the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
1944 Summer Olympics 
 They would have been held in London, England, which won the bid in the June 1939 International Olympic Committee election, over Rome, Detroit, Lausanne, Athens, Budapest, Helsinki and Montreal.
1944 Summer Olympics 
 In spite of the war, the IOC had many events at its headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland to celebrate its 50th anniversary.
1944 Summer Olympics 
 These events happened on 17 June to 19 June 1944 and were called "The Jubilee Celebrations of IOC" by Carl Diem, the man who began the modern tradition of the Olympic torch relay.
1944 Summer Olympics 
 Polish POWs in the Woldenberg (Dobiegniew) Oflag II-C POW camp were granted permission by their Nazi captors to have an unofficial POW Olympics in 1944, showing that the Olympic spirit can survive even during war.
1920 Summer Olympics 
 The 1920 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the VII Olympiad, were held at Antwerp in Belgium.
Morphology (linguistics) 
 Different languages have different morphemes and have different rules for how morphemes are combined.
Morphology (linguistics) 
 English speakers know that one can add the plural(more than one) morpheme, -s, to the end of dog, and create the word dogs.
Morphology (linguistics) 
 The new word combines the meanings of the two morphemes, so the meaning of the new word, dogs is more than one dog.
Morphology (linguistics) 
 Inflectional morphemes give a listener or reader information about how the word is used in a sentence.
Morphology (linguistics) 
 Derivational morphemes change the part of speech or somehow change the basic meaning of the word they attach to.
Syntax 
 The term syntax can also be used to refer to these rules themselves, as in “the syntax of a language”.
Syntax 
 Modern research in syntax attempts to describe languages in terms of such rules, and, for many practitioners, to find general rules that apply to all languages.
1912 Summer Olympics 
 The 1912 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the V Olympiad, were held in Stockholm, Sweden.
1912 Summer Olympics 
 For the first time, athletes in the Games came from all five continents symbolised in the Olympic rings.
Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov 
 Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov (21 August 1929 – 7 October 2017) was a Soviet/Russian historical linguist.
Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov 
 He is best known for his glottalic theory of how consonants are spoken in Indo-European languages and for placing point of origin for these languages in the area of the Armenian Highlands and Lake Urmia.
Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov 
 Vyacheslav V. Ivanov and Thomas Gamkrelidze, The Early History of Indo-­European Languages, Scientific American, vol.
Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze 
 Tamaz (Thomas) V. Gamkrelidze (Georgian თამაზ გამყრელიძე) (October 23, 1929 – February 10, 2021) was a Georgian linguist, orientalist and public benefactor, Academician (beginning in 1974) and President (2005–2013) of the Georgian Academy of Sciences (GAS), Doctor of Sciences (1963), Professor (1964).
Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze 
 The Akkado-Hittite syllabary and the problem of the origin of the Hittite script, "Archiv Orientalni" (vol.
Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze 
 Anatolian languages and the problem of Indo-European migration to Asia Minor, Studies in General and Oriental Linguistics.
Georgian alphabet 
 Greek and Aramaic influences have been shown, but some Georgian scholars like Tamaz V. Gamkrelidze have said that they were freely invented in imitation of the Greek model rather than directly based upon earlier forms of the Aramaic alphabet even though the Georgian phonological inventory is very different from Greek.
Cytosine 
 Cytosine is one of the 5 main nucleobases used in storing and transporting genetic information within a cell in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.
Cytosine 
 This can lead to a point mutation if not repaired by the DNA repair enzymes such as uracil glycosylase, which cleaves a uracil in DNA.
1908 Summer Olympics 
 The 1908 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the IV Olympiad, were held in London, United Kingdom.
1908 Summer Olympics 
 The Olympics were originally scheduled to be held in Rome; however, Mount Vesuvius erupted on 7 April 1906.
Guanine 
 Guanine, along with adenine and cytosine, is present in both DNA and RNA, whereas thymine is usually seen only in DNA and uracil only in RNA.
Glottalic theory 
 The glottalic theory is that Proto-Indo-European had ejective stops instead of voiced stops and so it had p’ t’ k’, not b d g, as the traditional version of the Proto-Indo-European sound system.
Glottalic theory 
 The glottalic theory was made in the United States by Paul Hopper and in the Soviet Union by Thomas V. Gamkrelidze and Vyacheslav V. Ivanov.
Glottalic theory 
 The earliest theory was made by the Danish linguist Holger Pedersen that did not have glottalized sounds.
Glottalic theory 
 Earlier linguists, such as André Martinet and Morris Swadesh, saw the potential of replacing glottalic sounds for the supposed plain voiced stops of Proto-Indo-European.
Glottalic theory 
 The idea stayed hypothetical until more evidence for it was published in 1973 by Hopper in the journal Glossa and by Gamkrelidze and Ivanov in the journal Phonetica.
Glottalic theory 
 Thomas V. Gamkrelidze and Vjacheslav V. Ivanov, Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans, translated by Johanna Nichols, 2 volumes.
Proto-Indo-Europeans 
 They were the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE), an unwritten but now partly reconstructed prehistoric language.
Proto-Indo-Europeans 
 The Proto-Indo-Europeans likely lived during the Copper Age, or roughly the 5th to 4th millennia BC.
Proto-Indo-Europeans 
 Mainstream scholarship places them in the  general region of the steppes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
Proto-Indo-Europeans 
 By the mid-2nd millennium BC offshoots of the Proto-Indo-Europeans had reached Anatolia, the Aegean, Indus Valley, Ganges Plain, and likely Western Europe.
Proto-Indo-Europeans 
 agriculture and cereal cultivation, including technology commonly ascribed to early farming communities
Proto-Indo-Europeans 
 worship of a sky god, *dyeus ph2tēr (literally 'sky father': Ancient Greek Ζευς (πατηρ) / Zeus (patēr); dieu-ph2tēr Latin Jupiter.)
Proto-Indo-Europeans 
 The Proto-Indo-Europeans were a patrilineal society, probably half-nomadic, relying on animal husbandry, notably of cattle and sheep.
Proto-Indo-Europeans 
 They practiced a polytheistic religion centered on sacrificial rites, probably administered by a priestly caste.
Proto-Indo-Europeans 
 Important leaders would have been buried with their belongings, and possibly also with members of their households or wives (human sacrifice, suttee).
Proto-Indo-Europeans 
 Many Indo-European societies know a threefold division of priests, a warrior class, and a class of peasants or husbandmen.
Proto-Indo-Europeans 
 They would have followed a separate warrior code unacceptable in the society outside their peer-group.
Proto-Indo-Europeans 
 Traces of initiation rites in several Indo-European societies suggest that this group identified itself with wolves or dogs (see also Berserker, werewolf).
Proto-Indo-Europeans 
 As for technology, reconstruction suggests a culture of the early Bronze Age, with bronze tools and weapons.
Proto-Indo-Europeans 
 The wheel was known, certainly for ox-drawn carts, and late Proto-Indo European warfare may also have made use of horse-drawn chariots.
Proto-Indo-Europeans 
 Aryo- (interpreted by some as meaning "those who plow"), sometimes upheld as a self-identification of the Proto-Indo-Europeans (see Aryan), is shown only in the Indo-Iranian subfamily, since it appears on written inscriptions; however, the Proto-Indo-Europeans themselves had not yet adopted writing, so there is no way to verify that Aryo- was their self-identification.
Urheimat 
 Urheimat (German: ur- original, ancient; Heimat home, homeland) is a linguistic term meaning the original homeland of the speakers of a proto-language.
Urheimat 
 Since many peoples tend to wander and spread, there is no exact Urheimat, but there is an Indo-European Urheimat different from the Germanic or Romance Urheimat.
Urheimat 
 Linguistics and Ideology in the Study of Language by E. F. K. Koerner, University of Ottawa On linguistics and the  search for the original Indo-European homeland
Anatolian hypothesis 
 The Anatolian hypothesis of Proto-Indo-European origin is that the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language lived in Anatolia during the Neolithic era.
Anatolian hypothesis 
 When the Neolithic Revolution took place in the seventh and sixth millennia BC, the speakers spread over Europe.
Anatolian hypothesis 
 They believe that the Proto-Indo-Europeans then migrated north to the location north of the Caucasus Mountains.
Anatolian hypothesis 
 Russell D. Gray and Quentin D. Atkinson, Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin, Nature 426 (27 November 2003) 435-439
Rafael Ishkhanyan 
 Rafayel Avetisi Ishkhanyan (, 9 March 1922 – 6 February 1995) was an Armenian philologist and historian.
Rafael Ishkhanyan 
 In 1939, Ishkhanyan entered the department of Armenian language and literature of Yerevan State University.
Rafael Ishkhanyan 
 His works are generally dedicated to the earliest history of the Armenian people, to the comparative linguistic analysis of ancient languages, and to printing.
Rafael Ishkhanyan 
 Ishkhanyan claims that Armenians "were the aborigines of the Armenian plateau who have been living there continuously since the fourth millennium B.C.E at the latest".
Rafael Ishkhanyan 
 Similar claims were promoted in nationalist novels such as those of Sero Khanzatian, published in the 1970s.
Cross-country race 
 Different levels of competition include middle school , high school , collegiate men  and , women 5km (3.1 mi) and , amateur, and professional.
Cross-country race 
 The scoring in these events gives one point to the winner, two points to the person who finished second, and so on.
Cross-country race 
 This means that two athletes competing in different places in the world who are running the same time might not be at the same ability level.
Long distance race 
 A long distance race is any running event on the track that is longer than 3000m. This includes such events as the 3000m run, the 3000m steeplechase, the 3200m run, the two mile run,  the three mile run, 5000m run, five mile run, six mile run, and 10000m run, and so on.
Long distance race 
 The original marathon race, created in 1896, paid tribute to the legendary run completed by Greek messenger Pheidippides in 490 BC.
Long distance race 
 Pheidippides gives word of the Greek victory over Persia at the Battle of Marathon to the people of Athens.
Long distance race 
 That’s when, according to legend, Pheidippides (530-490 BC) ran 26 miles from Marathon to Athens to deliver news of a military victory against the Persians in the Battle of Marathon.
Warsaw Convention 
 The Warsaw Convention is an international convention which regulates  for international carriage of persons, luggage or goods performed by aircraft for reward.
Warsaw Convention 
 The Montreal Convention, signed in 1999, will replace the Warsaw Convention system, once Montreal has been ratified by all states.
Ritchies 
 It was started in 1870 by Thomas Ritchie who opened a food store in the tiny country village of Frankston, Victoria.
Maggie Smith 
 She has won many awards for acting, both for the stage and for movies, including seven BAFTA Awards (five competitive awards and two special awards including the Bafta Fellowship in 1996), two Academy Awards, two Golden Globes, two Emmy Awards, a Laurence Olivier Award, two SAG Awards and a Tony Award.
Maggie Smith 
 Her award winning movies include Othello (1965), The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1969), Travels with My Aunt (1972), California Suite (1978), Clash of the Titans (1981), A Room with a View (1985) and Gosford Park (2001).
Maggie Smith 
 She has also been in a number of widely-popular movies, including Hook (1991), Sister Act (1992) and as Professor Minerva McGonagall in the Harry Potter movie series.
Maggie Smith 
 She currently stars in the drama Downton Abbey as Violet Crawley, the Dowager Countess of Grantham, for which she has won an Emmy.
Maggie Smith 
 Night and Day, Phoenix Theatre, Washington D.C. and ANTA Playhouse, New York, 1979 [Tony nomination]
Suffolk University 
 The University has three main schools: Suffolk University Law School, Suffolk University College of Arts and Sciences, and Suffolk University's Sawyer Business School.
French literature 
 Chrétien de Troyes - Yvain ou le Chevalier au Lion (Yvain, the Knight of the Lion), Lancelot, ou le Chevalier à la charrette (Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart)
French literature 
 Stendhal - Le Rouge et le Noir (The Red and the Black), La Chartreuse de Parme (The Charterhouse of Parma)
French literature 
 Honoré de Balzac - La Comédie humaine ("The Human Comedy", a novel cycle which includes Père Goriot and Eugénie Grandet)
French literature 
 Stéphane Mallarmé - Un coup de dés jamais n'abolira le hasard ("A Throw of the Dice Will Never Abolish Chance")
French literature 
 Jean-Michel Maulpoix & Co.: Modern and contemporary french literature site maintained by prominent French poet Jean-Michel Maulpoix
Treaty of Warsaw (1970) 
 In the treaty, both sides committed themselves to nonviolence and accepted the existing border - the Oder-Neisse line.
Treaty of Warsaw (1970) 
 This was a very sensitive topic at the time as Poland was concerned that one day a German government would lay claim to some of the territory Germany lost after World War II.
Treaty of Warsaw (1970) 
 Poland took over this territory to replace eastern Poland, which the Soviet Union had conquered in 1939.
Treaty of Warsaw (1970) 
 A lot of that land was east of the Curzon Line, and Poland kept it after the Polish-Soviet War (1919-1921).
Treaty of Warsaw (1970) 
 Chancellor Willy Brandt was heavily criticized by the conservative CDU/CSU opposition, which indeed were in favour of such a claim, accusing him of abandoning German interests.
Treaty of Warsaw (1970) 
 The Oder-Neisse line was reaffirmed by a reunited Germany in the German-Polish Border Treaty, signed on 14 November 1990.
Treaty of Warsaw (1970) 
 In the FRG at the time this treaty was signed it was not seen as the last word on the border, because article IV stated that previous treaties like the Potsdam Agreement were not superseded by this latest agreement, so the provisions of this treaty could be changed by a final peace treaty between Germany and the Allies of World War II as provided for in the Potsdam Agreement.
History of Poland 
 At one time, in the 16th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was the second largest state in Europe, after Russia.
History of Poland 
 Poland got back its independence in 1918, after more than a century of rule by nearby empires, but its borders shifted again after the Second World War.
History of Poland 
 In the 12th century Poland broke into some smaller states, which were later attacked by Mongol armies in 1241.
History of Poland 
 His son Casimir III repaired the Polish economy, built new castles and won the war against the Ruthenian dukedom.
History of Poland 
 Beginning with the Lithuanian Grand Duke Jogaila, the Jagiellon dynasty (1385–1569) formed the Polish-Lithuanian Union.
History of Poland 
 The partnership proved beneficial for the Poles and Lithuanians, who played a dominant role in one of the most powerful empires in Europe for the next three centuries.
History of Poland 
 The Nihil novi act adopted by the Polish Sejm (parliament) in 1505, transferred most of the legislative power from the Monarch to the Sejm.
History of Poland 
 This event marked the beginning of the period known as "Nobility Commonwealth" when the State was ruled by the "free and equal" Polish nobility.
History of Poland 
 The Lublin Union of 1569, established the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as an influential player in European politics and a vital cultural entity.
History of Poland 
 Many wars against the Ottoman Empire, Russia, Cossacks, Transylvania and Brandenburg-Prussia ended with the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699.
History of Poland 
 During the following 80 years, the government and natione were weaker, making Poland dependent on Russia.
History of Poland 
 Russian tsars took advantage of this by offering money to traitors, who would block new ideas and solutions.
History of Poland 
 Russia, Prussia, and Austria broke Poland into three pieces in 1772, 1793 and 1795, which dissolved the country.
History of Poland 
 In 1791, in an attempt of reform the Sejm of Poland and Lithuania accepted the Constitution of May 3 which was the first modern constitution in Europe and the second (after the United States) on Earth.
History of Poland 
 After the Napoleonic wars, Prussia, Russia, and Austria again split Poland among themselves at the Congress of Vienna.
History of Poland 
 Soon after the surrender of Germany in November 1918, Poland became the Second Polish Republic (II Rzeczpospolita Polska).
History of Poland 
 It got its freedom after several military conflicts; the largest was in 1919-1921 Polish-Soviet War.
History of Poland 
 Warsaw was defeated on September 28, and was split up into two pieces, one owned by Nazi Germany, the other by the Soviet Union.
History of Poland 
 Poland also gave the most troops, after the US, the British and the Soviets, to ultimately defeat Nazi Germany.
History of Poland 
 There are still many Polish people in the neighboring countries Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania, as well as in other countries.
History of Poland 
 After the Second World War, the Soviet Union put a Communist government in Poland, and the country was named the People's Republic of Poland.
History of Poland 
 In 1989 Solidarity - a political group led by Lech Wałęsa - helped defeat the communist government in Poland.
History of Poland 
 In 1991 Poland became a member of the Visegrad Group and joined NATO in 1999 also with the Czech Republic and Hungary.
Polish-Lithuanian Union 
 The term "Polish-Lithuanian union" means a development from the personal union between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the creation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, allso called the "Republic of the Two Nations", in 1569 and eventually to the creation of a short-lived  state in 1791.
Polish-Lithuanian Union 
 May 3, 1791 - Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791:  the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were abolished, and a common state was created in their place.
Personal union 
 A personal union is a relationship of two or more sovereign states, which, through law, share the same person as their head of state.
Personal union 
 In many cases a princess who is already married to a king becomes pregnant, and their child inherits the crown of both countries.
Personal union 
 However, a personal union sometimes was seen as a means against uprisings if a state wants an annexation of an other state.
Personal union 
 The unions can be written down in a constitution, which clearly expresses that both states shall share the same person as head of state.
Personal union 
 Partial personal union with France since 1607 (the French president, and formerly the king of France, is one of the Heads of State in Andorra, the other co-head of state is the Bishop of La Seu d'Urgell, Catalonia, Spain.)
Personal union 
 Personal union with Hungary 1419-1439 (Sigismund of Luxemburg and his son in law) and 1490 - 1526 (Jagellon dynasty)
Personal union 
 Personal union with the Duchy of Prussia from 1618, when Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia died without male heirs and his son in law John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg became ruler of both countries.
Personal union 
 Brandenburg and Prussia maintained separate governments and seats of power in Berlin and Königsberg respectively until 1701, when Frederick William I consolidated them into one government.
Personal union 
 Since 1941, upon the ratification of the Westminster Statute in 1942 - which ended the British Parliament's ability to legislate for Australia.
Personal union 
 The Australia Act of 1986, amongst other things, removed the Privy Council as the last court of Appeal in the Australian Judicial System.
Personal union 
 Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom serves, independently, as Queen of Australia, through her Vice-Regal Representative, the Governor-General, nominated by the Prime Minister.
Personal union 
 Personal union with the Kingdom of England from 1541, when the Irish Parliament proclaimed King Henry VIII of England to be also King of Ireland, to 1707 when the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland both united by the Treaty of Union and were replaced by the Kingdom of Great Britain.
Personal union 
 Personal union with the Kingdom of Scotland from 1603, when King James VI of Scotland became King of England and King of Ireland to 1707, when the kingdom of England and the kingdom of Scotland united and were replaced by the Kingdom of Great Britain.
Personal union 
 Personal union with the Kingdom of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 when the two kingdoms were merged into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Personal union 
 As a Commonwealth realm from 1922-1936/1949, when it became a republic (see Irish head of state from 1936-1949).
Personal union 
 Personal union with Scotland from 1603 to 1707 (when they were joined together in the Kingdom of Great Britain)
Personal union 
 Personal union with the Netherlands from 1689 to 1702, with the Dutch Stadtholder also serving as the King of England, Scotland and Ireland.
Personal union 
 The actual situation was slightly more complex with the Dutch provinces Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel entering into personal union in 1689 and Drenthe in 1696.
Personal union 
 Personal union with the Duchy of Brittany from 1491, when Duchess Anne of Brittany married King  Charles VIII of France under duress, to 1532 when the Duchy of Brittany was formally annexed to the Kingdom of France.
Personal union 
 Partial personal union with Andorra since 1607 (the French president is one of the Heads of State in Andorra)
Personal union 
 Personal union with Ireland from creation in 1707 to abolition in 1801 (when they were joined together in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
Personal union 
 Personal union with the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1837, when differing succession laws resulted in Queen Victoria ascending the British throne and her uncle Ernest Augustus that of Hanover.
Personal union 
 After Louis' death the Polish nobles (the szlachta) decided to end the personal union, since they did not want to be governed from Hungary, and chose Louis' younger daughter Jadwiga as their new ruler, while Hungary was inherited by his elder daughter Mary.
Personal union 
 Personal union with the Holy Roman Empire from 1410 to 1439 and from 1526 to 1806 (except 1608-1612)
Personal union 
 Personal union with Austria from 1867 to 1918 (the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary) under the reigns of Franz Joseph and Charles IV (in fact it was rather a dynastic union, not a personal union.)
Personal union 
 Personal union with England from 1541 (when the Irish Parliament proclaimed King Henry VIII of England, King of Ireland) to 1707 (upon the formation of Great Britain).
Personal union 
 Personal union with Scotland (and England) from 1603 to 1707 (when England and Scotland were joined together in the United Kingdom of Great Britain)
Personal union 
 Personal union with the Netherlands from 1689 to 1702, with the King of Ireland, Scotland and England also serving as Stadtholder of most of the provinces of the Netherlands.
Personal union 
 Personal union with Great Britain from 1707 to 1801 (when they were joined together in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland).
Personal union 
 Personal union with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from 1922 to 1937/1949 (see Irish head of state from 1936-1949).
Personal union 
 Personal union with England, Scotland and Ireland from 1689 to 1702, with the Stadtholder of most of the provinces of the Netherlands also serving as King of England, Scotland and Ireland.