the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
The city's primary commercial airport is the San Diego International Airport (SAN), also known as Lindbergh Field. It is the busiest single-runway airport in the United States. It served over 17 million passengers in 2005, and is dealing with an increasingly larger number every year. It is located on San Diego Bay three miles (4.8 km) from downtown. San Diego International Airport maintains scheduled flights to the rest of the United States including Hawaii, as well as to Mexico, Canada, Japan, and the United Kingdom. It is operated by an independent agency, the San Diego Regional Airport Authority. In addition, the city itself operates two general-aviation airports, Montgomery Field (MYF) and Brown Field (SDM). By 2015, the Tijuana Cross-border Terminal in Otay Mesa will give direct access to Tijuana International Airport, with passengers walking across the U.S.–Mexico border on a footbridge to catch their flight on the Mexican side.

Questions:
What is the more popular name of Lindbergh Field?
What independent agency operates San Diego International Airport?
What is the purpose of the Tijuana Cross-border Terminal?
How many passengers did San Diego Internatonal Airport serve in 2005?
What two general aviation airports are operated by the San Diego Regional Airport Authority?
The classical period of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the death of Alexander the Great, in 323 BC (some authors prefer to split this period into 'Classical', from the end of the Persian wars to the end of the Peloponnesian War, and 'Fourth Century', up to the death of Alexander). It is so named because it set the standards by which Greek civilization would be judged in later eras. The Classical period is also described as the "Golden Age" of Greek civilization, and its art, philosophy, architecture and literature would be instrumental in the formation and development of Western culture.

Questions:
The time span that is counted as the classical for the Greeks is from eras ?
Are there some discrepancies among scholars for the distinction of the period ?
What is so well known about this period ?
What shiny other name is this time also called ?
What did the Greeks do that made it possible for the expansion and growth of the opposite of the Eastern Civilization ?
The climate of the Cretaceous is less certain and more widely disputed. Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat: temperatures were about the same across the planet. Average temperatures were also higher than today by about 10°C. In fact, by the middle Cretaceous, equatorial ocean waters (perhaps as warm as 20 °C in the deep ocean) may have been too warm for sea life,[dubious – discuss][citation needed] and land areas near the equator may have been deserts despite their proximity to water. The circulation of oxygen to the deep ocean may also have been disrupted.[dubious – discuss] For this reason, large volumes of organic matter that was unable to decompose accumulated, eventually being deposited as "black shale".

Questions:
What is uncertain about the Cretaceous?
What atmospheric gas caused temperatures levels to be 10 degrees higher than today?
What was about equal across the planet?
During the Cretaceous what climate was thought to be found in areas near the seas?
What did large amounts of deposited un-decomposed organic matter later become?
The clock does not run during convert attempts in the last three minutes of a half. If the 15 minutes of a quarter expire while the ball is live, the quarter is extended until the ball becomes dead. If a quarter's time expires while the ball is dead, the quarter is extended for one more scrimmage. A quarter cannot end while a penalty is pending: after the penalty yardage is applied, the quarter is extended one scrimmage. Note that the non-penalized team has the option to decline any penalty it considers disadvantageous, so a losing team cannot indefinitely prolong a game by repeatedly committing infractions.

Questions:
What happens to a quarter whose time expires while the ball is still live in play?
What causes a quarter to be extended one additional play even if time has run out?
How long is a quarter in minutes?
Which plays do not cause time to run off the clock during the final minutes of a half?
The coastal plain transitions to the Piedmont region along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, a line which marks the elevation at which waterfalls first appear on streams and rivers. The Piedmont region of central North Carolina is the state's most urbanized and densely populated section. It consists of gently rolling countryside frequently broken by hills or low mountain ridges. Small, isolated, and deeply eroded mountain ranges and peaks are located in the Piedmont, including the Sauratown Mountains, Pilot Mountain, the Uwharrie Mountains, Crowder's Mountain, King's Pinnacle, the Brushy Mountains, and the South Mountains. The Piedmont ranges from about 300 to 400 feet (91 to 122 m) in elevation in the east to over 1,000 feet (300 m) in the west. Because of the rapid population growth in the Piedmont, a significant part of the rural area in this region is being transformed into suburbs with shopping centers, housing, and corporate offices. Agriculture is steadily declining in importance. The major rivers of the Piedmont, such as the Yadkin and Catawba, tend to be fast-flowing, shallow, and narrow.

Questions:
What do you call the line that marks the elevation that waterfalls first appear on rivers?
At what point does the coastal plin transition to the Piedmont region?
What section of Central North Carolina has the most dense population?
Pilot Mountain and South Mountains are located in what region of North Carolina?
What is the average elevation in the west Piedmont region?
The commercial rivalry between RCA Victor and Columbia Records led to RCA Victor's introduction of what it had intended to be a competing vinyl format, the 7-inch (175 mm) 45 rpm disc. For a two-year period from 1948 to 1950, record companies and consumers faced uncertainty over which of these formats would ultimately prevail in what was known as the "War of the Speeds". (See also format war.) In 1949 Capitol and Decca adopted the new LP format and RCA gave in and issued its first LP in January 1950. The 45 rpm size was gaining in popularity, too, and Columbia issued its first 45s in February 1951. By 1954, 200 million 45s had been sold.

Questions:
Which two companies were involved in the "War of the Speeds"?
Over which years did the "War of the Speeds" last? 
Which company lost the "War of the Speeds"?
What speed ultimantly ended up winning the war of the speeds?
By 1945 what was the total sale of 45s?
The committee debated the possibility of a shift function (like in ITA2), which would allow more than 64 codes to be represented by a six-bit code. In a shifted code, some character codes determine choices between options for the following character codes. It allows compact encoding, but is less reliable for data transmission as an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable. The standards committee decided against shifting, and so ASCII required at least a seven-bit code.:215, 236 § 4

Questions:
Why did the committee debate adding a shift function?
What is different in a shifted code?
Why did they decide against shifting code?
What happened after they decided agasint shifting?
The community of Casas Adobes is also on the Northwest Side, with the distinction of being Tucson's first suburb, established in the late 1940s. Casas Adobes is centered on the historic Casas Adobes Plaza (built in 1948). Casas Adobes is also home to Tohono Chul Park (a nature preserve) near the intersection of North Oracle Road and West Ina Road. The attempted assassination of Representative Gabrielle Giffords, and the murders of chief judge for the U.S. District Court for Arizona, John Roll and five other people on January 8, 2011, occurred at the La Toscana Village in Casas Adobes. The Foothills Mall is also located on the northwest side in Casas Adobes.

Questions:
What is considered Tuscon's first suburb?
When was the Casas Adobes Plaza established?
What nature preserve is in Casas Adobes?
What representative was almost assassinated at the La Toscana Village?
What mall is located in Casas Adobes?
When was the Casas Adobes Plaza built?
What was Tucson's first suburb?
Where is Tohono Chul Park?
Who was nearly assassinated in Casas Adobes?
What was John Roll's job title?
The company originated in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (CTR) through the consolidation of The Tabulating Machine Company, the International Time Recording Company, the Computing Scale Company and the Bundy Manufacturing Company. CTR was renamed "International Business Machines" in 1924, a name which Thomas J. Watson first used for a CTR Canadian subsidiary. The initialism IBM followed. Securities analysts nicknamed the company Big Blue for its size and common use of the color in products, packaging and its logo.

Questions:
In what year did the company that was to become IBM form?
What was the name of the company that eventually became IBM?
In what year did IBM get its name?
What nickname was given to IBM?
What is one parent company of the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company?
The company, which benefited from the imperial patronage, soon expanded its commercial trading operations, eclipsing the Portuguese Estado da Índia, which had established bases in Goa, Chittagong, and Bombay, which Portugal later ceded to England as part of the dowry of Catherine de Braganza. The East India Company also launched a joint attack with the Dutch United East India Company on Portuguese and Spanish ships off the coast of China, which helped secure their ports in China. The company established trading posts in Surat (1619), Madras (1639), Bombay (1668), and Calcutta (1690). By 1647, the company had 23 factories, each under the command of a factor or master merchant and governor if so chosen, and 90 employees in India. The major factories became the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras, and Bombay Castle.

Questions:
when was the bombay trading post established?
who commanded the factories owned by the East India company?
how many employees were in the factories in India?
what were the walled forts of Fort William in Bengal, Fort St George in Madras and Bombay castle before they were forts?
who helped join the East India company in a joint attack on Portuguese and Spanish ships?
by 1647 how many factories did the company have?
the east india company changed how it did business by moving from  focusing on royal patronage to what type of business?
when the east india company move to commercial  trading what  company did they surpass?
The top or most important factories had what  physical feature in  common?
The competition formed as the FA Premier League on 20 February 1992 following the decision of clubs in the Football League First Division to break away from the Football League, which was originally founded in 1888, and take advantage of a lucrative television rights deal. The deal was worth £1 billion a year domestically as of 2013–14, with BSkyB and BT Group securing the domestic rights to broadcast 116 and 38 games respectively. The league generates €2.2 billion per year in domestic and international television rights. In 2014/15, teams were apportioned revenues of £1.6 billion.

Questions:
What date was the Premier League formed?
How much was the deal worth?
Who secured the domestic rights to broadcast games 116 and 38 respectively?
How much revenue does the league generate in domestic and international television rights?
In 2014/15, how much were the teams apportioned in revenues?
When was the Premier League originally formed?
When was the Football League originally founded?
How many games were secured to broadcast by BSkyB?
How many games were secured to broadcast by BT Group?
How much income does the Premier League generate per year in worldwide television rights?
The concentration of copper in ores averages only 0.6%, and most commercial ores are sulfides, especially chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and to a lesser extent chalcocite (Cu2S). These minerals are concentrated from crushed ores to the level of 10–15% copper by froth flotation or bioleaching. Heating this material with silica in flash smelting removes much of the iron as slag. The process exploits the greater ease of converting iron sulfides into its oxides, which in turn react with the silica to form the silicate slag, which floats on top of the heated mass. The resulting copper matte consisting of Cu2S is then roasted to convert all sulfides into oxides:

Questions:
What is the average concentration of copper in ores?
What are most commercial ores?
What does heating copper ore materials with silica remove?
What happens to the silicate slag  during the flash smelting process?
What do the sulfides convert to after the copper matte is roasted?
The concept's origins can potentially be traced back further. Jewish law includes several considerations whose effects are similar to those of modern intellectual property laws, though the notion of intellectual creations as property does not seem to exist – notably the principle of Hasagat Ge'vul (unfair encroachment) was used to justify limited-term publisher (but not author) copyright in the 16th century. In 500 BCE, the government of the Greek state of Sybaris offered one year's patent "to all who should discover any new refinement in luxury".

Questions:
Jewish law includes which principle used to justify copyright?
When did Jewish law recognize copyright?
When did Sybaris offer patents?
How long was a patent valid in Sybaris?
The control of associated biodiversity is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face. On monoculture farms, the approach is generally to eradicate associated diversity using a suite of biologically destructive pesticides, mechanized tools and transgenic engineering techniques, then to rotate crops. Although some polyculture farmers use the same techniques, they also employ integrated pest management strategies as well as strategies that are more labor-intensive, but generally less dependent on capital, biotechnology and energy.

Questions:
What is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face?
What farms use biologically destructive pesticides
What farmers use integrated pest management strategies?
What farmers are generally less dependent on capital, biotechnology and energy?
The coup completed, the RCC proceeded with their intentions of consolidating the revolutionary government and modernizing the country. They purged monarchists and members of Idris' Senussi clan from Libya's political world and armed forces; Gaddafi believed this elite were opposed to the will of the Libyan people and had to be expunged. "People's Courts" were founded to try various monarchist politicians and journalists, and though many were imprisoned, none were executed. Idris was sentenced to execution in absentia.

Questions:
What did the RCC do with remnants of the monarchy?
What happened to Idris?
How did Gaddafi view the elite?
What happened to the monarchists and and journalists?
What clan was King Idris part of?
Along with journalists, who was tried in the People's Courts?
How many people were executed by the People's Courts?
What sentence was given to the absent King Idris?
Along with the Senussi, who was purged from the military?
The creation of modern-day Eritrea is a result of the incorporation of independent, distinct kingdoms and sultanates (for example, Medri Bahri and the Sultanate of Aussa) eventually resulting in the formation of Italian Eritrea. In 1947 Eritrea became part of a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Subsequent annexation into Ethiopia led to the Eritrean War of Independence, ending with Eritrean independence following a referendum in April 1993. Hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia persisted, leading to the Eritrean–Ethiopian War of 1998–2000 and further skirmishes with both Djibouti and Ethiopia.

Questions:
What is the result of the incorporation of independent kingdoms and sultanates?
When did Eritrea join a federation with Ethiopia, the Federation of Ethipia and Eritrea?
What was the result of the War of Independence?
What persisted and led to the Eritrean-Ethiopian War of 1998-2000?
What subsequently led to the Eritran War of Independence?
The creation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 was through the unification of the western states (which were previously under American, British, and French administration) created in the aftermath of World War II. Initially, in 1949, the states of the Federal Republic were Baden, Bavaria (in German: Bayern), Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse (Hessen), Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), North Rhine Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen), Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz), Schleswig-Holstein, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern. West Berlin, while officially not part of the Federal Republic, was largely integrated and considered as a de facto state.

Questions:
When was the Federal Republic of Germany created
Which countries administrations was the Federal Republic of Germany previously under?
Which city was originally not a part of the Federal Republic of Germany?
What was the Federal Republic of Germany created in the aftermath of?
The cultural role of copper has been important, particularly in currency. Romans in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC used copper lumps as money. At first, the copper itself was valued, but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important. Julius Caesar had his own coins made from brass, while Octavianus Augustus Caesar's coins were made from Cu-Pb-Sn alloys. With an estimated annual output of around 15,000 t, Roman copper mining and smelting activities reached a scale unsurpassed until the time of the Industrial Revolution; the provinces most intensely mined were those of Hispania, Cyprus and in Central Europe.

Questions:
What did Romans use as money in the 6th through 3rd centuriesBC?
Who had his own coins produced out of brass?
During the 6th through 3rd centuries BC how much copper was mined in Rome?
Cctavianus Augustus Caesar had his coins made out of what alloys?
What became more important than the copper value for Roman coins?
The culture of Eritrea has been largely shaped by the country's location on the Red Sea coast. One of the most recognizable parts of Eritrean culture is the coffee ceremony. Coffee (Ge'ez ቡን būn) is offered when visiting friends, during festivities, or as a daily staple of life. During the coffee ceremony, there are traditions that are upheld. The coffee is served in three rounds: the first brew or round is called awel in Tigrinya meaning first, the second round is called kalaay meaning second, and the third round is called bereka meaning "to be blessed". If coffee is politely declined, then most likely tea ("shai" ሻሂ shahee) will instead be served.

Questions:
What geographical location in Eritrea has largely shaped the culture of Eritrea?
What is one of the most recognizable parts of Eritran culture that can be offered when visiting friends as well as being a daily staple of life?
How many rounds is coffee served in during a coffee ceremony?
What do Eritrean's offer a person who declines coffee?
What is the first round of the coffee ceremony called?
The current–voltage characteristic of an LED is similar to other diodes, in that the current is dependent exponentially on the voltage (see Shockley diode equation). This means that a small change in voltage can cause a large change in current. If the applied voltage exceeds the LED's forward voltage drop by a small amount, the current rating may be exceeded by a large amount, potentially damaging or destroying the LED. The typical solution is to use constant-current power supplies to keep the current below the LED's maximum current rating. Since most common power sources (batteries, mains) are constant-voltage sources, most LED fixtures must include a power converter, at least a current-limiting resistor. However, the high resistance of three-volt coin cells combined with the high differential resistance of nitride-based LEDs makes it possible to power such an LED from such a coin cell without an external resistor.

Questions:
How are LEDs similar to other diodes?
What can cause a large change in current in LEDs?
What is a solution to preventing an LED failure?
What feature do most LED fixtures need to have?
What is a constant-voltage source?
The death penalty is sought and applied more often in some jurisdictions, not only between states but within states. A 2004 Cornell University study showed that while 2.5 percent of murderers convicted nationwide were sentenced to the death penalty, in Nevada 6 percent were given the death penalty. Texas gave 2 percent of murderers a death sentence, less than the national average. Texas, however, executed 40 percent of those sentenced, which was about four times higher than the national average. California had executed only 1 percent of those sentenced.

Questions:
What percentage of murderers in the United States are given a death sentence?
How many murderers in Nevada were given a capital sentence?
What state notably executes 40% of those given the death penalty?
What percentage of murderers in California are given the death penalty and subsequently executed?
How much higher is the rate of execution in Texas versus the national average?
The decline of Constantinople – a main trading partner of Kievan Rus' – played a significant role in the decline of the Kievan Rus'. The trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, along which the goods were moving from the Black Sea (mainly Byzantine) through eastern Europe to the Baltic, was a cornerstone of Kiev wealth and prosperity. Kiev was the main power and initiator in this relationship, once the Byzantine Empire fell into turmoil and the supplies became erratic, profits dried out, and Kiev lost its appeal.[citation needed]

Questions:
What played a major role in the decline of the Rus?
What terriroty did the trade from the Varangians to the Greeks route mainly go through?
Which terrirory was the main power in this trade relatinship?
The decolonization of the Americas was the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule. Decolonization began with a series of revolutions in the late 18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries. The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America that took place during the early 19th century, from 1808 until 1829, directly related to the Napoleonic French invasion of Spain. The conflict started with short-lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville.

Questions:
What is the decolonization of the Americas? 
When did the decolonization of the Americas begin?
When did the wars against Spanish rule occur?
What were the Spanish wars directly linked to?
How did the Spanish conflict begin?
The deliberate separation of the Luftwaffe from the rest of the military structure encouraged the emergence of a major "communications gap" between Hitler and the Luftwaffe, which other factors helped to exacerbate. For one thing, Göring's fear of Hitler led him to falsify or misrepresent what information was available in the direction of an uncritical and over-optimistic interpretation of air strength. When Göring decided against continuing Wever's original heavy bomber programme in 1937, the Reichsmarschall's own explanation was that Hitler wanted to know only how many bombers there were, not how many engines each had. In July 1939, Göring arranged a display of the Luftwaffe's most advanced equipment at Rechlin, to give the impression the air force was more prepared for a strategic air war than was actually the case.

Questions:
What was the major cause of the separation between the Luftwaffe and the other military structure?
What did Goring do because of his fear of Hitler?
What year did Goring display the Luftwaffe's advanced equipment?
In what city did Goring display the advance equipment?
Who's bombing program did Goring abandon in 1939?
The demographics of the British Isles today are characterised by a generally high density of population in England, which accounts for almost 80% of the total population of the islands. In elsewhere on Great Britain and on Ireland, high density of population is limited to areas around, or close to, a few large cities. The largest urban area by far is the Greater London Urban Area with 9 million inhabitants. Other major populations centres include Greater Manchester Urban Area (2.4 million), West Midlands conurbation (2.4 million), West Yorkshire Urban Area (1.6 million) in England, Greater Glasgow (1.2 million) in Scotland and Greater Dublin Area (1.1 million) in Ireland.[citation needed]

Questions:
Which area in the British Isles is s the most populated?
What percentage of the population does England have compared to the other areas in the British Isles?
How many people live in the area of London?
What are two other major populated cities in England?
What is the most populated city in Ireland?
The description or representation of individual and group identity is a central task for psychologists, sociologists and anthropologists and those of other disciplines where "identity" needs to be mapped and defined. How should one describe the identity of another, in ways which encompass both their idiosyncratic qualities and their group memberships or identifications, both of which can shift according to circumstance? Following on from the work of Kelly, Erikson, Tajfel and others Weinreich's Identity Structure Analysis (ISA), is "a structural representation of the individual's existential experience, in which the relationships between self and other agents are organised in relatively stable structures over time … with the emphasis on the socio-cultural milieu in which self relates to other agents and institutions" (Weinreich and Saunderson, (eds) 2003, p1). Using constructs drawn from the salient discourses of the individual, the group and cultural norms, the practical operationalisation of ISA provides a methodology that maps how these are used by the individual, applied across time and milieus by the "situated self" to appraise self and other agents and institutions (for example, resulting in the individual's evaluation of self and significant others and institutions).[citation needed]

Questions:
The central task for psychologists, sociologists, and anthropologists is to describe what topics?
ISA stands for what?
Who developed the ISA?
The development of writing is counted among the many achievements and innovations of pre-Columbian American cultures. Independent from the development of writing in other areas of the world, the Mesoamerican region produced several indigenous writing systems beginning in the 1st millennium BCE. What may be the earliest-known example in the Americas of an extensive text thought to be writing is by the Cascajal Block. The Olmec hieroglyphs tablet has been indirectly dated from ceramic shards found in the same context to approximately 900 BCE, around the time that Olmec occupation of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán began to wane.

Questions:
What was one of the many achievements of the American cultures?
What region produced several writing systems independent of other areas of the world?
When were writing systems being created in the Americas?
What is presumed to be written upon the Cascajal Block?
When has the Olmec tablet been dated to?
The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a thermometer. He was surprised at the result and called them "Calorific Rays". The term 'Infrared' did not appear until late in the 19th century.

Questions:
Who discovered infrared radiation?
In what year did Herschel publish his work on infrared radiation?
To whom did Herschel present his work on infrared radiation?
What device did Herschel use to discover the infrared?
What did Herschel call the infrared spectrum?
The discovery of the element is credited to the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth. While he was working in his experimental laboratory in Berlin in 1789, Klaproth was able to precipitate a yellow compound (likely sodium diuranate) by dissolving pitchblende in nitric acid and neutralizing the solution with sodium hydroxide. Klaproth assumed the yellow substance was the oxide of a yet-undiscovered element and heated it with charcoal to obtain a black powder, which he thought was the newly discovered metal itself (in fact, that powder was an oxide of uranium). He named the newly discovered element after the planet Uranus, (named after the primordial Greek god of the sky), which had been discovered eight years earlier by William Herschel.

Questions:
Who discovered uranium?
In what city was uranium discovered?
In what year did the discovery of uranium occur?
What did Klaproth probably create when he dissolved pitchblende in nitric acid?
Who discovered the planet Uranus?
The doctrine of the immaculate conception (Mary being conceived free from original sin) is not to be confused with her virginal conception of her son Jesus. This misunderstanding of the term immaculate conception is frequently met in the mass media. Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a human father and mother, traditionally known by the names of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne. In 1677, the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived, which had been a belief surfacing occasionally since the 4th century. The Church celebrates the Feast of the Immaculate Conception (when Mary was conceived free from original sin) on 8 December, exactly nine months before celebrating the Nativity of Mary. The feast of the Annunciation (which commemorates the virginal conception and the Incarnation of Jesus) is celebrated on 25 March, nine months before Christmas Day.

Questions:
Is the view of the impregnation of Mary's pregnancy the same as the one held for the birth of her first child ?
What is the view held at the Vatican regarding how Mary was actually given life into the world ?
Who were the parents of Mary believed to be ?
When were contradictory views to  the belief of Mary's parentage struck down ?
When did these contradictory views start to emerge ?
The dynasty lost control of peripheral territories bit by bit. In return for promises of support against the British and the French, the Russian Empire took large chunks of territory in the Northeast in 1860. The period of cooperation between the reformers and the European powers ended with the Tientsin Massacre of 1870, which was incited by the murder of French nuns set off by the belligerence of local French diplomats. Starting with the Cochinchina Campaign in 1858, France expanded control of Indochina. By 1883, France was in full control of the region and had reached the Chinese border. The Sino-French War began with a surprise attack by the French on the Chinese southern fleet at Fuzhou. After that the Chinese declared war on the French. A French invasion of Taiwan was halted and the French were defeated on land in Tonkin at the Battle of Bang Bo. However Japan threatened to enter the war against China due to the Gapsin Coup and China chose to end the war with negotiations. The war ended in 1885 with the Treaty of Tientsin (1885) and the Chinese recognition of the French protectorate in Vietnam.

Questions:
Who did the Chinese lose territory to in exchange for help?
When was the Tientsin Massacre?
What triggered the Tientsin Massacre?
When was the Cochinchina Campaign?
Which territory did France control?
The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran, like those excavated at the Kashafrud and Ganj Par sites, attest to a human presence in Iran since the Lower Paleolithic era, c. 800,000–200,000 BC. Iran's Neanderthal artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic period, c. 200,000–40,000 BC, have been found mainly in the Zagros region, at sites such as Warwasi and Yafteh Cave.[page needed] Around 10th to 8th millennium BC, early agricultural communities such as Chogha Golan and Chogha Bonut began to flourish in Iran, as well as Susa and Chogha Mish developing in and around the Zagros region.[page needed]

Questions:
How long ago were the earliest artifacts from that were evidence of humans in Iran?
What region of Iran did Neanderthal artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic Period were found?
When did early agricultural communities in Iran begin to appear and prosper?
What were dug up from the archaeological sites Kashafrud and Ganj Par in Iran?
The earliest dynastic king on the Sumerian king list whose name is known from any other legendary source is Etana, 13th king of the first dynasty of Kish. The earliest king authenticated through archaeological evidence is Enmebaragesi of Kish (c. 26th century BC), whose name is also mentioned in the Gilgamesh epic—leading to the suggestion that Gilgamesh himself might have been a historical king of Uruk. As the Epic of Gilgamesh shows, this period was associated with increased war. Cities became walled, and increased in size as undefended villages in southern Mesopotamia disappeared. (Gilgamesh is credited with having built the walls of Uruk).

Questions:
What is the name of the earliest dynastic Sumerian king?
What dynasty was Etana the 13th king of?
Who is the earliest king that is authenticated by actual physical evidence and not just legend?
Where is Enmebaragesi's name mentioned?
What is the period of Enmebaragesi's reign associated with?
The earliest known avialan fossils come from the Tiaojishan Formation of China, which has been dated to the late Jurassic period (Oxfordian stage), about 160 million years ago. The avialan species from this time period include Anchiornis huxleyi, Xiaotingia zhengi, and Aurornis xui. The well-known early avialan, Archaeopteryx, dates from slightly later Jurassic rocks (about 155 million years old) from Germany. Many of these early avialans shared unusual anatomical features that may be ancestral to modern birds, but were later lost during bird evolution. These features include enlarged claws on the second toe which may have been held clear of the ground in life, and long feathers or "hind wings" covering the hind limbs and feet, which may have been used in aerial maneuvering.

Questions:
The Oxfordian stage is also known as what?
How long ago was the late Jurassic period?
Avian species such as Anchiornis huxleyi and Xiaotingia zhengi are from which time period?
What may have been used in aerial maneuvering?
The earliest known references to the islands as a group appeared in the writings of sea-farers from the ancient Greek colony of Massalia. The original records have been lost; however, later writings, e.g. Avienus's Ora maritima, that quoted from the Massaliote Periplus (6th century BC) and from Pytheas's On the Ocean (circa 325–320 BC) have survived. In the 1st century BC, Diodorus Siculus has Prettanikē nēsos, "the British Island", and Prettanoi, "the Britons". Strabo used Βρεττανική (Brettanike), and Marcian of Heraclea, in his Periplus maris exteri, used αἱ Πρεττανικαί νῆσοι (the Prettanic Isles) to refer to the islands. Historians today, though not in absolute agreement, largely agree that these Greek and Latin names were probably drawn from native Celtic-language names for the archipelago. Along these lines, the inhabitants of the islands were called the Πρεττανοί (Priteni or Pretani). The shift from the "P" of Pretannia to the "B" of Britannia by the Romans occurred during the time of Julius Caesar.

Questions:
Where did the first known occurrence of the British Isle name appear in written material?
What is one of the earliest surviving records that mention the name British Isles?
What language do most historians agree upon where the Greek names for the British Isles came from?
What did the ancient Greeks call the people that lived in the British Isles?
When did the "P" sound of Pretannia change to the "B" sound of Britannia?
The earliest writers on sexual orientation usually understood it to be intrinsically linked to the subject's own sex. For example, it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa. This understanding was shared by most of the significant theorists of sexual orientation from the mid nineteenth to early twentieth century, such as Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud, as well as many gender-variant homosexual people themselves. However, this understanding of homosexuality as sexual inversion was disputed at the time, and, through the second half of the twentieth century, gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation. Transgender and cisgender people may be attracted to men, women, or both, although the prevalence of different sexual orientations is quite different in these two populations. An individual homosexual, heterosexual or bisexual person may be masculine, feminine, or androgynous, and in addition, many members and supporters of lesbian and gay communities now see the "gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual" as negative stereotypes. Nevertheless, studies by J. Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker found a majority of the gay men and lesbians sampled reporting various degrees of gender-nonconformity during their childhood years.

Questions:
Early writers linked orientation to what concept?
What theorists agreed with this concept?
What two things became to be seen as distinct from one another?
What negative stereotypes have emerged from this understanding?
What did a majority of gay men and women experience in their childhood?
What was thought of early lesbians and gay men?
What did gender idenity become to be seen as?
What can be considered to be bad stereotypes to gay communities?
Who performed the studies that found most homosexual people having different degrees of gender issues?
In these studies when was the gender-noncomformity experienced?
The early settlement was often subject to attack from sea and land, including periodic assaults from Spain and France (both of whom contested England's claims to the region), and pirates. These were combined with raids by Native Americans, who tried to protect themselves from so-called European "settlers," who in turn wanted to expand the settlement. The heart of the city was fortified according to a 1704 plan by Governor Johnson. Except those fronting Cooper River, the walls were largely removed during the 1720s.

Questions:
Which country along with France contested England's claim to the Charleston region?
Which group raided the settlement as a means to protect themselves from settlers?
Whose 1704 plan was used to fortified the city?
The majority of the fort walls were removed in what decade?
Beside European nations and Native Americans, who else attacked the Charleston settlement?
The effective area or effective aperture of a receiving antenna expresses the portion of the power of a passing electromagnetic wave which it delivers to its terminals, expressed in terms of an equivalent area. For instance, if a radio wave passing a given location has a flux of 1 pW / m2 (10−12 watts per square meter) and an antenna has an effective area of 12 m2, then the antenna would deliver 12 pW of RF power to the receiver (30 microvolts rms at 75 ohms). Since the receiving antenna is not equally sensitive to signals received from all directions, the effective area is a function of the direction to the source.

Questions:
What is the portion of something that is reached by the radio transmission called?
What is a measure of the power of an antenna?
What effects the function of signals received by an antenna?
How much power will be delivered to the reciever if the antenna has an effective area of 12 m/2?
The emergence of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is a common phenomenon. Emergence of resistance often reflects evolutionary processes that take place during antibiotic therapy. The antibiotic treatment may select for bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics. Under certain conditions, it may result in preferential growth of resistant bacteria, while growth of susceptible bacteria is inhibited by the drug. For example, antibacterial selection for strains having previously acquired antibacterial-resistance genes was demonstrated in 1943 by the Luria–Delbrück experiment. Antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromycin, which used to have a high efficacy against many bacterial species and strains, have become less effective, due to the increased resistance of many bacterial strains.

Questions:
What does emergence of resistance reflect?
What is the purpose of antibiotic treatment?
When was antibacterial-resistance demonstrated?
Who made the demonstration in 1943?
What is a modern common occurence with antibiotics?
What is resistance to antibiotics a cause of?
When was the Luria-Delbruck experiment?
Which two antibiotics that have high efficacy are much less useful now?
The end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood varies by country and by function. Furthermore, even within a single nation state or culture there can be different ages at which an individual is considered (chronologically and legally) mature enough for society to entrust them with certain privileges and responsibilities. Such milestones include driving a vehicle, having legal sexual relations, serving in the armed forces or on a jury, purchasing and drinking alcohol, voting, entering into contracts, finishing certain levels of education, and marriage. Adolescence is usually accompanied by an increased independence allowed by the parents or legal guardians, including less supervision as compared to preadolescence.

Questions:
Is adolescence usually accompanied by increased parental supervision or increased independence?
Is the end of adolescence and beginning of adulthood easily agreed upon or does it vary by country?
Do milestones such as driving a vechile, serving on a jury, voting, and marriage all have a common age of responsibility?
The engagement was not without controversy: Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links. Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin." Elizabeth's mother was reported, in later biographies, to have opposed the union initially, even dubbing Philip "The Hun". In later life, however, she told biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman".

Questions:
Where did Philip serve during WWII?
To whom did Philip's sisters marry?
What did Elizabeth's mother call Philip?
What did Elizabeth's mother later say that Philip was?
What did Crawford report that some of the King's advisers thought of Philip?
The era of manufactured fibers began with the development of rayon in France in the 1890s. Rayon is derived from a natural cellulose and cannot be considered synthetic, but requires extensive processing in a manufacturing process, and led the less expensive replacement of more naturally derived materials. A succession of new synthetic fibers were introduced by the chemicals industry in the following decades. Acetate in fiber form was developed in 1924. Nylon, the first fiber synthesized entirely from petrochemicals, was introduced as a sewing thread by DuPont in 1936, followed by DuPont's acrylic in 1944. Some garments were created from fabrics based on these fibers, such as women's hosiery from nylon, but it was not until the introduction of polyester into the fiber marketplace in the early 1950s that the market for cotton came under threat. The rapid uptake of polyester garments in the 1960s caused economic hardship in cotton-exporting economies, especially in Central American countries, such as Nicaragua, where cotton production had boomed tenfold between 1950 and 1965 with the advent of cheap chemical pesticides. Cotton production recovered in the 1970s, but crashed to pre-1960 levels in the early 1990s.

Questions:
What was the first manufactured fiber?
When was rayon first made in France?
What type of industry produced a growing chain of synthetic fibers?
What was manufactured completely from petrochemicals?
What company produced nylon and acrylic in the 1930s and 1940s?
The etymology of the name Bern is uncertain. According to the local legend, based on folk etymology, Berchtold V, Duke of Zähringen, the founder of the city of Bern, vowed to name the city after the first animal he met on the hunt, and this turned out to be a bear. It has long been considered likely that the city was named after the Italian city of Verona, which at the time was known as Bern in Middle High German. As a result of the find of the Bern zinc tablet in the 1980s, it is now more common to assume that the city was named after a pre-existing toponym of Celtic origin, possibly *berna "cleft". The bear was the heraldic animal of the seal and coat of arms of Bern from at least the 1220s. The earliest reference to the keeping of live bears in the Bärengraben dates to the 1440s.

Questions:
What animal is on the seal and coat of arms of Bern?
What live animals did they keep in the Bärengraben?
What is the earliest that they kept live bears in the Bärengraben?
The events of the summer of 1974 dominate the politics on the island, as well as Greco-Turkish relations. Around 150,000 settlers from Turkey are believed to be living in the north—many of whom were forced from Turkey by the Turkish government—in violation of the Geneva Convention and various UN resolutions. Following the invasion and the capture of its northern territory by Turkish troops, the Republic of Cyprus announced that all of its ports of entry in the north were closed, as they were effectively not under its control.[citation needed]

Questions:
What happened to ports on Cyprus after capture of its northern territory by Turkish troops?
How many settlers from Turkey were living in the north?
What terms did the Turkish government violate by sending people?
The expansive area northwest of the city limits is diverse, ranging from the rural communities of Catalina and parts of the town of Marana, the small suburb of Picture Rocks, the affluent town of Oro Valley in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains, and residential areas in the northeastern foothills of the Tucson Mountains. Continental Ranch (Marana), Dove Mountain (Marana), and Rancho Vistoso (Oro Valley) are all masterplanned communities located in the Northwest, where thousands of residents live.

Questions:
How many residents live in the master-planned communities?
What mountains is Oro Valley next to?
Which town is Rancho Vistoso located?
Which town would you find Dove Mountain and Continental Ranch?
Where is Oro Valley?
Where is the Continental Ranch planned community?
Where is the Dove Mountain planned community?
Where is the Rancho Vistoso planned community?
Which direction from Tucson is Picture Rocks?