the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Articles of Confederation 
 The states have united "for their common defense, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general [well-being], [coming together] to assist each other, against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them...."
Articles of Confederation 
 (4) People in the United States have freedom of movement: anyone can pass freely between states except for "paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice."
Articles of Confederation 
 When a person travels into one state, he gets all of the rights that state gives to people that live there.
Articles of Confederation 
 If a person is found to have committed a crime in one state and to have run away to another state, he will be extradited to the state in which the crime happened and will be tried there.
Articles of Confederation 
 (5) Each state gets one vote in the "Congress of the Confederation" (called the "United States in Congress Assembled").
Articles of Confederation 
 (6) Only the confederation government is allowed to conduct foreign policy (work with other countries) and to declare war.
Articles of Confederation 
 Unless Congress gives permission, no states may have navies or full-time armies, and no states may fight in any war.
Articles of Confederation 
 (7) When an army is raised for common defense, the state legislatures will choose colonels and military ranks below Colonel.
Articles of Confederation 
 (9) The confederation government has the powers to declare war, to set weights and measures (including coins), and to have Congress serve as a final court for disagreements between states.
Articles of Confederation 
 The Articles of Confederation created the Congress of the Confederation, which was formally named the "United States in Congress Assembled".
Articles of Confederation 
 Also known as Council of State, it was meant to be the government when the Congress of the Confederation was not meeting.
Articles of Confederation 
 It so difficult for the United States government under the Articles of Confederation to respond to revolts like Shays' Rebellion because it could not draft an army and use federal troops to respond to riots and revolts.
Articles of Confederation 
 R. B. Bernstein, "Parliamentary Principles, American Realities: The Continental and Confederation Congresses, 1774-1789," in Inventing Congress: Origins & Establishment Of First Federal Congress ed by Kenneth R. Bowling and Donald R. Kennon (1999) pp 76–108
Articles of Confederation 
 The Continental Congress: A Definitive History of the Continental Congress From Its Inception in 1774 to March, 1789 (1941)
Articles of Confederation 
 Robert W. Hoffert, A Politics of Tensions: The Articles of Confederation and American Political Ideas (1992).
Articles of Confederation 
 Forged in War: The Continental Congress and the Origin of Military Supply and Acquisition Policy (2002)
Articles of Confederation 
 Merrill Jensen, The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774-1781 (1959).
Articles of Confederation 
 Merrill Jensen: "The Idea of a National Government During the American Revolution", Political Science Quarterly, 58 (1943), 356-79.
Articles of Confederation 
 Congressional Dynamics: Structure, Coordination, and Choice in the First American Congress, 1774-1789. (
Articles of Confederation 
 Jack N. Rakove, The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress  (1982).
Articles of Confederation 
 Jack N. Rakove, “The Collapse of the Articles of Confederation,” in The American Founding: Essays on the Formation of the Constitution.
Articles of Confederation 
 The Articles of Confederation, Chapter 45 (see page 253) of Volume 4 of Conceived in Liberty by Murray Rothbard, in PDF format.
History of the United States 
 The history of the United States is what happened in the past in the United States, a country in North America.
History of the United States 
 In 1775, a war between the thirteen colonies and Britain began when the colonists were upset over paying taxation to their government in the UK, but were not being given any chance to vote in the UK/British elections, to contribute to how that money was spent.
History of the United States 
 Just after dawn on April 19, 1775, the British attempted to disarm the Massachusetts militia at Concord, Massachusetts, this beginning the war with the "Shot Heard Round the World."
History of the United States 
 During the 19th century, the United States gained much more land in the West and began to become industrialized.
History of the United States 
 In 1861, several states in the South attempted to leave the United States to start a new country called the Confederate States of America.
History of the United States 
 Some Americans became very rich in this Gilded Age, and the country developed one of the largest economies in the world.
History of the United States 
 In the early 20th century, the United States became a world power, fighting in World War I and World War II.
History of the United States 
 Between the wars, there was an economic boom called the Roaring Twenties, when many people became richer, and a bust, called the Great Depression, when most were poorer.
History of the United States 
 The Middle East became more important in American foreign policy, especially after the September 11 attacks in 2001.
History of the United States 
 In the 2010s, Barack Obama's presidency helped many domestic problems in the country such as the auto business and healthcare coverage.
History of the United States 
 In 2020, the country oversaw the COVID-19 pandemic, social unrest over racial justice and disputes over the 2020 election results which led to violent reactions.
History of the United States 
 They had various cultures: Native Americans in the Eastern Woodlands hunted game and deer; Native Americans in the Northwest fished; Native Americans in the Southwest grew corn and built houses called pueblos; and Native Americans in the Great Plains hunted Bison.
History of the United States 
 In 1607, the first lasting English settlement was made at Jamestown, Virginia, by John Smith, John Rolfe and other Englishmen interested in gold and adventure.
History of the United States 
 A man named Roger Williams left Massachusetts after disagreeing with the Puritans, and started the colony of Rhode Island in 1636.
History of the United States 
 However, in time Britain controlled all of the colonies, and most American colonists adopted the British way of life.
History of the United States 
 New York City, Philadelphia, Boston, and Charleston were the largest cities and main ports at that time.
History of the United States 
 From 1756 to 1763, England and France fought a war over their land in America called the Seven Years' War or the French and Indian War, which the British won.
History of the United States 
 After the war, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 said that the colonists could not live west of the Appalachian Mountains.
History of the United States 
 After the French and Indian War, the colonists began to think that they were not getting their "rights as freeborn Englishman".
History of the United States 
 Americans called this "No taxation without representation", meaning that the colonists should not have to pay taxes unless they had votes in the British Parliament.
History of the United States 
 Many people were members of the Continental Congress, but some of the more important ones were Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, John Hancock, Roger Sherman and John Jay.
History of the United States 
 This was based on the English ideas of natural rights and social contract put forth by John Locke and others.
History of the United States 
 On July 4, 1776, people from the 13 colonies agreed to the United States Declaration of Independence.
History of the United States 
 Though American soldiers under George Washington lost many battles to the British, they won a major victory at Saratoga in 1777.
History of the United States 
 In 1781, an American victory at Yorktown helped by the French led Britain to decide to stop fighting and give up the colonies.
History of the United States 
 In 1781, the colonies formed a confederation of states under the Articles of Confederation, but it lasted only six years.
History of the United States 
 It could not remove Native Americans or the British from the frontier, nor could it stop mob uprisings such as Shays' Rebellion.
History of the United States 
 Many of the people who helped write the Constitution, such as Washington, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and Gouverneur Morris, were among the major thinkers in America at the time.
History of the United States 
 The constitution created a stronger national government that had three branches: executive (the President and his staff), legislative (the House of Representatives and the Senate), and judicial (the federal courts).
History of the United States 
 In other states, many people did not like the Constitution because it gave more power to the central government and had no bill of rights.
History of the United States 
 To try and get the Constitution passed, Madison, Hamilton and Jay wrote a series of newspaper articles called the Federalist Papers.
History of the United States 
 This was a set of 10 amendments (changes), that limited the government's power and guaranteed rights to the citizens.
History of the United States 
 Like the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution is a social contract between the people and the government.
History of the United States 
 The main idea of the Constitution is that the government is a republic (a representative democracy) elected by the people, who all have the same rights.
History of the United States 
 Because of state laws as well as the 14th, 15th, 19th, 24th and 26th Amendments, almost all American citizens who are at least 18 years old can vote today.
History of the United States 
 During Washington's term, there was a Whiskey Rebellion, where country farmers tried to stop the government from collecting taxes on whiskey.
History of the United States 
 In 1795, Congress passed the Jay Treaty, which allowed for increased trade with Britain in exchange for the British giving up their forts on the Great Lakes.
History of the United States 
 However, Great Britain was still doing things that hurt the U.S., such as impressment (making American sailors join the British Royal Navy).
History of the United States 
 John Adams defeated Thomas Jefferson in the election of 1796 to become the second President of the United States.
History of the United States 
 One of the most important things he did as President was to make the Louisiana Purchase from France, which made the United States twice as big.
History of the United States 
 Jefferson also tried to stop trade with England and France so that the United States would not become involved in a war the two countries were fighting.
History of the United States 
 This means that they worked for other people, but had no freedom and received no money for their work.
History of the United States 
 The South wanted to keep slavery, but by the time of the Civil War, many people in the North wanted to end it.
History of the United States 
 After the War of 1812 the Federalist Party faded away, leaving an "Era of Good Feelings" in which only one party was important, under Presidents James Madison and James Monroe.
History of the United States 
 Under Monroe, the United States' policy in North America was the Monroe Doctrine, which suggested that Europe should stop trying to control the United States and other independent countries in the Americas.
History of the United States 
 One of the big transportation projects of this time was the Erie Canal, a canal in the state of New York.
History of the United States 
 By 1860, thousands of miles of railroads and telegraph lines had been built in the United States, mostly in the Northeast and Midwest.
History of the United States 
 New religious movements such as the Holiness Movement and the Mormons started, and groups like the Methodist Church grew.
History of the United States 
 The Second Great Awakening led to two movements in reform, that is, changing laws and behaviors to make society better.
History of the United States 
 People such as Harriet Beecher Stowe and William Lloyd Garrison wrote books and newspapers saying that slavery should stop.
History of the United States 
 They also formed political movements, which included the Liberty Party, the Free Soil Party and the Republican Party.
History of the United States 
 As in other countries, American wives were very much under the control of their husband, and had almost no rights.
History of the United States 
 Women who were not married had only a few jobs open to them, such as working in clothing factories and serving as maids.
History of the United States 
 By the 19th century, women such as Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton thought that women should have more rights.
History of the United States 
 Many of the women involved in the movement for women’s rights were also involved in the movement to end slavery.
History of the United States 
 Since many of his supporters were poor people who had not voted before, he rewarded them with government jobs, which is called "spoils" or "patronage".
History of the United States 
 The first people who moved west were people who caught and sold animal skins such as John Colter and Jim Bridger.
History of the United States 
 By the 1840s, many people were moving to Oregon by wagon, and even more people went west after the California Gold Rush of 1849.
History of the United States 
 Many new states were added to the first thirteen, mostly in the Midwest and South before the Civil War and in the West after the Civil War.
History of the United States 
 In the 1830s, Indians were being pushed out of the Midwest and South by events such as the Trail of Tears and the Black Hawk War.
History of the United States 
 Mexico did not like this, and the Americans wanted the land Mexico had on the West Coast (“Manifest Destiny”).
History of the United States 
 During the war, the U.S captured the cities of San Francisco, Los Angeles, Monterrey, Veracruz and Mexico City.
History of the United States 
 Many people in the North did not like this war, because they thought it was just good for Southern slave states.
History of the United States 
 In the 1840s and 1850s, people in the Northern states and people in the Southern states did not agree whether slavery was right or wrong in the territories—parts of the United States that were not yet states.
History of the United States 
 Some deals were the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act, but they did not really work to keep the Union together.
History of the United States 
 People in the North did not like a Supreme Court decision called Dred Scott that kept Scott a slave.
History of the United States 
 One of the people from Bleeding Kansas, John Brown, took over a town in Virginia in 1859 to make a point about slavery being wrong and to try to get slaves to fight their owners.
History of the United States 
 In the election of 1860, the Democratic Party split and the Republican candidate for President, Abraham Lincoln, was elected.
History of the United States 
 Early in the war, Confederate generals such as Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson won battles over Union generals such as George B. McClellan and Ambrose Burnside.
History of the United States 
 In 1862 and 1863, the Union Army tried to take the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia several times, but failed each time.
History of the United States 
 In the middle of war, Lincoln made the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed all slaves in the Confederacy, and started letting black men fight in the Union Army.
History of the United States 
 Gettysburg stopped Lee from invading the North, and Vicksburg gave the Union control over the Mississippi River.
History of the United States 
 By 1865, Union General Ulysses S. Grant had taken Richmond and forced Lee to give up the fight at Appomattox.
History of the United States 
 The new president, Andrew Johnson, had to go through the process of reconstruction, which was putting the United States back together after the Civil War.
History of the United States 
 During this time, the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution were passed, freeing slaves, making them citizens and allowing them to vote.
History of the United States 
 They also sent many soldiers to the South, installed unpopular "scalawag" governments, and made the South pass the 14th and 15th Amendments.
History of the United States 
 White Southern Democrats started a group called the Ku Klux Klan that attacked blacks and stopped them from voting.
History of the United States 
 During this time, many people moved to the United States from other countries, such as Ireland, Italy, Germany, Eastern Europe, and China.
History of the United States 
 Many of them worked in large factories and lived in big cities, such as New York City, Chicago, and Boston, often in small, poor, close-together apartments called "tenements" or "slums".
History of the United States 
 The government could do little and leaders of big businesses often had more power than the government.
History of the United States 
 The Transcontinental Railroad, finished in 1869, helped get people and goods from the west to the rest of the country.
History of the United States 
 There were problems between the white settlers and the native Indians as more people began to move west.
History of the United States 
 These groups became the Populist Movement, which almost won the presidency under William Jennings Bryan.
History of the United States 
 In the United States, progressivism is the belief that the government should have a larger role in the everyday life of Americans to provide good living standards for people, especially workers.
History of the United States 
 In the late nineteenth and early 20th centuries, the U.S. started being more active in foreign affairs.
History of the United States 
 Combined with the purchase of Alaska and the taking-over of Hawaii, the United States had gained all the territory it has today, plus some it would later lose after World War II.
History of the United States 
 When Roosevelt was president, work was begun on the Panama Canal, a link between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans that made travel around the world much faster.
History of the United States 
 A group of people called the “muckrakers” wrote books and newspaper articles about subjects like the power of big business, unclean practices in factories, and the condition of poor people.
History of the United States 
 Another response to the muckrakers was something called "trust-busting", where big businesses were broken up into smaller ones.
History of the United States 
 He fought the "triple wall of privilege", which was big business, taxes, and fees on goods coming into the United States.
History of the United States 
 In January 1917 Germany started attacking them again, and sent the Zimmerman Telegram to Mexico about invading the U.S. The United States joined the war against Germany, and it ended a year later.
History of the United States 
 During this time, many black people moved out of the South and into large cities such as New York City, Chicago, St. Louis and Los Angeles.
History of the United States 
 The Ku Klux Klan was powerful once again, and attacked black people, Catholics, Jews and immigrants.
History of the United States 
 People blamed the war and problems in business on immigrants and labor leaders, whom they said were Bolsheviks (Russian communists).
History of the United States 
 It passed laws and treaties that supposedly would end war forever, and refused to sell weapons to its former allies.
History of the United States 
 He believed that the best way to make the economy good was for the government to be friendly to big business by cutting taxes and regulating less.
History of the United States 
 While the economy was doing very well under these policies, America had the largest difference between how much money the rich had and how much money the poor had.
History of the United States 
 Coolidge believed that the government should keep out of business, just like Harding, and continued many of Harding's policies.
History of the United States 
 Many people were driven off farms, not only because of the Depression, but also because of a storm known as the "Dust Bowl" and because farmers had not been doing well during the 1920s.
History of the United States 
 It was a series of government programs which would give relief (to the people who were hurt by the bad economy), recovery (to make the economy better), and reform (to make sure a depression never happens again).
History of the United States 
 The New Deal had many programs such as Social Security, the National Recovery Administration (regulated wages), Works Progress Administration (built thousands of roads, schools, government buildings and works of art), the Civilian Conservation Corps (gave young people jobs to help the environment), and Tennessee Valley Authority (built dams and electric lines in the South).
History of the United States 
 Many of these programs were started early in Roosevelt's term in a time called the "Hundred Days" or in 1935 in a time called the "Second New Deal".
History of the United States 
 Programs like Social Security grew out of populist movements by people such as Huey Long that were called "Share Our Wealth" and "Ham and Eggs".
History of the United States 
 The New Deal also led to the rise of worker's unions such as the Congress of Industrial Organizations.
History of the United States 
 The New Deal is often called the period that "saved capitalism", and stopped America from becoming a Communist or Fascist state.
History of the United States 
 Most Americans thought the United States should remain neutral, and some people thought the United States should enter the war on the side of the Germans.
History of the United States 
 Eventually, the U.S. did try to help the Allied Powers (Soviet Union, Britain, and France) with the Lend Lease Act.
History of the United States 
 While some of the battles the U.S. fought in were air and naval battles with Japan, the U.S. mainly fought in Europe and Africa.
History of the United States 
 Japanese-Americans on the West Coast were forced to live in internment camps, though a few also served in the Army.
History of the United States 
 After World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States were the two most powerful countries left in the world.
History of the United States 
 The Soviet Union tried to get countries to become Communist and the United States tried to stop them from being Communist.
History of the United States 
 American and Soviet soldiers never fought in battles, but they fought indirectly in the Korean War (1950s) and the Vietnam War (1950s–1970s).
History of the United States 
 It started with a few American troops in Vietnam, but by the 1960s thousands of Americans were being sent to Vietnam.
History of the United States 
 Both wars were between a Northern Communist government helped by the Soviet Union and Communist China and a Southern government helped by the U.S. The Korean War resulted in a split Korea, but the Vietnam War resulted in a Communist Vietnam after the United States left due to American people wanting to end the war.
History of the United States 
 Over a quarter million Americans died or were wounded in Vietnam, which was very much a military failure.
History of the United States 
 During the Cuban Missile Crisis, the U.S. and Soviet Union came very close to attacking each other with nuclear weapons.
History of the United States 
 During the Cold War, the United States had a "Red Scare" where the government tried to find people it thought were Communist.
History of the United States 
 The House of Representatives had a group called the House Un-American Activities Committee to deal with this, and Joseph McCarthy led hearings in the Senate.