the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Gas chamber 
 Cyanide was introduced in Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp by the use of Zyklon B, an insecticide, which was thought to be more effective.
Gas chamber 
 Also, in Auschwitz-Birkenau the method of introducing the people to the chambers were more efficient, with large underground rooms disguised as shower rooms, into which the victims walked mostly without resistance and calmly left their clothes and belongings.
Gas chamber 
 Because of these reasons, Auschwitz-Birkenau was thought of as the most efficient part of the Nazi killing machine during the Holocaust, and could kill up to 2,000 people a day if a proper schedule was made and followed.
Gas chamber 
 Gas was thought to be a better method because it involved fewer people and the ones who helped could be Jews who were replaced gradually.
Gas chamber 
 After gassing, the victims were dragged out and quickly burned in large ovens, and the gas chambers cleaned and fanned.
Gas chamber 
 After the war and the destruction of the camps, the method was probably disgraced because of the association with the Nazis.
Gas chamber 
 Historians estimate that the Nazis killed around three million people in these camps, mostly by use of gas, but also by shooting and through disease and starvation.
Gas chamber 
 The gas chamber has also been used in Lithuania, a small country in the Baltics, before it was annexed (taken over by) the Soviet Union in 1940.
Gas chamber 
 After that, Lithuania executed prisoners by the Soviet method of a bullet shot into the back of the head.
Impact Wrestling 
 Impact Wrestling is a professional wrestling company founded in 2002 shortly after World Championship Wrestling closed down.
Impact Wrestling 
 Jeff Jarrett left the company in December 2013 and announced that he was starting his own professional wrestling promotion called Global Force Wrestling.
Impact Wrestling 
 On November 19, 2014, it was announced that TNA would be ending their relationship with Spike, and that they would instead partner with Discovery Communications to distribute their shows beginning in January 2015.
Impact Wrestling 
 In the United States, TNA programs, which include Impact Wrestling, will move to Destination America.
Impact Wrestling 
 Spike's outreach at the time was estimated to be more than 97 million homes while Destination America was only estimated to reach 59 million households.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The Battle of the Bulge (16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945) was a major German attack near the end of World War II, in Belgium, France and Luxembourg.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The press made up "Battle of the Bulge" to describe the way the Allied front line bulged inward on wartime news maps and became the best known name for the battle.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Germany's goal was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capture Antwerp, and then encircle and destroy four Allied armies.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The Allied forces were overconfident and too focused on their own attack plans, and they also didn't have good aerial reconnaissance.
Battle of the Bulge 
 They took advantage of the overcast weather conditions, which made the Allies' air forces unable to fly.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Improved weather conditions permitted air attacks on German forces, which led to the failure of the attack.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The battle involved about 610,000 American men, of whom some 89,000 were casualties, including 19,000 killed.
Battle of the Bulge 
 After moving from Normandy at the end of July 1944 and landing in southern France on 15 August 1944, the Allies advanced toward Germany more quickly than expected.
Battle of the Bulge 
 General Eisenhower and his staff chose the Ardennes region, held by the First United States Army, as an area that could be held by as few troops as possible.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The speed of the Allied advance and a lack of deep-water ports made it hard for the Allies to supply their troops.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The only port the Allies had captured was Cherbourg, near the original invasion beaches, but the Germans had wrecked and mined it.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The Allies captured the port of Antwerp, Belgium, fully intact, in the first days of September, but it was not working until 28 November.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The limitations led to disagreements between General Dwight D. Eisenhower and Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery over whether Montgomery or American General Omar Bradley in the south would get access to supplies.
Battle of the Bulge 
 German forces remained in control of several major ports on the English Channel coast until May 1945.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The destruction of the French railway system prior to D-Day made it hard for the Germans to respond to the invasion.
Battle of the Bulge 
 A trucking system brought supplies to front-line troops, but transportation took huge amounts of fuel to reach the front line near the Belgian border.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Montgomery and Bradley both asked for delivery of supplies to their armies so they could continue to attack the Germans.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Gen. Eisenhower wanted Montgomery's northern forces to open the port of Antwerp and capture the Ruhr area, the industrial part of Germany.
Battle of the Bulge 
 With the Allies paused, German Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt was able to reorganize the German armies into an organized defense.
Battle of the Bulge 
 In October the Canadian First Army fought the Battle of the Scheldt, opening the port of Antwerp to shipping.
Battle of the Bulge 
 While operations continued in the autumn, notably the Lorraine Campaign, the Battle of Aachen and fighting in the Hürtgen Forest, the situation in the west changed little.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The Western Allies already had 96 divisions at or near the front, with ten more divisions coming from the United Kingdom.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The plan was to use 13 infantry divisions, two parachute divisions and six panzer divisions from reserves.
Battle of the Bulge 
 On the Eastern Front the Soviets' Operation Bagration during the summer had destroyed much of Germany's Army Group Center.
Battle of the Bulge 
 This meant that the German Army had little battlefield intelligence and no way to stop Allied supplies.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The daytime movement of German forces was easily noticed and stopping supplies combined with the bombing of the Romanian oil fields meant Germany had no oil and gasoline.
Battle of the Bulge 
 One of the few advantages held by the German forces in November 1944 was that they were no longer defending all of Western Europe.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Additionally, their telephone and telegraph network meant that radios were no longer necessary for communications, which lessened the effectiveness of Allied Ultra code breaking.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Although he realised nothing could be accomplished in the Eastern Front, he still believed an offensive against the Western Allies could succeed.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Hitler believed he could split the Allied forces and make the Americans and British to settle for a separate peace, independent of the Soviet Union.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Success in the west would give the Germans time to design and produce more advanced weapons (such as jet aircraft, new U-boat designs and super-heavy tanks) and permit the build-up of forces in the east.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Given the reduced manpower of their land forces, the Germans believed that it was better to attack in the West against the smaller Allied forces rather than against the vast Soviet armies.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Several senior German military officers, such as Field Marshal Walter Model did not think the attack would work.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The plan needed bad weather, including heavy fog and low-lying clouds, which would make it hard for Allied planes to fly.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Hitler originally set the attack for late November, before the start of the Russian winter offensive.
Battle of the Bulge 
 In the west supply problems began slowing down Allied operations, even though the opening of the port of Antwerp in late November improved the situation.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The positions of the Allied armies stretched from southern France all the way north to the Netherlands.
Battle of the Bulge 
 If the attack captured Antwerp, four complete armies would be trapped without supplies behind German lines.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Generalfeldmarschall (Field Marshal) Walther Model and Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt were ordered to lead the attacks.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Model and von Rundstedt both believed aiming for Antwerp was too difficult, given Germany's lack of resources in late 1944.
Battle of the Bulge 
 They developed plans that did not aim to cross the Meuse River; Model's being Unternehmen Herbstnebel (Operation Autumn Mist) and von Rundstedt's Fall Martin ("Plan Martin").
Battle of the Bulge 
 The two field marshals showed their plans to Hitler, who rejected them in favor of his "big solution".
Battle of the Bulge 
 The phrase "Battle of the Bulge" was  made up by contemporary press to describe the way the Allied front line bulged inward on wartime news maps.
Battle of the Bulge 
 After the war ended, the U.S. Army issued the Ardennes-Alsace medal to units that took part in operations in northwest Europe.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The medal covered the Ardennes sector where the battle took place and units further south in the Alsace sector.
Battle of the Bulge 
 OKW decided by mid-September, on Hitler's orders, that the attack would be started in the Ardennes, as was done in 1940.
Battle of the Bulge 
 In 1940 German forces had passed through the Ardennes in three days before attacking the enemy, but the 1944 plan called for battle in the forest.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The main forces were to advance westward to the Meuse River, then turn northwest for Antwerp and Brussels.
Battle of the Bulge 
 First was the Sixth Panzer Army, under SS General Sepp Dietrich—newly created on 26 October 1944, it used the most senior and the most experienced Waffen-SS: the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte Adolf Hitler as well as the 12th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Also participating in a secondary role was the Fifteenth Army, under General Gustav-Adolf von Zangen.
Battle of the Bulge 
 For the attack to be successful, four elements were needed: the attack had to be a complete surprise; the weather conditions had to be poor to stop Allied air superiority; the progress had to be rapid.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The General Staff estimated they only had enough fuel to cover one-third to one-half of the ground to Antwerp.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The plan originally called for just under 45 divisions, including a dozen panzer and panzergrenadier divisions forming the armored spearhead and various infantry units to form a defensive line.
Battle of the Bulge 
 By this time, however, the German Army suffered from a manpower shortage and the force had been reduced to around 30 divisions.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Although it retained most of its armor, there were not enough infantry units because of the defensive needs in the East.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Among them were Volksgrenadier units formed from a mix of veterans and recruits formerly regarded as too young or too old to fight.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Materials and supplies that could not be transported by rail had to be horse-drawn to conserve fuel.
Battle of the Bulge 
 During the liberation of France, the French resistance had provided information about German movements.
Battle of the Bulge 
 In France, orders had been relayed within the German army using radio messages coded by the Enigma machine.
Battle of the Bulge 
 These could be picked up and decoded by Allied code-breakers  at Bletchley Park, to give the intelligence known as ULTRA.
Battle of the Bulge 
 In Germany such orders were typically transmitted using telephone and teleprinter, and a special radio silence order was made on all communications about the attack.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The major crackdown in the Wehrmacht after the 20 July plot to kill Hitler resulted in much tighter security and fewer information  leaks.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The foggy autumn weather also prevented Allied reconnaissance aircraft from seeing the Germans on the ground.
Battle of the Bulge 
 German units in the area were given charcoal instead of wood for cooking fires to cut down on smoke and reduce chances of Allied observers realizing a troop build up was underway.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Allied intelligence services said that the Germans were unable to launch any major attacks this late in the war.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The Allies thought that a new defensive army was being formed around Düsseldorf in the northern Rhine.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The Germans tricked the Allies by increasing the number of flak batteries in the area and making more radio transmissions in the area.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The U.S. Third Army intelligence chief, Colonel Oscar Koch, the U.S. First Army intelligence chief and the SHAEF intelligence officer had warned that the Germans might attack the U.S. VIII Corps area.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Because the Ardennes was considered a quiet sector, the Allies used it as a training ground for new units and a rest area.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The U.S. units deployed in the Ardennes thus were a mixture of inexperienced troops (such as the U.S. 99th and 106th "Golden Lions" Divisions), and veteran troops sent to that sector to rest (the 28th Infantry Division).
Battle of the Bulge 
 By October it was decided that Otto Skorzeny, the German commando was to lead a task force of English-speaking German soldiers.
Battle of the Bulge 
 They would go behind American lines and change signposts, misdirect traffic, cause disruption and seize bridges across the Meuse River between Liège and Namur.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Friedrich August von der Heydte was to lead a Fallschirmjäger (paratrooper) Kampfgruppe in Operation Stösser, a night-time paratroop drop behind the Allied lines aimed at capturing an important road near Malmedy.
Battle of the Bulge 
 German intelligence had set 20 December as the expected date for the start of the upcoming Soviet attack.
Battle of the Bulge 
 After the 20 July plot attempt to kill Hitler's life, and the advance of the Red Army, Hitler and his staff left the Wolfsschanze headquarters in East Prussia.
Battle of the Bulge 
 After a brief visit to Berlin, Hitler travelled on his Führersonderzug (train) to Giessen on 11 December, taking up residence in the Adlerhorst command complex at Kransberg Castle.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Von Rundstedt set up his operational headquarters near Limburg, close enough for the generals and Panzer Corps commanders who were to lead the attack to visit Alderhost.
Battle of the Bulge 
 In a personal conversation on 13 December between Walther Model and Friedrich von der Heydte, who was put in charge of Operation Stösser, von der Heydte gave Operation Stösser less than a 10% chance of succeeding.
Battle of the Bulge 
 On 16 December 1944, at 5:30 am, the Germans began the attack with a 90-minute artillery attack using 1,600 artillery pieces.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The Americans thought was that this was an attack resulting from the Allies' recent attack in the Wahlerscheid sector to the north.
Battle of the Bulge 
 In the northern sector Dietrich's 6th Panzer Army was held up for almost 24 hours by a single platoon and four U.S. Forward Artillery Observers.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Only one month before 250 members of the Waffen-SS had tried to recapture the town of Vianden from the Luxembourgish resistance during the Battle of Vianden.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The attack was led by one of the best equipped German divisions on the western front, the 1st SS Panzer Division (LSSAH).
Battle of the Bulge 
 SS Obersturmbannführer Joachim Peiper led Kampfgruppe Peiper, consisting of 4,800 men and 600 vehicles.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The attacks by the Sixth Panzer Army's infantry units in the north did badly because of strong resistance by the U.S. 2nd and 99th Infantry Divisions.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The infantry of the 9th Fallschirmjaeger Regiment, 3rd Fallschirmjaeger Division had been ordered to attack the village first.
Battle of the Bulge 
 A single 18-man platoon from the 99th Infantry Division and four Forward Air Controllers held up the battalion of about 500 German paratroopers until sunset causing 92 casualties among the Germans.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Kampfgruppe Peiper, at the head of the SS Oberstgruppenführer Sepp Dietrich's Sixth Panzer Army had been ordered to take the Losheim-Losheimergraben road.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Kampfgruppe Peiper reached Bucholz Station in the early morning of 17 December and captured portions of the 3rd Battalion of the 394th Infantry Regiment.
Battle of the Bulge 
 To the north, the 277th Volksgrenadier Division attempted to break through the U.S. 99th Infantry Division and positions of 2nd Infantry Division.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The 12th SS Panzer Division, reinforced by additional infantry (Panzergrenadier and Volksgenadier) divisions, took Losheimergraben and attacked the villages of Rocherath and Krinkelt.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Their intention was to control the villages of Rocherath-Krinkelt which would clear a path to Elsenborn Ridge.
Battle of the Bulge 
 This would give the Germans control of the roads to the south and west and ensure supply to Kampfgruppe Peiper's armored force.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The American defense prevented the Germans from reaching the supplies near the Belgian cities of Liège and Spa.
Battle of the Bulge 
 After more than ten days of battle, they pushed the Americans out of the villages, but were unable to move them from the ridge.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The V Corps of the First U.S. Army prevented the German forces from reaching the roads to their west.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The division lost about 20% of its strength, including 465 killed and 2,524 evacuated due to wounds, injuries or fatigue.
Battle of the Bulge 
 In the northern sector, this included more than 4,000 deaths and the destruction of sixty tanks and big guns.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Historian John S.D. Eisenhower wrote, "... the action of the 2nd and 99th Divisions on the northern shoulder could be considered the most decisive of the Ardennes campaign."
Battle of the Bulge 
 They killed many, destroyed a number of American armored units and vehicles, and took several dozen prisoners who were murdered.
Battle of the Bulge 
 At 12:30 on 17 December, Kampfgruppe Peiper was near the hamlet of Baugnez when he met the 285th Field Artillery Observation Battalion, U.S. 7th Armored Division.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Following the end of the war, soldiers and officers of Kampfgruppe Peiper, including Joachim Peiper and SS general Sepp Dietrich, were put on trial at the Malmedy massacre trial.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Following the Malmedy massacre, on New Year's Day 1945, after having previously received orders to take no prisoners, American soldiers shot sixty German prisoners of war near the Belgian village of Chenogne (8 km from Bastogne).
Battle of the Bulge 
 Peiper's forces were late because of the American resistance and because when the Americans fell back, they blew up bridges and emptied fuel storaged.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Kampfgruppe Peiper attacked Stavelot on 18 December but was unable to capture the town before the Americans emptied a large fuel depot.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Of the two bridges now remaining between Kampfgruppe Peiper and the Meuse, the bridge over the Lienne was blown by the Americans as the Germans approached.
Battle of the Bulge 
 He learned that Stoumont was strongly held and that the Americans were bringing up new troops from Spa.
Battle of the Bulge 
 He sent infantry from the 2nd SS Panzergrenadier Regiment in an attack and a company of Fallschirmjäger.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Kampfgruppe Sandig, which had been ordered to take Stavelot, launched another attack without success.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Sixth Panzer Army commander SS-Oberstgruppenführer Sepp Dietrich ordered Hermann Prieß, commanding officer of the I SS Panzer Corps, to help Peiper's Kampfgruppe, but Prieß was unable to break through.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Small units of the U.S. 2nd Battalion of the 119th Regiment attacked the Kampfgruppe Peiper during the morning of 21 December.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Attempting to withdraw from Cheneux, American paratroopers from the 82nd Airborne Division engaged the Germans in violent fighting.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Eleven black American soldiers, after surrendering, were tortured and then shot by men of the 1st SS Panzer Division, belonging to Kampfgruppe Knittel.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The Germans did better when the Fifth Panzer Army attacked positions held by the U.S. 28th and 106th Infantry Divisions.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The Germans lacked the strength that they had in the north, but they still had more troops and weapons than the 28th and 106th divisions.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The official U.S. Army history states: "At least seven thousand [men] were lost here and the figure probably is closer to eight or nine thousand."
Battle of the Bulge 
 Since the German plan called for the capture of St. Vith by 18:00 on 17 December, they were behind schedule.
Battle of the Bulge 
 To protect the river crossings on the Meuse, Montgomery ordered units to hold the bridges on 19 December.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Fifth Panzer Army was led by the 2nd Panzer Division while Panzer Lehr Division came up from the south.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Lack of fuel held up the advance for one day, but on 23 December the attack continued towards the towns of Hargimont and Marche.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Gen. Lüttwitz, commander of the XXXXVII Panzer Corps, ordered the Division to turn west towards Dinant and the Meuse.
Battle of the Bulge 
 For Operation Greif, Otto Skorzeny got English-speaking Germans in American uniforms behind the Allied lines.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Although they failed to take the bridges over the Meuse, they caused confusion  and rumors spread quickly.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Checkpoints were set up all over the Allied rear, greatly slowing the movement of soldiers and equipment.
Battle of the Bulge 
 American MPs at these checkpoints asked troops about things that every American was expected to know.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The tightened security made things very hard for the German soldiers to move about, and a number of them were captured.
Battle of the Bulge 
 when asked about their mission, some of them claimed they had been told to go to Paris to either kill or capture General Dwight Eisenhower.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Skorzeny said that he was told by German legal experts that as long he doesn't order his men to fight in combat while wearing American uniforms, such a tactic was a legitimate trick.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Skorzeny was tried by an American military tribunal in 1947 at the Dachau Trials for violating the laws of war from his leadership of Operation Greif, but was acquitted.
Battle of the Bulge 
 In Operation Währung, a small number of German agents went behind Allied lines in American uniforms.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The 112th Infantry Regiment kept German troops from using the Our River bridges around Ouren for two days, before withdrawing.
Battle of the Bulge 
 The battles for the villages and American strongpoints, and transport confusion on the German side, slowed the attack down.
Battle of the Bulge 
 In the south, Brandenberger's three infantry divisions were stopped by divisions of the U.S. VIII Corps.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Eisenhower and his commanders realized by 17 December that the fighting in the Ardennes was a major offensive and not a small attack, and they ordered many new troops to the area.
Battle of the Bulge 
 By the time the senior Allied commanders met on 19 December, the town of Bastogne and its 11 roads had been held by the Germans for several days.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Two separate westbound German columns got stopped by defensive positions up to ten miles from the town.
Battle of the Bulge 
 Gen. Eisenhower realized that the Allies could destroy German forces much more easily when they were out in the open.