the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Mahabharata 
 In the year 1932, The Bhandarkar oriental research institute located in Pune, needed money for the compilation and publication of the Holy Mahabharata and a guest house.
Mahabharata 
 A formal request was made to the seventh Nizam of Hyderabad State, Mir Osman Ali Khan who in no time released a farman to donate Rs.1000 per year for a period of 11 years.
Hajj 
 The Hajj ("pilgrimage") is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, the most holy city of the Muslims, and a Fard or mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by all adult Muslims who are physically and financially capable of undertaking the journey, and can support their family during their absence.
Hajj 
 The state of being physically and financially capable of performing the Hajj is called istita'ah, and a Muslim who fulfills this condition is called a mustati.
Hajj 
 The Hajj is a demonstration of the solidarity of the Muslim people, and their submission to God (Allah).
Hajj 
 The word Hajj means "to intend a journey", which connotes both the outward act of a journey and the inward act of intentions.
Hajj 
 The pilgrimage occurs from the 8th to 12th (or in some cases 13th) of Dhu al-Hijjah, the last month of the Islamic calendar.
Hajj 
 Because the Islamic calendar is lunar and the Islamic year is about eleven days shorter than the Gregorian year, the Gregorian date of Hajj changes from year to year.
Hajj 
 Ihram is the name given to the special spiritual state in which pilgrims wear two white sheets of seamless cloth and abstain from certain actions.
Hajj 
 The Hajj is associated with the life of Islamic prophet Muhammad from the 7th century, but the ritual of pilgrimage to Mecca is considered by Muslims to stretch back thousands of years to the time of Abraham.
Hajj 
 During Hajj, pilgrims join processions of hundreds of thousands of people, who simultaneously converge on Mecca for the week of the Hajj, and perform a series of rituals: each person walks counter-clockwise seven times around the Ka'aba (the cube-shaped building and the direction of prayer for the Muslims), runs back and forth between the hills of Al-Safa and Al-Marwah, drinks from the Zamzam Well, goes to the plains of Mount Arafat to stand in vigil, spends a night in the plain of Muzdalifa, and performs symbolic stoning of the devil by throwing stones at three pillars.
Hajj 
 The pilgrims then shave their heads, perform a ritual of animal sacrifice, and celebrate the three-day global festival of Eid al-Adha.
Hajj 
 However, even if they choose to perform the Umrah, they are still obligated to perform the Hajj at some other point in their lifetime if they have the means to do so, because Umrah is not a substitute for Hajj.
Hajj 
 Saudi Arabia's economy greatly benefits from Hajj tourism and has invested in hotel businesses as well as infrastructure to accommodate and profit from Hajj and Ummrah tourism.
English Civil War 
 At the centre, there was a struggle between King Charles I and the Parliament of England over how England should be ruled.
English Civil War 
 At first Parliament wanted to reduce the King's power, but later it decided that the country did not need a king.
English Civil War 
 From 1639 to 1653, there was fighting in England, Scotland and Ireland, three separate countries that were ruled by the same king.
English Civil War 
 The fighting that took place in each of these countries broke out at different times and for different reasons.
English Civil War 
 Some people think of this as one big war, while others think of it as three separate wars: the First English Civil War (1642-46), the Second English Civil War (1648) and the Third English Civil War (1649-51).
English Civil War 
 The wars are also sometimes known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, including the Bishops' Wars in Scotland in 1639 to 1640 and the Irish Rebellion from 1641 to 1653.
English Civil War 
 In the 17th century, the king had a lot of power over England with one exception: he could only raise taxes if the English Parliament agreed to it.
English Civil War 
 This was because Parliament represented the gentry (middle class), and no king could raise taxes without the help of the gentry.
English Civil War 
 When King James VI of Scotland inherited the throne (becoming James I of England), he disliked having to work with parliament.
English Civil War 
 Both James I and his son Charles I believed in the "divine right of kings", meaning that they believed that God gave kings the right to do anything they wanted over their lands.
English Civil War 
 But there was a difference between the two: James I accepted that he could not get what he wanted all the time, whereas Charles I always wanted to get his own way.
English Civil War 
 In the previous century, the Protestant Reformation and England's break with the Catholic Church had encouraged new ideas and struggles.
English Civil War 
 They believed that the Church of England was too much like the Roman Catholic Church it had broken away from.
English Civil War 
 In 1637, Charles I tried to introduce a new prayer book in Scotland that was very similar to the English Book of Common Prayer, without asking Scotland's Parliament or church.
English Civil War 
 But the members of Parliament did not want to work with Charles, and instead they complained about the king's actions (such as ship money) during the "Eleven Years' Tyranny".
English Civil War 
 Another problem was that many English people agreed with the Covenanters and did not want to help fight them.
English Civil War 
 The Long Parliament passed laws to stop the king from shutting it down and removed many of the king's allies.
English Civil War 
 The rebellion was caused by Irish Catholics who were fearful of the Protestants in the Long Parliament and the Scottish Covenanters.
English Civil War 
 In January 1642, Charles I marched into Parliament with guards, to arrest five members of Parliament (including Pym) who disagreed with him.
English Civil War 
 No king had ever entered the main chamber of Parliament before, and many members were shocked he would do this.
English Civil War 
 He failed to catch his enemies, and many members of Parliament who had not been enemies of the king became afraid of him.
English Civil War 
 The King found more support in the countryside, poorer parts of the country and northern and western England.
English Civil War 
 Parliament found more support in most cities, ports, richer parts of the country and southern and eastern England.
English Civil War 
 Some areas supported Parliament because of local problems, such as the land drainage works in The Fens.
English Civil War 
 The Royalists decided they would try to fight the Parliamentarians quickly, and so went to meet them in Warwickshire.
English Civil War 
 King Charles made a deal with the Irish rebels to stop the fighting in Ireland, freeing up soldiers that could fight for him.
English Civil War 
 The Ironsides were better organised than most cavalry units, which made them far better at fighting.
English Civil War 
 Helped by the Scots and the Ironsides, Parliament won a major victory the Battle of Marston Moor in July 1644.
English Civil War 
 Most of the Royalist soldiers at Naseby were taken prisoner.</small> King Charles escaped Naseby but left behind his baggage, which had letters inside them.
English Civil War 
 The Parliamentarians opened them and found out that the King was trying to get help from the Irish Catholics and from Catholic countries.
English Civil War 
 The New Model Army favoured allowing local churches to run themselves without there being a national church.
English Civil War 
 The defeated Royalists supported the existing Church of England, though some were secretly Catholic.
English Civil War 
 He refused to make a deal any of them, because he believed that only he had the right to rule over England.
English Civil War 
 He pretended he was interested in making a deal while he planned to take back control of the country.
English Civil War 
 A second war broke out when some Scottish Presbyterians (called the Engagers) and some English Presbyterians allied with the King.
English Civil War 
 They agreed to support him in return for making the English and Scottish churches into Presbyterian churches.
English Civil War 
 The rebellions in Wales, Kent, Essex and Cumberland were stronger but were put down by the New Model Army.
English Civil War 
 In an event called "Pride's Purge", army Colonel Thomas Pride removed all members of Parliament who had not supported the Army.
English Civil War 
 On 27 January 1649, the trial found him guilty of treason and called him a "tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy".
English Civil War 
 Many historians say that the execution of King Charles was an important moment in English history, and even in the history of the Western World.
English Civil War 
 Parliament announced instead that England would become a republic, called the Commonwealth of England.
English Civil War 
 The third English Civil War was actually more of a fight between Scottish and English armies, and much of it was fought in Scotland.
English Civil War 
 When Charles fled to England, Cromwell followed him, leaving George Monck to finish winning the war in Scotland.
English Civil War 
 Charles' army marched across England to the western regions where the Royalists had the most support.
English Civil War 
 It was mainly fought by Irish Catholics against armies of the English Parliamentarians, Scottish Covenantors and Protestant settlers in Ireland.
English Civil War 
 At first the rebels fought English Royalist armies as well, but this mostly stopped after September 1843.
English Civil War 
 Cromwell was remembered in Ireland as a brutal invader, particularly because of the large numbers of people killed at the Siege of Drogheda.
English Civil War 
 The wars left England, Scotland and Ireland all as part of the Commonwealth of England, one of the few countries in Europe without a monarch.
English Civil War 
 He chose to be "Lord Protector" rather than King, because he did not think the country needed another king.
English Civil War 
 The law was not changed to limit the monarch's power (this was done after the 1688 Glorious Revolution).
English Civil War 
 But historians consider the Civil War to be stage on England and Scotland's long journeys from rule by one king to becoming a democracy.
English Civil War 
 This was one of the reasons why Ireland would be ruled by Protestants from the late 17th century until the 20th century, even though most Irish people were Catholic.
English Civil War 
 Prince Rupert had fought in the Eighty Years War in The Netherlands and used the lessons learned there to improve his cavalry.
English Civil War 
 At the Battle of Edgehill, many of them decided to chase fleeing soldiers or steal from the Parliamentarian baggage wagons.
English Civil War 
 The Parliamentarians sometimes had a problem that pikemen would run away when cavalry charged at them.
Urdu 
 Urdu, also known as Lashkari or the Lashkari language (لشکری ‍زبان)  is the national language of Pakistan and a recognized regional language in India.
Urdu 
 It is an Indo-Aryan language, meaning it descends from Proto-Indo-Aryan, a language spoken northeast of the Caspian Sea in the third millennia BCE.
Urdu 
 With exceptions of numerous vocabulary words, phrases or tone of speaking, some words are similar to spoken Hindi.
Urdu 
 That is why speakers of Hindi and Urdu can have a conversation with one another, but they cannot read or write with Urdu or Hindi letters to one another.
Urdu 
 What is today most commonly known as "Urdu" is believed to have been born in the 11th century AD in Lahore and its surroundings when the Ghaznavid Empire entered the subcontinent and ruled over Punjab, the land of five rivers.
Urdu 
 When conquering Punjab or Hind with Lahore as its capital, they came into contact with the local population who spoke an Indo-Aryan language which began to adopt Persian words into their language.
Urdu 
 The contacts between Persian and the native language of Punjab began to form a new language and that became known as 'Lashkari Zaban' or language of the battalions.
Urdu 
 This new language also known as Hindavi became the common language of the locals and the ruling Ghaznavids in the region.
Urdu 
 By the twelfth century AD, the Ghaznavids pushed further east into the subcontinent and brought this language to Delhi where it became influenced by the local language, Khariboli.
Urdu 
 From Delhi it spread across much of the northern subcontinent and became the common language of communication.
Urdu 
 Native poets in these cities and most of the region contributed to its development and added many Persian and Chagatai words to it.
Urdu 
 The Mughal Empire was another Muslim Empire of Turkic origin and spoke Chagatai natively and Persian as their other language, although they were not ethnically Persian or racially Iranic.
Urdu 
 During this time the language commonly became known as the Zaban-i-Ordu or language of the Royal Camp.
Urdu 
 By the very late eighteenth century AD, the poet Ghulam Mashafi is believed to have given it the name "Urdu" which was shortened from "Zaban-i-Urdu."
Urdu 
 The word is from Chagatai, the native language of the Mughals and belonged to the Eastern Turkic subfamily of languages.
Urdu 
 Chagatai was closely related to today's Uzbek and Uyghur and distantly related to today's Turkish because all of them belonged to the same Turkic family of languages.
Urdu 
 Also during the Mughal Empire, what commonly became known as Urdu was a court language in a number of major South Asian cities, including Delhi, Amristsar, Lucknow and Lahore.
Urdu 
 By the time of the British Empire, it also became known as "Hindustani" or the language of Hindustan, the land of the Indus.
Urdu 
 By the end of British rule and the independence of Pakistan, it was selected as the national language for the people of the country because they spoke different languages and dialects.
Urdu 
 In India it became the national language but went by the name Hindi and was written in the Devanagari script.
Urdu 
 It also used a lesser amount of Arabic, Persian and Chagatai words and instead Sanskrit words were adopted in their place.
Urdu 
 Today it is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan in terms of total speakers and a registered language in 22 Indian states.
Urdu 
 The letters in Urdu are derived from the Persian/Farsi alphabet, which is derived from the Arabic alphabet.
Urdu 
 By adding these letters to the existing Persian letters the Urdu alphabet became more suitable for the people of Pakistan and for some people of North India who primarily use nastaliq script.
Urdu 
 Both are also Indo-Iranic languages descending from Proto-Indo-Iranic, but deriving from separate subbranches, Iranic and Indo-Aryan respectively.
Urdu 
 Nastaliq style is a cursive script invented by Mīr ʿAlī of Tabrīz, a very famous calligrapher during the Timurid period (1402–1502).
Urdu 
 The more formal register of Urdu is sometimes called zabān-e-Urdu-e-mo'alla (زبان اردو معلہ ), the "Language of Camp."
Urdu 
 In local translation, it is called Lashkari Zabān ( []) meaning "language of battalions" or "battalion language."
Urdu 
 The etymology of the word used in the Urdu language for the most part decides how nice or well done your speech is.
Urdu 
 For example, Urdu speakers would distinguish between پانی pānī and آب āb, both meaning "water" for example, or between آدمی  ādmi and مرد mard, meaning "man."
Urdu 
 The first word is ad derivative from Adam (آدم) Arabic mean from Adam and it can be used for both man and woman in place of human being.
Urdu 
 If Persian or Arabic grammar constructs, such as the izafat, are used in Urdu, the level of speech is also thought more formal and correct.
Urdu 
 Urdu is supposed to be a well formed language; many of words are used in it to show respect and politeness.
Urdu 
 This emphasis on politeness, which comes from the vocabulary, is known as Aadab ( Courteous ) and to sometimes as takalluf (Formal) in Urdu.
Urdu 
 Two very respected poets who are not only celebrated in the South Asian subcontinent but are famous in many other communities worldwide are Mirza Ghalib and Sir Dr Muhammed Iqbal.
Urdu 
 He focused his poetry on bringing out the plight of the suffering Muslim community of British India.
Urdu 
 In his poetry he very boldly highlighted the missing virtues and values in the morally corrupt Indian society.
Urdu 
 He played a large role in the Pakistan Movement, with many claiming that he was the one to imagine and initiate it.
Urdu 
 Assalam O Alaikum = Peace be upon you (It basically means hello, and it is a common greeting used in Islamic countries or among Muslims in general)
Urdu 
 Hindi is a language spoken primarily in India which replaced Farsi, Chagatai and Arabic terminology with Sanskrit.
Urdu 
 Grammatically they are the same, which is why Hindi and Urdu speakers are able to have a somewhat easy conversation with each other.
Urdu 
 Urdu has a majority of its vocabulary words and phrases borrowed from Persian, Chagatai and Arabic, languages spoken in Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, many countries of the Middle East and in Afghanistan etc.
Zakat 
 It is considered to be a personal responsibility for Muslims to help those in need and eliminate inequality.
Salat 
 To perform Salat, a person's mind must be in a state of ritual purity, which comes from ritual ablution, wuḍūʾ.
Salat 
 Muhammad said: "The one who responds to Azan out of faith and seeking Allah's pleasure will be admitted to paradise."
Salat 
 While there is a prayer leader in the mosque - the imam - they are not a priest, simply a person who knows a great deal about Islam.)
Salat 
 Praying together in a congregation helps Muslims to realise that all humanity is one, and all are equal in the sight of Allah.
Salat 
 The prayer ritual, which is over 1400 years old, is repeated five times a day by hundreds of millions of people all round the world.
Salat 
 In Islamic countries, the public call to prayer from the mosques sets the rhythm of the day for the entire population, including non-Muslims.
Salat 
 Carrying it out is not only highly spiritual, but connects each Muslim to all others around the world, and to all those who have uttered the same words and made the same movements at different times in Islamic history.
Salat 
 Prayer for a Quranists involves uniting mind, soul, and body in worship; so a Muslim carrying out these prayers will perform a whole series of set movements that go with the words of the prayer.
Salat 
 Quranists make sure that they are in the right frame of mind before they pray; they put aside all everyday cares and thoughts so that they can concentrate exclusively on God.
Salat 
 If a Quranist prays without the right attitude of mind, it as if they had not bothered to pray at all.
Salat 
 Muslims pray because God has told them that they are to do this, and because they believe that they obtain great benefit in doing so.
Fasting in Islam 
 Fasting in Islam or Sawm () is the practice of abstaining, usually from food, drink, smoking, and sexual activity.
Fasting in Islam 
 Fourth of the Five Pillars of Islam, Sawm is observed between dawn and nightfall during the holy month of Ramadan.
Fasting in Islam 
 Some exceptions or accommodations for Sawm are made in the case of pregnancy, illness, travel, and for young children.
Franz Schubert 
 There were other great composers who lived and worked in Vienna: Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven, but Schubert is the only one who was born in Vienna.
Franz Schubert 
 He was the last great composer of the Classical music period, and one of the first of the Romantic period.
Franz Schubert 
 He had been rejected by the army because he was too short (shorter than five feet) and his sight was very poor.
Franz Schubert 
 He wrote a song called "Gretchen am Spinnrade" which is about the young girl in the book sitting at a spinning wheel dreaming of her lover.
Franz Schubert 
 The music stops for a moment when the girl imagines her lover is kissing her, then the piano gradually starts again.
Franz Schubert 
 When it was first published another composer whose name was also Franz Schubert, thought that somebody had published a song in his name because the music publishers sent it to him for a correction.
Franz Schubert 
 A man called Schober persuaded Schubert to give up teaching so that he could spend all his time composing.
Franz Schubert 
 Soon he had become well known in all the drawing-rooms in Vienna where he met famous people, many of them musicians.
Franz Schubert 
 He wrote so many wonderful pieces that it seems strange that the music publishers did not want to publish them.
Franz Schubert 
 They were only interested in publishing works written by performers, but were not very interested in people like Schubert who just composed.
Franz Schubert 
 For a time he became music teacher for the two princesses of Count Johann Esterházy, but then he returned to Vienna to live with the Schober family.
Franz Schubert 
 Although Beethoven and Schubert lived in the same town they only met once, although they knew one another’s music.
Franz Schubert 
 German art songs are called Lieder (pronounced “leader”), and Schubert made his Lieder very special by making the piano accompaniments describe the action of the songs in many different ways.
Franz Schubert 
 It is best to hear them in German and to have a translation so that you understand what is being sung.
Franz Schubert 
 Among his most famous pieces are several string quartets, a string quintet (for 2 violins, viola and 2 cellos) and the “Trout” quintet (for piano, violin, viola, cello and double bass).
Franz Schubert 
 There are sonatas and sonatinas for violin and piano, and a sonata for an instrument called the “arpeggione” which was used for about ten years after it was invented and then it was forgotten.
Franz Schubert 
 Some people even think that he completed it and that the last two movements are either lost, or are now known as movements from a piano duet.
Franz Schubert 
 Most of his life he was supported by his friends who gave him manuscript paper when he could not afford it.
Franz Schubert 
 Other instruments that composer was playing on were a piano by Anton Walter & Sohn (now in the Kunsthistorisches museum in Vienna) and a piano from Viennese piano builder Conrad Graf.
Cowpox 
 The virus that causes cowpox was used to perform the first successful vaccination against another disease.
Cowpox 
 The virus is not commonly found in cows; the reservoir hosts for the virus are woodland rodents particularly voles.
Cowpox 
 Symptoms in cats include lesions on the face, neck, forelimbs, and paws, and less commonly upper respiratory tract infection.
Cowpox 
 Symptoms of infection with cowpox virus in humans are localized, pustular lesions generally found on the hands and limited to the site of introduction.
Cowpox 
 The incubation period (the time between an infection and the first signs of the disease) is 9–10 days.
Cowpox 
 After infection with the disease, the body (usually) gains the ability recognise the similar smallpox virus from its antigens and so is able to fight the smallpox disease much more efficiently.
1535 
 April – Jacques Cartier discovers the Iroquois city of Stadacona, Canada (now Quebec) and in May, the even greater Huron city of Hochelaga
1535 
 May 19 – French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail for his second voyage to North America with 3 ships, 110 men, and Chief Donnacona's 2 sons  (who Cartier kidnapped during his first voyage).
1535 
 October 4 – The first complete English-language Bible is printed, with translations by William Tyndale and Miles Coverdale.
1535 
 Anabaptist rebellion in some cities in the Netherlands, including a famous incident of seven men and five woman walking nude in the streets of Amsterdam.
1689 
 April 11  – Crowning of co-rulers King William III and Mary II as King and Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland.
1689 
 May 24 – The Act of Toleration passes the English Parliament protecting Protestants (Roman Catholics are intentionally excluded).