the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Gas compressor 
 Small reciprocating compressors from 5 to 30 horsepower (hp) are commonly seen in automotive applications and are typically for intermittent duty.
Gas compressor 
 Larger reciprocating compressors up to 1000 hp are still commonly found in large industrial applications, but their numbers are declining as they are replaced by various other types of compressors.
Gas compressor 
 In certain applications, such as air compression, multi-stage double-acting compressors are said to be the most efficient compressors available, and are typically larger, noisier, and more costly than comparable rotary units.
Gas compressor 
 Rotary screw compressors use two meshed rotating positive-displacement helical screws to force the gas into a smaller space.
Gas compressor 
 These are usually used for continuous operation in commercial and industrial applications and may be either stationary or portable.
Gas compressor 
 Their application can be from 3 hp (2.24 kW) to over 500 hp (375 kW) and from low pressure to very high pressure (>1200 psi or 8.3 MPa).
Gas compressor 
 This type is also used for many automobile engine superchargers because it is easily matched to the induction capacity of a piston engine.
Gas compressor 
 A scroll compressor, also known as scroll pump and scroll vacuum pump, uses two interleaved spiral-like vanes to pump or compress fluids such as liquids and gases.
Gas compressor 
 Often, one of the scrolls is fixed, while the other orbits eccentrically without rotating, thereby trapping and pumping or compressing pockets of fluid between the scrolls.
Gas compressor 
 A diaphragm compressor (also known as a membrane compressor) is a variant of the conventional reciprocating compressor.
Gas compressor 
 Diaphragm compressors are used for hydrogen and compressed natural gas (CNG) as well as in a number of other applications.
Gas compressor 
 Air compressors sold to and used by the general public are often attached on top of a tank for holding the pressurized air.
Gas compressor 
 Oil-free compressors are desirable because without a properly designed separator, oil can make its way into the air stream.
Gas compressor 
 For some purposes, for example as a diving air compressor, even a little oil in the air stream may be unacceptable.
Gas compressor 
 There are three possible relationships between temperature and pressure in a volume of gas undergoing compression:
Gas compressor 
 In this cycle, internal energy is removed from the system as heat at the same rate that it is added by the mechanical work of compression.
Gas compressor 
 Isothermal compression or expansion is favored by a large heat exchanging surface, a small gas volume, or a long time scale (i.e., a small power level).
Gas compressor 
 Adiabatic - In this process there is no heat transfer to or from the system, and all supplied work is added to the internal energy of the gas, resulting in increases of temperature and pressure.
Gas compressor 
 Theoretical temperature rise is T2 = T1·Rc((k-1)/k)), with T1 and T2 in degrees Rankine or kelvins, and k = ratio of specific heats (approximately 1.4 for air).
Gas compressor 
 The rise in air and temperature ratio means compression does not follow a simple pressure to volume ratio.
Gas compressor 
 Adiabatic compression or expansion is favored by good insulation, a large gas volume, or a short time scale (i.e., a high power level).
Gas compressor 
 In practice there will always be a certain amount of heat flow, as to make a perfect adiabatic system would require perfect heat insulation of all parts of a machine.
Gas compressor 
 Polytropic - This assumes that heat may enter or leave the system, and that input shaft work can appear as both increased pressure (usually useful work) and increased temperature above adiabatic (usually losses due to cycle efficiency).
Gas compressor 
 Cycle efficiency is then the ratio of temperature rise at theoretical 100 percent (adiabatic) vs. actual (polytropic).
Gas compressor 
 Since compression generates heat, the compressed gas is to be cooled between stages making the compression less adiabatic and more isothermal.
Gas compressor 
 If each stage has a compression ratio of 7 to 1, the compressor can output 343 times atmospheric pressure (7 x 7 x 7 = 343 Atmospheres).
Gas compressor 
 Gas compressors are used in various applications where either higher pressures or lower volumes of gas are needed:
Gas compressor 
 in pipeline transport of purified natural gas to move the gas from the production site to the consumer.
Gas compressor 
 in petroleum refineries, natural gas processing plants, petrochemical and chemical plants, and similar large industrial plants for compressing intermediate and end product gases.
Gas compressor 
 in refrigeration and air conditioner equipment to move heat from one place to another in refrigerant cycles: see Vapor-compression refrigeration.
Gas compressor 
 in storing purified or manufactured gases in a small volume, high pressure cylinders for medical, welding and other uses.
Gas compressor 
 in many various industrial, manufacturing and building processes to power all types of pneumatic tools.
Gas compressor 
 in some types of jet engines (such as turbojets and turbofans) to provide the air required for combustion of the engine fuel.
Gas compressor 
 in SCUBA diving, hyperbaric oxygen therapy and other life support devices to store breathing gas in a small volume such as in diving cylinders .
Gas compressor 
 in turbochargers and superchargers to increase the performance of internal combustion engines by concentrating oxygen.
Gas compressor 
 in rail and heavy road transport to provide compressed air for operation of brakes and various other systems (doors, windscreen wipers, engine/gearbox control, etc.).
Cash 
 In bookkeeping and finance, cash can also refer to checks, money orders, cashier's checks, bank drafts, or traveler's checks.
Cash 
 In all these forms, the term indicates the most liquid form of assets, which have a fixed value and can be easily converted to currency: "ready money".
Cash 
 For example, wages or salaries paid as "cash" (as opposed to, e.g., stock options) would in most countries normally be paid with checks or direct bank deposits, which are trivially convertible to currency.
Heating 
 Block heater, or headbolt heater, an electric heater that heats the engine of a car to ease starting in cold weather
Heating 
 Central heating, method of providing warmth from one point to multiple rooms or apartments of a building
Heating 
 Convector heater, a heater which operates by air convection currents circulating through the body of the appliance
Heating 
 Dielectric heating, the phenomenon in which radiowave or microwave electromagnetic radiation heats a dielectric material
Heating 
 District heating, a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location for residential and commercial heating requirements
Heating 
 Fireplace, an architectural element consisting of a space designed to contain a fire for heating or cooking
Heating 
 Geothermal heat pump, a heat pump that uses the thermal mass of the Earth to regulate indoor temperatures
Heating 
 Radiant heating, a heating system which heats a building through radiant heat rather than convection or forced-air heating
Heating 
 Radiator, a heat exchanger designed to transfer thermal energy from one medium to another for the purpose of cooling and heating
Heating 
 Salamander heater, a portable forced-air or convection heater, often kerosene-fueled, used in ventilated areas for worksite comfort
Heating 
 Storage heater, an electrical appliance which stores heat at a time when base load electricity is available at a low price
Heat engine 
 In engineering and thermodynamics, a heat engine converts heat energy to mechanical work by using the temperature difference between a hot "source" and a cold "sink".
Heat engine 
 Heat is transferred from the source, through the "working body" of the engine, to the "sink", and in this process some of the heat changes into work by using the qualities of the gas or liquid inside the engine.
Heat engine 
 Heat engines can be open to the air or sealed and closed off to the outside (This is called an Open or Closed cycle).
Heat engine 
 When scientists study heat engines they come up with ideas for engines that cannot actually be built .
Heat engine 
 In general terms, the larger the difference in temperature between the hot source and the cold sink, the more efficient the cycle or engine.
Heat engine 
 On Earth, the cold side of any heat engine is limited to the air temperature of the place where the engine is.
Heat engine 
 Most efforts to improve the efficiency of heat engines goes into increasing the temperature of the heat source, but at very high temperatures the metal of the engine begins to go soft.
Heat engine 
 The efficiency of various heat engines proposed or used today ranges from 3 percent (97 percent waste heat) for the OTEC ocean power proposal through 25 percent for most automotive engines, to 45 percent for a supercritical coal plant, to about 60 percent for a steam-cooled combined cycle gas turbine.
Heat engine 
 All of these processes gain their efficiency (or lack thereof) due to the temperature drop across them.
Heat engine 
 The least efficient, OTEC, uses the temperature difference of ocean water on the surface and ocean water from the depths, a small difference of perhaps 25 degrees Celsius, and so the efficiency must be low.
Heat engine 
 The most efficient, the combined cycle gas turbine burns natural-gas to heat air to nearly 1530 degrees Celsius, a large temperature difference of 1500 degrees Celsius, and so the efficiency can be very large when the steam-cooling cycle is added.
Heat engine 
 People mostly use heat engines where the heat comes from a fire that expands a working fluid (usually either water or air) and the heat sink is either a body of water or the atmosphere as in a cooling tower.
Heat engine 
 Familiar ones that use the expansion of heated gases include: the steam engine, the diesel engine, and the gasoline (petrol) engine in an automobile.
Heat engine 
 The Stirling engine is much rarer but is found in small models which can run off the heat of a hand.
Heat engine 
 A bimetallic strip is a device that converts temperature into mechanical movement and is used in thermostats to control temperature.
Heat engine 
 Webarchive backup: Refrigeration Cycle Citat: "...The refrigeration cycle is basically the Rankine cycle run in reverse..."
Thermodynamic cycle 
 A thermodynamic cycle is a series of thermodynamic processes which returns a system to its initial state.
Thermodynamic cycle 
 The first law of thermodynamics dictates that the net heat input is equal to the net work output over any cycle.
Thermodynamic cycle 
 The repeating nature of the process path allows for continuous operation, making the cycle an important concept in thermodynamics.
Thermodynamic cycle 
 If the cyclic process moves clockwise around the loop, then it represents a heat engine, and W will be positive.
Thermodynamic cycle 
 Power cycles are cycles which convert some heat input into a mechanical work output, while heat pump cycles transfer heat from low to high temperatures using mechanical work input.
Thermodynamic cycle 
 Thermodynamic power cycles are the basis for the operation of heat engines, which supply most of the world's electric power and run almost all motor vehicles.
Thermodynamic cycle 
 The most common cycles that model internal combustion engines are the Otto cycle, which models gasoline engines and the Diesel cycle, which models diesel engines.
Thermodynamic cycle 
 Cycles that model external combustion engines include the Brayton cycle, which models gas turbines, and the Rankine cycle, which models steam turbines.
Christoph Metzelder 
 He plays for Real Madrid In the Germany national team he has played in 47 matches and scored no goal.
Thermodynamic system 
 In thermodynamics, a thermodynamic system, originally called a working substance, is defined as that part of the universe that is under consideration.
Thermodynamic system 
 A real or imaginary boundary separates the system from the rest of the universe, which is referred to as the environment or surroundings (sometimes called a reservoir.)
Thermodynamic system 
 A useful classification of thermodynamic systems is based on the nature of the boundary and the quantities flowing through it, such as matter, energy, work, heat, and entropy.
Thermodynamic system 
 A system can be anything, for example a cylinder, a solution in a test tube, a living organism, or a planet, etc.
Piston 
 In general, a piston is a lubricated sliding shaft that fits tightly inside the opening of a cylinder.
Piston 
 Its purpose is to change the volume enclosed by the cylinder, to exert a force on a fluid inside the cylinder, to cover and uncover ports, or some combination of these.
Piston 
 Due to the constant motion of the machine this seal wears quickly and should be replaced with every servicing.
Piston 
 If the seal should break during usage there can be disastrous long lasting consequences for the machine.
Piston 
 A single cylinder two-stroke engine produces power every crankshaft revolution, while a single cylinder four-stroke engine produces power once every two revolutions.
Piston 
 However, modern two-stroke designs, like the Vespa ET2 Injection use fuel-injection and are as clean as four-strokes.
Piston 
 Large diesel two-stroke engines, as used in ships and locomotives, have always used fuel injection and produce low emissions.
Piston 
 One of the biggest internal combustion engines in the world, the Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C is a two-stroke; it is bigger than most two-story houses, has pistons nearly 1 metre in diameter and is one of the most efficient mobile engines in existence.
Piston 
 In theory, a four stroke engine has to be larger than a two stroke engine to produce an equivalent amount of power.
Piston 
 Two stroke engines are becoming less common in developed countries these days, mainly due to manufacturer reluctance to invest in reducing two-stroke emissions.
Piston 
 Even though the simplest two stroke engines have fewer moving parts, they could wear out faster than four stroke engines.
Piston 
 However fuel-injected two-strokes achieve better engine lubrication, and cooling and reliability should improve considerably.
Piston 
 In most steam engines, the pistons are double acting: steam is alternately admitted to either end of the cylinder, so that every piston stroke produces power.
Pinyin 
 Pinyin is the Mandarin word for "spelling", writing letters showing the sound of a word in place of a Chinese character.
Pinyin 
 Today, it almost always has the sense of Hanyu Pinyin, the way of writing Mandarin sounds which has been used by the People's Republic of China from the 1950s.
Pinyin 
 Other countries like the United States and Taiwan used other ways of spelling Chinese (such as the Wade-Giles way) for a long time, but in the late 20th century started to use Hanyu Pinyin as well.
Pinyin 
 For example, the pinyin letter C is pronounced as /ts/ as in the English word "cats" or the Japanese word "tsunami", and does not sound at all like /k/ or /s/ by itself.
Pinyin 
 Pinyin uses special marks to show the four Chinese tones, which are very important to using Mandarin clearly.
Pinyin 
 We should divide Pinyin text by words and write syllables connectedly, such as "I am a foreigner" should be written as "Wo shi waiguoren" in Pinyin.
Susianna Kentikian 
 She was born in Yerevan, Armenian SSR, but she left the country together with her family when she was five years old, because of the Nagorno-Karabakh War.
Susianna Kentikian 
 Kentikian has lived in Hamburg since 1996 and has signed a contract with the Hamburg boxing promoter Spotlight Boxing.
Susianna Kentikian 
 Kentikian is the current world champion with the boxing organizations WBA and WIBF in the flyweight weight class.
Banknote 
 A banknote (more commonly known as a bill in the United States and Canada) is a paper by which a bank promises to pay to the bearer on demand.
Banknote 
 Originally, the value of money was determined by the value of the material the money was made of, such as silver or gold.
Banknote 
 Banknotes were originally a promise to give an amount of precious metal to anyone who presented the paper.
Banknote 
 People could pay for things by giving the banknote, and thus the stored value (usually in gold or silver coins kept in the bank's vault) that the banknote promised.
Banknote 
 In Europe the first paper money consisted of paper 'coins' issued in Protestant Leyden (today, Leiden) in the Netherlands during the Spanish siege of 1574.
Banknote 
 So to create currency, the residents took covers and paper from hymnals and church missives and created paper planchets, which were struck using the same dies that were previously used to mint coins.
Banknote 
 The first proper European banknotes were issued by Stockholms Banco, a predecessor of the Bank of Sweden, in 1660, although the bank ran out of coins to redeem its notes in 1664 and ceased operating in that year.
Banknote 
 In the early 1690s, the Massachusetts Bay Colony was the first of the colonies to issue the permanently circulating banknotes.
Banknote 
 In the United States, public acceptance of banknotes in replacement of precious metals was hastened in part by Executive Order 6102.
Banknote 
 This order carried the threat of a maximum $10,000 fine and a maximum of ten years in prison for anyone who kept more than $100 of gold in preference to bank notes.
Banknote 
 Geldschein.at - Austrian Banknotes, including huge gallery, collectors information and history of Austrian banknotes
Common cold 
 The symptoms come from the immune system's response to the infection, not from direct destruction by the viruses themselves.
Common cold 
 Wearing face masks might help, especially on any mass transit system (railways, underground, buses...).
Common cold 
 The color of the mucus that is coughed up from the lungs (sputum) may vary in color from clear to yellow to green.
Common cold 
 By breathing or swallowing droplets in the air containing the virus; or by contacting infected nasal mucus or contaminated objects.
Common cold 
 Transmission is common in day cares and at schools, due to the closeness of many children with little immunity and frequently poor hygiene.
Common cold 
 The traditional theory was that the disease spread to someone staying too long in cold weather, rain, or winter conditions.
Common cold 
 This is believed to mostly be due to more time spent indoors, close to each other; specifically children returning to school.
Common cold 
 Dry air may increase transmission rates by allowing small easily spread droplets to spread farther and stay in the air longer.
Common cold 
 Herd immunity, immunity that occurs when an entire group of people become immune to a particular infection, occurs from previous exposure to cold viruses.
Common cold 
 Thus younger populations have greater rates of respiratory infections and older populations have lower rates of respiratory infections.
Common cold 
 Lack of sleep and poor nutrition have also been associated with a greater risk of developing infection following rhinovirus exposure.
Common cold 
 The symptoms of the common cold are believed to be mostly related to the immune response to the virus.
Common cold 
 It binds to human ICAM-1 receptors through unknown methods to trigger the release of inflammatory mediators.
Common cold 
 In contrast, the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is contacted by both direct contact and airborne droplets.
Common cold 
 It then replicates in the nose and throat before frequently spreading to the lower respiratory tract.
Common cold 
 In young children, when it affects the trachea it may produce croup, a hoarse cough and difficulty breathing.
Common cold 
 The distinction between different upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) is loosely based on the location of the symptoms.
Common cold 
 The common cold primarily affects the nose, pharyngitis primarily affects the throat, and bronchitis primarily affects the lungs.
Common cold 
 The common cold is frequently defined as inflammation of the nose and may include varying amounts of throat inflammation.
Common cold 
 The only effective way to prevent the common cold is by physically preventing the spread of the viruses.
Common cold 
 Isolating infected individuals is not possible because the disease is so widespread and symptoms are not specific.
Common cold 
 Vaccination has proved difficult because there are so many viruses involved and the viruses undergo rapid change.
Common cold 
 It is most effective and is especially recommended for use in children, due to a lack of evidence supporting the effectiveness of over-the-counter cold medicines for children, and due to the risk for harm from those medicines.
Common cold 
 In 2009, Canada restricted the use of over-the-counter cough and cold medication in children six years old and younger due to concerns regarding risks and unproven benefits.
Common cold 
 The misuse of dextromethorphan (an over-the-counter cough medicine) has led to its ban in a number of countries.
Common cold 
 However, first-generation antihistamines are associated with adverse side effects such as drowsiness.
Common cold 
 Ipratropium nasal spray may reduce the symptoms of a runny nose, but there is little effect on stuffiness.
Common cold 
 Due to the lack of studies, it is not known whether drinking more fluids improves symptoms or shortens respiratory illness.
Common cold 
 One study found chest vapor rub to be effective in providing some symptomatic relief of night-time cough, congestion, and sleep difficulty.
Common cold 
 Antibiotics have no effect against viral infections and thus have no effect against the common cold.
Common cold 
 Antibiotics are commonly prescribed because people expect doctors to prescribe them, and doctors want to help people.
Common cold 
 Prescribing antibiotics also happens because it is difficult to exclude causes of infection that may be managed by antibiotics.
Common cold 
 There are no effective antiviral drugs for the common cold, even though some preliminary research has shown benefit.
Common cold 
 While there are many alternative treatments used for the common cold, there is not enough scientific evidence to support the use of most treatments.
Common cold 
 As of 2010, there is not enough evidence to recommend for or against either honey or nasal irrigation.
Common cold 
 Zinc supplements may reduce the severity and duration of symptoms when taken within 24 hours of their onset.
Common cold 
 The common cold is generally mild and goes away on its own with most symptoms improving in one week.
Common cold 
 Severe complications, if they occur, are usually in the very old, the very young, or those who are immunosuppressed (have a weakened immune system).
Common cold 
 While the cause of the common cold has been known since only the 1950s, the disease has been with humanity since ancient times.
Common cold 
 Its symptoms and treatment are described in the Egyptian Ebers papyrus, the oldest existing medical text, written before the 16th century BC.
Common cold 
 The name "common cold" came into use in the 16th century, due to the similarity between its symptoms and those of exposure to cold weather.
Common cold 
 In the United Kingdom, the Common Cold Unit (CCU) was set up by the Medical Research Council in 1946, and it was here that the rhinovirus was discovered in 1956.
Common cold 
 In the 1970s, the CCU demonstrated that treatment with interferon during the incubation phase of rhinovirus infection provided some protection against the disease.
Common cold 
 The unit was closed in 1989, two years after it completed research of zinc gluconate lozenges in the prevention and treatment of rhinovirus colds.
Common cold 
 In the United States, the common cold leads to 75 million to 100 million physician visits annually, costing at least $7.7 billion per year (by conservative cost estimates).
Common cold 
 When added to the 150 million workdays missed by employees suffering from a cold, the total economic impact of cold-related work loss exceeds $20 billion per year.