the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Sabbath in Christianity 
 Seventh-day Sabbatarians claim that the seventh day Sabbath was kept by the majority of Christian groups until the 2nd and 3rd century, by most until the 4th and 5th century, and a few thereafter, but because of opposition to Judaism after the Jewish-Roman wars, the original custom was gradually replaced by Sunday as the day of worship.
Sabbath in Christianity 
 The history of these changes is certainly not altogether lost regardless of any belief in a suppression of the facts by a conspiracy of the pagans of the Roman Empire and the clergy of the Catholic Church.
Sabbath in Christianity 
 Hatred of Jews is apparent in the Council of Laodicea (4th Century AD) where Canon 37–38 states: "It is not lawful to receive portions sent from the feasts of Jews or heretics, nor to feast together with them."
Sabbath in Christianity 
 and "It is not lawful to receive unleavened bread from the Jews, nor to be partakers of their impiety."
Sabbath in Christianity 
 In keeping with this rejection of the Jews, this Roman council also criminalized the Jewish Sabbath as can be seen in Canon 29 of the Council Laodicea: "Christians must not Judaize by resting on the Sabbath, but must work on that day, rather honoring the Lord's Day; and, if they can, resting then as Christians.
Statistics 
 Statistics is a branch of applied mathematics that deals with collecting, organising, analysing, reading and presenting data.
Statistics 
 Statistics helps in the study of many other fields, such as science, medicine, economics, psychology, politics and marketing.
Statistics 
 In addition to being the name of a field of study, the word "statistics"  can also mean numbers that are used to describe data or relationships.
Statistics 
 The Babylonians did a census around 3500 BC, the Egyptians around 2500 BC, and the Ancient Chinese around 1000 BC.
Statistics 
 Starting in the 16th century mathematicians such as Gerolamo Cardano developed probability theory, which made statistics a science.
Statistics 
 Trees, starfish, stars, rocks, words, almost anything that can be counted has been a subject of statistics.
Statistics 
 The sample is data that one can see, and the population is data that one cannot see (assuming that not every viewer in the population are asked).
Statistics 
 For another example, if we want to know whether a certain drug can help lower blood pressure, we could give the drug to people for some time and measure their blood pressure before and after.
Statistics 
 For example, the average height of women in the United States is a descriptive statistic: it describes a feature (average height) of a population (women in the United States).
Statistics 
 A biologist might therefore make a model that says that there is a high probability that the offspring will be small in size—if the parents were small in size.
Statistics 
 Testing whether a certain drug can be used to cure a certain condition or disease is usually done by comparing the results of people who are given the drug against those who are given a placebo.
Statistics 
 The choice of which individuals to take for a survey or data collection is important, as it directly influences the statistics.
Statistics 
 If we take samples next to the waste drain, we will get different results than if the samples are taken in a far-away and hard-to-reach spot of the lake.
Statistics 
 If there are many samples, the samples will likely be very close to what they are in the real population.
Statistics 
 If there are very few samples, however, they might be very different from what they are in the real population.
Statistics 
 If this is not the case, the samples might be very different from what they really are in the total population.
Statistics 
 We can reduce chance errors by taking a larger sample, and we can avoid some bias by choosing randomly.
Statistics 
 And bias can happen if different people are not asked, or refuse to answer our questions, or if they know they are getting a fake treatment.
Statistics 
 This means that one calculates the mean by adding up all the values, and then divide by the number of values.
Statistics 
 In statistics, these extreme values might be errors of measurement, but sometimes the population really does contain these values.
Statistics 
 For example, if there are 10 people in a room who make $10 per day and 1 who makes $1,000,000 per day.
Statistics 
 Even though it is the average amount, the mean in this case is not the amount any single person makes, and thus is not very useful for some purposes.
Statistics 
 To find the median, we sort the data from the smallest number to the largest number, and then choose the number in the middle.
Statistics 
 If there is an even number of data, there will not be a number right in the middle, so we choose the two middle ones and calculate their mean.
Statistics 
 In our example above, there are 10 items of data, the two middle ones are "57" and "64", so the median is (57+64)/2 = 60.5.
Statistics 
 As another example, like the income example presented for the mean, consider a room with 10 people who have incomes of $10, $20, $20, $40, $50, $60, $90, $90, $100, and $1,000,000.
Statistics 
 As another example, if there are 10 people in a room with incomes of $10, $20, $20, $40, $50, $60, $90, $90, $90, $100, and $1,000,000, then the mode is $90, because $90 occurs three times and all other values occur fewer than three times.
Statistics 
 For example, if there are 10 people in a room with incomes of $10, $20, $20, $20, $50, $60, $90, $90, $90, $100, and $1,000,000, the modes are $20 and $90.
Statistics 
 Bi-modality is very common, and it often indicates that the data is the combination of two different groups.
Statistics 
 This is because males and females have separate average heights of 1.763 m (5 ft 9 + 1⁄2 in) for men and 1.622 m (5 ft 4 in) for women.
Statistics 
 If the standard deviation of a set of data is small, then most of the data is very close to the average.
Statistics 
 If the standard deviation is large, though, then a lot of the data is very different from the average.
Statistics 
 The standard deviation of a sample is generally different from the standard deviation of its originating population .
Statistics 
 If the data follows the common pattern called the normal distribution, then it is very useful to know the standard deviation.
Statistics 
 If the data follows this pattern (we would say the data is normally distributed), about 68 of every 100 pieces of data will be off the average by less than the standard deviation.
Statistics 
 Not only that, but about 95 of every 100 measurements will be off the average by less than two times the standard deviation, and about 997 in 1000 will be closer to the average by less than three standard deviations.
Statistics 
 We also can use statistics to find out that some percent, percentile, number, or fraction of people or things in a group do something or fit in a certain category.
Statistics 
 For example, social scientists used statistics to find out that 49% of people in the world are males.
Speed 
 The average speed of an object in a certain time is the distance the object travelled divided by the time.
Speed 
 If the object gets slower, and the speed decreases, it is called deceleration, or negative acceleration.
Server 
 In net jargon, a server is a computer that serves many kinds of information to a user or client machine.
Server 
 For example, Wikipedia has web servers which have a service for sending web pages over the Internet.
Server 
 A server can also host internet games, share files, and give access to peripheral equipment such as printers.
Server 
 For example, the Wikipedia server runs the HTTP to send web sites to your computer, and your computer uses the HTTP Protocol to ask Wikipedia for pages.
Server 
 Sometimes, servers can be clustered, which means many servers are working together to do one service.
Server 
 The server might slow down if there are too many people accessing the server at the same time, resulting in a high load.
Server 
 When a server doesn't have to do very much, server software can run on a computer that is also doing other things.
Server 
 Some of the programming languages that can use CGI are scripting languages like Perl, Python, PHP, or ASP.
Simile 
 A simile is a figure of speech that compares two different things, usually by using the words 'like' or 'as'.
Simile 
 It is used to make a direct and clear comparison between two things .Similes may be confused with metaphors, which do the same kind of thing.
Simile 
 "On substantiation through transitive relations" is an old manuscript written by the Arabic scholar Sayf al-Din al-Amidi.
State 
 Max Weber (1864-1920) had another definition: According to him, a state is a community of people which has "the monopoly to legitimately use physical force within a well-defined area".
State 
 Another definition  is form political science: A state is a system of public institutions which are there to regulate the  issues of a society.
State 
 Some philiospohers, such as Aristotle, Rousseau and Hegel had a moralistic view: In their opinion, a state arises when individuals reach their goals and that of society.
State 
 A group of farmers and merchants working together could be 'states' since people can control them and protect them.
State 
 Following this were larger more military-based states such as the Babylonian Empire or Roman Empire.
State 
 When the military-based state, the Roman Empire, fell, lots of little states were made and each was also military-based and controlled by a king.
State 
 However, once people within the state itself started fighting (what's called a Civil war), the kings had to make peace and start parliaments.
State 
 These states all tried to improve their politics and economy and became more and more like the states today.
State 
 They formed proper boundaries for their lands and worked with power within the state itself more, such as the Church or the nobility.
State 
 However, just because a group of states are all democratic does not mean that they follow the same rules.
State 
 For example, two democratic states may be quite different if one has a well-trained police or army while the other does not.
State 
 Therefore, the word 'state' only tells us what type of government that state follows (democratic or dictatorship) and does not tell us about the country itself.
State 
 Pluralism tells us that all people are not equal, but still allows each group of people to tell the state what to do.
State 
 Marxism rejects the idea that a state is there to protect business interest, and is definitely not a neutral place for settling arguments.
State 
 The main job of a Marxist state is to protect the labour and financial situation of the peasant classes.
State 
 With such reforms, a Marxist state focuses on collectivising resources and creating a planned economy to ensure the well-being of the workers.
State 
 Both Marxist and Pluralist states have to react to the activities of groups of people in the state itself.
State 
 Institutionalist states do not see themselves as 'instruments' to be controlled, they are more just geographical areas.
State 
 An institutionalist state can be made up of both Marxist and Pluralist people, both which have the power to control themselves and not influence the other parties of the state.
State 
 Anarchism is when a group of people have complete freedom and do not believe in having a state at all.
State 
 Anarchists are a lot like Marxists, since they do not believe that all people are equal, but they believe (opposite to Marxists) that a country can work without any organizations in it.
State 
 Anarchists (such as Bakunin and Kropotkin in the 19th century), often want a form of Marxism but ignoring some of their rules.
State 
 They want workers to manage themselves and simply get paid for what they do, rather than getting paid in wages.
Stream 
 The primary meaning of stream is a body of water, confined within a bed and banks, and detectably flowing.
Stream 
 Synonyms or related words include river, creek, tributary, run, branch, brook, bourne, wash, and fork.
Stream 
 Navigable streams are sometimes called waterways, though the term may apply to any size of permanent and natural water feature except oceans.
Stream 
 In the United States, an intermittent stream is one that only flows for part of the year and is marked on topographic maps with a line of blue dashes and dots.
Stream 
 In desert areas of the American Southwest, this also includes washes, which only flow after thunderstorms or other significant rains.
Stream 
 A blue-line stream is one which flows for most or all of the year and is marked on topographic maps with a solid blue line.
Stream 
 In Australia, an intermittent stream is usually called a creek, and marked on topographic maps with a solid blue line.
Stream 
 Generally, streams that form only during and immediately after precipitation are termed ephemeral streams.
Stream 
 A stream of the first order is a blue-line stream which does not have any other blue-line stream feeding into it.
Stream 
 A stream of the second order is one which is formed by the joining of two or more blue-line streams.
Stream 
 A third-order stream is one below the confluence of two or more second-order streams; a fourth-order stream is formed by the confluence of at least two third-order streams, and so forth.
Stream 
 Typically, streams are said to have a particular profile, beginning with steep gradients, no flood plain, and little shifting of channels, eventually evolving into streams with low gradients, wide flood plains, and extensive meanders.
Stream 
 The initial stage is sometimes termed a "young" stream, and the later state a "mature" or "old" stream.
Stream 
 The gradient of a stream is a critical factor in determining its character, and is entirely determined by its base level of erosion.
Stream 
 The base level of erosion is the point at which the stream either enters the ocean, a lake or pond, or enters a stretch in which it has a much lower gradient, and may be specifically applied to any particular stretch of a stream.
Stream 
 In geologic terms, the stream will erode down through its bed to achieve the base level of erosion throughout its course.
Stream 
 If this base level is low, then the stream will rapidly cut through underlying strata and have a steep gradient, and if the base level is relatively high, then the stream will form a flood plain and meanders.
Stream 
 When a stream flows over an especially resistant stratum and forms a waterfall or cascade, or the same results because for some reason the base level of erosion suddenly drops, perhaps as a result of a fault, the resulting sudden change in stream elevation is called a nickpoint.
Stream 
 However, if some resistant material slows or stops the downstream movement of a meander, a stream may erode through the neck between two legs of a meander to become temporarily straighter, leaving behind an arc-shaped body of water termed an oxbow lake or bayou.
Stream 
 Every watershed is made up of smaller watersheds, while most watersheds are parts of larger watersheds.
Stream 
 For instance, the Continental Divide in North America divides the Atlantic Ocean watershed from the Pacific Ocean watershed, but the Atlantic Ocean watershed may be first divided into the Atlantic Ocean drainage and the Gulf of Mexico drainage.
Stream 
 The Gulf of Mexico watershed may be divided into Mississippi River basin and a number of smaller watersheds, such as the Tombigbee River watershed.
Stream 
 The Mississippi River watershed includes the Ohio River watershed, which in turn includes the Kentucky River watershed, and so forth.
Stream 
 The point at which a stream empties into an ocean or other large body of relatively level water is termed the mouth.
Stream 
 Especially with caves, a stream may flow aboveground for part of its course, and underground for part of its course.
Stream 
 The study of streams and waterways in general is known as surface hydrology and is important in environmental geography or environmental geology.
Solar System 
 Most of this matter came together in the center, and the rest flattened into an orbiting disk that became the Solar System.
Solar System 
 From closest to farthest from the Sun, they are: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
Solar System 
 In Ancient Greece, Aristarchus of Samos proposed the heliocentric model of the Solar System, where the Sun, is at the center of the known universe.
Solar System 
 The formation and evolution of the Solar System began 4.6 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud.
Solar System 
 Most of the collapsing mass collected in the centre, forming the Sun, while the rest flattened into a protoplanetary disk of loose dust, out of which the planets, moons, asteroids, and other Solar System bodies formed.
Solar System 
 This model, known as the nebular hypothesis, was developed in the 18th (1700s) century by Emanuel Swedenborg, Immanuel Kant, and Pierre-Simon Laplace.
Solar System 
 It has been adjusted by scientific disciplines such as astronomy, physics, geology, and planetary science.
Solar System 
 As our knowledge of space has grown, the models have been changed to account for the new observations.
Solar System 
 Many moons have formed from circling discs of gas and dust around their parent planets, while other moons are believed to have formed and were later captured by their planets.
Solar System 
 Many collisions between bodies have occurred, and have been important to the evolution of the Solar System.
Solar System 
 In the early stages, the positions of the planets sometimes shifted, and planets have switched places.
Solar System 
 This planetary migration is thought to have been responsible for much of the Solar System's early evolution.
Solar System 
 The Earth's orbit around the Sun is nearly a perfect circle, but when mapped it is found that the Earth moves around the Sun in a very slightly oval shaped orbit, called an elliptical orbit.
Solar System 
 Mercury has a more elliptical orbit than the others, and some of the smaller objects orbit the Sun in very eccentric orbits.
Solar System 
 Although the Greek philosopher Aristarchus of Samos suggested that there was a special order in the sky, Nicolaus Copernicus was the first to develop a mathematical system that described what we now call the "solar system".
Solar System 
 In the 17th century, Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton began helping people understand physics more clearly.
Solar System 
 People began to accept the idea that the Earth is a planet and moves around the Sun, and that the planets are worlds with the same physical laws that control Earth.
Solar System 
 More recently, telescopes and space probes have led to discoveries of mountains and craters, and seasonal meteorological phenomena such as clouds, dust storms and ice caps on the other planets.
Solar System 
 Pluto was discovered by American astronomer Clyde Tombaugh and was declared the 9th planet of the solar system in 1930.
Solar System 
 This all changed on August 24, 2006, when the International Astronomical Union (IAU) gave a correct definition to the word "planet" for the first time.
Solar System 
 After this, Pluto was put on the list of minor planets and was downgraded in 2006 by astronomer Michael E Brown.
Solar System 
 Instead they defined a new category of dwarf planet, into which Pluto did fit, along with some others.
Solar System 
 Here they are in order from the Sun, with the planets numbered, and the dwarf planets marked with the letters a - e.
Solar System 
 If you could look at the solar system "edge on" then all the planets would be orbiting more or less in the plane of the ecliptic.
Saturn 
 Saturn is the English transliteration from the Latin word Saturnus, in Roman religion, the god of sowing or seed.
Saturn 
 Inside Saturn is probably a core of iron, nickel, silicon and oxygen compounds, surrounded by a deep layer of metallic hydrogen, then a layer of liquid hydrogen and liquid helium and finally, an outer gaseous layer.
Saturn 
 Saturn is an oblate spheroid, meaning that it is flattened at the poles, and it swells out around its equator.
Saturn 
 The planet's equatorial diameter is , while its polar diameter (the distance from the north pole to the south pole) is ; a 9% difference.
Saturn 
 Even though the planet's core is very dense, it has a gaseous atmosphere, so the average specific density of the planet is 0.69 g/cm3.
Saturn 
 The outer part of Saturn's atmosphere is made up of about 96% hydrogen, 3% helium, 0.4% methane and 0.01% ammonia.
Saturn 
 The layer above, about  thick, is made up of ammonium hydrosulfide ice, and above that is a layer of ammonia ice clouds  thick.
Saturn 
 The highest layer is made up of hydrogen and helium gases, which extends between  and  above the water cloud tops.
Saturn 
 The temperatures in the inner layers are much higher than the outside layers because of the heat produced by Saturn's interior.
Saturn 
 Saturn's winds are some of the fastest in the Solar System, reaching 1,800 km/h (1,118 mph), ten times faster than winds on Earth.
Saturn 
 Saturn's atmosphere is also known to form oval shaped clouds, similar to the clearer spots seen in Jupiter.
Saturn 
 These unique storms only exist for a short time and only happen about every 30 Earth years, at the time of the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere.
Saturn 
 The Voyager 1 spacecraft found a hexagonal cloud pattern near Saturn's north pole at about 78°N. The Cassini−Huygens probe later confirmed it in 2006.
Saturn 
 The probe also discovered a hurricane-like storm locked to the south pole that clearly showed an eyewall.
Saturn 
 The moon Titan orbits in the outer part of Saturn's magnetic field and gives out plasma to the field from the ionised particles in Titan's atmosphere.
Saturn 
 Saturn's average distance from the Sun is over 1,400,000,000 km (869,000,000 mi), about nine times the distance from the Earth to the Sun.
Saturn 
 Voyager 1 measured Saturn's rotation as being 10 hours 14 minutes at the equator, 10 hours 40 minutes closer to the poles, and 10 hours 39 minutes 24 seconds for the planet's interior.
Saturn 
 That is about six minutes, or one percent, longer than the radio rotational period measured by the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft, which flew by Saturn in 1980 and 1981.
Saturn 
 Saturn's rotational period is calculated by the rotation speed of radio waves released by the planet.
Saturn 
 The Cassini−Huygens spacecraft discovered that the radio waves slowed down, suggesting that the rotational period increased.
Saturn 
 Since the scientists do not think Saturn's rotation is actually slowing down, the explanation may lie in the magnetic field that causes the radio waves.
Saturn 
 They were named in the order they were discovered, which is different to their order from the planet.
Saturn 
 This left a large amount of ice to form the rings, and also some of the moons, like Enceladus, which are thought to be made of ice.
Saturn 
 In 1612, when the rings were facing edge on with the Earth, the rings disappeared, then reappeared again in 1613, further confusing Galileo.
Saturn 
 Using a much more powerful telescope than Galilei's, he noted Saturn "is surrounded by a thin, flat, ring, nowhere touching...".
Saturn 
 In 1675, Giovanni Domenico Cassini discovered that the planet's rings were in fact made of smaller ringlets with gaps.
Saturn 
 In 1859, James Clerk Maxwell showed that the rings cannot be solid, but are made of small particles, each orbiting Saturn on their own, otherwise, it would become unstable or break apart.
Saturn 
 While the equatorial circumference of Saturn is 378,675 km (235,298 miles).As proved by Maxwell, even though the rings appear to be solid and unbroken when viewed from above, the rings are made of small particles of rock and ice.
Saturn 
 The largest gaps in the rings are the Cassini Division and the Encke Division, both visible from the Earth.
Saturn 
 However, when the Voyager spacecrafts visited Saturn in 1980, they discovered that the rings are a complex structure, made out of thousands of thin gaps and ringlets.