the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
While new characters can be easily coined by writing on paper, they are difficult to represent on a computer – they must generally be represented as a picture, rather than as text – which presents a significant barrier to their use or widespread adoption. Compare this with the use of symbols as names in 20th century musical albums such as Led Zeppelin IV (1971) and Love Symbol Album (1993); an album cover may potentially contain any graphics, but in writing and other computation these symbols are difficult to use.

Questions:
What can be easily coined by writing on paper?
What can be difficult to represent on a computer?
What has their been a prominent supply of in the 20th century?
While other companies were moving on to 32-bit systems, Rare and Nintendo proved that the SNES was still a strong contender in the market. In November 1994, Rare released Donkey Kong Country, a platform game featuring 3D models and textures pre-rendered on SGI workstations. With its detailed graphics, fluid animation and high-quality music, Donkey Kong Country rivaled the aesthetic quality of games that were being released on newer 32-bit CD-based consoles. In the last 45 days of 1994, the game sold 6.1 million units, making it the fastest-selling video game in history to that date. This game sent a message that early 32-bit systems had little to offer over the SNES, and helped make way for the more advanced consoles on the horizon.

Questions:
Which company developed Donkey Kong Country?
When was Donkey Kong Country released?
What kind of computers were Donkey Kong Country's graphics rendered on?
How many copies of Donkey Kong Country were sold in its first 45 days?
How did Donkey Kong Country's quality compare to games on newer consoles?
While short-term memory encodes information acoustically, long-term memory encodes it semantically: Baddeley (1966) discovered that, after 20 minutes, test subjects had the most difficulty recalling a collection of words that had similar meanings (e.g. big, large, great, huge) long-term. Another part of long-term memory is episodic memory, "which attempts to capture information such as 'what', 'when' and 'where'". With episodic memory, individuals are able to recall specific events such as birthday parties and weddings.

Questions:
How does short term memory encode information?
How does long term memory encode information?
What is episodic memory?
If someone where to recall a wedding they had went to a year before, which type of memory would be used?
What did Baddeleys test subjects have touble doing?
While the Armenian Apostolic Church remains the most prominent church in the Armenian community throughout the world, Armenians (especially in the diaspora) subscribe to any number of other Christian denominations. These include the Armenian Catholic Church (which follows its own liturgy but recognizes the Roman Catholic Pope), the Armenian Evangelical Church, which started as a reformation in the Mother church but later broke away, and the Armenian Brotherhood Church, which was born in the Armenian Evangelical Church, but later broke apart from it. There are other numerous Armenian churches belonging to Protestant denominations of all kinds.

Questions:
Which Armenian church recognizes the Pope?
What broke away from the Armenian Apostolic Church?
What broke away from the Armenian Evangelical Church?
Which Armenian church is the most popular in Armenia?
While the Umayyads and the Hashimites may have had bitterness between the two clans before Muhammad, the rivalry turned into a severe case of tribal animosity after the Battle of Badr. The battle saw three top leaders of the Umayyad clan (Utba ibn Rabi'ah, Walid ibn Utbah and Shaybah) killed by Hashimites (Ali, Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib and Ubaydah ibn al-Harith) in a three-on-three melee. This fueled the opposition of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, the grandson of Umayya, to Muhammad and to Islam. Abu Sufyan sought to exterminate the adherents of the new religion by waging another battle with Muslims based in Medina only a year after the Battle of Badr. He did this to avenge the defeat at Badr. The Battle of Uhud is generally believed by scholars to be the first defeat for the Muslims, as they had incurred greater losses than the Meccans. After the battle, Abu Sufyan's wife Hind, who was also the daughter of Utba ibn Rabi'ah, is reported to have cut open the corpse of Hamza, taking out his liver which she then attempted to eat. Within five years after his defeat in the Battle of Uhud, however, Muhammad took control of Mecca and announced a general amnesty for all. Abu Sufyan and his wife Hind embraced Islam on the eve of the conquest of Mecca, as did their son (the future caliph Muawiyah I).

Questions:
How many top leaders of the Umayyads were killed in the Battle of Badr?
Who did the Umayyads fight in the Battle of Badr?
What do historians see as the first military defeat of Islam?
Who was the spouse of Abu Sufyan?
Who was the son of Abu Sufyan?
While the book was readable enough to sell, its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction. Unlike the still-popular Vestiges, it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation, though the closing sentence clearly hinted at cosmic progression. Darwin had long been immersed in the literary forms and practices of specialist science, and made effective use of his skills in structuring arguments. David Quammen has described the book as written in everyday language for a wide audience, but noted that Darwin's literary style was uneven: in some places he used convoluted sentences that are difficult to read, while in other places his writing was beautiful. Quammen advised that later editions were weakened by Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics, and recommended the first edition. James T. Costa said that because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace's essay, it was more approachable than the big book on natural selection Darwin had been working on, which would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail. He added that some parts of Origin are dense, but other parts are almost lyrical, and the case studies and observations are presented in a narrative style unusual in serious scientific books, which broadened its audience.

Questions:
What element of On the Origin of Species ensured that the book would be taken seriously by scientists?
What did On Origin of Species avoid in order to raise its chance of being taken seriously?
What reason did David Quammen believe that On the Origin of Species was weakened in later editions?
Why did James T. Costa think that On the Origin of Species was more likely to draw interest than a larger book that Darwin had been working on?
Why did James T. Costa think the larger, abandoned book would not have been as successful?
Whitehall's disquiet at the failures of the RAF led to the replacement of Dowding (who was already due for retirement) with Sholto Douglas on 25 November. Douglas set about introducing more squadrons and dispersing the few GL sets to create a carpet effect in the southern counties. Still, in February 1941, there remained only seven squadrons with 87 pilots, under half the required strength. The GL carpet was supported by six GCI sets controlling radar-equipped night-fighters. By the height of the Blitz, they were becoming more successful. The number of contacts and combats rose in 1941, from 44 and two in 48 sorties in January 1941, to 204 and 74 in May (643 sorties). But even in May, 67% of the sorties were visual cat's-eye missions. Curiously, while 43% of the contacts in May 1941 were by visual sightings, they accounted for 61% of the combats. Yet when compared with Luftwaffe daylight operations, there was a sharp decline in German losses to 1%. If a vigilant bomber crew could spot the fighter first, they had a decent chance at evading it.

Questions:
Who replaced Dowding on November 25?
How many pilots remained in February 1941?
What supported the GL carpet?
How many number of contacts and combats were there in May?
What did a bomber crew need to do for a good chance at evasion?
Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica.

Questions:
How long did Whitehead and Russell think it would take them to complete Principia Mathematica?
How long did it actually take Whitehead and Russell to complete Principia Mathematica?
How many volumes was Principia Mathematica?
How many pages was Principia Mathematica?
Who paid to publish Principia Mathematica?
How long did Whitehead and Russell expect to spend creating Principia Mathematica?
How long did it actually take to complete Principia Mathematica? 
Why was there a funding shortfall for the publishing of Princpia Mathematica? 
Who supplied the funding to cover the shortfall?
How prevalent is Principia Mathematica today?
Whitehead describes causal efficacy as "the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go." It is, in other words, the sense of causal relations between entities, a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment, unmediated by the senses. Presentational immediacy, on the other hand, is what is usually referred to as "pure sense perception", unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation, even unconscious interpretation. In other words, it is pure appearance, which may or may not be delusive (e.g. mistaking an image in a mirror for "the real thing").

Questions:
What is the term for the experience dominating primitive organisms that have a sense for fate?
What is the other term for "pure sense perception"?
What is it called if you mistake a reflection in a mirror for the real thing?
How does Whitehead define causal efficacy?
How do the senses affect causal efficacy?
How does Whitehead define presentational immediacy?
What can be said about the accuracy of presentational immediacy?
Whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher. In fact, he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education. Early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics, but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur. In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell, after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive, he wrote: "This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter." Ironically, in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians.

Questions:
What is the highest Whitehead was trained in philosophy? 
What did Whitehead consider himself as a philosopher? 
What is the relationship between Whitehead and Russell?
What was Whitehead considered as a metaphysician?
What was the extent of Whitehead's education in philosophy?
With what friend and former student did Whitehead correspond regarding the goals of science?
What was Whitehead's opinion of his own knowledge of metaphysics in that correspondence?
How did Whitehead eventually become regarded in the field of metaphysics?
Whitehead has had some influence on philosophy of business administration and organizational theory. This has led in part to a focus on identifying and investigating the effect of temporal events (as opposed to static things) within organizations through an “organization studies” discourse that accommodates a variety of 'weak' and 'strong' process perspectives from a number of philosophers. One of the leading figures having an explicitly Whiteheadian and panexperientialist stance towards management is Mark Dibben, who works in what he calls "applied process thought" to articulate a philosophy of management and business administration as part of a wider examination of the social sciences through the lens of process metaphysics. For Dibben, this allows "a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening." Dibben has published two books on applied process thought, Applied Process Thought I: Initial Explorations in Theory and Research (2008), and Applied Process Thought II: Following a Trail Ablaze (2009), as well as other papers in this vein in the fields of philosophy of management and business ethics.

Questions:
What business fields has Whitehead influenced?
What prominent business professor has been heavily influenced by Whitehead?
What does Dibben call his philosophy on management and business administration?
According to Dibben, what are the benefits of applying process metaphysics to examining management and business administration as a component of social science?
In what fields has Dibben published two books and other papers?
Whitehead makes the startling observation that "life is comparatively deficient in survival value." If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them." He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.

Questions:
Whitehead observes that life is deficient in what?
What are higher life forms actively engaged in?
How many goals of living is there?
Whitehead sees life as directed towards what purpose?
Without Whitehead's proposed purpose, life would be what?
What observation did Whitehead make about life?
What was Whitehead's response to questions about why complex life evolved?
What did Whitehead state was the biggest indicator of a higher form of life?
What did Whitehead believe are the goals f life?
What did Whitehead believe was the fundamental purpose of life?
Whitehead pointed to the limitations of language as one of the main culprits in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking, and acknowledged that it may be difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech. After all, each moment of each person's life can hardly be given a different proper name, and it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things, rather than constantly keeping in mind that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago. Yet the limitations of everyday living and everyday speech should not prevent people from realizing that "material substances" or "essences" are a convenient generalized description of a continuum of particular, concrete processes. No one questions that a ten-year-old person is quite different by the time he or she turns thirty years old, and in many ways is not the same person at all; Whitehead points out that it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next.

Questions:
What did Whitehead believe was a culprit in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking?
Why couldn't each moment of each person's life be given a different proper name?
Whitehead's main philosophy on humans changing is what?
What did Whitehead believe was one of the biggest reasons materialistic thinking endured?
Why did Whitehead think people continued to subscribe to materialistic thinking?
What did Whitehead believe regarding factors that limit people's understanding of his concepts?
What did Whitehead state about the belief that a person is exactly the same from moment to moment?
Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another. He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time. On the other hand, he sees God as permanent but as deficient in actuality and change: alone, God is merely eternally unrealized possibilities, and requires the world to actualize them. God gives creatures permanence, while the creatures give God actuality and change. Here it is worthwhile to quote Whitehead at length:

Questions:
How does Whitehead view the relationship between God an the world?
How does he define entities' need for God?
How dis Whitehead believe God provided permanence to entities?
In what way did Whitehead view God as deficient?
What did Whitehead claim God would be without the world?
Whitehead was unimpressed by this objection. In the notes of one his students for a 1927 class, Whitehead was quoted as saying: "Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized." In Whitehead's view, scientists and philosophers make metaphysical assumptions about how the universe works all the time, but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned. While Whitehead acknowledged that "philosophers can never hope finally to formulate these metaphysical first principles," he argued that people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic. For this reason Whitehead regarded metaphysical investigations as essential to both good science and good philosophy.

Questions:
What do philosophers do, in Whitehead's view?
Assumptions of how the universe works are difficult to see precisely because of what?
What did Whitehead ask people to reimagine in order for philosophy to make progress?
What did Whitehead regard as essential to good science and good philosophy?
What quotation of Whitehead's was noted by a student in 1927?
What was Whitehead's opinion of basic assumptions in metaphysics?
What did Whitehead feel was necessary regarding basic assumptions in metaphysics?
What was Whitehead's opinion of metaphysical investigations?
Whitehead's idea of God differs from traditional monotheistic notions. Perhaps his most famous and pointed criticism of the Christian conception of God is that "the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar." Here Whitehead is criticizing Christianity for defining God as primarily a divine king who imposes his will on the world, and whose most important attribute is power. As opposed to the most widely accepted forms of Christianity, Whitehead emphasized an idea of God that he called "the brief Galilean vision of humility":

Questions:
What is Whitehead's most well-known critical statement regarding the Christian notion of God?
What qualities dis Whitehead state that Christians attributed to their version of God?
What was Whitehead's description of God?
Whitehead's most complete work on education is the 1929 book The Aims of Education and Other Essays, which collected numerous essays and addresses by Whitehead on the subject published between 1912 and 1927. The essay from which Aims of Education derived its name was delivered as an address in 1916 when Whitehead was president of the London Branch of the Mathematical Association. In it, he cautioned against the teaching of what he called "inert ideas" – ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture. He opined that "education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful."

Questions:
What year was The Aims of Education and Other Essays published?
What was the Aims of Education and Other Essays comprised of?
What teaching did Whitehead caution against teaching?
When was "The Aims of Education and Other Essays" published?
During what periods of time were the essays and address contained in "The Aims of Education and Other Essays" composed?
What is the origin of the title of the book?
How did Whitehead define "inert ideas"?
What was Whitehead's criticism of the use of inert ideas in education?
Wieman's words proved prophetic. Though Process and Reality has been called "arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century," it has been little-read and little-understood, partly because it demands – as Isabelle Stengers puts it – "that its readers accept the adventure of the questions that will separate them from every consensus." Whitehead questioned western philosophy's most dearly held assumptions about how the universe works, but in doing so he managed to anticipate a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems and provide novel solutions.

Questions:
Which publication is considered the most impressive metaphysical text?
Who thought Process and Reality was little-read because the reader has to separate them from normal thought?
What philosophy in the west was challenged by Whitehead?
What was Whitehead's philosophy able to anticipate for the 21st century?
What was the outcome of anticipating the scientific and philosophical problems Whitehead proposed?
How has "Process and Reality" been described? 
What did Isabelle Stengers say is the reason that "Process and Reality" is not commonly read and understood?
What effect did Whitehead have on the future of metaphysics?
Wilhelm Erb's (1874) "intensive" theory, that a pain signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor, has been soundly disproved. Some sensory fibers do not differentiate between noxious and non-noxious stimuli, while others, nociceptors, respond only to noxious, high intensity stimuli. At the peripheral end of the nociceptor, noxious stimuli generate currents that, above a given threshold, begin to send signals along the nerve fiber to the spinal cord. The "specificity" (whether it responds to thermal, chemical or mechanical features of its environment) of a nociceptor is determined by which ion channels it expresses at its peripheral end. Dozens of different types of nociceptor ion channels have so far been identified, and their exact functions are still being determined.

Questions:
What type of signal can be generated by intense enough stimulation of any sensory receptor?
What types of stimuli can't some sensory fibers differentiate between?
What type of stimuli do nociceptors response to?
What does stimuli generate to send signals along a nerve fiber?
How many different types of ion channels have so far been identified?
William Pitt, who entered the cabinet in 1756, had a grand vision for the war that made it entirely different from previous wars with France. As prime minister Pitt committed Britain to a grand strategy of seizing the entire French Empire, especially its possessions in North America and India. Britain's main weapon was the Royal Navy, which could control the seas and bring as many invasion troops as were needed. He also planned to use colonial forces from the Thirteen American colonies, working under the command of British regulars, to invade new France. In order to tie the French army down he subsidized his European allies. Pitt Head of the government from 1756 to 1761, and even after that the British continued his strategy. It proved completely successful. Pitt had a clear appreciation of the enormous value of imperial possessions, and realized how vulnerable was the French Empire.

Questions:
What was the grand strategy of prime minister William Pitt?
What locations did Pitt want from France?
What was Pitt's primary military advantage?
How did Pitt plan to augment the British regular troops?
How did Pitt's strategy affect Britain's future plans?
Windows 8 also incorporates improved support for mobile broadband; the operating system can now detect the insertion of a SIM card and automatically configure connection settings (including APNs and carrier branding), and reduce its internet usage in order to conserve bandwidth on metered networks. Windows 8 also adds an integrated airplane mode setting to globally disable all wireless connectivity as well. Carriers can also offer account management systems through Windows Store apps, which can be automatically installed as a part of the connection process and offer usage statistics on their respective tile.

Questions:
What does airplone mode do?
Where can Carrier account management systems be found?
What registers the insertion of a SIM card?
What are some connection settings in Windows 8?
Windows 8 development started before Windows 7 had shipped in 2009. At the Consumer Electronics Show in January 2011, it was announced that the next version of Windows would add support for ARM system-on-chips alongside the existing x86 processors produced by vendors, especially AMD and Intel. Windows division president Steven Sinofsky demonstrated an early build of the port on prototype devices, while Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer announced the company's goal for Windows to be "everywhere on every kind of device without compromise." Details also began to surface about a new application framework for Windows 8 codenamed "Jupiter", which would be used to make "immersive" applications using XAML (similarly to Windows Phone and Silverlight) that could be distributed via a new packaging system and a rumored application store.

Questions:
When did Microsoft start creating Windows 8?
Who is Windows division president?
Who is Microsofts CEO?
Where were the Windows 8 plans initially announced?
What is jupiter?
Windows 8 introduced major changes to the operating system's platform and user interface to improve its user experience on tablets, where Windows was now competing with mobile operating systems, including Android and iOS. In particular, these changes included a touch-optimized Windows shell based on Microsoft's "Metro" design language, the Start screen (which displays programs and dynamically updated content on a grid of tiles), a new platform for developing apps with an emphasis on touchscreen input, integration with online services (including the ability to sync apps and settings between devices), and Windows Store, an online store for downloading and purchasing new software. Windows 8 added support for USB 3.0, Advanced Format hard drives, near field communications, and cloud computing. Additional security features were introduced, such as built-in antivirus software, integration with Microsoft SmartScreen phishing filtering service and support for UEFI Secure Boot on supported devices with UEFI firmware, to prevent malware from infecting the boot process.

Questions:
Who are Windows main operating system competitors?
What new security features does Windows 8 have?
What USB version is Windows 8 compatible with?
What can be found on the Start screen?
What services does the Windows Store provide?
Windows 8 provides heavier integration with online services from Microsoft and others. A user can now log in to Windows with a Microsoft account, which can be used to access services and synchronize applications and settings between devices. Windows 8 also ships with a client app for Microsoft's SkyDrive cloud storage service, which also allows apps to save files directly to SkyDrive. A SkyDrive client for the desktop and File Explorer is not included in Windows 8, and must be downloaded separately. Bundled multimedia apps are provided under the Xbox brand, including Xbox Music, Xbox Video, and the Xbox SmartGlass companion for use with an Xbox 360 console. Games can integrate into an Xbox Live hub app, which also allows users to view their profile and gamerscore. Other bundled apps provide the ability to link Flickr and Facebook. Due to Facebook Connect service changes, Facebook support is disabled in all bundled apps effective June 8, 2015.

Questions:
What is SkyDrive?
What features does Xbox Live hub offer?
When was Facebook support turned off?
What Xbox apps were bundled together?
What service options does Windows online now offer?
Windows Explorer, which has been renamed File Explorer, now includes a ribbon in place of the command bar. File operation dialog boxes have been updated to provide more detailed statistics, the ability to pause file transfers, and improvements in the ability to manage conflicts when copying files. A new "File History" function allows incremental revisions of files to be backed up to and restored from a secondary storage device, while Storage Spaces allows users to combine different sized hard disks into virtual drives and specify mirroring, parity, or no redundancy on a folder-by-folder basis.

Questions:
What replaced the Windows Explorer comman bar?
What is the new name of Windows Explorer?
What did the update of operation dalog boxes help with?
What does file history make possible?
With advances in medicinal chemistry, most modern antibacterials are semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds. These include, for example, the beta-lactam antibiotics, which include the penicillins (produced by fungi in the genus Penicillium), the cephalosporins, and the carbapenems. Compounds that are still isolated from living organisms are the aminoglycosides, whereas other antibacterials—for example, the sulfonamides, the quinolones, and the oxazolidinones—are produced solely by chemical synthesis. Many antibacterial compounds are relatively small molecules with a molecular weight of less than 2000 atomic mass units.[citation needed]

Questions:
Besides semisytetic modifications, what advances in medicinal chemistry regarding antibacterials?
What is the molecular weight loss of antibacterial compounds?
What is included in the beta-lactam antibiotics?
What is penicillins produced by?
What are antibiotics in chemical terms?
What type of antibiotics include penicilin?
What are the type of antibiotics which are taken from still living things?
How are the slufonamides,quinolones, and oxazolidinones created?
With an estimated population of 1,381,069 as of July 1, 2014, San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California. It is part of the San Diego–Tijuana conurbation, the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the US and a bordering country after Detroit–Windsor, with a population of 4,922,723 people. San Diego is the birthplace of California and is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the United States Navy and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center.

Questions:
Which city in Mexico does San Diego border?
Of all military branches, which one has the strongest presence in San Diego?
Aside from healthcare, which employment sector has strongly emerged in San Diego?
Of the top 10 largest cities in the country, which place does San Diego rank?
What is unique about San Diego's harbors?
With characteristic energy he set to work to re-establish the somewhat shattered fortunes of the orthodox party and to purge the theological atmosphere of uncertainty. To clear up the misunderstandings that had arisen in the course of the previous years, an attempt was made to determine still further the significance of the Nicene formularies. In the meanwhile, Julian, who seems to have become suddenly jealous of the influence that Athanasius was exercising at Alexandria, addressed an order to Ecdicius, the Prefect of Egypt, peremptorily commanding the expulsion of the restored primate, on the ground that he had never been included in the imperial act of clemency. The edict was communicated to the bishop by Pythicodorus Trico, who, though described in the "Chronicon Athanasianum" (XXXV) as a "philosopher", seems to have behaved with brutal insolence. On 23 October the people gathered about the proscribed bishop to protest against the emperor's decree; but Athanasius urged them to submit, consoling them with the promise that his absence would be of short duration.

Questions:
Who was jealous of Athanasius's influence?
What position did Ecdicius hold?
What did Julian try to do to Athanasius?
Did Athanasius tell the people to protest?
Did he think he would be gone a long time?
With limited resources Muawiyah went about creating allies. Muawiyah married Maysum the daughter of the chief of the Kalb tribe, that was a large Jacobite Christian Arab tribe in Syria. His marriage to Maysum was politically motivated. The Kalb tribe had remained largely neutral when the Muslims first went into Syria. After the plague that killed much of the Muslim Army in Syria, by marrying Maysum, Muawiyah started to use the Jacobite Christians, against the Romans. Muawiya's wife Maysum (Yazid's mother) was also a Jacobite Christian. With limited resources and the Byzantine just over the border, Muawiyah worked in cooperation with the local Christian population. To stop Byzantine harassment from the sea during the Arab-Byzantine Wars, in 649 Muawiyah set up a navy; manned by Monophysitise Christians, Copts and Jacobite Syrian Christians sailors and Muslim troops.

Questions:
What was the name of Muawiyah's wife?
What tribe did Muawiyah's wife belong to?
What was the religion of Muawiyah's wife's tribe?
What was the ethnicity of the Kalb tribe?
Where was the Kalb tribe based?
With the Conference of Berlin of 1884, Portuguese Africa territories had their borders formally established on request of Portugal in order to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the Scramble for Africa. Portuguese Africa's cities and towns like Nova Lisboa, Sá da Bandeira, Silva Porto, Malanje, Tete, Vila Junqueiro, Vila Pery and Vila Cabral were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond. New coastal towns like Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, João Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia were also founded. Even before the turn of the 20th century, railway tracks as the Benguela railway in Angola, and the Beira railway in Mozambique, started to be built to link coastal areas and selected inland regions.

Questions:
When was the Conference of Berlin held?
Why were the Portugese Africa territories' borders formally established?
During what period were the Portugese Africa's cities founded or redeveloped?
What new Portugese Africa's coastal towns were developed during the Scramble for Africa?
When were railroad tracks being installed Portugese Africa?
With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors was the peace of God; as far as the Church was concerned, internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem. The solution came from a hitherto unlikely source: as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the "Catholic Church of the Christians" against the Donatists because:

Questions:
Who said the imperial honors were against Christian teachings?
With what veneration did most Christians have little trouble?
To what did the Christian church equate the peace of the emperors?
What pontifax maximus favored the Catholic church? 
What Christian group did Constantine I disapprove?
With the deactivation of USS Enterprise in December 2012, the U.S. fleet comprises 10 supercarriers. The House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee on 24 July 2007, recommended seven or maybe eight new carriers (one every four years). However, the debate has deepened over budgeting for the $12–14.5 billion (plus $12 billion for development and research) for the 100,000 ton Gerald R. Ford-class carrier (estimated service 2016) compared to the smaller $2 billion 45,000 ton America-class amphibious assault ships, which are able to deploy squadrons of F-35Bs. The first of this class, USS America, is now in active service with another, USS Tripoli, under construction and 9 more are planned.

Questions:
How many supercarriers did the U.S. fleet have following the deactivation of the USS Enterprise?
How many new carriers per year did the House Armed Services Seapower subcommittee recommend in 7/24/07?
What class does the USS America belong to?
What is the USS America capable of destroying squadrons of?
Which other carrier joins the USS America in active service?
With the initial investment of £4,200, the new trial force of the Thames River Police began with about 50 men charged with policing 33,000 workers in the river trades, of whom Colquhoun claimed 11,000 were known criminals and "on the game." The force was a success after its first year, and his men had "established their worth by saving £122,000 worth of cargo and by the rescuing of several lives." Word of this success spread quickly, and the government passed the Marine Police Bill on 28 July 1800, transforming it from a private to public police agency; now the oldest police force in the world. Colquhoun published a book on the experiment, The Commerce and Policing of the River Thames. It found receptive audiences far outside London, and inspired similar forces in other cities, notably, New York City, Dublin, and Sydney.

Questions:
What was the initial size of the Thames River Police force?
How many dock workers were the Thames River Police policing?
How many dock workers did Colquhoun say were criminals?
How much cargo theft did the Thames River Police prevent in its first year?
When was the Thames River Police made a public service?
With the occupation by Napoleon, Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country's largest colonial possession, Brazil. In 1807, as Napoleon's army closed in on Lisbon, the Prince Regent João VI of Portugal transferred his court to Brazil and established Rio de Janeiro as the capital of the Portuguese Empire. In 1815, Brazil was declared a Kingdom and the Kingdom of Portugal was united with it, forming a pluricontinental State, the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.

Questions:
Under whose occupation did Portugal begin a slow decline?
How long did Portugal's decline last?
In what year did Brazil become independent from Portugal?
To where did Prince Regent Joao VI of Portugal transfer his court?
What was the name of the pluricontinental state formed by Portugal and Brazil in 1815?
With the onset of the Crusades in 1095, and the expulsions from England (1290), France (1394), and parts of Germany (15th century), Jewish migration pushed eastward into Poland (10th century), Lithuania (10th century), and Russia (12th century). Over this period of several hundred years, some have suggested, Jewish economic activity was focused on trade, business management, and financial services, due to several presumed factors: Christian European prohibitions restricting certain activities by Jews, preventing certain financial activities (such as "usurious" loans) between Christians, high rates of literacy, near universal male education, and ability of merchants to rely upon and trust family members living in different regions and countries.

Questions:
What year marked the onset of the Crusades?
What year were the expulsions from England?
What year were the expulsions from France?
After expulsions from England and France, Jewish migration headed in which direction?
As Jews were expelled from England, France, and parts of Germany they head into which three countries?
With the unification of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (outside the Danelaw) by Alfred the Great in the later 9th century, the language of government and literature became standardised around the West Saxon dialect (Early West Saxon). Alfred advocated education in English alongside Latin, and had many works translated into the English language; some of them, such as Pope Gregory I's treatise Pastoral Care, appear to have been translated by Alfred himself. In Old English, typical of the development of literature, poetry arose before prose, but King Alfred the Great (871 to 901) chiefly inspired the growth of prose.

Questions:
What king unified the Anglo-Saxon realms in England?
What treatise was written by Pope Gregory?
When did Alfred the Great's reign begin?
In what century did Alfred unify Anglo-Saxon England?
What dialect did Alfred's government use?
Within Shia Islam (Shiism), the various sects came into being because they differed over their Imams' successions, just as the Shia - Sunni separation within Islam itself had come into being from the dispute that had arisen over the succession to Muhammad. Each succession dispute brought forth a different tariqah (literal meaning 'path'; extended meaning 'sect') within Shia Islam. Each Shia tariqah followed its own particular Imam's dynasty, thus resulting in different numbers of Imams for each particular Shia tariqah. When the dynastic line of the separating successor Imam ended with no heir to succeed him, then either he (the last Imam) or his unborn successor was believed to have gone into concealment, that is, The Occultation.

Questions:
Why did different sects come about within Shiism?
What great separation came to be from a dispute over the succession to Muhammad?
What is the literal meaning of tariqah?
What does each Shia tariqah follow?
What is it called when the last Imam or his unborn successor goes into concealment?
Within computer systems, two of many security models capable of enforcing privilege separation are access control lists (ACLs) and capability-based security. Using ACLs to confine programs has been proven to be insecure in many situations, such as if the host computer can be tricked into indirectly allowing restricted file access, an issue known as the confused deputy problem. It has also been shown that the promise of ACLs of giving access to an object to only one person can never be guaranteed in practice. Both of these problems are resolved by capabilities. This does not mean practical flaws exist in all ACL-based systems, but only that the designers of certain utilities must take responsibility to ensure that they do not introduce flaws.[citation needed]

Questions:
What does ACL stand for?
ACLs and capability based security are two security models capable of what?
A host computer tricked into indirectly allowing access to restricted files is known as what?
The confused deputy problem and the problem of not guaranteeing only one person has access are resolved by what?
What must designers of systems that are ACL based do?
Within the past ten years, the amount of social networking sites available to the public has greatly increased as well as the number of adolescents using them. Several sources report a high proportion of adolescents who use social media: 73% of 12–17 year olds reported having at least one social networking profile; two-thirds (68%) of teens text every day, half (51%) visit social networking sites daily, and 11% send or receive tweets at least once every day. In fact, more than a third (34%) of teens visit their main social networking site several times a day. One in four (23%) teens are "heavy" social media users, meaning they use at least two different types of social media each and every day.

Questions:
In recent years, has the amount of social networking sites available to the public increased or decreased?
What percentage of 12-17 year olds claim to have at least one social networking profile?
What percentage of teens say they text every day?
What percentage of teens report visiting social netorking sites daily?
What ratio of teens are "heavy" social media users, using two types of media daily?
Worldwide prosperity changed dramatically with the onset of the Great Depression in 1929. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 served to punctuate the end of the previous era, as The Great Depression set in. The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn starting in most places in 1929 and ending at different times in the 1930s or early 1940s for different countries. It was the largest and most important economic depression in the 20th century, and is used in the 21st century as an example of how far the world's economy can fall.

Questions:
What changed worldwide property drasrically?
In what year did The wall Street crash occur?
What is the Great Depression?
When did the great Depression end?
The great depression is the worst economic downturn of what century?
Wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound, while in infected wounds, replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured. All multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms, and the vast majority of these exist in either a mutualistic or commensal relationship with the host. An example of the former is the anaerobic bacteria species, which colonizes the mammalian colon, and an example of the latter is various species of staphylococcus that exist on human skin. Neither of these colonizations are considered infections. The difference between an infection and a colonization is often only a matter of circumstance. Non-pathogenic organisms can become pathogenic given specific conditions, and even the most virulent organism requires certain circumstances to cause a compromising infection. Some colonizing bacteria, such as Corynebacteria sp. and viridans streptococci, prevent the adhesion and colonization of pathogenic bacteria and thus have a symbiotic relationship with the host, preventing infection and speeding wound healing.

Questions:
What does wound colonization refer to?
What type of organisms exist and injure tissue in infected wounds?
What are all multcellular organisms colonized to some degree by?
What species colonizes the mammalian colon?
What's the difference between an infection and a colonization?
Yazid died while the siege was still in progress, and the Umayyad army returned to Damascus, leaving Ibn al-Zubayr in control of Mecca. Yazid's son Muawiya II (683–84) initially succeeded him but seems to have never been recognized as caliph outside of Syria. Two factions developed within Syria: the Confederation of Qays, who supported Ibn al-Zubayr, and the Quda'a, who supported Marwan, a descendant of Umayya via Wa'il ibn Umayyah. The partisans of Marwan triumphed at a battle at Marj Rahit, near Damascus, in 684, and Marwan became caliph shortly thereafter.

Questions:
Who was the son of Yazid?
When did Muawiya II's reign begin?
Who had the support of the Confederation of Qays?
From whom was Marwan descended?
In what year did the battle of Marj Rahit occur?
Yet another boom began as the city emerged from the Great Recession. Amazon.com moved its headquarters from North Beacon Hill to South Lake Union and began a rapid expansion. For the five years beginning in 2010, Seattle gained an average of 14,511 residents per year, with the growth strongly skewed toward the center of the city, as unemployment dropped from roughly 9 percent to 3.6 percent. The city has found itself "bursting at the seams," with over 45,000 households spending more than half their income on housing and at least 2,800 people homeless, and with the country's sixth-worst rush hour traffic.

Questions:
What large company moved its headquarters to South Lake Union in Seattle?
When did Amazon begin its latest expansion?
How many new people move to Seattle each year?
How much of their income do half of Seattle's population have to spend on housing?
Where does Seattle rank in rush hour traffic?