the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
Beginning in the late 1910s and early 1920s, Whitehead gradually turned his attention from mathematics to philosophy of science, and finally to metaphysics. He developed a comprehensive metaphysical system which radically departed from most of western philosophy. Whitehead argued that reality consists of processes rather than material objects, and that processes are best defined by their relations with other processes, thus rejecting the theory that reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another. Today Whitehead's philosophical works – particularly Process and Reality – are regarded as the foundational texts of process philosophy.

Questions:
What did Whitehead first study?
What was Whitehead's second area of study?
What was Whitehead's final area of study?
What type of system did he develop?
What did Whitehead argue reality consists of?
During which decade did Whitehead's focus start shifting away from mathematics?
After moving away from mathematics, what subjects did Whitehead explore?
As opposed to physical objects, what did Whitehead believe reality is composed of?
What was the predominant theory of reality that Whitehead opposed?
What book of Whitehead's is now considered a primary source of process philosophy?
Bermuda is an offshore financial centre, which results from its minimal standards of business regulation/laws and direct taxation on personal or corporate income. It has one of the highest consumption taxes in the world and taxes all imports in lieu of an income tax system. Bermudas's consumption tax is equivalent to local income tax to local residents and funds government and infrastructure expenditures. The local tax system depends upon import duties, payroll taxes and consumption taxes. The legal system is derived from that of the United Kingdom, with recourse to English courts of final appeal. Foreign private individuals cannot easily open bank accounts or subscribe to mobile phone or internet services.

Questions:
Why is Bermuda considered an offshore financial center?
What does it do in place of an income tax system?
What does Bermuda use the consumption tax for?
What three things does the tax system depend on?
What is Bermuda's legal system derived from?
Bermuda's pink sand beaches and clear, cerulean blue ocean waters are popular with tourists. Many of Bermuda's hotels are located along the south shore of the island. In addition to its beaches, there are a number of sightseeing attractions. Historic St George's is a designated World Heritage Site. Scuba divers can explore numerous wrecks and coral reefs in relatively shallow water (typically 30–40 ft or 9–12 m in depth), with virtually unlimited visibility. Many nearby reefs are readily accessible from shore by snorkellers, especially at Church Bay.

Questions:
What directional shore of Bermuda is home to the majority of its hotels?
Bermuda's coral reefs, shipwrecks, and shallow waters are great for what activity in particular?
Historic St. George's has been given what distinction?
What odd color of sand draws tourists to Bermuda's beaches?
What makes Bermuda a popular tourist destination?
Where are the majority of Bermuda's hotels?
What has St. George been designated as?
Why are divers attracted to Bermuda?
Why is Bermuda a great place for snorkellers?
Besides increased efficiency of power plants, there was an increase in efficiency (between 1950 and 1973) of the railway utilization of this electricity with energy-intensity dropping from 218 to 124 kwh/10,000 gross tonne-km (of both passenger and freight trains) or a 43% drop. Since energy-intensity is the inverse of energy-efficiency it drops as efficiency goes up. But most of this 43% decrease in energy-intensity also benefited diesel traction. The conversion of wheel bearings from plain to roller, increase of train weight, converting single track lines to double track (or partially double track), and the elimination of obsolete 2-axle freight cars increased the energy-efficiency of all types of traction: electric, diesel, and steam. However, there remained a 12–15% reduction of energy-intensity that only benefited electric traction (and not diesel). This was due to improvements in locomotives, more widespread use of regenerative braking (which in 1989 recycled 2.65% of the electric energy used for traction,) remote control of substations, better handling of the locomotive by the locomotive crew, and improvements in automation. Thus the overall efficiency of electric traction as compared to diesel more than doubled between 1950 and the mid-1970s in the Soviet Union. But after 1974 (thru 1980) there was no improvement in energy-intensity (wh/tonne-km) in part due to increasing speeds of passenger and freight trains.

Questions:
What caused the energy efficiency to go up?
Elimination of what helped the efficiency of diesel traction to go up?
What type of locomotives got improved during 1950-1973 in Soviet Union?
How much of energy was saved and re-used due to regenerative braking in 1989?
Was there an energy efficiency improvement in the period 1974 through 1980?
Better acquaintance with Greek and Roman technical writings also influenced the development of European science (see the history of science in the Renaissance). This was despite what A. C. Crombie (viewing the Renaissance in the 19th-century manner as a chapter in the heroic March of Progress) calls "a backwards-looking admiration for antiquity", in which Platonism stood in opposition to the Aristotelian concentration on the observable properties of the physical world. But Renaissance humanists, who considered themselves as restoring the glory and nobility of antiquity, had no interest in scientific innovation. However, by the mid-to-late 16th century, even the universities, though still dominated by Scholasticism, began to demand that Aristotle be read in accurate texts edited according to the principles of Renaissance philology, thus setting the stage for Galileo's quarrels with the outmoded habits of Scholasticism.

Questions:
 Closer examination of what information allowed for further progress in scientific knowledge?
Who felt that looking to these ancient documents for new ideas was not the way to mover forward?
What group was neutral about this issue as they felt the subject unimportant? 
 When did even the scholars and professors began to at least end to examine the works of Aristotle?
Between 10 and 17 October 1757, a Hungarian general, Count András Hadik, serving in the Austrian army, executed what may be the most famous hussar action in history. When the Prussian King Frederick was marching south with his powerful armies, the Hungarian general unexpectedly swung his force of 5,000, mostly hussars, around the Prussians and occupied part of their capital, Berlin, for one night. The city was spared for a negotiated ransom of 200,000 thalers. When Frederick heard about this humiliating occupation, he immediately sent a larger force to free the city. Hadik, however, left the city with his Hussars and safely reached the Austrian lines. Subsequently, Hadik was promoted to the rank of Marshal in the Austrian army.

Questions:
What Hungarian general humiliated the Prussians?
What city did Hadik occupy?
How was Berlin spared?
What was Frederick's response to the occupation by Hadik?
How did Hadik respond to the Frederick force?
Between 1042 and 1052 King Edward the Confessor began rebuilding St Peter's Abbey to provide himself with a royal burial church. It was the first church in England built in the Romanesque style. The building was not completed until around 1090 but was consecrated on 28 December 1065, only a week before Edward's death on 5 January 1066. A week later he was buried in the church, and nine years later his wife Edith was buried alongside him. His successor, Harold II, was probably crowned in the abbey, although the first documented coronation is that of William the Conqueror later the same year.

Questions:
Who rebuilt the abbey for a burial church?
What style was the church rebuilt in?
When was the building consecrated?
When did King Edward the Confessor die?
Who was the first documented coronation?
Between 1925 and 1940, philanthropic foundations, especially ones connected with the Rockefellers, contributed about $7 million to support the Yale Institute of Human Relations and the affiliated Yerkes Laboratories of Primate Biology. The money went toward behavioral science research, which was supported by foundation officers who aimed to "improve mankind" under an informal, loosely defined human engineering effort. The behavioral scientists at Yale, led by President James R. Angell and psychobiologist Robert M. Yerkes, tapped into foundation largesse by crafting research programs aimed to investigate, then suggest, ways to control, sexual and social behavior. For example, Yerkes analyzed chimpanzee sexual behavior in hopes of illuminating the evolutionary underpinnings of human development and providing information that could ameliorate dysfunction. Ultimately, the behavioral-science results disappointed foundation officers, who shifted their human-engineering funds toward biological sciences.

Questions:
How much did  philanthropic foundations donate between 1925 and 1940?
What was the $7 million used for?
What was the goal of the behavioral research?
Who were the behavioral scientists in charge of the research?
What animals sexual behavior did Yerkes study?
Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter (/biːˈjɒnseɪ/ bee-YON-say) (born September 4, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer and actress. Born and raised in Houston, Texas, she performed in various singing and dancing competitions as a child, and rose to fame in the late 1990s as lead singer of R&B girl-group Destiny's Child. Managed by her father, Mathew Knowles, the group became one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. Their hiatus saw the release of Beyoncé's debut album, Dangerously in Love (2003), which established her as a solo artist worldwide, earned five Grammy Awards and featured the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles "Crazy in Love" and "Baby Boy".

Questions:
When did Beyonce start becoming popular?
What areas did Beyonce compete in when she was growing up?
When did Beyonce leave Destiny's Child and become a solo singer?
In what city and state did Beyonce  grow up? 
In which decade did Beyonce become famous?
In what R&B group was she the lead singer?
What album made her a worldwide known artist?
Who managed the Destiny's Child group?
When did Beyoncé rise to fame?
What role did Beyoncé have in Destiny's Child?
What was the first album Beyoncé released as a solo artist?
When did Beyoncé release Dangerously in Love?
How many Grammy awards did Beyoncé win for her first solo album?
What was Beyoncé's role in Destiny's Child?
What was the name of Beyoncé's first solo album?
Beyond combat flight crew personnel, perhaps the most dangerous USAF jobs are Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD), Combat rescue officer, Pararescue, Security Forces, Combat Control, Combat Weather, Tactical Air Control Party, and AFOSI agents, who deploy with infantry and special operations units who disarm bombs, rescue downed or isolated personnel, call in air strikes and set up landing zones in forward locations. Most of these are enlisted positions augmented by a smaller number of commissioned officers. Other career fields that have seen increasing exposure to combat include civil engineers, vehicle operators, and Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI) personnel.

Questions:
What is one of the most dangerous jobs for USAF personnel?
What does the abbreviation EOD stand for in the USAF?
What do some of these special missions in the USAF who deploy with the infantry do?
What are these enlisted positions in the USAF complimented by?
What other career fields have seen an increase in active combat missions?
Biodiversity provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources. A significant proportion of drugs are derived, directly or indirectly, from biological sources: at least 50% of the pharmaceutical compounds on the US market are derived from plants, animals, and micro-organisms, while about 80% of the world population depends on medicines from nature (used in either modern or traditional medical practice) for primary healthcare. Only a tiny fraction of wild species has been investigated for medical potential. Biodiversity has been critical to advances throughout the field of bionics. Evidence from market analysis and biodiversity science indicates that the decline in output from the pharmaceutical sector since the mid-1980s can be attributed to a move away from natural product exploration ("bioprospecting") in favor of genomics and synthetic chemistry, indeed claims about the value of undiscovered pharmaceuticals may not provide enough incentive for companies in free markets to search for them because of the high cost of development; meanwhile, natural products have a long history of supporting significant economic and health innovation. Marine ecosystems are particularly important, although inappropriate bioprospecting can increase biodiversity loss, as well as violating the laws of the communities and states from which the resources are taken.

Questions:
What provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources?
What percentage of US drugs are derived from plants, animals, and micro-organisms?
What percentage of worldwide drugs are derived from nature?
What field has biodiversity made critical advances in?
Bird migration routes have been studied by a variety of techniques including the oldest, marking. Swans have been marked with a nick on the beak since about 1560 in England. Scientific ringing was pioneered by Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen in 1899. Other techniques include radar and satellite tracking.

Questions:
What is the oldest way to study migration?
How have swans been marked?
Since when have swans been marked?
Who was scientific ringing pioneered by?
What are other forms of studying migration?
Birds are often important to island ecology. Birds have frequently reached islands that mammals have not; on those islands, birds may fulfill ecological roles typically played by larger animals. For example, in New Zealand the moas were important browsers, as are the kereru and kokako today. Today the plants of New Zealand retain the defensive adaptations evolved to protect them from the extinct moa. Nesting seabirds may also affect the ecology of islands and surrounding seas, principally through the concentration of large quantities of guano, which may enrich the local soil and the surrounding seas.

Questions:
What are often important to island ecology?
What type of birds may also affect the ecology of islands and surrounding areas?
In New Zealand, what were important browsers, as the kereru and kokako are today?
Birds have one of the most complex respiratory systems of all animal groups. Upon inhalation, 75% of the fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac which extends from the lungs and connects with air spaces in the bones and fills them with air. The other 25% of the air goes directly into the lungs. When the bird exhales, the used air flows out of the lung and the stored fresh air from the posterior air sac is simultaneously forced into the lungs. Thus, a bird's lungs receive a constant supply of fresh air during both inhalation and exhalation. Sound production is achieved using the syrinx, a muscular chamber incorporating multiple tympanic membranes which diverges from the lower end of the trachea; the trachea being elongated in some species, increasing the volume of vocalizations and the perception of the bird's size.

Questions:
Which animal has one of the most complex respiratory system of all animal groups?
Upon inhalation, what percentage of fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac?
Where does the other 25 percent of fresh air go?
Sound production is achieved using what muscular chamber?
What is the syrinx?
Birds sometimes use plumage to assess and assert social dominance, to display breeding condition in sexually selected species, or to make threatening displays, as in the sunbittern's mimicry of a large predator to ward off hawks and protect young chicks. Variation in plumage also allows for the identification of birds, particularly between species. Visual communication among birds may also involve ritualised displays, which have developed from non-signalling actions such as preening, the adjustments of feather position, pecking, or other behaviour. These displays may signal aggression or submission or may contribute to the formation of pair-bonds. The most elaborate displays occur during courtship, where "dances" are often formed from complex combinations of many possible component movements; males' breeding success may depend on the quality of such displays.

Questions:
What do birds sometimes use to assess and assert social dominance?
What allows for the identification of birds, particularly between species?
Visual communication among birds may involve what kind of displays?
Boston (pronounced i/ˈbɒstən/) is the capital and largest city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston also served as the historic county seat of Suffolk County until Massachusetts disbanded county government in 1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles (124 km2) with an estimated population of 655,884 in 2014, making it the largest city in New England and the 24th largest city in the United States. The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.7 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan statistical area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 8.1 million people, making it the sixth-largest combined statistical area in the United States.

Questions:
Which of the United States is Boston located in?
How many square miles is the city proper of Boston?
The large metropolitan area of Boston is also called what?
What is the estimated population of Greater Boston?
What is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts?
Boston's early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine (after its "three mountains"—only traces of which remain today) but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the origin of several prominent colonists. The renaming, on September 7, 1630 (Old Style),[b] was by Puritan colonists from England, who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was initially limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River and connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. The peninsula is known to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC.

Questions:
What did Boston's early settlers call the area?
What does Trimountaine mean?
What year was the city renamed Boston?
Who named the city Boston?
What were the puritan colonists searching for when they came to Boston?
Botany was greatly stimulated by the appearance of the first "modern" text book, Matthias Schleiden's Grundzüge der Wissenschaftlichen Botanik, published in English in 1849 as Principles of Scientific Botany. Schleiden was a microscopist and an early plant anatomist who co-founded the cell theory with Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow and was among the first to grasp the significance of the cell nucleus that had been described by Robert Brown in 1831. In 1855, Adolf Fick formulated Fick's laws that enabled the calculation of the rates of molecular diffusion in biological systems.

Questions:
What was the first modern text book?
What was Schleiden's profession?
What theory did Schleiden co-found?
What do Fick's laws do?
Both Locke and Rousseau developed social contract theories in Two Treatises of Government and Discourse on Inequality, respectively. While quite different works, Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agreed that a social contract, in which the government's authority lies in the consent of the governed, is necessary for man to live in civil society. Locke defines the state of nature as a condition in which humans are rational and follow natural law; in which all men are born equal and with the right to life, liberty and property. However, when one citizen breaks the Law of Nature, both the transgressor and the victim enter into a state of war, from which it is virtually impossible to break free. Therefore, Locke said that individuals enter into civil society to protect their natural rights via an "unbiased judge" or common authority, such as courts, to appeal to. Contrastingly, Rousseau's conception relies on the supposition that "civil man" is corrupted, while "natural man" has no want he cannot fulfill himself. Natural man is only taken out of the state of nature when the inequality associated with private property is established. Rousseau said that people join into civil society via the social contract to achieve unity while preserving individual freedom. This is embodied in the sovereignty of the general will, the moral and collective legislative body constituted by citizens.

Questions:
What did Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agree was necessary for a man to live in civil society?
Which theorist wrote Two Treatises of Government?
Who wrote Discourse on Inequality?
From which state does Locke believe it is virtually improssible to break free?
For what reason did Rousseau feel people joined into civil society?
Brahmi evolved into a multiplicity of Brahmic scripts, many of which were used to write Sanskrit. Roughly contemporary with the Brahmi, Kharosthi was used in the northwest of the subcontinent. Sometime between the fourth and eighth centuries, the Gupta script, derived from Brahmi, became prevalent. Around the eighth century, the Śāradā script evolved out of the Gupta script. The latter was displaced in its turn by Devanagari in the 11th or 12th century, with intermediary stages such as the Siddhaṃ script. In East India, the Bengali alphabet, and, later, the Odia alphabet, were used.

Questions:
What types of script was used to write Sanskrit in the northwest part of Indai?
Around what time did the Gupta script become prevalent for writing Sanskrit?
Which script evolved from the Gupta script in the 8th century?
Which script replaced the Gupta script?
In what time period did the Devangari script become prevalent?
What were used to write Sanskrit?
What script was used in the northwest of India?
Between the forth and eighth century, what script evolved?
From what was Gupta derived?
What script evolved from the Gupta script?
Brasília (Portuguese pronunciation: [bɾaˈziljɐ]) is the federal capital of Brazil and seat of government of the Federal District. The city is located atop the Brazilian highlands in the country's center-western region. It was founded on April 21, 1960, to serve as the new national capital. Brasília and its metro (encompassing the whole of the Federal District) had a population of 2,556,149 in 2011, making it the 4th most populous city in Brazil. Among major Latin American cities, Brasília has the highest GDP per capita at R$61,915 (US$36,175).

Questions:
What is Brazil's capital?
What region of Brazil is Brasilia in?
What is Brasilia's GDP per capita in US dollars?
What is the population of Brasilia's metro area?
When was Brasilia founded?
Brigham Young University (often referred to as BYU or, colloquially, The Y) is a private research university located in Provo, Utah, United States. It is owned and operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), and, excluding online students, is the largest of any religious university and the third largest private university in the United States, with 29,672 on-campus students. Approximately 99 percent of the students are members of the LDS Church, and one-third of its US students are from Utah.

Questions:
How many students attend BYU on campus?
How many of the students are also members of the Latter Day Saints Church?
What portion of students are native Utah residents?
Where is Brigham Young University?
How many students currently attend BYU on-campus?
Where is BYU's main campus?
What is BYU's ranking among private universities?
How many of BYU's students are native Utah residents?
What percentage of BYU students are from Utah?
What percentage of BYU students are members of the LDS Church?
How is BYU's size ranked among all private university's in the U.S.?
What does LDS stand for?
Who owns and operates Brigham University?
British imperial strength was underpinned by the steamship and the telegraph, new technologies invented in the second half of the 19th century, allowing it to control and defend the Empire. By 1902, the British Empire was linked together by a network of telegraph cables, the so-called All Red Line. Growing until 1922, around 13,000,000 square miles (34,000,000 km2) of territory and roughly 458 million people were added to the British Empire. The British established colonies in Australia in 1788, New Zealand in 1840 and Fiji in 1872, with much of Oceania becoming part of the British Empire.

Questions:
What was British imperial strength replace by?
When were the steamship and the telegraph invented?
What was the British Empire linked by in 1982?
How many people were added to the British Empire by 1922?
When did the British establish colonies in Australia?
British post-punk entered the 1980s with support from members of the critical community—American critic Greil Marcus characterised "Britain's postpunk pop avant-garde" in a 1980 Rolling Stone article as "sparked by a tension, humour and sense of paradox plainly unique in present day pop music"—as well as media figures such as BBC DJ John Peel, while several groups, such as PiL and Joy Division, achieved some success in the popular charts. The network of supportive record labels that included Industrial, Fast, E.G., Mute, Axis/4AD and Glass continued to facilitate a large output of music, by artists such as the Raincoats, Essential Logic, Killing Joke, the Teardrop Explodes, and the Psychedelic Furs.

Questions:
How did critics respond to British post-punk groups in the 1980s?
What nationality was the critic who positively characterized Britain's postpunk scene in an 1980 Rolling Stone article?
What about the sense of paradox in postpunk different in relation to the pop music of the day?
What corporation was John Peel a DJ for?
What were Fast, Mute, and Glass in the context of post-punk music?
When did British post-punk emerge?
Who said that British post-punk was "sparked by a tension, humour and sense of paradox plainly unique in present day pop music"?
What popular DJ supported the emergence of British post-punk?
What British post-punk bands had success in the popular charts?
Which record labels really supported the British post-punk movement?
Bronx gang life was depicted in the 1974 novel The Wanderers by Bronx native Richard Price and the 1979 movie of the same name. They are set in the heart of the Bronx, showing apartment life and the then-landmark Krums ice cream parlor. In the 1979 film The Warriors, the eponymous gang go to a meeting in Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx, and have to fight their way out of the borough and get back to Coney Island in Brooklyn. A Bronx Tale (1993) depicts gang activities in the Belmont "Little Italy" section of the Bronx. The 2005 video game adaptation features levels called Pelham, Tremont, and "Gunhill" (a play off the name Gun Hill Road). This theme lends itself to the title of The Bronx Is Burning, an eight-part ESPN TV mini-series (2007) about the New York Yankees' drive to winning baseball's 1977 World Series. The TV series emphasizes the boisterous nature of the team, led by manager Billy Martin, catcher Thurman Munson and outfielder Reggie Jackson, as well as the malaise of the Bronx and New York City in general during that time, such as the blackout, the city's serious financial woes and near bankruptcy, the arson for insurance payments, and the election of Ed Koch as mayor.

Questions:
When was 'The Wanderers' published?
When was 'The Wanderers' movie released?
When was 'The Warriors' movie released?
When was 'A Bronx Tale' released?
Bush's margin of victory in the popular vote was the smallest ever for a reelected incumbent president, but marked the first time since his father's victory 16 years prior that a candidate won a majority of the popular vote. The electoral map closely resembled that of 2000, with only three states changing sides: New Mexico and Iowa voted Republican in 2004 after having voted Democratic in 2000, while New Hampshire voted Democratic in 2004 after previously voting Republican. In the Electoral College, Bush received 286 votes to Kerry's 252.

Questions:
Which candidate, in the 2004 election, had the majority of the popular vote?
How many States renounced their preferred political party?
Which state switched sides and embraced the Democratic party after previously choosing the Republican party?
How many votes did Kerry receive, in the Electoral College?
How large of a gap was there between Bush's and Kerry's votes?
But Sebastião de Melo's greatest reforms were economic and financial, with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity. He demarcated the region for production of Port to ensure the wine's quality, and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. He ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class, along with a widespread review of the country's tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes, especially among the high nobility, who despised him as a social upstart.

Questions:
What were de Melo's greatest reforms?
Why did e Melo demarcate the region for production of Port?
Did de Melo impose strict laws only on one class of people?
Among which class did de Melo's reforms gain him the most enemies?
Who was the first person to try to ensure the wine's quality in Portugal?
But early in the 16th century, a brilliant new red appeared in Europe. When the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés and his soldiers conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519-1521, they discovered slowly that the Aztecs had another treasure beside silver and gold; they had the tiny cochineal, a parasitic scale insect which lived on cactus plants, which, when dried and crushed, made a magnificent red. The cochineal in Mexico was closely related to the Kermes varieties of Europe, but unlike European Kermes, it could be harvested several times a year, and it was ten times stronger than the Kermes of Poland. It worked particularly well on silk, satin and other luxury textiles. In 1523 Cortes sent the first shipment to Spain. Soon cochineal began to arrive in European ports aboard convoys of Spanish galleons.

Questions:
In what century did a new kind of red pigment arrive in Europe from the Aztec Empire?
Which conquistador from Spain conquered the Aztec Empire?
During what years was the Aztec Empire conquered?
How often could the Mexican cochineal be harvested?
In what year did Cortes send the first cochineal to Spain?
But, like many colors, it also had a negative association, with heat, destruction and evil. A prayer to god Isis said: "Oh Isis, protect me from all things evil and red." The ancient Egyptians began manufacturing pigments in about 4000 BC. Red ochre was widely used as a pigment for wall paintings, particularly as the skin color of men. An ivory painter's palette found inside the tomb of King Tutankhamun had small compartments with pigments of red ochre and five other colors. The Egyptians used the root of the rubia, or madder plant, to make a dye, later known as alizarin, and also used it to color white power to use as a pigment, which became known as madder lake, alizarin or alizarin crimson.

Questions:
When did Egyptians start to make red pigment?
What pigment was used for male skin tone in ancient wall art?
What root did Egyptians use to source their red pigment alizarin?
What type of palette was found in Tutankhamun's tomb?
What dye did the Egyptians make using the madder plant?
By 1640, the town's theocratic government and nine-square grid plan were in place, and the town was renamed Newhaven from Quinnipiac. However, the area north of New Haven remained Quinnipiac until 1678, when it was renamed Hamden. The settlement became the headquarters of the New Haven Colony. At the time, the New Haven Colony was separate from the Connecticut Colony, which had been established to the north centering on Hartford. One of the principal differences between the two colonies was that the New Haven colony was an intolerant theocracy that did not permit other churches to be established, while the Connecticut colony permitted the establishment of other churches.

Questions:
What type of government did the Puritan settlers establish?
By what year did the Puritan settlers rename the area from Quinnipac to Newhaven?
In what year was the northern area of New Haven renamed Hamden?
What colony was located to the north of New Haven Colony, centered around the area known as Hartford?
What did New Haven Colony not permit that principally distinguished it from Connecticut Colony?
In 1678 what was  the new name of the Northern part of New Haven?
New Haven Colony was separated from the Connecticut Colony which was located where?
What made New Haven different from the other colonies in Connecticut?
Where was the headquarters of the New Haven Colony located?
By 1937, Japan controlled Manchuria and was ready to move deeper into China. The Marco Polo Bridge Incident on 7 July 1937 provoked full-scale war between China and Japan. The Nationalist and Communist Chinese suspended their civil war to form a nominal alliance against Japan, and the Soviet Union quickly lent support by providing large amount of materiel to Chinese troops. In August 1937, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek deployed his best army to fight about 300,000 Japanese troops in Shanghai, but, after three months of fighting, Shanghai fell. The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back, capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937 and committed which was known as Nanking Massacre. In March 1938, Nationalist forces won their first victory at Taierzhuang. but then the city of Xuzhou was taken by Japanese in May. In June 1938, Japan deployed about 350,000 troops to invade Wuhan and captured it in October. The Japanese achieved major military victories, but world opinion—in particular in the United States—condemned Japan, especially after the Panay Incident.

Questions:
What incident occured on July 7, 1937?
Who supplied assistance to the Chinese military?
When did the Nanking Massacre occur?
Where was the first Nationalist victory?
How did people around the world react to Japan's Panay Incident?
When was the Marco Polo Bridge Incident?
What incident started the war between China and Japan?
What nation provided material support to China?
What was the capital of China?
When was Nanking captured?
By 1990, the Census Bureau included more than a dozen ethnic/racial categories on the census, reflecting not only changing social ideas about ethnicity, but the wide variety of immigrants who had come to reside in the United States due to changing historical forces and new immigration laws in the 1960s. With a changing society, more citizens have begun to press for acknowledging multiracial ancestry. The Census Bureau changed its data collection by allowing people to self-identify as more than one ethnicity. Some ethnic groups are concerned about the potential political and economic effects, as federal assistance to historically underserved groups has depended on Census data. According to the Census Bureau, as of 2002, over 75% of all African Americans had multiracial ancestries.

Questions:
The Census Bureau had gone from two categories to how many by the 1990s?
Why were there more immigrants in the US?
How had the Census Bureau changed its collection of data?
What is one of the many outcomes of the Census data?
By 2002, what percent of African Americans had multiracial ancestries?
How many different ethnic categories were listed on the modern census?
Can people self identify as more than one ethnicity on the US census currently?
About how many African American have multiracial ancestries
Do some ethnic groups have concerns about census changes?
How is some federal assistance allocated to certain groups?
Twelve or more categories for race and ethnicity were in the Census by when?
When did laws allow for more immigrants?
How many African Americans identify as multiracial on the Census of 2002?
What type of federal assistance depends on Census data?
By 287 BC, the economic condition of the average plebeian had become poor. The problem appears to have centered around widespread indebtedness. The plebeians demanded relief, but the senators refused to address their situation. The result was the final plebeian secession. The plebeians seceded to the Janiculum hill. To end the secession, a dictator was appointed. The dictator passed a law (the Lex Hortensia), which ended the requirement that the patrician senators must agree before any bill could be considered by the Plebeian Council. This was not the first law to require that an act of the Plebeian Council have the full force of law. The Plebeian Council acquired this power during a modification to the original Valerian law in 449 BC. The significance of this law was in the fact that it robbed the patricians of their final weapon over the plebeians. The result was that control over the state fell, not onto the shoulders of voters, but to the new plebeian nobility.

Questions:
What was the economic status of your typical plebeian in 287 BC?
Who refused to concern themselves with the plebeians debt situation?
What law was passed that allowed the Plebeian Council to consider a bill without the approval of the patrician senators?
What did the patrician senators refusal to address the accumulating debt of the plebeians lead to?
By knowing the underlying concepts of how the software works, the tester makes better-informed testing choices while testing the software from outside. Typically, a grey-box tester will be permitted to set up an isolated testing environment with activities such as seeding a database. The tester can observe the state of the product being tested after performing certain actions such as executing SQL statements against the database and then executing queries to ensure that the expected changes have been reflected. Grey-box testing implements intelligent test scenarios, based on limited information. This will particularly apply to data type handling, exception handling, and so on.

Questions:
What dopes a typical grey-box tester sets up?
What does the tester execute while performing certain actions?
What does a grey-box tester implement when they have limited information?
By mid-1942, the Japanese found themselves holding a vast area from the Indian Ocean to the Central Pacific, even though they lacked the resources to defend or sustain it. Moreover, Combined Fleet doctrine was inadequate to execute the proposed "barrier" defence. Instead, Japan decided on additional attacks in both the south and central Pacific. While she had the element of surprise at Pearl Harbor, Allied codebreakers had now turned the tables. They discovered an attack was planned against Port Moresby; if it fell, Japan would control the seas to the north and west of Australia and could isolate the country. The carrier USS Lexington under Admiral Fletcher joined USS Yorktown and an American-Australian task force to stop the Japanese advance. The resulting Battle of the Coral Sea, fought in May 1942, was the first naval battle in which ships involved never sighted each other and only aircraft were used to attack opposing forces. Although Lexington was sunk and Yorktown seriously damaged, the Japanese lost the carrier Shōhō, and suffered extensive damage to Shōkaku and heavy losses to the air wing of Zuikaku, both of which missed the operation against Midway the following month. Although Allied losses were heavier than Japanese, the attack on Port Moresby was thwarted and the Japanese invasion force turned back, a strategic victory for the Allies. The Japanese were forced to abandon their attempts to isolate Australia. Moreover, Japan lacked the capacity to replace losses in ships, planes and trained pilots.

Questions:
What American carrier joined the USS Yorktown to stop the Japanese attack on Port Moresby in 1942?
What admiral was the USS Lexington under?
When was the Battle of the Coral Sea fought?
What American carrier was sunk in the Battle of the Coral Sea?
What Japanese carrier was lost in the Battle of the Coral Sea?
By mid-November 1940, when the Germans adopted a changed plan, more than 13,000 short tons (12,000 t) of high explosive and nearly 1,000,000 incendiaries had fallen on London. Outside the capital, there had been widespread harassing activity by single aircraft, as well as fairly strong diversionary attacks on Birmingham, Coventry and Liverpool, but no major raids. The London docks and railways communications had taken a heavy pounding, and much damage had been done to the railway system outside. In September, there had been no less than 667 hits on railways in Great Britain, and at one period, between 5,000 and 6,000 wagons were standing idle from the effect of delayed action bombs. But the great bulk of the traffic went on; and Londoners—though they glanced apprehensively each morning at the list of closed stretches of line displayed at their local station, or made strange detours round back streets in the buses—still got to work. For all the destruction of life and property, the observers sent out by the Ministry of Home Security failed to discover the slightest sign of a break in morale. More than 13,000 civilians had been killed, and almost 20,000 injured, in September and October alone, but the death toll was much less than expected. In late 1940, Churchill credited the shelters:

Questions:
By mid November of 1940 how many incendiaries were dropped on London?
What locations suffered strong diversionary tactics?
In September how many railway hits were there in Great Britain?
What did the Ministry of Home Security fail to discover?
About how many civilians were injured in September and October?
By the 1890s the profound effect of adrenal extracts on many different tissue types had been discovered, setting off a search both for the mechanism of chemical signalling and efforts to exploit these observations for the development of new drugs. The blood pressure raising and vasoconstrictive effects of adrenal extracts were of particular interest to surgeons as hemostatic agents and as treatment for shock, and a number of companies developed products based on adrenal extracts containing varying purities of the active substance. In 1897 John Abel of Johns Hopkins University identified the active principle as epinephrine, which he isolated in an impure state as the sulfate salt. Industrial chemist Jokichi Takamine later developed a method for obtaining epinephrine in a pure state, and licensed the technology to Parke Davis. Parke Davis marketed epinephrine under the trade name Adrenalin. Injected epinephrine proved to be especially efficacious for the acute treatment of asthma attacks, and an inhaled version was sold in the United States until 2011 (Primatene Mist). By 1929 epinephrine had been formulated into an inhaler for use in the treatment of nasal congestion.

Questions:
Who identified the active substance?
Who marketed epinephrine?
As an inhaler, what was epinephrine used to treat?
Who developed the method to obtain epinephrine in a pure state?
What could epinephrine treat?
When did epinephrine stop being available in the United States?
What trade name was epinephrine marketed under?
Who developed the method to get epinephrine in it's pure form?
In what year was epinephrine discovered?
What was the trade name of epinephrine?
Who first discovered epinephrine?
What is epinephrine used to treat?
In what year was Primatene Mist no longer sold in the United States?
By the Late Middle Ages, Great Britain was separated into the Kingdoms of England and Scotland. Power in Ireland fluxed between Gaelic kingdoms, Hiberno-Norman lords and the English-dominated Lordship of Ireland. A similar situation existed in the Principality of Wales, which was slowly being annexed into the Kingdom of England by a series of laws. During the course of the 15th century, the Crown of England would assert a claim to the Crown of France, thereby also releasing the King of England as from being vassal of the King of France. In 1534, King Henry VIII, at first having been a strong defender of Roman Catholicism in the face of the Reformation, separated from the Roman Church after failing to secure a divorce from the Pope. His response was to place the King of England as "the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England", thereby removing the authority of the Pope from the affairs of the English Church. Ireland, which had been held by the King of England as Lord of Ireland, but which strictly speaking had been a feudal possession of the Pope since the Norman invasion was declared a separate kingdom in personal union with England.

Questions:
During the end of the Middle Ages which two kingdoms was Great Britain divided into?
Which king failed to receive a divorce from the Pope in 1534?
What was the name of the church that King Henry VIII founded?
Since the Norman invasion who had feudal possession of Ireland?
By the census of 1971, the population of Lancashire and its county boroughs had reached 5,129,416, making it the most populous geographic county in the UK. The administrative county was also the most populous of its type outside London, with a population of 2,280,359 in 1961. On 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the administrative county was abolished, as were the county boroughs. The urbanised southern part largely became part of two metropolitan counties, Merseyside and Greater Manchester. The new county of Cumbria incorporates the Furness exclave.

Questions:
How many people lived in Lancashire in 1971?
What is the most populous geographic county in the UK?
When was the administrative county abolished?
What did the southern part of Lancashire turn into?
What incorporated the Furness exclave?
By the late 19th century, the most conservative elements within the Qing court could no longer ignore China's military weakness. In 1860, during the Second Opium War, the capital Beijing was captured and the Summer Palace sacked by a relatively small Anglo-French coalition force numbering 25,000. The advent of modern weaponry resulting from the European Industrial Revolution had rendered China's traditionally trained and equipped army and navy obsolete. The government attempts to modernize during the Self-Strengthening Movement were initially successful, but yielded few lasting results because of the central government's lack of funds, lack of political will, and unwillingness to depart from tradition.

Questions:
When was the Second Opium War?
What happened to the Summer Palace?
How big was the French-British army?
What was the Qing governments attempt to create a modern socity called?