the-coorporation/the_squad_qg huggingface dataset:
The university first offered graduate degrees, in the form of a Master of Arts (MA), in the 1854–1855 academic year. The program expanded to include Master of Laws (LL.M.) and Master of Civil Engineering in its early stages of growth, before a formal graduate school education was developed with a thesis not required to receive the degrees. This changed in 1924 with formal requirements developed for graduate degrees, including offering Doctorate (PhD) degrees. Today each of the five colleges offer graduate education. Most of the departments from the College of Arts and Letters offer PhD programs, while a professional Master of Divinity (M.Div.) program also exists. All of the departments in the College of Science offer PhD programs, except for the Department of Pre-Professional Studies. The School of Architecture offers a Master of Architecture, while each of the departments of the College of Engineering offer PhD programs. The College of Business offers multiple professional programs including MBA and Master of Science in Accountancy programs. It also operates facilities in Chicago and Cincinnati for its executive MBA program. Additionally, the Alliance for Catholic Education program offers a Master of Education program where students study at the university during the summer and teach in Catholic elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools across the Southern United States for two school years.

Questions:
In what year was a Master of Arts course first offered at Notre Dame?
The granting of Doctorate degrees first occurred in what year at Notre Dame?
What type of degree is an M.Div.?
Which department at Notre Dame is the only one to not offer a PhD program?
Which program at Notre Dame offers a Master of Education degree?
The use of diversionary techniques such as fires had to be made carefully. The fake fires could only begin when the bombing started over an adjacent target and its effects were brought under control. Too early and the chances of success receded; too late and the real conflagration at the target would exceed the diversionary fires. Another innovation was the boiler fire. These units were fed from two adjacent tanks containing oil and water. The oil-fed fires were then injected with water from time to time; the flashes produced were similar to those of the German C-250 and C-500 Flammbomben. The hope was that, if it could deceive German bombardiers, it would draw more bombers away from the real target.

Questions:
Fake fires were used as what kind of technique?
Two tanks one of oil, one of water fed what kind of fire?
What was injected into the fires from time to time to produce a flash?
What did these flashes simulate?
What was the purpose of these fires?
The use of uranium in its natural oxide form dates back to at least the year 79 CE, when it was used to add a yellow color to ceramic glazes. Yellow glass with 1% uranium oxide was found in a Roman villa on Cape Posillipo in the Bay of Naples, Italy, by R. T. Gunther of the University of Oxford in 1912. Starting in the late Middle Ages, pitchblende was extracted from the Habsburg silver mines in Joachimsthal, Bohemia (now Jáchymov in the Czech Republic), and was used as a coloring agent in the local glassmaking industry. In the early 19th century, the world's only known sources of uranium ore were these mines.

Questions:
What was the earliest year in recorded history that uranium oxide was used?
What color of ceramic glaze was extracted from uranium oxide?
In what county was glass with uranium oxide content found?
In what year was yellow uranium oxide glass discovered?
What institution did R.T. Gunther belong to?
The value of the deposit was obvious from the start, but the means of extracting the bitumen were not. The nearest town, Fort McMurray, Alberta was a small fur trading post, other markets were far away, and transportation costs were too high to ship the raw bituminous sand for paving. In 1915, Sidney Ells of the Federal Mines Branch experimented with separation techniques and used the bitumen to pave 600 feet of road in Edmonton, Alberta. Other roads in Alberta were paved with oil sands, but it was generally not economic. During the 1920s Dr. Karl A. Clark of the Alberta Research Council patented a hot water oil separation process and entrepreneur Robert C. Fitzsimmons built the Bitumount oil separation plant, which between 1925 and 1958 produced up to 300 barrels (50 m3) per day of bitumen using Dr. Clark's method. Most of the bitumen was used for waterproofing roofs, but other uses included fuels, lubrication oils, printers ink, medicines, rust and acid-proof paints, fireproof roofing, street paving, patent leather, and fence post preservatives. Eventually Fitzsimmons ran out of money and the plant was taken over by the Alberta government. Today the Bitumount plant is a Provincial Historic Site.

Questions:
Who experimented with bitumen extraction techniques to make shipping easier?
When did Ells begin using bitumen as a paving in Alberta?
What researcher patented a hot water oil process to separate bitumen?
Who constructed the Bitumont oil separation plant?
For what was most of the the Bitumont plant's output was used for waterproofing?
The vast majority of devices containing LEDs are "safe under all conditions of normal use", and so are classified as "Class 1 LED product"/"LED Klasse 1". At present, only a few LEDs—extremely bright LEDs that also have a tightly focused viewing angle of 8° or less—could, in theory, cause temporary blindness, and so are classified as "Class 2". The opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) of 2010, on the health issues concerning LEDs, suggested banning public use of lamps which were in the moderate Risk Group 2, especially those with a high blue component in places frequented by children. In general, laser safety regulations—and the "Class 1", "Class 2", etc. system—also apply to LEDs.

Questions:
How are most LEDs classified?
What does being a Class 1 LED product mean?
What type of LED can possibly cause blindness?
What class are extremely bright LEDs listed as?
Which government advocated the banning of Class 2 LEDs?
The victorious great powers also gained an acknowledgement of their status through permanent seats at the League of Nations Council, where they acted as a type of executive body directing the Assembly of the League. However, the Council began with only four permanent members—the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Japan—because the United States, meant to be the fifth permanent member, left because the US Senate voted on 19 March 1920 against the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, thus preventing American participation in the League.

Questions:
Who were the four permanent members of the League of Nations Council?
Why was United Stated excluded from League of Nations Council?
When did US Senate vote against treaty of versailles ratification?
What organiztion acted as acknowledgement of status of great powers?
The winner, Taira no Kiyomori, became an imperial advisor, and was the first warrior to attain such a position. He eventually seized control of the central government, establishing the first samurai-dominated government and relegating the Emperor to figurehead status. However, the Taira clan was still very conservative when compared to its eventual successor, the Minamoto, and instead of expanding or strengthening its military might, the clan had its women marry Emperors and exercise control through the Emperor.

Questions:
Who was the first warrior to become imperial advisor?
Who established the first samurai-led administration?
What role did the Emperor have in the samurai-controlled government?
Who succeeded the Taira clan?
How did the Taira clan expand power?
The word "dollar" is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution. In that context, "dollars" is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U.S. Congress adopted legislation titled An act establishing a mint, and regulating the Coins of the United States. Section 9 of that act authorized the production of various coins, including "DOLLARS OR UNITS—each to be of the value of a Spanish milled dollar as the same is now current, and to contain three hundred and seventy-one grains and four sixteenth parts of a grain of pure, or four hundred and sixteen grains of standard silver". Section 20 of the act provided, "That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units... and that all accounts in the public offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation". In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States.

Questions:
What is "dollars" a reference to?
How much value did a Spanish milled dollar have in relation to Spanish units of currency?
How much value was one dollar meant to be equivalent to?
How many grains of standard silver were meant to be in a single dollar?
How many grains of pure silver were meant to be in a single dollar?
The word "police" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, were "disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression" (according to Britannica 1911). Before the 19th century, the first use of the word "police" recorded in government documents in the United Kingdom was the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714 and the creation of the Marine Police in 1798.

Questions:
When did the French language adopt the word 'police'?
What language did French borrow the word 'police' from?
Which dictionary said police were 'a symbol of foreign oppression'?
When were the Marine Police created in the UK?
What was the first use of 'police' in the UK?
The word genocide was later included as a descriptive term to the process of indictment, but not yet as a formal legal term According to Lemming, genocide was defined as "a coordinated strategy to destroy a group of people, a process that could be accomplished through total annihilation as well as strategies that eliminate key elements of the group's basic existence, including language, culture, and economic infrastructure.” He created a concept of mobilizing much of the international relations and community, to working together and preventing the occurrence of such events happening within history and the international society. Australian anthropologist Peg LeVine coined the term "ritualcide" to describe the destruction of a group's cultural identity without necessarily destroying its members.

Questions:
Prior to being a formal legal term, how was the word "genocide" used in an indictment scenario?
Who ultimately defined genocide as a series of strategies leading up to the annihilation of an entire group?
Lemming's concept of genocide triggered legal action in which realm?
What was the nationality of anthropologist Peg LeVine?
What relative term did LeVine coin to refer to cultural destruction, without the death of its members?
The year 1759 saw several Prussian defeats. At the Battle of Kay, or Paltzig, the Russian Count Saltykov with 47,000 Russians defeated 26,000 Prussians commanded by General Carl Heinrich von Wedel. Though the Hanoverians defeated an army of 60,000 French at Minden, Austrian general Daun forced the surrender of an entire Prussian corps of 13,000 in the Battle of Maxen. Frederick himself lost half his army in the Battle of Kunersdorf (now Kunowice Poland), the worst defeat in his military career and one that drove him to the brink of abdication and thoughts of suicide. The disaster resulted partly from his misjudgment of the Russians, who had already demonstrated their strength at Zorndorf and at Gross-Jägersdorf (now Motornoye, Russia), and partly from good cooperation between the Russian and Austrian forces.

Questions:
How did the Prussian army perform in 1759/
How would one characterize the encounter with the Russian army in 1757?
What happened at Minden in 1757?
What was the result of the Battle of Maxen?
What happened to Frederick's army at the Battle at Kunersdorf?
The years following 2009 marked a shift in the structure of the "Big Four" with Tottenham Hotspur and Manchester City both breaking into the top four. In the 2009–10 season, Tottenham finished fourth and became the first team to break the top four since Everton in 2005. Criticism of the gap between an elite group of "super clubs" and the majority of the Premier League has continued, nevertheless, due to their increasing ability to spend more than the other Premier League clubs. Manchester City won the title in the 2011–12 season, becoming the first club outside the "Big Four" to win since 1994–95. That season also saw two of the Big Four (Chelsea and Liverpool) finish outside the top four places for the first time since 1994–95.

Questions:
Which team finished fourth in the 2009-10 season?
Why was there critcism of the elite clubs?
Since 1994-95, who was the first club out side of the "Big Four" to win the title
Which two "Big Four" clubs did not finish in the top four in the 2011-12 season?
In the 2009-10 season, which team was the first to break into the "Big Four" since 2005?
In which position did Tottenham finish in the 2009-10 season?
In 2011-12, which club was the first non-"Big Four" team to win since 1994-95?
In 2011-12, how many "Big Four" clubs finished outside the top four places in the league?
In 2005, which was the only non-"Big Four" team to break the top four?
Their endowment by a prince or monarch and their role in training government officials made these Mediterranean universities similar to Islamic madrasas, although madrasas were generally smaller and individual teachers, rather than the madrasa itself, granted the license or degree. Scholars like Arnold H. Green and Hossein Nasr have argued that starting in the 10th century, some medieval Islamic madrasahs became universities. George Makdisi and others, however, argue that the European university has no parallel in the medieval Islamic world. Other scholars regard the university as uniquely European in origin and characteristics.

Questions:
What type of university was an Islamic madrasa akin to?
What type of individual funded a Mediterranean university?
In which century did Islamic madrasas start to transform into universities?
From where did a degree come in a madrasa?
Theories dealing with perception either use one or multiples perceptions in order to find an emotion (Goldie, 2007).A recent hybrid of the somatic and cognitive theories of emotion is the perceptual theory. This theory is neo-Jamesian in arguing that bodily responses are central to emotions, yet it emphasizes the meaningfulness of emotions or the idea that emotions are about something, as is recognized by cognitive theories. The novel claim of this theory is that conceptually-based cognition is unnecessary for such meaning. Rather the bodily changes themselves perceive the meaningful content of the emotion because of being causally triggered by certain situations. In this respect, emotions are held to be analogous to faculties such as vision or touch, which provide information about the relation between the subject and the world in various ways. A sophisticated defense of this view is found in philosopher Jesse Prinz's book Gut Reactions, and psychologist James Laird's book Feelings.

Questions:
What theory argues that conceptual cognition is not required for emotional meaning?
What book by Prinz defended the perceptual theory?
What book on the perceptual theory was written by James Laird?
What is Laird's job title?
What is Jesse Prinz's profession?
Theories of coregulation describe communication as a creative and dynamic continuous process, rather than a discrete exchange of information. Canadian media scholar Harold Innis had the theory that people use different types of media to communicate and which one they choose to use will offer different possibilities for the shape and durability of society (Wark, McKenzie 1997). His famous example of this is using ancient Egypt and looking at the ways they built themselves out of media with very different properties stone and papyrus. Papyrus is what he called 'Space Binding'. it made possible the transmission of written orders across space, empires and enables the waging of distant military campaigns and colonial administration. The other is stone and 'Time Binding', through the construction of temples and the pyramids can sustain their authority generation to generation, through this media they can change and shape communication in their society (Wark, McKenzie 1997).

Questions:
What describes communication as creative and dynamic rather than discrete?
Who theorized that the types of media people use to communicate will offer different possibilities for the shape of society?
What ancient civilization did Harold Innis use as an example of his theory?
What did Harold Innis call papyrus?
What did Space Binding make possible for the ancient Egyptian civilizations?
There are 13 universities in Hyderabad: two private universities, two deemed universities, six state universities and three central universities. The central universities are the University of Hyderabad, Maulana Azad National Urdu University and the English and Foreign Languages University. Osmania University, established in 1918, was the first university in Hyderabad and as of 2012[update] is India's second most popular institution for international students. The Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University, established in 1982, is the first distance learning open university in India.

Questions:
How many universities are in Hyderabad?
Of the universities in Hyderabad how many are state run?
Maulana Azad National Urdu University is a type of university that represents what type of university?
What year was Osmania University formed?
In 1982 the first long distance university was opened in India, what is it's name?
There are 20 clubs in the Premier League. During the course of a season (from August to May) each club plays the others twice (a double round-robin system), once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents, for a total of 38 games. Teams receive three points for a win and one point for a draw. No points are awarded for a loss. Teams are ranked by total points, then goal difference, and then goals scored. If still equal, teams are deemed to occupy the same position. If there is a tie for the championship, for relegation, or for qualification to other competitions, a play-off match at a neutral venue decides rank. The three lowest placed teams are relegated into the Football League Championship, and the top two teams from the Championship, together with the winner of play-offs involving the third to sixth placed Championship clubs, are promoted in their place.

Questions:
When does the Premier League have its playing season?
How many games does each club play each season?
How many points does each club receive for each win?
Which criteria is used to rank the clubs?
How is a tie for the championship handled?
How many clubs are currently in the Premier League?
Which month marks the start of a Premier League season?
How many times does each club play every other club?
How many total games does each club in the Premier League play per season?
There are many Hokkien speakers among overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia as well as in the United States. Many ethnic Han Chinese emigrants to the region were Hoklo from southern Fujian, and brought the language to what is now Burma (Myanmar), Indonesia (the former Dutch East Indies) and present day Malaysia and Singapore (formerly Malaya and the British Straits Settlements). Many of the Hokkien dialects of this region are highly similar to Taiwanese and Amoy. Hokkien is reportedly the native language of up to 98.5% of the Chinese Filipino in the Philippines, among which is known locally as Lan-nang or Lán-lâng-oē ("Our people’s language"). Hokkien speakers form the largest group of Chinese in Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia.[citation needed]

Questions:
Who brought the language Hokkien to Myanmar?
What is the current name for Myanmar?
What is the former name for Indonesia?
What percent of Chinese Filipinos in the Philippines spoeak Hokkien?
What is the local name for Hokkien in the Philippines?
There are many other Protestant denominations that do not fit neatly into the mentioned branches, and are far smaller in membership. Some groups of individuals who hold basic Protestant tenets identify themselves simply as "Christians" or "born-again Christians". They typically distance themselves from the confessionalism and/or creedalism of other Christian communities by calling themselves "non-denominational" or "evangelical". Often founded by individual pastors, they have little affiliation with historic denominations.

Questions:
What do some groups of people who believe in basic Protestant principles identify as?
What denomination do these small groups belong to?
How much affiliation do these small groups have with historical denominations?
Who has founded these small groups of Christians?
There are several types of multi-color white LEDs: di-, tri-, and tetrachromatic white LEDs. Several key factors that play among these different methods, include color stability, color rendering capability, and luminous efficacy. Often, higher efficiency will mean lower color rendering, presenting a trade-off between the luminous efficacy and color rendering. For example, the dichromatic white LEDs have the best luminous efficacy (120 lm/W), but the lowest color rendering capability. However, although tetrachromatic white LEDs have excellent color rendering capability, they often have poor luminous efficacy. Trichromatic white LEDs are in between, having both good luminous efficacy (>70 lm/W) and fair color rendering capability.

Questions:
What is one type of multi-color white LED?
What is a factor that may be different in the various types of multi-color white LEDs?
Higher efficiency in multi-color white LEDs may mean what?
What type has the best luminous efficacy?
What luminous efficacy does trichromatic white LEDs have?
There are special rules for certain rare diseases ("orphan diseases") in several major drug regulatory territories. For example, diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act.  Because medical research and development of drugs to treat such diseases is financially disadvantageous, companies that do so are rewarded with tax reductions, fee waivers, and market exclusivity on that drug for a limited time (seven years), regardless of whether the drug is protected by patents.

Questions:
What is subject to the Orphan Drug Act?
What is given to companies who develop drugs for "orphan diseases"?
Why are these companies rewarded?
What is a term for rare diseases in some territories?
What size of disease populations are subject to the Orphan Drug Act?
What is one financial benefit to researching orphan drugs?
What is the length of time of market exclusivity of an orphan drug?
There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain.

Questions:
How many types of transistors are there?
What are the components of a bipolar transistor?
What controls the large current between the collector and emitter?
What are the components of a field-effect transistor?
In a field-effect transistor, what controls the current between the source and drain?
There are very few existing mosaics from the Komnenian period but this paucity must be due to accidents of survival and gives a misleading impression. The only surviving 12th-century mosaic work in Constantinople is a panel in Hagia Sophia depicting Emperor John II and Empress Eirene with the Theotokos (1122–34). The empress with her long braided hair and rosy cheeks is especially capturing. It must be a lifelike portrayal because Eirene was really a redhead as her original Hungarian name, Piroska shows. The adjacent portrait of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos on a pier (from 1122) is similarly personal. The imperial mausoleum of the Komnenos dynasty, the Pantokrator Monastery was certainly decorated with great mosaics but these were later destroyed. The lack of Komnenian mosaics outside the capital is even more apparent. There is only a "Communion of the Apostles" in the apse of the cathedral of Serres.

Questions:
Why are there so few surviving mosaics from the Komnenian period?
Where is the only existing 12th century mosaic in Constantinople?
What deity does the 12th century mosaic in the Hagia Sophia depict?
The empress Eirene had what color hair?
The only surviving mosaic from the Komnenos dynasty outside Constantinople is in what church?
There do exist orbits within these empty regions where objects can survive for the age of the Solar System. These resonances occur when Neptune's orbital period is a precise fraction of that of the object, such as 1:2, or 3:4. If, say, an object orbits the Sun once for every two Neptune orbits, it will only complete half an orbit by the time Neptune returns to its original position. The most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt, with over 200 known objects, is the 2:3 resonance. Objects in this resonance complete 2 orbits for every 3 of Neptune, and are known as plutinos because the largest of the known Kuiper belt objects, Pluto, is among them. Although Pluto crosses Neptune's orbit regularly, the 2:3 resonance ensures they can never collide. The 3:4, 3:5, 4:7 and 2:5 resonances are less populated.

Questions:
What is the fraction of the most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt? 
How many known objects is in the most populated resonance of the Kuiper belt?
What is the best known, and largest, object in the Kuiper belt?
What is the resonance of Pluto in the Kuiper belt?
Which resonances are less populated in the Kuiper belt?
There has, however, been interest among railroad operators in returning to DC use at higher voltages than previously used. At the same voltage, DC often has less loss than AC, and for this reason high-voltage direct current is already used on some bulk power transmission lines. DC avoids the electromagnetic radiation inherent with AC, and on a railway this also reduces interference with signalling and communications and mitigates hypothetical EMF risks. DC also avoids the power factor problems of AC. Of particular interest to railroading is that DC can supply constant power with a single ungrounded wire. Constant power with AC requires three-phase transmission with at least two ungrounded wires. Another important consideration is that mains-frequency 3-phase AC must be carefully planned to avoid unbalanced phase loads. Parts of the system are supplied from different phases on the assumption that the total loads of the 3 phases will even out. At the phase break points between regions supplied from different phases, long insulated supply breaks are required to avoid them being shorted by rolling stock using more than one pantograph at a time. A few railroads have tried 3-phase but its substantial complexity has made single-phase standard practice despite the interruption in power flow that occurs twice every cycle. An experimental 6 kV DC railway was built in the Soviet Union.

Questions:
What type of electric power garantees lesser loss?
Which type of supply for electric motors creates electromagnetic radiation?
What can electromagnetic radiation interfere with?
Which type of power does require three-phase transmission?
Where was an experimental 6kV DC railway built?
There were 15,504 households, of which 27.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 25.9% were married couples living together, 22.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.8% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.34.

Questions:
How many households were there in Atlantic City during the 2010 United States Census?
What percentage of households in Atlantic City had children under the age of 18 living with them?
What percentage of households in Atlantic City were comprised of non-families?
What percentage of households in Atlantic City were made up of individuals?
There were two main techniques in Greco-Roman mosaic: opus vermiculatum used tiny tesserae, typically cubes of 4 millimeters or less, and was produced in workshops in relatively small panels which were transported to the site glued to some temporary support. The tiny tesserae allowed very fine detail, and an approach to the illusionism of painting. Often small panels called emblemata were inserted into walls or as the highlights of larger floor-mosaics in coarser work. The normal technique was opus tessellatum, using larger tesserae, which was laid on site. There was a distinct native Italian style using black on a white background, which was no doubt cheaper than fully coloured work.

Questions:
What type of mosaic uses small tesserae?
What was the benefit of using small pieces to create a mosaic?
What were small panel mosaics known as?
What was the name of the mosaic technique that used larger tesserae?
Why were black and white pieces used in most italian mosaics?
These deities formed a core pantheon; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones. Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities' political power. The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of serving them. The temples organized the mass labour projects needed for irrigation agriculture. Citizens had a labor duty to the temple, though they could avoid it by a payment of silver.

Questions:
What did the Sumerian deities form?
What could Sumerian gods be associated with?
What did the religious importance of city gods wax and wan with?
Why did the gods create human beings from clay?
How could a citizen avoid their labor duty to their local temple?
These different explorations of 'identity' demonstrate how difficult a concept it is to pin down. Since identity is a virtual thing, it is impossible to define it empirically. Discussions of identity use the term with different meanings, from fundamental and abiding sameness, to fluidity, contingency, negotiated and so on. Brubaker and Cooper note a tendency in many scholars to confuse identity as a category of practice and as a category of analysis (Brubaker & Cooper 2000, p. 5). Indeed, many scholars demonstrate a tendency to follow their own preconceptions of identity, following more or less the frameworks listed above, rather than taking into account the mechanisms by which the concept is crystallised as reality. In this environment, some analysts, such as Brubaker and Cooper, have suggested doing away with the concept completely (Brubaker & Cooper 2000, p. 1). Others, by contrast, have sought to introduce alternative concepts in an attempt to capture the dynamic and fluid qualities of human social self-expression. Hall (1992, 1996), for example, suggests treating identity as a process, to take into account the reality of diverse and ever-changing social experience. Some scholars have introduced the idea of identification, whereby identity is perceived as made up of different components that are 'identified' and interpreted by individuals. The construction of an individual sense of self is achieved by personal choices regarding who and what to associate with. Such approaches are liberating in their recognition of the role of the individual in social interaction and the construction of identity.

Questions:
What is it impossible to do with identity?
Many scholars confuse identity as a category of practice and what other category?
What do many scholars demonstrate a tendency towards?
Some scholars try to introduce new concepts to capture the fluid qualities of what?
The idea that identity is made of components that are identified by individuals is what idea?
This Main Building, and the library collection, was entirely destroyed by a fire in April 1879, and the school closed immediately and students were sent home. The university founder, Fr. Sorin and the president at the time, the Rev. William Corby, immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire University. Construction was started on the 17th of May and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879. The library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new Main Building for years afterwards. Around the time of the fire, a music hall was opened. Eventually becoming known as Washington Hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school. By 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a Science Hall (today LaFortune Student Center) was built in 1883. The hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university.

Questions:
In what year was the Main Building at Notre Dame razed in a fire?
Who was the president of Notre Dame in 1879?
On what date was the rebuilding of The Main Building begun at Notre Dame after the fire that claimed the previous?
What was the music hall at Notre Dame called?
What did the Science Hall at Notre Dame come to be known as?
This first list is referred to as the "Class of '67" in The Endangered Species Act at Thirty, Volume 1, which concludes that habitat destruction, the biggest threat to those 78 species, is still the same threat to the currently listed species. It included only vertebrates because the Department of Interior's definition of "fish and wildlife" was limited to vertebrates. However, with time, researchers noticed that the animals on the endangered species list still were not getting enough protection, thus further threatening their extinction. The endangered species program was expanded by the Endangered Species Act of 1969.

Questions:
What is the nickname given to the first listing of endangered species?
What was concluded to be the biggest threat to the listed species?
How was the first listing limited in what species were listed?
How did being listed initially impact species?
This influx was compounded by the decline of the Western Sudanic Mali Empire in 1375 and the Songhai Empire in 1591. Additionally, as inland regions underwent desertification, inhabitants moved to the wetter coast. These new inhabitants brought skills such as cotton spinning, cloth weaving, iron smelting, rice and sorghum cultivation, and social and political institutions from the Mali and Songhai empires. Shortly after the Mane conquered the region, the Vai people of the former Mali Empire immigrated into the Grand Cape Mount region. The ethnic Kru opposed the influx of Vai, forming an alliance with the Mane to stop further influx of Vai.[citation needed]

Questions:
What empire was o the decline on 1375?
What happened when regions underwent desertification?
Where did the people of the Mali empire immigrate to?
Who opposed the influx of vai forming an alliance with maine?
This is a socio-economic bloc of nations in or near the Caribbean Sea. Other outlying member states include the Co-operative Republic of Guyana and the Republic of Suriname in South America, along with Belize in Central America. The Turks and Caicos Islands, an associate member of CARICOM, and the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, a full member of CARICOM, are in the Atlantic, but near to the Caribbean. Other nearby nations or territories, such as the United States, are not members (although the US Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has observer status, and the United States Virgin Islands announced in 2007 they would seek ties with CARICOM). Bermuda, at roughly a thousand miles from the Caribbean Sea, has little trade with, and little economically in common with, the region, and joined primarily to strengthen cultural links.

Questions:
Who has "observer status" to CARICOM?
What did the Virgin Islands announce in 2007?
Why did Bermuda join CARICOM?
This is not to say that Whitehead's thought was widely accepted or even well-understood. His philosophical work is generally considered to be among the most difficult to understand in all of the western canon. Even professional philosophers struggled to follow Whitehead's writings. One famous story illustrating the level of difficulty of Whitehead's philosophy centers around the delivery of Whitehead's Gifford lectures in 1927–28 – following Arthur Eddington's lectures of the year previous – which Whitehead would later publish as Process and Reality:

Questions:
In all of the western canon, what is Whitehead's work considered?
Who also struggled to follow Whitehead's writings?
When did Whitehead delivery the Gifford lectures?
Following Arthur Eddington's lectures, what did Whitehead  publish?
What is the general opinion of the difficulty level of Whitehead's work in philosophy?
What lectures did Whitehead present in 1927-28?
Under what name were those lectures later published?
This large collection of meteorites allows a better understanding of the abundance of meteorite types in the solar system and how meteorites relate to asteroids and comets. New types of meteorites and rare meteorites have been found. Among these are pieces blasted off the Moon, and probably Mars, by impacts. These specimens, particularly ALH84001 discovered by ANSMET, are at the center of the controversy about possible evidence of microbial life on Mars. Because meteorites in space absorb and record cosmic radiation, the time elapsed since the meteorite hit the Earth can be determined from laboratory studies. The elapsed time since fall, or terrestrial residence age, of a meteorite represents more information that might be useful in environmental studies of Antarctic ice sheets.

Questions:
How do the meteorites found in Antarctica add to knowledge about the solar system?
Beside rare types of meteorites, what other types of meteorites have been found in Antarctica?
From where in the solar system could the meteorites have come?
About what nearby planet could the Antarctic meteorites hold data?
What do meteorites absorb that can be used to understand how old the meteorite is?
This liberalization, however, fostered nationalist movements and ethnic disputes within the Soviet Union. It also led indirectly to the revolutions of 1989, in which Soviet-imposed communist regimes of the Warsaw Pact were peacefully toppled (Romania excepted), which in turn increased pressure on Gorbachev to introduce greater democracy and autonomy for the Soviet Union's constituent republics. Under Gorbachev's leadership, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1989 introduced limited competitive elections to a new central legislature, the Congress of People's Deputies (although the ban on other political parties was not lifted until 1990).

Questions:
What were some of the downsides of the more liberal Soviet Union?
In which country did Warsaw Pact regime remain in place?
What party did Gorbachev belong to?
What was the name of the legislative body that was brought into existance in 1989?
When were opposition parties first allowed in the Soviet Union?
This time they succeeded, and on 31 December 1600, the Queen granted a Royal Charter to "George, Earl of Cumberland, and 215 Knights, Aldermen, and Burgesses" under the name, Governor and Company of Merchants of London trading with the East Indies. For a period of fifteen years the charter awarded the newly formed company a monopoly on trade with all countries east of the Cape of Good Hope and west of the Straits of Magellan. Sir James Lancaster commanded the first East India Company voyage in 1601 and returned in 1603. and in March 1604 Sir Henry Middleton commanded the second voyage. General William Keeling, a captain during the second voyage, led the third voyage from 1607 to 1610.

Questions:
What did the Queen give them for suceeding?
What was the name of the Royal Charter?
What did this charter give them?
Who led the third voyage?
Who commanded the the voyage between 1601 and 1603?
Who commanded the second  voyage in 1604?
What was the rank of the person who commanded the third voyage?
what was the name of the company that traded with East Indies?
how many years did the Merchants of London has a monoploy on trade?
This was followed by the creation of the first two Han Banners in 1637 (increasing to eight in 1642). Together these military reforms enabled Hong Taiji to resoundingly defeat Ming forces in a series of battles from 1640 to 1642 for the territories of Songshan and Jinzhou. This final victory resulted in the surrender of many of the Ming dynasty's most battle-hardened troops, the death of Yuan Chonghuan at the hands of the Chongzhen Emperor (who thought Yuan had betrayed him), and the complete and permanent withdrawal of the remaining Ming forces north of the Great Wall.

Questions:
When were the first couple Han Banners founded?
When did the Han Banners grow to eight?
Which leader defeated the Ming armies?
Who killed Yuan Chonghuan?
Where did the Ming armies retreat to?
This work has been pioneered by John B. Cobb, Jr., whose book Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology (1971) was the first single-authored book in environmental ethics. Cobb also co-authored a book with economist Herman Daly entitled For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future (1989), which applied Whitehead's thought to economics, and received the Grawemeyer Award for Ideas Improving World Order. Cobb followed this with a second book, Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy (1994), which aimed to challenge "economists' zealous faith in the great god of growth."

Questions:
What was the first book on environmental ethics by an individual author?
On which economics book did Cobb collaborate with Herman Daly?
What award did Cobb and Daly receive for the book?
What other economics book did Cobb go on to author?
What was the goal of Cobb's second book on economics?
Though it was known in the nineteenth century that bacteria are the cause of many diseases, no effective antibacterial treatments were available. In 1910, Paul Ehrlich developed the first antibiotic, by changing dyes that selectively stained Treponema pallidum — the spirochaete that causes syphilis — into compounds that selectively killed the pathogen. Ehrlich had been awarded a 1908 Nobel Prize for his work on immunology, and pioneered the use of stains to detect and identify bacteria, with his work being the basis of the Gram stain and the Ziehl–Neelsen stain.

Questions:
When was the first antibiotic discovered?
Who was the creator of antibiotic?
What bacteria did he treat first?
How was his discovery aknowledged?
Who based their research on Enrlich's stains works?
Though the state is deficient in food grains, it has gained a lot in other spheres of agricultural production such as seed potato, ginger, vegetables, vegetable seeds, mushrooms, chicory seeds, hops, olives and fig. Seed potato is mostly grown in the Shimla, Kullu and Lahaul areas. Special efforts are being made to promote cultivation of crops like olives, figs, hops, mushrooms, flowers, pistachio nuts, sarda melon and saffron. Solan is the largest vegetable producing district in the state. The district of Sirmaur is also famous for growing flowers, and is the largest producer of flowers in the state.

Questions:
What type of agriculture is in the state?
Where is seed potato mostly grown?
Who is the largest vegetable producing district in the state?
What is the district of Sirmaur famous for?
What is the state deficient in?
Through the influence of the Eusebian faction at Constantinople, an Arian bishop, George of Cappadocia, was now appointed to rule the see of Alexandria. Athanasius, after remaining some days in the neighbourhood of the city, finally withdrew into the desert of Upper Egypt, where he remained for a period of six years, living the life of the monks, devoting himself to the composition of a group of writings; "Apology to Constantius", the "Apology for his Flight", the "Letter to the Monks", and the "History of the Arians".

Questions:
Where did Athanasius remain for 6 years while living as a monk?
What is name of one of the compositions composed by Athanasius while he lived as a monk?
Who took over after Athanasius?
Who influenced George of Cappadocia to become the new ruler?
Who was appointed to rule the see of Alexandria?
To where did Saint Athanasius withdraw?
How long did he spend in the desert?
What is one thing he wrote during this time?
Who influenced the appointment of George of Cappadocia?
Throughout his presidency, Eisenhower adhered to a political philosophy of dynamic conservatism. A self-described "progressive conservative," he continued all the major New Deal programs still in operation, especially Social Security. He expanded its programs and rolled them into a new cabinet-level agency, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, while extending benefits to an additional ten million workers. He implemented integration in the Armed Services in two years, which had not been completed under Truman.

Questions:
How did Eisenhower describe his political views?
What New deal program did Eisenhower particularly support?
What cabinet agency did Eisenhower make Social Security a part of?
How many people were added to the Social Security rolls by Eisenhower?
What policy in regard to the military did Eisenhower see to completion?
Throughout most of his career, Athanasius had many detractors. Classical scholar Timothy Barnes relates contemporary allegations against Athanasius: from defiling an altar, to selling Church grain that had been meant to feed the poor for his own personal gain, and even violence and murder to suppress dissent. Athanasius used "Arian" to describe both followers of Arius, and as a derogatory polemical term for Christians who disagreed with his formulation of the Trinity. Athanasius called many of his opponents "Arian", except for Miletus.

Questions:
Was Athanasius well liked by everyone?
What was he accused of doing to a church?
He was accused of selling grain for what reason?
What did he call his detractors?
What did the term Arian mean to him?
Throughout the course of its life, a number of peripherals were released which added to the functionality of the SNES. Many of these devices were modeled after earlier add-ons for the NES: the Super Scope is a light gun functionally similar to the NES Zapper (though the Super Scope features wireless capabilities) and the Super Advantage is an arcade-style joystick with adjustable turbo settings akin to the NES Advantage. Nintendo also released the SNES Mouse in conjunction with its Mario Paint title. Hudson Soft, under license from Nintendo, released the Super Multitap, a multiplayer adapter for use with its popular series of Bomberman games. Some of the more unusual controllers include the BatterUP baseball bat, the Life Fitness Entertainment System (an exercise bike controller with built-in monitoring software), and the TeeV Golf golf club.

Questions:
What game accessory was similar to the NES Zapper?
What game accessory was similar to the NES Advantage?
What game used the SNES Mouse?
What type of accessory was the Super Scope?
What game came with a baseball bat controller?