the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Evolution 
 Overall, its action is to make the individuals more similar to each other, and hence more vulnerable to disease or to chance events in their environment.
Evolution 
 Drift reduces genetic variation in populations, potentially reducing a population’s ability to survive new selective pressures.
Evolution 
 Bottleneck events: when a large population is suddenly and drastically reduced in size by some event, the genetic variety will be very much reduced.
Evolution 
 Although the population has rebounded, its genetic variability is much less than that of the Southern elephant seal.
Evolution 
 These groups, by virtue of their small size, cannot carry the full range of alleles to be found in the parent population.
Evolution 
 A German explorer, Moritz Wagner, during his three years in Algeria in the 1830s, studied flightless beetles.
Evolution 
 Each species is confined to a stretch of the north coast between rivers which descend from the Atlas mountains to the Mediterranean.
Evolution 
 "... a [new] species will only [arise] when a few individuals [cross] the limiting borders of their range... the formation of a new race will never succeed... without a long continued separation of the colonists from the other members of their species".
Evolution 
 One example of natural speciation is the three-spined stickleback, a sea fish that, after the last ice age, invaded freshwater, and set up colonies in isolated lakes and streams.
Evolution 
 Over about 10,000 generations, the sticklebacks show great differences, including variations in fins, changes in the number or size of their bony plates, variable jaw structure, and color differences.
Evolution 
 Hairy-nosed wombats live on hot dry plains where they eat dry grass with very little water or nutrition in it.
Evolution 
 When two groups that started the same become different enough, then they become two different species.
Evolution 
 Part of the theory of evolution is that all living things started the same, but then split into different groups over billions of years.
Evolution 
 This was an important movement in evolutionary biology, which started in the 1930s and finished in the 1950s.
Evolution 
 The synthesis explains how the ideas of Charles Darwin fit with the discoveries of Gregor Mendel, who found out how we inherit our genes.
Evolution 
 It bridged the gap between different types of biologists: geneticists, naturalists, and palaeontologists.
Evolution 
 When the theory of evolution was developed, it was not clear that natural selection and genetics worked together.
Evolution 
 Evolution and genetics: evolution can be explained by what we know about genetics, and what we see of animals and plants living in the wild.
Evolution 
 Natural selection: the struggle for existence of animals and plant in the wild causes natural selection.
Evolution 
 There is very good evidence from fossils that different groups can evolve at different rates, and that different parts of an animal can evolve at different rates.p292, 397
Evolution 
 Co-evolution is where the existence of one species is tightly bound up with the life of one or more other species.
Evolution 
 New or 'improved' adaptations which occur in one species are often followed by the appearance and spread of related features in the other species.
Evolution 
 The life and death of living things is intimately connected, not just with the physical environment, but with the life of other species.
Evolution 
 These relationships may continue for millions of years, as it has in the pollination of flowering plants by insects.
Evolution 
 The gut contents, wing structures, and mouthparts of fossilized beetles and flies suggest that they acted as early pollinators.
Evolution 
 The association between beetles and angiosperms during the Lower Cretaceous period led to parallel radiations of angiosperms and insects into the late Cretaceous.
Evolution 
 The evolution of nectaries in Upper Cretaceous flowers signals the beginning of the mutualism between hymenoptera and angiosperms.
Evolution 
 Tree of life work is a product of traditional comparative anatomy, and modern molecular evolution and molecular clock research.
Evolution 
 The major figure in this work is Carl Woese, who defined the Archaea, the third domain (or kingdom) of life.
Evolution 
 The basic data for such a study are fossils (palaeontology) and the reconstruction of ancient environments.
Evolution 
 It is a term of convenience: for most biologists it does not suggest any change in the process of evolution.p87 For some palaeontologists, what they see in the fossil record cannot be explained just by the gradualist evolutionary synthesis.
Evolution 
 Altruism – the willingness of some to sacrifice themselves for others – is widespread in social animals.
Evolution 
 Some biologists have thought that this meant altruism could not evolve by the normal process of selection.
Evolution 
 Group selection refers to the idea that alleles can become fixed or spread in a population because of the benefits they bestow on groups, regardless of the alleles' effect on the fitness of individuals within that group.
Evolution 
 For several decades, critiques cast serious doubt on group selection as a major mechanism of evolution.
Evolution 
 For example, if one sibling sacrifices itself for three siblings, the genetic disposition for the act will be increased.
Evolution 
 This is because siblings share on average 50% of their genetic inheritance, and the sacrificial act has led to greater representation of the genes in the next generation.
Evolution 
 The warning note from Ernst Mayr, and the work of William Hamilton are both important to this discussion.
Evolution 
 Hamilton's equation describes whether or not a gene for altruistic behaviour will spread in a population.
Evolution 
 is the probability, above the population average, of the individuals sharing an altruistic gene – the "degree of relatedness".
Evolution 
 At first, sexual reproduction might seem to be at a disadvantage compared with asexual reproduction.
Evolution 
 In order to be advantageous, sexual reproduction (cross-fertilisation) has to overcome a two-fold disadvantage (takes two to reproduce) plus the difficulty of finding a mate.
Evolution 
 The answer has been given since Darwin's time: because the sexual populations adapt better to changing circumstances.
Evolution 
 This allows beneficial mutations to escape deleterious alleles on its original background, and to combine with other beneficial alleles that arise elsewhere in the population.
Evolution 
 After 50 generations, the selfing population showed a substantial decline in fitness (= survival), whereas the outcrossing population showed no decline.
Evolution 
 This is one of a number of studies that show sexuality to have real advantages over non-sexual types of reproduction.
Evolution 
 The purpose of this is to insert new genes or knock out old genes from the genome of a plant or animal.
Evolution 
 However, the real purpose of studying evolution is to explain and help our understanding of biology.
Evolution 
 The practical things come mostly from genetics, the science started by Gregor Mendel, and from molecular and cell biology.
Evolution 
 The idea that all life evolved had been proposed before Charles Darwin published On the Origin of species.
Evolution 
 Even today, some people still discuss the concept of evolution and what it means to them, their philosophy, and their religion.
Evolution 
 In order to fit in the idea of evolution with that belief, people have used ideas like guided evolution or theistic evolution.
Evolution 
 Many creationists believe that the creation myth found in their religion goes against the idea of evolution.
Evolution 
 As Darwin realised, the most controversial part of the evolutionary thought is what it means for human origins.
Evolution 
 In some countries, especially in the United States, there is tension between people who accept the idea of evolution and those who do not accept it.
Evolution 
 The debate is mostly about whether evolution should be taught in schools, and in what way this should be done.
Evolution 
 Other fields, like cosmology and earth science also do not match with the original writings of many religious texts.
Evolution 
 Death for heresy was threatened to those who wrote against the idea that Earth was the center of the universe.
Evolution 
 For instance, the Roman Catholic Church now has the following position on evolution: Pope Pius XII said in his encyclical Humani Generis published in the 1950s:
Evolution 
 "The Church does not forbid that (...) research and discussions (..) take place with regard to the doctrine of evolution, in as far as it inquires into the origin of the human body as coming from pre-existent and living matter," Pope Pius XII Humani Generis
Evolution 
 "In his encyclical Humani Generis, my predecessor Pius XII has already [said] that there is no conflict between evolution and the doctrine of the faith regarding man and his vocation. (...)
Evolution 
 Today, more than a half-century after (..) that encyclical, some new findings lead us toward the recognition of evolution as more than an hypothesis.
Evolution 
 In fact it is remarkable that this theory has had progressively greater influence on the spirit of researchers, following a series of discoveries in different scholarly disciplines," Pope John Paul II speaking to the Pontifical Academy of Science
Evolution 
 In nature, some animals do survive better than others, and it does lead to animals better adapted to their circumstances.
Evolution 
 With humans groups from different parts of the world, all evolution can say is that each group is probably well suited to its original situation.
Evolution 
 They did this by selecting which animals or plants would produce the next generation (artificial selection).
Evolution 
 If (and it's a big if) the higher classes were there on merit, then their lack of children was the exact reverse of what should be happening.
Evolution 
 This would mean that those who were considered "good stock" would receive a reward if they reproduced.
Evolution 
 However, other people suggested that those considered "bad stock" would need to undergo compulsory sterilization, prenatal testing and birth control.
Evolution 
 The German Nazi government (1933–1945) used eugenics as a cover for their extreme racial policies, with dreadful results.
Evolution 
 There are so many different skills people could have, you could not agree who was "good stock" and who was "bad stock".
Evolution 
 Social Darwinism is a term given to the ideas of the 19th century social philosopher Herbert Spencer.
Evolution 
 Spencer believed the survival of the fittest could and should be applied to commerce and human societies as a whole.
Evolution 
 Again, some people used these ideas to claim that racism, and ruthless economic policies were justified.
Evolution 
 Today, most biologists and philosophers say that the theory of evolution should not be applied to social policy.
December 31 
 1225 – The Ly Dynasty in Vietnam ends after 216 years, as Tran Thai Tong, still a boy, becomes Emperor.
December 31 
 1703 – An earthquake and tsunami damage Tokyo, Odawara and several nearby towns, killing around 10,000 people.
December 31 
 1720 – A storm flood ravages the North German coast, separating a dune on Heligoland from the main island.
December 31 
 1775 – American Revolutionary War: In the Battle of Quebec, British forces repulse an attack by Continental Army General Richard Montgomery.
December 31 
 1862 – Abraham Lincoln signs the Act creating the state of West Virginia and thus splitting Virginia in two.
December 31 
 1917 - British troop transporter Osmanieh hits a mine laid by German U-boat UC 34 off Alexandria, Egypt, sinking with 99 deaths.
December 31 
 1946 – President of the United States Harry S. Truman officially declares an end to hostilities in World War II.
December 31 
 1963 – The Central African Federation officially breaks apart, and eventually becomes Zambia, Malawi and Rhodesia.
December 31 
 1988 - Pittsburgh Penguins' Mario Lemieux becomes the only NHL player, to this date, to score goals in five different ways - even strength, shorthand, power play, penalty shot and empty net, in an 8-6 win over the New Jersey Devils.
December 31 
 1992 – Czechoslovakia peacefully dissolves, splitting into the Czech Republic and Slovakia the next day.
December 31 
 1994 – This date is skipped altogether in Kiribati, as the International Date Line is shifted to the east of the Line Islands and Phoenix Islands.
December 31 
 2009 – In Espoo, Finland, Ibrahim Shkupolli shoots his former girlfriend dead, then shoots four people to death at a shopping mall before committing suicide.
December 31 
 1993 – Zviad Gamsakhurdia, scientist and writer, first President of the Republic of Georgia (b. 1939)
December 31 
 1997 – Michael Kennedy, son of Robert F. Kennedy, killed in a skiing accident on Aspen Mountain in Colorado (b. 1958).
December 31 
 2014 - Arthur Valerian Wellesley, 8th Duke of Wellington, English aristocrat and army officer (b. 1915)
December 25 
 496 - Clovis I, King of the Franks, is baptized into the Roman Catholic faith in Reims by Saint Remigius.
December 25 
 1495 - Spanish forces defeat the Guanches, the native people of the Canary Islands, in the Battle of La Victoria de Acentejo - Tenerife is the last island to be taken over by Spain.
December 25 
 1553 - Battle of Tucapel: Mapuche rebels under Lautaro defeat the Spanish conquistadors and execute Governor of Chile Pedro de Valdivia.
December 25 
 1643 - Christmas Island is found and named in the Indian Ocean near present-day Indonesia by Captain William Mynors.
December 25 
 1776 – George Washington and his army cross the Delaware River to attack the monarchy's Hessian mercenaries in Trenton, New Jersey.
December 25 
 1914 – Just after midnight on Christmas morning, German troops on the Western Front cease firing their guns and artillery and start singing Christmas carols.
December 25 
 1968 - Apollo 8 performs the very first successful Trans-Earth injection maneuver, sending crew and spacecraft on a trajectory back to Earth from lunar orbit.
December 25 
 1968 - 42 Dalits are burned alive in Kilavenmani village in Tamil Nadu, India, a retaliation for a campaign for higher wages from Dalit labourers.
December 25 
 1973 – The ARPANET crashes when a programming bug causes all ARPANET traffic to be routed through the server at Harvard University, causing the server to freeze.
December 25 
 1974 - Marshall Fields drives a vehicle through the gates of the White House, resulting in a four-hour stand-off.
December 25 
 1989 – Nicolae Ceausescu, former communist dictator of Romania, and his wife Elena were condemned to death and executed under a wide range of charges by a court perceived by many as illegitimate.
December 25 
 1991 – Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as president of the Soviet Union (the union itself is dissolved the next day).
December 25 
 2004 – Cassini orbiter releases Huygens probe which will land on Saturn's moon, Titan on January 14, 2005.
December 25 
 2009 – Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab attempts a terrorist attack, while on board Northwest Airlines Flight 253.
December 25 
 2016 - A Russian Defence Ministry Tupolev-154 aircraft crashes into the Black Sea shortly after take-off from Sochi, killing all 92 people on board.
1937 
 January 19 – Howard Hughes sets a new air record by flying from Los Angeles to New York City in 7 hours, 28 minutes and 25 seconds.
1937 
 January 23 – In Moscow, 17 leading Communists go on trial accused of participating in a plot led by Leon Trotsky to overthrow Joseph Stalin's regime and assassinate its leaders.
1937 
 March 18 – 300 students and teachers die after an exploson is a caused by a gas leak at the New London school in Texas.
1937 
 May 7 – the German zeppelin (airship) LZ 129 Hindenburg catches fire, while trying to land in New Jersey.
1937 
 October - Dominican Republic dictator Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina orders the execution of the Haitian population living within its borderlands with Haiti, resulting in the Parsley Massacre.
1937 
 "Sweet Leilani" – by Harry Owens, from the movie Waikiki Wedding, won the Academy Award for the best song.
Bedfordshire 
 It borders Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire, Buckinghamshire (with the Borough of Milton Keynes) and Hertfordshire.
Bedfordshire 
 There are forty Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) in Bedfordshire, designated by Natural England.
Bedfordshire 
 Three of the sites are also National nature reserves, twelve are in the Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and eleven are managed wholly or partly by the Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire.
March 26 
 1344 - The Siege of Algeciras, one of the first European military engagements where gunpowder was used, comes to an end.
March 26 
 1885 - The Metis people of the District of Saskatchewan under Louis Riel begin the North-West Rebellion against Canada.
March 26 
 1939 - Spanish Civil War: Nationalists under Francisco Franco begin their final offensive of the war.
March 26 
 1979 – Anwar Sadat, Menachem Begin, and Jimmy Carter sign the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty in Washington, DC.
March 26 
 1998 - Oued Bouaicha massacre in Algeria: 52 people, including 32 children under the age of two, are murdered with knives and axes.
March 26 
 1999 – A jury in Michigan finds Jack Kevorkian guilty of second-degree murder for administering a lethal injection to a terminally ill man.
March 26 
 2006 – Burma's military junta moves its seat, capital city, from Rangoon to Naypyidaw in the Mandalay Division.
March 26 
 2009 - In New York City, the Freedom Tower, still under construction, is renamed One World Trade Center.
March 26 
 2015 - Germanwings Flight 9525: It is revealed that the plane's co-pilot Andreas Lubitz deliberately crashed it two days earlier, in the French Alps.
March 20 
 March 20 is usually the first day of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and the first day of autumn in the Southern Hemisphere.
March 20 
 685 – The Battle of Nechtansmere is fought between a Pictish army under King Bridei III and the invading Northumbrians under King Ecgfrith, who are decisively defeated.
March 20 
 1217 – The Second Battle of Lincoln is fought near Lincoln, England, resulting in the defeat of Prince Louis of France by William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke.
March 20 
 1497 – John Cabot sets sail from Bristol, England, on his ship The Mathew looking for a route to the west (other documents give a May 2 date).
March 20 
 1631 – The city of Magdeburg in Germany is seized by forces of the Holy Roman Empire and most of its inhabitants massacred, in one of the bloodiest incidents of the Thirty Years War.
March 20 
 1813 – Napoleon Bonaparte leads his French troops into the Battle of Bautzen in Saxony, Germany, against the combined armies of Russia and Prussia.
March 20 
 1815 - Napoleon Bonaparte, after his escape from the Italian island of Elba, enters Paris with a regular army of 140,000 and a volunteer force of over 200,000.
March 20 
 1845 – HMS Erebus and HMS Terror with 134 men under John Franklin sail from the River Thames in England, beginning a disastrous expedition to find the Northwest Passage.
March 20 
 1861 – American Civil War: The state of Kentucky proclaims its neutrality, which will last until September 3 when Confederate forces enter the state.
March 20 
 1861 – Mendoza, Argentina, is completely destroyed by an earthquake in which around 6,000 people are killed.
March 20 
 1864 – American Civil War: Battle of Ware Bottom Church – In the Virginia Bermuda Hundred Campaign, 10,000 troops fight in this Confederate victory.
March 20 
 1873 – Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis receive a United States patent for blue jeans with copper rivets.
March 20 
 1891 – History of cinema: First public display of Thomas Alva Edison's prototype kinetoscope (shown at Edison's Laboratory for a convention of the National Federation of Women's Clubs).
March 20 
 1913 - Chinese politician Sung Chiao-jen is targeted in a assassination attempt, dying two days later.
March 20 
 1916 – The Saturday Evening Post publishes its first cover with a Norman Rockwell painting ("Boy with Baby Carriage").
March 20 
 1918 – For the third consecutive year on this date, the U.S. town of Codell, Kansas, is struck by a tornado.
March 20 
 1920 – The Weimarer Nationalversammlung, the national assembly of Germany's Weimar Republic, is permanently dissolved.
March 20 
 1920 – Montreal Quebec station XWA broadcasts the first regularly scheduled radio programming in North America.
March 20 
 1927 – By the Treaty of Jedda, the United Kingdom recognizes the sovereignty of King Ibn Saud in the Kingdoms of Hejaz and Nejd, which later merged to become the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
March 20 
 1932 – Amelia Earhart takes off from Newfoundland to begin the world's first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean by a female pilot, landing in Ireland the next day.
March 20 
 1954 – Chiang Kai-shek is selected for another term as President of the Republic of China by the National Assembly.
March 20 
 1964 - The European Space Research Organization is founded, as a precursor to the European Space Agency.
March 20 
 1972 - The Troubles: The Provisional IRA carry out a car bomb attack in Belfast, killing 7 people, and injuring 148.
March 20 
 1974 - Near Buckingham Palace, Ian Ball attempts to kidnap Anne, Princess Royal and her then-husband Mark Phillips.
March 20 
 1980 – In a Referendum in Quebec, the population rejects by a 60% vote the proposal from its government to move towards independence from Canada.
March 20 
 1988 - Eritrean War of Independence: The Eritrean People's Liberation Front enters the town of Afabet.
March 20 
 1989 – The Chinese authorities declare martial law in the face of pro-democracy demonstrations, setting the scene for the Tiananmen Square massacre.
March 20 
 1995 – The Japanese cult, Aum Shinrikyo, under leadership of Shoko Asahara carries out a deadly sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway.
March 20 
 1996 – Gay rights: The Supreme Court of the United States rules in Romer v. Evans against a law that would have prevented any city, town or county in the state of Colorado from taking any legislative, executive, or judicial action to protect the rights of homosexuals.
March 20 
 2005 – A magnitude 6.6 earthquake hits Fukuoka, Japan, killing one person, and leading to hundreds being injured or evacuated.
March 20 
 2006 -  Over 150 Chadian soldiers are killed in Eastern Chad by members of the rebel United Front for Democratic Change.
March 20 
 2015 - A solar eclipse coincides with the Spring Equinox in Europe, Greenland, and parts of North Africa and Northern and West-Central Asia.
March 20 
 2016 - US President Barack Obama starts a historic visit to Cuba - the first by a serving US President since Calvin Coolidge in 1928.
October 8 
 1480  Stand-off on the Ugra River, between the forces of Akhmat Khan of the 'Great Horde', and those of Grand Duke Ivan III of Russia, resulting in the retreat of the Tataro-Mongols.
October 8 
 1573  End of the Spanish Siege of Alkmaar (Netherlands) - First Dutch victory in the Eighty Years' War.
October 8 
 1806  Napoleonic Wars: Forces of the British Empire lay siege to the port of Boulogne-sur-Mer, on France's English Channel coast.
October 8 
 1895  Empress Myeongseong of Korea is murdered by Japanese forces at Geongbok Palace, before her corpse is burned.
October 8 
 1918  World War I: In the Argonne Forest, France, US Corporal Alvin C. York kills 28 German soldiers and captures 132.
October 8 
 1941  World War II: In their invasion of the Soviet Union, Germany reaches the Sea of Azov with the capture of Mariupol.
October 8 
 1962  Germany's Der Spiegel publishes an article on the Bundeswehr (German army), which leads to a major scandal.
October 8 
 1973  Yom Kippur War: Gabi Amir's armored brigade attack Egyptian-occupied positions on Israel's side of the Suez Canal, in hope of driving them away.
October 8 
 1990  Israel-Palestinian Conflict: In Jerusalem, Israeli police kill 17 Palestinian and injure over 100 near the Dome of the Rock.