the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Pencil 
 France was under naval blockade imposed by Great Britain and could not import the pure graphite sticks from the British Grey Knotts mines – the only known source in the world for solid graphite.
Pencil 
 In 1795, Nicholas Jacques Conté discovered a method of mixing powdered graphite with clay and forming the mixture into rods that were then fired in a kiln.
Pencil 
 This method of manufacture, which had been earlier discovered by the Austrian Joseph Hardtmuth of Koh-I-Noor in 1790, remains in use.
Pencil 
 Henry Bessemer's first successful invention (1838) was a method of compressing graphite powder into solid graphite thus allowing the waste from sawing to be reused.
Pencil 
 Benjamin Franklin advertised pencils for sale in his Pennsylvania Gazette in 1729, and George Washington used a three-inch pencil when he surveyed the Ohio Territory in 1762.
Pencil 
 It is said that William Munroe, a cabinetmaker in Concord, Massachusetts, made the first American wood pencils in 1812.
Pencil 
 Henry David Thoreau discovered how to make a good pencil out of inferior graphite using clay as the binder; this invention was prompted by his father's pencil factory in Concord, which employed graphite found in New Hampshire in 1821 by Charles Dunbar.
Pencil 
 On 30 March 1858, Hymen Lipman received the first patent for attaching an eraser to the end of a pencil.
Pencil 
 In 1862 Lipman sold his patent to Joseph Reckendorfer for $100,000, who went to sue the pencil manufacturer Faber-Castell for infringement.
Pencil 
 In 1875, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled against Reckendorfer declaring the patent invalid.
Pencil 
 The first attempt to manufacture graphite sticks from powdered graphite was in Nuremberg, Germany in 1662.
Pencil 
 In 1795 Nicholas Jacques Conté discovered a method of mixing powdered graphite with clay and forming the mixture into rods which were then fired in a kiln.
Pencil 
 By varying the ratio of graphite to clay, the hardness of the graphite rod could also be varied (the more clay, the harder the pencil, and the lighter the color of the mark).
Pencil 
 Today, pencils are made industrially by mixing finely ground graphite and clay powders, adding water, forming long spaghetti-like strings, and firing them in a kiln.
Pencil 
 The resulting strings are dipped in oil or molten wax which seeps into the tiny holes of the material, resulting in smoother writing.
Pencil 
 A juniper or incense-cedar plank with several long parallel grooves is cut to make something called a slate, and the graphite/clay strings are inserted into the grooves.
Pencil 
 Another grooved plank is glued on top, and the whole thing is then cut into individual pencils, which are then varnished or painted.
Logic 
 A syllogism is made from a collection of statements used to logically prove the final statement, called the conclusion.
Logic 
 One popular example of a logical syllogism was written by the Classical Greek philosopher Aristotle:
Logic 
 Logical statements can be written in a special type of short hand writing, which includes the symbols of the symbolic logic.
Logic 
 Statements in parentheses should always be considered first, following the order of logical operations.
Logic 
 Similar to mathematical symbols for operations like addition and subtraction, symbolic logic separates abstract logic from the English-language meaning of the original statements.
Logic 
 With these abstract symbols, people can study pure logic without the use of a specific written language.
Logic 
 Each statement in the proof is either an assumption made for the sake of argument, or has been proven to follow from earlier statements in the proof.
Logic 
 With a proof, we can prove that "Aristotle is mortal" logically follows from "Aristotle is a man" and "All men are mortal".
Logic 
 One popular classical tautology, credited to the philosopher Parmenides of Elea, says "That which is, is.
Logic 
 A tautology is represented in symbolic logic as , meaning "Either a or not a." Assuming that there are no unmentioned possibilities, this covers every possible case.
Logic 
 Symbolic logic is employed far and wide, from philosophical treatises to complicated mathematical equations.
Logic 
 Computers use the rules of logic to run algorithms, which let computer programs make decisions based on data.
Logic 
 People who study math create proofs that use logical rules to show that mathematical theorems are correct.
Communism 
 Additionally, it wants the means of production (like factories, tools and farms) to be in the hands of the people (which is the definition of socialism).
Communism 
 In capitalism, there is a working class (people who don't own the means of production) and the capitalist class (people who own the means of production).
Communism 
 Communist thinkers believe this can happen if the working class take away the power of the bourgeoisie (the capitalist class, sometimes called the ruling class) and establish worker control of the means of production.
Communism 
 Four of these follow different forms of Marxism-Leninism (a theory of communism and Marxism) - Vietnam, China, Cuba and Laos.
Communism 
 Most communist countries (like the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan) fell apart because of foreign intervention primarily from the United States.
Communism 
 Some of the most well-known people that have been important in the development of communism include Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong, Vladimir Lenin, and Leon Trotsky.
Communism 
 Most socialists and communists today still use this book to help them understand politics and economics.
Communism 
 Karl Marx said that for society to change into a communist way of living, there would have to be a period of change.
Communism 
 Marx was very interested in the experience of the Paris Commune of 1870, when the workers of Paris ran the city following the defeat of the French Army by the Prussian Army.
Communism 
 He thought that this practical experience was more important than the theoretical views of the various radical groups.
Communism 
 By the beginning of the twentieth century, there was a worldwide socialist movement called Social Democracy.
Communism 
 They said that the workers in different countries had more in common with each other than the workers had in common with the bosses within their own countries.
Communism 
 In 1917, Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky led a Russian group called the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution.
Communism 
 They got rid of the temporary government of Russia, which was formed after the February Revolution against the Tsar (Emperor).
Communism 
 In the late 1940s, China also had a revolution and created a new government with Mao Zedong as its leader.
Communism 
 In 1959, the island of Cuba had a revolution and created a new government with Fidel Castro as its leader.
Communism 
 At one time, there were many such countries, and it seemed as though communism would overtake Capitalism.
Communism 
 However, communist party governments didn't use democracy, which is a very important component of socialism and communism.
Communism 
 The other two-thirds of the world still lived in capitalism, and this led to a worldwide divide between capitalist countries and communist countries.
Communism 
 This was called the "Cold War" because it was not fought with weapons or armies, but competing ideas.
Communism 
 During the 1980s, the United States and the Soviet Union were competing to have the biggest army and having the most dangerous weapons.
Communism 
 President Ronald Reagan called communist countries like the Soviet Union the "Evil Empire" because he did not agree with communist ideas.
Communism 
 Since 1989, when the Berlin Wall was torn down, most countries that used to be communist have returned to capitalism.
Communism 
 Vladimir Lenin of Russia thought that there had to be a group of hard-working revolutionaries (called a vanguard) to lead a socialist revolution worldwide and create a communist society everywhere.
Communism 
 Leon Trotsky, also from Russia, argued that socialism had to be international, and it was not important to make it happen first in Russia.
Communism 
 This scared many people, and lots of communists argued about whether this was right and whose ideas should be followed.
Communism 
 Mao Zedong of China thought that other classes would be important to the revolution in China and other developing countries because the working classes in these countries were small.
Communism 
 After Stalin's death in 1953, Mao saw himself as the leader of worldwide communism until he died in 1976.
Communism 
 Today the Chinese government is still ruled by the Communist Party, but they actually have what is called a mixed economy.
Communism 
 However, few revolutionaries in other countries like India and Nepal still like his ideas and are trying to use them in their own countries.
Communism 
 Many political parties calling themselves "communist" may actually be more reformist (supportive of reforms and slow change instead of revolution) than some parties calling themselves "socialists".
Communism 
 Many communist parties in Latin America have lost many members because these parties do different things than what they promised once they get into power.
Communism 
 In Chile, between 1970-1973, under the left-wing Coalition (groups of parties) of Popular Unity, led by Salvador Allende, the Communist Party of Chile was to the right of the Socialist Party of Chile.
Communism 
 Once communists become elected to parliament or the Senate, then they will fight for the working class.
Communism 
 Some communists also like to use pictures of famous communists from history, such as Marx, Lenin, and Mao Zedong, as symbols of the whole philosophy of communism.
Communism 
 There is also a special kind of art and architecture found in many communist and former communist countries.
Communism 
 Paintings done in the style of socialist realism are often done for propaganda to show a perfect version of a country's people and political leader.
Communism 
 Art done in the socialist realism style, such as plays, movies, novels, and paintings show hard-working, happy, and well-fed factory workers and farmers.
Communism 
 Movies, plays and novels in this style often tell stories about workers or soldiers who sacrifice themselves for the good of their country.
Communism 
 Stalinist architecture was supposed to represent the power and glory of the state and its political leader.
Resurrection 
 In their stories, some who came back to life as gods were Alcmene, Castor, Heracles, and Melicertes.
Resurrection 
 With Jesus Christ and with humans, the Bible shows that the resurrected body is changed from the original.
Resurrection 
 Jairus, a patron of a synagogue, asks Jesus to heal his daughter, but while Jesus is on the way, Jairus is told his daughter was dead.
Resurrection 
 Islamic apocalyptic literature describing Armageddon is often known as The Great Massacre or ghaybah in Shī'a Islam.
Resurrection 
 The righteous are rewarded with the pleasures of Jannah (Paradise), while the unrighteous are punished in Hell.
Resurrection 
 They are using cryonics to preserve some legally dead people until the invention of the resurrection.
Monarchy 
 A monarchy is a kind of government where a monarch, a kind of hereditary ruler (someone who inherits their office), is the head of state.
Monarchy 
 Some well known titles for monarchs are King, Queen, Emperor, Empress, Czar, Kaiser, Shah, Emir and Sultan.
Monarchy 
 Most historians agree that the first monarchies were tribes or small groups of people who decided to let a war-chief or other leader pass on their office to their children.
Monarchy 
 Kings and other kinds of monarchs have ruled for many thousands of years; for example, many kings are mentioned in the Bible and in ancient historical records.
Monarchy 
 Three of the oldest countries with monarchs that still hold office are the United Kingdom, which has had the same British Royal Family for nearly 1,000 years, Denmark where the royal line has remained unbroken for almost 1,200 years, and Japan, which has records showing a line of Emperors dating back even farther.
Monarchy 
 Many monarchs today perform mostly the ceremonial jobs of a head of state, while the head of government, who is usually elected, passes and enforces laws.
Monarchy 
 Any other institution in the country cannot make laws that affect the monarch, unless the monarch decides to allow it.
Monarchy 
 All land and property in the country can be taken or given away by the monarch at any time for any reason.
Monarchy 
 The army and navy is under the personal control of the monarch and can be used for any purpose at any time.
Monarchy 
 Countries that are examples of an absolute monarchy are Vatican City, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Oman and Swaziland.
Monarchy 
 A constitutional monarchy is a form of government that is usually a democracy and has a constitution, with the monarch as head of state.
Monarchy 
 Either the monarch has to obey the laws like everyone else, or there are special laws that say what the monarch can and cannot do.
Monarchy 
 There may be laws about whom the monarch's children can marry, for example, that are passed by the Parliament.
Monarchy 
 For example, in the Netherlands, if a member of the royal family marries without the permission of Parliament, they cannot become king or queen themselves.
Monarchy 
 The army and navy may swear an oath to the monarch, but the real control is given to the elected government.
Monarchy 
 There are laws about property and the order of succession (who gets to be the next monarch) that can only be changed by the elected government.
Monarchy 
 Usually the monarch must sign laws into effect, but is required to follow the will of the elected government.
Monarchy 
 A constitutional monarchy usually has separation of powers, and the monarch often has only ceremonial duties, such as representing the country while traveling or acting as a symbol for the whole country (not for a particular political party).
Monarchy 
 Voting would mean that they picked a side in political arguments and then could not claim to represent everyone in the country.
Monarchy 
 Some constitutional monarchies give the power to veto laws to the monarch, but in most countries where this is the case it is a power that is very rarely used.
Monarchy 
 In countries where the monarch can dismiss or appoint governments, this is usually only done to make sure that the democratic process is respected, without taking sides in politics.
Monarchy 
 Appointments to public office made by constitutional monarchs are generally approved by the democratically elected government beforehand.
Monarchy 
 Examples of Constitutional monarchies are the United Kingdom, most members of the Commonwealth of Nations, Australia, The Netherlands, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Belgium, Japan and Spain.
Monarchy 
 Thailand has a monarch who sometimes take part in politics to influence the government unlike in other constitutional monarchies, but he/she still is subject to law.
Monarchy 
 Today, there are three basic forms how to choose a new monarch, after the death of the old one; or because the old monarch left power:
Monarchy 
 Countries, where the monarchs are elected include Malaysia, Samoa, Cambodia, United Arab Emirates, Andorra, and Vatican City.
North Korea 
 North Korea (officially called the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)), is a country in the northern part of the Korean peninsula.
North Korea 
 The country was founded in 1948 after it had been freed from Japanese occupation, and a socialist state backed by the Soviet Union was established.
North Korea 
 The Republic of Korea is the southern half of the Korean Peninsula, and was occupied by the United States, and the U.S. set up a democracy in the south.
North Korea 
 At first, there was a war between the North and South which is called the Korean War, but while the fighting stopped in 1953, the war never officially ended.
North Korea 
 North Korea had ties with China and Russia but never was formally allied with either and became more isolated over time.
North Korea 
 Worldwide economic sanctions and embargoes are thought to have significantly impacted the quality of life in North Korea.
North Korea 
 North Korea is described as a totalitarian Stalinist dictatorship by western media, while North Korea describes itself as a democratic worker's state.
North Korea 
 The country's leader Kim Il-sung said that the government was following his own ideology of "Juche", which means "self-reliance".
North Korea 
 Later on, the country's leaders began to remove "communism" from North Korean laws and philosophy, although Juche can be described as a variant of communism.
North Korea 
 After Kim Il-sung died during the disasters of the 1990s, his son Kim Jong-il took his place and was promoted by the government as the leader who led North Korea out of the disasters.
North Korea 
 North Korea was the only communist country in history where leadership was directly given to the former leader's son after his death.
North Korea 
 Kim Jong-il enacted a new policy of "Songun", or "military-first", which turned the country into a military state.
North Korea 
 When he died in 2011, his youngest son Kim Jong-un took his place and continues to lead the country today.
North Korea 
 Since Japan and Russia were both very close to Korea, Japan took Korea for themselves as part of Japan.
North Korea 
 Between 1910 and the end of World War II in 1945, Korea was considered a part of Japan due to Japan's colonization of Korea.
North Korea 
 In 1945, the USSR declared war on Japan and the United States bombed it (Nagasaki and Hiroshima); severely weakening its empire and forcing Japan to surrender.
North Korea 
 Japan's weak status allowed the Soviets to enter Korea fairly, freely and occupy the northern half whilst the United States took the southern half.
North Korea 
 Each created governments supporting their own ideologies, Marxist–Leninist Single Party State (North) and Democratic Capitalist State (South).
North Korea 
 North Korea wanted to bring together North and South Korea to form a single Korean country, and Korean families that had been split by the division of North and South to be together again.
North Korea 
 The North Korean leaders wanted South Korea to be communist, like North Korea and the Soviet Union were.
North Korea 
 With the help of the other countries, South Korea took back their land, and even much of North Korea, up to the Yalu River, which forms the border between North Korea and China.
North Korea 
 China, which was also communist, helped the North Koreans to get the land back that the South Korean soldiers had taken.
North Korea 
 After three years, in 1953, North Korea and South Korea both decided that no one would win the war and both countries signed an armistice, which is an agreement that made both countries stop fighting.
North Korea 
 North Korea and South Korea were divided by a demilitarized zone, or DMZ, which is a special place that surrounds the border between North and South Korea where both countries can not place lots of soldiers, so that fighting does not start again.
North Korea 
 Even though the Korean Demilitarized Zone is meant to stop problems between the two countries, sometimes soldiers on both sides of the border fire their guns at each other.
North Korea 
 A special town in the zone, Panmunjom, is called the Joint Security Area, or JSA, and sometimes the leaders of both countries meet there to talk about possibly coming back together.
North Korea 
 North Korea is one of the few countries in the world that has made nuclear missiles, which can kill many people if they are exploded.
North Korea 
 North Korea will not say how many nukes it has, but other countries think that the North Korean government probably has built ten missiles so far out of a deadly element called plutonium.
North Korea 
 Although the North Korean government said that the test was not dangerous, many other countries and the United Nations were nonetheless enraged.
North Korea 
 Three years later in 2009, North Korea did another test, which broke a United Nations law called Resolution 1718, which said North Korea could not keep building and testing nuclear bombs.
North Korea 
 An international investigation concluded that North Korea had sunk a South Korean warship with a torpedo.
North Korea 
 When the United States and South Korea planned to set up defenses in case North Korea tried to attack again, North Korea's National Defense Commission threatened on to start a war with its nuclear weapons.
North Korea 
 The reasons for the launch were science and the 100th anniversary of the birth of the country's founder, Kim Il-Sung.
North Korea 
 The government said the rocket carried a weather satellite so the government could find out what the weather would be.
North Korea 
 However, other countries said that the weather satellite was a story made up by the government so the real purpose of the rocket would not the known—which most countries thought was to test a nuclear missile that could be launched at the United States or South Korea.
North Korea 
 Because of this rocket, other countries stopped helping North Korea, even though the government invited other countries to see the rocket launch to make it seem like the North Koreans had nothing to hide from other countries.
North Korea 
 The rocket was eventually launched, but it did not work and crashed just a minute and thirty seconds after it was launched.
North Korea 
 It worked this time and went into orbit circling the Earth, though the United States said that it was very unstable and might fall back to Earth.
North Korea 
 Experts in Europe noticed the satellite's reflection was fluctuating (getting brighter then dimmer); indicating that the satellite is tumbling in its orbit.
North Korea 
 In February 2013, North Korea tested a nuclear bomb for the 3rd time, causing much outrage from other countries.
North Korea 
 The government also released many videos that depicted possible missile targets in the United States.
North Korea 
 North Korea however does not posses missiles that could reach US mainland but some say Hawaii is a possibility.
North Korea 
 Many missiles depicted in DPRK parades are fakes used to exaggerate North Korea's military strength.
North Korea 
 The government has a similar structure to the former Soviet Union (USSR), once a close ally, but it is very different from the USSR.
North Korea 
 It teaches that to achieve true socialism and become self-sufficient, the state must become fully isolated from the rest of society.
North Korea 
 North Korea is technically a multi-party state since other parties do exist besides the Korean Workers' Party (KWP).
North Korea 
 North Koreans are encouraged to report family members to the police if they think they are doing something illegal.
North Korea 
 If someone is caught doing a crime, their whole family will be sent along with them to a labour camp.
North Korea 
 The KCNA makes sure all the country's television, radio, and newspaper news makes the government look good.
North Korea 
 It is nothing like the real Internet but is filled with propaganda that makes the government, party, and leaders look good.
North Korea 
 Stealing, murder, rape, drug smuggling, attempted murder, spying, slaughtering cattle for food, trying to challenge the laws of North Korea, traveling without permission, looking at media unapproved by North Korea (which includes South Korean dramas, pornography, and Western movies), possessing a USB drive, and practicing religions that are against worshipping Kim Jong-un and his family can all result in the death penalty.
North Korea 
 Very recently, North Korea's food aid stopped after the government launched a satellite in April 2012.
North Korea 
 The minders try and make sure the people do not find out about anything that might make the government look bad.
North Korea 
 This is due to the government not wanting to allow North Koreans to earn their own money outside of their government-given jobs, to allow people to work the jobs they want, and to trade with other countries.