the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
In Charleston, the African American population increased as freedmen moved from rural areas to the major city: from 17,000 in 1860 to over 27,000 in 1880. Historian Eric Foner noted that blacks were glad to be relieved of the many regulations of slavery and to operate outside of white surveillance. Among other changes, most blacks quickly left the Southern Baptist Church, setting up their own black Baptist congregations or joining new African Methodist Episcopal Church and AME Zion churches, both independent black denominations first established in the North. Freedmen "acquired dogs, guns, and liquor (all barred to them under slavery), and refused to yield the sidewalks to whites".

Questions:
How many African Americans lived in Charleston in 1860?
How many African American lived in Charleston in 1880?
Black left which religious denomination is great numbers after slavery?
AME Zion Churches were first established in what part of America?
What  barred product ,along with dogs and guns ,  did the Freemen want after slavery ended?
In China, Yellow Emperor is regarded as the humanistic primogenitor.[citation needed] Sage kings such as Yao and Shun are humanistic figures as recorded.[citation needed] King Wu of Zhou has the famous saying: "Humanity is the Ling (efficacious essence) of the world (among all)." Among them Duke of Zhou, respected as a founder of Rujia (Confucianism), is especially prominent and pioneering in humanistic thought. His words were recorded in the Book of History as follows (translation):[citation needed]

Questions:
Who was known as being a founder of humanism thought in China?
What early adopter and developer of is associated with Confucianism?
Who is known for the thought that humanity is the most important thing in the world?
In Congregational and Presbyterian churches which profess a traditionally Calvinist or Reformed theology there are differing views regarding present-day continuation or cessation of the gifts (charismata) of the Spirit. Generally, however, Reformed charismatics distance themselves from renewal movements with tendencies which could be perceived as overemotional, such as Word of Faith, Toronto Blessing, Brownsville Revival and Lakeland Revival. Prominent Reformed charismatic denominations are the Sovereign Grace Churches and the Every Nation Churches in the USA, in Great Britain there is the Newfrontiers churches and movement, which leading figure is Terry Virgo.

Questions:
Who heads the Newfrontiers movement?
Where is Every Nations Churches located?
What tendencies do reformed charismatics avoid?
What is a name for gifts of the Spirit?
Name the renewal movements which could be considered overemotional.
In Epperson v. Arkansas, 393 U.S. 97 (1968), the Supreme Court considered an Arkansas law that made it a crime "to teach the theory or doctrine that mankind ascended or descended from a lower order of animals," or "to adopt or use in any such institution a textbook that teaches" this theory in any school or university that received public funds. The court's opinion, written by Justice Abe Fortas, ruled that the Arkansas law violated "the constitutional prohibition of state laws respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The overriding fact is that Arkansas' law selects from the body of knowledge a particular segment which it proscribes for the sole reason that it is deemed to conflict with a particular religious doctrine; that is, with a particular interpretation of the Book of Genesis by a particular religious group." The court held that the Establishment Clause prohibits the state from advancing any religion, and that "[T]he state has no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from views distasteful to them."

Questions:
When did the case of Epperson v. Arkansas take place?
What did an Arkansas law make it a crime to teach the theory of?
Who wrote the court's opinion in Epperson v. Arkansas?
What did the Arkansas law violate the constitutional prohibition of state laws in respect to?
What does the State have no legitimate interest in protecting any or all religions from?
In Europe, there has been a general move away from religious observance and belief in Christian teachings and a move towards secularism. The Enlightenment is largely responsible for the spread of secularism. Several scholars have argued for a link between the rise of secularism and Protestantism, attributing it to the wide-ranging freedom in the Protestant countries. In North America, South America and Australia Christian religious observance is much higher than in Europe. United States remains particularly religious in comparison to other developed countries. South America, historically Roman Catholic, has experienced a large Evangelical and Pentecostal infusion in the 20th and 21st centuries.

Questions:
What direction has Europe moved towards?
What caused the spread of secularism?
What areas have a higher rate of Christian observance?
What country is more religious than other developed nations?
When did South America show an increase in Evangelicals?
In February 1907, the Royal Dutch Shell Group was created through the amalgamation of two rival companies: the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company of the Netherlands and the "Shell" Transport and Trading Company Ltd of the United Kingdom. It was a move largely driven by the need to compete globally with Standard Oil. The Royal Dutch Petroleum Company was a Dutch company founded in 1890 to develop an oilfield in Sumatra, and initially led by August Kessler, Hugo Loudon, and Henri Deterding. The "Shell" Transport and Trading Company (the quotation marks were part of the legal name) was a British company, founded in 1897 by Marcus Samuel, 1st Viscount Bearsted, and his brother Samuel Samuel. Their father had owned an antique company in Houndsditch, London, which expanded in 1833 to import and sell sea-shells, after which the company "Shell" took its name.

Questions:
The Royal Dutch Shell Group was created through the merger of which two rival companies?
What was the main reason for the creation of the Royal Dutch Shell Group?
In what year was the Royal Dutch Shell Group created?
In what year was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company founded?
Why was the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company created?
In February 2007, Texas MP3 Technologies sued Apple, Samsung Electronics and Sandisk in eastern Texas federal court, claiming infringement of a portable MP3 player patent that Texas MP3 said it had been assigned. Apple, Samsung, and Sandisk all settled the claims against them in January 2009.

Questions:
Who sued Apple, Samsung Electronics and Sandisk in 2007?
Which court did the lawsuit take place in?
What was the claim that the lawsuit was based on?
What action did the three companies being sued take?
What year did the lawsuits end?
In France during the Middle Ages, there were two Great Officers of the Crown of France with police responsibilities: The Marshal of France and the Constable of France. The military policing responsibilities of the Marshal of France were delegated to the Marshal's provost, whose force was known as the Marshalcy because its authority ultimately derived from the Marshal. The marshalcy dates back to the Hundred Years' 'War, and some historians trace it back to the early 12th century. Another organisation, the Constabulary (French: Connétablie), was under the command of the Constable of France. The constabulary was regularised as a military body in 1337. Under King Francis I (who reigned 1515–1547), the Maréchaussée was merged with the Constabulary. The resulting force was also known as the Maréchaussée, or, formally, the Constabulary and Marshalcy of France.

Questions:
Which two entities in Medieval France had police duties?
How were the Marshal and Constable of France formally classified?
What was the Marshal's force called?
What was the Constable's force called, in English?
What was the Constable's force called, in French?
In Georgia Russian has no official status, but it's recognised as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 130,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 1.7 million active speakers. 27% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 1% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. Russian is the language of 9% of the population according to the World Factook. Ethnologue cites Russian as the country's de facto working language.

Questions:
What convention recognizes Russian in Georgia?
How many Georgians speak Russian natively?
How many Georgians speak Russian actively?
What percent of Georgia is fluent in Russian?
What percent of Georgia use Russian as their main language?
In Germany, groups such as Einstürzende Neubauten developed a unique style of industrial music, utilizing avant-garde noise, homemade instruments and found objects. Members of that group would later go on to collaborate with members of the Birthday Party. In Brazil, the post-punk scene grew after the generation of Brasilia rock with bands such as Legião Urbana, Capital Inicial and Plebe Rude and then the opening of the music club Madame Satã in São Paulo, with acts like Cabine C, Titãs, Patife Band, Fellini and Mercenárias, as documented on compilations like The Sexual Life of the Savages and the Não Wave/Não São Paulo series, released in the UK, Germany and Brazil, respectively.[citation needed]

Questions:
Where did some groups develop a unique style of industrial music?
What type of music included noise, homemade instruments, and randomly found objects?
What country had a post-punk scene after a generation of rock?
What type of album was The Sexual Life of the Savages?
What countries other than Brazil was Brazil's no wave music exported to?
What type of music was associated with Einstürzende Neubauten?
Where was Einstürzende Neubauten from?
Where was Madame Satã?
How did Einstürzende Neubauten come up with their new industrial sound?
Who did members of Einstürzende Neubauten also collaborate with?
In Han government, the emperor was the supreme judge and lawgiver, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and sole designator of official nominees appointed to the top posts in central and local administrations; those who earned a 600-dan salary-rank or higher. Theoretically, there were no limits to his power. However, state organs with competing interests and institutions such as the court conference (tingyi 廷議)—where ministers were convened to reach majority consensus on an issue—pressured the emperor to accept the advice of his ministers on policy decisions. If the emperor rejected a court conference decision, he risked alienating his high ministers. Nevertheless, emperors sometimes did reject the majority opinion reached at court conferences.

Questions:
Who was responsible for nominations of local administrators in the government?
Was the emperor able to reject an opinion that was made by the court conference?
Who often placed pressure on the emperor in regards to local policies?
What did the emperor risk if he did not accept the decisions of the court conference?
Who was considered to be the supreme judge in Han government?
In India the majority of these schools follow the Hanafi school of thought. The religious establishment forms part of the mainly two large divisions within the country, namely the Deobandis, who dominate in numbers (of whom the Darul Uloom Deoband constitutes one of the biggest madaris) and the Barelvis, who also make up a sizeable portion (Sufi-oriented). Some notable establishments include: Al Jamiatul Ashrafia, Mubarakpur, Manzar Islam Bareilly, Jamia Nizamdina New Delhi, Jamia Nayeemia Muradabad which is one of the largest learning centres for the Barelvis. The HR[clarification needed] ministry of the government of India has recently[when?] declared that a Central Madrasa Board would be set up. This will enhance the education system of madaris in India. Though the madaris impart Quranic education mainly, efforts are on to include Mathematics, Computers and science in the curriculum. In July 2015, the state government of Maharashtra created a stir de-recognised madrasa education, receiving critisicm from several political parties with the NCP accusing the ruling BJP of creating Hindu-Muslim friction in the state, and Kamal Farooqui of the All India Muslim Personal Law Board saying it was "ill-designed"

Questions:
What group makes up a larger percentage of people in India?
What is the largest school for Barelvis people in India?
What disciplines does India want to introduce to madaris?
In what year did the Indian government begin to stop recognizing madaris as schools?
What problems are arising due to the political conflicts over schools?
In India, the British retained the Northern Circars, but returned all the French trading ports. The treaty, however, required that the fortifications of these settlements be destroyed and never rebuilt, while only minimal garrisons could be maintained there, thus rendering them worthless as military bases. Combined with the loss of France's ally in Bengal and the defection of Hyderabad to the British as a result of the war, this effectively brought French power in India to an end, making way for British hegemony and eventual control of the subcontinent.

Questions:
What did France retain in India?
How were the French settlements changed to eliminate their military usefulness?
What French ally in the area abandoned the French?
Who defected to the British?
What happened to French power in the area?
In January 1917, the Watch Tower Society's legal representative, Joseph Franklin Rutherford, was elected as its next president. His election was disputed, and members of the Board of Directors accused him of acting in an autocratic and secretive manner. The divisions between his supporters and opponents triggered a major turnover of members over the next decade. In June 1917, he released The Finished Mystery as a seventh volume of Russell's Studies in the Scriptures series. The book, published as the posthumous work of Russell, was a compilation of his commentaries on the Bible books of Ezekiel and Revelation, plus numerous additions by Bible Students Clayton Woodworth and George Fisher. It strongly criticized Catholic and Protestant clergy and Christian involvement in the Great War. As a result, Watch Tower Society directors were jailed for sedition under the Espionage Act in 1918 and members were subjected to mob violence; charges against the directors were dropped in 1920.

Questions:
Who was elected as the Watch Tower Society's president in January of 1917?
What had Rutherford been before being elected the group's president?
When did Rutherford release The Finished Mystery?
Who did the Finished Mystery strongly criticize? 
What were Watch Tower Society directors jailed for?
In June 1940, a German prisoner of war was overheard boasting that the British would never find the Knickebein, even though it was under their noses. The details of the conversation were passed to an RAF Air Staff technical advisor, Dr. R. V. Jones, who started an in-depth investigation which discovered that the Luftwaffe's Lorenz receivers were more than blind-landing devices. Jones therefore began a search for the German beams. Avro Ansons of the Beam Approach Training Development Unit (BATDU) were flown up and down Britain fitted with a 30 MHz receiver to detect them. Soon a beam was traced to Derby (which had been mentioned in Luftwaffe transmissions). The first jamming operations were carried out using requisitioned hospital electrocautery machines. A subtle form of distortion was introduced. Up to nine special transmitters directed their signals at the beams in a manner that widened its path, negating its ability to accurately locate targets. Confidence in the device was diminished by the time the Luftwaffe decided to launch large-scale raids. The counter operations were carried out by British Electronic Counter Measures (ECM) units under Wing Commander Edward Addison, No. 80 Wing RAF. The production of false radio navigation signals by re-transmitting the originals was a technique known as masking beacons (meacons).

Questions:
In 1940 a German prisoner overheard boasting that the British would never find what system?
Which RAF technical advisor was the conversation passed onto?
The Bean Approach Training Development Unit were fitted with what kind of transmitter to search for the Knickebein? 
The beam was traced to what town?
The first jamming operation was carried out using what machines?
In June 1970, Nasser accepted the US-sponsored Rogers Plan, which called for an end to hostilities and an Israeli withdrawal from Egyptian territory, but it was rejected by Israel, the PLO, and most Arab states except Jordan. Nasser had initially rejected the plan, but conceded under pressure from the Soviet Union, which feared that escalating regional conflict could drag it into a war with the US. He also determined that a ceasefire could serve as a tactical step toward the strategic goal of recapturing the Suez Canal. Nasser forestalled any movement toward direct negotiations with Israel. In dozens of speeches and statements, Nasser posited the equation that any direct peace talks with Israel were tantamount to surrender. Following Nasser's acceptance, Israel agreed to a ceasefire and Nasser used the lull in fighting to move SAM missiles towards the canal zone.

Questions:
What was the American plan to end conflict with Israel?
Who pressured Nasser to accept the Rogers Plan?
What did Nasser want to use the agreement to do?
How did Nasser equate peace with Israel?
What did Nasser move to the canal zone?
In June 1973, Gaddafi created a political ideology as a basis for the Popular Revolution. Third International Theory considered the U.S. and the Soviet Union as imperialist, thus rejected Western capitalism as well as Eastern bloc communism's atheism. In this respect it was similar to the Three Worlds Theory developed by China's political leader Mao Zedong. As part of this theory, Gaddafi praised nationalism as a progressive force and advocated the creation of a pan-Arab state which would lead the Islamic and Third Worlds against imperialism.

Questions:
In what month and year did Gaddafi begin Third International Theory?
Who was the founder of Three Worlds Theory?
What sort of state did Gaddafi believe should be founded?
Along with the United States, what country did Gaddafi believe to be imperialist?
What economic philosophy was associated with the West?
In June 2007, YouTube began trials of a system for automatic detection of uploaded videos that infringe copyright. Google CEO Eric Schmidt regarded this system as necessary for resolving lawsuits such as the one from Viacom, which alleged that YouTube profited from content that it did not have the right to distribute. The system, which became known as Content ID, creates an ID File for copyrighted audio and video material, and stores it in a database. When a video is uploaded, it is checked against the database, and flags the video as a copyright violation if a match is found.

Questions:
In 2007 youtube launched an automated system to detect what?
Who was Google's CEO in 2007?
Why did the CEO of Google think the new software was necessary? 
What is the name of the system that automatically detects copyright violations?
What does Content ID do if an upload is too close a match to a known copyright material?
In Kazakhstan Russian is not a state language, but according to article 7 of the Constitution of Kazakhstan its usage enjoys equal status to that of the Kazakh language in state and local administration. According to estimates from Demoskop Weekly, in 2004 there were 4,200,000 native speakers of Russian in the country, and 10 million active speakers. 63% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 46% used it as the main language with family, friends or at work. According to a 2001 estimate from the World Factbook, 95% of the population can speak Russian. Large Russian-speaking communities still exist in northern Kazakhstan, and ethnic Russians comprise 25.6% of Kazakhstan's population. The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of the population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, as well as understand the spoken language.

Questions:
What is the legal status of Russian in Kazakhstan?
How many people in Kazakhstan speak Russian natively?
How many people in Kazakhstan speak Russian actively?
What percent of people in Kazakhstan speak Russian fluently?
What percent of people in Kazakhstan use Russian as their main language?
In Knoxville, the Tennessee Volunteers college team has played in the Southeastern Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association since 1932. The football team has won 13 SEC championships and 25 bowls, including four Sugar Bowls, three Cotton Bowls, an Orange Bowl and a Fiesta Bowl. Meanwhile, the men's basketball team has won four SEC championships and reached the NCAA Elite Eight in 2010. In addition, the women's basketball team has won a host of SEC regular-season and tournament titles along with 8 national titles.

Questions:
What is the nickname of the University of Tennessee, Knoxville athletic teams?
In which year did the University of Tennessee begin competing in the Southeastern Conference of the NCAA?
How many college football bowl championships have the Tennessee Volunteers won?
What is the farthest the Tennessee Volunteers have progressed in the NCAA men's basketball tournament?
How many national titles has the Tennessee Volunteers women's basketball team claimed?
In March 1861, Victoria's mother died, with Victoria at her side. Through reading her mother's papers, Victoria discovered that her mother had loved her deeply; she was heart-broken, and blamed Conroy and Lehzen for "wickedly" estranging her from her mother. To relieve his wife during her intense and deep grief, Albert took on most of her duties, despite being ill himself with chronic stomach trouble. In August, Victoria and Albert visited their son, the Prince of Wales, who was attending army manoeuvres near Dublin, and spent a few days holidaying in Killarney. In November, Albert was made aware of gossip that his son had slept with an actress in Ireland. Appalled, Albert travelled to Cambridge, where his son was studying, to confront him. By the beginning of December, Albert was very unwell. He was diagnosed with typhoid fever by William Jenner, and died on 14 December 1861. Victoria was devastated. She blamed her husband's death on worry over the Prince of Wales's philandering. He had been "killed by that dreadful business", she said. She entered a state of mourning and wore black for the remainder of her life. She avoided public appearances, and rarely set foot in London in the following years. Her seclusion earned her the nickname "widow of Windsor".

Questions:
During which year did Victoria's mother die?
How did Victoria realize that her mother deeply loved her?
What was Albert ill with?
What was Prince of Wales attending to in Dublin?
What did Victoria blame Albert's death on?
What year did Victoria's mother die?
Who did Victoria blame for her poor relationship with her mother?
Who took on most of Victoria's duties while she grieved her mothers death?
What illness was Albert suffering from while he helped Victoria through her grief?
What year did Albert die?
When did Victoria's mother die? 
What disease was Albert diagnosed with? 
When did Albert die of his illness? 
What was Victoria's nickname following Alberts death? 
Who was the Prince of Wales suspected to be having an affair with? 
When did the Duchess die?
Who did Victoria blame for the problems between herself and the Duchess?
What caused Prince Albert's death?
Who did Victoria blame for Prince Albert's death?
What gossip did Prince Albert hear about their son?
In March 2001, 40 multi-national pharmaceutical companies brought litigation against South Africa for its Medicines Act, which allowed the generic production of antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) for treating HIV, despite the fact that these drugs were on-patent. HIV was and is an epidemic in South Africa, and ARVs at the time cost between 10,000 and 15,000 USD per patient per year. This was unaffordable for most South African citizens, and so the South African government committed to providing ARVs at prices closer to what people could afford. To do so, they would need to ignore the patents on drugs and produce generics within the country (using a compulsory license), or import them from abroad. After international protest in favour of public health rights (including the collection of 250,000 signatures by MSF), the governments of several developed countries (including The Netherlands, Germany, France, and later the US) backed the South African government, and the case was dropped in April of that year.

Questions:
How much did treatment for each patient in Africa cost?
Who brought litigation to South Africa?
How many signatures were collected by MSF?
When was litigation brought to South Africa?
Who backed the South African government which caused the case to be dropped?
How many companies sued South Africa for its Medicines Act?
South Africa's Medicines Act allowed for the generic production of what kind of drugs?
How much did ARV drugs cost patients yearly?
How many signatures were collected supporting public health rights?
In May 1970, the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar was held to bring intellectuals in line with the revolution, while that year's Legislative Review and Amendment united secular and religious law codes, introducing sharia into the legal system. Ruling by decree, the RCC maintained the monarchy's ban on political parties, in May 1970 banned trade unions, and in 1972 outlawed workers' strikes and suspended newspapers. In September 1971, Gaddafi resigned, claiming to be dissatisfied with the pace of reform, but returned to his position within a month. In February 1973, he resigned again, once more returning the following month.

Questions:
What was the RCC's view of political parties?
What did Gaddafi do in 1971?
What did Gaddafi do in 1973?
What was the impact of incorporating the sharia into the legal system?
In what year did the Revolutionary Intellectuals Seminar occur?
What did the RCC outlaw in 1970?
What publications were shut down 1972?
In what month and year did Gaddafi first resign?
In what year did Gaddafi's second resignation occur?
In May 2014, Oklahoma Director of Corrections, Robert Patton, recommended an indefinite hold on executions in the state after the botched execution of African-American Clayton Lockett. The prisoner had to be tasered to restrain him prior to the execution, and the lethal injection missed a vein in his groin, resulting in Lockett regaining consciousness, trying to get up, and to speak, before dying of a heart attack 43 minutes later, after the attempted execution had been called off. In 2015, the state approved nitrogen asphyxiation as a method of execution.

Questions:
As of May 2014, what was Robert Patton's job title?
What state employed Robert Patton in May 2014?
What race was Clayton Lockett?
What was Clayton Lockett's cause of death?
What gas did Oklahoma decide to use for executions in 2015?
In May 2014, prior to the launch of YouTube's subscription-based Music Key service, the independent music trade organization Worldwide Independent Network alleged that YouTube was using non-negotiable contracts with independent labels that were "undervalued" in comparison to other streaming services, and that YouTube would block all music content from labels who do not reach a deal to be included on the paid service. In a statement to the Financial Times in June 2014, Robert Kyncl confirmed that YouTube would block the content of labels who do not negotiate deals to be included in the paid service "to ensure that all content on the platform is governed by its new contractual terms." Stating that 90% of labels had reached deals, he went on to say that "while we wish that we had [a] 100% success rate, we understand that is not likely an achievable goal and therefore it is our responsibility to our users and the industry to launch the enhanced music experience." The Financial Times later reported that YouTube had reached an aggregate deal with Merlin Network—a trade group representing over 20,000 independent labels, for their inclusion in the service. However, YouTube itself has not confirmed the deal.

Questions:
How many independent labels did the Merlin Network represent?
What was the percentage of labels youtube had signed contracts with prior to the planned launch date?
What was youtube planning on doing to labels it did not reach a deal with?
Why did youtube want to ensure only contractees music was played?
Which journalistic organization released the reports of youtube's agreement with the Merlin Network?
In May and June 1835, the area which is now central and northern Melbourne was explored by John Batman, a leading member of the Port Phillip Association in Van Diemen's Land (now known as Tasmania), who claimed to have negotiated a purchase of 600,000 acres (2,400 km2) with eight Wurundjeri elders. Batman selected a site on the northern bank of the Yarra River, declaring that "this will be the place for a village". Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania. In early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize. Fawkner was forced to disembark at Georgetown, Tasmania, because of outstanding debts. The remainder of the party continued and arrived at the mouth of the Yarra River on 15 August 1835. On 30 August 1835 the party disembarked and established a settlement at the site of the current Melbourne Immigration Museum. Batman and his group arrived on 2 September 1835 and the two groups ultimately agreed to share the settlement.

Questions:
Tasmania was formerly known as what?
Current central and northern Melbourne was explored by whom?
How many acres did John Batman claim to purchase?
How many elders did John Batman claim to have negotiated with?
On what date did Batman reach Melbourne?
In North America, especially the first half of this period, people experienced considerable prosperity in the Roaring Twenties. The social and societal upheaval known as the Roaring Twenties began in North America and spread to Europe in the aftermath of World War I. The Roaring Twenties, often called "The Jazz Age", saw an exposition of social, artistic, and cultural dynamism. 'Normalcy' returned to politics, jazz music blossomed, the flapper redefined modern womanhood, Art Deco peaked. The spirit of the Roaring Twenties was marked by a general feeling of discontinuity associated with modernity, a break with traditions. Everything seemed to be feasible through modern technology. New technologies, especially automobiles, movies and radio proliferated 'modernity' to a large part of the population. The 1920s saw the general favor of practicality, in architecture as well as in daily life. The 1920s was further distinguished by several inventions and discoveries, extensive industrial growth and the rise in consumer demand and aspirations, and significant changes in lifestyle.

Questions:
What is the "Roaring Twenties" ?
Where did the "Roaring Twenties" begin?
Where did the "Roaring Twenties"  spread to after the war?
What is the "Roaring Twenties" also known as?
what did the "Jazz Age" usher in?
In Rome, state cult to a living emperor acknowledged his rule as divinely approved and constitutional. As princeps (first citizen) he must respect traditional Republican mores; given virtually monarchic powers, he must restrain them. He was not a living divus but father of his country (pater patriae), its pontifex maximus (greatest priest) and at least notionally, its leading Republican. When he died, his ascent to heaven, or his descent to join the dii manes was decided by a vote in the Senate. As a divus, he could receive much the same honours as any other state deity – libations of wine, garlands, incense, hymns and sacrificial oxen at games and festivals. What he did in return for these favours is unknown, but literary hints and the later adoption of divus as a title for Christian Saints suggest him as a heavenly intercessor. In Rome, official cult to a living emperor was directed to his genius; a small number refused this honour and there is no evidence of any emperor receiving more than that. In the crises leading up to the Dominate, Imperial titles and honours multiplied, reaching a peak under Diocletian. Emperors before him had attempted to guarantee traditional cults as the core of Roman identity and well-being; refusal of cult undermined the state and was treasonous.

Questions:
What was the emperor's rule in Rome?
As first citizen, what must the emperor's mores represent?
As a living divus, what was the emperor to Rome?
After his death, how was the emperor's afterlife decided?
What did emperors before Diocletian try to guarantee in religion?
In September 1940, Japan decided to cut China's only land line to the outside world by seizing Indochina, which was controlled at the time by Vichy France. Japanese forces broke their agreement with the Vichy administration and fighting broke out, ending in a Japanese victory. On 27 September Japan signed a military alliance with Germany and Italy, becoming one of the three Axis Powers. In practice, there was little coordination between Japan and Germany until 1944, by which time the U.S. was deciphering their secret diplomatic correspondence.

Questions:
Who controled Indochina in 1940?
When did Japan invade Indochina?
Who were the Axis Powers along with Japan in 1940?
Did Japan and Germany work closely together prior to 1944?
When did Japan take over Indochina?
Who controlled Indochina before the Japanese takeover?
When did Japan become an Axis power?
How many nations comprised the Axis powers?
How much coordination was there between Japan and Germany?
In September 2008, the crisis hit its most critical stage. There was the equivalent of a bank run on the money market funds, which frequently invest in commercial paper issued by corporations to fund their operations and payrolls. Withdrawal from money markets were $144.5 billion during one week, versus $7.1 billion the week prior. This interrupted the ability of corporations to rollover (replace) their short-term debt. The U.S. government responded by extending insurance for money market accounts analogous to bank deposit insurance via a temporary guarantee and with Federal Reserve programs to purchase commercial paper. The TED spread, an indicator of perceived credit risk in the general economy, spiked up in July 2007, remained volatile for a year, then spiked even higher in September 2008, reaching a record 4.65% on October 10, 2008.

Questions:
When did the financial crisis hit its most critical stage?
The equivalent of a bank run on which funds occurred in September 2008?
What do money market funds frequently invest in?
How much was withdrawn from money markets during one week in September 2008?
What was the record high for the TED spread on October 10, 2008?
In Thailand, a kingdom that has had a constitution since the initial attempt to overthrow the absolute monarchy system in 1932, the rule of law has been more of a principle than actual practice.[citation needed] Ancient prejudices and political bias have been present in the three branches of government with each of their foundings, and justice has been processed formally according to the law but in fact more closely aligned with royalist principles that are still advocated in the 21st century.[citation needed] In November 2013, Thailand faced still further threats to the rule of law when the executive branch rejected a supreme court decision over how to select senators.[citation needed]

Questions:
Where has the rule of law been more of a theory than a way of life? 
According to what principles are most laws in Thailand decided?
In Thailand, what branch of government rejected a proposal for senator selection?
When did Thailand first try to overthrow its government run by a king?
What harms the adherence to the Constitution in Thailand?
In The Open Society and Its Enemies and The Poverty of Historicism, Popper developed a critique of historicism and a defence of the "Open Society". Popper considered historicism to be the theory that history develops inexorably and necessarily according to knowable general laws towards a determinate end. He argued that this view is the principal theoretical presupposition underpinning most forms of authoritarianism and totalitarianism. He argued that historicism is founded upon mistaken assumptions regarding the nature of scientific law and prediction. Since the growth of human knowledge is a causal factor in the evolution of human history, and since "no society can predict, scientifically, its own future states of knowledge", it follows, he argued, that there can be no predictive science of human history. For Popper, metaphysical and historical indeterminism go hand in hand.

Questions:
Which of Popper's works criticized the idea that history has an inexorable developmental path?
What is the term for the view that there are discoverable general laws constraining history's development?
What political forms did Popper believe historicism supported?
What unpredictable feature of the world did Popper say refuted historicism?
In Whitehead's view, then, concepts such as "quality", "matter", and "form" are problematic. These "classical" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world. They are useful abstractions, but are not the world's basic building blocks. What is ordinarily conceived of as a single person, for instance, is philosophically described as a continuum of overlapping events. After all, people change all the time, if only because they have aged by another second and had some further experience. These occasions of experience are logically distinct, but are progressively connected in what Whitehead calls a "society" of events. By assuming that enduring objects are the most real and fundamental things in the universe, materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete (what Whitehead calls the "fallacy of misplaced concreteness").

Questions:
Concepts such as quality, matter, and form fail to account for what?
What concepts overlook the experiential nature of basic elements?
What are the concepts quality, matter, and form considered?
Instead of being a single person, what does Whitehead view a person as?
What does Whitehead call experiences that are progressively connected?
What basic concepts did Whitehead believe were questionable?
Why did he believe those concepts were inaccurate?
How did Whitehead classify what is usually seen as an individual person?
How did Whitehead refer to the combination of a person's separate experiences?
How did Whitehead define the "fallacy of misplaced concreteness"?
In addition to numerous articles on mathematics, Whitehead wrote three major books on the subject: A Treatise on Universal Algebra (1898), Principia Mathematica (co-written with Bertrand Russell and published in three volumes between 1910 and 1913), and An Introduction to Mathematics (1911). The former two books were aimed exclusively at professional mathematicians, while the latter book was intended for a larger audience, covering the history of mathematics and its philosophical foundations. Principia Mathematica in particular is regarded as one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century.

Questions:
What did Whitehead publish numerous articles about?
How many books on mathematics did Whitehead write?
Who co-wrote Principia Mathematica with Whitehead?
Which of Whitehead's books is known as one of the most important works in mathematical logical?
When did Whitehead write his first book? 
What was Whitehead's first published book on mathematics?
With what mathematician and philosopher did Whitehead collaborate to write Principia Mathematica?
Who was the intended audience of Whitehead's first two mathematics books?
What was Whitehead's final book on mathematics?
What is the significance of Principia Mathematica currently?
In addition to these popular examples of house, there has also been a reunification of contemporary house and its roots. Many hip hop and R&B artists also turn to house music to add a mass appeal to the music they produce.

Questions:
There has been a reunification of contemporary house with what?
What genre of artists has recently turned to house music to add mass appeal?
Why do many hip hop and R&B artists turn to house music?
In addition to those contemporary great powers mentioned above, Zbigniew Brzezinski and Malik Mohan consider India to be a great power too. Although unlike the contemporary great powers who have long been considered so, India's recognition among authorities as a great power is comparatively recent. However, there is no collective agreement among observers as to the status of India, for example, a number of academics believe that India is emerging as a great power, while some believe that India remains a middle power.

Questions:
Zbigniew Brzezinski and Malik Mohan consider what country to be a great power too?
Many academics debate the status of this country as a power?
Is there agreement on the status of all powers?
In addition to tributary relations with the Kushans, the Han Empire received gifts from the Parthian Empire, from a king in modern Burma, from a ruler in Japan, and initiated an unsuccessful mission to Daqin (Rome) in AD 97 with Gan Ying as emissary. A Roman embassy of Emperor Marcus Aurelius (r. 161–180 AD) is recorded in the Hou Hanshu to have reached the court of Emperor Huan of Han (r. AD 146–168) in AD 166, yet Rafe de Crespigny asserts that this was most likely a group of Roman merchants. Other travelers to Eastern-Han China included Buddhist monks who translated works into Chinese, such as An Shigao of Parthia, and Lokaksema from Kushan-era Gandhara, India.

Questions:
Which member of the Han Empire was sent to Daqin in AD 97?
Who translated written works into Chinese?
Who reached the court of Emperor Huan in AD 166?
When did Emperor Huan's reign begin?
Which empire sent the Han gifts?
In an ecosystem, predation is a biological interaction where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation often results in the death of the prey and the eventual absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption. Thus predation is often, though not always, carnivory. Other categories of consumption are herbivory (eating parts of plants), fungivory (eating parts of fungi), and detritivory (the consumption of dead organic material (detritus)). All these consumption categories fall under the rubric of consumer-resource systems. It can often be difficult to separate various types of feeding behaviors. For example, some parasitic species prey on a host organism and then lay their eggs on it for their offspring to feed on it while it continues to live in or on its decaying corpse after it has died. The key characteristic of predation however is the predator's direct impact on the prey population. On the other hand, detritivores simply eat dead organic material arising from the decay of dead individuals and have no direct impact on the "donor" organism(s).

Questions:
What must a species do in order to be classified as a predator?
How would you describe a predator that primarily eats plants?
A predator must do what to the prey after it is killed? 
A species that uses a host body to survive and reproduce is classified as a what?
How would you describe a diet of a species that eats primarily dead organic material? 
What does an herbivore eat?
Do detritivores have a direct impact on "donor" organisms?
What term is given to an organism that is being hunted?
What term is given to the biological interaction where a predator feeds upon prey?
What do detritivores eat?
What is the key characteristic of predation?
In an effort to discourage Japanese militarism, Western powers including Australia, the United States, Britain, and the Dutch government in exile, which controlled the petroleum-rich Dutch East Indies, stopped selling oil, iron ore, and steel to Japan, denying it the raw materials needed to continue its activities in China and French Indochina. In Japan, the government and nationalists viewed these embargos as acts of aggression; imported oil made up about 80% of domestic consumption, without which Japan's economy, let alone its military, would grind to a halt. The Japanese media, influenced by military propagandists,[nb 10] began to refer to the embargoes as the "ABCD ("American-British-Chinese-Dutch") encirclement" or "ABCD line".

Questions:
What did The West do to disuade Japan in China and French Indochina?
Why was denying supplies important to the western countries?
What were these embargoes called by the Japanese media?
Why did Western powers stop selling resources to Japan?
How did Japan view Western embargos?
What percent of oil made up Japan's domestic consumption?
What did the Japanese media refer to the embargoes as?
In an ethnic sense, an Ashkenazi Jew is one whose ancestry can be traced to the Jews who settled in Central Europe. For roughly a thousand years, the Ashkenazim were a reproductively isolated population in Europe, despite living in many countries, with little inflow or outflow from migration, conversion, or intermarriage with other groups, including other Jews. Human geneticists have argued that genetic variations have been identified that show high frequencies among Ashkenazi Jews, but not in the general European population, be they for patrilineal markers (Y-chromosome haplotypes) and for matrilineal markers (mitotypes). However, a 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA, from the University of Huddersfield in England, suggests that at least 80 percent of the Ashkenazi maternal lineages derive from the assimilation of mtDNAs indigenous to Europe, probably as a consequence of conversion. Since the middle of the 20th century, many Ashkenazi Jews have intermarried, both with members of other Jewish communities and with people of other nations and faiths.

Questions:
For what period of time were the Ashkenazim a reproductively isolated population in Europe?
In an ethnic sense, Ashkenazi Jews can trace their ancestry to Jews who settled where?
In the last 50-60 years, have more or less Ashkenazi Jews intermarried with people outside of their community?
Human geneticists argue that genetic variations have been identified that show high or low frequencies among Ashkenazi Jews?
A 2013 study of Ashkenazi mitochondrial DNA was conducted by what university?
In an operational capacity, limitations in weapons technology and quick British reactions were making it more difficult to achieve strategic effect. Attacking ports, shipping and imports as well as disrupting rail traffic in the surrounding areas, especially the distribution of coal, an important fuel in all industrial economies of the Second World War, would net a positive result. However, the use of delayed-action bombs, while initially very effective, gradually had less impact, partly because they failed to detonate.[c] Moreover, the British had anticipated the change in strategy and dispersed its production facilities making them less vulnerable to a concentrated attack. Regional commissioners were given plenipotentiary powers to restore communications and organise the distribution of supplies to keep the war economy moving.

Questions:
Coupled with British quick reactions what cause operational capacity hard to achieve?
What was an important fuel in the Second World War?
What kind of bombs were effective in the beginning but became less so with time?
What did Britain do that helped make the new strategy less effective? 
Who was given permission to restore power and move supplies to keep the war moving?