the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
RAID 
 RAID 6+0: Stripe several RAID 6 arrays over a RAID 0; Two disks of each RAID 6 can fail without data loss.
RAID 
 With six disks of 300 GB each, a total capacity of 1.8TB, it is possible to make a RAID 5, with 1.5 TB usable space.
RAID 
 With RAID 50, the space is reduced to 1.2 TB, but one disk of each RAID 5 can fail, plus there is a noticeable increase in performance.
RAID 
 However, the calculations for  RAID 5, RAID 6, or one of the combined RAID levels can be a lot of work.
RAID 
 Finally, the way RAID is done in software depends on the operating system used; it is generally not possible to re-build a Software RAID array with a different operating system.
RAID 
 Operating systems usually use hard disk partitions rather than whole hard disks to make RAID arrays.
RAID 
 In this case, a special disk controller is used; this controller card hides the fact that it is doing RAID from the operating system and the user.
RAID 
 The calculations of checksum information, and other RAID-related calculations are done on a special microchip in that controller.
RAID 
 This means that a RAID built with one hardware RAID controller cannot be rebuilt by another RAID controller of a different manufacturer.
RAID 
 Hardware-assisted RAID uses a special controller chip (like hardware RAID), but this chip can not do many operations.
RAID 
 It is only active when the system is started; as soon as the operating system is fully loaded, this configuration is like software RAID.
RAID 
 Some motherboards have RAID functions for the disks attached; most often, these RAID functions are done as hardware-assisted RAID.
RAID 
 This means that special software is needed to be able to use these RAID functions and to be able to recover from a failed disk.
RAID 
 The mean time to failure (MTTF) or mean time between  failures (MTBF) of a RAID system is the same as that of its components.
RAID 
 The more complicated types of RAID (anything beyond "striping" or "concatenation") can help keep the data intact even if an individual hard drive fails, though.
RAID 
 The mean time to data loss (MTTDL) gives the average time before a loss of data happens in a given array.
RAID 
 This adds both the time to replace a failed disk mechanism as well as time to re-build the array (i.e. to replicate data for redundancy).
RAID 
 The unrecoverable bit error rate (UBE) tells how long a disk drive will be unable to recover data after using cyclic redundancy check (CRC) codes and multiple retries.
RAID 
 When this is done, the additional space may not be available yet, because both the file system on the array, and the operating system need to be told about it.
RAID 
 In such a case, all the data needs to be backed up, the array needs be re-created with the new layout, and the data needs to be restored onto it.
RAID 
 Another option to add storage is to create a new array, and to let a logical volume manager handle the situation.
RAID 
 It is possible to calculate how often a piece of equipment can fail and to arrange the array to make data loss very improbable.
RAID 
 In practice, there is a chance that a second disk will also fail before the first has been recovered.
RAID 
 Another problem that also occurs with RAID systems is that applications expect what is called Atomicity: Either all of the data is written, or none is.
RAID 
 When an object is written to disk, a RAID storage device will usually be writing all copies of the object in parallel.
RAID 
 An error that occurs during the process of writing may therefore leave the redundant copies in different states.
RAID 
 This permits backing out the logical change, but few storage systems provide an atomic write semantic on a RAID disk.
RAID 
 Therefore, many operating systems include it to protect against data loss during an interrupted write.
RAID 
 Some RAID implementations can deal with this situation by moving the data elsewhere and marking the sector on the disk as bad.
RAID 
 This happens at about 1 bit in 1015 in enterprise-class disk drives, and 1 bit in 1014 in ordinary disk drives.
RAID 
 This may mean that sometimes, a RAID cannot be rebuilt, because such an error is found when the array is rebuilt after a disk failure.
RAID 
 Certain technologies such as RAID 6 try to address this issue, but they suffer from a very high write penalty, in other words writing data becomes very slow.
RAID 
 This solution can still fail, though: the battery may have worn out, the power may have been off for too long, the disks could be moved to another controller, the controller itself could fail.
RAID 
 Certain systems can do periodic battery checks, but these use the battery itself, and leave it in a state where it is not fully charged.
RAID 
 Consequently, a non-disk hardware failure may require using identical hardware, or a backup, to recover the data.
RAID 
 It contains links to other threads in its forum containing user-generated anecdotal reviews of their RAID experiences.
RAID 
 RAID levels 1, 0+1/10, 5 and 6 (and their variants such as 50 and 51) make up for a mechanical hard disk failure.
RAID 
 Instead of a time consuming restore from tape, DVD or other slow backup media, RAID allows data to be restored to a replacement disk from the other members of the array.
RAID 
 For home users, it can protect uptime of large media storage arrays, which would require time consuming restoration from dozens of DVD or quite a few tapes in the event of a disk failing that is not protected by redundancy.
RAID 
 RAID 1 as well as other striping-based RAID levels can improve the performance for access patterns with many simultaneous random accesses, like those used by a multi-user database.
RAID 
 To protect data, it must be backed up to removable media, such as DVD, tape, or an external hard disk.
RAID 
 When running a single disk, the disk can be used by most operating systems as they come with a common device driver.
RAID 
 Recovery tools that work with single disks on generic controllers will require special drivers to access data on RAID arrays.
RAID 
 If these recovery tools are poorly coded and do not allow providing for additional drivers, then a RAID array will probably be inaccessible to that recovery tool.
RAID 
 For most desktop applications and games the buffer strategy and seek performance of the disk(s) are more important than raw throughput.
RAID 
 Increasing raw sustained transfer rate shows little gains for such users, as most files that they access are typically very small anyway.
RAID 
 As a result, disk striping using RAID 0 shows little to no performance gain in most desktop applications and games, although there are exceptions.
RAID 
 For desktop users and gamers with high performance as a goal, it is better to buy a faster, bigger, and more expensive single disk than it is to run two slower/smaller drives in RAID 0.
RAID 
 Even running the latest, greatest, and biggest drives in RAID-0 is unlikely to boost performance more than 10%, and performance may drop in some access patterns, particularly games.
RAID 
 A RAID BIOS must be able to read this metadata so that it can successfully construct the array and make it accessible to an operating system.
RAID 
 Since RAID controller makers use different formats for their metadata (even controllers of different families from the same manufacturer may use incompatible metadata formats) it is almost impossible to move a RAID array to a different controller.
RAID 
 Software RAID in Linux and Windows Server Products can also work around this limitation, but software RAID has others (mostly performance related).
RAID 
 Suppose there is a 3 disk setup, with 3 identical disks of 1 TB each, and  the probability of failure of a drive for a given timespan is 1%.
Leonid Brezhnev 
 Born in 1906, Brezhnev was First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, effectively the dictator of the Soviet Union from 1964 until his death in 1982.
Leonid Brezhnev 
 During the Second World War, Brezhnev was a Political Commissar, supervising various military units.
Leonid Brezhnev 
 Unlike Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet Union before him, Brezhnev did not agree with the process of destalinization, and did not support reform.
Leonid Brezhnev 
 Because the country's resources were going to the armed forces, as they had under Joseph Stalin in wartime, consumer wants were ignored.
Approximation 
 An approximation is a version of a piece of information that does not describe it exactly, but is close enough to be used.
Approximation 
 An approximation may be used either when the exact piece of information is not known, or when it's too long or complicated and people need something simpler.
Approximation 
 For example, if you wanted to add 2.0002 and 2.0003, you can add 2 and 2, and it would be an approximation.
Approximation 
 Archimedes used polygons to approximate a circle, and to calculate an approximation for  as shown below:
World Health Organization 
 The World Health Organization (WHO) is part of the United Nations (UN), working on international public health, with its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland.
Aesop 
 He was, by tradition, a slave of African descent who lived from about 620 BC to 560 BC in Ancient Greece.
Aesop 
 Aesop's Fables are still taught as moral lessons and used as subjects for  entertainment, especially children's plays and cartoons.
Aesop 
 Many of the tales have animals and inanimate objects that speak, solve problems, and generally have human characteristics.
Aesop 
 The tradition is that he was at one point freed from slavery and that he eventually died at the hands of Delphians.
Aesop 
 The rabbit is sure of its victory and as a result, depending on the version of the story, in some way completes the race slower than the turtle.
Aesop 
 Aesop's Fables has also become a blanket term for collections of brief fables, usually involving personified animals.
Aesop 
 Many stories included in Aesop's Fables, such as The Fox and the Grapes (from which the idiom "sour grapes" was derived), The Tortoise and the Hare (see Zeno's paradoxes) and The Shepherd Boy and the Wolf (also known as The Boy Who Cried Wolf), are well-known throughout the world.
Aesop 
 The Fables of Aesop: Selected, Told Anew, and Their History Traced, as first printed by William Caxton, 1484, from his French translation
Aesop 
 English translations of 143 Greek verse fables by Babrius, 126 Latin verse fables by Phaedrus, 328 Greek fables not extant in Babrius, and 128 Latin fables not extant in Phaedrus (including some medieval materials) for a total of 725 fables.
Smell 
 Odor - the sensation perceived by the detection of certain chemical compounds by the sense of olfaction
Olfaction 
 In insects, smells are sensed by sensillum on the antennae and first processed by the antennal lobe.
Olfaction 
 Many tiny hair-like cilia stick out of these cells into the mucus covering the surface of the epithelium.
Olfaction 
 There are about 1000 different genes which code for the ORs, though only about a third are functional.
Olfaction 
 The basis of the sense of smell is that different groups of scent molecules bind to different receptor cells and so fire different groups of neurons.
Camembert cheese 
 Since 1983, the name Camembert de Normandie has been protected as Appellation d'Origine controlée (AOC).
Camembert cheese 
 Camembert is made from unpasteurized cow's milk, and is ripened by the moulds Penicillium candida and Penicillium camemberti for at least three weeks.
Camembert cheese 
 It is produced in small rounds, about 250 grams in weight, which are wrapped in paper and boxed in thin wooden boxes.
Camembert cheese 
 When fresh, it is quite crumbly and relatively hard, but it characteristically ripens and becomes more runny and strongly flavoured as it ages.
Camembert cheese 
 Camembert can be used in many dishes, but it is popularly eaten uncooked on bread or with wine or meat, to enjoy the subtle flavour and texture which do not survive heating.
Camembert cheese 
 However, the origin of the cheese we know today as camembert is more likely to rest with the beginnings of the industrialisation of the cheese-making process at the end of the 19th century.
Camembert cheese 
 In 1890, an engineer, M. Ridel invented the wooden box which was used to carry the cheese and helped to send it for longer distances, in particular to America where it became very popular.
Camembert cheese 
 Before fungi were properly understood, the colour of Camembert rind was a matter of chance, most commonly blue-grey, with brown spots.
Camembert cheese 
 From the early 20th century onwards the rind has been more commonly pure white, but it was not until the mid-1970s that pure white became standard.
Camembert cheese 
 The cheese was famously issued to French troops in the First World War, becoming firmly fixed in the French popular culture as a result.
Camembert cheese 
 The cheese is said to have inspired Salvador Dalí to create his famous painting, The Persistence of Memory.
Camembert cheese 
 The Camembert de Normandie was granted a protected designation of origin in 1992 after the original AOC in 1983.
Camembert cheese 
 Camembert: A National Myth by Pierre Boisard  claims that Camembert was one of the first globalised, homogenised and standardised foods.
Childbirth 
 Childbirth, also known as labour and delivery, is the ending of pregnancy where one or more babies leaves the uterus by passing through the vagina or by Caesarean section.
Childbirth 
 About 15 million were born before 37 weeks of gestation, while between 3 and 12 percent were born after 42 weeks.
Shiva 
 Shiva or Mahadeva is the supreme god in Shaivism tradition in Hinduism and one of the chief deities as a member of the Trimurti.
Shiva 
 According to Hindu legend, he has a blue neck because he swallowed a poison in order to save the universe.
Shiva 
 Lord Shiva lives in the Mount Kailash with his two sons Kartikeya and Ganesha who is known as the Remover of Obstacles.
Shiva 
 The word shivo'ham translates as I am Shiva, conveying that one's consciousness is where the lord resides, uniting it with the supreme transcendence.
Shiva 
 Nataraja (Dancing form of Shiva), Rudra (Enraged form of Shiva), and Dhakshinamoorthy (Yoga form of Shiva).
Shiva 
 The Sanskrit word "śiva" (Devanagari: शिव, also transliterated as shiva) means, states Monier Monier-Williams, "auspicious, propitious, gracious, benign, kind, benevolent, friendly".
Shiva 
 The roots of śiva in folk etymology are śī which means "in whom all things lie, pervasiveness" and va which means "embodiment of grace".
Shiva 
 The word Shiva is used as an adjective in the Rig Veda (approximately 1700–1100 BC), as an epithet for several Rigvedic deities, including Rudra.
Shiva 
 The term Shiva also connotes "liberation, final emancipation" and "the auspicious one", this adjective sense of usage is addressed to many deities in Vedic layers of literature.
Shiva 
 The term evolved from the Vedic Rudra-Shiva to the noun Shiva in the Epics and the Puranas, as an auspicious deity who is the "creator, reproducer and dissolver".
Shiva 
 Sharva, sharabha presents another etymology with the Sanskrit root 'śarv-, which means "to injure" or "to kill", interprets the name to connote "one who can kill the forces of darkness".
Shiva 
 The Sanskrit word 'śaiva' means "relating to the god Shiva", and this term is the Sanskrit name both for one of the principal sects of Hinduism and for a member of that sect.
Shiva 
 The Vishnu sahasranama interprets Shiva to have multiple meanings: "The Pure One", and "the One who is not affected by three Guṇas of Prakṛti (Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas)".
Shiva 
 Shiva is known by many names such as Viswanatha (lord of the universe), Mahadeva, Mahandeo, Mahasu, Mahesha, Maheshvara, Shankara, Shambhu, Rudra, Hara, Trilochana, Devendra (chief of the gods), Neelakanta, Subhankara, Trilokinatha (lord of the three realms), and Ghrneshwar (lord of compassion).
Shiva 
 The highest reverence for Shiva in Shaivism is reflected in his epithets 'Mahādeva' ("Great god"; 'mahā' "Great" and deva "god"), 'Maheśvara' ("Great Lord"; 'mahā' "great" and 'īśvara' "lord"), and 'Parameśvara' ("Supreme Lord").
Shiva 
 Sahasranama are medieval Indian texts that list a thousand names derived from aspects and epithets of a deity.
Shiva 
 There are at least eight different versions of the Shiva Sahasranama, devotional hymns (stotras) listing many names of Shiva.
Shiva 
 The Shri Rudram Chamakam, also known as the Śatarudriya, is a devotional hymn to Shiva hailing him by many names.
Shiva 
 The Shiva-related tradition is a major part of Hinduism, found all over the Indian subcontinent, such as India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia, such as Bali, Indonesia.
Shiva 
 Scholars have interpreted early prehistoric paintings at the Bhimbetka rock shelters, carbon dated to be from pre-10,000 BCE period, as Shiva dancing, Shiva's trident, and his mount Nandi.
Shiva 
 Rock paintings from Bhimbetka, depicting a figure with a trishul, have been described as Nataraja by Erwin Neumayer, who dates them to the mesolithic.
Shiva 
 Seal discovered during excavation of the Indus Valley archaeological site in the Indus Valley has drawn attention as a possible representation of a "yogi" or "proto-Shiva" figure.
Shiva 
 Of several Indus valley seals that show animals, one seal that has attracted attention shows a large central figure, either horned or wearing a horned headdress and possibly ithyphallic, seated in a posture reminiscent of the Lotus position, surrounded by animals.
Shiva 
 This figure was named by early excavators of Mohenjo-daro as Pashupati (Lord of Animals, Sanskrit 'paśupati'), an epithet of the later Hindu deities Shiva and Rudra.
Shiva 
 Sir John Marshall and others suggested that this figure is a prototype of Shiva, with three faces, seated in a "yoga posture" with the knees out and feet joined.
Shiva 
 Scholars such as Gavin Flood, John Keay and Doris Meth Srinivasan have expressed doubts about this suggestion.
Shiva 
 Gavin Flood states that it is not clear from the seal that the figure has three faces, is seated in a yoga posture, or even that the shape is intended to represent a human figure.
Shiva 
 He characterizes these views as "speculative", but adds that it is nevertheless possible that there are echoes of Shaiva iconographic themes, such as half-moon shapes resembling the horns of a bull.
Shiva 
 John Keay writes that "he may indeed be an early manifestation of Lord Shiva as Pashu-pati", but a couple of his specialties of this figure does not match with Rudra.
Shiva 
 Writing in 1997, Srinivasan interprets what John Marshall interpreted as facial as not human but more bovine, possibly a divine buffalo-man.
Shiva 
 McEvilley, for example, states that it is not possible to "account for this posture outside the yogic account".
Shiva 
 Asko Parpola states that other archaeological finds such as the early Elamite seals dated to 3000-2750 BCE show similar figures and these have been interpreted as "seated bull" and not a yogi, and the bovine interpretation is likely more accurate.
Shiva 
 Gregory L. Possehl in 2002, associated it with the water buffalo, and concluded that while it would be appropriate to recognize the figure as a deity, and its posture as one of ritual discipline, regarding it as a proto-Shiva would "go too far".
Shiva 
 The Rigveda, for example, has 3 out of 1,028 hymns dedicated to Rudra, and he finds occasional mention in other hymns of the same text.
Shiva 
 The term Shiva also appears in the Rigveda, but simply as an epithet, that means "kind, auspicious", one of the adjectives used to describe many different Vedic deities.
Shiva 
 While fierce ruthless natural phenomenon and storm-related Rudra is feared in the hymns of the Rigveda, the beneficial rains he brings are welcomed as Shiva aspect of him.
Shiva 
 This healing, nurturing, life-enabling aspect emerges in the Vedas as Rudra-Shiva, and in post-Vedic literature ultimately as Shiva who combines the destructive and constructive powers, the terrific and the gentle, as the ultimate recycler and rejuvenator of all existence.
Shiva 
 The similarities between the iconography and theologies of Shiva with Greek and European deities have led to proposals for an Indo-European link for Shiva, or lateral exchanges with ancient central Asian cultures.
Shiva 
 His contrasting aspects such as being terrifying or blissful depending on the situation, are similar to those of the Greek god Dionysus, as are their iconic associations with bull, snakes, anger, bravery, dancing and carefree life.
Shiva 
 The ancient Greek texts of the time of Alexander the Great call Shiva as "Indian Dionysus", or alternatively call Dionysus as "god of the Orient".
Shiva 
 Similarly, the use of phallic symbol as an icon for Shiva is also found for Irish, Nordic, Greek (Dionysus) and Roman deities, as was the idea of this aniconic column linking heaven and earth among early Indo-Aryans, states Roger Woodward.
Shiva 
 Others contest such proposals, and suggest Shiva to have emerged from indigenous pre-Aryan tribal origins.
Shiva 
 Shiva as we know him today shares many features with the Vedic god Rudra, and both Shiva and Rudra are viewed as the same personality in Hindu scriptures.
Shiva 
 Rudra, the god of the roaring storm, is usually portrayed in accordance with the element he represents as a fierce, destructive deity.
Shiva 
 The oldest surviving text of Hinduism is the Rig Veda, which is dated to between 1700 and 1100 BC based on linguistic and philological evidence.
Shiva 
 The hymn 10.92 of the Rigveda states that deity Rudra has two natures, one wild and cruel (Rudra), another that is kind and tranquil (Shiva).
Shiva 
 The Vedic texts do not mention bull or any animal as the transport vehicle (vahana) of Rudra or other deities.
Shiva 
 However, post-Vedic texts such as the Mahabharata and the Puranas state the Nandi bull, the Indian zebu, in particular, as the vehicle of Rudra and of Shiva, thereby unmistakably linking them as same.
Shiva 
 The identification between Agni and Rudra in the Vedic literature was an important factor in the process of Rudra's gradual development into the later character as Rudra-Shiva.
Shiva 
 The identification of Agni with Rudra is explicitly noted in the Nirukta, an important early text on etymology, which says, "Agni is also called Rudra."
Shiva 
 The interconnections between the two deities are complex, and according to Stella Kramrisch:The fire myth of Rudra-Śiva plays on the whole gamut of fire, valuing all its potentialities and phases, from conflagration to illumination.
Shiva 
 In the Śatarudrīya, some epithets of Rudra, such as Sasipañjara ("Of golden red hue as of flame") and Tivaṣīmati ("Flaming bright"), suggest a fusing of the two deities.
Shiva 
 In medieval sculpture, both Agni and the form of Shiva known as Bhairava have flaming hair as a special feature.
Shiva 
 Both are associated with mountains, rivers, male fertility, fierceness, fearlessness, warfare, the transgression of established mores, the Aum sound, the Supreme Self.
Shiva 
 In the Rig Veda, Rudra is the father of the Maruts, but he is never associated with their warlike exploits as is Indra.
Shiva 
 The Vedic beliefs and practices of the pre-classical era were closely related to the hypothesised Proto-Indo-European religion, and the pre-Islamic Indo-Iranian religion.
Shiva 
 There is some uncertainty as the artwork that has survived is damaged and they show some overlap with meditative Buddha-related artwork, but the presence of Shiva's trident and phallic symbolism in this art suggests it was likely Shiva.
Shiva 
 Numismatics research suggests that numerous coins of the ancient Kushan Empire that have survived, were images of a god who is probably Shiva.
Shiva 
 The Shiva in Kushan coins is referred to as Oesho of unclear etymology and origins, but the simultaneous presence of Indra and Shiva in the Kushan era artwork suggest that they were revered deities by the start of the Kushan Empire.
Shiva 
 The texts and artwork of Jainism show Indra as a dancer, although not identical generally resembling the dancing Shiva artwork found in Hinduism, particularly in their respective mudras.