colbert's agent] apparently was at liberty to tell of the divorce being granted, he said he could not tell where in Mexico it was obtained."
Claudette Colbert 
 The report further stated that "The Fosters created something of a sensation when they disclosed that they were trying to remain happily married while living in separate homes.
Claudette Colbert 
 Four months after her divorce, on December 24, 1935, Colbert married Dr. Joel J. Pressman, a throat specialist, who died in 1968; her former husband went on to marry the actress Sally Blane, a sister of Loretta Young.
Claudette Colbert 
 When she retired from motion pictures, Colbert and her husband moved to Palm Springs where she operated a store for a time before moving to Barbados.
Claudette Colbert 
 At her home there, called Bellerive, she spent her later years as a hostess to the world's powerful and famous.
Claudette Colbert 
 Ronald Reagan was one of her guests during his presidency, as were Lillian Helman, Kirk Douglas, Jack Benny, Rex Harrison, and Slim Keith.
Claudette Colbert 
 She had a small guest house built on the property for the honeymoon of Frank Sinatra and Mia Farrow.
Claudette Colbert 
 Colbert died at her home in Barbados, following series of small strokes during the last two years of her life at the age of 92, and she was interred there in the Parish of St. Peter Cemetery along with her mother and husband.
Claudette Colbert 
 According to an article published in August 10, 1996 issue of the Cincinnati Post, the childless Colbert left most of her estate, estimated at $3.5 million and including her Manhattan apartment and her home in Barbados, to a friend, Helen O'Hagan, a retired director of corporate relations at Saks Fifth Avenue, whom Colbert had met in 1961 on the set of Parrish, the actress's last movie.
Claudette Colbert 
 After Colbert's death, rumors about the actress's purported lesbian relationships, including supposed affairs with Marlene Dietrich and Greta Garbo, began to circulate in the international media.
Claudette Colbert 
 In response, Colbert's friend Helen O'Hagan told the New York Daily News that the actress barely knew Dietrich or Garbo and that Colbert was "a man's lady".
Claudette Colbert 
 The purported Colbert-Dietrich relationship also was explored in the 2001 book Behind the Screen: How Gays and Lesbians Shaped Hollywood, 1910-1969 by William J. Mann, a movie historian.
Yekaterinburg 
 The city was started in 1723 by Vasily Tatischev and named after empress Catherine I who was the Peter the Great’s wife.
Collingwood, Victoria 
 The Collingwood Football Club was originally based in Collingwood, but has since moved to the Lexus Centre.
George M. Dallas 
 Dallas was born in Philadelphia and graduated from the College of New Jersey (now the Princeton University) in 1810.
William R. King 
 William Rufus deVane King (April 7, 1786 – April 18, 1853) was a U.S. representative from North Carolina, a senator from Alabama, and the thirteenth vice president of the United States.
William R. King 
 Excluding John Tyler and Andrew Johnson — both of whom ascended to the presidency — he was the shortest-serving person to occupy that office (45 days, see List of vice presidents of the United States by time in office).
Chatham County, North Carolina 
 Coal mining used to be very important to the county, but in the 1920s a bad accident in one of the mines killed many workers.
Chatham County, North Carolina 
 Some people in the county do not like this because they do not want Chatham County to have a lot of people.
Chatham County, North Carolina 
 A lot of people want to live in Chatham County because they do not have to pay as much tax as people in other North Carolina counties do.
Chatham County, North Carolina 
 But other people think it is good that a lot of people want to live in the county because then the county will make more money from taxes.
Doctor (Doctor Who) 
 The Doctor is the central character in the long-running BBC science fiction television series Doctor Who.
Doctor (Doctor Who) 
 The Doctor travels in his space-time-ship, the TARDIS, (Time And Relative Dimensions In Space) with which she can go anywhere in time and space.
Doctor (Doctor Who) 
 Because the TARDIS's chameleon circuit is broken, it looks like an old British police-call box permanently.
Doctor (Doctor Who) 
 They are always 21st century humans in the modern series, however the classic series often had human-looking aliens or people from the past or future.
Doctor (Doctor Who) 
 During the regeneration, the body is healed and renewed, which includes a different appearance and personality.
Doctor (Doctor Who) 
 The regenerated person is the same person, with the same memories and basic personality traits; but the person also looks different and a changed personality.
Doctor (Doctor Who) 
 This made it possible for the series to be filmed over a time of nearly fifty years without having to actually "change" the character.
Doctor (Doctor Who) 
 Up until now, the Doctor has regenerated twelve times, and each "incarnation" was played by a different actor.
Roger Penrose 
 He is Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at the Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford and Emeritus Fellow of Wadham College.
Roger Penrose 
 He is renowned for his work in Astrophysics with Stephen Hawking, in particular his contributions to general relativity and cosmology.
Roger Penrose 
 Roger Penrose is the brother of mathematician Oliver Penrose and chess grandmaster Jonathan Penrose.
Roger Penrose 
 Spinors and Space-Time, volume 1: Two-spinor calculus and relativistic fields (with Wolfgang Rindler, 1987)  (paperback)
Roger Penrose 
 Spinors and Space-Time, volume 2: Spinor and twistor methods in space-time geometry (with Wolfgang Rindler, 1988)  (reprint),  (paperback)
Roger Penrose 
 The Emperor's New Mind: concerning computers, minds, and the laws of physics (1989,  (paperback); it received the Rhone-Poulenc science book prize in 1990)
Roger Penrose 
 The large, the small, and the human mind  (with Abner Shimony, Nancy Cartwright, and Stephen Hawking, 1997,  (hardback),  (paperback), Canto edition: )
Roger Penrose 
 The Road to Reality: a complete guide to the laws of the Universe (2004,  (hardcover),  (paperback))
Arthur (TV series) 
 The series has 253 episodes (including specials) made between October 1996 and February 2022, in twenty-four seasons so far.
Arthur (TV series) 
 He likes reading, watching television, playing sports, being a pianist, and spending time with his friends.
Arthur (TV series) 
 Alex is a gray rabbit, Alex is normally seen wearing a tan collared sweater, long brown jeans, and blue and white sneakers.
Arthur (TV series) 
 In the episode Buster's Dino Dilemma Alex wore a white shirt that had purple on it, purple shorts with green on it, long green socks, and red and white sneakers.,
Arthur (TV series) 
 He  can be quite mischievous, but is still easygoing, but is very shy, his family is rarely shown in the series.
Arthur (TV series) 
 He spends his free time working at his parents' ice cream parlor, while also managing a career as an amateur soccer player. "
Arthur (TV series) 
 He practices kendo in his spare time, and enjoys reading "El Conejo Bionico", the Spanish version of Bionic Bunny.
Arthur (TV series) 
 He is the leader of a "bully clique" known as the Tough Customers who, in later seasons, become less bully-like.
Arthur (TV series) 
 He is frequently seen hanging out with D.W.. He has an imaginary friend, who is a toy stuffed dinosaur, named Rapty.
Arthur (TV series) 
 Buster enjoys watching television, eating, reading works of science fiction (particularly about aliens), and playing video games.
Arthur (TV series) 
 Initially, he appeared as a minor character, but starting from Season 9, he was joined with Arthur's gang.
Arthur (TV series) 
 Starting from Season 6, she occasionally talks to the Reads' dog, Pal; Binky's baby sister, Mei Lin; the Molina family's dog, Amigo; and Grandma Thora's dog, Killer.
Arthur (TV series) 
 She and Prunella met when Prunella unwillingly received a Braille edition of the latest Henry Skreever novel and let Marina borrow it.
Arthur (TV series) 
 Her hair is brown, She is mostly seen with Alex, much like him, Maria is very shy and her family is also rarely shown in the series.
Arthur (TV series) 
 She is the wealthiest girl in school, the stereotypical rich/spoiled girl, and tends to be extremely self-centered.
Arthur (TV series) 
 Rattles is another member of the Tough Customers, in fourth grade at Lakewood and like Molly, he can also be a bigger bully than Binky at times.
Arthur (TV series) 
 Timmy Tibble is one brother in a set of twins who routinely exasperate Arthur, D.W., and most everyone with their mischievous and bully-like behaviors.
Arthur (TV series) 
 Vicita Molina is Arthur's new neighbor who moved in after Mr. Sipple moved out, introduced in Season 6.
Arthur (TV series) 
 However, during his few appearances in earlier seasons of Arthur, his face is noticeably hidden from view, for instance behind a newspaper.
Arthur (TV series) 
 Mr. Read runs a catering business from home and is frequently shown garnishing trays of hors d'oeuvres in the family kitchen.
Arthur (TV series) 
 It was revealed that he never attended college; rather he received an honorary degree after his donation of a library.
Arthur (TV series) 
 "Grandma" Thora Read: Grandma Thora is Arthur and D.W.'s paternal grandmother, who is quite caring, but tends towards being a bad cook.
Arthur (TV series) 
 Grandma Thora is based on Brown's own grandmother Thora, who encouraged him by saving his childhood drawings in a bottom drawer.
Arthur (TV series) 
 In the Season 15 episode "Grandpa Dave's Memory Album," he showed symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and had to move closer to the Reads.
Arthur (TV series) 
 In the episode "The Hallway Minotaur" from Season 20, it was revealed that he had moved away to build a school in Tanzania.
Arthur (TV series) 
 In the double-length episode "April 9th," he moved to Roswell, New Mexico to live with his daughter after breaking his leg during a fire at the school.
Arthur (TV series) 
 Mr. Sipple: Arthur's odd next-door neighbor from Season 1 to 6, who enjoys barbecuing fish late at night and comes from a place where making faces on a bike means to bring the biker a cabbage.
Arthur (TV series) 
 His passions are homework and puppetry; he also enjoys magic tricks and spent a summer working at Jack's Joke Shop.
Arthur (TV series) 
 Mrs. Powers originally had brown hair for the first season, but Season 8 shows Mrs. Powers with yellow hair, and starting from Season 16, her hair was brown again.