the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
Francis Hutcheson, a moral philosopher, described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers". Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method (the nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation) and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by his protégés David Hume and Adam Smith. Hume became a major figure in the skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions of philosophy.

Questions:
Which moral philosopher said "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers"?
Which two men were Francis Hutecheson's proteges?
The nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation together are called what?
What type of philosopher was Francis Hutcheson?
In what areas of philosophy did Hume become a major figure?
Freedom of the press is ostensibly officially guaranteed by the government, but independent press outlets remain restricted, as does a substantial amount of web content. According to the Institute for War & Peace Reporting, access is blocked to local and foreign websites including avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru and journalists are often obstructed from reporting on controversial events. In practice, no public criticism of the regime is tolerated and all direct protest is severely suppressed and does not receive coverage in the local media.

Questions:
Even though Tajikistan has freedom of the press, what is the problem with it?
What access is blocked?
What is not tolerated by the government in respect to media?
What is not covered by local media?
French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715, the year that Louis XIV died, and 1789, the beginning of the French Revolution. Some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s, with the start of the scientific revolution. The Philosophes, the French term for the philosophers of the period, widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies, Masonic lodges, literary salons and coffee houses, and through printed books and pamphlets. The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the church, and paved the way for the revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. A variety of 19th-century movements, including liberalism and neo-classicism, trace their intellectual heritage back to the Enlightenment.

Questions:
In what year did Louis XIV die?
In what year did the French Revolution begin?
In what decade did the scientific revolution begin?
From 1869 until 1982, Seattle was known as the "Queen City". Seattle's current official nickname is the "Emerald City", the result of a contest held in 1981; the reference is to the lush evergreen forests of the area. Seattle is also referred to informally as the "Gateway to Alaska" for being the nearest major city in the contiguous US to Alaska, "Rain City" for its frequent cloudy and rainy weather, and "Jet City" from the local influence of Boeing. The city has two official slogans or mottos: "The City of Flowers", meant to encourage the planting of flowers to beautify the city, and "The City of Goodwill", adopted prior to the 1990 Goodwill Games. Seattle residents are known as Seattleites.

Questions:
What is Seattle's present nickname?
To what distinct feature of the area does Emerald City refer?
Since Seattle is near Alaska, what is the city called?
From what company does Seattle get its nickname Jet City?
What did Seattle call itself at the time of the Goodwill Games?
From 1877 to 1878, the area suffered a rash of stagecoach robberies. Most notable, however, were the two holdups committed by masked road-agent William Whitney Brazelton. Brazelton held up two stages in the summer of 1878 near Point of Mountain Station approximately 17 mi (27 km) northwest of Tucson. John Clum, of Tombstone, Arizona fame was one of the passengers. Brazelton was eventually tracked down and killed on Monday August 19, 1878, in a mesquite bosque along the Santa Cruz River 3 miles (5 km) south of Tucson by Pima County Sheriff Charles A. Shibell and his citizen's posse. Brazelton had been suspected of highway robbery not only in the Tucson area, but also in the Prescott region and Silver City, New Mexico area as well. Brazelton's crimes prompted John J. Valentine, Sr. of Wells, Fargo & Co. to send special agent and future Pima County sheriff Bob Paul to investigate. Fort Lowell, then east of Tucson, was established to help protect settlers from Apache attacks. In 1882, Frank Stilwell was implicated in the murder of Morgan Earp by Cowboy Pete Spence's wife, Marietta, at the coroner's inquest on Morgan Earp's shooting. The coroner's jury concluded that Spence, Stilwell, Frederick Bode, and Florentino "Indian Charlie" Cruz were the prime suspects in the assassination of Morgan Earp. :250 Deputy U.S. Marshal Wyatt Earp gathered a few trusted friends and accompanied Virgil Earp and his family as they traveled to Benson for a train ride to California. They found Stilwell lying in wait for Virgil in the Tucson station and killed him on the tracks. After killing Stilwell, Wyatt deputized others and rode on a vendetta, killing three more cowboys over the next few days before leaving the state.

Questions:
What date did William Whitney Brazelton Die? 
What is the name of the sheriff who shot William Whitney Brazelton?
Who was held responsible for the murder of Morgan Earp?
What was Wyatt Earp's job title?
What Deputy was responsible for the death of Frank Stiwell?
What crime increased in the Tucson area in 1877?
Who was the most famous stagecoach robber in the Tucson area?
When was Brazelton killed?
Who killed Brazelton?
What was Shibell's job?
From 1879, Watch Tower supporters gathered as autonomous congregations to study the Bible topically. Thirty congregations were founded, and during 1879 and 1880, Russell visited each to provide the format he recommended for conducting meetings. As congregations continued to form during Russell's ministry, they each remained self-administrative, functioning under the congregationalist style of church governance. In 1881, Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society was presided over by William Henry Conley, and in 1884, Charles Taze Russell incorporated the society as a non-profit business to distribute tracts and Bibles. By about 1900, Russell had organized thousands of part- and full-time colporteurs, and was appointing foreign missionaries and establishing branch offices. By the 1910s, Russell's organization maintained nearly a hundred "pilgrims," or traveling preachers. Russell engaged in significant global publishing efforts during his ministry, and by 1912, he was the most distributed Christian author in the United States.

Questions:
When did Watch Tower supporters gather as autonomous congregations to study the Bible?
How many congregations were founded?
When did Russell visit each of the congregations to provide the format he recommended to conduct their meetings?
What did the congregations which continued to form during Russell's ministry remain?
Who presided over Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society in 1881?
From 1940, the Sovereign could appoint a person as a Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire for gallantry for acts of bravery (not in the face of the enemy) below the level required for the George Medal. The grade was determined by the same criteria as usual, and not by the level of gallantry (and with more junior people instead receiving the British Empire Medal). Oddly, this meant that it was awarded for lesser acts of gallantry than the George Medal, but, as an Order, was worn before it and listed before it in post-nominal initials. From 14 January 1958, these awards were designated the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry.

Questions:
From what year could the Sovereign appoint a person as Commander, Officer or Member of the Order of the British Empire?
Of what acts did the Members of the Order of the British Empire appoint?
What grade was determined?
When was the awards designated the Order of the British Empire for Gallantry?
From 1981 to 2010, the average annual precipitation measured at Seattle–Tacoma International Airport was 37.49 inches (952 mm). Annual precipitation has ranged from 23.78 in (604 mm) in 1952 to 55.14 in (1,401 mm) in 1950; for water year (October 1 – September 30) precipitation, the range is 23.16 in (588 mm) in 1976–77 to 51.82 in (1,316 mm) in 1996–97. Due to local variations in microclimate, Seattle also receives significantly lower precipitation than some other locations west of the Cascades. Around 80 mi (129 km) to the west, the Hoh Rain Forest in Olympic National Park on the western flank of the Olympic Mountains receives an annual average precipitation of 142 in (3.61 m). Sixty miles to the south of Seattle, the state capital Olympia, which is out of the Olympic Mountains' rain shadow, receives an annual average precipitation of 50 in (1,270 mm). The city of Bremerton, about 15 mi (24 km) west of downtown Seattle, receives 56.4 in (1,430 mm) of precipitation annually.

Questions:
What is the average rainfall in Seattle? 
Where on the Olympic Peninsula does the rainfall average 142 inches a year?
What weather factor produces a great variance in local climates in the Seattle area?
What is the capital of the state of Washington?
What mountain range is the cause of the variance in rainfall?
From May 13 to May 16 in 1929, Johnson hosted a conference for organized crime figures from all across America. The men who called this meeting were Masseria family lieutenant Charles "Lucky" Luciano and former Chicago South Side Gang boss Johnny "the Fox" Torrio, with heads of the Bugs and Meyer Mob, Meyer Lansky and Benjamin Siegel, being used as muscle for the meeting.

Questions:
Who was a meeting organized for in 1929 in Atlantic City?
What family was Charles 
In what year was there a conference for organized crime figures in Atlantic City?
For which family was Charles "Lucky" Luciano a lieutenant?
What was Johnny Torrio's nickname?
What was Charles Luciano's nickname?
Who was a former Chicago South Side Gang boss?
From as early as 1935 Japanese military strategists had concluded the Dutch East Indies were, because of their oil reserves, of considerable importance to Japan. By 1940 they had expanded this to include Indo-China, Malaya, and the Philippines within their concept of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Japanese troop build ups in Hainan, Taiwan, and Haiphong were noted, Japanese Army officers were openly talking about an inevitable war, and Admiral Sankichi Takahashi was reported as saying a showdown with the United States was necessary.

Questions:
Which Japanese Admiral felt it was necessary to go to war with the U.S.?
Why was the Dutch East Indies important to Japan?
In what year did the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere expand?
What was the importance of the Dutch East Indies to Japan?
Who said a showdown between Japan and the United States would be necessary?
By what year did Japanese strategists expand their concept of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere?
From circa 1932 until 1977, General Electric polluted the Housatonic River with PCBs discharges from the General Electric plant at Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Aroclor 1254 and Aroclor 1260, made by Monsanto was the primary contaminant of the pollution. The highest concentrations of PCBs in the Housatonic River are found in Woods Pond in Lenox, Massachusetts, just south of Pittsfield, where they have been measured up to 110 mg/kg in the sediment. About 50% of all the PCBs currently in the river are estimated to be retained in the sediment behind Woods Pond dam. This is estimated to be about 11,000 pounds of PCBs. Former filled oxbows are also polluted. Waterfowl and fish who live in and around the river contain significant levels of PCBs and can present health risks if consumed.

Questions:
Which river did GE pollute with PCBs from its plant in Pittsfield, MA?
What were the primary contaminants contained in the pollution discharged into the Housatonic River?
Which company produced the Aroctor 1254 and Aroctor 1260?
How many pounds of PCBs are estimated to be retained in the sediment behind Woods Pond dam?
How high have the levels of PCBs in the sediments behind Woods Pond dam been measured at?
From early 1944 until the days leading up to the invasion, Kuribayashi transformed the island into a massive network of bunkers, hidden guns, and 11 mi (18 km) of underground tunnels. The heavy American naval and air bombardment did little but drive the Japanese further underground, making their positions impervious to enemy fire. Their pillboxes and bunkers were all connected so that if one was knocked out, it could be reoccupied again. The network of bunkers and pillboxes greatly favored the defender.

Questions:
How many miles of hidden tunnel were on the island?
Who transformed the island into a fortress?
What were the pillboxes and bunkers connected by?
Who did the network of fortifications on the island favor?
From its discovery in 1846 until the subsequent discovery of Pluto in 1930, Neptune was the farthest known planet. When Pluto was discovered it was considered a planet, and Neptune thus became the penultimate known planet, except for a 20-year period between 1979 and 1999 when Pluto's elliptical orbit brought it closer to the Sun than Neptune. The discovery of the Kuiper belt in 1992 led many astronomers to debate whether Pluto should be considered a planet or as part of the Kuiper belt. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union defined the word "planet" for the first time, reclassifying Pluto as a "dwarf planet" and making Neptune once again the outermost known planet in the Solar System.

Questions:
What was Neptune before Pluto was discovered? 
What period was Pluto closer to the sun than Neptune? 
What discovery made astronomer's debate Pluto's status as a planet? 
What year did the International Astronomical Union define the word planet? 
Now that Pluto isn't a planet, what is Neptune known for in our solar system?
From the caliphate's north-western African bases, a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads (starting in 711), and on into south-eastern Gaul (last stronghold at Narbonne in 759). Hisham's reign witnessed the end of expansion in the west, following the defeat of the Arab army by the Franks at the Battle of Tours in 732. In 739 a major Berber Revolt broke out in North Africa, which was subdued only with difficulty, but it was followed by the collapse of Umayyad authority in al-Andalus. In India the Arab armies were defeated by the south Indian Chalukya dynasty and by the north Indian Pratiharas Dynasty in the 8th century and the Arabs were driven out of India. In the Caucasus, the confrontation with the Khazars peaked under Hisham: the Arabs established Derbent as a major military base and launched several invasions of the northern Caucasus, but failed to subdue the nomadic Khazars. The conflict was arduous and bloody, and the Arab army even suffered a major defeat at the Battle of Marj Ardabil in 730. Marwan ibn Muhammad, the future Marwan II, finally ended the war in 737 with a massive invasion that is reported to have reached as far as the Volga, but the Khazars remained unsubdued.

Questions:
When did the Umayyads begin to occupy Iberia?
What was the final year that the Umayyads held Narbonne?
Who defeated the Arabs at the Battle of Tours?
In what year did the Berber Revolt begin?
What was Marwan II's name before he became caliph?
From the early 16th century, both Western Armenia and Eastern Armenia fell under Iranian Safavid rule. Owing to the century long Turco-Iranian geo-political rivalry that would last in Western Asia, significant parts of the region were frequently fought over between the two rivalling empires. From the mid 16th century with the Peace of Amasya, and decisively from the first half of the 17th century with the Treaty of Zuhab until the first half of the 19th century, Eastern Armenia was ruled by the successive Iranian Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar empires, while Western Armenia remained under Ottoman rule. In the late 1820s, the parts of historic Armenia under Iranian control centering on Yerevan and Lake Sevan (all of Eastern Armenia) were incorporated into the Russian Empire following Iran's forced ceding of the territories after its loss in the Russo-Persian War (1826-1828) and the outcoming Treaty of Turkmenchay. Western Armenia however, remained in Ottoman hands.

Questions:
When did the Russo-Persian War begin?
When did the Russo-Persian War end?
What treaty ended the Russo-Persian War?
When did parts of Armenia under Iranian control become part of Russia?
When was the Peace of Amasya?
From the end of World War I until 1962, New Zealand controlled Samoa as a Class C Mandate under trusteeship through the League of Nations, then through the United Nations. There followed a series of New Zealand administrators who were responsible for two major incidents. In the first incident, approximately one fifth of the Samoan population died in the influenza epidemic of 1918–1919. Between 1919 and 1962, Samoa was administered by the Department of External Affairs, a government department which had been specially created to oversee New Zealand's Island Territories and Samoa. In 1943, this Department was renamed the Department of Island Territories after a separate Department of External Affairs was created to conduct New Zealand's foreign affairs.

Questions:
What country was in control of Samoa up until 1962?
During what years was the Samoan influenza epidemic?
What official organization was responsible for Samoa during most of the 20th century?
What new label did the Department of External Affairs receive in 1943?
About how much of the total population of Samoa died from influenza during the epidemic?
From the late 10th to late 7th centuries BC, the Iranian peoples, together with the pre-Iranian kingdoms, fell under the domination of the Assyrian Empire, based in northern Mesopotamia. Under king Cyaxares, the Medes and Persians entered into an alliance with Nabopolassar of Babylon, as well as the Scythians and the Cimmerians, and together they attacked the Assyrian Empire. The civil war ravaged the Assyrian Empire between 616 BC and 605 BC, thus freeing their respective peoples from three centuries of Assyrian rule. The unification of the Median tribes under a single ruler in 728 BC led to the foundation of the Median Empire which, by 612 BC, controlled the whole Iran and the eastern Anatolia. This marked the end of the Kingdom of Urartu as well, which was subsequently conquered and dissolved.

Questions:
Who dominated the area of Irea between the 10th Century BC to the late 7th Century BC?
Who lead the Persians into a coalition with the Medes, Babylon, Scythians, and Cimmerians to fight against the Assyrians?
When did this Civil War take place to free the Iranian peoples from Assyrian rule?
How long did the Assyrian Empire control and rule Iran?
When did the Median tribes unify under a single ruler to form the Median Empire?
Full-featured USB Type-C cables are active, electronically marked cables that contain a chip with an ID function based on the configuration data channel and vendor-defined messages (VDMs) from the USB Power Delivery 2.0 specification. USB Type-C devices also support power currents of 1.5 A and 3.0 A over the 5 V power bus in addition to baseline 900 mA; devices can either negotiate increased USB current through the configuration line, or they can support the full Power Delivery specification using both BMC-coded configuration line and legacy BFSK-coded VBUS line.

Questions:
What kind of cables does the fully featured USB Type-C contain?
Electronically marked cables have a chip that contains what?
What is the shortened version of vendor-defined messages?
Further distinctions in self-concept, called "differentiation," occur as the adolescent recognizes the contextual influences on their own behavior and the perceptions of others, and begin to qualify their traits when asked to describe themselves. Differentiation appears fully developed by mid-adolescence. Peaking in the 7th-9th grades, the personality traits adolescents use to describe themselves refer to specific contexts, and therefore may contradict one another. The recognition of inconsistent content in the self-concept is a common source of distress in these years (see Cognitive dissonance), but this distress may benefit adolescents by encouraging structural development.

Questions:
When does differentiation appear fully developed?
When adolescents begin to qualify their traits, what are they demonstrating?
Does the recognition of inconsistent content in one's self-concept typically bring distress or peace to an adolescent?
GE has said that it will invest $1.4 billion in clean technology research and development in 2008 as part of its Ecomagination initiative. As of October 2008, the scheme had resulted in 70 green products being brought to market, ranging from halogen lamps to biogas engines. In 2007, GE raised the annual revenue target for its Ecomagination initiative from $20 billion in 2010 to $25 billion following positive market response to its new product lines. In 2010, GE continued to raise its investment by adding $10 billion into Ecomagination over the next five years.

Questions:
How much money has GE said it will invest in 2008 for clean technology R&D?
How many green products did GE bring to market via its Ecoimagination program as of October 2008?
What was GE's new revenue target for its Ecoimagination program in 2010?
What type of lamp was introduced by GE as part of its Ecoimagination initiative?
What type of engine did GE bring to market as part of its Ecoimagination project?
Gaddafi financially supported other militant groups across the world, including the Black Panther Party, Nation of Islam, Tupamaros, 19th of April Movement and Sandinista National Liberation Front in the Americas, the ANC among other liberation movements in the fight against Apartheid in South Africa, the Provisional Irish Republican Army, ETA, Sardinian nationalists, Action directe, the Red Brigades, and the Red Army Faction in Europe, and the Armenian Secret Army, Japanese Red Army, Free Aceh Movement, and Moro National Liberation Front in Asia. Gaddafi was indiscriminate in the causes he funded, sometimes switching from supporting one side in a conflict to the other, as in the Eritrean War of Independence. Throughout the 1970s these groups received financial support from Libya, which came to be seen as a leader in the Third World's struggle against colonialism and neocolonialism. Though many of these groups were labelled "terrorists" by critics of their activities, Gaddafi rejected such a characterisation, instead considering them revolutionaries engaged in liberation struggles.

Questions:
During what conflict did Gaddafi notably switch sides?
During what decade did Libya finance militant groups?
What was the Third World fighting against in the 1970s?
On what continent did the Red Army Faction operate?
What was the ANC combating?
Gaddafi organized demonstrations and distributed posters criticizing the monarchy. In October 1961, he led a demonstration protesting Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic. During this they broke windows of a local hotel accused of serving alcohol. Catching the authorities' attention, they expelled his family from Sabha. Gaddafi moved to Misrata, there attending Misrata Secondary School. Maintaining his interest in Arab nationalist activism, he refused to join any of the banned political parties active in the city – including the Arab Nationalist Movement, the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and the Muslim Brotherhood – claiming he rejected factionalism. He read voraciously on the subjects of Nasser and the French Revolution of 1789, as well as the works of Syrian political theorist Michel Aflaq and biographies of Abraham Lincoln, Sun Yat-sen, and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

Questions:
Why did Gaddafi's family have to leave Sabha?
Gaddafi was an avid reader. Name three biographies that he read.
What political idealogy did Gaddafi not believe in?
While he was in secondary school, what sort of activism did Gaddafi support?
Why did Gaddafi's family leave Sabha?
What political ideology did Gaddafi reject when he attended Misrata Secondary School?
List several biographies that influenced Gaddafi.
Where sort of activism did Gaddafi promote while attending secondary school?
Where did Gaddafi travel to after he was kicked out of Sabha?
Along with the Ba'ath Party and Muslim Brotherhood, what group was notably banned in Misrata?
In what month and year did Gaddafi protest against Syria leaving the United Arab Republic?
Of what nationality was Michel Aflaq?
Along with Lincoln and Ataturk, whose biography did Gaddafi read while in Misrata?
Gaddafi was a very private individual, who described himself as a "simple revolutionary" and "pious Muslim" called upon by Allah to continue Nasser's work. Reporter Mirella Bianco found that his friends considered him particularly loyal and generous, and asserted that he adored children. She was told by Gaddafi's father that even as a child he had been "always serious, even taciturn", a trait he also exhibited in adulthood. His father said that he was courageous, intelligent, pious, and family oriented.

Questions:
Whose efforts did Gaddafi see himself as continuing?
What was Gaddafi's religious affiliation?
Who stated that Gaddafi was fond of children?
What is Mirella Biano's occupation?
Who remarked on Gaddafi's family orientation?
Gaddafi's earliest education was of a religious nature, imparted by a local Islamic teacher. Subsequently moving to nearby Sirte to attend elementary school, he progressed through six grades in four years. Education in Libya was not free, but his father thought it would greatly benefit his son despite the financial strain. During the week Gaddafi slept in a mosque, and at weekends walked 20 miles to visit his parents. Bullied for being a Bedouin, he was proud of his identity and encouraged pride in other Bedouin children. From Sirte, he and his family moved to the market town of Sabha in Fezzan, south-central Libya, where his father worked as a caretaker for a tribal leader while Muammar attended secondary school, something neither parent had done. Gaddafi was popular at school; some friends made there received significant jobs in his later administration, most notably his best friend Abdul Salam Jalloud.

Questions:
Describe Gaddafi's first experience with education.
In addition to gaining an education, describe how Gaddafi managed to attend school 20 miles from his family.
How did Gaddafi deal with peer pressure regarding his cultural background?
When Gaddafi's family moved to Sabha, describe his educational experiences in secondary school.
Describe Gaddafi's parents' educational backgrounds.
Why was Gaddafi made fun of in elementary school?
How did Gaddafi manage to attend elementary school so far from home?
Were Gaddafi's parents educated?
How did his early relationships play a role later when Gaddafi  became a ruler?
Was Gaddafi's education free?
In what religion was Gaddafi educated?
What town did Gaddafi's family move to after they left Sirte?
What geographical portion of Libya is Fezzan located in?
Who was Gaddafi's closest friend in secondary school?
In what town did Gaddafi first attend primary school?
Gay and lesbian people can have sexual relationships with someone of the opposite sex for a variety of reasons, including the desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism. While some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses, others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages. Coming out of the closet to oneself, a spouse of the opposite sex, and children can present challenges that are not faced by gay and lesbian people who are not married to people of the opposite sex or do not have children.

Questions:
What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior?
What is a possible scenario that can occur when a closeted homosexual is in a heterosexual relationship?
What are some things that can cause a homosexual person to be with the opposite sex?
Can a homosexual person still grow their sexual identiries while with the opposit sex? 
What kind of hardships can a homosexual face when admitting their ssexuality while in a heterosexual marriage?
Can a homosexual person hide their true idenitys?
General Frossard's II Corps and Marshal Bazaine's III Corps crossed the German border on 2 August, and began to force the Prussian 40th Regiment of the 16th Infantry Division from the town of Saarbrücken with a series of direct attacks. The Chassepot rifle proved its worth against the Dreyse rifle, with French riflemen regularly outdistancing their Prussian counterparts in the skirmishing around Saarbrücken. However the Prussians resisted strongly, and the French suffered 86 casualties to the Prussian 83 casualties. Saarbrücken also proved to be a major obstacle in terms of logistics. Only one railway there led to the German hinterland but could be easily defended by a single force, and the only river systems in the region ran along the border instead of inland. While the French hailed the invasion as the first step towards the Rhineland and later Berlin, General Le Bœuf and Napoleon III were receiving alarming reports from foreign news sources of Prussian and Bavarian armies massing to the southeast in addition to the forces to the north and northeast.

Questions:
On which date did Frossard's and Bazaines's troops cross the German border?
Which regiment did their respective corps force from the town of Saarbrucken?
What proved its worth against the Dreyse rifle?
How many casualties did the French suffer at Saarbrucken?
How many casualties did the Prussians suffer at Saarbrucken?
Generally, this pattern is a circuit consisting of five "legs" that form a rectangle (two legs and the runway form one side, with the remaining legs forming three more sides). Each leg is named (see diagram), and ATC directs pilots on how to join and leave the circuit. Traffic patterns are flown at one specific altitude, usually 800 or 1,000 ft (244 or 305 m) above ground level (AGL). Standard traffic patterns are left-handed, meaning all turns are made to the left. One of the main reason for this is that pilots sit on the left side of the airplane, and a Left-hand patterns improves their visibility of the airport and pattern. Right-handed patterns do exist, usually because of obstacles such as a mountain, or to reduce noise for local residents. The predetermined circuit helps traffic flow smoothly because all pilots know what to expect, and helps reduce the chance of a mid-air collision.

Questions:
Traffic patterns are usually flown at what altitude above ground level?
What does AGL stand for?
Are standard traffic patterns right-handed or left-handed?
What is one of the main reasons pilots sit on the left side of the airplane?
Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. "Y-DNA" is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while "mtDNA" is passed down the matrilineal line, from mother to offspring of both sexes. Neither recombines, and thus Y-DNA and mtDNA change only by chance mutation at each generation with no intermixture between parents' genetic material. Autosomal "atDNA" markers are also used, but differ from mtDNA or Y-DNA in that they overlap significantly. AtDNA is generally used to measure the average continent-of-ancestry genetic admixture in the entire human genome and related isolated populations.

Questions:
What does the genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on?
How is Y-DNA passed along?
Which type of DNA is passed from the mother to offspring of both genders?
What is the only way that Y-DNA and mtDNA change?
What is AtDNA generally only used to measure?
Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide. The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill). The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them.

Questions:
The word "genocide" was unknown until what year?
In 1941, how did Winston Churchill refer to the mass killings of Russian prisoners of war?
What was the name of the Polish-Jewish lawyer who first described Nazi atrocities as "genocide?" 
What is the etymological basis of the word "genocide?"
As it pertains to violent crimes against targeted groups, what is the ultimate motivation within the actions of genocide?
Geologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes mountain range of South America. The Antarctic Peninsula was formed by uplift and metamorphism of sea bed sediments during the late Paleozoic and the early Mesozoic eras. This sediment uplift was accompanied by igneous intrusions and volcanism. The most common rocks in West Antarctica are andesite and rhyolite volcanics formed during the Jurassic period. There is also evidence of volcanic activity, even after the ice sheet had formed, in Marie Byrd Land and Alexander Island. The only anomalous area of West Antarctica is the Ellsworth Mountains region, where the stratigraphy is more similar to East Antarctica.

Questions:
To what mountainous area is Antarctica geologically similar?
An uplift of what formed Antarctica?
Starting from the late Paleozoic era, when did Antarctica finish forming?
What are the most often found rocks in Antarctica?
What type of geologic activity occurred even after the formation of the ice sheets?
Georgian architecture is characterized by its proportion and balance; simple mathematical ratios were used to determine the height of a window in relation to its width or the shape of a room as a double cube. Regularity, as with ashlar (uniformly cut) stonework, was strongly approved, imbuing symmetry and adherence to classical rules: the lack of symmetry, where Georgian additions were added to earlier structures remaining visible, was deeply felt as a flaw, at least before Nash began to introduce it in a variety of styles. Regularity of housefronts along a street was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning. Until the start of the Gothic Revival in the early 19th century, Georgian designs usually lay within the Classical orders of architecture and employed a decorative vocabulary derived from ancient Rome or Greece.

Questions:
Georgian architecture is characterized by?
What was a desirable feature of Georgian town planning?
What decorative vocabulary did Georgian designs draw from?
What was considered a deep flaw of Georgian architecture?
Georgian succeeded the English Baroque of Sir Christopher Wren, Sir John Vanbrugh, Thomas Archer, William Talman, and Nicholas Hawksmoor; this in fact continued into at least the 1720s, overlapping with a more restrained Georgian style. The architect James Gibbs was a transitional figure, his earlier buildings are Baroque, reflecting the time he spent in Rome in the early 18th century, but he adjusted his style after 1720. Major architects to promote the change in direction from baroque were Colen Campbell, author of the influential book Vitruvius Britannicus (1715-1725); Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington and his protégé William Kent; Isaac Ware; Henry Flitcroft and the Venetian Giacomo Leoni, who spent most of his career in England. Other prominent architects of the early Georgian period include James Paine, Robert Taylor, and John Wood, the Elder. The European Grand Tour became very common for wealthy patrons in the period, and Italian influence remained dominant, though at the start of the period Hanover Square, Westminster (1713 on), developed and occupied by Whig supporters of the new dynasty, seems to have deliberately adopted German stylisic elements in their honour, especially vertical bands connecting the windows.

Questions:
What style did Georgian succeed?
Which architect was a transitional figure?
Which book did Colen Campbell write?
What became very popular with wealthy patrons during this period?
What Venetian spent most of his career in England?
German air supremacy at night was also now under threat. British night-fighter operations out over the Channel were proving highly successful. This was not immediately apparent. The Bristol Blenheim F.1 was undergunned, with just four .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns which struggled to down the Do 17, Ju 88, or Heinkel He 111. Moreover, the Blenheim struggled to reach the speed of the German bombers. Added to the fact an interception relied on visual sighting, a kill was most elusive even in the conditions of a moonlit sky.

Questions:
How was the British night fighter operations faring?
How did the Bristol Blenheim F.1 perform against German aircraft?
How did the Bristol Blenheim F.1 compare to German aircraft speed?
What did interception rely upon?
German is the fourth most commonly used language, with 13,444 speakers representing about 0.4% of the total state population. Fifth is Vietnamese, spoken by 11,330 people, or about 0.4% of the population, many of whom live in the Asia District of Oklahoma City. Other languages include French with 8,258 speakers (0.3%), Chinese with 6,413 (0.2%), Korean with 3,948 (0.1%), Arabic with 3,265 (0.1%), other Asian languages with 3,134 (0.1%), Tagalog with 2,888 (0.1%), Japanese with 2,546 (0.1%), and African languages with 2,546 (0.1%). In addition to Cherokee, more than 25 Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma, second only to California (though, it should be noted that only Cherokee exhibits language vitality at present).

Questions:
What is Oklahoma's fourth most popular language?
How many Oklahomans speak German?
What is Oklahoma's fifth most popular language?
How many Oklahomans speak Vietnamese?
How many Native American languages are used in Oklahoma?
Germany is a federal republic consisting of sixteen federal states (German: Bundesland, or Land).[a] Since today's Germany was formed from an earlier collection of several states, it has a federal constitution, and the constituent states retain a measure of sovereignty. With an emphasis on geographical conditions, Berlin and Hamburg are frequently called Stadtstaaten (city-states), as is the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, which in fact includes the cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven. The remaining 13 states are called Flächenländer (literally: area states).

Questions:
How many states are in Germany?
What is the German terms for states?
Which cities are called Stadtstaaten, other than Bremen?
How many states are called "Flächenländer"?
The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen includes which cities?
Gladstone returned to power after the 1892 general election; he was 82 years old. Victoria objected when Gladstone proposed appointing the Radical MP Henry Labouchere to the Cabinet, so Gladstone agreed not to appoint him. In 1894, Gladstone retired and, without consulting the outgoing prime minister, Victoria appointed Lord Rosebery as prime minister. His government was weak, and the following year Lord Salisbury replaced him. Salisbury remained prime minister for the remainder of Victoria's reign.

Questions:
What year did Gladstone return to power?
How old was Gladstone in 1892?
What year did Gladstone retire?
What position did Victoria appoint Lord Rosebery?
What year did Gadstone return to power?
How old was Gladstone when he returned to power?
What year did Gladstone retire?
Who did Victoria appoint to replace Gladstone?
Who replaced Lord Rosebery the year following his appointment?
How old was Gladstone after the general election in 1892? 
What radical MP did Victoria object to being appointed to the cabinet by Gladstone? 
Who did Victoria appoint to Prime Minister after Gladstone retired in 1894?
Who replaced Lord Rosenbery after only a year of government? 
How long did Lord Salisbury remain as Prime Minister?
Who was returned to power in 1892?
Who did Victoria appoint as Gladstone's succesor?
How did Lord Roseberry fare as Prime Minister?
Who replaced Lord Roseberry as Prime Minister?
How long was Lord Sailsbury Prime Minister?
God's consequent nature, on the other hand, is anything but unchanging – it is God's reception of the world's activity. As Whitehead puts it, "[God] saves the world as it passes into the immediacy of his own life. It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved." In other words, God saves and cherishes all experiences forever, and those experiences go on to change the way God interacts with the world. In this way, God is really changed by what happens in the world and the wider universe, lending the actions of finite creatures an eternal significance.

Questions:
How does Whitehead define he consequent nature of God?
How does Whitehead describe the judgment of God?
What does Whitehead say that God does with all experiences?
What effect does Whitehead claim that experiences have on God?
What conclusion does Whitehead draw about God's treatment of humans' experiences?
Goodluck Jonathan served as Nigeria's president till 16 April 2011, when a new presidential election in Nigeria was conducted. Jonathan of the PDP was declared the winner on 19 April 2011, having won the election with a total of 22,495,187 of the 39,469,484 votes cast, to stand ahead of Muhammadu Buhari from the main opposition party, the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), which won 12,214,853 of the total votes cast. The international media reported the elections as having run smoothly with relatively little violence or voter fraud, in contrast to previous elections.

Questions:
Who won the 2011 election?
How many votes did Goodluck get in 2011?
What was the main opposition political party in 2011?
Who was the CPC's 2011 candidate?
How many votes did Buhari get?
Gorbachev again refused to make any changes to the status of Nagorno Karabakh, which remained part of Azerbaijan. Instead he sacked both Republics' Communist Party Leaders: On May 21, 1988, Karen Demirchian was replaced by Suren Harutyunyan as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia. However, Harutyunyan quickly decided to run before the nationalist wind and on May 28, allowed Armenians to unfurl the red-blue-gold First Armenian Republic flag for the first time in almost 70 years. On June 15, 1988, the Armenian Supreme Soviet adopted a resolution formally approving the idea of Nagorno Karabakh joining Armenia. Armenia, formerly one of the most loyal Republics, had suddenly turned into the leading rebel republic. On July 5, 1988, when a contingent of troops was sent in to remove demonstrators by force from Yerevan's Zvartnots International Airport, shots were fired and one student protester was killed. In September, further large demonstrations in Yerevan led to the deployment of armored vehicles. In the autumn of 1988 almost all the 200,000 Azerbaijani minority in Armenia was expelled by Armenian Nationalists, with over 100 killed in the process – this, after the Sumgait pogrom earlier that year carried out by Azerbaijanis against ethnic Armenians and subsequent expulsion of all Armenians from Azerbaijan. On November 25, 1988, a military commandant took control of Yerevan as the Soviet government moved to prevent further ethnic violence.

Questions:
How many protesters died in the airport violence?
Who banned the Azerbaijani people from Armenia?
Who had been previously removed from Azerbaijan?
Who took charge of Yerevan in November of 1988?
Government phonology, which originated in the early 1980s as an attempt to unify theoretical notions of syntactic and phonological structures, is based on the notion that all languages necessarily follow a small set of principles and vary according to their selection of certain binary parameters. That is, all languages' phonological structures are essentially the same, but there is restricted variation that accounts for differences in surface realizations. Principles are held to be inviolable, though parameters may sometimes come into conflict. Prominent figures in this field include Jonathan Kaye, Jean Lowenstamm, Jean-Roger Vergnaud, Monik Charette, and John Harris.

Questions:
When was Government phonology first seen?
Jonathan Kaye is an important person in what form of phonology?
What is responsible for differences in surface realizations according to Government phonology?
Governments have seen alternates between Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Indian National Congress (INC), no third front ever has become significant. In 2003, the state legislative assembly was won by the Indian National Congress and Virbhadra Singh was elected as the chief minister of the state. In the assembly elections held in December 2007, the BJP secured a landslide victory. The BJP won 41 of the 68 seats while the Congress won only 23 of the 68 seats. BJP's Prem Kumar Dhumal was sworn in as Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh on 30 December 2007.

Questions:
Who was elected as chief minister of the state of India?
How many seats did the BJP win?
Who is BJP's Chief MInister of Himachal Pradesh?
When was he sworn in?
When did the BJP secure a landslide victory?
Gram-positive bacteria possess a thick cell wall containing many layers of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids. In contrast, gram-negative bacteria have a relatively thin cell wall consisting of a few layers of peptidoglycan surrounded by a second lipid membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins. Lipopolysaccharides, also called endotoxins, are composed of polysaccharides and lipid A that is responsible for much of the toxicity of gram-negative bacteria. Most bacteria have the gram-negative cell wall, and only the Firmicutes and Actinobacteria have the alternative gram-positive arrangement. These two groups were previously known as the low G+C and high G+C Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. These differences in structure can produce differences in antibiotic susceptibility; for instance, vancomycin can kill only gram-positive bacteria and is ineffective against gram-negative pathogens, such as Haemophilus influenzae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. If the bacterial cell wall is entirely removed, it is called a protoplast, whereas if it is partially removed, it is called a spheroplast. β-Lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin, inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in the bacterial cell wall. The enzyme lysozyme, found in human tears, also digests the cell wall of bacteria and is the body's main defense against eye infections.

Questions:
What does gram-positive bacteria have?
What can be endotoxins called?
Why gram-negative cell bacteria is more toxic than gram-positive bacteria?
What can different structure of the cell walls of bacteria effect?
What is the main defense of human body against eye infections?
Grazing organisms may also kill their prey species, but this is seldom the case. While some herbivores like zooplankton live on unicellular phytoplankton and therefore, by the individualized nature of the organism, kill their prey, many only eat a small part of the plant. Grazing livestock may pull some grass out at the roots, but most is simply grazed upon, allowing the plant to regrow once again. Kelp is frequently grazed in subtidal kelp forests, but regrows at the base of the blade continuously to cope with browsing pressure. Animals may also be 'grazed' upon; female mosquitos land on hosts briefly to gain sufficient proteins for the development of their offspring. Starfish may be grazed on, being capable of regenerating lost arms.

Questions:
Animals that consume parts of their prey are considered to be
Prey that can regrow leaves or arms have learned to deal with what?
Give an example of an animal that feeds off of other animals for reproduction? 
Give an example of a predator that specializes in eating autotrophic species
What is an organism that grazes upon other animals?
What is an organism that can regrow lost arms?
Do grazing organisms often kill their prey?
How do grass and kelp deal with being grazed upon?