the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
Houston (i/ˈhjuːstən/ HYOO-stən) is the most populous city in Texas and the fourth most populous city in the United States, located in Southeast Texas near the Gulf of Mexico. With a census-estimated 2014 population of 2.239 million people, within a land area of 599.6 square miles (1,553 km2), it also is the largest city in the Southern United States, as well as the seat of Harris County. It is the principal city of Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land, which is the fifth most populated metropolitan area in the United States.

Questions:
Where is Houston located?
Where is Houston ranked among the most populous cities in the US?
What was the population of Houston in 2014?
What is Houston the principle city of?
What is the fifth most populated metropolitan area in the US?
What is the most populous city in Texas?
How does Houston rank as to population in the U.S.?
According to the 2014 census, how many people live in Houston?
What is the land are of the City of Houston?
Houston is located in which Texas county?
Houston has sports teams for every major professional league except the National Hockey League (NHL). The Houston Astros are a Major League Baseball (MLB) expansion team formed in 1962 (known as the "Colt .45s" until 1965) that made one World Series appearance in 2005. The Houston Rockets are a National Basketball Association (NBA) franchise based in the city since 1971. They have won two NBA Championships: in 1994 and 1995 under star players Hakeem Olajuwon, Otis Thorpe, Clyde Drexler, Vernon Maxwell, and Kenny Smith. The Houston Texans are a National Football League (NFL) expansion team formed in 2002. The Houston Dynamo are a Major League Soccer (MLS) franchise that has been based in Houston since 2006 after they won two MLS Cup titles in 2006 and 2007. The Houston Dash play in the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). The Scrap Yard Dawgs, a women's pro softball team, is expected to play in the National Pro Fastpitch (NPF) from 2016.

Questions:
For which sports team category does Houston not have a team ?
When were the Houston Astros formed?
Until 1965 what were the Houston Astros called?
When were the Houston Astros in the World Series?
Since what year have the Houston Rockets been a Houston team?
However a log-periodic dipole array consists of a number of dipole elements of different lengths in order to obtain a somewhat directional antenna having an extremely wide bandwidth: these are frequently used for television reception in fringe areas. The dipole antennas composing it are all considered "active elements" since they are all electrically connected together (and to the transmission line). On the other hand, a superficially similar dipole array, the Yagi-Uda Antenna (or simply "Yagi"), has only one dipole element with an electrical connection; the other so-called parasitic elements interact with the electromagnetic field in order to realize a fairly directional antenna but one which is limited to a rather narrow bandwidth. The Yagi antenna has similar looking parasitic dipole elements but which act differently due to their somewhat different lengths. There may be a number of so-called "directors" in front of the active element in the direction of propagation, and usually a single (but possibly more) "reflector" on the opposite side of the active element.

Questions:
What type of antenna formation is made up of multiple dipole elements of varying lengths?
What is the benefit of this formation type?
What is the main application of these set ups?
What is a variation of this antenna type?
However, Mathews' frustration with Whitehead's books did not negatively affect his interest. In fact, there were numerous philosophers and theologians at Chicago's Divinity School that perceived the importance of what Whitehead was doing without fully grasping all of the details and implications. In 1927 they invited one of America's only Whitehead experts – Henry Nelson Wieman – to Chicago to give a lecture explaining Whitehead's thought. Wieman's lecture was so brilliant that he was promptly hired to the faculty and taught there for twenty years, and for at least thirty years afterward Chicago's Divinity School was closely associated with Whitehead's thought.

Questions:
Who was frustrated in Whitehead's books but still interested?
What school recognized the importance of Whitehead's work?
Who was invited to the Chicago Divinity school as one of Whitehead's only experts?
When was Henry Nelson Wieman invited to the Chicago Divinity school?
What happened after Henry Nelson Wieman gave a lecture about Whitehead?
What affect did Matthews' opinion of the difficulty of Whitehead's works have on his interest in them?
How did many philosophers and theologians at Chicago's Divinity School view Whitehead's work?
What expert on Whitehead delivered a lecture at the school to explain Whitehead's ideas?
What was the result of that lecture?
However, at the state level, the pattern of split ticket voting and divided government holds. Democrats currently hold one of the state's U.S. Senate seats, as well as four of the five statewide offices (Governor, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Secretary of State and State Auditor). The lone congressional district has been Republican since 1996 and in 2014 Steve Daines won one of the state's Senate seats for the GOP. The Legislative branch had split party control between the house and senate most years between 2004 and 2010, when the mid-term elections returned both branches to Republican control. The state Senate is, as of 2015, controlled by the Republicans 29 to 21, and the State House of Representatives at 59 to 41.

Questions:
How many seats do Democrats hold in the state US Senate's seats?
How long has the single congressional district been Republican?
What is the split in the state Senate controller by the Republicans?
What is the split in the State House of Representatives?
However, civil war flared again when the Second Triumvirate of Octavian, Lepidus and Mark Antony failed. The ambitious Octavian built a power base of patronage and then launched a campaign against Mark Antony. At the naval Battle of Actium off the coast of Greece, Octavian decisively defeated Antony and Cleopatra. Octavian was granted a series of special powers including sole "imperium" within the city of Rome, permanent consular powers and credit for every Roman military victory, since all future generals were assumed to be acting under his command. In 27 BC Octavian was granted the use of the names "Augustus" and "Princeps", indicating his primary status above all other Romans, and he adopted the title "Imperator Caesar" making him the first Roman Emperor.

Questions:
What failure caused the the flares of civil war to spark up again?
Who defeated Cleopatra and Mark Antony at the Battle of Actium?
In what year was Octavian first allowed to use the names Augustus and Princeps?
Who has been designated as the first Emperor of Rome?
Which individual was granted permanent consular powers?
However, during this period, major figures and artists in the scene began leaning away from underground aesthetics. In the music press, the increasingly esoteric writing of post-punk publications soon began to alienate their readerships; it is estimated that within several years, NME suffered the loss of half its circulation. Writers like Paul Morley began advocating "overground brightness" instead of the experimental sensibilities promoted in early years. Morley's own musical collaboration with engineer Gary Langan and programmer J. J. Jeczalik, the Art of Noise, would attempt to bring sampled and electronic sounds to the pop mainstream. A variety of more pop-oriented groups, including ABC, the Associates, Adam and the Ants and Bow Wow Wow (the latter two managed by former Sex Pistols manager Malcolm McLaren) emerged in tandem with the development of the New Romantic subcultural scene. Emphasizing glamour, fashion, and escapism in distinction to the experimental seriousness of earlier post-punk groups, the club-oriented scene drew some suspicion from denizens of the movement.

Questions:
Many of the big players in the post-punk scene began leaning away from what as time progressed?
What did the magazines catering to post-punk interest do to alienate their readers?
Which magazine tied to the post-punk movement lost half of its circulation?
What writer advocated "overground brightness"?
What did the club-oriented scene emphasize instead of the experimental seriousness of earlier post-punk groups?
What did authors and artists begin advocating for instead of the underground scene?
What began to alienate the readers from publications such as NME?
Who did Paul Morley collaborate with on the Art of Noise?
What did the Art of Noise hope to accomplish?
Which new cultural movement began to emphasize glam, escapism and fashion?
However, in order to manage the tensions present in the Spanish transition to democracy, the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements. Besides, unlike in the federal system, the main taxes are taken centrally from Madrid (except for the Basque Country and Navarre, which were recognized in the Spanish democratic constitution as charter territories drawing from historical reasons) and then distributed to the Autonomous Communities.

Questions:
How did they manage the tensions in the present of Spanish Transition to democracy?
Which cities are recognized in the Spanish Democratic Constitution? 
Where are the main taxes taken?
However, memory performance can be enhanced when material is linked to the learning context, even when learning occurs under stress. A separate study by cognitive psychologists Schwabe and Wolf shows that when retention testing is done in a context similar to or congruent with the original learning task (i.e., in the same room), memory impairment and the detrimental effects of stress on learning can be attenuated. Seventy-two healthy female and male university students, randomly assigned to the SECPT stress test or to a control group, were asked to remember the locations of 15 pairs of picture cards – a computerized version of the card game "Concentration" or "Memory". The room in which the experiment took place was infused with the scent of vanilla, as odour is a strong cue for memory. Retention testing took place the following day, either in the same room with the vanilla scent again present, or in a different room without the fragrance. The memory performance of subjects who experienced stress during the object-location task decreased significantly when they were tested in an unfamiliar room without the vanilla scent (an incongruent context); however, the memory performance of stressed subjects showed no impairment when they were tested in the original room with the vanilla scent (a congruent context). All participants in the experiment, both stressed and unstressed, performed faster when the learning and retrieval contexts were similar.

Questions:
What can impact memory performance in a positive way?
What can the scent of vanilla be used for?
What did a study performed by Schwabe and wolf show?
In Schwabe and wolfs study what where particpants asked to memorize?
In their study what was the relationship that both groups shared?
However, the 18th century saw the European empires gradually expand across the world, as European states developed economies built on maritime trade. The dynasty was confronted with newly developing concepts of the international system and state to state relations. European trading posts expanded into territorial control in nearby India and on the islands that are now Indonesia. The Qing response, successful for a time, was in 1756 to establish the Canton System, which restricted maritime trade to that city and gave monopoly trading rights to private Chinese merchants. The British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company had long before been granted similar monopoly rights by their governments.

Questions:
Which empires grew during the 18th century?
What were the economies of the European empires built on?
What country near China did the Europeans first control?
What was the only city the Chinese allowed the Europeans into to trade?
Which two European companies traded in Canton?
However, the battle was one-sided almost from the beginning. The reasons for this are the subject of continuing study by military strategists and academics. There is general agreement that US technological superiority was a crucial factor but the speed and scale of the Iraqi collapse has also been attributed to poor strategic and tactical leadership and low morale among Iraqi troops, which resulted from a history of incompetent leadership. After devastating initial strikes against Iraqi air defenses and command and control facilities on 17 January 1991, coalition forces achieved total air superiority almost immediately. The Iraqi air force was destroyed within a few days, with some planes fleeing to Iran, where they were interned for the duration of the conflict. The overwhelming technological advantages of the US, such as stealth aircraft and infrared sights, quickly turned the air war into a "turkey shoot". The heat signature of any tank which started its engine made an easy target. Air defense radars were quickly destroyed by radar-seeking missiles fired from wild weasel aircraft. Grainy video clips, shot from the nose cameras of missiles as they aimed at impossibly small targets, were a staple of US news coverage and revealed to the world a new kind of war, compared by some to a video game. Over 6 weeks of relentless pounding by planes and helicopters, the Iraqi army was almost completely beaten but did not retreat, under orders from Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, and by the time the ground forces invaded on 24 February, many Iraqi troops quickly surrendered to forces much smaller than their own; in one instance, Iraqi forces attempted to surrender to a television camera crew that was advancing with coalition forces.

Questions:
What is the main reason the US-led coalition won a decisive victory in the Persian Gulf War?
What faults in the Iraqi forces led to their rapid defeat?
US airstrikes on Iraqi air defenses and command and control facilities began when?
When did US ground forces attack Iraqi positions?
Who ordered Iraqi forces to hold their ground despite air bombardments?
However, the formation of one's identity occurs through one's identifications with significant others (primarily with parents and other individuals during one's biographical experiences, and also with "groups" as they are perceived). These others may be benign - such that one aspires to their characteristics, values and beliefs (a process of idealistic-identification), or malign - when one wishes to dissociate from their characteristics (a process of defensive contra-identification) (Weinreich & Saunderson 2003, Chapter 1, pp 54–61).

Questions:
The formation of identity occurs through identifications with whom?
What is it called when someone aspires to the characteristics of significant others?
What is it called when someone wants to dissociate from the characteristics of significant others?
Dissociating from the characteristics of significant others is a process of what?
Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. The meaning of the term humanism has fluctuated according to the successive intellectual movements which have identified with it. Generally, however, humanism refers to a perspective that affirms some notion of human freedom and progress. In modern times, humanist movements are typically aligned with secularism, and today humanism typically refers to a non-theistic life stance centred on human agency and looking to science rather than revelation from a supernatural source to understand the world.

Questions:
What can be seen as of essential importance to a practiced of humanism?
What is a common tenant of humanism?
These days humanism could be viewed as a form of what?
 What can be credited for the changes in the definition of humanism? 
Instead of turning to a spiritual or divine source practicers of humanism turn to what?
Humanitarian Assistance Operations are "programs conducted to relieve or reduce the results of natural or manmade disasters or other endemic conditions such as human pain, disease, hunger, or privation that might present a serious threat to life or that can result in great damage to or loss of property. Humanitarian assistance provided by US forces is limited in scope and duration. The assistance provided is designed to supplement or complement the efforts of the host nation civil authorities or agencies that may have the primary responsibility for providing humanitarian assistance" (JP 1-02).

Questions:
What are programs that are designed to help with natural or manmade disaters? 
What kinds of endemic conditions do the Human Assistance Operations entail? 
What kind of Humanitarian assistance is supplied by the US Forces?
Who is the Humanitarian support intended to help?
Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, lawful hunting is distinguished from poaching, which is the illegal killing, trapping or capture of the hunted species. The species that are hunted are referred to as game or prey and are usually mammals and birds.

Questions:
What is the practice of killing or trapping any animal?
Why do humans most commonly hunt wildlife?
What is there a distinction between lawful hunting and?
What is poaching?
What is the species which is hunted referred to as?
What is the practice of killing or trapping any animal called?
Illegally killing, capturing or trapping an hunted species is called what?
Hunted species are usually referred to as what?
What animals are usually hunted?
What is it called to kill or trap an animal?
What species are usually hunted?
Why do humans hunt?
When was lawful hunting distinguished from poaching?
Species hunted are referred to as what?
Hyderabad has continued with these traditions in its annual Hyderabad Literary Festival, held since 2010, showcasing the city's literary and cultural creativity. Organisations engaged in the advancement of literature include the Sahitya Akademi, the Urdu Academy, the Telugu Academy, the National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language, the Comparative Literature Association of India, and the Andhra Saraswata Parishad. Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the State Central Library, the largest public library in the state which was established in 1891, and other major libraries including the Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam, the British Library and the Sundarayya Vignana Kendram.

Questions:
In what year did the Hyderabad Literary Festival start?
In what year was the biggest public library in Hyderabad created?
What is the name of the largest public library in Hyderabad?
What is one of the activities Telugu Academy is credited with encouraging?
Hyderabad's role in the pearl trade has given it the name "City of Pearls" and up until the 18th century, the city was also the only global trading centre for large diamonds. Industrialisation began under the Nizams in the late 19th century, helped by railway expansion that connected the city with major ports. From the 1950s to the 1970s, Indian enterprises, such as Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC), Bharat Electronics (BEL), Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), State Bank of Hyderabad (SBH) and Andhra Bank (AB) were established in the city. The city is home to Hyderabad Securities formerly known as Hyderabad Stock Exchange (HSE), and houses the regional office of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). In 2013, the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) facility in Hyderabad was forecast to provide operations and transactions services to BSE-Mumbai by the end of 2014. The growth of the financial services sector has helped Hyderabad evolve from a traditional manufacturing city to a cosmopolitan industrial service centre. Since the 1990s, the growth of information technology (IT), IT-enabled services (ITES), insurance and financial institutions has expanded the service sector, and these primary economic activities have boosted the ancillary sectors of trade and commerce, transport, storage, communication, real estate and retail.

Questions:
In the 18th century there was one global trading hub for large diamonds, what was it?
When did railway expansion in Hyderabad occur?
During what era was The Defence Research and Development Organisation founded?
What did the Hyderabad Stock Exchange come to be known as?
At the end of 2014 what entity would handle the the transaction services for BSE-Mumbai?
Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010. China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use. There are now three hydroelectricity plants larger than 10 GW: the Three Gorges Dam in China, Itaipu Dam across the Brazil/Paraguay border, and Guri Dam in Venezuela. The cost of hydroelectricity is low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity. The average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour.

Questions:
Hydropower is produced in how many countries?
Which country is the largest hydroelectricity producer?
How many hydroelectricity plants are larger than 10 GW?
What is the average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts?
If a defendant is sentenced to death at the trial level, the case then goes into a direct review. The direct review process is a typical legal appeal. An appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether the decision was legally sound or not. Direct review of a capital sentencing hearing will result in one of three outcomes. If the appellate court finds that no significant legal errors occurred in the capital sentencing hearing, the appellate court will affirm the judgment, or let the sentence stand. If the appellate court finds that significant legal errors did occur, then it will reverse the judgment, or nullify the sentence and order a new capital sentencing hearing. Lastly, if the appellate court finds that no reasonable juror could find the defendant eligible for the death penalty, a rarity, then it will order the defendant acquitted, or not guilty, of the crime for which he/she was given the death penalty, and order him sentenced to the next most severe punishment for which the offense is eligible. About 60 percent survive the process of direct review intact.

Questions:
What process begins after a death sentence is handed down at trial?
In a direct review, what type of court looks at the record?
How many possible outcomes are there of a capital sentencing direct review?
What percentage of convictions survive direct review?
In a direct review, what court has its record reviewed by the appellate court?
If a more consistent report with the genetic groups in the gradation of miscegenation is to be considered (e.g. that would not cluster people with a balanced degree of African and non-African ancestry in the black group instead of the multiracial one, unlike elsewhere in Latin America where people of high quantity of African descent tend to classify themselves as mixed), more people would report themselves as white and pardo in Brazil (47.7% and 42.4% of the population as of 2010, respectively), because by research its population is believed to have between 65 and 80% of autosomal European ancestry, in average (also >35% of European mt-DNA and >95% of European Y-DNA).

Questions:
What would more people report themselves as if a more consistent report were considered?
What do people with a high quality of African descent classify themselves as?
How much of the population of Brazil reported themselves as pardo in 2010?
Brazil's population is believed to have between what percentages of autosomal European ancestry?
Brazil's population is thought to have greater than what percentage of European Y-DNA?
If bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms, they are classed as pathogens. Pathogenic bacteria are a major cause of human death and disease and cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, cholera, foodborne illness, leprosy and tuberculosis. A pathogenic cause for a known medical disease may only be discovered many years after, as was the case with Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease. Bacterial diseases are also important in agriculture, with bacteria causing leaf spot, fire blight and wilts in plants, as well as Johne's disease, mastitis, salmonella and anthrax in farm animals.

Questions:
What are the pathogenes?
What can pathogenes cause?
Can cause for most pathogenic diseases be found soon?
Igor returned to Kiev keen for revenge. He assembled a large force of warriors from among neighboring Slavs and Pecheneg allies, and sent for reinforcements of Varangians from “beyond the sea.” In 944 the Rus' force advanced again on the Greeks, by land and sea, and a Byzantine force from Cherson responded. The Emperor sent gifts and offered tribute in lieu of war, and the Rus' accepted. Envoys were sent between the Rus’, the Byzantines, and the Bulgarians in 945, and a peace treaty was completed. The agreement again focused on trade, but this time with terms less favorable to the Rus’, including stringent regulations on the conduct of Rus’ merchants in Cherson and Constantinople and specific punishments for violations of the law. The Byzantines may have been motivated to enter the treaty out of concern of a prolonged alliance of the Rus', Pechenegs, and Bulgarians against them, though the more favorable terms further suggest a shift in power.

Questions:
Where did Igor get warriors from after returning to Kiev after being drivin out by the Byzatines?
When did the Rus return to Byzatine seeking revenge?
IN what year was the peace treaty signed between the Rus,  Byzantine and the Bulgarians.
Imamah (Arabic: إمامة‎) is the Shia Islam doctrine (belief) of religious, spiritual and political leadership of the Ummah. The Shia believe that the Imams are the true Caliphs or rightful successors of Muhammad, and further that Imams are possessed of divine knowledge and authority (Ismah) as well as being part of the Ahl al-Bayt, the family of Muhammad. These Imams have the role of providing commentary and interpretation of the Quran as well as guidance to their tariqa followers as is the case of the living Imams of the Nizari Ismaili tariqah.

Questions:
What is the Shia Islam doctrine called?
Who do the Shia believe are the true successors of Muhammad?
What is the role of Imams?
Who do the Shia believe are possessed of divine knowledge and authority?
Immigration to the United States of Spanish-speaking Cubans began because of Cuba's political instability upon achieving independence. The deposition of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship and the ascension of Fidel Castro's government in 1959 increased Cuban immigration to the United States, hence there are some one million Cubans in the United States, most settled in southern and central Florida, while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States; most are fluent in Spanish. In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration.

Questions:
Why did Cubans come to the United States?
What year did most Cubans start coming to America?
Where do most Cuban Americans live?
Do Cubans speak Spanish in America?
Is there a particular place where Cubans live and speak Spanish in the U.S.?
In 1 April 2012 by-elections the NLD won 43 of the 45 available seats; previously an illegal organisation, the NLD had never won a Burmese election until this time. The 2012 by-elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to monitor the voting process in Myanmar. Following announcement of the by-elections, the Freedom House organisation raised concerns about "reports of fraud and harassment in the lead up to elections, including the March 23 deportation of Somsri Hananuntasuk, executive director of the Asian Network for Free Elections (ANFREL), a regional network of civil society organisations promoting democratization." However, uncertainties exist as some other political prisoners have not been released and clashes between Burmese troops and local insurgent groups continue.

Questions:
Does the political party of Aung San Suu Ky hold any positions among the ruling faction ?
Are international monitors used in the elections of Burma ?
Who raised concerns of fraud in the elections held in the Burma 2012 elections ?
Who was expelled from Myanmar before the elections of 2012 and what position did they hold ?
Did all of the political prisoners obtain freedom due to the election in Burma of 2012 ?
In 144 BC Emperor Jing abolished private minting in favor of central-government and commandery-level minting; he also introduced a new coin. Emperor Wu introduced another in 120 BC, but a year later he abandoned the ban liangs entirely in favor of the wuzhu (五銖) coin, weighing 3.2 g (0.11 oz). The wuzhu became China's standard coin until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). Its use was interrupted briefly by several new currencies introduced during Wang Mang's regime until it was reinstated in 40 AD by Emperor Guangwu.

Questions:
Who introduced new coinage in the year of 120 BC?
What coin replaced the ban liangs after only a year of distribution?
During what dynasty did the wuzhu stop being the standard coin?
What was the mass of the wuzhu coin?
What interrupted the use of the wuzhu coin during the reign of Wang Mang?
In 15–20% of active cases, the infection spreads outside the lungs, causing other kinds of TB. These are collectively denoted as "extrapulmonary tuberculosis". Extrapulmonary TB occurs more commonly in immunosuppressed persons and young children. In those with HIV, this occurs in more than 50% of cases. Notable extrapulmonary infection sites include the pleura (in tuberculous pleurisy), the central nervous system (in tuberculous meningitis), the lymphatic system (in scrofula of the neck), the genitourinary system (in urogenital tuberculosis), and the bones and joints (in Pott disease of the spine), among others. When it spreads to the bones, it is also known as "osseous tuberculosis", a form of osteomyelitis. Sometimes, bursting of a tubercular abscess through skin results in tuberculous ulcer. An ulcer originating from nearby infected lymph nodes is painless, slowly enlarging and has an appearance of "wash leather". A potentially more serious, widespread form of TB is called "disseminated tuberculosis", also known as miliary tuberculosis. Miliary TB makes up about 10% of extrapulmonary cases.

Questions:
What's the medical term for TB when it spreads from the lungs to other parts of the body?
At least what percentage of HIV-positive patients who contract TB will experience extrapulmonary infection?
Along with people with diminished immune function, like HIV patients, what group of people is more likely to develop extrapulmonary TB?
If TB infection spreads to the central nervous system, what is it called?
What's the other name for "disseminated tuberculosis"?
In 1634, the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal, and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for the trade. The company's mainstay businesses were by then cotton, silk, indigo dye, saltpetre, and tea. The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Malaccan straits by ousting the Portuguese in 1640–41. With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region, the EIC and Dutch East India Company (VOC) entered a period of intense competition, resulting in the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries.

Questions:
How important were cotton, silk, indigo dye,saltpetre and tea to the company?
Name the wars that was caused by the intense competition between the EIC and Dutch East India Company
what caused the Dutch to expand thier spice trade in the malaccan straits?
what year did the Mughal emperor completely wave customs duities?
who did the Mughal emperor extend hospitality to?
what region was made available to english traders by  the Mughal emperor?
in 1717 what made the region of Bengal  so appealing to English traders?
why type of  dye was one of the East  India company's main  products?
Who were the main competitors that  had a monopoly of the spice trade in Malaccan?
what wars was a result of the competitive nature of the mulitple trading companies in the 17th and 18th centuries?
In 1637 a small party of Puritans reconnoitered the New Haven harbor area and wintered over. In April 1638, the main party of five hundred Puritans who left the Massachusetts Bay Colony under the leadership of the Reverend John Davenport and the London merchant Theophilus Eaton sailed into the harbor. These settlers were hoping to establish a (in their mind) better theological community, with the government more closely linked to the church than the one they left in Massachusetts and sought to take advantage of the excellent port capabilities of the harbor. The Quinnipiacs, who were under attack by neighboring Pequots, sold their land to the settlers in return for protection.

Questions:
In what year did the Puritans survey New Haven Harbor?
From what colony did the original 500 Puritan settlers originate?
Who was the religious leader of the original Puritan settlers?
In what year did the original 500 Puritan settlers arrive in the New Haven harbor area?
From what native tribe did the original Puritan settlers purchase land in exchange for the offer of providing protection?
What year begin the founding of New Haven Harbor?
Where did the settlers came from?
What was the name of the Native Americans that sold them the land?
In comparison to Massachusetts what where settlers hoping to establish in New Haven Harbor?
Who was the religious leader that lead the pilgrims to New Haven Harbor?
In 1644, René Descartes theorized that pain was a disturbance that passed down along nerve fibers until the disturbance reached the brain, a development that transformed the perception of pain from a spiritual, mystical experience to a physical, mechanical sensation[citation needed]. Descartes's work, along with Avicenna's, prefigured the 19th-century development of specificity theory. Specificity theory saw pain as "a specific sensation, with its own sensory apparatus independent of touch and other senses". Another theory that came to prominence in the 18th and 19th centuries was intensive theory, which conceived of pain not as a unique sensory modality, but an emotional state produced by stronger than normal stimuli such as intense light, pressure or temperature. By the mid-1890s, specificity was backed mostly by physiologists and physicians, and the intensive theory was mostly backed by psychologists. However, after a series of clinical observations by Henry Head and experiments by Max von Frey, the psychologists migrated to specificity almost en masse, and by century's end, most textbooks on physiology and psychology were presenting pain specificity as fact.

Questions:
When was Descartes pontificating about his theories regarding pain?
What did Descartes think pain was?
What theory perceives pain as being a specific sensation?
What state does the intensive theory conceive pain as being?
Who migrated to the theory of specificity en mass?
In 1713 Farrukhsiyar, the Mughal emperor, appointed Asif Jah I to be Viceroy of the Deccan, with the title Nizam-ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm). In 1724, Asif Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the Deccan Suba, named the region Hyderabad Deccan, and started what came to be known as the Asif Jahi dynasty. Subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were referred to as Asif Jahi Nizams, or Nizams of Hyderabad. The death of Asif Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons, backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces, contended for the throne. The accession of Asif Jah II, who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768 he signed the treaty of Masulipatnam, surrendering the coastal region to the East India Company in return for a fixed annual rent.

Questions:
What position did Farrukhsiyar hold?
Who was the Viceroy of the Deccan under Farrukhsiyar?
What official title did the Viceroy of Deccan hold?
In what year was Mubariz Khan defeated by Asif Jah I?
What did Asif Jah I rename Deccan Suba to?
In 1729, Nader Shah, a chieftain and military genius from Khorasan, successfully drove out and conquered the Pashtun invaders. He subsequently took back the annexed Caucasian territories which were divided among the Ottoman and Russian authorities by the ongoing chaos in Iran. During the reign of Nader Shah, Iran reached its greatest extent since the Sassanid Empire, reestablishing the Iranian hegemony all over the Caucasus, as well as other major parts of the west and central Asia, and briefly possessing what was arguably the most powerful empire at the time.

Questions:
In what year were the Pashtuns defeated and driven out of Iran?
Who drove out the Pashtuns from Iran in 1729?
Where was Nader Shan from?
Nader Shah expanded Iranian power to its highest peak since what Empire?
Nader Shah took back what territories that were annexed by the Ottomans and the Russians?
In 1738, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, began a diplomatic career as the Portuguese Ambassador in London and later in Vienna. The Queen consort of Portugal, Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa of Austria, was fond of Melo; and after his first wife died, she arranged the widowed de Melo's second marriage to the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun. King John V of Portugal, however, was not pleased and recalled Melo to Portugal in 1749. John V died the following year and his son, Joseph I of Portugal, was crowned. In contrast to his father, Joseph I was fond of de Melo, and with the Queen Mother's approval, he appointed Melo as Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Questions:
Who was the 1st Marquis of Pombal?
What title did Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa hold?
Who arranged the widow de Melo's second marriage?
Who was de Melo's second marriage to?
Who was not pleased by de Melo's second marriage?
In 1756 and 1757 the French captured forts Oswego and William Henry from the British. The latter victory was marred when France's native allies broke the terms of capitulation and attacked the retreating British column, which was under French guard, slaughtering and scalping soldiers and taking captive many men, women and children while the French refused to protect their captives. French naval deployments in 1757 also successfully defended the key Fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island, securing the seaward approaches to Quebec.

Questions:
Who assisted the French in taking forts Oswego and William Henry?
How did France's native allies treat the British prisoners?
How did the French guard respond to the attack on the prisoners?
How did the French defend the Fortress of Louisbourg?
What Canadian area had is seaward side protected by the defense of the Fortress of Louisbourg?
In 1762, towards the end of the war, French forces attacked St. John's, Newfoundland. If successful, the expedition would have strengthened France's hand at the negotiating table. Although they took St. John's and raided nearby settlements, the French forces were eventually defeated by British troops at the Battle of Signal Hill. This was the final battle of the war in North America, and it forced the French to surrender to Lieutenant Colonel William Amherst. The victorious British now controlled all of eastern North America.

Questions:
Where did the French attack in 1762?
What advantage would taking St. John's have provided for the French?
Did the French take St. John's?
Did the French hold St. John's?
Where was the final battle between the French and British in North America?
In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Nizams. In response to regular threats from Hyder Ali (Dalwai of Mysore), Baji Rao I (Peshwa of the Maratha Empire), and Basalath Jung (Asif Jah II's elder brother, who was supported by the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau), the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798, allowing the British Indian Army to occupy Bolarum (modern Secunderabad) to protect the state's borders, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British.

Questions:
In what year did Hyderabad become the capital of Nizams?
Whom did the Nizam ally with in the late 18th century?
Which military occupied Hyderabad city in a protection role?
What was the title of Baji Rao I?
What was the title of Hyder Ali?
In 1775, Patrick Henry delivered his famous "Give me Liberty or Give me Death" speech in St. John's Church in Richmond, crucial for deciding Virginia's participation in the First Continental Congress and setting the course for revolution and independence. On April 18, 1780, the state capital was moved from the colonial capital of Williamsburg to Richmond, to provide a more centralized location for Virginia's increasing westerly population, as well as to isolate the capital from British attack. The latter motive proved to be in vain, and in 1781, under the command of Benedict Arnold, Richmond was burned by British troops, causing Governor Thomas Jefferson to flee as the Virginia militia, led by Sampson Mathews, defended the city.

Questions:
What did Patrick Henry's famous speech persuade Virginians to send delegates to?
What was the capital of Virginia prior to Richmond?
What general led the troops that burned Richmond?
Who led the militia that defended Richmond?
Who was the governor of Virginia in 1781?
In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States. Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or "other." Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850. Native Americans were included among "Other;" in later censuses, they were included as "Free people of color" if they were not living on Indian reservations. Slaves were counted separately from free persons in all the censuses until the Civil War and end of slavery. In later censuses, people of African descent were classified by appearance as mulatto (which recognized visible European ancestry in addition to African) or black.

Questions:
When was the first federal population census taken in the US?
What were the two categories for race in the census?
Who all was identified by name in the house holds?
What were Indians categorized as after they were included as others?
When was the first US federal population census taken?
How were enumerators instructed to classify residents?
Was every resident listed by name?
Were all residents counted together or separately?
when did any changes to counting procedures  happen?
When did the US begin to take census?
At what point were all members of the household named on a census?
Who were considered "free people of color"?
What does mulatto mean?
Where would a Native American live to not be counted in the census?
In 1797, Patrick Colquhoun was able to persuade the West Indies merchants who operated at the Pool of London on the River Thames, to establish a police force at the docks to prevent rampant theft that was causing annual estimated losses of £500,000 worth of cargo. The idea of a police, as it then existed in France, was considered as a potentially undesirable foreign import. In building the case for the police in the face of England's firm anti-police sentiment, Colquhoun framed the political rationale on economic indicators to show that a police dedicated to crime prevention was "perfectly congenial to the principle of the British constitution." Moreover, he went so far as to praise the French system, which had reached "the greatest degree of perfection" in his estimation.

Questions:
Who convinced the West Indies merchants in London to establish police?
When did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force?
Where did the West Indies merchants in London create a police force?
How much cargo had been being stolen from West Indies merchants in London each year?
How did Colquhoun praise the French police?
In 1830, the Duchess of Kent and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to visit the Malvern Hills, stopping at towns and great country houses along the way. Similar journeys to other parts of England and Wales were taken in 1832, 1833, 1834 and 1835. To the King's annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically welcomed in each of the stops. William compared the journeys to royal progresses and was concerned that they portrayed Victoria as his rival rather than his heiress presumptive. Victoria disliked the trips; the constant round of public appearances made her tired and ill, and there was little time for her to rest. She objected on the grounds of the King's disapproval, but her mother dismissed his complaints as motivated by jealousy, and forced Victoria to continue the tours. At Ramsgate in October 1835, Victoria contracted a severe fever, which Conroy initially dismissed as a childish pretence. While Victoria was ill, Conroy and the Duchess unsuccessfully badgered her to make Conroy her private secretary. As a teenager, Victoria resisted persistent attempts by her mother and Conroy to appoint him to her staff. Once queen, she banned him from her presence, but he remained in her mother's household.

Questions:
In 1830, what part of England did Victoria travel to with Dutchess of Kent and Conroy?
What town did Victoria visit in the center of England on her trip with the Dutchess of kent and Conroy?
What years were journeys similar to the Queen trip to Melvern Hills made?
Who was annoyed that Victoria was welcomed at each of her visits to central England?
Willam was concerned that Victoria would was being portrayed as what because of her trips to central England?
Who took Victoria on a trip to Malvern Hills in 1830?
Who was annoyed at how well recieved Victoria was on her tours of the countryside of England and Wales? 
Where did Victoria become seriously ill during one of her trips? 
Who did Victoria dislike so much she banned him from her presence once she became Queen? 
What position did Conroy try and fail to get Victoria to appoint him to during her illness and later? 
Who was Victoria convinced to make her secretery when she was very ill?
How did Victoria feel about all of the trips?
What annoyed the King about the way Victoria was received at her stops?
Why did the King dislike Victoria taking the trips?
When she was made Queen, what did Victoria do about Conroy?