the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Alberta 
 The city of Calgary, Alberta’s other major centre is located about 300 kilometres to the south of Edmonton.
Alberta 
 From 1670 to 1870, parts of Alberta were included in "Rupert's Land," land owned by the Hudson’s Bay Company in support of it’s trading monopoly over a vast area of Canada and parts of the United States.
Electronics 
 Electronics is the study of electricity (the flow of electrons) and how to use that to build things like computers.
Electronics 
 It uses circuits that are made with parts called components and connecting wires to do useful things.
Electronics 
 The science behind Electronics comes from the study of physics and gets applied in real-life ways through the field of electrical engineering.
Electronics 
 Many people can name several simple electronic components, such as transistors, fuses, circuit breakers, batteries, motors, transformers, LEDs and bulbs, but as the number of components starts to increase, it often helps to think in terms of smaller systems or blocks, which can be connected together to do something useful.
Electronics 
 Inputs - Electrical or mechanical sensors, which take signals from the physical world (in the form of temperature, pressure, etc.)
Electronics 
 Signal processing circuits - These consist of electronic components connected together to manipulate, interpret and transform the information contained in the signals.
Electronics 
 Outputs - Actuators or other devices that transform current and voltage signals back into human readable information.
Electronics 
 A television set, for example, has as its input a broadcast signal received from an antenna, or for cable television, a cable.
Electronics 
 Signal processing circuits inside the television set use the brightness, colour, and sound information contained in the received signal to control the television set's output devices.
Electronics 
 The display output device may be a cathode ray tube (CRT) or a plasma or liquid crystal display screen.
Electronics 
 The display output devices convert the signal processing circuits' brightness and colour information into the visible image displayed on a screen.
Electronics 
 The audio output device converts the processed sound information into sounds that can be heard by listeners.
Electronics 
 Analysis of a circuit/network involves knowing the input and the signal processing circuit, and finding out the output.
Electronics 
 Knowing the input and output and finding out or designing the signal processing part is called synthesis.
Electronics 
 People started experimenting with electricity as early as 600 B.C.E, when Thales of Miletus discovered rubbing fur on amber would cause them to attract each other.
Electronics 
 At about the same time, integrated circuits (circuits that are integrated inside other circuits) became commonly used.
Electronics 
 Integrated circuits made it possible to reduce the number of parts needed to make electronic products and made the products much cheaper in general.
Electronics 
 Even though more digital circuits are made, analog circuits will always be necessary, since the world and its people work in analog ways.
Electronics 
 For example, radar works by using pulse circuits to create and send high powered bursts of radio energy from radar transmitters.
Electronics 
 Radar antennas are used to send ("transmit") the high powered bursts in the direction the antenna is pointed.
Electronics 
 The radar transmitter's pulses or bursts of radio energy hit and bounce back (they are "reflected") from hard and metallic objects.
Electronics 
 The reflected radar energy is detected by radar pulse receivers which use both pulse and digital circuits together.
Electronics 
 The pulse and digital circuits in radar pulse receivers are used to show the location and distance of objects which have reflected the radar transmitter's high powered pulses.
Electronics 
 By controlling how often the rapid pulses of radar energy are sent out by a radar transmitter (called the transmitter's "pulse timing"), and how long it takes for the reflected pulse energy to come back to the radar receiver, one can tell not only where objects are, but also how far away they are.
Electronics 
 Digital circuits in a radar receiver calculate the distance to an object by knowing the time interval between energy pulses.
Electronics 
 The radar receiver's digital circuits count how long it takes between pulses for an object's reflected energy to be detected by the radar receiver.
Electronics 
 Since radar pulses are sent and received at approximately the speed of light, the distance to an object can easily be calculated.
Electronics 
 This is done in digital circuits by multiplying the speed of light by the time it takes to receive the radar energy reflected back from an object.
Electronics 
 The time between pulses (often called "pulse rate time", or PRT) sets the limit on how far away an object can be detected.
Electronics 
 Fast PRT's are used to detect objects that are much closer, like ships at sea, high flying aircraft, or to determine the speed of fast moving automobiles on highways.
Electronics 
 Digital circuits are used for signals that only turn on and off instead of often working at levels somewhere between on and off.
Electronics 
 Active components in digital circuits typically have one signal level when turned on, and another signal level when turned off.
Electronics 
 Computers and electronic clocks are examples of electronic devices that are made up of mostly digital circuits.
Electronics 
 Lessons in Electric Circuits - A free series of textbooks on the subjects of electricity and electronics.
Scalar 
 We could give the measured length as 2 metres or 3 cm—depending on the length of the rod under observation.
Scalar 
 Here, only the figure 2 or 3 along with the unit of measure is enough to transmit information about the rod.
Scalar 
 In mathematics, scalars are distinguished from more complex mathematical objects such as vectors and matrices in that they consist of only one number.
Scalar 
 A scalar  can also be multiplied to a vector  or a matrix , resulting in the vector  and the matrix , respectively.
Scalar 
 For vectors, scalar multiplication produces a new vector of different length in the same or opposite direction of the original vector.
Photon 
 Photons  (from Greek φως, meaning light), in many atomic models in physics,  are particles which transmit light.
Photon 
 In quantum mechanics each photon has a characteristic quantum of energy that depends on frequency: A photon associated with light at a higher frequency will have more energy (and be associated with light at a shorter wavelength).
Photon 
 Before the photon got its name, Einstein revived the proposal that light is separate pieces of energy (particles).
Photon 
 In a vacuum, all photons move at the speed of light, c, which is equal to 299,792,458 meters (approximately 300,000 kilometers) per second.
Photon 
 Beyond the visible range, frequency is less discussed, for example it is little used in distinguishing between X-Ray photons and infrared.
Photon 
 Frequency is equivalent to the quantum energy of the photon, as related by the Planck constant equation,
Photon 
 where  is the photon's energy,  is the Plank constant, and  is the frequency of the light associated with the photon.
Photon 
 The quantum energy of different photons is often used in cameras, and other machines that use visible and higher than visible radiation.
Photon 
 If you saw a giant photon coming straight at you, it could appear as a swath whipping vertically, horizontally, or somewhere in between.
Photon 
 When the electron drops back down to a lower energy state, it needs to release the energy that hit it, and it must obey the conservation of energy (energy can neither be created nor destroyed).
Photon 
 Electrons release this energy as photons, and at higher intensities, this photon can be seen as visible light.
Photon 
 One common way that we experience electromagnetism in our daily lives is light, which is caused by electromagnetism.
Photon 
 Electromagnetism is also responsible for charge, which is the reason that you can not push your hand through a table.
Vector 
 It is often represented by boldface letters (such as , , ), or as a line segment from one point to another (as in ).
Vector 
 When asking for directions, if one says "Walk one kilometer towards the North", that would be a vector, but if they say "Walk one kilometer", without showing a direction, then that would be a scalar.
Vector 
 The Head to Tail method of adding vectors is useful for doing an estimate on paper of the result of adding two vectors.
Vector 
 Each vector is drawn as an arrow with an amount of length behind it, where each unit of length on the paper represents a certain magnitude of the vector.
Vector 
 Draw the next vector, with the tail(end) of the second vector at the head(front) of the first vector.
Vector 
 Draw a line from the tail of the first vector to the head of the last vector - that's the resultant(sum) of all the vectors.
Vector 
 It's called the "Head to Tail" method, because each head from the previous vector leads in to the tail of the next one.
Vector 
 Using the component form to add two vectors literally means adding the components of the vectors to create a new vector.
Vector 
 To multiply a vector by a scalar (a normal number), you multiply the number by each component of the vector:
Bicycle 
 A bicycle (or bike) is a small, human powered land vehicle with a seat, two wheels, two pedals, and a metal chain connected to cogs on the pedals and rear wheel.
Bicycle 
 The name comes from these two words - the prefix "bi-" meaning two, and the suffix "-cycle" meaning wheel.
Bicycle 
 Riding bicycles, which is also called cycling, is an important way to travel in several parts of the world.
Bicycle 
 However, it did not have pedals, so the rider would have to push their feet on the ground to make it move.
Bicycle 
 Later inventors made bikes out of metal only, and made the front wheel very big, giving higher speed.
Bicycle 
 Instead of pedaling and steering with the front wheel, the safety bicycle steers with the front wheel while the pedals turn the back wheel using a chain.
Bicycle 
 This was a device inside the hub of the back wheel that allowed the wheel to spin even if the rider wasn't pedaling.
Bicycle 
 As a result, better hand brakes were invented, and a different type of brake which could stop the bike if the pedals were turned backwards.
Bicycle 
 Basic components common to most bikes include a seat, pedals, gearing, handlebar, wheels, and brakes, all mounted on a frame.
Bicycle 
 The cyclist's feet push the pedals to make them go around in circles, which moves the chain, which turns the back wheel of the bike to make the bike move forwards.
Bicycle 
 The front wheel is connected to the handlebar, so turning the handlebar from side to side swivels the front wheel which steers the bike.
Bicycle 
 The manufacturers of bicycles changed the location of the top tube to make it easier for women to sit down on them while wearing a skirt.
Bicycle 
 Folding bicycles can easily be stored in a small place or carried a long distance on an airplane or other public transport.
Bicycle 
 In the U.S. the federal government has set a limit of 750 Watts and a top electric-powered speed of 20MPH to have only the rules that apply to bicycles and no extra restrictions such as operator license, vehicle license, registration or insurance requirements.
Bicycle 
 A road bicycle usually has narrow wheels, less than 1" (25 mm) wide, with a frame that is much lighter than a mountain bicycle.
Bicycle 
 Recumbent bicycles come in several styles, but all of them have pedals in front of the seat, and the rider leans back while riding.
Bicycle 
 When riding on streets, it is safest to ride on the same side of the street that cars drive (which would mean riding on the right side of the road in countries where people drive on the right side of the road, and riding on the left in countries where people drive on the left).
Bicycle 
 To avoid hitting people, riders must obey signs that say "no bicycling", even if it does not seem to make sense at the time.
Bicycle 
 Wearing a helmet does not mean that somebody cannot be hurt if they crash their bicycle, but it makes being hurt less likely.
Bicycle 
 Some bicycles have bells or horns that the rider can use to warn other people that they are riding by them.
Wheel 
 Its main purpose is to allow things to roll; in other words, the wheel spins, and object on the wheels moves more easily along the ground.
Wheel 
 The Inca and Maya had wheels on children's toys around 1500 BC, but they did not use wheels for work.
Wheel 
 Africa south of the Sahara desert, Europe, and Australia did not have the wheel until people there met people from Europe.
Physical exercise 
 People do physical exercises as a part of their healthy lifestyle to get stronger and healthier or stay strong and healthy or to improve their body image.
Physical exercise 
 Flexibility exercises help the human body in general or its part in particular to be able to reach farther and bend better.
Physical exercise 
 Exercise can be fun, but it is important for the exerciser to do what he likes and eat enough calories , so when he exercises he is building up muscles, not just breaking them down for fuel.
Physical exercise 
 Carbohydrates are muscle-sparing; and if one does not get enough calories overall, there is the risk of burning muscles up with the fat to make up the deficit.
Physical exercise 
 Marcus Cicero, around 65 BC, stated: “It is exercise alone that supports the spirits, and keeps the mind in vigor.”
Physical exercise 
 Regular exercise has been shown to help high blood pressure, obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and depression, among others.
Physical exercise 
 Studies show that exercise can treat mild to moderate depression as effectively as antidepressant medication but without the side-effects, of course.
Percentage 
 Percentages are useful in practice, because it allows one to compare things that are not out of the same number.
Percentage 
 For example, exam marks are often percentages, which can compare them even if there are more questions on one exam paper than the other.
Writing 
 The Romans wrote on waxed tablets with a pointed stylus; this was popular for temporary notes and messages.
Writing 
 The central idea is that a full writing system must be able to represent anything that might be said in spoken language.p7, 217 From this point of view the invention of the rebus is an essential step.
Writing 
 We can only be sure a sign system is full writing if we can translate the symbols into a modern language.
Writing 
 The Sumerian, the ancient Egyptian, the Chinese and the Mayan writings are separate in their invention.p85 All these writing systems started with pictographs, symbols that stood for things.
Writing 
 All alphabets are modified versions of the first one, which originated with the Phoenicians and the Ancient Greeks.
Writing 
 The earliest signs were mostly pictorial, but soon they stood as symbols for objects, ideas and sounds.
Writing 
 Thus the system had lasted for more than 3000 years.p71 Each version of cuneiform had to be deciphered separately, because all the languages were different.
Writing 
 It was invented at roughly the same time as cuneiform, yet was quite different in style, and used different materials.
Writing 
 The hieroglyphs were inscribed (carved) into stone (hammer & chisel) or painted onto stone surfaces.
Writing 
 Its history dates back to about 1400BC.p183 The Chinese writing system is idio-syllabic, a mixed method using characters which may have one or more of these elements:
Writing 
 Rebus: "sounds like..." the character for wheat is also used for 'come' because the words are homophonous (sound alike).
Writing 
 Chinese has a huge number of characters: in the region of 50,000.p186 Because of this, printing methods were never really successful in China, despite their early invention.
Writing 
 In the 14th century Wang Tzhen had sixty thousand wood block characters cut, a huge investment in time and money.
Writing 
 He printed 100 copies of a local gazette, and was author of a treatise on agriculture and other technical works.
Writing 
 Even with printing machines from Europe in the 19th century, the process was hampered by the huge number of characters, which slowed the composition to a snail's pace.
Writing 
 Fluency in Chinese reading and writing is undoubtedly difficult to achieve, and this must act as a brake on the drive for literacy.
Writing 
 The most radical in Pinyin, which is a program to replace Chinese characters with an alphabetic system.
Writing 
 It seems that the idea of an alphabet–a script based entirely upon sound–arose only once, and has been copied and adapted to suit many different languages.
Writing 
 Although no alphabet fits its language perfectly, it is flexible enough to fit any language approximately.
Writing 
 All of these come from the ancient Greek alphabet, which dates back to about 1100 to 800BC.p167 The Greek alphabet was probably developed from the Phoenician script, which appeared somewhat earlier, and had some similar letter-shapes.
Writing 
 The Semitic group of languages includes Arabic, Maltese, Hebrew and also Aramaic, the language spoken by Jesus.
Writing 
 We do not know much about how the alphabetic idea arose, but the Phoenicians, a trading people, came up with letters which were adapted by the early Greeks to produce their alphabet.
Writing 
 The Greek alphabet even has two vowels for 'e' and two for 'o', to distinguish between the long and short sounds.
Writing 
 It is fairly clear from this that careful thought went into both the Phoenician invention and the Greek adaptation.
Writing 
 Semitic scripts apparently derive from Proto-Sinaitic, a script of which only 31 inscriptions (plus 17 doubtful) are known.
Writing 
 It is thought by some researchers that the original source of this script was the Egyptian hieratic script.
Writing 
 By the late Middle Kingdom (about 1900BC) hieratic had added some alphabetic signs for representing the consonants of foreign names.
Writing 
 There are a number of scripts which have never been deciphered, despite much effort.p145 Perhaps the most famous are the script of the Indus Valley civilization, and Etruscan.
Writing 
 The Indus River civilisation predates other literate civilisations on the Indian subcontinent, going back to about 2500BC.
Writing 
 The Etruscan language used Greek letter-forms, and is found mainly on Etruscan tombs, from Tuscany through to Venice.
Writing 
 All knowledge of their language was lost, except that some of the names on tomb memorials can be read from the Greek letters.
Writing 
 The Tărtăria tablets are three tablets discovered in 1961 in the village of Tărtăria (Hungarian: Alsótatárlaka).
Writing 
 Although some of these symbols look exactly the same as some letters in Etruscan, Greek, and Aramaic, they are generally regarded as an original, independent development.
Writing 
 It is only in the last 150 years that most people have been able to read and write in Europe and North America.
Writing 
 Before 1500, each book had to be created by hand, so there were few books available compared to the billions in the world today.
Plato 
 A wealthy man, he owned at least 50 slaves and created the first university school, called "The Academy".
Plato 
 Plato was a student of Socrates (who did not write) and the teacher of Aristotle, who founded another university, known as the Lyceum.
Plato 
 One modern philosopher, Alfred North Whitehead, said that all philosophy since Plato has just been comments on his works.
Plato 
 Plato wrote his books in the form of dialogues with two people or more talking about ideas, and sometimes disagreeing about them.
Plato 
 Usually, Socrates talks with people about their ideas, and tries to see if they believe anything that is illogical.
Plato 
 People who study Plato argue about whether Socrates really said the same things that Plato makes him say, or whether Plato just used Socrates as a character, to make the ideas he was talking about seem more important.
Plato 
 Plato opposed the rhetorics of sophism and insisted on true justice and equality in his work Gorgias, and on immortality of soul in Phaedo.
Plato 
 The method of questioning in this dialogue, called the Socratic method, is as important as the content.
Book 
 The change from scrolls to books began in the Roman Empire, and took many centuries to become complete.
Book 
 Encyclopedias often have separate articles written by different people, and published as separate volumes.
Book 
 Hardcover books have hard covers made of cardboard covered in cloth or leather and are usually sewn together.
Book 
 Most of the time, the word "book" means that the pages inside have words printed or written on them.
Book 
 Some books are written just for children, or for entertainment, while other books are for studying something in school such as math or history.
Book 
 Some books are based on real events from history, but the author has created imaginary characters or dialogue for the events.
Book 
 Some examples are dictionaries, cookbooks, textbooks for learning in school, or a biography (someone's life story).
Book 
 The sheet could have been made of papyrus (made by the Egyptians, by weaving the inner stems of the papyrus plant and then hammering them together), or parchment or vellum (very thin animal skin, first used by the ancient Greeks), or paper (made from plant fibers, invented by the Chinese).
Book 
 The Romans were the first people to put separate pieces of manuscript between covers, to form a codex.
Book 
 This was more convenient to handle and store than scrolls, but was not yet a book as we understand it.
Book 
 The Chinese invented woodblock printing, where shapes are carved out of a block of wood, then ink is applied to the carved side, and the block is pressed onto paper.
Book 
 This woodcut method was slow because the symbols and pictures were made by cutting away the surrounding wood.
Book 
 Johannes Gutenberg was the first to invent a machine for printing, the printing press, in the 15th century.
Book 
 This involved more than just a press, it involved the production of movable metal type suitable for the machine process.
Book 
 New kinds of inks were also invented for various purposes, and machines were driven by steam engines and later by electricity.
Book 
 So, in the 19th century, many ordinary people could afford to buy books and could actually read them.
Book 
 Also in the 19th century came public libraries, so poorer people could get access to the best books.
Book 
 Printing was done on large sheets of paper, which were then folded, guillotined (cut) and sewn into the covers.
Book 
 Today some of the technologies have been changed, especially those involving illustration and typography.
Book 
 However, books look much the same as they did, with more illustration in color, but basically the same.
Book 
 Graphic design and typography are the practical arts used to make books attractive and useful to readers.
Sundial 
 At different times in the day when the sun is shining, a shadow is cast in different places on the dial.
Sundial 
 There are a few commonly seen designs, such as the 'ordinary' or standard horizontal garden sundial.
Peninsula 
 Many countries are on peninsulas, and may either take up part of a peninsula (such as Portugal) or all of it (such as India).
Peninsula 
 In this case, the great peninsulas of Europe, the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas would technically be peninsulas within peninsulas.
Peninsula 
 The area of the European Peninsula, comprised of Europe minus Russia, Fennoscandia, and any islands, is roughly 4.4 million square kilometers.
Peninsula 
 The Arabian Peninsula is usually cited as the largest peninsula in the world with an area of 3,237,500 square kilometers.
Combinatorial game theory 
 Combinatorial game theory, also known as CGT is a branch of applied mathematics and theoretical computer science that studies combinatorial games, and is distinct from "traditional" or "economic" game theory.