the-french-artist/wikipedia_20220301.simple_sentence_embeddings huggingface dataset:
Abnormal psychology 
 This tends to change over time within cultures, so people that live in a country at one time in history might consider abnormal what people who live in the same country consider normal years before or years later.
Abnormal psychology 
 Abnormal psychology is often used to understand or to treat people with mental disorders to make life better for them.
Abnormal psychology 
 This is because abnormal behaviour is often defined as when someone is not able to change how they behave to fit different settings.
Abnormal psychology 
 When someone cannot change their behaviour to fit the people and situations around them when they need to, it can cause suffering, and the person may be uncomfortable when around people.
Abnormal psychology 
 People who can change to fit their the environment around them more easily than most people can also have behaviour that is considered abnormal and might also have an easier life with the help of a psychologist.
Abnormal psychology 
 These cultures include religious cultures, as well as the Ancient Chinese, Ancient Egyptians, Hebrews, and Ancient Greeks.
Abnormal psychology 
 These cultures have writings that say abnormal behaviour in the form of supernatural events created demons or Gods that would take over a person and act through those people.
Abnormal psychology 
 In the Roman Catholic Church, exorcisms were done to make these demons leave the body of the individuals they possessed.
Abnormal psychology 
 They became popular in Europe with the Madhouse Act of 1774, although they did exist before the Act.
Abnormal psychology 
 14 Also, in the late 1700s, Philippe Pinel started to encourage better treatment of the mentally insane.
Abnormal psychology 
 Most of the asylums were closed in the late 1900s because of the invention of antipsychotic medicines.
Abnormal psychology 
 This includes Broadmoor Hospital, which houses some of Britain's the most dangerous criminals with mental illnesses.
Abnormal psychology 
 She started a "mental hygiene" group to encourage politicians to change the treatment of mental patients in the United States.
Abnormal psychology 
 When people became aware of the wrongdoing in mental asylums, money was raised to improve the treatment of patients and the asylums.
Abnormal psychology 
 Mary Jane Ward wrote a book in 1946 called "The Snake Pit" that raised awareness of the inhumane treatment of mental patients.
Abnormal psychology 
 The lack of good support programs meant that patients felt abandoned and found it hard to fit into normal life.
Abnormal psychology 
 This was when abnormal behaviour was thought to be a religious issue rather than a psychological one.
Abnormal psychology 
 The Biological approach to explaining abnormal behaviour assumes that the behaviour can be explained by physical factors.
Abnormal psychology 
 Hippocrates was a man who lived during the 5th century and is thought by many to be the father of modern medicine.
Abnormal psychology 
 Hippocrates believed that there were natural causes for the disorders and appropriate treatments could be found.
Abnormal psychology 
 He believed that the four humours must be balanced for healthy mental states and when one humour was stronger, various disorders would appear.
Abnormal psychology 
 11 There are now new ideas when talking about the biological explanations of psychological disorders.
Abnormal psychology 
 Another Greek physician called Galen also took a scientific approach to the causes of psychological disorders.
Abnormal psychology 
 Psychological explanations for abnormal behavior sometimes take a behavioral approach in which the positive behaviors are reinforced and negative ones are not.
Abnormal psychology 
 This approach is more focused on changing the actual behavior of a person than the true cause of it.
Abnormal psychology 
 Methods of hypnosis by were used by Freud, but also by Franz Mesmer and physicians in the Nancy School.
Abnormal psychology 
 However, Freud attempted to have his patients confess their deepest, truest emotions, which was referred to as a catharsis.
Abnormal psychology 
 Freud's work led to other great psychoanalytic theorists such as Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and Harry Stack Sullivan.
Abnormal psychology 
 Wilhelm Wundt and William James were credited for opening up the first experimental psychology laboratories.
Abnormal psychology 
 This led to many studies and psychological methods, such as classical conditioning led by Ivan Pavlov and John B. Skinner, while Edward Thorndike and B. F. Skinner were the leaders of the study of operant conditioning.p.
Abnormal psychology 
 The North American reference book used by psychiatrists and psychologists to diagnose and treat psychological disorders is known as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).
Abnormal psychology 
 The DSM is relied upon by clinicians, health insurance companies, medicine companies, and the legal system as a reference for understanding and identifying mental disorders.
Abnormal psychology 
 The DSM divides mental disorders into groups and provides descriptive signs and symptoms that define each disorder.
Abnormal psychology 
 In addition, it lists statistics for each disorder ranging from its frequency in the general population to the most effective form of treatment.
Abnormal psychology 
 Before diagnosing an individual with a specific mental disorder, a professional must first determine whether that individual does in fact suffer from a mental disorder.
Abnormal psychology 
 When in its full-blown state, causes stress, impairment in social functioning, or behavior that one would like to stop voluntarily because it poses a threat to physical health, and
Abnormal psychology 
 When using the DSM, a complete psychiatric diagnosis is split up into five dimensions, called "axes", that relate to different characteristics of disability or disorder:
Abnormal psychology 
 Axis I contains all categories of mental disorder except mental retardation and personality disorders.
Abnormal psychology 
 A disorder within this axis is similar to an illness or disease in general medicine, and includes depression, anxiety disorder, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, and anorexia.
Abnormal psychology 
 Axis II contains mental retardation and personality disorders such as paranoid personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.
Abnormal psychology 
 This axis contains a large number of disorders, all of which relate to how a person thinks and acts with the world.
Abnormal psychology 
 Axis III contains general medical conditions, minor medical conditions and any physical disorders of the individual.
Abnormal psychology 
 When the first three axes are used, relationships can be seen and it becomes easier for professionals to find the cause for mental disorder and treat a person effectively.
Abnormal psychology 
 Axis IV contains any environmental or social factors that could play a role in diagnosing an individual.
Abnormal psychology 
 Poor social relationships, the death of a loved one, or being fired from work are all stressful factors that may aid in the development of mental disorder.
Abnormal psychology 
 The Global Assessment of Functioning used a scale of 0-100, but has been replaced in the DSM-5 by a survey and check box that is less subjective.
Abnormal psychology 
 The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) was created by the World Health Organization (WHO) and is the universal diagnostic system for mental disorders.
Abnormal psychology 
 The ICD is approved by health officials from 193 WHO member countries, and is available for free on the internet.
Abnormal psychology 
 The coding system used in the DSM is designed to be compatible with the system used in the ICD; however, some codes may not match because the two publications get revised at different times.
Abnormal psychology 
 Chapter 5 of the ICD-10 covers over 300 mental and behavioral disorders which are divided into the following categories:
Abnormal psychology 
 This theory states that human behavior is controlled by unconscious forces such as instinct and that there is no such thing as free will.
Abnormal psychology 
 Many ideas found in the Psychoanalytic theory can be traced back to the famous psychologist Sigmund Freud.
Abnormal psychology 
 Freud believed mental disorders are a result of repressed memories and emotions from childhood; psychoanalysis is designed to search for these hidden memories and emotions and bring them to the patient's attention.
Abnormal psychology 
 Techniques such as hypnosis are used to tap into the unconscious mind with the hopes that the source of the disturbance is found.
Abnormal psychology 
 Freud also believed dreams had hidden meanings, and often asked patients to record their dreams for analysis.
Abnormal psychology 
 Because of the lack of scientific evidence supporting most Freudian ideas, psychoanalysis is rarely used by clinical psychologists and has been replaced by more effective forms of therapy.
Abnormal psychology 
 Behavior therapy is based on the theory of behaviorism, which states that all human behavior is a result of a stimulus and reinforcement.
Abnormal psychology 
 Applied behavior analysis (ABA) uses a form of operant conditioning where positive reinforcement is used to modify behavior.
Abnormal psychology 
 Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) focuses on conditioning the negative thoughts and feelings behind patients' behavior in order to alter that behavior.
Abnormal psychology 
 It goes beyond the traditional classical conditioning assumption that fear and anxiety must be learned directly; social learning theory suggests that a child could acquire a fear of snakes, for example, by observing a family member show fear in response to snakes.
Abnormal psychology 
 Humanistic therapy is a method taken from Carl Rogers, which aims to focus on a client as a human rather than the problem that they have.
Abnormal psychology 
 A therapist can adjust the environment and mood of a session in a way that mimics normal conversation.
Abnormal psychology 
 This often helps the patient realize the issues they have, and share them with the therapist more successfully than in a traditional counseling session.
Abnormal psychology 
 Humanistic therapy creates an effective means of getting to the source of a problem and treating it properly.
Abnormal psychology 
 Roger's own term was "client-centered therapy", which has the idea that the therapist is helping the client to become a genuine psychological adult.
John B. Watson 
 This school was extremely influential in the middle of the 20th century, when B.F. Skinner developed it further.
John B. Watson 
 Watson was forced to resign his chair at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, because his affair with a graduate student became a public scandal.
John B. Watson 
 After this, Watson worked for many years for J. Walter Thompson, a leading American advertising agency.
John B. Watson 
 Watson founded behaviorism in the spring of 1913 with his paper Psychology as the behaviorist views it.
John B. Watson 
 In this article, Watson outlined the major features of his new philosophy of psychology, called "behaviorism".
John B. Watson 
 Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science.
John B. Watson 
 Introspection forms no essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the readiness with which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness.
John B. Watson 
 The behaviorist, in his efforts to get a unitary scheme of animal response, recognizes no dividing line between man and brute.
John B. Watson 
 The behavior of man, with all of its refinement and complexity, forms only a part of the behaviorist's total scheme of investigation.
John B. Watson 
 In 1913, Watson viewed Ivan Pavlov's conditioned reflex as primarily a physiological mechanism controlling glandular secretions.
John B. Watson 
 He had already rejected Edward Thorndike's "Law of Effect" (a precursor to B.F. Skinner's principle of reinforcement) because of what Watson believed were 'unnecessary subjective elements'.
John B. Watson 
 The article is also notable for its strong defense of the objective scientific status of applied psychology, which at the time was considered to be much inferior to the established experimental psychology.
John B. Watson 
 With his behaviorism, Watson put the emphasis on external behavior of people and their reactions on given situations, rather than the internal, mental state of those people.
John B. Watson 
 In his opinion, the analysis of behaviors and reactions was the only objective method to get insight in the human actions.
John B. Watson 
 Watson wrote the book Psychological care of infant and child in 1928, with help from his mistress, turned wife, Rosalie Rayner.
John B. Watson 
 In the book, Watson explained that behaviorists were starting to believe psychological care and analysis was required for infants and children.
John B. Watson 
 Watson argued for the nurture side of the nature-nurture debate, claiming that the world would benefit from extinguishing pregnancies for twenty years while enough data was gathered to ensure an efficient child-rearing process.
John B. Watson 
 It included ideas such as that the child can occupy himself through his problem-solving abilities, should only cry when in physical pain, and that the child stray from asking questions.
John B. Watson 
 Watson carried out controversial science experiments known as the "Little Albert experiments"; in these experiments, Watson studied fear in infants.
John B. Watson 
 Coon, Deborah J. 1994 'Not a creature of reason': the alleged impact of Watsonian behaviorism on advertising in the 1920s.
John B. Watson 
 What psychology has to say about John B. Watson: classical behaviorism in psychology textbooks, 1920-1989.
John B. Watson 
 Todd, James T., & Morris, Edward K.  Modern perspectives on John B. Watson and Classical Behaviorism.
Indian English 
 English is the co-official language of India, with about 90 million speakers, but with fewer than quarter of a million calling it a first language.
Indian English 
 In 19th century India, Britain first faced the need to teach English to a body of people who were important to Britain.
Ivan Pavlov 
 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov  (14 September 1849 – 27 February 1936) was a Russian physiologist, psychologist, and physician.
Ivan Pavlov 
 He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904 for research about the digestive system.
Ivan Pavlov 
 The son of a priest, and a theology student, Pavlov turned to science after being influenced by progressive ideas.
Ivan Pavlov 
 In the 1890s, Pavlov was investigating the gastric function of dogs by externalizing a salivary gland so he could collect, measure, and analyze the saliva and what response it had to food under different conditions.
Ivan Pavlov 
 He noticed that the dogs tended to salivate before food was actually delivered to their mouths, and set out to investigate this "psychic secretion", as he called it.
Ivan Pavlov 
 Pavlov performed and directed experiments on digestion, eventually publishing The work of the digestive glands in 1897, after 12 years of research.
Ivan Pavlov 
 The concept for which Pavlov is famous is the "conditioned reflex" he developed with his assistant Ivan Tolochinov in 1901.
Ivan Pavlov 
 As Pavlov's work became known in the West, particularly through the writings of John B. Watson, the idea of "conditioning" as an automatic form of learning became a key concept in the developing specialism of comparative psychology, and the general approach to psychology called behaviourism.
Ivan Pavlov 
 The British philosopher Bertrand Russell was an enthusiastic advocate of the importance of Pavlov's work for philosophy of mind.
Ivan Pavlov 
 Pavlov's research on conditional reflexes greatly influenced not only science, but also popular culture.
Ivan Pavlov 
 The phrase "Pavlov's dog" is often used to describe someone who merely reacts to a situation rather than using critical thinking.
Ivan Pavlov 
 Pavlovian conditioning was a major theme in Aldous Huxley's dystopian novel, Brave New World, and also to a large degree in Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow.
Ivan Pavlov 
 However, his writings also record the use of many stimuli, including electric shocks, whistles, metronomes, tuning forks, and a range of visual stimuli.
Ivan Pavlov 
 Littman tentatively attributed the popular imagery to Pavlov’s contemporaries Vladimir Bekhterev and John B. Watson, until Thomas found several references that clearly said Pavlov did, indeed, use a bell.
Ivan Pavlov 
 It is less widely known that Pavlov's experiments on the conditional reflex included children, some of whom apparently underwent surgical procedures, similar to the dogs, for the collection of saliva.
Hamilton College 
 In 2007, U.S. News & World Report ranked Hamilton the 17th best liberal arts college in the United States.
Hamilton College 
 The school was founded in 1793, chartered as Hamilton College in 1812, and has been coeducational since 1978, when it merged with Kirkland College.
Hamilton College 
 Starting in 1996 the Sacerdote Great Names Series has brought some of the most sought after speakers to campus for presentations.
Hamilton College 
 While most of these have been in the form of speeches, they have also included concerts by B. B. King and Aretha Franklin.
Jon Stewart 
 Jon Stewart (born Jonathan Stuart Leibowitz; November 28, 1962), is an American comedian, actor, writer, and producer.
Jon Stewart 
 Stewart started as a stand-up comedian, but later branched out to television, hosting Short Attention Span Theater for Comedy Central.
Jon Stewart 
 He went on to host his own show on MTV, called The Jon Stewart Show and then hosted another show on MTV called You Wrote It, You Watch It.”
Quagga 
 It was a yellowish-brown zebra with stripes only on its head, neck and forebody, and looks similar to an Okapi.
Quagga 
 The Quagga was hunted for food, for their skin and also because farmers did not want it to eat the grass they needed for their sheep and goats.
Quagga 
 A foundation in Africa is trying to bring Quaggas back to life by taking zebras that have very light stripes and breeding them.
Przewalski's horse 
 Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii or E. ferus przewalskii),  the Mongolian wild horse, is a close relative of the domestic horse.
Przewalski's horse 
 At one time extinct in the wild, it has been reintroduced to its native habitat in Mongolia from stock in zoos.
Przewalski's horse 
 Most "wild" horses today, such as the American mustang or the Australian brumby, are feral horses descended from domesticated animals which escaped and adapted to life in the wild.
Przewalski's horse 
 In contrast, Przewalski's horse has never been successfully domesticated, and remains a truly wild animal today.
Przewalski's horse 
 Przewalski's horse is one of three known subspecies of Equus ferus, the others being the domesticated horse, Equus ferus caballus and the extinct tarpan, Equus ferus ferus.
Przewalski's horse 
 There are still a number of other wild equines, including three species of zebra and various subspecies of the African wild ass, onager (including the Mongolian wild ass) and kiang.
Przewalski's horse 
 Although Przewalski's horse can hybridize with domestic horses to produce fertile offspring, it has an extra pair of chromosomes.
Przewalski's horse 
 "Mitochondrial DNA research has shown that Przewalski's horse is not the ancestor of modern domestic horses. [
Przewalski's horse 
 Thus it is clear that Przewalski's and domestic horses are very closely related and have in the past interbred, but the fixed chromosomal number difference between them indicates that they are distinct populations".
Nation state 
 The nation state is a certain form of state that has a territory on which mainly one nation is located.
Nation state 
 The term "nation state" means that both are on the same territory, which distinguishes the nation state from the other types of stats that had existed.
Nation state 
 Iceland: although the inhabitants of Iceland are ethnically related to other Scandinavian groups, the national culture and language are found only in Iceland.
Nation state 
 Japan: Traditionally seen as a good example of a nation-state, Japan includes minorities of ethnically distinct Ryūkyū peoples, Koreans; Chinese; and, on the northern island of Hokkaidō, the indigenous Ainu minority.
Nation state 
 Portugal: although surrounded by other lands and people, the Portuguese nation has occupied the same territory for almost 900 years.
Nation state 
 They included native Iberian peoples, Celts, ancient Mediterraneans (Greeks, Phoenicians, Romans), Germanic peoples like the Suebi and the Visigoths, the invading Berbers and Arabs, and Jews.
Nation state 
 In Europe, in the 18th century, the classic non-national states were empires of many ethnicities, (Austria-Hungary, the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the French Empire and the British Empire).
Nation state 
 No nation would swap territory with other states simply, for example, because the king's daughter got married.
Nation state 
 They have a different type of border that is mostly defined by where the cultural/ethnic (nation) group settles, but many nation states have also had borders based on geography like rivers and mountain ranges.
Nation state 
 The most noticeable characteristic is how much nation states use the state as an instrument of national unity in economic, social and cultural life.
Joseph McCarthy 
 Beginning in 1950, McCarthy became the most visible public face of a period of intense anti-communist suspicion inspired by the tensions of the Cold War.
Joseph McCarthy 
 He made claims that there were large numbers of Communists and Soviet spies and sympathizers inside the federal government and elsewhere.
Joseph McCarthy 
 The term "McCarthyism," coined in 1950 in reference to McCarthy's practices, was soon applied to similar anti-communist pursuits.
Poet laureate 
 He or she is responsible for writing poems for special occasions in that country, for example a coronation or military victory.
List of emperors of Japan 
 Records of the reigns of the emperors of Japan were compiled according to the traditional Japanese calendar, and these traditional dates have been converted into the Western calendar format.
Katy Perry 
 Katheryn Elizabeth Hudson (born October 25, 1984), known professionally as Katy Perry, is an American singer, songwriter and television judge.
Katy Perry 
 She has earned nine number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100, five of which are from one album (she became the first female artist to achieve this record).
Katy Perry 
 Perry was born on October 25, 1984 at Goleta Valley Cottage Hospital in Santa Barbara, California, to Maurice Hudson and Mary Hudson (née Perry), both pastors.
Katy Perry 
 Perry has said that her upbringing was "sheltered" and that an example of this was that her family did not eat Lucky Charms cereal because her parents thought that luck was something that came from the devil.
Katy Perry 
 This album did not perform well, and she was dropped from her record label, Red Hill, when the label was shut down.
Katy Perry 
 After changing her last name to Perry (her mother's maiden name) so that she allegedly would not be confused with actress Kate Hudson, Katy released an EP album called Ur So Gay.
Katy Perry 
 On June 17, 2008, Perry released her first pop album called One of the Boys with singles including "I Kissed a Girl" (her first number-one hit), "Hot N Cold", and "One of the Boys".
Katy Perry 
 She co-wrote the single "I Do Not Hook Up" for singer Kelly Clarkson (the first winner of American Idol), along with the song "Rock God" for singer-actress Selena Gomez.
Katy Perry 
 Perry's third album, Teenage Dream, was released in August 2010 and included the singles "California Gurls", "Teenage Dream", and "Firework".
Katy Perry 
 She is the only female artist to get 5 number-one singles from one album on the US Billboard Hot 100.