the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Universe 
 As an example, our Milky Way Galaxy is roughly 100,000 light years in diameter, and our nearest sister galaxy, the Andromeda Galaxy, is located roughly 2.5 million light years away.
Universe 
 The observable Universe contains more than 2 trillion (1012) galaxies and, overall, as many as an estimated  stars (more stars than all the grains of sand on planet Earth).
Universe 
 Typical galaxies range from dwarf galaxies with as few as ten million (107) stars up to giants with one trillion (1012) stars, all orbiting the galaxy's center of mass.
Universe 
 Thus, a very rough estimate from these numbers would suggest there are around one sextillion (1021) stars in the observable Universe; though a 2003 study by Australian National University astronomers resulted in a figure of 70 sextillion (7 x 1022).
Universe 
 The matter that can be seen is spread throughout the Universe when averaged over distances longer than 300 million light-years.
Universe 
 However, on smaller length-scales, matter is observed to form 'clumps', many atoms are condensed into stars, most stars into galaxies, most galaxies into galaxy groups and clusters and, lastly, the largest-scale structures such as the Great Wall of galaxies.
Universe 
 The present overall density of the Universe is very low, roughly 9.9 × 10−30 grams per cubic centimetre.
Universe 
 This mass-energy appears to consist of 73% dark energy, 23% cold dark matter and 4% ordinary matter.
Universe 
 The best good guess of the Universe's age is 13.798±0.037 billion years old, based on what was seen of the cosmic microwave background radiation.
Universe 
 Independent estimates (based on measurements such as radioactive dating) agree, although they are less precise, ranging from 11–20 billion years.
Universe 
 This getting bigger accounts for how Earth-bound people can see the light from a galaxy 30 billion light-years away, even if that light has traveled for only 13 billion years; the very space between them has expanded.
Universe 
 This expansion is consistent with the observation that the light from distant galaxies has been redshifted; the photons emitted have been stretched to longer wavelengths and lower frequency during their journey.
Universe 
 The rate of this spatial expansion is accelerating, based on studies of Type Ia supernovae and other data.
Universe 
 The relative amounts of different chemical elements — especially the lightest atoms such as hydrogen, deuterium and helium — seem to be identical in all of the Universe and throughout all of the history of it that we know of.
Universe 
 The Universe appears to have a smooth space-time continuum made of three spatial dimensions and one temporal (time) dimension.
Universe 
 On the average, space is very nearly flat (close to zero curvature), meaning that Euclidean geometry is experimentally true with high accuracy throughout most of the Universe.
Universe 
 However, the Universe may have more dimensions, and its spacetime may have a multiply connected global topology.
Universe 
 According to the prevailing Standard Model of physics, all matter is composed of three generations of leptons and quarks, both of which are fermions.
Universe 
 These elementary particles interact via at most three fundamental interactions: the electroweak interaction which includes electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force; the strong nuclear force described by quantum chromodynamics; and gravity, which is best described at present by general relativity.
Universe 
 There is no explanation for the particular values that physical constants appear to have throughout our Universe, such as Planck's constant h or the gravitational constant G. Several conservation laws have been identified, such as the conservation of charge, conservation of momentum, conservation of angular momentum and conservation of energy.
Universe 
 The best theory available is Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, which has passed all experimental tests so far.
Universe 
 However, since rigorous experiments have not been carried out on cosmological length scales, general relativity could conceivably be inaccurate.
Universe 
 Nevertheless, its predictions appear to be consistent with observations, so there is no reason to adopt another theory.
Universe 
 General relativity provides of a set of ten nonlinear partial differential equations for the spacetime metric (Einstein's field equations) that must be solved from the distribution of mass-energy and momentum throughout the Universe.
Universe 
 Since these are unknown in exact detail, cosmological models have been based on the cosmological principle, which states that the Universe is homogeneous and isotropic.
Universe 
 In effect, this principle asserts that the gravitational effects of the various galaxies making up the Universe are equivalent to those of a fine dust distributed uniformly throughout the Universe with the same average density.
Universe 
 The assumption of a uniform dust makes it easy to solve Einstein's field equations and predict the past and future of the Universe on cosmological time scales.
Universe 
 Einstein's field equations include a cosmological constant (Lamda: Λ), that is related to an energy density of empty space.
Universe 
 Depending on its sign, the cosmological constant can either slow (negative Λ) or accelerate (positive Λ) the expansion of the Universe.
Universe 
 Although many scientists, including Einstein, had speculated that Λ was zero, recent astronomical observations of type Ia supernovae have detected a large amount of dark energy that is accelerating the Universe's expansion.
Universe 
 Preliminary studies suggest that this dark energy is related to a positive Λ, although alternative theories cannot be ruled out as yet.
Universe 
 The prevailing Big Bang model accounts for many of the experimental observations described above, such as the correlation of distance and redshift of galaxies, the universal ratio of hydrogen:helium atoms, and the ubiquitous, isotropic microwave radiation background.
Universe 
 As noted above, the redshift arises from the metric expansion of space; as the space itself expands, the wavelength of a photon traveling through space likewise increases, decreasing its energy.
Universe 
 The longer a photon has been traveling, the more expansion it has undergone; hence, older photons from more distant galaxies are the most red-shifted.
Universe 
 Determining the correlation between distance and redshift is an important problem in experimental physical cosmology.
Universe 
 Other experimental observations can be explained by combining the overall expansion of space with nuclear physics and atomic physics.
Universe 
 As the Universe expands, the energy density of the electromagnetic radiation decreases more quickly than does that of matter, since the energy of a photon decreases with its wavelength.
Universe 
 Thus, although the energy density of the Universe is now dominated by matter, it was once dominated by radiation; poetically speaking, all was light.
Universe 
 As the Universe expanded, its energy density decreased and it became cooler; as it did so, the elementary particles of matter could associate stably into ever larger combinations.
Universe 
 Thus, in the early part of the matter-dominated era, stable protons and neutrons formed, which then associated into atomic nuclei.
Universe 
 At this stage, the matter in the Universe was mainly a hot, dense plasma of negative electrons, neutral neutrinos and positive nuclei.
Universe 
 Nuclear reactions among the nuclei led to the present abundances of the lighter nuclei, particularly hydrogen, deuterium, and helium.
Universe 
 Eventually, the electrons and nuclei combined to form stable atoms, which are transparent to most wavelengths of radiation; at this point, the radiation decoupled from the matter, forming the ubiquitous, isotropic background of microwave radiation observed today.
Universe 
 According to the prevailing theory, a slight imbalance of matter over antimatter was present in the Universe's creation, or developed very shortly thereafter.
Universe 
 Although the matter and antimatter mostly annihilated one another, producing photons, a small residue of matter survived, giving the present matter-dominated Universe.
Universe 
 Several lines of evidence also suggest that a rapid cosmic inflation of the Universe occurred very early in its history (roughly 10−35 seconds after its creation).
Universe 
 Recent observations also suggest that the cosmological constant (Λ) is not zero, and that the net mass-energy content of the Universe is dominated by a dark energy and dark matter that have not been characterized scientifically.
Universe 
 Dark matter gravitates as ordinary matter does, and thus slows the expansion of the Universe; by contrast, dark energy serves to accelerate the Universe's expansion.
Universe 
 A chance "Boltzmann's brain" may appear, and random quantum fluctuations and quantum tunnelling could generate a new Big Bang after an incredible amount of time.
Universe 
 Over an infinite time there could also be an entropy decrease by Poincaré recurrence theorem or by thermal fluctuations.
Unit of measurement 
 Units of measurement give standards so that the numbers from our measurements refer to the same thing.
Unit of measurement 
 During that time, saying that something had a length of two meters meant that it was exactly twice as long as the rod used to define the meter.
Unit of measurement 
 The older two, the British imperial system and the closely related US customary system use the foot as a measure of length, the pound as a measure for weight, and the second as a measure for time.
Unit of measurement 
 The number of smaller units that make the bigger units in these two systems varies: For example, there are 12 inches in a foot and 16 ounces in a pound.
Unit of measurement 
 The newest and most used of the three systems is the metric system or SI system which use 10, 100 or 1000 of a smaller unit to make a bigger one.
Unit of measurement 
 The second is the basis for time measurement, and it is based on the sexagesimal system: 60 seconds make one minute, and 60 minutes make one hour.
Unit of measurement 
 When you measure something with a metre stick, you can compare that measurement to anything else that is also measured with a metre stick.
Unit of measurement 
 Science, medicine and engineering use smaller units of measurement to measure small things with less error.
Unit of measurement 
 They include the kilometre (km) which is 1,000 metres, the centimetre (cm), and the millimetre (mm) which is 1/1,000th of a metre.
Unit of measurement 
 A millilitre (abbreviated as mL) is the amount of liquid that would fill up a cube that measures 1 centimetre on each side.
Unit of measurement 
 While many of these countries, including the United Kingdom, have officially adopted SI, the older system of units are still used.
Unit of measurement 
 These are similar to the British imperial units and also based on the units used in the United Kingdom from before American Independence.
Unit of measurement 
 For example, there are 20 imperial fluid ounces in an imperial pint, but 16 US fluid ounces in a US pint.
Unit of measurement 
 In the United States, the metric system has been legal for trade since 1866 but other measurements such as the gallon, inch, and the pound are still widely used.
Unit of measurement 
 Even when measuring water, the number of ounces of weight is not the same as the number of fluid ounces.
Unit of measurement 
 The units for electricity, magnetism and radiation were mostly invented in the 19th century when scientists learned how to measure them.
United States customary units 
 U.S. customary units is the system of units of measurement used to measure things in the United States and U.S. territories.
United States customary units 
 Common volume units are the teaspoon, tablespoon (3 teaspoons), fluid ounce (two tablespoons), cup (8 ounces), pint (2 cups, or 16 fluid ounces), quart (2 pints, or 32 fluid ounces), US gallon (16 cups, 128 fluid ounces, or 3.8 liters).
United States customary units 
 Much infrastructure in the United States and British Empire was built in past centuries using the old measures.
United States customary units 
 During the 20th century some sectors such as science, medicine and the military of the United States converted to metric but Americans still use the old units for daily purposes.
United States customary units 
 On the other hand, world trade is conducted using the metric system and except for the US, the world uses the metric system for almost all purposes.
Uranus 
 The temperature on Uranus is  near the top of its atmosphere, but its small solid core (about 55% the mass of Earth) is probably about .
Uranus 
 Uranus  has been observed many times through a telescope, and even through the naked eye, but was mistaken for a star due to its slow orbit.
Uranus 
 Sir William Herschel observed Uranus on 13 March 1781 from the garden of his house at 19 New King Street in Bath, Somerset, England (now the Herschel Museum of Astronomy), and first reported it (on 26 April 1781) as a comet.
Uranus 
 With a homemade 6.2-inch reflecting telescope, Herschel "engaged in a series of observations on the parallax of the fixed stars."
Uranus 
 Herschel wrote in his journal: "In the quartile near ζ Tauri ... either [a] Nebulous star or perhaps a comet."
Uranus 
 On 17 March he noted: "I looked for the Comet or Nebulous Star and found that it is a Comet, for it has changed its place."
Uranus 
 When he presented his discovery to the Royal Society, he continued to assert that he had found a comet, but also implicitly compared it to a planet:
Uranus 
 Herschel notified the Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne of his discovery and received this reply from him on 23 April 1781: "I don't know what to call it.
Uranus 
 It is as likely to be a regular planet moving in an orbit nearly circular to the sun as a Comet moving in a very eccentric ellipsis.
Uranus 
 Although Herschel continued to describe his new object as a comet, other astronomers had already begun to think otherwise.
Uranus 
 Finnish-Swedish astronomer Anders Johan Lexell, working in Russia, was the first to calculate the orbit of the new object.
Uranus 
 Berlin astronomer Johann Elert Bode described Herschel's discovery as "a moving star that can be deemed a hitherto unknown planet-like object circulating beyond the orbit of Saturn".
Uranus 
 By 1783, Herschel acknowledged this to Royal Society president Joseph Banks: "By the observation of the most eminent Astronomers in Europe it appears that the new star, which I had the honour of pointing out to them in March 1781, is a Primary Planet of our Solar System."
Uranus 
 In recognition of his achievement, King George III gave Herschel an annual stipend of £200 on condition that he move to Windsor so that the Royal Family could look through his telescopes ().
Uranus 
 The planet Uranus has a system made of 13 rings which is far fewer than the rings of Saturn but more than those around Jupiter and Neptune.
Uranus 
 More than 200 years ago, William Herschel also reported observing rings, but modern astronomers do not believe that he saw them, because they are very dark and faint.
Uranus 
 Two additional rings were discovered in 1986 in images taken by Voyager 2, and two outer rings were found in 2003–2005 by the Hubble Space Telescope.
Uranus 
 The Uranian ring system probably began from the collisional fragmentation of moons that once existed around the planet.
Uranus 
 After colliding, the moons probably broke up into many particles, which survived as narrow, optically dense rings only in zones of maximum stability.
Uranus 
 In order of increasing distance from the planet they are: 1986U2R/ζ, 6, 5, 4, α, β, η, γ, δ, λ, ε, ν, μ rings.
Uranus 
 They can be divided into three groups: nine narrow main rings (6, 5, 4, α, β, η, γ, δ, ε), two dusty rings (1986U2R/ζ, λ) and two outer rings (μ, ν).
Uranus 
 The rings of Uranus   consist mainly of macroscopic particles and  little dust, although dust is known to be present in 1986U2R/ζ, η, δ, λ, ν and μ rings.
Uranus 
 In addition to these well-known rings, there may be numerous optically thin dust bands and faint rings between them.
Uranus 
 A number of dust bands between the rings were observed in forward-scattering  geometry by Voyager 2.
Uranus 
 The rings are slightly red in the ultraviolet and visible parts of the spectrum and grey in near-infrared.
Uranus 
 However, they cannot be made of pure water ice like the rings of Saturn because they are too dark, darker than the inner moons of Uranus.
Uranus 
 The nature of this material is not clear, but it may be organic compounds considerably darkened by the charged particle irradiation from the Uranian magnetosphere.
Uranus 
 The rings' particles may consist of a heavily processed material which was initially similar to that of the inner moons.
Uranus 
 As a whole, the ring system of Uranus is unlike either the faint dusty rings of Jupiter or the broad and complex rings of Saturn, some of which are composed of very bright material—water ice.
Uranus 
 However, there are similarities with some parts of the latter ring system; the Saturnian F ring and the ε ring are both narrow, relatively dark and are shepherded by a pair of moons.
Uranus 
 In addition, dust bands observed between the main rings of Uranus may be similar to the rings of Jupiter.
Uranus 
 In contrast, the Neptunian ring system is quite similar to that of Uranus, although it is less complex, darker and contains more dust.
Uranus 
 With time, discrepancies began to appear between the predicted and observed orbits, and in 1841, John Couch Adams first proposed that the differences might be due to the gravitational tug of an unseen planet.
Uranus 
 On September 23, 1846, Johann Gottfried Galle found a new planet, later called Neptune, at nearly the position predicted by Le Verrier.
Uranus 
 As on all giant planets, its upper atmosphere experiences very strong winds in the direction of rotation.
Uranus 
 At some latitudes, such as about two-thirds of the way from the equator to the south pole, visible features of the atmosphere move much faster, making a full rotation in as little as 14 hours.
Uranus 
 Keck pictures of Uranus show best view from the ground  — Press release with some photographs showing rings, satellites and clouds
University 
 The word university comes from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, roughly meaning "community of teachers and scholars".
University 
 A person studying biology at university has many courses about biology and fewer courses in other fields such as languages or history.
University 
 In some cases such as law, where there are both knowledge and practical issues, the university does mainly the theoretical side of the subject.
University 
 The first institution of this type was the University of Bologna, which later became a model for other centres of education.
University 
 At first, the universities had formed themselves according to the model of the professional groups and like almost everything in the Middle Ages, they remained tied to the Catholic Church.
University 
 At the beginning, they had worked to teach the so-called "seven liberal arts" (the trivium and the quadrivium):
University 
 The university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian tradition.
University 
 European higher education took place for hundreds of years in cathedral schools or monastic schools (scholae monasticae).
University 
 In the early medieval period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools, usually when these schools became mainly sites of higher education.
University 
 He ordered the establishment of cathedral schools, which eventually turned into the first European universities.
University 
 A university can include several campuses or different places where classes are taught by professors.
University 
 In each campus there are several faculties and university schools (mainly for teaching), and also laboratories, departments and institutes of research.
University 
 Many campuses also have housing for students in buildings called dormitories and structures like libraries, study rooms and gymnasiums for students that live there.
University 
 The person with the highest right to control and to command in a university is the rector, who governs the university with the help of the party of vice-rectors and of other organs such as the social council and the governing body.
University 
 It is the second oldest university in Mexico, regarded as one of the most significant universities in Mexico.
Value 
 However Oscar Wilde wrote that 'people know the price of everything but the value of nothing'- in other words true value does not depend on money alone.
Value 
 However people may disagree on the value of water, depending if you live in a desert or next to a river.
Value 
 Disagreements on the value of things can create fights between nations, political parties, religions, etc.
Vocabulary 
 A hearing vocabulary and reading vocabulary are bigger than a speaking vocabulary or writing vocabulary, as people understand some words that they do not use.
Vegetable oil 
 Some kinds of plant oils that people use are palm oil, maize, olive, peanut, rapeseed, soy, and sunflower.
Verb 
 In some other languages (Chinese & Indonesian, for example) verbs do not change for past and present tense.
Verb 
 In order to explain and understand tense, it is useful to imagine time as a line on which past tense, present tense and future tense are positioned.
Verb 
 Aspect usually shows us things like whether the action is finished or not, or if something happens regularly.
Verb 
 English uses the gerund-participle, usually together with the auxiliary be (and its forms am, is, are, was, and were) to show the progressive aspect.
Verb 
 After If, wish and would rather, the past perfect can be used to talk about past events that never happened.
Verb 
 There is also a form of be that is used in conditionals to show that something is not true (e.g., If I were a bird, I would fly to California.)
Verb 
 Certain parts of a sentence naturally come before verbs or after them, but these are not always the same for all verbs.
Verb 
 Almost all English sentences have subjects, but sentences that are orders (called imperatives) usually do not have any subjects.
Verb 
 In fact, some verbs must have an object (e.g., take), but some verbs never take an object (e.g., sleep).
Verb 
 Verbs are different from adjectives, though, because they cannot be modified by very, more, or most.
Verb 
 But you cannot say "My teacher is very interesting me in math" because in this sentence interesting is a verb.
Verb 
 So, in "Running regularly is good for you", running is a verb because it is modified by regularly, an adverb.
Volume 
 The volume of an object is a measure of the amount of space occupied by that object, and is not to be confused with mass.
Volume 
 The height (or depth) stands for the size of that object in the direction perpendicular to both the length and the width.
Volume 
 For objects at or near the Earth's surface, height or depth often refers to the dimension of the object along the local vertical.
Volume 
 All physical objects occupy a volume, even if some are so thin that they appear to be two-dimensional, like a sheet of paper.
Volume 
 The unit of volume in the International System of Units is the cubic meter, which is represented by the symbol m3.
Volume 
 In some fields or applications, one often uses different units to simplify the discussions or writings.
Volume 
 Everyday quantities of liquids are often measured in units of a litre, written as L, which is the volume occupied by a cubic decimetre.
Volume 
 Large quantities of liquids, such as oil, and sometimes other materials, may be measured and traded in units of barrels.
Volume 
 Traditional units are still in encountered in some countries: Imperial units such as the gallon or the fluid ounce were in widespread use within the British Empire.
Volume 
 Some of them are still popular in the United States, which also uses units like the bushel, the quart, the cup and the teaspoon (in cooking recipes, for example).