the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
The release of Apple's iPad tablet computer had a negative impact on Dell and other major PC vendors, as consumers switched away from desktop and laptop PCs. Dell's own mobility division has not managed success with developing smartphones or tablets, whether running Windows or Google Android. The Dell Streak was a failure commercially and critically due to its outdated OS, numerous bugs, and low resolution screen. InfoWorld suggested that Dell and other OEMs saw tablets as a short-term, low-investment opportunity running Google Android, an approach that neglected user interface and failed to gain long term market traction with consumers. Dell has responded by pushing higher-end PCs, such as the XPS line of notebooks, which do not compete with the Apple iPad and Kindle Fire tablets. The growing popularity of smartphones and tablet computers instead of PCs drove Dell's consumer segment to an operating loss in Q3 2012. In December 2012, Dell suffered its first decline in holiday sales in five years, despite the introduction of Windows 8.

Questions:
The release of what electronic had a negative impact on Dell?
Which division of Dell were unsuccessful in developing mobile devices?
What Dell product was a commercial failure?
What line of high end electronics did Dell create that failed to compete with Apple products?
What year did Dell see its first decline in holiday sales?
The report "Mary: Faith and Hope in Christ", by the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission, concluded that the teaching about Mary in the two definitions of the Assumption and the Immaculate Conception can be said to be consonant with the teaching of the Scriptures and the ancient common traditions. But the report expressed concerns that the Roman Catholic dogmatic definitions of these concepts implies them to be "revealed by God", stating: "The question arises for Anglicans, however, as to whether these doctrines concerning Mary are revealed by God in a way which must be held by believers as a matter of faith."

Questions:
What was written by the a all inclusive group convened by the holy church centered in Rome ?
What document did this group create once it was convened ?
What did the document attempt to clarify ?
What was the final conclusion reached in the report by the group ?
What type of interpretation did the group believe was of concern in regard to Mary ?
The restoration of power to the patriciate was only temporary. After a period of unrest with repeated violent clashes such as the Züriputsch of 1839, civil war (the Sonderbundskrieg) broke out in 1847 when some Catholic cantons tried to set up a separate alliance (the Sonderbund). The war lasted for less than a month, causing fewer than 100 casualties, most of which were through friendly fire. Yet however minor the Sonderbundskrieg appears compared with other European riots and wars in the 19th century, it nevertheless had a major impact on both the psychology and the society of the Swiss and of Switzerland.

Questions:
What did Catholic cantons attempt to set up which caused a civil war in 1839?
What was responsible for most of the 1100 casualties incurred during the Swiss civil war in 1839?
How long did the Swiss civil war in 1839 last?
What was the name of the Swiss civil war in 1839?
How big was the impact the Sonderbundskrieg had on the psychology and society of the Swiss and Switzerland?
The revived Georgian style that emerged in Britain at the beginning of the 20th century is usually referred to as Neo-Georgian; the work of Edwin Lutyens includes many examples. Versions of the Neo-Georgian style were commonly used in Britain for certain types of urban architecture until the late 1950s, Bradshaw Gass & Hope's Police Headquarters in Salford of 1958 being a good example. In both the United States and Britain, the Georgian style is still employed by architects like Quinlan Terry Julian Bicknell and Fairfax and Sammons for private residences.

Questions:
The British revival of Georgian architecture in the 20th century is generally referred to as?
Neo-Georgain style was common in Britain until the end of which decade?
Which police headquarters was constructed in 1958?
Which architects in the US and Britain still employ the Georgian style for private residences?
The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of the United Kingdom's Secret Intelligence Service (the SIS or MI6), the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), the Egyptian General Intelligence Service, the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki) (SVR), the Indian Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), the French foreign intelligence service Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (DGSE) and Israel's Mossad. While the preceding agencies both collect and analyze information, some like the U.S. State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research are purely analytical agencies.[citation needed]

Questions:
What is the UK's equivalent to the CIA?
What does ASIS stand for?
What is the name of Israel's intelligence agency?
What is the acronym for French's intelligence service?
What is the acronym for India's Research and Analysis Wing?
The root system and the shoot system are interdependent – the usually nonphotosynthetic root system depends on the shoot system for food, and the usually photosynthetic shoot system depends on water and minerals from the root system. Cells in each system are capable of creating cells of the other and producing adventitious shoots or roots. Stolons and tubers are examples of shoots that can grow roots. Roots that spread out close to the surface, such as those of willows, can produce shoots and ultimately new plants. In the event that one of the systems is lost, the other can often regrow it. In fact it is possible to grow an entire plant from a single leaf, as is the case with Saintpaulia, or even a single cell – which can dedifferentiate into a callus (a mass of unspecialised cells) that can grow into a new plant. In vascular plants, the xylem and phloem are the conductive tissues that transport resources between shoots and roots. Roots are often adapted to store food such as sugars or starch, as in sugar beets and carrots.

Questions:
Do the roots and shoots need each other?
What do the roots get from the shoots?
What do the shoots get from the roots?
What are roots used for in beets and carrots?
What happens if a plant looses roots or its shoots?
The same divine agencies who caused disease or harm also had the power to avert it, and so might be placated in advance. Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey, or encounters with banditry, piracy and shipwreck, with due gratitude to be rendered on safe arrival or return. In times of great crisis, the Senate could decree collective public rites, in which Rome's citizens, including women and children, moved in procession from one temple to the next, supplicating the gods.

Questions:
What elements had the power of benefit or harm in Roman religion?
What kind of intervention could be sought to avoid disasters?
What was expected when the divine intervention benefited the patron?
What act was decreed in times of crisis in Rome?
What was the point of public procession to the god's temples?
The school has many nationally and internationally acclaimed scholars in social security, health care, health disparities, communication, social and health policy, and individual and family development. Many of the faculty have training in both social work and public health. The school's current dean is Edward F. Lawlor. In addition to affiliation with the university-wide Institute of Public Health, Brown houses 12 research centers. The Brown School Library collects materials on many topics, with specific emphasis on: children, youth, and families; gerontology; health; mental health; social and economic development; family therapy; and management. The library maintains subscriptions to over 450 academic journals.

Questions:
Who is the Brown School's current Dean? 
How many research centers are housed by the Brown School? 
What topics of emphasis are contained in the Brown School Library collection?
To how many academic journals does the Brown School Library subscribe?
What areas does the Brown School Library have represented scholars?
The second main principle, sola fide (by faith alone), states that faith in Christ is sufficient alone for eternal salvation. Though argued from scripture, and hence logically consequent to sola scriptura, this is the guiding principle of the work of Luther and the later reformers. Because sola scriptura placed the Bible as the only source of teaching, sola fide epitomises the main thrust of the teaching the reformers wanted to get back to, namely the direct, close, personal connection between Christ and the believer, hence the reformers' contention that their work was Christocentric.

Questions:
What is the second principle of Protestantism?
What was Luther's main principle?
What principle made the Bible the one source for teaching?
What did reformers considered their beliefs to be, in terms of focus?
Faith can bring what eternal benefit?
The setae ("hairs") of annelids project out from the epidermis to provide traction and other capabilities. The simplest are unjointed and form paired bundles near the top and bottom of each side of each segment. The parapodia ("limbs") of annelids that have them often bear more complex chetae at their tips – for example jointed, comb-like or hooked. Chetae are made of moderately flexible β-chitin and are formed by follicles, each of which has a chetoblast ("hair-forming") cell at the bottom and muscles that can extend or retract the cheta. The chetoblasts produce chetae by forming microvilli, fine hair-like extensions that increase the area available for secreting the cheta. When the cheta is complete, the microvilli withdraw into the chetoblast, leaving parallel tunnels that run almost the full length of the cheta. Hence annelids' chetae are structurally different from the setae ("bristles") of arthropods, which are made of the more rigid α-chitin, have a single internal cavity, and are mounted on flexible joints in shallow pits in the cuticle.

Questions:
What do chetoblast cells do?
What hair-like extensions do chetoblasts make?
What are setae?
The simplest method, used for small-scale production and often by hobbyists, is immersion etching, in which the board is submerged in etching solution such as ferric chloride. Compared with methods used for mass production, the etching time is long. Heat and agitation can be applied to the bath to speed the etching rate. In bubble etching, air is passed through the etchant bath to agitate the solution and speed up etching. Splash etching uses a motor-driven paddle to splash boards with etchant; the process has become commercially obsolete since it is not as fast as spray etching. In spray etching, the etchant solution is distributed over the boards by nozzles, and recirculated by pumps. Adjustment of the nozzle pattern, flow rate, temperature, and etchant composition gives predictable control of etching rates and high production rates.

Questions:
What non-professionals might use immersion etching, since it's the easiest way to make a PCB?
Is the immersion etching process long or short compared to other production methods?
If you wanted to speed up the etching process, you could agitate the bath up or add what to it?
What funny name is used for the etching process where air is blown through the etching solution to get it moving around?
What's the fastest and most easily controlled process for etching?
The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy, and was briefly settled by English colonists from Jamestown in 1609, and in 1610–1611. The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737. It became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780. During the Revolutionary War period, several notable events occurred in the city, including Patrick Henry's "Give me liberty or give me death" speech in 1775 at St. John's Church, and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson. During the American Civil War, Richmond served as the capital of the Confederate States of America. The city entered the 20th century with one of the world's first successful electric streetcar systems, as well as a national hub of African-American commerce and culture, the Jackson Ward neighborhood.

Questions:
What was the nationality of the people who settled Richmond in 1609?
In what year was the current city of Richmond founded?
What famous speech did Patrick Henry give in Richmond?
In what building did Patrick Henry give his famous speech?
Who was the author of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom?
The sixty-one year reign of the Kangxi Emperor was the longest of any Chinese emperor. Kangxi's reign is also celebrated as the beginning of an era known as the "High Qing", during which the dynasty reached the zenith of its social, economic and military power. Kangxi's long reign started when he was eight years old upon the untimely demise of his father. To prevent a repeat of Dorgon's dictatorial monopolizing of power during the regency, the Shunzhi Emperor, on his deathbed, hastily appointed four senior cabinet ministers to govern on behalf of his young son. The four ministers — Sonin, Ebilun, Suksaha, and Oboi — were chosen for their long service, but also to counteract each other's influences. Most important, the four were not closely related to the imperial family and laid no claim to the throne. However, as time passed, through chance and machination, Oboi, the most junior of the four, achieved such political dominance as to be a potential threat. Even though Oboi's loyalty was never an issue, his personal arrogance and political conservatism led him into an escalating conflict with the young emperor. In 1669 Kangxi, through trickery, disarmed and imprisoned Oboi — a significant victory for a fifteen-year-old emperor over a wily politician and experienced commander.

Questions:
How long was Kangxi Emperor in power?
Who had the longest rule of any emperor?
What era did Kanxi's rule kick off?
How old was Kangxi when he took over?
Who ruled while Kangxi was young?
The slave trade was engaged in by European state and non-state actors such as Great Britain, the Netherlands, Portugal and private companies, as well as various African states and non-state actors. With rising anti-slavery sentiment at home and changing economic realities, Great Britain outlawed the international slave trade in 1807. Following the Napoleonic Wars, Great Britain established the West Africa Squadron in an attempt to halt the international traffic in slaves. It stopped ships of other nations that were leaving the African coast with slaves; the seized slaves were taken to Freetown, a colony in West Africa originally established for the resettlement of freed slaves from Britain. Britain intervened in the Lagos Kingship power struggle by bombarding Lagos in 1851, deposing the slave trade friendly Oba Kosoko, helping to install the amenable Oba Akitoye, and signing the Treaty between Great Britain and Lagos on 1 January 1852. Britain annexed Lagos as a Crown Colony in August 1861 with the Lagos Treaty of Cession. British missionaries expanded their operations and travelled further inland. In 1864, Samuel Ajayi Crowther became the first African bishop of the Anglican Church.

Questions:
When did Britain outlaw slave trade?
After which war did Britain establish its West Africa Squadron?
Where did Britain take slaves it seized from traders?
Where did Britain intervene in a power struggle?
Which Lagos king had supported the slave trade?
The social identity of the children was strongly determined by the tribe's kinship system. Among the matrilineal tribes of the Southeast, the mixed-race children generally were accepted as and identified as Indian, as they gained their social status from their mother's clans and tribes, and often grew up with their mothers and their male relatives. By contrast, among the patrilineal Omaha, for example, the child of a white man and Omaha woman was considered "white"; such mixed-race children and their mothers would be protected, but the children could formally belong to the tribe as members only if adopted by a man.

Questions:
What determined a child's social identity?
What heritage system do Southeast tribes use?
What were multiracial children with a tribal mother considered to be in tribes of the Southeast?
What race did the Omaha view a multiracial child with a white father to be?
The son of an impoverished Bedouin goat herder, Gaddafi became involved in politics while at school in Sabha, subsequently enrolling in the Royal Military Academy, Benghazi. Founding a revolutionary cell within the military, in 1969 they seized power from the absolute monarchy of King Idris in a bloodless coup. Becoming Chairman of the governing Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), Gaddafi abolished the monarchy and proclaimed the Republic. Ruling by decree, he implemented measures to remove what he viewed as foreign imperialist influence from Libya, and strengthened ties to Arab nationalist governments. Intent on pushing Libya towards "Islamic socialism", he introduced sharia as the basis for the legal system and nationalized the oil industry, using the increased revenues to bolster the military, implement social programs and fund revolutionary militants across the world. In 1973 he initiated a "Popular Revolution" with the formation of General People's Committees (GPCs), purported to be a system of direct democracy, but retained personal control over major decisions. He outlined his Third International Theory that year, publishing these ideas in The Green Book.

Questions:
What book did Gaddafi publish that detailed his Third Internal Theory?
What was Gaddafi's first position in government?
As Chairman of the RCC, list the first two things that Gaddafi accomplished.
How did Gaddafi change the legal system?
How did Gaddafi use all the money that resulted from nationalizing the oil industry?
Describe the Popular Revolution.
When Gaddafi established his power in the government, what were his first actions?
What political ideology did Gaddafi want to push his country to?
What was the profession of Gaddafi's father?
What was Gaddafi's ethnicity?
In what city was the Royal Military Academy located?
From what monarch did Gaddafi's movement take over Libya?
What was the name of the governing body headed by Gaddafi after the revolution?
The standard specifies how speed ratings should be reported by the camera. If the noise-based speed (40:1) is higher than the saturation-based speed, the noise-based speed should be reported, rounded downwards to a standard value (e.g. 200, 250, 320, or 400). The rationale is that exposure according to the lower saturation-based speed would not result in a visibly better image. In addition, an exposure latitude can be specified, ranging from the saturation-based speed to the 10:1 noise-based speed. If the noise-based speed (40:1) is lower than the saturation-based speed, or undefined because of high noise, the saturation-based speed is specified, rounded upwards to a standard value, because using the noise-based speed would lead to overexposed images. The camera may also report the SOS-based speed (explicitly as being an SOS speed), rounded to the nearest standard speed rating.

Questions:
When should the noise-based speed be used?
What is the range for exposure latitude?
What is another speed that can also be reported by the camera?
Why should noise-based speed be rounded down to a lower standard?
What does the standard specify?
The statement that Joseph "knew her not till she brought forth her first born son" (Matthew 1:25 DouayRheims) has been debated among scholars, with some saying that she did not remain a virgin and some saying that she was a perpetual virgin. Other scholars contend that the Greek word heos (i.e., until) denotes a state up to a point, but does not mean that the state ended after that point, and that Matthew 1:25 does not confirm or deny the virginity of Mary after the birth of Jesus. According to Biblical scholar Bart Ehrman the Hebrew word almah, meaning young woman of childbearing age, was translated into Greek as parthenos, which only means virgin, in Isaiah 7:14, which is commonly believed by Christians to be the prophecy of the Virgin Mary referred to in Matthew 1:23. While Matthew and Luke give differing versions of the virgin birth, John quotes the uninitiated Philip and the disbelieving Jews gathered at Galilee referring to Joseph as Jesus's father.

Questions:
Who do Christians believe is prophesized in Isaiah 7:14?
What is the meaning of the Greek word "heos?"
Which verse in Matthew is believed to refer to Isaiah's prohecy of the Virgin Mary?
Which Gospel writer provided a version of the virgin birth that was different than Matthew's?
What is the English tranlation of the Greek word "parthenos?"
The struggle related to the constitutional movement continued until 1911, when Mohammad Ali Shah was defeated and forced to abdicate. On the pretext of restoring order, the Russians occupied Northern Iran in 1911, and maintained a military presence in the region for years to come. During World War I, the British occupied much of Western Iran, and fully withdrew in 1921. The Persian Campaign commenced furthermore during World War I in Northwestern Iran after an Ottoman invasion, as part of the Middle Eastern Theatre of World War I. As a result of Ottoman hostilities across the border, a large amount of the Assyrians of Iran were massacred by the Ottoman armies, notably in and around Urmia. Apart from the rule of Aqa Mohammad Khan, the Qajar rule is characterized as a century of misrule.

Questions:
The constitutional movement in Iran lasted from 1906 until what year?
Who was defeated and forced to abdicate at the end of the Iranian constitutional movement?
In 1911, Russians occupied Northern Iran under what pretext?
The British occupied Western Iran from World War 1 until finally withdrawing in what year?
Who massacred many Assyrian Iranians around Urmia during World War 1?
The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations. When genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group. Yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area. In 1648 before the term genocide had been coined, the Peace of Westphalia was established to protect ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups. During the 19th century humanitarian intervention was needed due to the fact of conflict and justification of some of the actions executed by the military.

Questions:
What has been the primary focus in the study of genocide?
In prosecuting genocide, what must the act be formally acknowledged as?
In a general aspect, what is genocide viewed as?
In trials of genocidal crimes, what responsibly party is difficult to prosecute? 
Long before genocide was established as a legal term, what treaty was in place to protect various groups from persecution and mass killings?
The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal. Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology).

Questions:
Why type of anthropology is the study of social organization a central focus of?
Why type of conflict is sociocultural anthropology interested in?
What patterns does sociocultural anthropology get up in the morning to learn about?
What is the object of study for linguistic anthropology?
What is a human universal?
The style and role of any minority leader is influenced by a variety of elements, including personality and contextual factors, such as the size and cohesion of the minority party, whether his or her party controls the White House, the general political climate in the House, and the controversy that is sometimes associated with the legislative agenda. Despite the variability of these factors, there are a number of institutional obligations associated with this position. Many of these assignments or roles are spelled out in the House rule book. Others have devolved upon the position in other ways. To be sure, the minority leader is provided with extra staff resources—beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative—to assist in carrying out diverse leadership functions. Worth emphasis is that there are limits on the institutional role of the minority leader, because the majority party exercises disproportionate influence over the agenda, partisan ratios on committees, staff resources, administrative operations, and the day-to-day schedule and management of floor activities.

Questions:
What influences role of minority leader?
Obligations for minority leader are stated in what document?
How is the minority leader able to accomplish addition demands and tasks?
The styles that resulted fall within several categories. In the mainstream of Georgian style were both Palladian architecture— and its whimsical alternatives, Gothic and Chinoiserie, which were the English-speaking world's equivalent of European Rococo. From the mid-1760s a range of Neoclassical modes were fashionable, associated with the British architects Robert Adam, James Gibbs, Sir William Chambers, James Wyatt, George Dance the Younger, Henry Holland and Sir John Soane. John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of the late Georgian era known as The Regency style, he was responsible for designing large areas of London. Greek Revival architecture was added to the repertory, beginning around 1750, but increasing in popularity after 1800. Leading exponents were William Wilkins and Robert Smirke.

Questions:
What are the whimsical alternatives of Palladian architecture?
Gothic and Chinoiserie were the English-speaking world's equivalent of what style?
John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of which style?
Who were two leading exponent of the Greek Revival style?
Around what year was the Greek Revival added to the repertory?
The success of American Idol has been described as "unparalleled in broadcasting history". The series was also said by a rival TV executive to be "the most impactful show in the history of television". It has become a recognized springboard for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars. According to Billboard magazine, in its first ten years, "Idol has spawned 345 Billboard chart-toppers and a platoon of pop idols, including Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Chris Daughtry, Fantasia, Ruben Studdard, Jennifer Hudson, Clay Aiken, Adam Lambert and Jordin Sparks while remaining a TV ratings juggernaut."

Questions:
How many Billboard hits did American Idol produce in its first ten years?
Who called American Idol "the most impactful show in the history of television"?
Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol?
How many Billboard chart toppers did American Idol contestants have within the first ten seasons?
Who said that American Idol is "the most impactful show in the history of televsion?
The success of its football team made Notre Dame a household name. The success of Note Dame reflected rising status of Irish Americans and Catholics in the 1920s. Catholics rallied up around the team and listen to the games on the radio, especially when it knocked off the schools that symbolized the Protestant establishment in America — Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Army. Yet this role as high-profile flagship institution of Catholicism made it an easy target of anti-Catholicism. The most remarkable episode of violence was the clash between Notre Dame students and the Ku Klux Klan in 1924. Nativism and anti-Catholicism, especially when directed towards immigrants, were cornerstones of the KKK's rhetoric, and Notre Dame was seen as a symbol of the threat posed by the Catholic Church. The Klan decided to have a week-long Klavern in South Bend. Clashes with the student body started on March 17, when students, aware of the anti-Catholic animosity, blocked the Klansmen from descending from their trains in the South Bend station and ripped the KKK clothes and regalia. On May 19 thousands of students massed downtown protesting the Klavern, and only the arrival of college president Fr. Matthew Walsh prevented any further clashes. The next day, football coach Knute Rockne spoke at a campus rally and implored the students to obey the college president and refrain from further violence. A few days later the Klavern broke up, but the hostility shown by the students was an omen and a contribution to the downfall of the KKK in Indiana.

Questions:
Catholic people identified with Notre Dame, what religious group did people feel Yale represented?
Notre Dame students had a showdown in 1924 with which anti-catholic group?
What type of event did the Klan intend to have at Notre Dame in March of 1924?
Where did Notre Dame students and the KKK have their encounter?
Which college president of Notre Dame is credited with preventing more confrontations between students and the KKK?
The success of the Counter-Reformation on the Continent and the growth of a Puritan party dedicated to further Protestant reform polarised the Elizabethan Age. The early Puritan movement was a movement for reform in the Church of England. The desire was for the Church of England to resemble more closely the Protestant churches of Europe, especially Geneva. The later Puritan movement, often referred to as dissenters and nonconformists, eventually led to the formation of various Reformed denominations.

Questions:
The growth of Puritanism happened during what age?
The Puritan movement worked on reforming what church?
What did the Puritans want the Church of England to emulate?
What was another name for the later Puritan movement?
What did the later Puritan movement create?
The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase, and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells. These findings are based on laboratory studies, and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection. Since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration, in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial. To predict clinical outcome, the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy.

Questions:
What does the bactericidal activitty of antibacterials depend on what?
What does this eliminate?
What besides ongoing metabolic activity is required in bactericidal activity?
What does the activity of antibacterials depends on?
What does a successful treatment using antibiotics entail?
What does the potency of antibacterials depend upon?
How do you predict the clinical result?
The term "Early Modern" was introduced in the English language in the 1930s. to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment (1800) (when the meaning of the term Modern Ages was developing its contemporary form). It is important to note that these terms stem from European history. In usage in other parts of the world, such as in Asia, and in Muslim countries, the terms are applied in a very different way, but often in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery.

Questions:
What term was created in the 1930's to separate the middle ages form the 1800's?
The 1800"s are referred to as?
What do the terms "Early Modern" and  'Modern Ages" originate from?
What are the terms "Early Modern" and "Modern Ages" used for i other countries?
When was the term "Early Modern" implemented into the English language?
What does the term "Early Modern" mean?
What time period is referred to as The Late Enlightenment?
Where do the terms "Middle Ages" and "Modern Ages" originate from?
What are the terms "Middle Ages" and "Modern Ages" used for in other countries?
The term "great power" was first used to represent the most important powers in Europe during the post-Napoleonic era. The "Great Powers" constituted the "Concert of Europe" and claimed the right to joint enforcement of the postwar treaties. The formalization of the division between small powers and great powers came about with the signing of the Treaty of Chaumont in 1814. Since then, the international balance of power has shifted numerous times, most dramatically during World War I and World War II. While some nations are widely considered to be great powers, there is no definitive list of them. In literature, alternative terms for great power are often world power or major power, but these terms can also be interchangeable with superpower.

Questions:
What was the formalization of the division of small powers and great powers?
During the post Napoleonic era where were the first Great Powers concentrated?
During what 2 wars was the balance of power shift most dramatic?
What is another term for Great Power?
The term "modern" was coined in the 16th century to indicate present or recent times (ultimately derived from the Latin adverb modo, meaning "just now). The European Renaissance (about 1420–1630), which marked the transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times, started in Italy and was spurred in part by the rediscovery of classical art and literature, as well as the new perspectives gained from the Age of Discovery and the invention of the telescope and microscope, expanding the borders of thought and knowledge.

Questions:
What term was coined in the 16th century to indicate present time?
The term "modern" was derived from what Latin adverb?
What caused the transition between the middle ages and early modern times?
In what country did The European Renaissance start?
What two instruments were invented during The European Renaissance?
What phrase was coined in the 16th century to reference recent times?
The phrase modern originated form what?
What did The European renaissance mark?
Through what time period did The European renaissance last?
In what country did The European renaissance begin?
The term Carnival is traditionally used in areas with a large Catholic presence. However, the Philippines, a predominantly Roman Catholic country, does not celebrate Carnival anymore since the dissolution of the Manila Carnival after 1939, the last carnival in the country. In historically Lutheran countries, the celebration is known as Fastelavn, and in areas with a high concentration of Anglicans and Methodists, pre-Lenten celebrations, along with penitential observances, occur on Shrove Tuesday. In Eastern Orthodox nations, Maslenitsa is celebrated during the last week before Great Lent. In German-speaking Europe and the Netherlands, the Carnival season traditionally opens on 11/11 (often at 11:11 a.m.). This dates back to celebrations before the Advent season or with harvest celebrations of St. Martin's Day.

Questions:
The term Carnival is very common in areas with a large presence of which religious sect?
What country no longer celebrates Carnival?
The Manila Carnival was dissolved after what year?
What is the Carnival known as in countries which are mostly Lutheran?
What is the name of the festival celebrated in Eastern Orthodox nations during the last week before Great Lent?
The term Hokkien (福建; hɔk˥˥kɪɛn˨˩) is itself a term not used in Chinese to refer to the dialect, as it simply means Fujian province. In Chinese linguistics, these dialects are known by their classification under the Quanzhang Division (Chinese: 泉漳片; pinyin: Quánzhāng piàn) of Min Nan, which comes from the first characters of the two main Hokkien urban centers Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. The variety is also known by other terms such as the more general Min Nan (traditional Chinese: 閩南語, 閩南話; simplified Chinese: 闽南语, 闽南话; pinyin: Mǐnnányǔ, Mǐnnánhuà; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Bân-lâm-gí,Bân-lâm-oē) or Southern Min, and Fulaohua (traditional Chinese: 福佬話; simplified Chinese: 福佬话; pinyin: Fúlǎohuà; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hō-ló-oē). The term Hokkien (Chinese: 福建話; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hok-kiàn oē;Tâi-lô:Hok-kiàn-uē), on the other hand, is used commonly in South East Asia to refer to Min-nan dialects.

Questions:
What does Hokkien mean?
What division of dialects does Hokkien belong to?
In South East Asia, what term is commonly used to refer to Min-nan dialects?
Where are quanzhou and Zhangzhou located?
The term Iran derives directly from Middle Persian Ērān, first attested in a 3rd-century inscription at Rustam Relief, with the accompanying Parthian inscription using the term Aryān, in reference to Iranians. The Middle Iranian ērān and aryān are oblique plural forms of gentilic ēr- (Middle Persian) and ary- (Parthian), both deriving from Proto-Iranian *arya- (meaning "Aryan," i.e., "of the Iranians"), argued to descend from Proto-Indo-European *ar-yo-, meaning "skillful assembler." In Iranian languages, the gentilic is attested as a self-identifier included in ancient inscriptions and the literature of Avesta,[a] and remains also in other Iranian ethnic names such as Alans (Ossetic: Ир – Ir) and Iron (Ossetic: Ирон – Iron).

Questions:
What century did terms referencing Iran begin to be recorded?
What inscription referenced the term Aryan to Iranians?
What Proto-Indo-European term means "skillful assembler?"
What other term in the 3rd Century besides Aryan also refer to Iran?
What is attested as a self-identifier in Iranian languages?
The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called bitumen. Geologists often prefer the term bitumen. Common usage often refers to various forms of asphalt/bitumen as "tar", such as at the La Brea Tar Pits. Another archaic term for asphalt/bitumen is "pitch".

Questions:
How are the words bitumen and asphalt frequently used?
Where is bitumen the usual term for refined residue from crude oils?
What is asphalt called outside of the US?
What group likes the term bitumen instead of asphalt?
What is a naming term for asphalt?
The territory that now constitutes Tajikistan was previously home to several ancient cultures, including the city of Sarazm of the Neolithic and the Bronze Age, and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of different faiths and cultures, including the Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism. The area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire. As a result of the breakup of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan became an independent nation in 1991. A civil war was fought almost immediately after independence, lasting from 1992 to 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow.

Questions:
What was the territory of Tajikistan during the Neolithic and the Bronze Age?
What other culutres has ruled the area?
What are some of the empires and dynasties that have also ruled over this land?
When did Tajikistan become an independent nation?
What years did the civil war take place?
What were some of the different kindoms and people that called Tajikistan home?
What are some of the empires and dynasties that ruled this lane?
What year did Tajikistan become an independant nation?
What years did the war last through?
The traditional Charleston accent has long been noted in the state and throughout the South. It is typically heard in wealthy white families who trace their families back generations in the city. It has ingliding or monophthongal long mid-vowels, raises ay and aw in certain environments, and is nonrhotic. Sylvester Primer of the College of Charleston wrote about aspects of the local dialect in his late 19th-century works: "Charleston Provincialisms" (1887)  and "The Huguenot Element in Charleston's Provincialisms", published in a German journal. He believed the accent was based on the English as it was spoken by the earliest settlers, therefore derived from Elizabethan England and preserved with modifications by Charleston speakers. The rapidly disappearing "Charleston accent" is still noted in the local pronunciation of the city's name. Some elderly (and usually upper-class) Charleston natives ignore the 'r' and elongate the first vowel, pronouncing the name as "Chah-l-ston". Some observers attribute these unique features of Charleston's speech to its early settlement by French Huguenots and Sephardic Jews (who were primarily English speakers from London), both of whom played influential roles in Charleston's early development and history.[citation needed]

Questions:
"Charleston's Provincialisms" was published in what year?
Who was the author of the work entitled, "The Huguenot Element in Charleston's Provincialisms"?
To which college did Sylvester Primer belong?
To which two early cultures are the unique characteristics of Charleston's accent attributed to?
What type of journal were Primer's work on Charleston's accent published?
The treaty was published in the United States for the first time by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch on May 22, 1946, in Britain by the Manchester Guardian. It was also part of an official State Department publication, Nazi–Soviet Relations 1939–1941, edited by Raymond J. Sontag and James S. Beddie in January 1948. The decision to publish the key documents on German–Soviet relations, including the treaty and protocol, had been taken already in spring 1947. Sontag and Beddie prepared the collection throughout the summer of 1947. In November 1947, President Truman personally approved the publication but it was held back in view of the Foreign Ministers Conference in London scheduled for December. Since negotiations at that conference did not prove constructive from an American point of view, the document edition was sent to press. The documents made headlines worldwide. State Department officials counted it as a success: "The Soviet Government was caught flat-footed in what was the first effective blow from our side in a clear-cut propaganda war."

Questions:
Who printed the secret German-Soviet treaty in Britain?
Which world leader favored the publication of Nazi-Soviet Relations to be printed?
What was the description of the Soviet government in the world press in regards to the treaty and subsequent breaking of the treaty by germany?
Where was the Foreign Ministers conference held?
Who put the Nazi-Soviet Relations publication together?
The troops were reembarked and moved to the Bay of St. Lunaire in Brittany where, on 3 September, they were landed to operate against St. Malo; however, this action proved impractical. Worsening weather forced the two armies to separate: the ships sailed for the safer anchorage of St. Cast, while the army proceeded overland. The tardiness of Bligh in moving his forces allowed a French force of 10,000 from Brest to catch up with him and open fire on the reembarkation troops. A rear-guard of 1,400 under General Dury held off the French while the rest of the army embarked. They could not be saved; 750, including Dury, were killed and the rest captured.

Questions:
What stopped the planned siege at St. Malo?
How did the fleet respond to the bad weather?
How did the army get to the new anchorage location?
What happened to the British army?
How did the British army escape
The two finalists in 2011 were Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery, both teenage country singers. McCreery won the competition on May 25, being the youngest male winner and the fourth male in a row to win American Idol. McCreery released his first single, "I Love You This Big", as his coronation song, and Alaina released "Like My Mother Does". McCreery's debut album, Clear as Day, became the first debut album by an Idol winner to reach No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 since Ruben Studdard's Soulful in 2003, and he became the youngest male artist to reach No. 1 on the Billboard 200.

Questions:
What genre of music did season ten American Idol contestant Lauren Alaina sing?
Who was the winner of American Idols tenth season?
What song did Scotty McCreery first release after winning American Idol?
What song did Lauren Alaina release after coming in second on American Idol?
What is the name of the successful album that Ruben Studdard released in 2003?
When was the season finale of Idol?
Scotty's first album reached the top Billboard spot, the first time for an Idol winner since when?
The two volume biography of Whitehead by Victor Lowe is the most definitive presentation of the life of Whitehead. However, many details of Whitehead's life remain obscure because he left no Nachlass; his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death. Additionally, Whitehead was known for his "almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy", and for writing very few personal letters of the kind that would help to gain insight on his life. This led to Lowe himself remarking on the first page of Whitehead's biography, "No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him."

Questions:
How many volumes is the biography of Whitehead?
Who wrote the biography of Whitehead?
What was Whitehead's wish upon his death for his family?
What did Whitehead believe in so profusely that it was difficult to write a biography on him?
Who authored Whitehead's biography that is considered to be the most reliable description of Whitehead's life?
Why was no Nachlass left behind after Whitehead's death?
What was Whitehead's opinion on privacy?
What did the author of Whitehead's biography comment on the first page regarding the difficulty of obtaining information about Whitehead?
The ultimate substantive legacy of Principia Mathematica is mixed. It is generally accepted that Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931 definitively demonstrated that for any set of axioms and inference rules proposed to encapsulate mathematics, there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them, and hence that Principia Mathematica could never achieve its aims. However, Gödel could not have come to this conclusion without Whitehead and Russell's book. In this way, Principia Mathematica's legacy might be described as its key role in disproving the possibility of achieving its own stated goals. But beyond this somewhat ironic legacy, the book popularized modern mathematical logic and drew important connections between logic, epistemology, and metaphysics.

Questions:
When was Kurt Godel's incompleteness theorem?
What did Kurt Godel's theorem demonstrate about axioms and the inference rules?
Godel couldn't have come to his conclusion without what book?
Besides logic and epistemology, what else did Principia Mathematica connect?
What is the general consensus of the axioms and inference rules declared in Principia Mathematica? 
Who discovered the incompleteness theorem of 1931?
What did the incompleteness theorem of 1931 indicate regarding Principia Mathematica?
Why was Gödels finding ironic?
Despite its imperfection, what are now considered valuable achievements of Principia Mathematica?