the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
In 1839 Mariano Spada (1796 - 1872), professor of theology at the Roman College of Saint Thomas, published Esame Critico sulla dottrina dell’ Angelico Dottore S. Tommaso di Aquino circa il Peccato originale, relativamente alla Beatissima Vergine Maria [A critical examination of the doctrine of St. Thomas Aquinas, the Angelic Doctor, regarding original sin with respect to the Most Blessed Virgin Mary], in which Aquinas is interpreted not as treating the question of the Immaculate Conception later formulated in the papal bull Ineffabilis Deus but rather the sanctification of the fetus within Mary's womb. Spada furnished an interpretation whereby Pius IX was relieved of the problem of seeming to foster a doctrine not in agreement with the Aquinas' teaching. Pope Pius IX would later appoint Spada Master of the Sacred Palace in 1867.

Questions:
What did a teacher of religion  from the college that was named after a Dominican friar do in 1839 of historical note ?
Who was the teacher who committed the act  ?
What position was the teacher later given by the Holy Roman Church ?
Who gave the teacher the new job ?
What  problem did the teacher's publication solve for the Holy Roman leader with act that was committed  to do in response to the actions of the teacher  ?
In 1845, Ireland was hit by a potato blight. In the next four years over a million Irish people died and another million emigrated in what became known as the Great Famine. In Ireland, Victoria was labelled "The Famine Queen". She personally donated £2,000 to famine relief, more than any other individual donor, and also supported the Maynooth Grant to a Roman Catholic seminary in Ireland, despite Protestant opposition. The story that she donated only £5 in aid to the Irish, and on the same day gave the same amount to Battersea Dogs Home, was a myth generated towards the end of the 19th century.

Questions:
What year was the potato blight in Ireland?
How long did the Great Famine last?
How many Irish people died during the Great Famine?
What was the label given to Queen Victoria during the Great Famine?
How much money did Victoria donate to famine relief?
What crisis struck Ireland during 1845?
How many people died during the Great Famine in Ireland?
What was Queen Victoria called in Ireland during the Great Famine? 
What story was later proven false about Victoria during the Great Famine? 
How much did Queen Victoria actually donate to support relief in Ireland, making her the top individual donor? 
What happened that decimated a large portion of Ireland?
When did the potato blight begin?
How many people did Ireland lose to the potato blight?
What did the potato blight cause Victoria to be called?
How much did Victoria donate to Ireland to help with famine relief?
In 1846, the United States went to war against Mexico and sent a naval and land expedition to conquer Alta California. At first they had an easy time of it capturing the major ports including San Diego, but the Californios in southern Alta California struck back. Following the successful revolt in Los Angeles, the American garrison at San Diego was driven out without firing a shot in early October 1846. Mexican partisans held San Diego for three weeks until October 24, 1846, when the Americans recaptured it. For the next several months the Americans were blockaded inside the pueblo. Skirmishes occurred daily and snipers shot into the town every night. The Californios drove cattle away from the pueblo hoping to starve the Americans and their Californio supporters out. On December 1 the Americans garrison learned that the dragoons of General Stephen W. Kearney were at Warner's Ranch. Commodore Robert F. Stockton sent a mounted force of fifty under Captain Archibald Gillespie to march north to meet him. Their joint command of 150 men, returning to San Diego, encountered about 93 Californios under Andrés Pico. In the ensuing Battle of San Pasqual, fought in the San Pasqual Valley which is now part of the city of San Diego, the Americans suffered their worst losses in the campaign. Subsequently a column led by Lieutenant Gray arrived from San Diego, rescuing Kearny's battered and blockaded command.

Questions:
Who commissioned Captain Archibald Gillespie to lead 50 men on horseback to the north?
What battle took place in the San Pasqual Valley?
Who led the group from San Diego that rescued Kearny's men?
What extreme measure did the Californios take to try to draw the Americans out of the pueblo?
How many weeks did Mexican partisans hold San Diego before it was recaptured by Americans?
In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic, chloroform. Victoria was so impressed by the relief it gave from the pain of childbirth that she used it again in 1857 at the birth of her ninth and final child, Beatrice, despite opposition from members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical teaching, and members of the medical profession, who thought it dangerous. Victoria may have suffered from post-natal depression after many of her pregnancies. Letters from Albert to Victoria intermittently complain of her loss of self-control. For example, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in a letter to Victoria about her "continuance of hysterics" over a "miserable trifle".

Questions:
Who was Victoria's eighth child?
What anaesthetic helped her give birth to her eighth child?
What did Victoria suffer from after he pregnancies?
Why did medical professionals advise against using an anaesthetic during childbirth?
What did Albert complain about Victoria?
What was the name of Victoria's eighth child?
What was the name of the new anesthetic given to Victoria for the birth of Leopold?
What year did Victoria give birth to her final child?
What was the name of Victoria's final child?
Hysteria and loss of control after the birts of many of her children were likely caused by what?
When did Victoria give birth to her eigth child?
What was the name of Victorias eighth child?
What was the name of the new anesthetic used during leopolds birth?
What year was victorias final child born?
What was the name of Victorias final child?
Who was Victoria's eighth child? 
What was the new anastethetic Victoria used in her last two childbirths? 
When was Victoria's final child, Beatrice, born? 
Why did members of the clergy oppose the use of chloroform? 
What did Albert complain about in letters to Victoria after the birth of her children? 
What was the name of Victoria's eigth child?
What was a new anaesthetic being used for childbirth in Victoria's time?
What was the name of Victoria's ninth child?
Why did members of the clergy oppose the use of chloroform for childbirth?
After nine pregnancies, what could Victoria have been suffering from that would make her sad and depressed?
In 1860, Montevideo had 57,913 inhabitants including a number of people of African origin who had been brought as slaves and had gained their freedom around the middle of the century. By 1880, the population had quadrupled, mainly because of the great European immigration. In 1908, its population had grown massively to 309,331 inhabitants. In the course of the 20th century the city continued to receive large numbers of European immigrants, especially Spanish and Italian, followed by French, Germans or Dutch, English or Irish, Polish, Greek, Hungarians, Russians, Croats, Lebanese, Armenians, and Jews of various origins. The last wave of immigrants occurred between 1945 and 1955.

Questions:
How many inhabitants did Montevideo have in 1860?
What happened to the population by the year 1880?
The population quadrupled by 1880 due mainly to what?
What had the population grown to in 1908?
In 1867, the university opened the first private nonsectarian law school west of the Mississippi River. By 1882, Washington University had expanded to numerous departments, which were housed in various buildings across St. Louis. Medical classes were first held at Washington University in 1891 after the St. Louis Medical College decided to affiliate with the University, establishing the School of Medicine. During the 1890s, Robert Sommers Brookings, the president of the Board of Trustees, undertook the tasks of reorganizing the university's finances, putting them onto a sound foundation, and buying land for a new campus.

Questions:
When was did Washington University open its law school?
When did Washington University establish its medical school? 
Who was Robert Somers Brookings?
When did St. Louis Medical college affiliate itself with Washington University?
In 1870, Charles Taze Russell and others formed a group in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to study the Bible. During the course of his ministry, Russell disputed many beliefs of mainstream Christianity including immortality of the soul, hellfire, predestination, the fleshly return of Jesus Christ, the Trinity, and the burning up of the world. In 1876, Russell met Nelson H. Barbour; later that year they jointly produced the book Three Worlds, which combined restitutionist views with end time prophecy. The book taught that God's dealings with humanity were divided dispensationally, each ending with a "harvest," that Christ had returned as an invisible spirit being in 1874 inaugurating the "harvest of the Gospel age," and that 1914 would mark the end of a 2520-year period called "the Gentile Times," at which time world society would be replaced by the full establishment of God's kingdom on earth. Beginning in 1878 Russell and Barbour jointly edited a religious journal, Herald of the Morning. In June 1879 the two split over doctrinal differences, and in July, Russell began publishing the magazine Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, stating that its purpose was to demonstrate that the world was in "the last days," and that a new age of earthly and human restitution under the reign of Christ was imminent.

Questions:
When did Charles Taze Russell form a group?
Where did Russell and others form their group?
What was the purpose of Russell's group?
When Russell met Nelson H. Barbour in 1876, they jointly produced what book?
1914 would mark the end of a 2520 year period known as what?
In 1870, republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen's seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of the Third French Republic. A republican rally in Trafalgar Square demanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs spoke against her. In August and September 1871, she was seriously ill with an abscess in her arm, which Joseph Lister successfully lanced and treated with his new antiseptic carbolic acid spray. In late November 1871, at the height of the republican movement, the Prince of Wales contracted typhoid fever, the disease that was believed to have killed his father, and Victoria was fearful her son would die. As the tenth anniversary of her husband's death approached, her son's condition grew no better, and Victoria's distress continued. To general rejoicing, he pulled through. Mother and son attended a public parade through London and a grand service of thanksgiving in St Paul's Cathedral on 27 February 1872, and republican feeling subsided.

Questions:
What year was the Third French Republic established?
Where was the republica rally held that called for Vuictorias removal?
Who spoke against Victoria at the rally in Trafalgar Square?
In 1871, Victoria became seriously ill with an abscess on what part of her body?
Who lanced and treated the abscess on Queen Victorias arm?
How was the republican sentiment in Britain changed?
Where was a rally calling for Queen Victoria's removal held? 
What cutting edge treatment did Joseph Lister use to treat Queen Victoria's illness?
What disease nearly took the Prince of Wales life? 
What helped to boost the rebublicians in 1870?
When did the Third French Republic come onto the scene?
WHat was a new antiseptic being used to treat abcesses in the 1870's?
What disease was contracted by the Prince of Wales that nearly ended his life?
Who spoke against Victoria at Trafalgar Square?
After what event did the Prince of Wales' health begin to improve?
In 1871, after the end of the war, the city was annexed to the newly established German Empire as part of the Reichsland Elsass-Lothringen under the terms of the Treaty of Frankfurt. As part of Imperial Germany, Strasbourg was rebuilt and developed on a grand and representative scale, such as the Neue Stadt, or "new city" around the present Place de la République. Historian Rodolphe Reuss and Art historian Wilhelm von Bode were in charge of rebuilding the municipal archives, libraries and museums. The University, founded in 1567 and suppressed during the French Revolution as a stronghold of German sentiment,[citation needed] was reopened in 1872 under the name Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität.

Questions:
In what year was the city annexed to the German Empire?
What was the Treaty in 1871 called?
What Historian was in charge of rebuilding the municipal archives?
What year was the university founded?
 What was the new name of the university when it reopened in 1872?
In 1882, Albert Zahm (John Zahm's brother) built an early wind tunnel used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models. Around 1899, Professor Jerome Green became the first American to send a wireless message. In 1931, Father Julius Nieuwland performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create neoprene. Study of nuclear physics at the university began with the building of a nuclear accelerator in 1936, and continues now partly through a partnership in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics.

Questions:
What did the brother of John Zahm construct at Notre Dame?
In what year did Albert Zahm begin comparing aeronatical models at Notre Dame?
Which professor sent the first wireless message in the USA?
In what year did Jerome Green send his first wireless message?
Which individual worked on projects at Notre Dame that eventually created neoprene?
In 1887, the British Empire celebrated Victoria's Golden Jubilee. Victoria marked the fiftieth anniversary of her accession on 20 June with a banquet to which 50 kings and princes were invited. The following day, she participated in a procession and attended a thanksgiving service in Westminster Abbey. By this time, Victoria was once again extremely popular. Two days later on 23 June, she engaged two Indian Muslims as waiters, one of whom was Abdul Karim. He was soon promoted to "Munshi": teaching her Hindustani, and acting as a clerk. Her family and retainers were appalled, and accused Abdul Karim of spying for the Muslim Patriotic League, and biasing the Queen against the Hindus. Equerry Frederick Ponsonby (the son of Sir Henry) discovered that the Munshi had lied about his parentage, and reported to Lord Elgin, Viceroy of India, "the Munshi occupies very much the same position as John Brown used to do." Victoria dismissed their complaints as racial prejudice. Abdul Karim remained in her service until he returned to India with a pension on her death.

Questions:
How many kings and princes were invited to the Golden Jubilee?
What year anniversary does the Golden Jubilee celebrate?
Who accused Karim of spying?
What was Munshi lying about?
What year was Victoria's Golden Jubilee held?
What was the name of the waited that was promoted to Munshi?
Whio was Equerry Frederick Ponsonby's father?
Who discovered that Victoria's new Munshi lied about his parentage?
Who did Ponsonby report the Munshis lies about his parentage to?
When was Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee? 
What was Abdul Karim teaching Queen Victoria after his promotion? 
Who was Karim accused of spying for by Victoria's family? 
Who discovered that Karim had lied about his parentage to Victoria? 
What day did Queen Victoria celebrate her Golden Jubilee at a dinner with kings and queens from other nations? 
When was Victoria's Golden Jubilee?
What is the point of the Golden Jubilee?
Who was promoted from waiter to Munshi?
Why did Victoria's family disapprove of Abdul Karim?
How long was Karim in the Queen's employment?
In 1890 Robert Louis Stevenson, his wife Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson and her son Lloyd Osbourne sailed on the Janet Nicoll, a trading steamer owned by Henderson and Macfarlane of Auckland, New Zealand, which operated between Sydney and Auckland and into the central Pacific. The Janet Nicoll visited three of the Ellice Islands; while Fanny records that they made landfall at Funafuti, Niutao and Nanumea, Jane Resture suggests that it was more likely they landed at Nukufetau rather than Funafuti. An account of this voyage was written by Fanny Stevenson and published under the title The Cruise of the Janet Nichol, together with photographs taken by Robert Louis Stevenson and Lloyd Osbourne.

Questions:
What writer visited the Tuvalu Islands in 1890?
When did Robert Louis Stevenson sail on the ship Janet Nicoll?
What type of ship was the Janet Nicoll?
Who recorded the trip aboard the Janet Nicoll?
What was the title of the travel book written by Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson?
In 1897, Victoria had written instructions for her funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army, and white instead of black. On 25 January, Edward VII, the Kaiser and Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, helped lift her body into the coffin. She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil. An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her doctor and dressers. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers. Items of jewellery placed on Victoria included the wedding ring of John Brown's mother, given to her by Brown in 1883. Her funeral was held on Saturday, 2 February, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park. As she was laid to rest at the mausoleum, it began to snow.

Questions:
Which two people helped lift Victoria's body into the coffin?
What item from her wedding was Victoria dressed in inside her coffin?
What color was her dress?
Who's dressing gown was placed by her side?
What year did Queen Victoria die?
What clothing was Queen Victoria laid to rest in?
A plaster cast of what part of Alberts body was placed in the coffin with the Queen?
What was placed in the Queens left hand when she was placed in her coffin?
Where was the funeral of Queen Victoria held?
What did Victoria wear upon her death in her coffin? 
Whose lock of hair was concealed in her left hand by flowers? 
When did John Brown give Victoria his mother's wedding ring? 
When was Queen Victoria's funeral held? 
Where was Queen Victoria laid to rest after her death? 
Where was Victoria laid to rest?
When was Queen Victoria's funeral held?
What was hidden in Queen Victoria's hand by her father's family?
How was Victoria dressed for burial?
Who placed Victoria into her coffin?
In 1900, after Galveston was struck by a devastating hurricane, efforts to make Houston into a viable deep-water port were accelerated. The following year, oil discovered at the Spindletop oil field near Beaumont prompted the development of the Texas petroleum industry. In 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt approved a $1 million improvement project for the Houston Ship Channel. By 1910 the city's population had reached 78,800, almost doubling from a decade before. African-Americans formed a large part of the city's population, numbering 23,929 people, or nearly one-third of the residents.

Questions:
What event caused an increase in effort to promote the Houston port?
Where was oil found that promoted the development of the oil industry in Houston?
Near what Texas city is the Spindletop oil field located?
Who approved the improvement project for the Houston ship channel?
In what year did Houston's population reach 78,000?
In 1902, Spalding, who by this time had revamped the roster to boast what would soon be one of the best teams of the early century, sold the club to Jim Hart. The franchise was nicknamed the Cubs by the Chicago Daily News in 1902, although not officially becoming the Chicago Cubs until the 1907 season. During this period, which has become known as baseball's dead-ball era, Cub infielders Joe Tinker, Johnny Evers, and Frank Chance were made famous as a double-play combination by Franklin P. Adams' poem Baseball's Sad Lexicon. The poem first appeared in the July 18, 1910 edition of the New York Evening Mail. Mordecai "Three-Finger" Brown, Jack Taylor, Ed Reulbach, Jack Pfiester, and Orval Overall were several key pitchers for the Cubs during this time period. With Chance acting as player-manager from 1905 to 1912, the Cubs won four pennants and two World Series titles over a five-year span. Although they fell to the "Hitless Wonders" White Sox in the 1906 World Series, the Cubs recorded a record 116 victories and the best winning percentage (.763) in Major League history. With mostly the same roster, Chicago won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908, becoming the first Major League club to play three times in the Fall Classic and the first to win it twice. However, the Cubs have not won a World Series since; this remains the longest championship drought in North American professional sports.

Questions:
Who did Spalding sell the Cubs to in 1902?
Who nicknamed the franchise the Cubs in 1902?
Who wrote the poem Baseball's Sad Lexicon?
Who holds the longest championship drought in North American professional sports?
In 1903 Hermann Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering disclosed their discovery that diethylbarbituric acid, formed from the reaction of diethylmalonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride and urea, induces sleep in dogs. The discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals, which marketed the compound under the trade name Veronal as a sleep aid beginning in 1904. Systematic investigations of the effect of structural changes on potency and duration of action led to the discovery of phenobarbital at Bayer in 1911 and the discovery of its potent anti-epileptic activity in 1912. Phenobarbital was among the most widely used drugs for the treatment of epilepsy through the 1970s, and as of 2014, remains on the World Health Organizations list of essential medications. The 1950s and 1960s saw increased awareness of the addictive properties and abuse potential of barbiturates and amphetamines and led to increasing restrictions on their use and growing government oversight of prescribers. Today, amphetamine is largely restricted to use in the treatment of attention deficit disorder and phenobarbital in the treatment of epilepsy.

Questions:
What is phenobarbital used for?
What sleep aid was marketed in 1904?
What is amphetamine used for today?
Why was barbiturates and amphetamines restricted?
Who discovered a reaction that induced sleep in dogs?
What compound was discovered to induce sleep?
What was the first trade name of diethylbarbituric acid?
What is phenobarbital mainly used to treat today?
In what year was phenobarbital discovered?
What was Veronal used for when Bayer put it on the market?
In 1906, the tungsten filament was introduced. Tungsten metal was initially not available in a form that allowed it to be drawn into fine wires. Filaments made from sintered tungsten powder were quite fragile. By 1910, a process was developed by William D. Coolidge at General Electric for production of a ductile form of tungsten. The process required pressing tungsten powder into bars, then several steps of sintering, swaging, and then wire drawing. It was found that very pure tungsten formed filaments that sagged in use, and that a very small "doping" treatment with potassium, silicon, and aluminium oxides at the level of a few hundred parts per million greatly improved the life and durability of the tungsten filaments.

Questions:
When was the tungsten filament introduced?
What was the problem with manufacturing the tungsten filament?
Who developed the ductile form of tungsten?
When was the ductile form of tungsten invented?
What other materials were combined with tungsten?
In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic anti-infective drug, was developed by Paul Ehrlich and chemist Alfred Bertheim of the Institute of Experimental Therapy in Berlin. The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan. Ehrlich, noting both the general toxicity of arsenic and the selective absorption of certain dyes by bacteria, hypothesized that an arsenic-containing dye with similar selective absorption properties could be used to treat bacterial infections. Arsphenamine was prepared as part of a campaign to synthesize a series of such compounds, and found to exhibit partially selective toxicity. Arsphenamine proved to be the first effective treatment for syphilis, a disease which prior to that time was incurable and led inexorably to severe skin ulceration, neurological damage, and death.[citation needed]

Questions:
Who developed Arsphenamine?
What was the first effective treatment for Syphilis?
What complications are associated with Syphilis?
What is Amphetamine's market name?
Where is the Institute of Experimental Therapy located?
What was the name of the first synthetic bacterial drug?
Bacterial infections could be treated with medicines containing what kind of dye?
Arsphenamine became the first treatment for what previously incurable disease?
In what year was arsphenamine discovered?
What was the commercial name of arsphenamine?
In 1912, the Republic of China was established and Sun Yat-sen was inaugurated in Nanjing as the first Provisional President. But power in Beijing already had passed to Yuan Shikai, who had effective control of the Beiyang Army, the most powerful military force in China at the time. To prevent civil war and possible foreign intervention from undermining the infant republic, leaders agreed to Army's demand that China be united under a Beijing government. On March 10, in Beijing, Shikai was sworn in as the second Provisional President of the Republic of China.

Questions:
When was the Republic of China established?
Who was Inaugurated in Nanjing as the first provisional president? 
Who had control of the Beiyang army?
What did China agree to avoid the undermining of the Republic?
Who was sworn in as the second provisional president of the republic of China?
In 1913 the Zliten mosaic, a Roman mosaic famous for its many scenes from gladiatorial contests, hunting and everyday life, was discovered in the Libyan town of Zliten. In 2000 archaeologists working in Leptis Magna, Libya, uncovered a 30 ft length of five colorful mosaics created during the 1st or 2nd century AD. The mosaics show a warrior in combat with a deer, four young men wrestling a wild bull to the ground, and a gladiator resting in a state of fatigue, staring at his slain opponent. The mosaics decorated the walls of a cold plunge pool in a bath house within a Roman villa. The gladiator mosaic is noted by scholars as one of the finest examples of mosaic art ever seen — a "masterpiece comparable in quality with the Alexander Mosaic in Pompeii."

Questions:
What scenes are depicted on the Zliten mosaic?
When was the Zliten mosaic discovered?
The mosaics uncovered in Libya were from which century?
How long was the mural discovered in Libya?
The gladiator mosaic is on par with the Alexander mosaic in which city?
In 1918 Whitehead's academic responsibilities began to seriously expand as he accepted a number of high administrative positions within the University of London system, of which Imperial College London was a member at the time. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London in late 1918 (a post he held for four years), a member of the University of London's Senate in 1919, and chairman of the Senate's Academic (leadership) Council in 1920, a post which he held until he departed for America in 1924. Whitehead was able to exert his newfound influence to successfully lobby for a new history of science department, help establish a Bachelor of Science degree (previously only Bachelor of Arts degrees had been offered), and make the school more accessible to less wealthy students.

Questions:
When did Whitehead accept administrative positions?
Where did Whitehead accept administrative positions?
What was he elected at the University of London?
When did Whitehead go to America?
In which educational system was Whitehead employed in the late 1910s?
What was Whitehead's title at the University of London in late 1918?
What was Whitehead's last position before he traveled to America?
In which year did Whitehead relocate to America?
What degree program did Whitehead contribute to establishing at University of London?
In 1919 Father James Burns became president of Notre Dame, and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis. By contrast, the Jesuit colleges, bastions of academic conservatism, were reluctant to move to a system of electives. Their graduates were shut out of Harvard Law School for that reason. Notre Dame continued to grow over the years, adding more colleges, programs, and sports teams. By 1921, with the addition of the College of Commerce, Notre Dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school. The university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president.

Questions:
In 1919 a new president of Notre Dame was named, who was it?
Over how many years did the change to national standards undertaken at Notre Dame in the early 20th century take place?
What type of education was pushed at Notre Dame before its embracing of national standards?
Those who attended a Jesuit college may have been forbidden from joining which Law School due to the curricula at the Jesuit institution?
Which college did Notre Dame add in 1921?
In 1920, Turkish nationalist forces invaded the fledgling Armenian republic from the east. Turkish forces under the command of Kazım Karabekir captured Armenian territories that Russia had annexed in the aftermath of the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War and occupied the old city of Alexandropol (present-day Gyumri). The violent conflict finally concluded with the Treaty of Alexandropol on 2 December 1920. The treaty forced Armenia to disarm most of its military forces, cede all former Ottoman territory granted to it by the Treaty of Sèvres, and to give up all the "Wilsonian Armenia" granted to it at the Sèvres treaty. Simultaneously, the Soviet Eleventh Army, under the command of Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze, invaded Armenia at Karavansarai (present-day Ijevan) on 29 November. By 4 December, Ordzhonikidze's forces entered Yerevan and the short-lived Armenian republic collapsed.

Questions:
When was the Treaty of Alexandropol sanctioned?
What city did current day Gyumri used to be called?
Who led the Soviet Eleventh Army?
When did the Armenian republic breakdown?
What year did Turkish nationalists seize the Armenian Republic?
In 1924, the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as a part of Uzbekistan, but in 1929 the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR) was made a separate constituent republic, however the predominantly ethnic Tajik cities of Samarkand and Bukhara remained in the Uzbek SSR. Between 1927 and 1934, collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place, especially in the southern region. Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against peasants and forced resettlement occurred throughout Tajikistan. Consequently, some peasants fought collectivization and revived the Basmachi movement. Some small scale industrial development also occurred during this time along with the expansion of irrigation infrastructure.

Questions:
In 1924, what was created as part of Uzbekistan?
What happeded between 1927-1934?
Where was the expansion of cotton and agriculture mainly?
What forced resettlement throughout Tajikistan?
In 1935, Reza Shah requested the international community to refer to the country by its native name, Iran. As the New York Times explained at the time, "At the suggestion of the Persian Legation in Berlin, the Tehran government, on the Persian New Year, Nowruz, March 21, 1935, substituted Iran for Persia as the official name of the country." Opposition to the name change led to the reversal of the decision, and Professor Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, propagated a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably. Today, both Persia and Iran are used in cultural contexts; although, Iran is the name used officially in political contexts.

Questions:
When did Reza Shan request that Iran officially be referred to as Iran and not Persia?
Which newspaper reported the official name request in 1935?
Who endorsed a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably after opposition to the official name change?
Which name is officially used politically?
In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting "Elixir Sulfanilamide" manufactured by S.E. Massengill Company of Tennessee. The product was formulated in diethylene glycol, a highly toxic solvent that is now widely used as antifreeze. Under the laws extant at that time, prosecution of the manufacturer was possible only under the technicality that the product had been called an "elixir", which literally implied a solution in ethanol. In response to this episode, the U.S. Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, which for the first time required pre-market demonstration of safety before a drug could be sold, and explicitly prohibited false therapeutic claims.

Questions:
What drug killed 100 people in 1937?
Who manufactured "Elixir Sulfanilamide"?
What year did Congress pass the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act?
What is Diethylene Glycol commonly used for now?
What was one of the things the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act do?
What drug killed over 100 people in 1937?
What company manufactured Elixir Sulfanilamide? 
Diethylene glycol is mainly used today as what liquid?
What law did Congress pass following the Elixir Sulfanilamide incident?
The name "elixir" implied a solution in what liquid?
In 1940, non-Hispanic whites constituted 86.8% of the city's population. The population peaked at more than two million residents in 1950, then began to decline with the restructuring of industry, which led to the loss of many middle-class union jobs. In addition, suburbanization had been drawing off many of the wealthier residents to outlying railroad commuting towns and newer housing. Revitalization and gentrification of neighborhoods began in the late 1970s and continues into the 21st century, with much of the development in the Center City and University City areas of the city. After many of the old manufacturers and businesses left Philadelphia or shut down, the city started attracting service businesses and began to more aggressively market itself as a tourist destination. Glass-and-granite skyscrapers were built in Center City. Historic areas such as Independence National Historical Park located in Old City and Society Hill were renovated during the reformist mayoral era of the 1950s through the 1980s. They are now among the most desirable living areas of Center City. This has slowed the city's 40-year population decline after it lost nearly one-quarter of its population.

Questions:
When was the peak of Philadelphia's population?
Why did the population decline after this time?
What is the main driver of the economy now?
What is another large industry?
How much of the population left after 1950?
In 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in the German radar effort during World War II. Using this knowledge, he began researching the phenomenon of "interference" in 1947. By June 1948, witnessing currents flowing through point-contacts, Mataré produced consistent results using samples of germanium produced by Welker, similar to what Bardeen and Brattain had accomplished earlier in December 1947. Realizing that Bell Labs' scientists had already invented the transistor before them, the company rushed to get its "transistron" into production for amplified use in France's telephone network.

Questions:
In what year was the point-contact transistor invented?
Who invented the point-contact transistor?
Where were Matare and Welker working when inventing the point-contact transistor?
What was the name of Matare and Welker's transistor?
What was the transistron used for?
In 1951, during the early stages of the Cold War, Menzies spoke of the possibility of a looming third world war. The Menzies Government entered Australia's first formal military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth with the signing of the ANZUS Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States in San Francisco in 1951. External Affairs Minister Percy Spender had put forward the proposal to work along similar lines to the NATO Alliance. The Treaty declared that any attack on one of the three parties in the Pacific area would be viewed as a threat to each, and that the common danger would be met in accordance with each nation's constitutional processes. In 1954 the Menzies Government signed the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO) as a South East Asian counterpart to NATO. That same year, Soviet diplomat Vladimir Petrov and his wife defected from the Soviet embassy in Canberra, revealing evidence of Russian spying activities; Menzies called a Royal Commission to investigate.

Questions:
Which treaty was Australia's first military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth?
Which areas were involved in the ANZUS Treaty?
Where was the signing of the ANZUS Treaty held in 1951?
What does the acronym SEATO stand for?
Which group is a counterpart to NATO?
In 1952, Thomas J. Watson, Jr., published the company's first written equal opportunity policy letter, one year before the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. Board of Education and 11 years before the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1961, IBM's nondiscrimination policy was expanded to include sex, national origin, and age. The following year, IBM hosted its first Invention Award Dinner honoring 34 outstanding IBM inventors; and in 1963, the company named the first eight IBM Fellows in a new Fellowship Program that recognizes senior IBM scientists, engineers and other professionals for outstanding technical achievements.

Questions:
Who published IBM's first equal opportunity policy letter?
In what year was IBM's first equal opportunity policy letter published?
In 1961 IBM's nondiscrimination policy was expanded to include what?
How many inventors were honored at IBM's first Invention Award Dinner?
Starting in 1963 IBM started a program by naming 8 of these.
In 1952, following a referendum, Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merged into Baden-Württemberg. In 1957, the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as the Saarland. German reunification in 1990, in which the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) ascended into the Federal Republic, resulted in the addition of the re-established eastern states of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania (in German Mecklenburg-Vorpommern), Saxony (Sachsen), Saxony-Anhalt (Sachsen-Anhalt), and Thuringia (Thüringen), as well as the reunification of West and East Berlin into Berlin and its establishment as a full and equal state. A regional referendum in 1996 to merge Berlin with surrounding Brandenburg as "Berlin-Brandenburg" failed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg, while a majority of Berliners voted in favour of the merger.

Questions:
Which city did Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merge into?
In what year did Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merge?
 In 1957, the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as which city?
When did the German reunification take place?
Why did a regional referendum in 1996 to merge Berlin with surrounding Brandenburg fail?
In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet, discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor to the European Union. In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten claimed the Queen was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.

Questions:
When did the prime ministers of Britain and France discuss the idea of France joining the Commonwealth?
What did France sign instead of joining the Commonwealth?
What did the Treaty of Rome establish?
To what was the European Economic Community the precurser?
When did Britain and France invade Egypt?
In 1961, writer-editor Stan Lee revolutionized superhero comics by introducing superheroes designed to appeal to more all-ages readers than the predominantly child audiences of the medium. Modern Marvel's first superhero team, the titular stars of The Fantastic Four #1 (Nov. 1961), broke convention with other comic book archetypes of the time by squabbling, holding grudges both deep and petty, and eschewing anonymity or secret identities in favor of celebrity status. Subsequently, Marvel comics developed a reputation for focusing on characterization and adult issues to a greater extent than most superhero comics before them, a quality which the new generation of older readers appreciated. This applied to The Amazing Spider-Man title in particular, which turned out to be Marvel's most successful book. Its young hero suffered from self-doubt and mundane problems like any other teenager, something readers could identify with.

Questions:
Marvel's first team of superheroes was known by what alliterative name?
What was the issue date when this superhero team debuted?
What Marvel executive helped change the focus of Marvel's stories and characters?
What is Marvel's best-selling comic?
In the Marvel Universe, the public treated conferred what response on the Fantastic Four?
In 1970 the country switched its currency from the Bermudian pound to the Bermudian dollar, which is pegged at par with the US dollar. US notes and coins are used interchangeably with Bermudian notes and coins within the islands for most practical purposes; however, banks levy an exchange rate fee for the purchase of US dollars with Bermudian dollars. Bermudian notes carry the image of Queen Elizabeth II. The Bermuda Monetary Authority is the issuing authority for all banknotes and coins, and regulates financial institutions. The Royal Naval Dockyard Museum holds a permanent exhibition of Bermuda notes and coins.

Questions:
What was the new currency in Bermuda as of 1970?
The Bermudian dollar is equal to what other currency and can be used interchangeably?
Who is pictured on Bermudian dollars?
Who regulates all financial institutions as well as the issuing of money?
Where can you see a permanent exhibition of Bermuda currency?
In 1972, in a mosque in the city of Sana'a, Yemen, manuscripts were discovered that were later proved to be the most ancient Quranic text known to exist at the time. The Sana'a manuscripts contain palimpsests, a manuscript page from which the text has been washed off to make the parchment reusable again—a practice which was common in ancient times due to scarcity of writing material. However, the faint washed-off underlying text (scriptio inferior) is still barely visible and believed to be "pre-Uthmanic" Quranic content, while the text written on top (scriptio superior) is believed to belong to Uthmanic time. Studies using radiocarbon dating indicate that the parchments are dated to the period before 671 AD with a 99 percent probability.

Questions:
What is the term for recycled parchments used in ancient manuscripts?
Before which year were the Sana'a manuscripts produced?
In which city was evidence of pre-Uthmanic Quranic writing discovered in 1972?
What version of the Quran was the scriptio superior of the Sana'a manuscripts?
In 1974 ministerial government was introduced to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony through a change to the Constitution. In that year a general election was held; and a referendum was held in December 1974 to determine whether the Gilbert Islands and Ellice Islands should each have their own administration. As a consequence of the referendum, separation occurred in two stages. The Tuvaluan Order 1975, which took effect on 1 October 1975, recognised Tuvalu as a separate British dependency with its own government. The second stage occurred on 1 January 1976 when separate administrations were created out of the civil service of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony.

Questions:
In what year was ministerial government started in the Gilbert and Ellice islands?
What document was changed to cause a change in government?
When was a referendum held to determine the government of Ellice?
What was the determination of the referendum?
What did the Tuvaluan Order 1976 recognize Tuvalu to be?
In 1974, Feynman delivered the Caltech commencement address on the topic of cargo cult science, which has the semblance of science, but is only pseudoscience due to a lack of "a kind of scientific integrity, a principle of scientific thought that corresponds to a kind of utter honesty" on the part of the scientist. He instructed the graduating class that "The first principle is that you must not fool yourself—and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. After you've not fooled yourself, it's easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way after that."

Questions:
In which year did Feynman orate the Caltech commencement speech?
Which topic did Feynman's commencement speech at Caltech center around?
What is cargo cult science?
What did Feyman tell the class that they must not do to themselves?
In 1975, Sadat shifted Nasser's economic policies and sought to use his popularity to reduce government regulations and encourage foreign investment through his program of Infitah. Through this policy, incentives such as reduced taxes and import tariffs attracted some investors, but investments were mainly directed at low risk and profitable ventures like tourism and construction, abandoning Egypt's infant industries. Even though Sadat's policy was intended to modernise Egypt and assist the middle class, it mainly benefited the higher class, and, because of the elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs, led to the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots.

Questions:
What was encouraged through Infitah?
What tools did Infitah use to attract investment?
What occured in 1977?
What was largely ignored and upset many of Sadat's polidy?